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28 


1610-1620. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVy. 
1613  Sprint].  Me.  Captain  Argall  of 
Jamestown  pillages  and  burns  the 
French  settlement  at  Mount  Desert 
Island,  it  being  in  the  territory  of  the 
London  Company. 

*  *  rail.  Smith  destroys  every  building 
of  a  French  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Croix  Uiver. 

*  *  Can.    Smith  bums  the  deserted  hani- 


1617    FocahontaB  dies  in  Europe  A22. 
iei8    West,  Thomas  Lord  Delaware,  Gov. 
of  Va.,  A4I. 

Powhatan,  Indian  chief,  dies. 
1620    AUouez,  Claude  Jean,  Fr.  Jesuit,  born. 

Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  Gov.  of  Va.,  dies. 


let 


CHURCH. 
1610    June  *    Va.    A  day  given  to  reli- 
gious  services    on    the    return    of   the 
colonists  to  their  homes.    (See  State.) 


of   Port  Royal   in  Acadia   (Nova    1611    June  10.     Va.    Many  godly  emi- 


Scotia). 

*  *  N.  r.  Smith  destroys  the  cabins  of 
the  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island,  and 
compel-s  them  to  acknowledge  the  sover- 
eignty of  Jjvmes  I.  of  England, 

1614  *  » If.  r.  The  Dutch  buUd  a  fort 
on  the  southern  extremity  of  Manhattan 
IsLiud. 

*  »  JV.  r.  Fort  Nassau  is  built  by  the 
Dutch  [near  Albany]. 

1615  Oct.  10.  X.  r.  Battle  between 
Champlain  and  the  Iroquois  Indians  in 
western  New  York. 

ART  —  SCrEN  CE  —  NATURE  — 
EXPLORATION. 
1610  »  •  Eng.    Hudson  sails  on  a  north- 
ern voyage  of  discovery,  seeking  a  pas- 
sage westward  to  the  Indies. 

*  •  Spring.  Va.  Smith  introduces  the 
cultivation  of  maize,  and  plants  30  or 
40  acres. 

July  27.  Sir  Thomas  Smythe  discovers 
Delaware  Bay. 

Aug.  2.  Can.  Hudson  enters  the  straits 
which  bear  his  name,  and  thinks  he  dis- 
covers the  Pacific  [Hudson  Bay]. 

1612  ♦  *  Va.  The  coloiusts  begin  to 
manufacture  bricks. 

»  *  Va.  ,Iohn  Rolfe  [the  husband  of 
Tocahontas]  begins  the  systematic  cul- 
tivation of  tobacco. 

1614  *  *  N.  Y.  Adriaen  Block  of  Xew 
Amsterdam  builds  the  first  colonial  ship, 
the  Onntst  (Kestless). 

*  *  Conn.  Block,  in  the  OiirusI,  explores 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  discovers  the 
Connecticut  River. 

June  +  *  Captain  John  Smith  explores 
the  New  England  coast,  and  gives  it  this 
name. 

1615  *  *  Can.  Champlain  visits  Lake 
Huron. 

1616  *  •  Can.  Bylot  and  Baffin  are 
sent  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas- 
sage ;  Wolstenholme's  Sound,  Lancaster 
Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay  are  discovered. 

1617  *  *  Guiana.  Sir  Walter  Baleigh 
explores  the  coast. 

1618  •  *  Can.  Baffin  reaches  the  78°  of 
latitude  in  the  bay  which  bears  his 
name. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1610  ?  Berkeley,  Sir  William,  Gov.  of  Va.,  b. 
?  Newport,  Christopher,  commander,  dies. 

1611  Day,  .Stephen,  first  printer,  born. 
•1613    Bradstreet,  Anne,  poet,  born. 

1613  Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian,  born. 

1614  Cheever,  Kzekiel,  teacher,  born. 
1616    Leverett,  Sir  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  bom. 

Mereloza,de  Juan  Gonzales,  Jlex.  vicar,  .4.77. 


grants  arrive  ;  they  commence  the  labors 
of  the  day  by  offering  prayers  in  their 
little  church,  and  order  and  comfort 
increase. 

June  12.  .V.  S.  Two  Jesuit  mission- 
aries arrive  at  Port  Royal,  but  their 
work  among  the  Micmaos  is  frustrated 
by  tlie  government. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Dale  requires  every  man 
and  woman  to  give  an  account  of  his 
faith  to  the  minister  for  the  test  of 
orthodoxy;  he  orders  them  to  be 
whipped  if  they  refuse,  and  to  be 
whipped  daily  till  they  acknowledge 
their  faith. 

1614  *  *  I're.  Pocahontas  becomes  the 
first  Christian  convert,  and  is  bap- 
tized in  the  Episcopal  church,  under 
the  name  of  Rebecca. 

1615  *  *  Ton.  Le  Caron,  a  Franciscan, 
carries  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
the  Indians  of  eastern  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  the  llurons. 

1617  *  *  Eng.  The  refugee  Puritans 
in  Holland  apply  to  the  London  Com- 
pany for  permission  to  emigrate  to  their 
territory  in  America,  and  their  request 
is  granted. 

1619  July*  Va.  The  House  of  Bur- 
gesses confirms  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land as  the  Church  of  Virginia,  and 
intends  that  the  first  four  ministers 
shall  each  receive  £200  a  year,  and  all 
persons  whatsoever  shall  attend  church 
on  the  Sabbath,  both  forenoon  and 
afternoon. 

*  *  Eng.  Another  request  signed  by  the 
greater  part  of  the  Puritans  is  sent  to 
the  Company.  [Dissensions  in  the  Com- 
pany delay  success.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Reformed  Franciscans  be- 
gin mission  work  in  Acadia. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  Only  the  Plym- 
outh people  come  over  as  separatists, 
the  other  colonists  remain  in  the 
Church  of  Sngland  seeking  to  reform 
her  corruptions.  The  Congregational 
service  is  introduced  by  the  Pilgrims. 

*  *  Arg.  Hep.  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a 
bishopric  by  creation  of  Pope  Paul  V. 

*  *  Eng.  A  company  of  London  mer- 
chants is  formed  that  agrees  to  loan 
money  to  the  poor  Puritans  so  they 
may  emigrate ;  each  is  to  give  his  ser- 
vices for  seven  years  to  the  company. 

LETTERS. 

1610  ♦  •  The  TrueReportoryofthe  Wrack 

and  Redemption  of  Sir  Thmnas   Gates, 

written  at  Jamestown  by  William  Stra- 

chey. 


1613  *  *  Oood  Xetes  from  Virginia,  by 
Alexander  Whitaker,  "  The  Apostle  of 
Virginia." 

1614*  *  Captain  .John  Smith  makes  a 
map  of  the  New  England  coast  and 
country ;  names  it  New  England. 

1616  •  *  Peril.  The  college  of  San 
Carlos  is  founded. 

1619  *  *  Va.  .An  effort  is  made  to  estab- 
lish a  college  at  Henrico  (Richmond). 

An  endowment  of  ,61,500  and  10,000 
acres  of  land  is  procured  ;  the  massacre 
of  its  friends  defeats  the  project. 

SOCIETY. 

1611  June  21.  Can.  Henry  Hudson, 
his  sons,  and  five  others  are  sent  adrift 
by  his  mutinous  crew,  and  perish  in 
Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Va.  The  land  hitherto  held  In  com- 
mon is  now  divided,  and  each  of  the  700 
colonists  receives  three  acres. 

Sept.  1.  Henry  Hudson's  mutinous  crew 
is  picked  up  in  a  wretched  condition. 

1612  June  29.  Eng.  A  lottery  is 
drawn  in  London  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Virginia  plantations ;  profit  nearly 
£30,000. 

1613  *  •  Va.  Pocahontas  is  stolen  and 
held  for  a  ransom  by  the  colonists.  [In- 
dian troubles  follow.] 

1614*  *  Va.  Capt.  Hunt,  the  deputy 
governor,  treacherously  entices  the  In- 
dian chief,  Santo,  with  27  others,  on 
board  of  his  ship,  and  sails  for  Spain, 
where  he  sells  them  into  slavery. 

Apr.  *  Va.  Pocahontas  is  married  to 
.John  Rolfe,  a  worthy  young  Englishman, 
[King  James  is  scandalized  that  one  not 
of  royal  blood  should  marry  a  princess,] 

1616  *  »  Pocahontas  visits  England 
and  is  received  at  Court, 

1619  *  *  Va.  Laws  are  made  against  the 
playing  of  dice  and  cards,  drtmken- 
ness,  and  idleness;  excess  in  apparel 
is  restrained  by  a  tax. 

*  *  Va.  The  colony  is  reenforced  by  the 
arrival  of  1,200  emigrants,  including  100 
felons  sent  by  the  king  to  be  sold  as 
servants  among  the  planters. 

*  *  Etig.  Bad  management  of  the  treas- 
urer of  the  London  Company. 

About  ?400,000  have  been  spent  and 
only  600  men,  chiefly  rovers,  are  found 
in  the  colony ;  it  is  discovered  that 
women  must  be  introduced  to  make 
the  enterprise  succeed. 

Aug.  *  Va.  A  Dutch  man-of-war  brings 
20  African  negroes  to  Jamestown,  and 
sells  them  to  the  eoI<mist8  at  auction, 
thus  introducing  African  slavery. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  The  "Pilgrim 
Fathers  "  land  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and 
their  colony  consists  of  73  males,  29  fe- 
males ;  3t  adult  males,  18  adult  females  ; 
20  boys  and  8  girls  ;  also  3  maid  servants 
and  19  men  servants,  etc.     (Winsor.) 

*  *  Eng.  Ninety  young  women  of  good 
breeding  and  modest  manners  are  per- 
suaded to  emigrate  to  Virginia, 

Men  who  become  husbands  pay  120  lbs. 
of  tobacco  to  repay  the  alnK»st  bankrupt 
company  the  expense  of  the  voyage. 


AMERICA. 


1610-1620. 


29 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1610  May  24.  Ta.  Capt.-gen.  Gates 
HuJ  about  150  others  arrive  from  Ber- 
miula,  where  they  were  inhipwrecketl. 

June  *  /  'a.  '  *  The  starving  time.' ' 
Vice  and  famine  have  reduced  the 
colonists  from  4D0  to  only  60 ;  they  are  dis- 
heartened, and  abandoning  Jamestown, 
set  sail  for  the  lishernien's  fleet  at  New- 
fo  midland. 

June  10.  Ta.  The  departing  colonists 
meet  a  fleet  of  3  vessels  with  reeuforce- 
meuts  and  supplies,  and  then  return  to 
-Jamestown. 

Lord  Delaware,  the  acting  governor, 
brings  peace,  plenty,  and  prosperity  to 
.lamestown. 

Xew  York.  The  first  Butch  emi- 
grants arrive  at  Manhattan. 

*  *  Brazil.  Jesuit  settlements  are 
formed ;  communism  prevails. 

*  *  Fr.    liouis Xlll.  enthroned. 

*  *  Nicaragua.  The  foundation  of  Leou 
[the  future  rival  of  Granada]  is  laid. 

*  ♦  N.  F.  Mr.  Gay,  of  Bristol,  founds  a 
colony  at  Conception  Bay. 

i  *  *  Paraguay.  Jesuit  settlements  of 
natives  are  begun  ;  civilization  follows. 

*  *  Va.  Delaware  returns  to  England  for 
his  health. 

1611  May  10.  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Bale 
arrives  in  the  Chesapeake  with  stores 
and  emigrants  ;  he  assumes  the  govern- 
ment as  high  marshal. 

Aug.  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Gates  arrives 
with  300  colonists,  12  cows,  20  goats,  and 
supplies ;  he  enters  office  as  deputy 
governor. 

*  *  Va.  Colonists  receive  individual  al- 
lotments of  three  acres  of  land. 

1612  Mar.  *  Va.  James  I.  grants  a 
third  charter  to  the  London  Company. 

It  includes  the  Bermudas  ;  because  of 
the  flnancial  failure  of  the  venture  the 
stockholders  are  given  control,  and  with- 
out intention,  a  democratic  government 
is  encouraged. 

*  *  Itrazil.  A  French  colony  is  founded 
on  the  island  of  Marajo.  [Maintained 
six  years.] 

*  *  Eng.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  having 
spent  $200,000  to  found  a  colony,  without 
success,  gives  up  the  undertaking. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Protestants  being  in  power, 
the  great  Cond€  becomes  viceroy  of 
the  French  empire  in  America. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Dutch  send  the  Tiger 
and  the  Fortune  to  trade  with  the  Indians 
on  the  Hudson  River.  Huts  are  erected 
on  HdCanhattan  Island.  (About  45 
Broadway.) 

1613  May  *  Me.  Madame  de  Guerche- 
ville,  having  secured  DeMonts'  patent 
and  a  new  one  from  the  crown,  for  all 
lands  between  Florida  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence River,  Port  Royal  excepted,  sends 
Saussago  and  two  Jesuits,  who  settle  a 
small  colony  on  Mount  Desert  Island. 
[It  is  soon  broken  up.] 

*  *  Guiana.  A  colony  of  Dutchmen  ar- 
rives. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Dutch  establish  a 
trading-post  on  Manhattan  Island. 


*  *  Va.     Captain    Samuel    Argall    of 

Jamestown  breaks  up  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Maine  and  Acadia,  also  the 
Dutch  trading-station  (?)  at  New  Nether- 
land. 

1614  Oct.  11.  .V.  Y.  A  charter  is 
granted  by  the  States-General  to  the 
New  Netherland  Company,  includ- 
ing territory  from  40°  north  to  45°  north, 
with  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  for 
three  years. 

*  *  Conn.    Settlement  of  Connecticut. 

The  Dutch,  led  by  Adriaen  Block,  ex- 

glore  the  coast,  also  the  chief  river,  and 
uild  a  fort  [near  Hartford]. 

*  *  Guiana.     The  States  of  Holland  en- 
courage settlements  by  offering  mono-< 
polies  for  four  years. 

*  *  Mass.  An  expedition  is  sent  to  New 
England  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
and  the  Earl  of  Southampton. 

*  *  A^  Y.  The  Dutch  form  a  settlement 
on  Manhattan  Island,  also  erect  a  fort ; 
they  build  another  [Fort  Nassau]  150 
miles  up  the  river. 

*  *  New  York.  Jean  Vigne,  the  first  white 
child,  born  on  Manhattan  Island. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Gates  returns  to  England, 
and  leaves  the  government  to  Sir  Thomas 
Dale  [for  two  years]. 

The  cultivation  of  tobacco  brings 
prosperity  to  the  colony ;  the  streets 
of  Jamestown  are  planted  with  it,  and 
it  becomes  the  accepted  currency. 

1615  Mayi  *  New  Eng.  John  Smith 
vainly  attempts  to  form  a  settlement. 

*  *  Brazil.    Belem  is  founded  by  Calderia. 

*  *  Cati.  Champlain  leads  an  expedition 
to  Lake  Huron. 

*  *  N.  F.  Captain  Richard  Whitborne 
is  sent  to  establish  order  among  the 
flshermen  at  Newfoimdland, 

*  *  Va.  Private  ownership  of  land 
begins,  each  colonist  receiving  50  acres 
for  himself  and  heirs. 

1616  May  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Dale  re- 
signs the  governorship,  and  returns  to 
England,  leaving  George  Yeardley  as 
deputy  governor.  Pocahontas  goes  to 
England. 

*  *  Nfw  Kng.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gor- 
ges makes  persistent  effort  for  the  set- 
tlement of  New  England. 

1617  Jan.  *  Va.  Captain  Samuel  Ar- 
gall is  elected  deputy  governor. 

[Fraud,  oppression,  violence,  greed, 
and  tyranny  on  the  jtart  of  the  govern- 
ment check  immigration,  and  tlie  col- 
ony becomes  reduced  to  600  persons.] 

May  15.  Va,  Argall  arrives  in  Jamestown. 

**N.J.  The  Dutch  from  New  Am- 
sterdam start  a  settlement  at  Bergen. 
[The  first  in  New  Jersey.] 

*  *  N.  Y.  Fort  Nassau  [Albany]  is  de- 
stroyeil  by  a  rtootl. 

1618*  *  New  Eng.  Ferdinando  Gorges 
sends  Captain  Rooroft  from  England  to 
New  England ;  he  spoils  a  French  bark 
on  the  way,  and  goes  to  Virginia,  where 
he  is  killed. 

1619  Jan.  1.  N.  Y.  Expiration  of  the 
first  Now  Netherland  charter. 


*  *  Va.  Iiord  Delaware  sails  with  sup- 
plies, and  dies  on  the  voyage.  Ope- 
chancanough  succeeds  Powhatan, 

Apr.  19,    Va.  Sir  George  Yeardley  is 

appointed  deputy  governor.     [The  col- 
ony grows  and  prospers.] 

*  *  Hoi.  The  Pilgrims  get  a  patent  from 
the  London  (South  Virginia)  Company. 

July  *  Va.  Popular  government  in- 
troduced. 

Yeardley  divides  the  plantation  into 
11  boroughs,  and  issues  a  proclamation 
requesting  the  election  of  two  citizens 
from  each  to  assist  in  the  government. 

July  30,  Va.  The  House  of  Burgesses 
meets  at  Jamestown,  the  first  colonial 
legislature  in  the  New  World. 

It  is  an  elective  assembly  for  discus- 
sion onlv,  and  has  no  power  without  the 
approval  of  the  London  Company. 

1620  July22.  Hnl.  The  Pilgrims  de- 
part from  Delfshaven  in  the  Speeihcell^ 
having  spent  the  preceding  night  in 
prayer  and  religious  conversation. 

The  Pilgrims  purchase  the  Speedwell^ 
and  hire  the  Mayflower. 

Aug.  5.  Eng.  The  Pilgrims  set  sail 
from  Southampton  for  Virginia  in  the 
Afat/flower  of  180  tons  burden,  and  the 
Speedwelly  GO  tons.  [The  Speedtvell  proves 
leaky,  and  compels  their  return  to  Dart- 
mouth.] 

Aug.  20±.  The  repairs  on  the  Speedwell 
being  completed,  the  Pilgrims  reem- 
bark.  [The  Speedwell  i)roves-un8eawor- 
thy,  and  they  return  to  Plymouth.] 

Sept.  6.  Eng.  The  Pilgrims  finally 
leave  Plymouth  in  the  Maj/flowery 
and  number  103  persons. 

Nov.  3.  Eng.  The  Plymouth  Com- 
pany reorganized. 

King  James  incorptirates  forty  of  his 
subjects  as  "  the  Council  established  at 
Plymouth  for  the  planting,  ruling,  or- 
dering, and  governing  of  New  England 
in  America. 

Nov,  9.    Mass.    The    Pilgrims    come    in 

sight  of  Cape  Cod  after  a  voyage  of  63 

days. 
Nov,  11.    Mass.    Pilgrims  on   the  May- 

Jlo^ver  sign  an  instrument  of  republican 

government,  and   elect   John  Carver 

governor.    (Nov.  21,  N.  S.) 
Being  denied  a  patent  by  the  king,  they 

proceed  to  di.scharge  all  the  functions  of 

an  organized  state. 

Dec.  11.  Mass.  The  Pilgrim  Fathers 
disembark  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and 
found  a  colony  numbering  102  persons. 
New  Style,  Dec.  2L    (Winsor.) 

Dec.  23.  Mass.  The  Pilgrims  begin 
building  a  settlement  at  Plymouth. 

*  *  Arg.  liep.  The  Spaniards  erect  a  new 
government  for  Buenos  Ay  res  —  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  with  Buenos  Ayres 
for  its  capital ;  cities  and  settlements 
abound. 

*  *  Paraguay  is  separated  from  Bue- 
nos Ayres. 

*  *  Mass.  The  whole  body  of  the  male 
inhabitants  constitute  the  legislature. 
[Continuing  thus  for  18  years.] 

*  *  Va.  The  1,000  inhabitants  receive  an 
accession  of  1,200  more. 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF 


CLASSIFIED   DATES 


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CYCLOPEDIA  OF 
CLASSIFIED   DATES 

WITH  AN  EXHAUSTIVE  INDEX 
BY  CHARLES   E.  LITTLE 

COMPILER   OF   BIBLICAL   LIGHTS,  AND 
HISTORICAL  LIGHTS  AND  SIDE-LIGHTS 


FOR  THE  USE  OF  STUDENTS  OF  HISTORY,  AND 
FOR  ALL  PERSONS  WHO  DESIRE  SPEEDY 
ACCESS  TO  THE  FACTS  AND  EVENTS,  WHICH 
RELATE  TO  THE  HISTORIES  OF  THE  VARI- 
OUS COUNTRIES  OF  THE  WORLD,  FROM  THE 
EARLIEST   RECORDED  DATES 


FUNK    &   WAGNALLS    9OMPANY 

NEW  YORK   AND    LONDON, 

1900 


•j~mwjnru 


Copyright  1899,  by 
FUNK    &  WAGNALLS  COMPANY 

[REGISTERED    AT     STATIONERS'     HALL,     LONDON] 
PBIXTED  IN  TBE  VyrTED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  book  is  designed  for  general  use,  as  it  possesses  the  essential  features  of  a  Universal 
History,  a  Biographical  Dictionary,  a  Geographical  Gazetteer,  and,  besides  these  specific  uses, 
a  general  utility  fitting  it  to  become  a  companion  to  the  Dictionary,  both  in  the  library  of  the 
scholar,  and  in  the  homes  and  schools  where  young  people  are  pursuing  their  studies. 

It  aims  primarily  to  serve  as  a  volume  of  historical  annals  for  students  and  general  readers, 

"     ■       ■  "   ■  "  '     '        *~"       '      "■  -sons  or  events  referred  to 

;ts,  in  the  current  of  siinul- 
•y  country;  and  yet  furtnor 
e  space  allotted  to  each  of 


SIGNS  AND  SYMBOLS  USED  IN  THE  CYCLOPEDIA 
OF  CLASSIFIED  DATES 


+ 


I  statement  are  of  primary 
■  inaccuracy,  because  this  is 
ies  have  been  encountered, 
the  information  here  given 
so  often  used  by  authors  in 
ecific,  and  by  the  frequent 
ial  facts  which  the  plan  of 
lired  to  obtain  only  a  sc|fbJl 

sments  of  various  authors, 
an  important  event  as  the 
,  respecting  l)oth  the  date, 
Mass.,  and  that  adopted  by 
lence,  accept  Decemlier  2l8t 
ade  in  the  18th  century  to 
yle,  whereas  only  ten  should 
ere  required  to  correct  the 
\fayflower,  sonio  historians 
J  correct. 

bives.  The  famous  Captain 
«ignated  by  some  persons  iis 
could  be  misled  by  the  Rev. 
gilt  conclude  with  him  that 
8  tree  was  an  elm. 
rotestant  countries  accepted 
i82,  nearly  one  hundred  and 
!S  of  Gtermany,  and  one  hun- 
the  same  event  would  have 
or  a  Protestant  writer. 
y  an  uncertain  value.  Tile 
times  is  well  known ;  but 
Dility  is  evident.  Hei*e  the 
g  any  suspicion  of  uncer- 
rhich  dates  may  be  accepted 

In  the  dates  given  to  the  earlier  'BTOllClU  eveiiiu,  ine  orUer  ot  usner's  Chronology  has  been  fol- 
lowed, for  the  lack  of  something  better;  but  these  dates  are  placed  at  the  end  instead  of  the  begin- 
tiing  of  the  item,  and  are  enclosed  in  parentheses  with  the  chronologist's  na«ne,  to  indicate  uncer- 
tainty. Differing  authorities  are  often  added  in  the  same  manner.  M'hen  the  chronology  is  com- 
monly accepted  by  modern  scholarship  the  dates  are  placed  in  the  style  followed  throughout  the  book. 

For  the  eventu  of  recent  years  whicli  have  not  yet  passed  \inder  the  pen  of  the  hist<orian,  the 
best  digests  of  daily  news  have  been  consulted,  and  the  books  noted,  are  those  which  have  been 
commended  by  the  most  scholarly  reviews. 


=  day  of  month  unknown. 
=  month  and  day  of  month  unknown. 
=  year,  month,  and  day  of  month  unknown. 
=  the  event  recorded  did  not  terminate  on  the  date 
given. 

-t  =  proximity  to  the  date  given,  the  precise  date 
being  unknown. 

—  preceding  an  entry  denotes  that  tlie  date  is  the 

same  as  given  in  preceding  entry. 

Geographical  Location  of  an  event  is  indicated  by 
inserting  immediately  after  the  date  the  name 
(in  full  or  abbreviated)  of  state,  province,  county, 
or  cit}',  in  italic  type.  In  recording  events  of 
ancient  history,  the  moJern  name  of  the  country 
is  the  one  so  iiiilicated. 

In  certain  lists  of  events,  such  for  instance  as  guberna- 
torial inaugurations,  recorded  under  one  date, 
the  additional  date  at  the  beginning  of  each 
entry  of  the  list  indicates  the  termination  of  the 
l)eriod  (term  of  office,  for  instance)  to  vrhicli  the 
event  relates. 


816G56 


s\^ 


V 


INTRODUCTION. 


This  book  is  designed  for  general  use,  as  it  possesses  the  essential  features  of  a  Universal 
History,  a  Biographical  Dictionary,  a  Geographical  Gazetteer,  and,  besides  these  specific  uses, 
a  general  utility  fitting  it  to  become  a  companion  to  the  Dictionary,  both  in  the  library  of  the 
scholar,  and  in  the  homes  and  Bchools  where  young  people  are  pursuing  their  studies. 

It  aims  primarily  to  serve  as  a  volume  of  historical  annals  for  students  and  general  readers, 
who  may  desire  immediate  access  to  historical  facts  relating  to  the  persons  or  events  referred  to 
in  any  publication,  or  wish  to  obtain  the  historical  setting  of  such  facts,  in  the  current  of  simul- 
taneous events.  It  also  aims  to  serve  as  a  digest  of  the  history  of  every  country;  and  yet  further 
to  show  the  trend  of  history  almost  at  a  glance,  by  noting  the  relative  space  allotted  to  each  of 
the  several  topics,  under  which  events  are  classified.  ^ 

The  author  has  kept  constantly  in  mind  that  accuracy  of  date  and  statement  are  of  primary 
importance  in  a  book  of  dated  facts.  No  other  excellence  ean  atone  for  inaccuracy,  because  this  is 
a  fundamental  feature.  In  pursuit  of  this  purpose  immense  difficulties  have  been  enco\nit<?red, 
yet  neither  labor  nor  expense  have  been  considered  too  great  to  make  the  information  hero  given 
reliable.  Many  difficulties  have  been  occasioned  by  the  general  terms  so  often  used  by  a\ithors  in 
describing  events,  which  by  the  plan  of  this  book  must  be  made  specific,  and  by  the  frequent 
absence  in  one  or  several  historical  narratives  of  some  of  the  essential  facts  which  the  plan  of 
this  work  requires,  hence  much  laborious  research  has  often  been  required  to  obtain  only  a  s^^l 
part  of  a  single  item. 

More  serious  impediments  have  been  found  in  the  disa^jreeing  statements  of  various  authors. 
Some  of  these  disagreements  are  quite  surprising.  Concerning  such  an  important  event  .as  the 
landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  Rock,  historians  are  wide  apart,  respecting  both  the  date, 
and  the  numbei-  of  persons  landing.  The  date  celebrated  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  and  that  adopted  by 
many  historians,  is  the  22d  of  December;  others,  with  satisfactory  evidence,  accept  Decemfier  2l8t 
as  the  anniversj  ry  day.  The  error  probably  arises  from  an  attempt  made  in  the  18th  century  to 
fix  the  New  Stye  date,  by  adding  eleven  days  to  December  11th,  Old  Style,  whereas  only  ten  should 
be  added,  as  the  landing  occurred  in  the  17th  century,  when  t«n  days  were  required  to  correct  the 
calendar.  Respecting  the  number  of  colonists  who  came  over  on  the  Mayflower,  some  historians 
give  it  a.s  100,  ot'iers  as  101,  and  yet  others  as  102  jjersons;  the  last  being  correct. 

Another  faniliar  event  illustrates  the  confusion  in  historical  narratives.  The  famous  Captain 
Wadsworth,  wh )  hid  the  charter  of  Connecticut  in  an  ancient  oak,  is  designated  by  some  persons  lis 
William,  by  others,  and  more  properly,  as  Joseph  Wadsworth.  If  we  could  be  misled  by  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Peters,  the  fabricator  of  the  Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut,  we  might  conclude  with  him  that 
(jiptain  Wadsworth's  Christian  name  was  Samuel,  and  that  the  famous  tree  was  an  elm. 

Much  confusion  has  been  caused  by  the  reluctance  with  which  the  Pi-otestant  countries  accepted 
the  reformation  of  the  Calendar,  jn;ule  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  the  year  1582,  nearly  one  hundred  and 
twenty  years  having  elapsed  before  its  adoption  by  the  Protestant  states  of  Germany,  and  one  hun- 
di-ed  and  seventy  years  before  it  was  adopted  by  Great  Britain.  Hence  the  same  event  would  have 
a  date  ten  or  eleven  days  apart,  according  as  it  was  given  by  a  Catholic  or  a  Protestant  writer. 

Readers  are  aware  that  the  dates  ot  very  ancient  history  have  only  an  uncertain  value.  The 
fallibility  of  human  testimony  relating  to  simple  events  in  modern  times  is  well  known  ;  but 
v\hen  its  evidence  consists  entirely  in  a  current  tradition,  its  unreliability  is  evident.  Here  the 
' ommonly  received  chronology  has  been  followed  without  indicating  any  suspicion  of  uncer- 
'  ainty  ;  but  when  a  point  is  reached  in  the  history  of  a  country,  after  which  dates  may  be  accepted 
iis  authentic,  the  fact  has  been  stated  in  tlie  text. 

In  the  dates  given  to  the  earlier  Biblical  events,  the  order  of  Usher's  Chronology  has  been  fol- 
iowed,  for  the  lack  of  something  better;  but  these  dates  are  placed  at  the  end  instead  of  the  begin- 
:;ing  of  the  item,  and  are  enclosed  in  parentheses  with  the  chronologist'e  na«ne,  to  indicate  uncer- 
1  ainty.  Differing  authorities  are  often  added  in  the  same  manner.  When  the  chronology  is  com- 
monly accepted  by  modem  scholarship  the  dates  are  placed  in  the  style  followed  throughout  the  book. 
For  the  events  of  recent  years  which  have  not  yet  passed  under  the  pen  of  the  hist/Oriati,  the 
best  digests  of  daily  news  have  been  consulted,  and  the  books  noted,  are  those  which  have  been 
commended  by  the  most  scholarly  reviews. 

81.6G56 


VI  CYOLOPBDIA.  OF  dLASSIFIKD  DATK8. 

Notable  as  well  as  important  events  have  been  included  in  this  work.    By  notable  is  meant 

such  events  as  excited  widespread  interest  at  the  time  of  their  occurence,  and  are  often  ignored  by 

the  liistorian;   as  the  brief  excitement  respecting  domestic  silk-culture  in   some  New  England 

•i,  and  the  burning  of  Barnum's  Museum  in  New  York.     By  utilizing  this  class  of  events,  it 

ped  that  these  pages  may  in  some  sense  reflect  the  current  thought  of  each  period. 

Special  attention  is  directed  to  features  of  the  book  which  are  believed  to  be  worthy  of  par- 
ticular mention.  Besides  the  combination  of  the  topical  and  chronological  systems  already  men- 
tioned, the  vast  assemblage  of  historical  facts  may  be  noted;  also,  the  locality  of  events  which  has 
boen  systematically  indicated  by  a  locality  word;  the  simultaneous  exhibit  of  concurrent  events-; 
the  names  of  contemporaries  under  the  heading  Births  and  Deaths;  the  exhaustive  Index,  with 
iMHiierals  referring  to  the  column,  as  well  as  the  page;  and  Anally  the  free  use  of  several  kinds  of 
t  \|k:,  making  it  easy  for  the  eye  to  search  the  pages. 

Ancient  Greece,  r?03iie,  and  the  Bible  Lands  have  been  ti-eated  with  much  care  and  fulness,  in 
iir<5er  to  meet  the  needs  of  students  of  Classical  and  Biblical  history.  The  aid  of  experts  has  been 
onlisted  in  the  compiling  of  the  Greek  and  Assyrian  events. 

Obviously  the  value  of  a  work  of  this  kind  depends  in  great  measure  on  its  adaptation  for 
Tactical  use.  It  is  believed  that  the  arrangement  and  style  of  this  book  favors  quick  access  to  de- 
sired information;  the  grouping  of  items  under  a  common  subject,  the  use  of  bold  face  type,  and  the 
imiform  use  of  a  loijality  word,  are  all  contributary  to  this  end.  But  the  most  valuable  feature  is 
the  unique  combination  of  the  two  common  methods  of  arranging  events,  so  that  both  the  chrono- 
logical and  the  topical  orders  may  be  seen  at  once,  yet  so  that  neitfier  is  impaired  by  the  union. 
Throughout  the  book  it  will  be  fo\ind  that  the  two  opposite  pages,  that  come  under  the 
eye,  liave  dates  rcjlating  to  a  common  period;  on  these  pages  are  all  the  events  the  book  contains 
fur  that  period,  relating  to  the  country  there  named,  except  as  shown  by  cross-references  in  the 
Index,  whenever  events  are  common  to  two  or  more  Countries;  hence,  there  is  no  turning  of  pages 
■.iStev  a  period  sought  for  is  found.  Seven  classifications  of  items  may  also  be  seen;  these  are  made 
l)y  grouping  them  under  comprehensive  topics.  Thus,  without  marring  the  important  chronolQg- 
ical  order,  the  reader  has  the  advantage  of  knowing  where  to  look  for  a  fact,  under  its  proper  topic. 
Thereby  he  avoids  the  loss  of  time  involvedi  were  one  item  to  be  selected  from  all  the  items  on  the 
page,  instead  of  selected  from  only  one  group.  If  he  chooses,  he  may  now  discard  all  the  other 
lassiflcatioKs  and  read  one  topic  continuously,  from  page  to  page,  and  thus  obtain  the  record  of  a 
Kition's  activity  in  a  single  department  from  the  beginning.  Yet  at  any  time,  he  may  find  the 
listorical  setting  of  an  event  amid  the  variety  of  concurrent  events,  all  of  which  fall  under  his  eye 
t  the  same  time,  as  the  item  which  engages  his  attention.  The  seven  topical  classifications  an; 
liiefly  self-explanatory,  yet  additional  explanation  may  aid  the  reader  in  all  cases  where  subjects 
may  seem  to  have  relation  to  two  or  more  topical  classifications. 

Army  and  Navy  includes  the  organization  of  military  and  naval  expeditions;  the  equipment 
and  movements  of  armies;  sieges;  and  the  great  battles  of  history,  whether  on  land  or  sea,  with 
the  strength  of  the  forces  engaged,  the  names  of  opposing  commanders,  and  statistics  of  the 
casualties.  Special  attention  has  been  given  to  important  conflicts  which  have  occurred  in  recent 
.\ear8,  and  an  exceptionally  full  treatment  is  given  to  the  Civil  War  in  the  United  States.  Here 
a.lso  are  grouped  items  relating  to  the  launching  and  testing  of  war- vessels  with  their  subsequent 
movements,  and  the  promotion  of  the  higher  officers  of  the  army  and  navy. 

Art  includes  such  events  as  relate  to  the  fine  and  industrial  arts,  their  progress,  increase; 
•"rtstering  organizations;  noted  architecture;  important  engineering  works;  paintings;  statuary;  the 
liama;  music;  and  the  founding  and  meetings  of  societies  for  the  promotion  of  art.  Science 
includes  discoveries;  important  inventions;  the  founding  of  sctientiflc  institutions;  and  organizations 
for  the  advancement  of  science.  Nature  includes  such  notable  phenomena  as  the'  appearance  ol* 
1  omets;  eclipses;  the  occm'rence  of  earthquakes;  storms  and  various  other  meteorological  events. 

Births  and  Deaths  includes  the  names  of  many  thousands  of  persons  who  have  taken  prominent 
part  in  the  achievements  of  mankind;  in  addition,  their  vocation  or  official  position  is  recorded. 

Church  includes  all  items  relating  to  religious  and  ecclesiastical  affairs;  these  are  treated 
without  sectarian  prejudice,  partiality,  or  editorial  comment.  Facts  are  grouped  which  relate- 
!'i  the  beginnings  and  progress  of  all  religions;  especially  the  origin  and  development  of  Christian 
•lodies;  the  general  councils  of  the  Church;  general  assemblies;  general  conferences;  yearly 
iicetings;  and  national  and  international  gatherings;  various  philanthropic,  educational,  ind 
missionary  organizations;  young  peoples' societies  of  many  names;  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciations, and  like  oi-ganizations;  reformations;  revivals;  heresies;  disruptions;  secessions;  reuni-jns; 
the  founding  of  religious  orders;  the  consecration  of  the  higher  clergy,  and  the  changes  in  the 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  CLABSIFIBD  DATES.  VU 

papacy.  Biblical  events  and  the  history  of  Palestine  may  be  found  under  Turkey;  events 
relating  to  early  Christianity  are  chiefly  nan-ated  under  Italy ;  here  are  also  the  names  of  all  the 
popes,  in  the  order  given  by  the  Roman  Almanac  Gerarchia  Cattolica. 

Lett«r8  includes  whatever  relates  to  education  andliteratui-e;  such  as  the  founding  of  institutions 
of  learning  and  libraries;  pioneer  and  important  newspapers;  appearance  of  magazines,  together  with 
popular  and  imjiortaut  books;  the  organization  of  educational  societif^s;  educational  gatherings. 

Society  includes  events  which  have  their  chief  value  as  exhibitions  of  humanity  in  the  social 
relations,  whether  expressive  of  hiunan  brotherhood  or  of  "man's  inhumanity  to  man:"  such  as 
notable  benefactions  for  human  weal;  congresses  and  conferences  for  the  betterment  of  human  con- 
ditions; the  anti-slavery  agitation;  temperance  reformation;  organization  of  fraternal  associations 
and  brotherhoods;  founding  of  asylums,  hospitals,  institutions  of  mercy  and  reform;  also  crimes; 
scandals;  suicides;  prize  fights;  lynchings;  slavery;  strikes,  and  all  indications  of  social  unrest. 

Under  State  are  grouped  the  events  relating  to  the  government,  whether  administrative,  legis- 
lative, or  judicial;  the  founding  and  federation  of  states;  political  agitations;  i-evolutions;  arbitra- 
tions; alliances;  conventions;  treaties;  ministries;  ambassadorships;  the  opening  and  the  closing  of 
Parliament.  In  the  United  States  it  includes  the  organization  of  political  parties  and  their  national 
conventions;  national  elections,  with  both  the  popidar  and  electoral  votes  for  presidents;  the  sessions 
and  acts  of  the  Continental,  Federal,  and  the  United  States  Congresses;  the  speakers  of  the  House 
of  Representatives;  cabinet,  judiciary  and  diplomatic  appointments;  the  inauguration  of  govem- 
Drs;  and  statistics  of  national  currency,  revenue,  and  expenditure. 

Miscellaneous  comprises  all  items  not  related  to  the  seven  classifications  already  mentioned; 
such  as  affairs  concerning  commerce;  railroads;  steamship  lines;  races;  accidents;  wrecks;  fires: 
epidemics;  p.auics;  census  returns,  and  many  other  subjects. 

Two  stars  (♦*  )  preceding  an  item  in  the  text  indicate  that  the  year-date  has  not  been  found; 
three  stai-s  ( *  *  * )  indicate  an  indefinite  period. 

The  locality  word,  printed  in  italias  at  the  beginning  of  an  item,  indicates  the  modern  name  of 
the  country  to  which  it  relates;  when  given  of  ancient  times  these  localitii-s  uia\  In-  onlv  .•innrov- 
imately  con-ect. 

The  space  given  to  the  Index  and  the  evidence  of  the  labor  applied  t..  ,>.„., ^, >  .j,„.i  ^„^^-„  ul  oni- 
deused  references,  indicate  its  estimated  importance.  A  large  volume  for  refei-ence  without 
direct  reference  guides  is  like  a  city  without  a  directory,  the  larger  the  city  the  greater  the 
confusion  of  the  stranger.  Here  a  stranger  to  the  book  may  find  an  item  sought  by  the  use  of 
the  Index,  as  quickly  as  the  author.  It  has  not  been  deemed  advisable  to  burden  the  Index  with 
numerous  cross-references  tt»  analogous  subjects;  the  reader,  howev«:>r,  may  extend  his  information 
by  turning  to  the  names  of  such  as  are  closely  related.  As  the  references  are  arranged  chronolog- 
ically, the  history  of  religious,  reformatory,  and  other  movement*,  as  well  as  personal  bii:>grapbies 
may  be  traced;  also  the  histories  of  important  cities  and  federated  states.  For  further  explana- 
tions concerning  the  Index  the  reader  is  i-efei  red  to  page  1162,  which  immediately  precedes  it. 

The  labor  expended  on  this  work  can  hardly  be  estimated  by  the  average  reader.  The  work 
was  begun  in  l.SOO,  and  c^oncludod  in  Dettember,  1899 ;  and  from  two  to  five  persons  liavo  Vieon 
continuously  employed  in  collecting  materials,  verifying  dates,  s{>ellings,  and  statements,  or  in 
critically  revising  copy  and  printer's  proofs. 

It  is  a  real  pleasure  to  publicly  acknowledge  the  valuable  services  of  those  persons  who  have 
shared  the  toil  of  the  author.  Sincei-e  thanks  are  tendered  U)  John  D.  Pkince,  Ph.D.,  Professor 
of  Semitic  Languages  and  Comparative  Philology  in  the  New  York  University,  for  assistance 
in  revising  "Babylon"  and  "Assyria;"  to  Hobacb  O.  Wait,  B.A.,  late  PriAcipal  of  Hasbrouck 
Institute,  of  .lersey  City,  for  revising  "Greece;"  to  Wuxiam  Clarke,  B.A.,  author  of 
scliool-books,  for  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  "Great  Britain;"  to  Thomas  (^ambbi^l- 
(JopELAND,  editor  and  statistician,  for  revising  "France"  and  "Great  BritJiin;"  to  (Jharles 
E.  Little,  Jr.,  and  William  Cl^v.rki:  .Ir,,  for  assistance  in  research  and  compilation;  to 
Lotns  E.  Van  Norman,  A.M.,  for  assistance  in  matters  relating  to  general  literary  form,  and 
in  seeing  the  book  through  the  press;  and  to  Frank  H.  Vizetp.lly,  editor  and  critic,  for  vnhied 
suggestions  on  the  plate-proofs  and  Index,  and  for  assistance  in  securing  general  typographical 
aoiu-acy.  Acknowle<lgment8  are  due  to  several  legations  at  Washington  for  courteous  coopera- 
tion in  the  revision  of  the  proof-sheets  of  those  poi-tions  of  this  work  which  relate  specifically  to 
the  coimtries  that  they  represent. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Dec.  7,  J899.  a,   K.  L. 


TABLE    OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 

Thksk  abb  Used  Chibfi,y  in  Itkms  undeb  Bmras  and  Dkaths  and  in  thk  Index. 


Acad., 

Academy. 

fnd.. 

A.O., 

Anno  Domini. 

Fr., 

adj., 

adjul.ml. 

ft.. 

adm.. 

admiral. 

Oa., 

adv.. 

advocate. 

Afg., 

Afghanistan. 

O.  A.  R., 

Afr., 

Africa. 

G.  B., 

agriciiltnre  or 

Oeii.  Ass., 

agr-. 

agricultural. 

genea., 
Geo., 

Arg.  Rep., 

J  .rgentioe  Kepublic. 

Al»., 

Alal>ama. 

geog., 
geol.. 

Ainu., 

Alaska. 

Alox., 

Alexander. 

geom.. 
Ger., 

Alf., 

Alfred. 

Alg., 

Algeria. 

Or., 

Am., 

America  or  American. 

Guat., 

amiq., 

antiquary. 

H.C, 

Arab., 

Arabia. 

Heb., 

artihbp.. 

arcbblsliop. 

H.  L., 

Ariz., 

Arizon;!. 

Hoi., 

Ark., 

Arkansas. 

hort.. 

.1S(,'J., 

as»octatlon. 

heap.. 

-Assvr., 

Assyria. 

Hung., 

\tt\  -Gen., 

Attorney-General. 

la.. 

ill  ..rauth. 

author. 

Ice., 

A  list.. 

Aiujtria. 

Ida., 

.1  i^tral.. 

Australia. 

incorp., 

av. 

avenue. 

Ind., 

1>., 

born. 

inst., 

B., 

Baron. 

Int., 

Bait., 

Baltimore. 

Intro., 

llapt., 

Baptist. 

Inv., 

11.'  .. 

Before  Christ. 

Ire., 

!l,  ! . 

Belgium  or  Belgian. 

Is.. 

i;.  .,"  ,' 

Benjamin. 

I.  Ter., 

In... 

bishop. 
brigadier. 

Jap., 

iniii.. 

Jer., 

Hr.or  Brit., 

British. 

jour., 

Ilulg., 

Bulgarian  or  Bulgaria. 

Jos., 

Ol., 

California. 

Jr., 

Oaii., 

Canada. 

-•apt.. 

captain. 

Justice, 

Card., 

Cardinal. 

k.. 

Cath., 

Catliolic. 

K., 

eel., 

celebration  or 

Kan., 

celebrates. 

Katb., 

ch., 

church. 

Ky., 

«hanc., 

chancellor. 

L., 

Oil  US. 

ri,:irle». 

La.. 

cbror., 

'lii'iilologist. 

lexicog.. 

ol., 

.:lt:i(;\-. 

Ijmd., 

Colo., 

(.lolo.      ■ 

I.uth., 

Ci>m., 

Con  1 

Mai., 
Mal.-Gen., 

conf.. 

cm  f . 

Ciiiifeil., 

t  Com  iin'riicy  or 

Mar., 

i    C.M.fe.lerate. 

Mass., 

Com;., 

C.HiaV.'liK, 

math.. 

Cuui)., 

■     ut. 

Matt., 

cons.. 

■1. 

M.  C, 

conven.. 

Md., 

ot.. 

o"ii:  [. 

Me., 

«yn.. 

cyclopedia. 

met.. 

»« 

Dnke. 

Meth.  Epis. 

J., 

died. 

Mex., 

D.C., 

<  Dislrict  of  Columbia 
1       or  Washingtou. 

mfg.. 

mfd., 

Del., 

Delaware. 

Mich., 

nero.. 

1  l>eniocrat  or 

Minn., 

i  Democratic. 

Miss.. 

Den., 

Denmark. 

miss., 

1  lepart., 

Department. 

Mc, 

■iio., 

diocese. 

Mont., 

DiB., 

(of  Christ),  Disciples. 

M.  v.. 

dl8.. 

discovers  <»r  discoverer. 

N., 

T>oni.  Rep., 

Doininlcan  Eopublic. 

nat.. 

dranu, 

dr.imatisl. 

Natb., 

E., 

Earl. 

nav.. 

Jiben.. 

Et>enezer. 

N.  B., 

£<!ua.. 

Kenador. 

N.  C, 

e.t.. 

editor. 

N.  Dak., 

Kev., 

Eeypt. 
Klizabeth. 

Keb., 

*■  '■"  , 

Neth., 

eun>tror. 

NaT., 

oni'vclopedia. 
'-  ■    ''^uid. 

N.  F.. 

N.  H., 

'  leor. 

N,J., 

iVBr. 

nom., 

Nor.,Norw 

M.S., 

1 

Kuropean. 

N.T., 

i.*  .>!>., 

l...tojguit.:  i.1. 

K.  y., 

Ejiek.. 

Kieklei. 

o., 

Fin., 

Florida. 

Obad., 

fouutl  or  founded. 
France  or  Francb. 

fort. 

Georgia. 
I     Grand  ArniT 
}  "f  thp  nepublic, 

(;.  m. 

<■  riibljr, 

g' 

goocrapher. 
geologist. 

geometrician, 
iormaii. 
Ureeli  or  Greece. 
Quatomala. 
Uoude  of  Gonimons. 
Hebrew, 
House  of  Lords. 
Holland, 
horticulturist, 
hospital. 
Hungary. 
Iowa. 
Iceland. 
Idaho. 

incorporated. 
Indiana. 

institute  or  Instituted. 
Intorior. 
introduced, 
inventor. 
Ireland. 

Island  or  Islands. 
Indian  Territory. 
Japan. 
tTereniiah. 
journalist. 
Jo«eph. 
Junior. 

j   Justice  of  the 
1  Supreme  Court. 
killed. 
King. 
Kansas. 
Katharine. 
Kentucky. 
Ix>rJ. 
Louisiana, 
lexicographer. 
London. 
Lutlioran. 
Major. 

Majni -General. 
Margaret. 
Massac  tmsetts. 
m:Uhematician. 
Matthew. 

Member  nf  Congress. 
Maryland. 
Maine. 

metaphysician. 
MetliotJist  EpiscopaL 
Moxiw. 

raajiufacturfng. 
manufactured. 
Mlohigan. 
Minnesota. 
MiBslitaippi. 
missionary. 
Missouri. 
Montana, 

Memberof  Parliament. 
North, 
national. 
Nathaniel, 
navii^ator. 
New  Brunswick. 
North  Carolina. 
Nfirtli  Dakota. 
NehrH.'»ka. 
Neriierland. 
Nevada, 
Newfoundland. 
New  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey, 
nominated! 
,  Norway. 
Nova  Snotia. 
New  Testament. 
New  York. 
Ohio. 
Obad  I  ah. 


obs., 

Okla.. 

opd.,  opnd., 

Ot«., 

ornlch., 

O.  T., 

Pa., 

paint., 

Pal., 

Pari., 

path., 

P,  E.  I.. 

Pers., 

pbll., 

Phila., 

phi  Ian., 

philol., 

Pnl., 

polit.. 

Port., 

Pr:; 

Pres., 

Pres.,  Presb, 

print., 

Prof., 

Prot., 

Prus., 

Qm 

K.  C.  or 

Kom.Catb., 

Kef., 

Kef.  Epis., 

Kef.  Presb., 

Kep., 

Kev., 

K.  1.. 

Kobt., 

it  us., 

S., 

8am., 

Sax., 

S.  C. 

schol., 

Scot., 

sculp., 

S.  Dak., 

.Som., 

Sen., 

serg., 

Sp.. 

Sr., 

stjites., 

Sllpt., 

Burg., 
.  Swe., 
.Switi., 
Tenn., 
Ter., 
Tox., 
thet).. 
Thos., 
Tim., 
Tcir., 
Tur.  A., 
Tur.  E., 
U.  S., 
U.  S.  A., 
U.  S.  N., 

V.  3.  v.. 

Cull., 

Cniv., 

Vn., 

Vetiez., 

vol.. 

A'.  I'res., 

Vt., 

W., 

■Wash., 

Wash.  Citv, 

(often  D.  C). 

W.  C.  T.  U., 
VTes.  Meth., 
Wis., 
Wm  , 
W.  Va., 
Wyo., 
Zecb., 


observatory. 
Oklahoma, 
opened. 
Oregon. 
ornuholoKist. 
Old  Tesiameni. 
Pennsylvania, 
painter. 
P.tlestine. 
Parliament, 
pathologist. 
Prince  Edward  Island. 
Persia, 
philosopher. 
Philadelphia, 
philanthropist, 
philologist, 
physician. 

Post  Master  General. 
Poland, 
politician. 
Portugal, 
pages. 
Prince. 
President. 
I.,  Presbyterian, 
printer. 
Professor. 
Protestant. 
Prussia. 
Queen. 

.  Kom.-ui  Catholic. 

Keformed. 

Helormed  Episcopal. 
Keformod  Presbyterlfui. 
Kepiiblican. 
revenue  or  Kevcren-l. 
Khode  Island. 
Kobert. 
Russia. 
South. 
Samuel. 

Saxons  or  Saxonv. 
South  Carolina.  " 
scholar. 

Scotland  or  Scottish, 
sculptor. 
South  Dakota. 
Seminary. 
Senator, 
sergeant. 
Spain. 
Senior, 
statesman, 
superlutendont. 
snrgeon. 
Sweden, 
Switzerland. 
Tennessee. 
Territory. 
Texas. 
theol<>gian. 
Thomas. 
Timothy. 
Turkey. 

Turkey  in  Asia. 
Turkey  in  Europe. 
United  St.-itcs. 
UiiLt.  ■■■■  -,1  luv. 

Ulir 
111 

1     \oiUllU'-i.-. 

Ijiiitariari. 

I  I'liiversltv  or 

t  I-' 111  versa  list. 

\'irginia. 

Venezuela. 

volunteers. 

Vice-i*resiilent. 

Vermont. 

Wales. 

Washington  (State). 

j  Washington  r,;\ 

I  Womajr 

( Tempei;ii 
Wosieyaii  .>ic;  .  - 
W  iscoiisin. 
"William. 
West  Virginia. 
Wyoming. 
Zechai  iah. 


Cyclopedia  of  Classified  Dates. 


ABYSSINIA. 


329-184Z 


ABTB8IKIA  ia  an  oxtenslra  country  of  Northeaitem  Africa,  and  comprlsea  a  part  of  i^icieot  Kthlopia;  estimated  area, 
,000  square  miles ;  estlinuted  population,  5,000,000.  Tile  people  are  Indo-Cauca«iani! :  tlip  prevailing  religioo  is  Coptic.  The 
pire  comprises  the  Iclngdoms  of  Tigri'!,  Lasta,  Amimra,  Cogam,  and  Slioa,  with  many  uiitlv  i  .:  lieimndenciefl. 

The  early  liiatory  is  very  uncertaitt.     In  the  Drat  and  aecond  oentnrtea  the  kingdom  of  tb-  Aiixmnitn^  flourished. 


ARMY  — HAVT. 

62  •  •  Expedition  of  Chosroes,  king 
of  Peraia,  againat  the  ("hriatian  kingdom 
.11  Arabia,  ftauided  by  Abyasiniana. 

■  20  •  •  A  Portuguese  fleet  enters  the 
ai  Sea  to  aid  the  Abywlniana  against 

lie  Turks.  ^ 
'29*  '  !yi^>haramed  Uragn  with  armies 

I  Uohpunmedana  overruns  the  coun- 
try tu\<i  drives  the  Emperor  into  the 
muuvitalns.    fThe  country  disturbed  for 
Vi  >ears.] 
'to  •  •  Another  Fortoguese  fleet  un- 

■  or  Stephen  de  Oama  arrives  at  MasHo- 
wah  to  fight  the  Turks. 

540*  •  Christopher  deOanut,  brother 
of  the  admiral,  ia  joined  by  the  natives, 
and  after  8<>nie  success  la  defeated  and 
executed  hy  the  Turks. 

*  Moliariirnod  Gragn  is  Bhot  and  his 
army  rout*;d. 

CHURCH. 
20  •  •  The  Abysainlans  are  converted 
to  Christianity  by  the  Coptics. 
46  •  •  Frumentius,  bialiop  of  Anxuma 
(Axum),  preaches  in  Abyasinia. 
50  •  •  The  Bible  is  translated  into 
Kthiupic,  probably  by  Fromentiua. 

*  Saiuts  are  excessively  honored,  re- 
.olving  almost  divine  reverence. 

.  0  •  •  Many  monks  enter  the  ooantry 

-nd  perftetuate  monschlsm. 
20  •  •  Christians  are  persecuted  by 
the  king  of  tlie  llomerites  from  the  op- 

oslte  side  of  the  Red  Sea. 
MO  *  *  The  Jesuits  introduce  Cathol- 
icism. 

*  *  After  helnf;  lust  to  the  annals  of  the 
world  for  a  thousand  years,  the  Abys- 
sinian Christians  are  rediaoovered  by 
oflloers  of  the  Portuguese  navy,  after 
sailing  aroiuxl  the  African  continent. 
520  *  *  Father    Alvaress    arrives    from 

Portugal,  with  other  .lesuits. 

■55  *  *  The  ,/esuits  send  out  thirteen 
missionaries. 

580*  •Bennudes,  the  Catholic  pri- 
mate, quarrels  with  the  Emperor,  who 
refuses  Ut  publicly  confess  hiioseU  a 
Qouvert. 

*  Bermudas  is  obliged  to  laare. 


1601  *  •  Father  Paez  ajrives,  and  by 
his  skill  and  tact  soon  wins  the  favor  of 
the  court. 

1603  •  *  Another  Jesuit  mission  eatab- 
ilshed,  tbo  former  having  been  recalled 
by  a  papal  bull.  [Twenty  yeara  of  in- 
trigue, civil  war,  and  slaughter  follow.] 

1621  •  ♦  An  ineffectual  attempt  ia  made 
by  the  Jesoits  to  Install  a  patriarch,  and 
the  result  is  disastrous. 

1624  Dec*  The  A  byssbiianchureh  for- 
mally submits  to  the  See  of  Borne. 

1625  *  *  Mendes  succeeds  Father  Paez. 
1633*  •  Disheartened  by  failure,  Mendez 

abandons  the  country. 

*  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled  after  labor- 
ing for  a  oeiit  ary  and  a  half. 

1750*  '-54.*  *'The  Jesuits  reesublish 
themselves. 

1826  *  •  The  fltst  Froteetants  arrive; 
Meseta.  Oobat  and  Kugler,  mlssiouarlM 
of  the  Church  Mlssioimry  Society,  are 
well  received  by  the  Kas  of  Tigrt^. 

1828  •  *The  Bo  man  Catholic  inlrtmi 
renewed. 

1830  •  •  Bishop  Oobat  Is  favorably  re- 
ceived at  Gondar. 

Miasionary  Isenberg  aueceeds  Chris- 
tian Kugler,  deoaasad. 

*  *  Miaaionaries  Charles  Henry  Blnm- 
hardt  and  John  Ludwig  Krapf  arrive. 

1833  *  •  Bishop  Ciobat  returns  to  Europe. 

1834  •  ♦  Bishop  Goiiat  r.aums  to  Tlgr^. 
1836  •  *  111  health  lompels Bishop Gubat 

to  return  to  Europe. 
1838*  'The  missionaries  are  espelled 
through    the  opfKisition   of   the  native 
priests  agaiiu&t  all  foreigners. 

*  *  Missiunaries  Krapf  and  Isenberg  go  to 
Shoa  and  compile  the  Amhario  dic- 
tionary, a  Kcography,  and  prayer 
book. 

1840  *  *  Th<-  Amharic  translntinn  of  tbo 
Bible  is  revised  by  the  British  and 
Koreign  Bible  Society. 

1841  •  •  n>e  Abuna  appointed  by  the 
government  comes  from  the  Church  Mis- 
sion School  at  Calm, 

1842  •  •  MlMionary  Krapf  leaves  Shoa 
because  of  Intrigues  against  Frotestanta. 


STATE. 

622  •  *  King  Caleb,  or  Slesbeutn,  ex- 
tends his  kingdom  into  Arabia,  and 
a  period  of  great  prosperity  begins. 

662  •  •  The  Abyssiniaoe  are  driven  out 
of  Arabia  by  the  Persians. 

060  »  '  The  Jewish  Prtnoeas  Judith 
secures  the  throne  and  most  of  the  kln^ 
dom  by  murdering  nearly  all  of  the  royal 
family. 

1268  •  •  "nie  kingdom  is  restored  to 
the  former  line,  and  loon  Imlac  reigna. 

•  *  *  Abyssinia  is  supposed  to  be  ruled  by 
Frester  John. 

1607  •  *  The  Kmi>eror  sends  Matthew,  an 
Armenian,  to  the  King  of  Portugal  to 
request  his  aid  against  th«  Turks. 

•  *  The  intruding  Portugrueee  are  odloua 
to  the  people  and  driven  oat. 

1636  *  ♦  The  Emperor  sends  Bermudes 
ti)  Portugal  to  again  solicit  aid  against 
the  Turks. 

ISSOi.  •  •  The  OaUa  tribes  enter  Abys- 
sinia from  the  South.  [They  gradually 
overrun  the  whole  country]. 

>  •  •  The  empire  ia  broken  up. 

1633  *  •  The  Emperor  dies,  and  his  son 
Facilidas  succeeds  hbn. 

1838  •  •  Through  saaploion  of  foreign  in- 
terference, all  f  oreig^iers  are  expelled . 

•  *  •  The  country  is  dIvlUwt  into  four 
provinces. 

1841  Nov.  16.  Major  Harris,  envoy 
from  India,  oonoludf^s  a  treaty  of  com- 
merce with  the  King  of  Shoa. 

WSCELLAnZOUS. 
1480  •  •  Pedro  de  Covilham,  with  an 

explorlngexpetiltion, enters  the  country. 
1605 1  •  •  Churches,  palacea,  and  loidges 

are  constructed  mider  the  direction  of 

Father  Paez. 
1768*  *  James    Bruce,    the   traveler, 

visits  the  country, 
1770    Feb.  16.    Bruce   enters  Gondar, 

the  capita],  and  visits  the  Entperor. 
1773  ♦  *  Uruce  makes  his  second  visit!. 
1809  *  *  Henry  Salt  ex  plores  the  country 

by  the  order  of  the  British  government. 
1818:i:  •  •  Ui  KasHS  (snbsequeutly  Kbig 

Theodore)  bom  in  Kuara. 


1849-1894. 


ABYSSINIA. 


ARMY -WAVY. 

1835    Feb.  •  King  Theodore  ronts  the 

governor  of  TIgre  after  defeating  the 

chief  of  Godjam. 

I860*  'Theodore's     army     nainbets 

from  lOO.WX)  to  150.000  fighting  men. 
*  •  Theodore  terribly  avenge*  the  death 
of  two  EngliBliniea,  Plowdcn  and  Bell, 
by  the  sIsuKhler  or  mutilation  of  nearly 
2,000  reboh. 
1867  •  •  Theodore's  army  reduced  to  a 

skeleton  by  rebellions  and  desertions. 
Sept.  7, 8.    -68  ••War    with     Eng. 
land.    A  pioneer  force  under  Sir  Eob- 
ort  Napier  sails  from  Bombay  to  rescue 
the  British  captives  from  Theodore. 
Oct.  21.    A  British  force  of  more  than 
32,000  men  iaiid.s  at  Zoulla,  and  begins 
a  journey  of  400  miles  Into  the  moun- 
tainous interior. 
Oct.  26.    Kapier  issues  his  proclamation 

to  the  Abysslniajis. 
1868    Jan.  4.    Arrives  at  Annesley  Bay. 
Apr.  2.    He  arrives  below  Magdala. 
Apr.  10.    Battle  of  Aroeie ;  3,000  Abys- 
einians  sudcbuly  attack  Nafder,  are  ro- 
jiuhied,  and  driven  back  in  good  order. 
Apr.  1 1.    Theodore  sues  for  peace. 
Honorable  treatment  is  promised  on 
tlie  surreniler  of  the  captives  and  the 
R'j"™»e  of  TbetKlore  to  submit  to  Queen 

Lieuteuant  Prtdoauit  cimveys  the  let- 
ter, which  1  lioodnre  receives  with  soom: 
an  uihuliini;  ie|ily  follows. 
Apr.  12.    Theodore  sends  an  apology. 

He  surreiid.-rs  thi-  captives  and  niake» 
a  pr.>s,.„,  ..:   ,  ,,.>    ,  ,|^,  sheg,, ; 

J,'!*  '  ■  ^  and  fam- 

i''^  ,  Present 

reiticu .^ „,,„„., 

Apr.  13.    Theodore  attempts  to  escape. 

Part  of  the  Abyssinian  army  mutinies; 

the  BritJah  bombard  and  storm  Mag- 
dala ;  Theodore  i.i  defeated  and  commits 
suicide. 

Apr.  1 7.  Theodore  being  dead,  his  trociis 
are  sent  away,  and  the  fi.rtiflcations  of 
Majrdala  destroyed  and  the  town  burned. 

May  2.  The  British  force  retires,  after 
rewarding  Prince  Kassai  of  Tigr4,  their 
valuable  ally. 

*  •  Beport  of  animals  used  by  the  British 
In  the  expedition  :  «  elephants,  7,417 
eamelB,  12,920  mules  and  ponies,  7,033 
bullocks,  827  donkeys. 

•  •  Ueport  of  British  expense  in  the  war, 
$44,8.S7,5O0. 

1871  June  21.  CiirU  War-  between 
Gobaiye,  the  king  of  Amhara,  and  Kas- 
sai, prince  of  Tigr^,  who  successfully 
seeks  independence. 

1871  July  11.  Oobazye  defeated  and 
captured. 

1875*  .-76»  •WarwlthEgypt  [to- 
mail  Paslia  makes  a  disastrous  attempt 
to  coniiiier  Abyssinian  territory.] 

•  *  The  Khedive's  army  enters  Abyssinia; 
the  natives  retiring. 

•  'The  Abyssininris  surprise,  defeat,  and 
massacre  the  Egyptians  at  Kberad  Iska. 

Oct.  16.  The  Abyssialans  again  defeat 
the  Egyptians  la  a  desperate  battle  at 
<}<mda  Ooaddt 


1876  Feb.  19.  After  a  three  days' fight 
the  Egyptians  defeat  the  Abyasinians. 

1877  Junel5±.  Civil  War.  .Mene- 
lek.  King  of  Shoa,  is  t.3tally  defeated  by 
King  John. 

1885    Sep.  23.    Conflict  atKufeit  near 

Amadib  between  Arabs  and  Abyssinians. 
1887*  •  War  with  Italy. 
Jan.  18+.    Abyssinians  defeated  in  their 

attack  upon  Maasowah  and  the  Italian 

outposts. 
Jan.  25,  26.   Abysslnians  under  Kas  AIu- 

lu  cut  otr  about  BOO  Italians,  proceeding 

with  supplies  to  Sahati,  at  Dagoli,  ni!ar 

Massowah. 

Mar.  27,  28.  Italians  have  skirmishes 
with  the  Oeber  tribe. 

Nov.  10.  Abysslnians  besiege  Maaso- 
wah. 

1888  Aug.*  By  native  treaclierj-  the 
ItaUana  are  Sefeated  in  a  conflict  at 
Sanganeiti  on  the  border,  and  four  ofli- 
cers  are  killed. 

1889  Jan.  23.  King  ,Tohn  prepares  for 
war  with  Menelek,  King  of  .Shoa. 

Mar.  7.  King  John  besieges  Kas.sala, 
Senoussls'  army  is  marching  on  Khar- 
tum. 

Mar.  9.  CivU  'War  is  declared  against 
King  .lohn  by  King  Menelek  of  Shoa. 

Mar.  10.  King  John  attacks  the  der- 
vishes  in  their  stronghold  at  Netemmeh, 
but  is  defeated  and  badly  wounded. 

Mar.  12.  The  dervishes  make  a  sortie, 
and  rout  King  John's  army,  killing 
the  kingand  bis  officer,  Ras  Area,  besides 
many  others. 

Mar.  14.  Menelek,  prochilmlng  himseU 
Negus,  marches  upcm  Adowa. 

June  6.  Announcement  made  that  Ital- 
ian troops  occupy  the  Keren  district. 

June  1 2.  Italians  capture  and  oocnST 
Seualfe. 

Aug.  21.  Ras  Alulu  is  defeated  at  God- 
felassl  by  the  Italian  General  Baldessaro. 

Nov.  8.    General  Baldessara  resigns. 

Dervishes  fight  the  Abysslnians. 

Nov.  9.  General  Orcro  succeeds  General 
Baldessara  in  command  of  Italian  troops. 

Deo.*  Menelek'sforces  wholly  defeat 

the  dervishes. 

1890  Feb.  3.  The  Italian  troops  leave 
Adowa  and  reoross  the  Mareb. 

Feb.  13.  King  Menelek  defeats  Baa 
Alulu,  severely  wounding  him. 

Mar.  8.  Menelek  reported  to  have  joined 
forces  with  the  Italians  in  preparation 
for  an  advance  on  Adowa. 

1801  Oct.  6.  Bas  Alulu  and  another 
officer  rout  the  forces  of  Bebeb,  an 
aspirant  to  tho  Abyssinian  throne. 

1893  Dec.  22.  The  Itall.in  troops  de- 
feat the  dervishes  near  Massowah;  sev- 
eral hundred  dervishes  are  killed,  the 
ItaUan  loss  being  alwut  one  hundred. 

1804  Dec.  19.  Italian  (native)  troops 
under  Major  Toselii  defeat  a  party  of 
Arabs  near  Ualai. 


1855  *  »  Bishop  Gobat  sends  Protestant 
miasionaTiefl  Krapf  and  Fad  to  engage 
in  secular  as  well  as  spiritual  work. 

1858  •  •  The  Society  of  Basle  has  sii 
missionaries  at  work. 

1889  *  •  Negussle,  King  of  Tigr^  and  8t- 
men,  semis  an  embassy  to  Rome,  to  ao- 
nomice  submission  to  the  Roman  Church. 

•  •  The  king  gladly  receives  the  vernacn- 
lar  Scriptures  furnished  by  ttie  i,ondon 
Bible  Society,  and  distributes  them. 

•  'King  Theodore  again  expels  tlie 
Jesuits  from  his  kingdom. 

1860  *  »  Dr.  Stern  is  sent  by  the  Ixmdon 
Society  as  a  missionary  to  the  Jews  of 
Abyssinia ;  soon  after,  the  Scotch  So- 
ciety sends  Mr.  Staiger  on  a  similar  mis- 
sion. 

1863  •  •  Missionary  Stem  and  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Kosentha)  arrive. 

Oct.  •  Missionary  Stem  is  beaten  and  im- 
prisoned by  King  Theodore. 

1864  Jan.  *  All  the  missionaries  are 
imprisoned  for  pretended  insults. 

*  •  *Marieha,  a  Protestant,  becomes 
chief  minister  of  Prince  Kahsai  of  Tlgri, 
and  the  country  enjoys  peac«. 

1869  •  *  The  country  is  closed  to  mission- 
ary work. 

1871  *  •  Catholic  missionaries  are  pun- 
ished for  interference  in  politics. 

1884  »  »  The  Gospel  of  Mark  in  ElBhl- 
opic  characters  is  published. 

1887  •  ♦  Swedish  miaaionariea,  haviBjg 
been  expelled,  return  with  the  Itolioo. 
army. 

1889  Mays.  A  treaty  Is  made  with 
Italy  permitting  tnissionary  work. 

•  •  The  Swedish  Evangelical  Society  re- 
poru  missipu  stations  at  Arkibo,  at 
McKullo,  and  also  at  Djimma. 

•  ♦  Ball!  in  the  Shoa  district  is  occupied 
by  a  mhisionary  of  the  St.  Chrischona 
Pilgrim  mission. 

•  •  •  [Tlie  native  church  is  ruled  by  the 
Abuna;  Christianity  and  Judai.'.m  ore 
strangely  mUed;  iu  spirit  is  savage.] 

1891    Sept.  10.    The  new  year  begins. 

Sept.  26.  The  anniversary  of  the  find- 
ing of  the  true  cross  is  celebrated  as 
usual,  it  being  the  greatest  feast  of  the 
year. 

•  *  [Male  and  female  babes  are  eiroum- 
cised  when  eight  days  old ;  260  regiUai 
fast  days  are  appointed  for  each  year 
J^y^V?  ."bstinence  from  both  eating 

•  » BtMsia  seeks  a  religious  alUance 
with  the  Negus,  whereby  tbecbi:r.li  shall 
be  brought  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Holy  Synod  of  St.  Petersburg. 

•  •  The  clergy  are  reported  as  the  only 
educated  people,  and  they  hold  all  power 
In  their  hands. 

•  •  •  In  recent  times  the  church  is  di- 
vided respecting  "  the  unction  of  Jesus 
Christ,"  and  two  parties  have  excommu- 
nicated each  other. 


CHURCH. 
1849*  •The  Roman  CathoUc  misaion- 
ories  are  expelled. 


SOCIETY. 

*  *  •Blacksmiths   are   hereditary  sor- 
cerers. 

•  •  'Matrimony  Is  entered  at  the  age  of 
12  years,  girU  having  their  dowry  la  oxen. 


ABYSSINIA. 


1849-1894. 


1868  Apr.  9.  Theodore  massacres 
about  300  native  captives. 

*  *  Henry  M.  Stanley  accompanies  the 
British  expedition  to  Abyssinia  as  cor- 
respondent of  the  New  York  Herald. 

June  5.  It  is  reported  that  the  Mahdists 
in  "Western  Abyssinia  have  destroyed 
whole  flocks  and  herds,  sold  into  slavery 
thousands  of  Christians,  while  many 
others  have  been  butchered  without 
mercy,  and  hundreds  of  the  noblest  in- 
habitants have  been  taken  to  Mecca  and 
sold  for  slaves,  in  violation  of  treaties. 

1889  Oct.  7.  Abyssinia  agrees  to  help 
suppress  the  slave-trade. 

Dec.  1.  Greeting  of  explorer  Henry  M. 
Stanley  at  Massowah  by  newspaper  cor- 
respondents. 

1890  Apr.  7.  King  Menelek  asks  Italy 
to  represent  him  in  the  Brussels  anti- 
slavery  congress. 

STATE. 

1855  Feb.*  Kas  All  is  deposed  by  his 
8on-in-l:iw,  Lij  Kassa  [Theodore  III.J, 
who  takes  the  throne. 

1862  Feb.  9.  British  Consul  Cam- 
eron arrives  at  JMassowah. 

Oct.  7.  Consul  Cameron  is  received  by 
Tlicodoro,  to  whom  he  presents  the 
Queen's  gifts  and  letter. 

Oct.  *  He  is  dismissed  with  a  letter  to 
the  Queen  of  England  desiring  alliance 
Against  the  Turks,    [No  reply  given.] 

1863  Aug.  *  Consul  Cameron  returns. 
Oct.  *  Missionary   Stern   beaten   and 

imprisoned  for  alleged  intrusion  upon 
Theodore. 

TTov.  *  Despatches  are  received  from  Eng- 
land, but  no  reply  to  Theodore's  letter. 

1884  Jan.  *  Consul  Cameron,  his 
suite,  and  missionaries  Stern  and  K'»- 
senthal  are  imprisoned  for  pretended 
insults. 

July  24.  A  British  messenger,  Hormuzd 
Kassam,  arrives  at  Massowah  with  a  let- 
ter from  the  Queen. 

July  *  Kassam  .asks  permission  to  present 
the  Queen's  letter,  and  receives  no  reply. 

1865  Aug.  12.  Rassam  is  informed  by 
note  that  Consul  Cameron  is  released, 
and  that  he  may  come  to  the  King. 

Nov.  21.  Hormuzd  Rassam,  I.ieut.  Prid- 
eaux,  and  Dr.  Blanc  arrive  at  Metemeh. 

1866  Jan.  25.  The  party  reaches  the 
camp  in  Damot,  and  is  well  received. 

Mar.  1 2 .  The  captives  are  all  released 
and  the  mission  progresses  favorably. 

Apr.  13.  ±  After  starting  for  the  coast, 
the  entire  party  is  compelled  to  return, 
and  is  placed  in  gentle  confinement. 

*  *  Theodore  sends  Mr.  Flad  to  England 
with  a  second  letter  to  the  Queen,  ask- 
ing for  workmen  and  machinery. 

July  *  The  prisoners  are  put  in  chains 
and  severely  treated. 

Oct.  29.  Mr.  Flad  arrives  at  Massowah 
with  the  Queen's  letter  and  workmen. 

Dec.  19.  ±  Theodore  receives  the  Queen's 
letter,  in  which  machinery  and  workmen 
are  promised  when  the  English  prisoners 
are  sarrendered ;  it  has  no  effect. 


1867  +  Jan.  *  Bebellions  against  the 
burdensome  exactions  of  Theodore  break 
out ;  his  power  is  waning. 

*  *  Shoa  has  shaken  off  the  yoke  of 
Theodore,  and  Godjam  has  become  vir- 
tually independent.  Tigre  continues  in 
the  hands  of  his  enemies. 

*  *  The  peasantry  leave  the  fertile 
plains  and  escape  to  the  mountains  to 
avoid  the  demands  of  Theodore's  army. 

Apr.  16.  Lord  Stanley's  ultimatum 
sent  to  Theodore,  demanding  the  release 
of  the  captives  in  three  months.  [It  was 
not  received.] 

May  *  Mr.  Flad  is  received  by  Theodore, 
and  forced  to  join  his  family  in  prison. 

July  *  The  Dritish  government  decides 
to  send  an  armed  force  into  the  coun- 
try mider  Sir  Robert  Napier. 

Sept.  9,  A  formal  letter  sent  by  the  Brit- 
isli  government  to  Theodore.  [It  was 
not  received.] 

Sept.  •  ±  Tigr6  revolts  against  the  rule 
of  the 'rebel  chief  Wagsham  Gobazye, 
and  becomes  independent  under  Dejach 
Kassai. 

Nov.  11.    The  captives  reported  well. 

Nov.  25.  Tlie  Gallas  reported  to  be  in 
rebellion  against  Theodore. 

Nov.  26,  27.  Eng.  Parliament  appro- 
priates $10,000,000  for  the  prosecu- 
tion of  the  war. 

1868  *  *  A  third  ultimatuna  sent  by 
Napier;  it  was  suppressed  by  Rassam  as 
endangering  the  lives  of  the  captives, 
he  having  received  it  through  a  rebel 
chief. 

Apr.  12.  The  captives  and  foreigners 
are  released.  Terunish,  Tlieodore's 
queen,  accompanies  the  British  troops 
in  returning  to  her  own  country. 

July  14.  Eng.  Theodore's  son  Alama- 
you  (aged  7)  arrives  at  Plymouth. 

1869  Jan.  26.  Kixi.  Alamayou  sails 
for  India  to  be  educated. 

July  *  Ivassai  punishes  the  Cathohc 
missionaries  for  partisanship,  and  en- 
ters an  alliance  with  Egypt. 

1872  Jan.  12.  Kassai  is  crowned 
with  much  ceremony  at  Axum,  as  King 
John  H. 

1879  Oct.  *  Colonel  Charles  George 
Gordon,  of  the  Egyptian  service,  con- 
cludes a  peace,  granting  a  seaport  to 
Abyssinia. 

1884  May  26.  ±  King  John  receives 
Admiral  Hewett  from  Suakin,  and  en- 
ters a  treaty  respecting- Massowah,  etc. 

Aug.  19.  Two  envoys  f  I'om  Abyssinia  ar- 
rive in  England. 

1885  Feb.  6.  The  Italian  flag  hoisted 
by  the  side  of  the  Egyptian  at  Massowah. 

Dec.  2.  Tlie  government  of  Massowah 
assumed  by  the  Italians. 

1887  May  2.  Proclamation  issued  by 
Italy  announcing  war  and  blockade  of 
ports  of  Massowah  and  its  dependencies. 

Oct.  18.  The  Chief  Kantibay  submits  to 
the  authority  of  Italy. 

1888  May  8i:.  King  John  makes  a 
treaty  placing  the  country  under  an 
Italian  protectorate. 


July  1.  Italy  notifies  the  powers  that  she 
has  annexed  Massowah. 

Aug.  3.  The  Italian  protectorate  is  pro- 
claimed at  Zulla. 

1889  Feb.  14.  The  Cossack  expedi- 
tion at  Taljarah,  on  the  Gulf  of  Aden, 
organizes  a  large  caravan  with  the  in- 
tention of  proceeding  to  Ankolvar. 

Mar.  12.  King  John  killed;  Menelek, 
king  of  Shoa,  proclaims  himself  Ne- 
gus, and  marches  on  Adowa. 

Apr.  10.  Dagiac  Maugascia,  the  succes- 
sor of  King  John,  is  his  nephew. 

±  King  Menelek  ignores  Maugas- 

cia's  claim  and  assumes  authority. 

±   Many  of  the  most  important  chiefs, 

including  Has  Michael,  have  recognized 
Menelek  as  Negus. 

*  *  The  king  despatches  a  mission  of 
twenty  persons,  including  several  im- 
jrortant  chiefs,  to  the  King  of  Italy. 

June  2.  The  Italians  occupy  and  annex 
Keren  without  resistance. 

Aug.  5.  Massaval  and  the  whole  of  Abys- 
sinia, except  the  Province  of  Tigr^,  have 
submitted  to  Menelek. 

Oct.  14.  Italian  Government  declares  a 
protectorate  over  Abyssinia. 

Nov.  3.  Menelek  H.  and  Queen  Taitri 
are  crowned  at  Aretoto. 

Dec.  0.  Menelek  orders  a  suspension  of 
trade  relations  between  his  country  and 
Italy.    War  is  imminent. 

Dec.  *  Menelek  having  overcome  the  reb- 
els in  the  province  of  Tigr^,  establishes 
his  reign  over  the  whole  of  Abyssinia. 

1890  Mar.  5.  Menelek  agrees  to  ac- 
cept Italy's  assistance  in  all  negotia- 
tions with  foreign  powers,  and  to  give  it 
preference  in  all  industrial  and  commer- 
cial concessions. 

Mar.  11.  The  Abyssinian  territory  coded 
to  Italy  extends  to  Mareb. 

Apr.  7.  Menelek  asks  a  free  passage 
through  Italian  territory  for  arms  to  be 
used  in  fighting  the  dervishes. 

1891  Apr.  *  Russia  sends  an  expedi- 
tion of  six  or  seven  men  to  Abyssinia, 
which  purports  to  be  "scientific,"  but 
is,  presumably,  political. 

Oct.  5.  Debeb,  an  aspirant  for  power,  is 
routed  by  Kas  Alulu. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855*  *  Theodore  m.  is*' the  best  shot, 
the  best  spearman,  the  best  runner,  and 
the  best  horseman  in  Abyssinia." 

1868  Apr.  13.  King  Theodore  commits 
suicide.    A48. 

May  10.  Queen  Terunish,  who  accom- 
panied the  British,  dies  on  the  march  to 
the  interior. 

1879  Dec.  14.  Eng.  Prince  Alamayou 
dies  at  Leeds. 

1890  Feb.  14.  Reported  death  of  Kaa 
Alulu  from  wounds.    [False  report.] 

*  *  Population  about  6,000,000,  and  much 
superior  in  every  respect  to  their  Afri- 
can neighbors. 


979-187a 


AFGHANISTAN. 


AroHAJfiSTAN  is  an  inland  country  of  Asia,  lying  east  of  India,  and  having  iU-defined  boundaries.  It  is  ruled  by  an  absolute 
sovereign  called  the  Ameer.  Kabul  is  the  capital.  The  prevailing  religion  ia  Mohammedanism.  Estimated  area,  279,000  square 
miles ;  estimated  population,  4,000,000. 


ARMY. 
1213  *  *  Ghenghis  Khan  with  three  ar- 
mies   overruns   northern   China.    [1219. 
Conquests  in  Western  Asia.] 
1358  *  *  Tamerlane    begins    his    con- 
quests. [1398.  Enters  India.]  (See  India.) 
1504  *  *  Baber  takes  Kabul.    [1521.    He 
invades    India.     1525.     Again    conquers 
Kabul.] 
1715  *  *  Afghans  conquer  Herat. 
1731  *  *  Nadir  Shah  takes  Herat. 
1737  *  *  -38  *  •  Nadir  Shah  takes  Ka- 
bul and  recovers  Kandahar.     He  gains 
the  good  will  of  the  Afghans,  and  enrolls 
many  of  them  in  his  army. 
1 747  *  *  Ahmed  Shah  resolves  to  throw 
off  the  Persian  yoke;  he  seizes  the 
booty  taken  from  India  by  Nadir. 
1761   June  6.   Ahmed  Shah  wins  great 

victory  over  Mahrattas  at  Fanipat. 
1823*  •The  Afghans  defeated  by  the 

Sikhs  at  Naoshera. 
1838*  •The  Persians,  influenced  by 
Russia,  lay  siege  to  Herat,  the  key  of 
Afghanistan  and  India. 
Dec.  *  Shuja  Shah,  with  an  army  led 
by  British  officers  and  paid  by  British 
money,  marches  toward  Sind. 

1839  *  *  First  war  with  the  British. 
Feb.  20.    A  British   army  passes  the 

Indus  about  12,000  strong,  and  having 
40,000  camp-followers,  besides  the  new 
levies  of  the  Shah. 

Mar.  *  The  Bolan  Pass  is  traversed ;  most 
of  the  baggage  is  lost. 

Apr.  7.    The  Kojuk  Pass  is  traversed. 

Apr.  25.  Kandahar,  abandoned  by 
the  Afghan  princes,  is  entered  by  the 
British  under  Sir  John  Keane. 

July  22.  Ghunzee,  a  great  stronghold, 
is  taken  by  storm,  and  Dost  Moham- 
med's army  disbands.     The  war  ends. 

1840  Nov.  3.  Dost  ]V[obammed  sur- 
renders to  British,  and  is  sent  to  India. 

1841  Nov.  *  -42  Apr.  *  Famous  de- 
fense of  Jelalabad,  by  Sir  Robert  Sale, 
against  the  revolting  Afghans. 

Nov.  2.  The  Afghans,  led  by  Akbar 
Khan,  revolt  and  expel  the  British 
from  Kabul ;  24  British  are  killed. 

Nov.  3.  The  forts  at  Kabul  close  to  the 
British  camp  are  occupied. 

Nov.  5.  General  Elphinstone  talks  of 
buying  a  free  passage  out  of  the  country. 

Nov.  9.  The  commissariat  fort  has  its 
garrison  of  80  men  overpowered,  and  is 
taken  by  the  Afghans.  The  British 
menaced  with  starvation. 

Nov.  15.  The  British  force  demor- 
alized by  the  incapacity  of  its  coin- 
xnandcr,  who  negotiates  for  a  cessation 
of  hostilities. 

Dec.  23.  Akbar  Khan  treacherougly  as- 
sassinates Sir  William  Macnaghten 
and  others. 

Dec.  (?)  *  Shuja  Shah  assassinated. 


1842  Jan.  1.  The  British  capitulate. 
They  agree  to  pay  the  Afghans  $050,000 
in  coin  and  sign  bills  for  §1700,000  more  : 
to  leave  nearly  all  tlieir  artillery  and 
ammunition,  and  evacuate  the  country. 
The  chiefs  promise  safe  conduct,  pro- 
visions, and  baggage-cattle. 

Jan.  6,  The  British,  with  4,500  combat- 
ants and  12,000  cami)-follower8,  begin 
their  march  for  India. 

*  *  Cold,  snow,  disease,  and  want,  with 
utter  disorder,  reduce  their  number. 

Jan.  6-13.  Annihilation  of  the  Brit- 
ish army. 

Tfrrihle  massacre  of  about  3,849  sol- 
diers and  12,000  camp-followers  at  h'hai- 
Ixir  Pass,  by  the  GUilzais.  Dr.  Brydone 
and  a  few  natives  escape.  [Later  ninety- 
five  prisoners  are  recovered.] 

Mar.  *  General  Pollock  is  reenforced  at 
Pesbawur  and  begins  bis  march  to  re- 
lieve the  troops  in  Afghanistan, Via  the 
Khaibar  Pass. 

July  *  Lord  Kllenborough,  Governor-gen- 
eral of  India,  orders  a  general  advance 
on  Kabul  from  Kandahar  by  General 
Nott,  and  Jelalabad  by  General  Pollock. 

Aug.  20.  General  Pollock  arrives  at 
Gundamuck. 

Aug.  23.    He  defeats  a  body  of  Afghans. 

Aug.  30.  General  Nott  takes  possession 
of  Ghuznee. 

Sept.  6.  General  Nott  defeats  the  Af- 
ghans at  Alydan. 

Sept.  8.  General  Pollock  carries  the 
Jugduluk  Pass. 

Sept.  13.  He  defeats  the  main  body  of 
the  Afghans  at  Tezeen. 

Sept.  15.  The  British  occupy  Kabul, 
and  release  Lady  Sale  and  others. 

Sept.  17.  The  two  armies  joined  at 
Kabul. 

Sept.  29.  General  M'Caakill  storms  Is- 
talif  and  destroys  the  town  in  revenging 
the  massacre  of  the  garrison  at  Char- 
ikar,  and  the  harboring  of  the  murderers 
of  Burnes. 

*  *  Captain  Cragie  and  a  Sepoy  garrison 
brilliantly  repulse  the  Afghans  in  an  at- 
tack on  the  fortress  of  Kala't-i-Ghilzai. 

Dec.  *  British  evacuate  Afghanistan. 

1850  *  *  Balkb  reconquered  by  Afghans. 

1856    Oct.  25.    Persians  take  Herat. 

1858  *  *  Dost  Mohammed  formsa  regu- 
lar army,  containing  IC  infantry  regi- 
ments (nominally)  of  800  nten,  3  of  cav- 
alry, of  300  men,  and  at)out  80  field 
pieces,  and  a  few  heavy  guns. 

1863  May  26.  Dost  takes  Herat  from 
Ahmed.  Ahmed  is  a  vassal  of  the  Per- 
sians, who  are  under  the  influence  of 
Kussia;  Herat  is  regarded  as  the  "Key 
of  India." 

1864  June  6.  Sbere  All,  the  Ameer, 
defeats  his  brother  Azim  and  confeder- 
ates at  Kujhbaz. 

June  14.    Shere  Ali  enters  Kandahar. 
1866    Mar.  2.    Kabul  is  surrendered 
to  Azim  by  Ibrahim,  a  son  of  the  Ameer. 


May  10.  Shere  Ali  defeated  at  Sheik- 
habad ;  he  flies  for  Kandahar. 

1867  Jan.  17.  Shere  Ali  defeated  by 
Azim  and  Abder-Rahman  at  Kujhbaz. 

Sept.  17.  Shere  Ali  is  again  defeated 
and  his  general  killed. 

1868  Apr.  *  Azim's  army  defeated 
and  Yakoob,  son  of  the  Ameer,  enters 
Kandahar. 

Sept.  *  Azim's  army  dissolved  by  deser- 
tion. 

Nov.  •  -Dec.  *  Shere  AH  resists  Abder- 
Rahman. 

1869  Jan.  *  Shere  Ali  routs  Abder- 
Rahman  and  Azim, 

1870  May  6.  Yakoob  takes  Herat 
from  his  father. 

1878  Sept.  22.  A  British  mission  with 
an  armed  escort  are  threatened  at  a  fort 
in  the  Khaibar  Pass,  if  they  advance; 
they  retire. 

•  *  -81  *  *  Second  war  with  the 
British. 

Oct.  *  A  religious  war  against  the  Brit- 
ish is  proposed  by  Shere  Ali. 

Nov,  21.  The  British  army  (34,730  na- 
tives and  12,740  Europeans)  advances. 

Nov.  22.  The  British  shell  Ali  Masjid, 
and  take  21  guns,  losing  2  officers  and  35. 
men. 

Nov.  23.    Dakka  and  Pisheen  occupied. 

Nov.  25.    Kuram  fort  occupied. 

Dec.  2.  The  British,  inader  General  Rob- 
erts, defeat  the  Goorkhas  at  Peiwar 
Fass»  losing  2  officers  and  80  men  killed 
and  woimded. 

Dec.  20,    Jellalabad  occupied. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1163*  *  Oen^hls  Khan,  emperor  and  con- 
queror, born. 

1227  •  *  Genghis  Khan  dies  In  Mongolia. 

1336  *  *  Tamerlane  la  born  at  Kesh. 

1405    Feb.  17.    Tamerlane  dies  at  Atrar. 

1483  Feb.  14.  Baber.  founder  of  dynasty 
and  conqueror,  born. 

1530    Dec.  26.    Baber  dies,  A4S. 

1715  *  *  Mir  Wais,  sovereign  of  Kandahar,  d. 

1724  *  •  Mahniud,  son  of  Mir  Wais,  dies. 

1747  *  •  Nadir  Shah,  sovereign,  assassinated. 

1773*  •  Ahmed  Shah,  Ameer,  dies. 

1793  •  *  Timur  Shah,  Ameer,  dies. 

1798i:  *  *  Dost  Mohammed.  Ameer,  born. 

1829*  ♦  Mohammed  Shah  dies. 

1830    Abder-Rahman  Khan,  Ameer,  bom. 

1842  *  *  Kamran,  Ameer  at  Herat,  dies. 

1863  June  O.  Dost  Mohammed.  Ameer, 
dies,  A  t  do. 

1867    Oct.*  Ufzel,  rival  Ameer,  dies.       * 
1860i:    Jan.  *  Azim,  rival  Ameer,  dies. 
1878    Aue.  17.    Abdoola  Jan,  the  Ameer's 

heir,  dies. 

STATE. 

979  •  *  Mahud,  Sultan  of  Ghazni,  ex- 
tends his  dominions  by  adding  Trans- 
oxiania,  also  Kabul  and  a  part  of  India. 

I350i  *  *  A  native  djTiasty  called  XCurts 
springs  up  in  Western  Afghanistan. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


979-1878. 


1369  *  *  Tamerlane  proclaimed  sov- 
ereign at  Balkh. 

1495  *  *  Baber  enthroned  at  12  years  of 
age. 

1526  Apr.  21.  By  the  victory  of  Pani- 
pat,  Kabul  and  Kandahar  become  a  part 
of  the  empire  of  Delhi,  under  the  so- 
called  Mogul  dynasty  which  Baber 
founded. 

1530±  *  *  Afghanistan  divided  be- 
tween Persia  and  Hindustan. 

1715  *  *  Herat  taken  by  conquest. 

1720*  *  The  Afghans  revolt. 

1731  *  *  Herat  is  taken  by  Nadir  Shah. 

1737  *  *  Nadir  Shah  invades  the  coun- 
try, and  subdues  and  rules  the  Afghans. 

1747  *  *  Nadir  Shah  assassinated. 

*  •-73*  *  Ahmed  Shah,  an  Afghan,  be- 
comes the  successful  ruler  and  warrior. 
He  resolves  to  throw  off  the  Persian 
yoke.  UndtT  his  rule  Afghanistan  first 
takes  a  place  among  the  kingdoms  of 
the  earth. 

1748  *  *  He  expels  the  Mogul  governor 
from  Kabul  and  Peshawur,  and  overruns 
the  Punjab. 

1749  *  *  Herat  recovered  by  the  Af- 
ghans. 

1773  *  *  -93  *  *  Timur  Shah  (son)  en- 
throned; he  becomes  a  tyrant. 

1774  *  *  The  seat  of  government  is  re- 
moved from  Kandahar  to  Kabul. 

1793  *  *  Timurdies;his23son8struggle 
for  the  crown,  and  Zaman  gets  it. 

He  conceives  the  idea  of  consolidating 
the  Mohammedan  power  of  India. 

1800  *  *  Zaman  is  dethroned,  and  his  son, 
Mahmoud  Shah,  succeeds  as  Ameer. 

1803  *  *  Mahmoud  is  dethroned,  and 
Shuja  Shah  (his  brother)  succeeds  him. 

1808  *  *  Afghans  lose  Sind. 

1809  *  *  Mahmoud  is  restored  to  be 
Ameer  by  Fatteh  Khan. 

1816  *  *  The  jealous  Mahmoud  brutally 
tortures  and  murders  Fatteh  Khan. 

1818  *  *  The  Barakzai  brothers  drive 
Mahmoud  from  Kabul,  and  he  gains 
Herat,  where  he  becomes  ruler. 

1819  *  *  Afghans  lose  Kashmir. 

1826  *  *  Dost  Mohammed  Khan,  one 
of  the  Barakzais,  becomes  Ameer. 

1829*  *  Mohammed  Shah  dies,andKam- 
ran,  his  son,  rules  at  Herat. 

1837  *  *  Captain  Alexander  Bumes 
sent  to  Dost  Mohammed  at  Kabul  as  am- 
bassador of  the  British  government,  to 
offset  the  intrigues  of  Kussia. 

1838  *  *  Persians  vainly  attempt  to  wrest 
Herat  from  the  Afghans. 

The  British  find  the  Ameer  is  not  sub- 
servient to  their  Interests,  and  they  at- 
tempt to  restore  Shuja  Shah,  a  pen- 
sioner of  India.to  the  throne;  war  follows. 

1839  Aug.  6.  Kabul  opens  its  gates  to 
the  British. 

Aug.  7.  Shuja  Shah  enthroned  at  the 
capital;  Mohammed  a  fugitive;  the  real 
government  in  the  hands  of  'William 
Macnaghten,  the  British  envoy. 

Nov.  *  Akbar  Khan  attempts  to  re- 
store his  father  by  expelUng  the  British. 


1840  Nov.  3.  I>ost  Mohammed,  having 
surrendered  to  the  British,  is  sent  to 
India. 

*  *  Penjdeh  Is  assured  to  Afghanistan  by 
Lord  Auckland. 

*  *  -41  *  *  Insurrections  succeed  each 
other. 

1841  *  *  British  occupation  costs  the  In- 
dian treasury  $6,250,000  yearly. 

Nov.  2.    An    insiurection   against   the 

British    breaks   out   in   Kabul ;    envoy 

Burnes  and  others  slain. 
Dec.  *  Semi-anarchy  follows  the  death 

of  the  Ameer,  who  falls  at  the  hands  of 

an  assassin. 
Dec.  23.    At    a   conference   with  Dost's 

son,  Akbar  Khan,  this  chief  murders 

Sir  "W.  Macnaghten,  the  chief  British 

envoy,  with  his  own  hand. 

1842  *  *  British  power  broken.  Akbar 
Khan  rules  in  place  of  his  father. 

Jan.  *  The  British  enter  a  convention  to 

evacuate  the  country. 
Jan.  *  The  convention  disregarded  by  the 

Afghans  and  the  army  massacred. 

*  *  Dr.  Brydone  is  the  only  European 
who  reaches  .lelalabad  and  he  is  wounded 
and  nearly  dead. 

Oct.  12.    The  British  leave  KabtU  and 

march  for  India. 
Oct.d::  *  Dost  Mohammed  restored  to 

the  throne. 

1855  Jan.  ♦  Afghans  and  British  make 
a  treaty  of  peace.  Dost  Mohammed 
becomes  an  ally. 

1856  Oct.  25.    Persians  seize  Herat. 

1857  July  27.    Persians  restore  Herat. 

*  *  The  revenues  of  Dost  Mohammed  are 
estimated  at  4,000,000  rupees,  or  about 
$2,000,000,  exclusive  of  the  revenue  from 
Herat,  which  he  does  not  hold. 

1863  May  26.  After  ten  months'  siege 
Dost  Mohammed  captures  Herat  from 
Ahmed. 

June  9.  Shere  All  (3d  son)  enthroned  as 
Ameer;  his  15  rival  brothers  oppose  him. 

1864  *  *  Unsuccessful  insurrection  of 
the  Ameer's  brothers,  Ufzul  and  Azim. 

May  16.    Azim  a  fugitive. 

June  2.  ITfzul  acriuiesces  in  the  de- 
mands of  the  British. 

Aug.  *  Insurrection  of  Abder-Rahman  ; 
Ufzul  in  prison. 

*  •  Shere  Ali  enters  Kabul. 

1866  *  ♦  Kabul  has  two  rulers,  the  sen- 
sual Ufzul  and  the  cruel  Azim. 

1867  *  *  Azim  rules  alone,  on  the  death 
of  Ufzul. 

*  *  Shere  Ali  holds  only  Balkh  and 
Herat. 

1868  Mar.  *  Azim  quarrels  with  Ab- 
der-Rahman, who  deserts  him. 

July  *  Azim  abandons  Kabul. 
Sept.  8.    Shere  Ali  again  occupies  Kabul. 
Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  The  British  help  Shere 
Ali  with  arms  and  money. 

1869  Mar.  27.  Shere  Ali  receives  a 
subsidy  from  the  British. 

1870  May  6.  Yakoob,  his  son,  rebels 
and  takes  Herat. 

1871  June*  Feramoz  Khan,  Shere 
All's  general,  assassinated. 


July  *  Yakoob  reconciled  with  his 
father  through  British  influence,  and 
made  governor  of  Herat. 

Sept.  *  Yakoob  again  rebels. 

Oct.  *  Shere  Ali  makes  new  boundaries; 
British  pay  him  another  subsidy. 

1873  Dec.  *  Shere  Ali  names  Abdoola 
Jan,  his  youngest  son,  as  his  successor, 
and  thus  angers  Yakoob,  his  oldest  son. 

1874  Dec.  *  Yakoob  confined  by  his 
father. 

1878  Aug.  *  Stolietoff ,  a  Eussian 
envoy,  signs  a  treaty ;  Russia  to  be 
the  guardian  of  the  Ameer. 

Sept.  *  The  Ameer  dismisses  the  envoy 
from  tlie  viceroy  of  India  with  presents, 
and  declines  intercourse  with  the 
British. 

Sept.  22.  A  British  mission  with  mili- 
tary escort  is  stopped  at  the  Khaibar 
Pass;  tliey  retire  toward  Peshawur. 

Oct.  20.  The  British  send  an  ultima- 
tum to  be  answered  before  Nov.  20. 

Nov.  19.  The  Ameer  sends  an  evasive 
reply. 

Nov.  23.  The  viceroy  of  India  Issues  a 
proclamation  to  the  Afghans. 

Dec.  13.  Shere  Ali  flees  from  Kabul ; 
the  Russian  mis5ic>n  retires,  and  Ya- 
koob Khan  assumes  authority. 

Dec.  26.  General  Roberts  annexes  the 
Kuram  district  to  India  by  proclama- 
tion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

997  *  *  Mahmoud  patronizes  hteratiu'e. 

1150±  *  *  Ghazni  is  one  of  the  most 
splendid  cities  of  Asia. 

1413*  *-24*  *  Historyoftheconquest 
of  Swat  by  Shakh  MILIi,  written  by  a 
chief  of  the  Yusufzais  and  a  leader  in 
the  conquest. 

17th  Century*  *  Abdarrahman,  the  poet, 
flourishes. 

1750±  *  *  Ahmed  Shah  writes  poetry. 

*  *  In  a  single  night  Ahmed  Shah's  army 
loses  18,000  men  from  cold,  near 
Herat,  while  retreating  from  Persia. 

1754  *  *  Modern  Kandahar  is  founded. 

1809  *  *  First  visit  of  an  English  envoy 
(Elphinstone), 

1832  *  *  Visitof  Lieut.  Alex.  Burnes  from 
England. 

1837  *  *  The  remaining  population  of  de- 
clining Farrah  is  carried  off  to  Kandahar. 

1841  *  *  Maasacre  at  Kabul. 

1842  *  *  Sir  G.  Pollock's  expedition  visits 
Jelalabad  and  destroys  the  town  walls. 

1855  *  *  The  Church  Missionary  Society 
starts  a  mission  for  the  Afghans  at 
Peshawur. 

1857  *  *  -68  *  *  Major  Lumsden*8  partj 
explores  the  Kurram  Valley. 

1857  Jan.  *  Sir  John  I^awrence  has 
an  interview  with  Dost  Moliammed  at 
Peshawur  in  tlie  Punjab.  [A  treaty  fa- 
vorable to  British  influence  is  entered 
into,  promising  arms  and  a  subsidy  ; 
Maj.  Lumsden  enters  Kandahar,  and  the 
Indian  mutiny  follows.] 


1879-1894. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


ARMY. 
1879    Jan  6.    Afghans  leave  Kandahar. 
Jan  7.    Roberts  defeats  the  MangaJs 

near  Matoon  ;  occupies  Kandahar. 
Feb.  16.    The  Alizais  attack  the  British 

and  retire. 
Apr.  2.    Action  near  Futtehabad,  5,000 

Khugianis  defeated  by  the  British. 
June  8.    The  British  retire. 
Sept.  5.    Mutiny  at  Herat  and  many  of- 
ficials killed. 
Sept.  6.    The  British  commence  a  march 

toward  Kabul, 
Sept.  19.    Natives  defeated  at  Shutar- 

gardan. 
Sept.  24.    (Jeneral  Baker  at  Kushi. 
Sept.  28.    Baker  at  Kabul. 
Sept.  29.    Baker  occupies  Dakka. 
Oct.  2.    The  British  repulse  an  attack  at 

Shutargardan. 
Oct.  6.    Battle  of  Char-asiab ;  70  killed 

or  wounded  on  the  British  side. 
Oct.  8.    The  Afghans  retire. 
Oct.  12.    Gen.  lioberts  occupies  Kabul. 
Oct.  14.    Gen.  Gough  occupies  Jelalabad. 
Oct.  *  -Nov.  *  Many  Afghan   mutineers 

tried,  and  87  executed  as  murderers. 
Dec.  11-14.    Frequent  fighting  and  heavy 


Dec.  14.  The -British  army  concentrated 
in  the  Sherpur  cantonments. 

Dec.  23.  Koberts  and  Gough  defeat 
25,000  Afghans  near  the  Sherpur 
cantonments. 

Deo.  24.    The  Afghans  retire  from  Kabul. 

Dec.  26.    The  British  reoccupy  Kabul. 

Dec.  29.  Colonel  Norman  repulses  an  at- 
tack at  Jagdalak. 

1880  Jan.  10.  Mohammed  Jan  seizes 
Ghazpi  and  holds  it  for  Musa  Khan. 

Apr.  3.    Mohammed  Jan  killed  in  battle. 

Apr,  16,  Pathans  attack  a  camp  at  Du- 
wai  and  kill  the  garrison. 

Apr.  19.  The  Ghilzais  in  force  attack 
General  Stewart  at  Ahmad  Khel  and 
are  repulsed. 

Apr.  25.  Col.  Jenkins  checks  4,000  Loga- 
ris,  till  reenforced  by  Gen.  Macpherson 
at  Char-asiab,  then  they  are  routed. 

May  2.  Gen.  Sir  Donald  Stewart  as- 
sumes conunand  at  Kabul. 

July  14±.  Shere  All's  troops  at  Kan- 
dahar revolt  and  join  Ayoob  Khan,  the 
governor  of  Herat. 
July  27.  General  J.  Burrows  attacks 
Ayoob  Khan,  who  has  an  intrenched 
force  of  about  20,000  men  at  Maiw<and, 
on  the  river  Helmud,  with  about  12,000 
men,  and  is  defeated  with  severe  loss. 
July  28.    The  British,  about  4,000  strong, 

hold  the  citadel  at  Kandahar. 
Aug.  9.    Ayoob  at  Kokaran. 

General  Sir  F.  Roberts  starts  from 
Kabul  to  relieve  General  Burrows  at 
Kandahar. 

Aug.ll.    TheBritish  troops  withdraw 
from  Kabul  after  an  interview  with 
Abder-Rahman,  the  Ameer. 
Aug.  16,    Unsuccessful  sortie  by  British 


from  Kandahar,  180  men  and  several 
officers  killed. 

Aug.  25.  Ayoob  reenforced  by  the 
Ghilzais,  making  an  army  of  about 
20,000  men, 

Aug.  30.    Ayoob  retires  from  Kandahar. 

Aug.  31.  Roberts,  with  about  10,000  men, 
arrives  at  Kandahar. 

Sept.  1.  Roberts  defeats  Ayoob  at 
Mazra  and  captures  his  camp. 

1881  July  26.  Ayoob  defeats  the  Am- 
eer's army  at  Karez-i-atta,  Gholam 
Hyder  commanding  it. 

July  30.    Ayoob  occupies  Kandahar. 

Aug.  21.  Gholam llyderatKhelat-i-Ghil- 
zai  receives  reenforcements  from  Kabul. 

Sept.  22.  Ayoob  defeated  at  Old  Kan- 
dahar, chiefly  by  the  desertion  of  his 
troops ;  he  flees  to  Herat. 

Sept.  30,  The  Ameer  occupies  Kanda- 
har. 

Oct.  2.    Ayoob's  adherents  defeated. 

Oct.  4,  The  Ameer  enters  Herat;  Ayoob 
flees  to  Persia. 

1883  Apr.  27.  ±  The  Shlnwarris  de- 
feated by  the  Ameer. 

1887  Apr.  19.  The  Ghilzais  reported  to 
have  defeated  the  Ameer's  troops. 

Apr.  25 1.  Again  defeated  at  Khelat-i- 
Ghilzai. 

June  9.  A  mutiny  of  Ghilzais  at  Herat 
is  violently  suppressed. 

June  13-16.  Reported  defeat  of  the 
Ghilzais  by  Gholam. 

July  15.  Disastrous  defeat  of  the  reb- 
els at  Mashakui  reported. 

July  26.  Conflicting  reports  of  victory  at 
Kotaldab  by  Gholam  Khan. 

Aug.  31.  Hot  fighting  with  the  insur- 
gents at  Mashakai. 

Sept.  *  Ayoob,  having  entered  Afghan- 
istan with  a  few  followers,  is  driven  out. 

Sept.  7.  The  Ameer's  troops  fight  the  in- 
surgents near  Mukur ;  their  leader,  Ja- 
lander  Khan,  taken  prisoner. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Occasional  fighting  re- 
ported. 

Nov.  15.  Another  fight  with  the  insur- 
gents reported  ;  60  killed. 

1888  May  9.  The  Afghans  defeat  the 
Turcomans  in  a  fight. 

Sept.  29.  Ishak  Khan  defeated  by  the 
Ameer's  troops  at  Tash  Kurgan. 

Sept.  30.  Ishak  again  defeated  at  Mazari 
Sherif. 

1889  Jan.  19.  Ishak  Khan  and  follow- 
ers, and  .Sultan  Murad  Khan  with  3,000 
families  of  Afghan  Wynegs,  cross  the 
frontier  and  enter  the  Bokharan  service. 

Feb.  3.  The  Shlnwarris  defeated  by 
the  Ameer's  troops  tmder  Gholam  Hy- 
der. 

Feb.  12.  Russian  troops  on  a  hurried 
march  to  reenforce  frontier  posts.  Gen- 
eral Komaroflf  and  Russian  stalT  arrive 
at  Chardjin  on  the  Amu  Darya. 

Feb.  14.  KoDiaroff,  with  a  strong  force 
of  Russians,  arrives  at  Bokhara. 

Feb.  22.  Russian  troops  are  ordered  to 
attack  the  Ameer  if  he  approaches  the 
Russian  frontier. 


Feb.  27.  The  Ameer  crosses  the  Rus- 
sian frontier,  cominitting  cruelties. 

Feb.  28.  Reported  that  18,000  Russian 
troops  are  massed  on  the  frontier. 

Mar.  1.  Afghans  advancing  from  Herat, 
and  the  Emir  of  Bokhara  preparing  to 
attack  them. 

1890  Mar.  20.  Reported  that  Ishak 
Khan  luis  a  large  force  at  Bokhara,  and 
is  preparing  to  invade  Afghanistan. 

Aug.  7.  Troops  are  sent  to  quell  a  revolt 
among  the  Alehayaras  in  Kandahar. 

1892  Apr.  29.  Afghans  rise  against 
soldiery  between  Herat  and  Bamian. 

Aug.  4.  The  Afghans  skirmish  with  both 
Russians  and  Chinese  on  the  AUchur 
Pamir  and  take  a  number  of  Kirghiz 
prisoners. 

Aug.  11.  More  fighting  reported  between 
the  Afghans  and  Russians  at  Pamir. 

Aug.  22.  Afghan  troops  defeated  by 
Hazara  tribesmen. 

Aug.  30.  The  Ameer,  Abder-Rahman 
Khan,  is  preparing  to  resist  a  Russian 
advance. 

Aug.  31.  The  Ameer's  troops  captiuro 
Kamsan  from  the  revolting  Hazaras. 

Sept.  2.  Punjab  infantry  and  cavalry, 
with  a  mountain  battery,  to  be  sent  to  the 
Wana  Comul  Valley,  unless  the  Ameer 
of  Afghanistan  recalls  the  agents  dis- 
turbing the  peace  on  the  Indian  frontier. 

Sept.  12.  The  Ameer  is  supporting  the 
mountain  tribes  in  their  resistance  to 
British  authority. 

A  British  force  is  on  its  way  to  the 
Valley  of  the  Indus  to  destroy  the  town 
of  Balo,  in  which  Haskim  All  has  been 
harbored. 

1894  *  *  The  Ameer  has  a  regtilar  army 
of  50,000  troops,  and  the  tribal  levies 
are  incorporated  with  these  as  irregular 
auxiliaries,  with  the  exception  of  the 
horsemen  who  follow  feudal  chiefs. 

•  •  An  arsenal  established  at  Kabul 
manufactures  powder. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1879    Feb.  20.    Shere  Ali  dies  (announced). 

STATE. 
1879    May    26.     Treaty     of     Peace 
signed  with  Yakoob  Khan,  son  of  th» 
deceased  Ameer,  at  Gandamak. 

The  British  to  occupy  certain  territory, 
have  a  resident  at  Kabul,  and  pay  an 
annual  subsidy  of  $300,000  to  the  Ameer, 
Ayoob  the  governor  of  Herat  for  his 
brother. 

Sept.  3,  4.  Revolt  of  Afghans,  who  mas- 
sacre British  residents  and  their 
guards. 

Sept.  5.  Mutiny  in  Herat ;  both  mili- 
tary and  civil  governors  killed. 

Oct.  14.  Gen.  Roberts  proclaims  martial 
law  and  Gen.  Hills  and  Gholab  Hussein 
Khan  to  be  military  governors. 

Oct.  *  Yakoob  Khan  abdicates. 

Oct.  30.  Roberts  announces  the  occupa- 
tion of  Kabul,  etc. 

Dec.  *  Mohammed  Jan  Wardak  combines 
tribes  against  the  British. 

Dec.  17.  Musa  Khan,  son  of  Yakoob, 
reported  to  be  Ameer. 


AFGHANISTAN. 


1879-1894. 


1880    Jan.  6.    Gen.  Roberts  proclaims 

an  almost  universal  amnesty. 
Mar.  21.    Thenew  Ameer,  Musa  Khan, 

and  the  chiefs  at  Ghazni  submit  to  the 

British. 
*  *  The  British  make  Shere  Ali,  consin  of 

the  late  Ameer,  Governor  of  Kandahar. 
July  22,    The  British  proclaim  Abder- 

Hahman,  Ameer  at  Kabul. 
Dec.  *  Shere  Ali  resigns  ;  retires  to  India. 
1381  Oct.  *  Abder-Eahman   becomes 

sole  ruler. 

1882  Feb.  *  Afzul  Khan  is  chosen  by 
the  Ameer  as  British  resident  at  Kabul. 

1883  June  21.  Shinwarris  accept  peace. 
July  21.    The  Ameer  accepts  a  subsidy 

from  India. 

1884  Apr.  2.  The  Ameer  meets  Lord 
Uufferiu,  the  viceroy,  at  Rawalpindi. 

Aug.  *  The  Ameer  accepts  the  proposal 
of  the  Afghan  frontier  commission. 

1885  July*  England  and  Russia  dif- 
fer respecting  the  Zulfikar  Pass. 

July  *  Strong  RuBsian  force    posted   at 

Askabad. 
July  *  The    Penjdeh    surrendered  to 

Russia. 
Aug.  22.     It  is  announced  that  the  Rus- 
sians give  up  their  contention  respecting 

the  Zultikar  Pass. 
Sept.  *  The  dispute  between  Russia  and 

England  is  closed  by  signing  a  Protocol 

at  London. 
Nov.  12.    First  boundary  pillar  set  by  the 

joint  commission. 

1886  Feb.  13,   Russia  occupies  Penjdeh. 
Sept.  6.    Joint   commission  having  con- 
cluded its  work  is  dissolved. 

Oct.  30i:.    Kevolt  against  taxation. 

1887  July  8.  Proclamation  of  peace, 
amnesty,  and  remission  of  taxes  for 
two  years  issued  by  the  Ameer. 

July  13.  Execution  of  Taimar  Shah, 
chief  of  the  Herat  mutineers. 

Jtay20.  The  Afghan  Frontier  Com- 
mission meet  at  St.  Petersburg  and  set- 
tle the  boundary  question. 

Aug.  14.  Ayoob  Khan  escapes  from 
Teheran  ;  he  raises  his  standard  against 
the  Ameer. 

Aug.  29  ±.  Rebellion  reported  at  an  end, 
and  several  tribes  return  home. 

Nov.  9.  Reported  that  Ayoob  Khan  has 
surrendered  to  the  viceroy  of  India. 

Nov.  13.  Peace  reported  in  Southern 
Afghanistan. 

Dec.  10.  The  Ameer  issues  an  amnesty 
proclamation. 

1888  Sept.  *  Revolt  of  Ishak  Khan, 
the  governor  of  Afghan-Turkestan. 

1889  Feb.  13.  The  insurrectionary 
leader,  Ishak  Khan,  is  treated  with  great 
honor  at  Samarcand,  Russia. 

Feb.  20.  The  Ameer  has  appointed  Qho- 
1am  Hyder  Khan  Governor  of  Afghan- 
Turkestan. 

Aug.  7.  The  Alehayaras  in  Kandahar  re- 
volt ;  troops  sent  to  quell  disturbance. 

1890  Aug.  6.  The  new  Ameer  sends  an 
embassy  to  Russia  to  conclude  a  com- 
mercial treaty. 


Summer.  Abder-Rahman, the  Ameer, 
continues  at  Mezar,  the  chief  place  in 
Afghan-Turkestan,  for  the  purpose  of 
crushing  hostilities  and  reorganizing 
the  administration. 

*  ♦  The  Ameer  has  given  the  Russians 
important  trade  concessions  which  are 
denied  to  the  English. 

*  *  The  Ameer  seeks  to  replace  pillage 
and  violence  with  commerce  and 
peaceful  industries. 

Aug.  11,  The  Ameer  arrives  at  Kabul 
and  is  given  an  enthusiastic  reception. 

1891  Sept.  7.  Reported  arrest  of  Gen- 
eral Alikhanoff,  charged  with  being  a 
Russian  spy. 

*  *  The  Russians  send  out  an  expedi- 
tion for  political  purposes,  which  has  a 
strong  Cossack  support,  and  starting 
from  Osh,  in  the  Russian  province  of 
Ferghana,  it  enters  the  Pamir  region, 
and  claims  a  great  part  of  it. 

1892  Apr.  11.  The  Ameer  issues  aState 
paper  to  the  "Noble  Chiefs  of  Afghan- 
istan," advising  their  adherence  to 
Great  Britain  rather  than  to  Russia. 

Apr,  15.  The  Ameer  gains  possession  of 
one  of  the  two  passes  leading  through 
the  Pamir  country  to  India,  the  British 
having  possession  of  the  other. 

July  8.  Reported  that  the  Russians  are 
encroaching  on  Afghan  territory  on  the 
Murghab  River  and  in  the  Pamirs. 

[The  Af^rhans  make  an  effort  to  pro- 
tect their  frcmtier  against  the  advances 
of  the  Russians.    (See  Army.) 

Axig,  9.  The  revolt  of  the  Hazara  tribes 
grows  more  serious  daily. 

Aug.  14.  Owing  to  increased  complica- 
tions the  Ameer  negotiates  with  the 
rebels. 

Aug.  23.  Reported  that  the  Ameer  has 
asked  the  Government  of  India  to  in- 
tervene to  prevent  Russian  aggression 
in  the  Pamir  country. 

Sept.  12.  The  Ameer  is  said  to  be  sup- 
porting the  mountain  tribes  in  their  re- 
sistance to  British  authority. 

Dec.  16.  Sher  AfzulKhan,murdererand 
usurper,  is  <lriven  from  Chitral. 

Dec.  22.  The  Ameer  is  recognized  as 
Suzerain  of  Chitral. 

1893  Feb.  4.  Overtures  made  for  a  con- 
ference between  Russia,  England,  and 
China  to  consider  the  frontiers  of  Ruf>sia, 
China,  and  Afghanistan. 

Mar.  13.  The  Ameer  declines  to  meet 
Lord  Roberts  to  confer  concerning  the 
trouble  among  Indian  frontier  tribes. 

Oct.  2,  Arrival  at  Kabul  of  Sir  Mortimer 
Durand's  Mission. 

Nov.  15.  The  Ameer  announcea,  at  a 
military  review,  that  the  frontier  ques- 
tion and  other  matters  long  pending  be- 
tween Afghanistan  and  India  have  been 
satisfactorily  adjusted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879  Sept.  *  Commencement  of  the 
Quetta  Railway, 

Oct.  16.  The  British  lose  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, and  about  20  men  by  an  explosion. 


*  *  The  British  use  a  portable  heliograph 
in  their  campaign. 

*  *  I'he  Ameer  secures  a  regular  sub- 
sidy of  about  925,000  a  month  from  the 
In<lian  treasury. 

1880  Jan.  *  The  joint  Anglo-Russian 
Boundary  Commission  complete  the 
boundary  delimitation. 

Oct.  *  The  work  on  the  Railway  is  stopped. 

1884  Apr.*  Work  on  the  Railway  is  re- 
sumed. 

1885  Oct.  28.  Opening  of  the  Lower 
Bolan  Railway,  connecting  with  India. 

1887  Mar.  14.  The  rails  are  joined  of 
the  Sibi  and  Quetta  sections  of  the  Sind- 
Pishin  Railroad  ria  the  Harrai  route. 

May*  Russians,  under  General  Ozan 
Tora,  occupy  the  town  of  Kerki,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Oxus,  between  Bokhara 
and  Herat. 

Aug.  14.  Ayoob  Khan,  the  cousin  and 
rival  of  Abder-Rahman,  escapes  from 
Teheran,  where  he  was  kept  interned 
by  the  British. 

1888  July  *  The  opening  of  the  rail- 
road through  Bokhara  to  Samarcand 
is  celebrated  with  festivities.  General 
Annenkoff,  who  directed  its  construc- 
tion, is  appointed  its  chief  director  for 
two  years. 

Oct.  *  Ishak  Khan  a  fugitive  in  Russian 

territory. 

Dec.  26.  The  Ameer  barely  escapes  as- 
sassination. 

*  *  Railroad  connection  is  completed  to 
the  Caspian  Sea,  a  distance  of  900  miles. 

1889  Feb.  16.  Exportation  of  goods 
resumed  ;  no  obstacle  against  the  impor- 
tation of  Russian  goods. 

Apr.  9.    Tranquillity  prevails  along  the 

frontier. 
Dec.  26,    The  Ameer  is  fired  at  by  a  sepoy 

of  the  Herat  Infantry,  who  is  executed 

on  the  spot. 

*  *  The  railroad  is  dependent  upon  the 
supply  of  naphtha,  the  only  fuel 
available. 

1890  *  *  Kabul  supposed  to  have  100,000 
inhabitants. 

*  *  The  tomb  of  Shah  Ahmed  at  Ka- 
bul is  so  sacred  that  the  king  may  not 
remove  a  criminal  who  has  taken  refuge 
within  its  walls. 

*  *  The  Ameer  demands  a  tax  of  from 
10  to  30  per  cent  of  the  produce  of  the 
land,  according  to  the  amount  of  irriga- 
tion. 

1891  *  *  The  Ameer  is  endeavoring  to 
extend  new  manufactures. 

1893  *  *  Manufactures  are  chiefly  silk, 
felts,  carpets,  and  postins. 

*  *  Exports  consist  chiefly  of  fruits  and 
nuts  and  large  quantities  of  asafetida. 

*  *  The  population  exceeds  4,000,000. 

*  *  The  Ghilzai,  Burani,  and  other  tribes 
inhabit  the  central  parts  of  the  coun- 
try;  the  Tajiks  cultivate  the  soil  and 
ply  peaceful  trades;  the  Aimaks,  Haza- 
ras,  and  Uzbecks  dwell  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  country. 

*  *  A  large  number  of  the  Hazaras  and 
the  Kizilbashis  are  Shiite  Mohamme- 
dans. 


Ill  B.  C.-1866  A.D. 


ALGERIA. 


Algeria  is  a  country  of  Northern  Africa,  organized  as  a  colonial  possession  of  France,  and  divided  into  three  departments, 
Algiers,  Oran,  and  Constantine  ;  capital,  Algiers.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  governor-general,  appointed  by  France,  and  a 
Superior  Coancil ;  the  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  Area  (Algeria  proper),  122,876  square  miles  :  population  in  1891 
3,910,399. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

Ill  *  ♦  B.  c.  War  between  Rotncand 
Numidia  begins.    (See  Italy.) 

46  *  *  B.  c.  Juba,  the  last  king  of  Nu- 
midia, is  killed  at  the  battle  of  Thapsus. 

42**  ^B.  c.  Suetonius  suppresses  a  revolt 
in  Mauritania. 

533  *  *  -35  ♦  *  A.  D.  Justinian's  great 
general,  Belisarius,  conducts  the  Bo- 
mans  successfully  against  the  Vandals. 

637  *  *  -709  *  *  The  Saracens  subdue 
the  country. 

1248*  *  William,  Prince  of  Achaia,  con- 
quers  the  Moors. 

1492  •  *  The  Moors  are  drlTen  out  of 
Spain  into  Algiers. 

1505*  *  Ferdinand,  King  of  Spain, 
sends  a  powerful  fleet  under  the  Count 
of  Navarre  against  the  country ;  he  soon 
captures  Oran,  Bugia,  and  other  towns. 

1509  *  *  Algiers  is  taken  by  the  Span- 
iards. 

1516  *  *  The  Turks  aid  in  expelling  the 
Spaniards,  under  Horush  Barbarossa. 

1516*  ♦-20*  *  Algiers  is  retaken  by 
Horush  and  Hadher-ed-Din  Barbarossa, 
and  made 'the  capital  of  a  Mohammedan 
state. 

1518*  *  The  Spaniards  capture  Horush 
Barbarossa  and  put  him  to  death. 

1541  Oct.  28^.  The  Spanish  Emperor 
Charles  V.  loses  the  greater  part  of  a 
fleet  of  370  vessels  and  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  in  an  expedition  against  Algiers; 
Charles  himself  escapes  with  ditficulty. 
(See  Miscellaneous.) 

*  *  The  Spaniards  are  driven  out. 

1616  *  *  The  Algerine  fleet  consists  of 
40  sail,  of  ships  of  between  200  and  400 
tons,  and  a  flag-ship  of  500  tons. 

1617  *  *  A  French  fleet  is  sent  against 
the  Algerines,  and  captures  two  res- 
sela. 

1620  •  *  The  English  send  out  an  un- 
successful fleet  under  Sir  Robert  Manscl. 

*  *  *  The  Venetians  send  out  a  fleet  un- 
der Admiral  Capello,  which  captures  16 
galleys. 

1655*  *  Cromwell  sends  Admiral  Blake 
with  a  fleet,  which  soon  subdues  the 
Algerines. 

1680  *  •  The  French  send  out  a  fleet 
under  Vice-Admiral  Duquesne,  which 
destroys  14  Algerine  ships. 

1683  May  *  Duquesne  appears  before 
Algiers,  and  threatens  to  bombard  the 
town. 

The  pacific  Bey  is  murdered,  and  also 
all  the  Freiicli  in  tlie  town.  The  FVench 
Consul  is  fired  nt  the  Frenoh  fleet  from 
the  mouth  of  a  mortar.  Duquesne  de- 
stroys the  fortifications,  the  shipping, 
and  the  cUief  part  of  the  town. 

1792  *  *  The  Spaniards  surrender  Oran. 
1815  *  *  Commodore   Decatur   of   the 
United  States  navy   encounters  the 


Algerine  squadron,  captures  a  frigate 
and  a  brig,  and  forces  the  surrender  of 
American  prisoners. 

1816  Aug.  27.  The  city  of  Algiers  is 
succes8f\Uly  bombarded  by  the  Brit- 
ish fleet,  under  Lord  Exmouth,  who 
also  burns  its  fleet. 

1817+  *  *  The  Algerines  more  strongly 
fortify  their  city  than  ever  before. 

1826  *  *  Algerine  pirates  openly  seize 
Italian  vessels  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
extend  their  incursions  to  the  North  Sea. 

1830  *  *  War  with  France.  Caused  by 
insults  given  to  ambassadors,  and  to 
great  restlessness  in  France. 

May  *  The  French  prepare  a  fleet  at 
Toulon,  for  war  on  a  large  scale. 

June  14.  Rout  of  the  Algerines  after  a 
fierce  attack  in  strong  force. 

July  4.  The  French  begin  the  bombard- 
ment of  Algiers,  and  subdue  the  town. 

July  5.  Algiers  surrendered  to  the 
French  under  General  Bourmont  and 
Admiral  Duperr^,  after  severe  conflicts. 
The  French  force  consists  of  37,000  in- 
fantry, and  4,000cavalry,  and  a  good  sup- 
ply of  artillery;  Hussan  Bey's  army 
numbers  (JO.OOO.  The  spoil  consists  of 
12 ships,  1^00  bronze  cannon,  and  nearly 
$10,000,000  in  specie. 

•  *  General  Clausel  succeeds  General 
Bourmont. 

1831  Feb.  *,  General  Berthezfene  is  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 

•  *  He  makes  unsuccessful  attempts  to 
chastise  the  hostile  tribes  of  the  interior. 

*  *  Revolt  of  the  natives  against  the 
tyranny  of  the  French. 

Oct.  *  The  Kabyles  capture  Bona. 
Nov.  *  General  Savary,  Due  de  Rovigo, 

reenforces  the  French  with  16.000  men. 

He  exasperates  the  natives  by  cruelty 

and  treachery. 

1832  •  *  The  Arab  chief  Abd-el-Ka- 
der  preaches  a  holy  war,  and  collects 
an  army  of  11,000  men. 

May*  He  attacks  the  French  at  Oran, 
and,  after  bravely  flgbtlug  three  daj's, 
is  repulsed  with  considerable  loss. 

1835  *  *  Jealousy  inspires  war  with  Abd- 
el-Kader. 

June  28.  At  the  Makta  River  the  French 
are  defeated  with  great  slaughter. 

The  French  under  Marshal  Clausel 

with  11,000  men  invade  Mascara. 

Dec.  5.  The  French  take  Mascajra  and 
fire  the  city, 

1836  Jan.  *  Marshal  Clausel  undertakes 
an  expedition  against  Tlempen;  he 
captures  and  garrisons  the  town. 

*  *  Abd-el-Kader  defeats  3.000  men  un- 
der Count  d'Arlanges  on  the  Tafna. 

July  6.  General  Bugeaud  completely  de- 
feats the  Arabs  on  the  Sikak  Kiver. 

Nov.  *  Marshal  Clausel  conducts  an  un- 
successful expedition  of  8,000  men 
against  the  Bey  uf  Coustantine. 


1837  May  30.  Abd-el-Kader  thor- 
oughly defeated, 

Oct.  *  A  French  army  of  20,000  men 
marches  against  the  Bey  of  Constantine. 

Oct.  12.  The  French  storm  and  capture 
Constantine,  losing  General  Danr6- 
mont.    General  Valee  succeeds  him. 

1839  Oct.  *  Boundary  disputes  and 
intrusion  lead  to  war. 

*  *  Reenforcements  of  20,000  men  are  sent 
out  from  France. 

Dec.  *  Abd-el-Kader  suddenly  attacks 
the  Fronch  in  the  plain  of  Mettdja,  and 
routs  them  with  great  slaughter. 

1840*  *  The  French  garrison  of  123 
men  defends  Fort  Masagran  against 
the  attack  of  12.000  to  15,000  Arabs, 
for  three  days. 

1841  *  *  General  Bugeaud,  with  from 
80,000  to  100,000  men,  subdues 
raiding  Arabs  by  use  of  flying  columns. 

1842  Jan.  *  Tlempen  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

Fort  of  Tafna  captured  and  destroyed. 

1843  *  ♦  Spring.  The  French  under  the 
Buke  of  Aumale  surprise  Abd-el- 
Kader  ;  they  take  several  thousand 
prisoners  and  much  booty. 

1844  Aug.  14.  The  Arabs  from  Mo- 
rocco, under  Abd-el-Kader,  are  defeat- 
ed by  General  Bugeaud,  on  the  river  Isly. 

1845  June  18.  General  Pelissier  suf- 
focates about  600  Arab  men,  women , 
and  children  in  a  cave  after  they  re- 
fused to  surrender. 

1847  Dec.  23.  Abd-el-Kader  finally 
surrenders  to  Ijamoricifere. 

1849  *  *  General  Pelissier  marchcH 
against  several  of  the  rebellious  tribes 
and  subdues  them. 

1850  *  *  Several  revolts  are  subdued. 

1851  *  *  Kabyle  insurrection  subdued  by 
the  French  under  General  St.  Arnaud, 
after  several  sharp  engagements. 

1852  *  *  General  Macmahon  Is  sent 
out  against  Kabylia. 

*  *  General  Pelissier  takes  Laghonat  by 
storm. 

1854  *  *  An  expedition  eabdues  .the 
Arabs  in  the  south. 

1857  Oct.  *  General  Randon  subdues 
the  tribes  of  Great  Kabylia,  and  the  au- 
thority of  France  is  undisputed. 

1859  Oct.  31.  The  Arab  tribes  rebel, 
attack  the  French,  and  are  defeated. 

Nov.  6.    Theyrebelagain withlikeresult. 

1864  Apr.*  The  Arabs  of  the  south  rise 
in  formidable  insurrection;  rebellion 
pi'ovoked  by  an  insult. 

June  *  After  defeat  the  Arabs  submit. 
Oct.  2.    Fresh     revolts ;    insurgents    de- 
feated by  Jolivet. 

1865  Oct.*  Fresh  insurrection  in  Oran  ; 
subdued  by  Colonel  de  Colomb. 

1866  Mar.  16.  Another  insurrection  in 
Oran  is  subdued  by  the  same  officer. 


ALGERIA. 


Ill  B.C. -1866  AD.     9 


BIRTHS  —DEATHS. 

JJ60+ *  *  AmobiuB.  Rhetorician  of  Numidia. 

354*  *  Augustine,  Saint.  (Numidian  bishop 
of  Hippo),  born. 

4th  Century.     I>onatus,  Nuniidian  schismatic. 

430  ♦  *  AueuBtine.  Saint,  Nuinidian  bishop, 
A76. 

1059  *  *  Abdallah-Ibn-Yaeln,  founder  of 
tlie  empire  of  the  Alinoravides,  dies. 

1546*  *  BarbaroBsa,  Hadher,  Greek-Alge- 
rine  pirate,  dies. 

1718  *  *  Baba-AU.  Dey  of  Algiers,  dies. 

1773  t  *  *  Hussein  or  Iloussein  Pasha  (Dey) 
born. 

1807  *  ♦  Abd-el-Kader  (Emir)  born. 

1835*  *  Allemand-Laviererie  (Fr.  Cardi- 
nal) born  in  Bayonne. 

1838  *  ♦  Hussein  or  Houssein  Pasha,  last 
Dey  of  Algiers,    dies.  A  ±  65. 

1864  May  22.  Marshal  Pelisaier,  governor- 
general,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1050±  *  *  AbduUa-ben  Yazim  forms  the 
prosperous  sect  of  Moabites. 

I540:h  *  *  Pope  Paul  III.  issues  a  bull 
offering  the  remission  of  sins  aiid  the 
crown  of  martyrdom  to  those  lost  in 
fighting  the  Algerians. 

1828  *  *  Abd-el-Kader  makes  his  sec- 
ond pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  and  receives 
the  title  Iladji. 

1832  *  *  Abd-el-Kader  preaches  a  holy- 
war. 

SOCIETY. 

1520 1  *  *  Thirty  thousand  Christian 
slaves  are  employed  in  constructing  a 
mole  in  the  harbor  of  Algiers.  [Finished 
in  three  years.] 

*  *  The  Algerine  pirates  are  dreaded 
and  subsidized  by  all  the  commercial 
nations. 

1816  Aug.*  Under  British  pressure  the 
Dey  liberates  1,211  Christian  slaves,  and 
promises  that  piracy  and  the  enslave- 
ment of  Christians  shall  cease,  forever. 

1832  *  *  A  Holy  "War  excitement  pre- 
vails. 

1860  Sept.  *  Algiers  is  visited  by  the 
French  Emperor  Napoleon  HI. 

1865  May  3-June  *  Napoleon  is  wel- 
comed with  enthusiasm. 

STATE. 

46  *  *  B.  c.  A  part  of  Mauritania  (Alge- 
ria) is  conquered  by  the  Homans. 

45  *  ♦  B.  c.  MauritaniabecomesaRoman 
province,  with  Sallust  for  proconsul. 

42  *  *  B,  c.  Mauritania  is  divided  into 
two  parts. 

439*  *A.  D.  Mauritania  is  conquered 
in  part  by  the  Vandals. 

533  *  *  The  "Vandals  are  expelled  by 
the  Romans,  and  the  territory  is  reimited 
to  the  empire. 

690  i  *  *  The  Saracens  subdue  this  prov- 
ince. [It  becomes  divided  among  many 
petty  chiefs,  and  relapses  into  barbar- 
ism.] 

935+*  *  The  town  of  Algiers  is  founded 
by  the  Arabs  near  the  site  of  ancient 
Icosium. 


1075±  *  *  The  sect  called  Moabites  sub- 
due rival  chiefs  and  lay  the  foundation 
of  the  dynasty  of  the  Almoravides. 

1147  *  *  -1231  *  *  The  dynasty  of  the 

Almohades  follows. 
1273*  *  Change  of  dynasty;  the  country 

is  divided  into  small  states. 
1509  *  *  Spain  acquires  dominion. 
1516  *  *  The  Algerians  revolt  and  seek 

aid  of  the  famous  Turkish  pirate,  Horuah 

Barbarossa. 

*  *  The  invaders  being  expelled,  Barba- 
rossa murders  the  prince,  Selira  Cut- 
smi,  and  mounts  the  throne. 

*  *  He  extends  Ms  dominions  by  force 
and  treachery. 

*  *  Algiers  becomes  nominally  a  prov- 
ince of  Turkey. 

1518  *  *  Hadher  Barbarossa,  as  Pasha 
of  Algiers,  succeeds  his  brother,  who  is 
slain  by  the  Spaniards. 

±  *  *  He  solicits  aid  from  Selim  I.,  and 
acknowledges  his  sovereignty. 

i  *  *  The  Moors  establish  the  pirati- 
cal states  of  Algiers  and  Tun^. 

*  *  *  Viceroys,  or  pashas,  appointed 
by  Turkey,  continue  to  govern  the  coun- 
try till  the  17th  century. 

1600 ±  *  *  Turkey  permits  the  janizaries 
to  choose  their  own  dey  or  governor. 

1609  *  *  Many  Moors  flock  to  Algiers 
after  their  expulsion  from  Spain,  and  as 
able  sailors  raise  the  power  of  the  state. 

1686  *  *  The  English  conclude  a  favor- 
able treaty  with  Algiers.  [Jt  is  only  par- 
tially enforced  for  a  long  time.] 

1705  *  ♦  The  last  Turkish  pasha  is  ex- 
pelled by  Dey  Ibrahim. 

1710±  *  *The  office  of  pasha  is  united 
with  that  of  dey. 

The  janizaries  control  the  appoint- 
ment of  chiefs,  and  they  declare  inde- 
pendence of  the  Turks ;  all  regular 
tribute  is  withdrawn. 

1795  *  *  The  Americans  refuse  any 
longer  to  subsidize  the  Dey  of  Algiers. 

1816  *  *  A  new  treaty  with  England  is 
made,  and  Christian  slavery  is  abolished. 

1818  *  *  Hussein  Bey  succeeds  to  the 
government. 

1823  *  *  The  French  demand  reparations 
for  insults  to  their  consul  and  for  out- 
rages committed  on  French  vessels,  but 
without  success,  and  an  army  follows. 

1830  July  5.  The  French  depose  the 
Dey,  and  overthrow  the  barbarian  gov- 
ernment.    The  Dey  retires  to  Naples, 

*  *  General  Bourmont  is  superseded  by 
General  Clausel,  who  makes  little  etfort 
to  conciliate  the  natives. 

1833  *  *  The  French  ministry  declares  i  Is 
imrpose  to  retain  the  government  and  to 
colonize  the  country,  in  opposition  to  its 
agreement  with  England. 

Mar.  *  General   Avizard  is  appointed 
interim  Governor  on  the  retirement  of 
Rovigo.     [He  dies  soon  after.] 
*  General  Voirol  is  nominated  Gov- 
ernor, 


1834  *  *  Abd-el-Kader  enters  a  treaty 
acknowledging  the  supremacy  of  France, 
and  is  recognized  as  the  Emir  of  the 
province  of  Miiscara. 

May  20.  Tlie  French  ministry  announces 
its  intention  to  retain  Algiers  perma- 
nently. 

*  *  France  is  displeased  with  the  treaty, 
and  General  Desmichels,  Governor  of 
Oran,  is  recalled. 

July  *  General  Drouet  d'Erlon  be- 
comes Governor-general  of  the  colony. 

1835  *  *  Marshal  Clausel  supersedes 
Count  d'Erlon  as  Governor-general. 

1837  May  30.  The  French  sign  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  Abd-el-Kader  on 
the  banks  of  the  Tafua ;  be  recognizes 
French  supremacy. 

Dec.i  *  General  Val6e  is  appointed 
Governor-General  of  the  colony. 

1841  Feb.  22.  General  Bugeaud  suc- 
ceeds Val^e. 

1842  Feb.*  Algeria  annexed  to 
France,  and  the  Emir  declared  a  rebel. 

1848  *  *  General  Cavaignac  apiKjijited 
Governor-general  of  the  Colony. 

Jan.  29.  Abd-el-Kader  is  taken  a  pris- 
oner to  France,  contrary  to  the  agree- 
ment of  the  French. 

1852  *  *  Louis  Napoleon  releases  him 
from  prison  on  the  condition  that  he 
retires  to  Asia  Minor. 

1857  *  *  French  authority  undisputed. 

1858  *  *  The  govei-nment  entrusted  to 
Prince  Napoleon  as  special  minister. 
[The  special  ministry  is  soon  abolished.] 

1860  Nov.  *  Marshal  Febssier,  Duke 
of  MalakhofF,  is  apjwinted  Governor- 
general,  with  a  council  of  thirty  mem- 
bers. 

1863  Feb.  *  The  emperor  promises  a 
constitution,  with  a  representative  as- 
sembly, securing  the  rights  of  the  Arabs, 
saying,  "  I  am  as  much  emperor  of  the 
Arabs  as  of  the  French." 

1864  May  22.  Death  of  Marshal  Pelis- 
sier.  Marshal  Macmahon,  Duke  of 
Magenta,  succeeds  him. 

1865  July  *  More  rights  and  privileges 
are  promised  by  the  French  to  the  na- 
tives. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1520  *  *  Under  Barbarossa,  Algeria  be- 
comes famous  for  its  pirates.  [They 
infest  the  seas  till  1S30.] 

1541  Oct.  28.  A  fearful  storm  at- 
tended by  an  earthquake  nearly  destroys 
the  fleet  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  port  of 
Algiers. 

1670  *  *  The  city  of  Tlem9en  is  destroyed 
by  Are. 

1716  May* -June*  Earthquakes  de- 
stroy 20,000  people. 

1866  *  *  Population  by  census  returns 
'2,921,146. 

*  *  The  cro[»s  are  almost  entirely  de- 
stroyed by  locusts. 


10 


1867-1894. 


ALGERIA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1867  Jan.  *  A  new  expeilition  subdues 
the  refractory  Arabs  of  the  south. 

1868  Jan.  *  Si-Hamed  leads  a  revolt 
and  is  killed  by  the  French  ;  his  follow- 
ers are  routed. 

1869  Jan.  ♦  Several  large  bodies  of  in- 
surgents in  the  extreme  south  move 
northward  and  surprise  Tagguin. 

Feb.  2.    Colonel  Sonis  defeats  about  4,000 

Arabs,  and  routs  them. 
June  *  The  insurrection  Is  quelled. 

1870  Aug.  15.  Algeria  proclaimed 
in  a  state  of  siege. 

1871  •  *  'Widespread  insurrection  of 
the  Arab  and  Kabyle  tribes,  prompted 
by  the  weakened  condition  of  France. 

June  24.  State  of  siege  raised  after  the 
fall  of  the  Commune  at  Paris  ;  [a  contri- 
bution of  $6,000,000  imposed  upon  the 
rebels]. 

1879  June  *  Another  insurrection ;  it 
is  soon  subdued. 

1881  Apr.*  Dispute  between  the 
French  government  and  Timis  respect- 
ing the  sheltering  of  insurgents.  The 
French  land  an  array  in  Tunis. 

June  *  Arab  insurrection  headed  by  Bou 
Ameema. 

July  13.  Bou  Ameema  is  said  to  be  de- 
feated by  the  French,  and  a  fugitive. 

Aug.  1.  lieported  preparation  for  a  fresh 
revolt ;  a  strong  force  marches  against 
Bou  Ameeraa. 

Aug.  *  Indecisive  actions  with  the  rebels. 

1882  Apr.  *  A  topographical  expedi- 
tion is  attacked,  and  more  than  40  per- 
sons are  reported  killed. 

1883  June  *  Announcement  of  the  sub- 
mission of  revolting  tribes. 

1891  Dec.  23.  The  Amours  tribe  re- 
bels against  French  authority,  and  fight- 
ing begins. 

»  *  Each  of  the  three  military  depart- 
ments in  Algeria  is  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  commandant  of  the  19th 
corps  of  the  French  army. 

1892  *  *  An  insutticient  military  expedi- 
tion sent  by  the  Sultan  of  Morocco  to 
punish  the  i)eople  of  the  oases  for  de- 
claring their  freedom  from  tribute  and 
their  sympathy  with  France,  fails  in  its 
purpose. 

1894  Jan.  25.  Timbuctu  occupied 
by  French  Troops. 

Feb.  9.  Colonel  Bonnier,  commanding 
the  French  force  which  took  Timbuctu, 
is  killed  by  the  Tuaregs,  together  with 
seventy-eight  officers  and  soldiers. 

Aug.  28.  The  Tuaregs,  after  three  days' 
fighting,  defeat  the  French  troops  at 
Timbuctu,  and  compel  them  to  retire. 

DEATHS. 

1883  •  *  Abd-el-Kader,  Algerian  chieftain, 
A76. 

1892  ♦  •  AUeniand-I.avle;erle,  Fr.  Cardi- 
nal, anti-slavery  advocate,  apb.  Algiers,  .\67. 

CHURCH. 

1889  •  *  Algiers  has  synagogues,  a  hand- 
some cathedral,  and  three  other  Catholic 


churches,  a  Protestant  chapel,  six  col- 
leges, an  Episcopal  seminary,  and  bish- 
op's palace. 

*  *  The  London  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  among  the  Jews 
reports  a  mission  station  at  Algiers. 

SOCIETY. 

1870  *  *  Native  Jews  are  admitted  to 
French  citizenship. 

1890  May  19.  Arabs  pillage  a  Jew's 
store  at  Quelma,  and  are  dispersed  by 
troops. 

1893  *  *  The  French  colonists  and  ofBcials 
discourage  any  attempt  to  elevate  the 
natives,  and  persistently  oppose  the 
proposition  to  establish  schools. 

STATE. 

1871  *  *  A  war  contribution  imposed  on 
the  rebels  by  the  French. 

Oct.  *  The  military  rule  abolished  and  a 
civil  government  established,  [which 
brings  peace  and  prosperity.] 

1873  *  *  General  Chanzy  is  appointed 
governor. 

1878  July  *  General  Chanzy  accused  of 
governing  despotically ;  his  resignation 
not  accepted  by  Marshal  Macniahon. 

*  *  He  is  replaced  by  Albert  Gr6vy. 

1879  June  *  An  insurrection,  which  is 
soon  quelled. 

1881  Apr.  *  Dispute  between  Algeria 
and  Tunis  respecting  incursions  of  the 
Kroumirs  into  Algerian  territory. 

May  12.    The  French  force  the  Bey  of 

Tunis  to  cede  territory  and  become 

the  vassal  of  France. 
Nov.  6.    Resignation  of  the  governor,  A. 

Gr^vy,  announced. 
Nov.  26.  ♦  Ijouis     Tirman     appointed 

governor. 

1882  Dec.  •  Announcement  of  the  an- 
nexation of  the  province  Mzab. 

1883  *  •  The  French  government  has 
proposed  to  expropriate  tribal  lands  of 
the  nomadic  Arabs  and  a  part  of  those 
of  the  sheep-raising  Kabyles  of  the 
mountains,  in  order  to  advance  coloniz- 
ation by  Europeans,  whose  presence  will 
give  security  to  the  French  dominion. 

1891  *  *  Governor-general  Tirman  re- 
tires from  oifice. 

Apr.  *  Jules  Camborn  Is  appointed  gov- 
ernor-general. 

(Tliere  are  three  departments,  each  of 
which  elects  one  senator  in  Algeria  and 
two  deputies.) 

1892  Jan.  23.  The  sherif  of  Wazen  is 
forcibly  detained  in  Algeria  by  the 
French. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1867    Jan.  *  Several  villages  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake ;  a  prolonged  drought 
and  famine  follow. 

*  *  The  cholera  destroys  50,000  persons. 

1871  *  *  The  French  government  grants 
land  and  means  to  start  in  agriculture 
to  10,500  refugees  from  Alsace-Lorraine. 

1872  •  *  Population  2,146,235. 


1875  *  *  Population  2,448,691. 

1876  *  *  The  most  prosperous  year  of  the 
Colony. 

1880  Mar.  •  M.  Mouchot,  by  a  mirror, 
collects  solar  rays,  and  boils  water, 
drives  an  engine,  etc. 

1881  Oct.  *  Reported  death  of  61  per- 
sons killed  by  a  waterspout. 

*  'There  are  2,328,636  persons  engaged 
in  agriculture. 

1883  «  *  A  project  for  making  the  Sahara 
desert  an  inland  sea  is  entertained. 

1884  •  *  Railroads  completed,  993  miles. 

1886  »  *  Population  3,910,399. 

1887  *  *  Railroads  completed,  l,290mlles. 

*  » A  plague  of  grasshoppers  damages 
the  growing  crops. 

1888  July*  Another  plague  of  lo- 
custs. 

*  *  Swarms  of  crickets  devastate  vegeta- 
tion in  many  localities. 

*  *  The  first  section  of  the  Trans-Sahara 
Railroad  is  opened. 

1889  Jan.  5.  The  Governor  orders  the 
expulsion  from  the  country  of  two  editors 
of  a  Spanish  newspaper  published  at 
Oran. 

1890  Jan.  22.  The  authorities  forbid 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca  on  account  of  the 
]>rovalence  of  cholera  in  Arabia. 

Jime  25.    Cardinal   Lavigerie    favors   a 

Trans-Saharan  railway. 
Aug.  26.    Fire    rages   in   the   Soukari's 

forest ;  two  villages  destroyed. 
Sept.  26.    Destructive  storm  and  cyclone. 

1891  Jan.  15.  Three  violent  shocks  of 
earthquake  occur. 

Aug.  19.  A  forest  fire  destroys  35,00a 
acres  of  trees. 

*  *  Population  by  last  census  returns, 
3,636,967  in  the  civil  departments,  and  in 
the  interior  military  departments, 487,765- 

*  *  Locusts  destroy  the  pastures. 

*  *  There  are  3,262,478  persons  engaged  in 
agriculture,  187,000  of  whom  are  Euro- 
peans. 

*  •  Value  of  Imports,  $52,609,645 ;  ex- 
ports, $45,494,900. 

*  *  The  Trans-Sahara  Railroad,  starting 
from  El  Guerrah,  has  been  carried 
across  the  mountains  up  to  the  edge  of 
the  Tuareg  country,  and  extends  from 
oasis  to  oasis,  to  Biscara,  390  miles.  It 
is  projected  to  Lake  Chad,  1,887  miles. 

1892  Aug.  2.    Astrongsirocco prevails- 

*  ♦  Roads  to  the  interior,  with  wells  sunk 
along  them,  have  been  established  be- 
tween the  military  posts. 

*  *  Railroads  completed  cover  l,910mile8 ;; 
telegraphs,  7,000  miles. 

1893  *  *  The  Trans  -  Sahara  Eailroad 
reaches  within  80  miles  of  the  oasis  of 
Fignig. 

1894  *  *  Fr.  The  annihilation  of  the 
French  advance  column  at  Timbuctu 
causes  deep  feeling  in  France. 


AMERICA. 


955  B.C. -1121  A.  n. 


11 


America  is  a  name  applied  to  the  Western  Continent,  and  includes  both  North  and  South  America  and  the  adjacent  islands. 
Greatest  length,  10,500*=  miles;  greatest  breadth,  S.OOOi  miles.  Estimated  area,  15,700,000 square  miles  ;  estimated  population  in 
1891,  121,713,000. 

Kxi'L.vN  ATORY  NoTE.  —  The  early  history  of  each  American  country  ia  given  in  fuller  detail  under  its  proper  title,  except  that  of  the  United 
States,  which  appears  under  the  title  of  America  only  until  tlie  Declaration  of  Independence  in  177f^. 

Mexican,  Central  and  South  American  dates  are  of  uncertain  value  until  the  sixteenth  century.  All  items  relating  to  the  Norsemen  In 
America  can  hardly  be  considered  well-established  historical  records. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

4th  Century  B.  c.    The  spherical  shape 

of  the  earth  is  taught  by  the  Greeks. 

4th  Century  A.  d.  The  compass  is  use^l 
by  mariners  on  the  Indian  Ocean. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

945ir    Mex.    Kauhyotl,  king,  dies. 

1007    Sfass.  (?)     Sonorri,  son    of    Thorflnn, 

born  in  Vinland. 
1054 1     Peril-     Manco  Capac,  founder  of  the 

state,  dies. 
1070 1    Mex.    Huemac  Ateopanecatl,  last  Tol- 

tec  king,  dies  at  Capultepec. 

CHURCH. 

999  *  *  Scan.  Leif,  son  of  Eric  the  Red, 
becomes  a  convert  to  Christianity  [and 
in  the  year  1000  takes  Roman  mission- 
ary priests  to  Iceland,  by  whom  many 
are  converted.] 

lOOOi  *  *  Peru.  Man  CO  Capac  (from 
China?),  accompanied  by  his  wife,  and 
sister  Mama  Ocello,  appears. 

They  announce  themselves  "children 
of  the  sun,"  sent  by  deity  to  civilize  the 
people  by  teaching  agriculture  and  the 
arts,  publishing  laws,  and  by  introdu- 
cing religious  rites.    (Peruvian  Artnals.) 

1056  *  *  Iceland.  A  bishop's  see  is 
erected  in  the  east  and  southwest. 

1106*  *  Iceland.  A  bishop's  see  of 
175  parishes  is  erected  in  the  north. 

1121  ♦  *  Eric  Gnupsson  is  appointed 
**  bishop  of  Greenland  and  Vinland 
in  partibus  intidelium,"  by  Paschal  II. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

635*  *  Mex.    The  Chichimecs  leave 

Chicomoztoc  in  their  progress  toward 

Mexico. 
648  *  *  Mex.    Toltecs  invade  Mexico. 
8th  Century.    Greenland  is  visited  by 

Northmen. 
860*  *  Iceland  is  discovered:  Nad- 

doddr,  a  Norse  pirate,  is  driven  to  the 

coast  by  adverse  winds. 
865  *  *  Iceland  is  visited  by  Floki,  the 

viking. 
876*  *  Greenland  discovered :  Gunn- 

bjorn,  a  Norwegian,  driven  by  adverse 

winds  beyond  Iceland,  views  its  coast. 

985  f  *  *  Greenland.  Eric  Raude,  with 
a  number  of  Icelanders,  is  said  to  have 
spent  three  years  in  exploring  the  coun- 
try. <Its  name  is  suggested  by  its  abun- 
dant verdure.) 

986  *  *America  discovered :  Her- 
julfson,  a  Norse  navigator,  sailing  from 
Iceland,  is  caught  in  a  storm  and  driven 
soutliwestward  to  the  coasts  of  New- 
foundland and  Labrador,  but  does  not 
land. 

1000  *  *  New  England  is  visited  by 
Xjcif  Ericsson  with  a  crew  of  about  35 


Icelanders.  He  arrives  at  Labrador, 
and  explores  the  coast  as  far  as  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  remains  more  than  a 
year  at  Vinland. 

1002  *  *  Me.  Thorwald,  a  brother  of 
Leif  Ericsson,  accompanied  by  his  wife 
and  a  crew  of  30  men,  visits  Maine  and 
Massachusetts. 

1003  Summer.  Thorwald  extends  his 
explorations  to  the  southward. 

1004  *  *  Mass.  Xjeif  explores  the  coast 
northward  [reaching  the  present  site  of 
Boston],  where  he  is  slain  by  the  na- 
tives. 

1005  ♦  *  New  Eng.  Thorstien,  another 
brother  of  Leif  Ericsson,  explores  the 
New  England  coast. 

1006  *  *  Mnss.^n.  I.  Thorfinn  Karl- 
sefne,  with  three  ships,  containing  IGO 
men,  and  a  number  of  women  and  cattle, 
explores  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and 
Rhode  Island,  and  possibly  sails  as  far 
south  as  Virginia,  but  is  driven  away  by 
the  natives. 

1011  *  *  Masa.  Freydis  visits  Viulaud, 
accompanied  by  30  men. 

*  *  Greenland.  Helgi  and  Finnbogi, 
with  35  men,  sail  from  Greenland  to 
cut  timber  in  Massachusetts.  (?) 

1012*  *J/as.t.  (?)  The  Northmen,  under 
Thorwald,  having  murdered  Helgi  and 
Finnbogi,  with  their  followers,  sail  for 
Greenland. 

nth,  12th  Centuries.  The  Arabs  explore 
the  Atlantic,  seeking  to  find  its  limits. 

1116  (?)*  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs'  migra- 
tion from  the  north  reaches  Chico- 
moztoc. 

1120  (?)  •  *  Mex.  The  Chichimecs,  a 
half-savage  tribe,  invade  Mexico. 

LETTERS. 

*  *  *  Mexican  annals  of  a  remote  pe- 
riod are  recorded  by  picture-writing. 
[Their  value  is  uncertain.] 

4th  Century  n.  c.  Thestory  of  the  Island 
of  Atlantis  is  mentioned  by  Plato. 

SOCIETY. 

686  (?)  *  *  Mex.  The  Toltecs  evince  an  ■ 
advanced  civilization  in  weaving, 
building,  jeweling,  and  nuiking  orna- 
ments of  feathers ;  among  them  are  as- 
trologers, poets,  sorcerers,  philosophers, 
and  orators. 

1011  Winter.  Mass.  (7)  The  North- 
men's games  cause  dissension. 

Thorwald.  the  husband  of  Freydis, 
avenges  an  insult  by  the  massacre  oif  the 
35  men  and  five  women  of  a  neighboring 
expediti<^in  of  the  brothers  Helgi  and 
Finnbogi. 

*  *  Peru.  Communism  prevails  in  ag- 
ricultural labor  and  products. 


*  *  Mex.  and  Peru.  The  masses  of  the 
people  are  serfs  or  slaves. 

*  *  *  Peru.  Manco  Capac,  with  his 
wife,  and  sister  Mama  Ocello,  arrives 
from  China  (?),  claiming  to  be  sent  by 
deity  to  reclaim  the  tribes  from  savage 
life;  civilized  society  begins.  [This 
account  is  received  with  some  incredu- 
lity by  scholars.]  __ 

STATE  —  SETTLEMENT. 

955  *  *  B.  c.  Mexican  history  begins 
[according  to  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg]. 

470i  *  *  B.  c.  Peru.  The  Pirua dynasty 
begins  [as  some  allege]. 

4th  to  7th  Century  a.  D.  Mex.  The 
Nahuas  dwell  in  the  Mexican  plateau. 

503  *  *  Mex.  With  the  appearance  of  the 
Toltecs  on  the  tableland  authentic  his- 
tory begins  [according  to  Ixtlllxochitl]. 
(Clavigero,  596,  Vetia,  (397.) 

686  ±  *  *  Mex.  The  Toltec  empire  is 
finally  established.  The  Toltecs  are  the 
true  founders  of  civilization  in  this  p^rt 
of  North  America. 

714*  *  Antillia,  or  the  Island  of  the 
Seven  Cities,  is  settled  frtun  Spain.  (?) 

830*  *  Peru.  Fall  of  the  Tirua  dy- 
nasty. (?) 

835  *  *  Greenland  is  inhabited.  (?) 

875  i:  ♦  *  Iceland.  The  Icelandic  com- 
monwealth is  founded  hy  Norsemen, 
under  Ingolf,  the  son  of  Orn. 

9th  Century,    The  Irish  visit  Iceland. 

895(?)*  *  Mex.  Topiltzin  Ceacatl 
Quetzalcoatl,  the  most  famous  of  the 
Toltec  sovereigns,  founds  a  new  seat  of 
government  on  the  plain  of  Huitzilapan. 
[LaPuebla?] 

930  *  *  Iceland.  First  meeting  of  the 
Althing,  a  general  assembly  secured  by 
the  influence  of  Ulfijot,  a  leader  among 
the  Icelanders. 

083*  *-985*  *  Greenland.  p:ric  Raude 
returns,  and  founds  two  settlements 
on  the  west  coast. 

*  *  *  Peru.  Manco  Capac  arrives  and 
reforms  the  people.  (I3th  Century, 
Winsor.) 

1007  *  *  Can.  Colonies  are  planted  [in 
Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia],  which 
are  soon  abandoned. 

1041  *  *  -47  (?)  *  *  Mex.  Irruption  of 
the  Chichimecs-Teotenancas  into  tlie 
valley  of  Mexico. 

nth  Century.  Mex.  The  fall  of  the 
Toltec   power. 

Tho  Toltecs,  greatly  reduced  in  num- 
bers, leave  Mexico  and  enter  Central 
America. 

nth  Century.  Mex.  After  the  fall  of  the 
Toltec  empire,  a  great  migration  cf 
Wortherntribessouthward  begins.  [It 
continues  for  three  centuries.] 


12    1.121-1492,  Oct.  12. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

13th  Century.  Mex.  The  ferocity  of  the 
Aztecs  causes  their  neighbors  to  banil 
together  against  them.  Many  forays  and 
bloody  wars  follow. 

1415  *  » Mex.  The  Tepanecs  invade 
the  territory  of  the  Tezcucans  and  are 
invaded  in  turn. 

1425+  •  »  Mex.  The  Tepanecs  subdue 
the  Tezcucans. 

1433 *  •  Peru.  Peruvians  invade 
Chile,  conquering  the  southern  part. 

1450±  »  »  Mex.  Montezuma  I.  sulidues 
the  country  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

1469  *  *  Mex.  A  military  expedition 
under  Axayacatl  moves  down  the  Isth- 
mus of  Me.vico  as  far  as  Tehuantepeo. 
He  ravages  the  Totonac  region,  securing 
immense  plunder  and  mjiny  captives. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
12th  Century.    The  Catalans  and  Basques 

use  the  compass. 
1267*  *  Jill!/.    The  Opu.i Mnjorliy'RogeT 

Bacon  appears,  teaching  the  sphericity 

of  the  globe. 
1306  *  *  It.    Map  of  Marino  Sanuto,  the 

beginning  of  Atlantic  cartography,  ap- 
pears. 
;  1367  *  *  -73  •  *  Pizigana's  map  of  the 

Atlantic  appears. 
1430  •  •  Valeequa's  chart  of  the  Atlantic 

appears. 

1436  *  •  Variation  of  the  needle  shown 
on  maps. 

1446*  *  Mex.  Earthenware  pipes  used 
for  conducting  water  to  the  capital  from 
Chapultepec. 

1470  *  *  Nicholas  Donis's  map  appears  ^ 
the  earliest  engraved  map  in  which 
Greenland  is  shown. 

1472  •  *  Mex.  Art  and  culture  center 
in  Tezcuco. 

1484  *  *  Regimontanus  adapts  the  astro- 
labe for  use  on  the  sea. 

1486*  *  Sp.  The  Laon  Globe  appears. 
[Dated  1493.] 

1488*  *  Sp.  The  project  of  Colum- 
btis  is  referred  by  the  king  to  Ferdinand 
de  Talavera,  who  summons  astronomers 
and  cosmographers  to  confer  with  Co- 
lumbus before  a  jury  of  ecclesiastics, 
where  his  theories  are  overturned  with 
biblical  texts  and  extracts  from  the  great 
divines. 

1401  *  *  Talavera  denounces  the  pro- 
ject to  the  king  as  impracticable. 

1402  *  *  Somewhere  200  leagues  west  of 
the  Canaries,  lay  on  ancient  m.aps  the 
Ijost  Island  of  the  Seven  Cities. 

*  *  Colimibus,  after  long  study  and 
much  conference  with  the  best  authori- 
ties, concludes  the  globe  to  be  only  ten 
or  twelve  thousand  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence ;  he  also  overestimates  the  size  of 
the  Asiatic  continent. 

Sept.  13.  Columbus  is  startled  to  find 
the  needle  moving  westward  and  no 
longer  pointing  to  the j)()le. 

Sept.  15.  A  meteor  falls  five  lengths 
from  Columbus's  ship. 


•  *  Cuba.  Coltunbus  concludes  that  he 
has  reached  Cipango.  Afterward  he 
changes  his  mind,  and  decides  it  to  be 
the  mainland  of  India. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1357    Mex.    Techotl,  mler    of  the  Chlclil- 

mecs,  dies. 
1435-56     /(.      Columbus.      Christopher 

born.     [I445±  Ilarrisse:  14.56  I'ayne.J 
1451    It.  Vespucci.  Amerlgro,  Mar.  9,  b. 
1466    Mex.    Montezuma  II.,  emperor,  b. 
1469    Mex.    Montezuma  I. .  emperor  of  the 

-Vztecs,  (lies. 

1478  Mex.  Nezahualcoytl,  king  of  Tez- 
cuco, dies. 

1474     Sp.  'Casas.     Bartolome     de 
"  The  Apostle  of  the  Indies,"  born. 

1481  Mex.  Axayacatl,  emperor  of  the  Az- 
tecs, dies. 

1486  (7)     Mex. 


JjBlB, 


Tizoc,  king  of  Tezcucans,  d. 

CHURCH. 

1121  *  *  Greenland.  Bishop  Eric  Gnups- 
son  goes  in  search  of  Vinland.  (Massa- 
chusetts and  Khode  Island.) 

1124*  *  Greenland.  Bishop  Arnold  is 
consecrated. 

1325  *  *  Mex.  Mexicans  adopt  the  prac- 
tise of  offering  human  sacrifices  in 
worship. 

1450  *  *  Mex.  Mexicans  recognize  a  Su- 
preme Creator,  and  also  worship  a 
plurality  of  deities. 

*  *  Mex.  Fully  5000  priests  are  at- 
tached to  the  principal  tenii)le  of  the 
city  of  Mexico. 

1487  •  *  Mex.    Ahuizotl  celebrates  the 

dedication  of  the  great  temple  of  Huitz- 

ilopochtli  by  slaughtering  72,344  hunian 

victims.    (Probably  an  exaggeration.) 
1489    Dec.  *  Sp.    Columbus,  learning 

that  the  Sultan  of  Egypt  has  threatened 

to  raze  the  tomb  of  Christ,  makes  a  vow       ^'"''    ^'^ 

to  devote  the  proceeds  of  his  discovery    1477    Feb. 

to  the  defense  of  the  holy  sepulcher.       bus. 
1402  *  •  .Sp.    Juan  Perez,  prior  of  the    ■'''"'  '>"'"n'-    Greenland  ceases  to  corn- 
monastery  of  La  Rabida,  writes  a  letter       '"unicate  with  Europe. 


•  *The  Northmen  visit  an  island  in 
Baffin's  Bay,  where  they  erect  a  mon- 
ument.   [Discovered  in  1824.] 
1153  *  •  Ger.    Indians  said  to  have  l>een 
cast  upon  the  German  coast. 

1170*  *  "Welshmen  under  Madoo  dis- 
cover America.    (?) 

IZIIi  Cenluri/.  Guatemala  occupied  by 
the  Quiches  and  Cakchi. 

Peru  supposed  to  have  been  visited  by 

Kublai  Khan. 

1347  *  *  The  coasts  of  Labrador  and  New 
England  visited  by  Norwegian  sailors, 
who  bring  the  last  tidings  concerning 
Vinland. 

1393  (1304  ?)  July  »  Greenland  visited 
by  three  ships  under  Nicclo  Zeno,  a 
Venetian,  who  had  sailed  from  the  Fiiroe 
Islands. 

1396±  *  *  Greenland.  Antonio,  a  broth- 
er of  Nicolo  Zeno,  explores  the  coasts.  (?) 

1424  *  *  Antillia  first  fomul  on  the  maps. 

1444  *  *  jimerira.  Bisoayans  said  to 
have  discovered  western  land. 

1463*  »-64*  *  Ken-foundland.  Cor- 
treal,  a  Portuguese  navigator,  said  to 
liave  visited  the  coast. 

*  *  *  Newfoundland  visited  by  the 
Dutch.    (?) 

1470+ **  Columbus  concludes  that 
much  of  the  world  is  still  undiscovered, 
and  that  Asia  may  be  reached  by  sail- 
ing westward. 

1470  *  »  -84  *  *  Portugal  visited  by  Co- 
lumbus. 

1474  •  *  Columbus  explains  his  views  to 
Paola  ToscaneUi,  a  Florentine  navi- 
gator, from  whom  he  receives  hearty 
encouragement. 

1476  *  *  Skolno    coasts    along    Labra- 


Iceland  visited  by  Colum- 


to  Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile,  which  se- 
cures an  interview  for  Columbus. 

Columbus  asks  powers  which  the  arch- 
bishop declares  "  arrogant  and  presump- 
tuous ;  "  therefore  his  mission  fails. 
Apr.  17.  Through  the  influence  of  Perez 
and  others,  Columbus  is  recalled  to  the 
Spanish  Court  and  receives  his  commis- 
sion. 

Columbus  bears  a  letter  to  the  grand 
Khan  of  Cipango,  whom  he  hopes  to  con- 
vert to  Christianity. 

Before  sailing,  Columbus,  with  most  of 
his  officers  and  crew,  confesses  to  Juan 
Perez,  and  receives  the  holy  sacrament. 
Oct.  12.  ir. /.  The  first  procedure  by 
Europeans  in  the  New  AVorld  is  an 
act  of  devotion  to  God,  while  over  them 
is  unfurled  a  flag  bearing  a  green  cross. 
The  natives  conclude  that  the  gods  have 
come  from  their  celestial  abode. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 
1135    Apr.  *  Greenland  visited  by 
Scandinavians,  who  sail  as  far  north 
as  latitude  73°. 


1480  *  *-92*  *  Sp.  Columbus,  impov- 
erished and  disheartened  by  many  rejec- 
tions, finds  a  sympathetic  friend  in 
Isabella,  Queen  of  Castile. 

1484  *  *  I'nrt.  Columbtis,  having  vain- 
ly appealed  to  John  II.  for  three  ships 
with  provisions  for  one  year,  leaves  the 
Portuguese  service. 

Columbus,  having  been  deceived  by 
John  II.,  goes  to  Spain. 

1485  *  *  /(.  Columbus  lays  his  project 
before  the  Genoese,  wlio  reject  it. 

±*  *  It.  Columbus  .-ippeals  to  the  Ve- 
netians for  aid  without  success. 

*  *  ±  Columbus  sends  proposals  to 
Henry  VII.  of  England,  olTering  to 
sail  under  the  English  flag.    (1488?) 

*  *  Fr.  Columbus  in  the  French  pirati- 
cal service. 

±  *  *  Sp.  Fernando  de  Talavera,  the 
confessor  of  Isabella,  fearing  hetero- 
doxy in  the  ideas  of  Columbus,  pre- 
vents his  access  to  the  king. 

*  •  *  Cardinal  Mendoza,  "  the  third 
king  of  Spain,"  presents  Coltunbus  to 
Ferdinand.    (1485  or  14SC.) 


AMERICA. 


1121-1492,  Oct  12.     13 


I486  *  •  Sp.    Col\imbU8  enters  the  Cas- 

tilian  service. 
1488*  *-89*  *  Coiisin  visits  the  South 

American  coast.    (?) 

1491  *  *  Sp.  A  clerical  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  King  to  investigate  the 
project  of  Columbus  report  adversely. 

"The  project  in  question  is  vain  and 
impossil>le,  and  not  becoming  great 
princes  to  engftge  in,  on  such  slender 
grounds  as  li:ia  been  ad<luced  ;  **  a  con- 
*  elusion  reached  chiefly  by  controverting 
Scripture  texts. 

1492  **A>.    Columbus  states  his  lofty    ^^*^  <^entwry.    Iceland  has  an  intelligent 
terms,  and  his  proposal  is  declined  by       P«»Ple  and  nourishes  learning  by  many 


Oct.  11,  At  10  o'clock  at  night  Columbus 
perceives  a  distant  light ;  *'  no  one  sleeps 
this  night." 

Oct.  12.     ir.  /.    Land    discovered    on 

Friday  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

Kodrigo  de  Triana,  a  sailor  on  board 
the  Nhia,  is  the  first  to  see  it:  all  the 
vessels  lay  to,  and  the  voyage  of  36  days 
is  ended.  (It  is  Guanahani,  or  Watling 
Island,  one  of  the  Bahamas.) 

LETTERS. 


the  King. 

He  demands  the  office  of  admiral,  with 
the  vice-royalty  of  tlie  lands  he  may  dis- 
cover, and 'one-tenth  of  the  gains  to  be 
received  from  them :  the  King  declines 
the  conditions. 


schools,  four  of  which  have  the  character 

of  universities. 
1195+  *  *  3fex.     The  Aztecs  celebrate 

the  festival  of  tying  up  the  **  bundle  of 

years,"  and  begin  a  new  cycle. 
1215±  *  *  Iceland.        The  Heiviskringlay 

or  Chronicle  of  Snorro  Sturleson,  [one 

of  the  greatest  historical  books  in  the 

world,!  is  written. 


Apr.  17.    Sp.    Columbus  is  recalled, 

and  articles  of  agreement  are  drawn  and 
signed  at  Santa  F^. 

Aug.  3.    Friday.    Sp.    Colin^bus  salls^^-g-^-T  weU-develoned 

from  the  port  of  Palos,  with  119  men  in^   f.°    /    xceiana   Has   weu-aeveioped 
three  ships.    (00  men?)  I     ^i^f^*'^^-    consisting   of    poems,    his- 

The  Santa  Maria,  of  90  feet  keel,  is  '     '""""'  """^  l^ge"-!'- 
decked  over  from  stem   to  stern;    the;  14th  Century.    Mex.    The  civil  year   of 
Pinta  and  iVi/ta  are  undecked  caravels.        355  days  is  divided  into  18  months  of  20 
Some  of  the  crew  are  obtamed  by  offer-         i  j    ,- 

iiifl  advanced  pay  and  two  months'  ex-       **^y^'  *"**   ^    supplementary    days,   the 
emption  from  arrest  after  their  return,   \  month  into  4  weeks  of  5  days  each. 
while  others  are  secured  by  impressment,    j^g  *  *  Ger.    Johann  Faust  opens  the 


Aug.  6.    The  Pinta  loses  her  rudder. 

Aug.  9.  Canary  Islands.  The  expedi- 
tion puts  in  at  Teneriffe  to  refit  the  Pinta, 

Sept.  6.    Columbus  resumes  his  voyage. 

Sept.  16.  The  expedition  enters  the 
region  of  the  trade  winds. 

*•  The  air  was  so  mild  that  it  only 
wanted  the  song  of  the  nightingales  to 
make  it  like  the  month  of  April  in  An- 
dalusia."   (Columbus.) 

Sept.  *  The  vessels  enter  the  Sargasso 
Sea  ;  immense  quantities  of  floating  sea- 
weed are  observed. 

Sept.  17.  Columbus  calms  his  alarmed 
sailors  with  a  flctitio.is  explanation  of 
the  variation  of  the  con\pass. 

Sept.  18.  Many  birds  are  seen,  and  they 
awaken  expectations  of  land. 

Sept.  20.    Two  pelicans  appear. 

All  are  sure  of  the  nearness  of  land. 
The  wind  shifts  to  the  southwest,  and  the 
crews  are  glail  that  they  will  not  ever  be 
urged  forward  by  an  ejist  winii,  against 
wliich  it  would  be  impossible  to  return. 

Sept.  23.    A  storm  prevails,  and  the  crews 

insist  that  Providence  should  be  tempted 

no  further. 
Sept.  25.    Alonzo  Pinzo,  deceived  by  a 

cloud,  raises  the  false  cry  of  "land;** 

"  Gloria  in  excelsis  "  is  sung. 
Oct.  1.    Columbus  predicts  his  entrance 

into  an  Asiatic  port  within  forty  days. 
Oct.  7.    Sailors  on  the  Nina,  under  the 


ifrst  printing  place ;  the  art  of  print- 
ing facilitates    the  work   of   discovery 
;d  exploration  in  the  New  World. 


SOCIETY. 

1241  Sept.  22.  Iceland.  Snorro  Stur- 
leson,  "  the  good,"  a  warrior,  states- 
man, and  poet,  is  murdered. 

*  *  *  Iceland.  The  people  are  remarkable 
for  their  moral  qualities. 

1469  *  *  Mex.  Axayacatl  ascends  the 
throne,  and  follows  the  usual  custom  of 
raiding  the  south  country  to  get  thou- 
sands of  prisoners  whose  sacrifice  should 
grace  his  coronation. 

1480i  *  *  Mex.  TlteKingofTezcucohas 
2,000  concubines  in  his  palace^ 

1486  *  *  Mex.  Xing  Tizoc  is  assassi- 
nated. 

STATE. 

12th  Century.  (?)  Mex.  The'  Aztecs  mi- 
grate from  place  to  place. 

1170  (?)  *  *  Mex.  The  rude  Chichimecs 
enter  Anahuac  (Mexico). 

1177±  *  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs,  or  Mexi- 
cans, arrive  in  Anahuac,  leading  a  mi- 
gratory and  precarious  life. 

1184  (?)*  *  or  1186  (?)*  *  Mex.      The 
Aztecs   establish   themselves  at  Cha- 
pultepec. 
illusion  of  land  in  view,  raijic  a  flag  and    1240±  *  *  Pern.    Bule  of  the  Incas  be- 


fire  a  gun, 
Oct.  *  The  crew  approach  a  condition  of 

mutiny,  and  despairingly  threaten  to 

throw  Columbus  overltoard. 
Oct.  11.     The  Pinta  fishes  up  a  cane,  a 

log  of  wood,  and  a  stick  with  a  piece  of 

iron  attached.    The  Nina  siglits  a  stake 

covered  with  dog-roses ;    "  ail  of  them 

breathed  and  were  glad." 


gins  witli  Manco  Capac.    (Or  1021  +  .) 

1260+  *  *  Peru.     Keign  of  Sinchi  Rocca. 

1262  *  *  Iceland  loses  its  republican  in- 
dependence, and  becomes  subject  to 
Hakon,  King  of  Norway. 

1280ir  *  *  Peru.  Reign  of  Inca  Lloque 
Yupanqui. 

1300+  *  *  Peru.  Reign  of  Inca  Mayta 
Capao. 


1325  *  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs,  under  the 
reign  of  Tenuch,  fomid  the  city  of  Ten- 
ochtitlan  (Mexico),  probably  at  first  only 
a  cluster  of  huts,  on  a  low  island  in  a 
great  lake.  It  is  the  earliest  established 
<iate  in  Mexican  histoi^. 

1340jr  *  *  Peru.     Reign  of  Inca  Rocca. 

1349  *  *  Greenland.  The  Eskimos  ap- 
pear. 

1350  *  *  New  Eng.  A  great  plague* 
which  depopulates  Iceland  and  Green- 
laud,  also  destroys  the  Norsemen  in  Vin- 
laml,  thus  cutting  off  communication 
with  the  New  World.  (?) 

*  *  Greenland.  Hostile  Eskimos  dis- 
tress the  settlers. 

*  *  *  Mex.  Toltecs  convert  the  hunting 
Chichimecs  into  an  agricultural  people. 

*  *  *  Peru.  The  Incas  exercise  a  pater- 
nal authority  in  government,  which  is, 
in  fact,  a  despotism. 

These  unwarlike  kings  have  domin- 
ion founded  on  policy,  superstition,  and 
the  arts. 

1357  *  *  Mex.  Techotl,  a  great  Chlchl- 
mec  ruler,  dies  and  is  succeeded  by 
Ixtlilxochitl. 

1360+  *  *  Peru.  Reign  of  the  Inca  Ya- 
huar-Huaccac. 

1380  i  *  *The  commerce  of  Iceland 
and  Greenland  being  restricte<l  by  Den- 
mark, these  islands  begin  to  decline. 

*  *  Peru.    Reign  of  Inca  Uira-Cocha. 
14(X)+  *  *  Peru.    Reign  of  Inca  Pachacu- 

tec  Yupanqui. 
1415  *  *  Mex.    Invasion  of  the  Tepanecs 

in  Tezcuco. 
1418*  *  Greenland.     .Settlements  of 

Norsemen  are  destroyed  by  natives,  and 

the  foreigners  reduced  to  slavery. 
1430+  *  *  Mex.    The  Acolhua,  Aztec,  and 

Tepauec  Kings  form  a  triple  alliance. 

(The  Aztecs  soon  become  predominant.) 
1440*  *-69*  *  Mex.    Montezuma  I., 

the  soldier  king,  reigns. 

*  *  Peru.    Reign  of  Inca  Tupac  C^apac. 
1450  (?)  *  *  Mex.    The    government    be- 
comes an  elective  monarchy. 

1464  (?)*  *  Mex.  Overthrow  of  the 
empire  of  the  Tutul-Xius.  [The  new 
empire  continues  till  the  arrival  of  the 
Spaniards.] 

1469*  *  Mex.  Axayacatl  succeeds  Mon- 
tezuma I. 

14:72  (?)**  Mex.  Nezahualcoyotl, 
King  of  Tezcuco,  dies,  and  is  succeeded 
by  his  son  Nezahuapilli. 

1481  *  *  Mex.  Axayacatl  dies,  and  is 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Tizoc. 

1492  Oct.  12.  jr./.  Columbus, vice- 
roy of  the  New  World,  assumes  authority 
as  its  first  European  ruler. 

A  part  of  the  expedition  lands  at  sun- 
rise. 

Columbus,  richly  clad  in  ofticial  dress, 
leads,  and  all,  kneeling  down,  kiss  the 
ground  and  give  thanks  to  God  with  tears 
of  joy.  Columbus  rises,  draws  his  sword, 
shakes  out  the  royal  banner,  and  takes 
possession  of  the  land  for  his 'sovereigns, 
and  names  it  San  Salvador. 

1492+ *  *  Peru,  Huayna  Capac  begins 
his  reign.    (Or  14S3.) 


14     1492,  Oct.  14-1500,  Dec. 


AMERICA. 


*  •  Haiti.  Belig:ion  consists  of  simple 
fetisliism  and  imcestor  worsliip. 

*  •  )r.  /.  Bernardo  Boyle  is  appointed 
by  tlie  Pope  to  the  office  of  Apostolic 
Viear  for  the  Indies,  probably  the  first 
clergyman  sent  to  America. 

1498*  *JSng.  Henry  VII.,  being  a  good 
Catholic,  is  deterred  from  claiming  the 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1494  •  »  Mex.    Military  force  is   first 
used  in  the  New  World  to  subdue  the 
outraged  natives  to  the  rule  of  Spain. 

By  a  brilliant  coup  de  main  the  cjicique 
Caonabo  is  captured  and  his  people  sub- 
mit to  t!ie  .Spaniards  ;  not  one  of^the  SUO 
soldiers  is  lost. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  »  *  Peru.    Many  of   the    useful  arts, 

as  agriculture,  architecture,  pottery, 
spinning,  and  navigation,  are  developed. 
Peruvians  know  how  to  give  hardness  to 
copper,  for  making  edge  tools,  by  melt- 
ing it  with  tin. 

*  *  *  Central  America.  The  Spaniards 
find  semi-civilized  nations,  wearing 
woven  clothes,  and  constructing  works 

of  art.  as  temples,  grottoes,  and  fortifl-    1492    Oct.  14.   Walling  Island.   Colum- 
cations.  bus  coasts  along  the  shore  northward. 

*  *  *  Chileans    practise    weaving    and    Oct.  19, 
agriculture.  J^^    ' 

1493    Jan.  *  Haiti.  Columbus  completes    Oct.  28, 
the  first  European  structure  in  the 


Dec.  »  Haiti.  The  city  of  Isabella,  the 
first  settlement  by  Europeans  in  the 
New  'World,  is  founded. 

llie  fortune-seekers  are  disappointed 
and  censure  Columbus;  they  are  igno- 
rant, proud,  contentious,  and  insubordi- 
nate. 

1494    May  3.     W.  I.    Jamaica  is  dis- 
oovered. 
benefits  of  Cabot's  discoveries,  because    t,,„_  i  o      ,^.  ,        ^  ,       t. 
„,  ,v„  T>      ,    .  •,      »  June  l.d.    Cwfto.    Columbus  signs  a  doc- 

of  the  Pope's  inconsiderate  grant  to  the       ,.  s  "  »  "">. 

/„     ,.,         ,  T         .'  ument,  drawn  by  a  notary,  attesting  the 

cro»-ns  of  Castile  and  Leon  in  1403.  j;  ,        i-  J,  <»">=s"uB  >■"» 

Te««     «        0,0     -r,  discoveryof  continuous  land  — the  coast 

1500    Apr.  26.    Easter.  Jlrazil.  Cabral       of  Cuba. 

takes  possession  for  Portugal,  and  erects     j,,„^ti      u^ttj  i-^x,      j„, 

«,.  uifo,  o„H   „i„   .         .  !    Jimel3.    IF.  I.    Evangelista  Island  (Isle 

an  altar  and  plants  a  stone  cross,  and 


calls  the  country  the  Ijand  of  the  Holy 
Cross. 


DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 


The  Island  Isabella  is  discov- 


New  World  at  San  Domingo.  It  is  a  fort 
made  out  of  the  timbers  of  the  Santa 
Maria,  which  has  been  wrecked  by  bad 
steering. 

•  *  *  Peruvians  far  surpass  the  Mexi- 
cans in  both  the  practical  and  elegant 
arts  of  life.  They  excel  in  masonry, 
using  hard  chisels,  and  they  ornament 
their  work  with  carvings. 

1496  *  *  Haiti.  Columbus  discovers 
C:old  mines,  and  concludes  he  is  in  the 
Land  of  Ojihir. 

1497  *  *  Sebastian  Cabot  sails  within 
twenty  degrees  of  the  North  Pole,  while 
seeking  a  northwest  passage  to  the 
Pacific. 

CHURCH. 
1493    Feb.  *  Terrified  by  a  storm  the 

sailors,  and    probably   Columbus    also, 

vow  to  attend  ina.ss  in  their  shirts  at 

their  first  opportunity. 
Feb.   18±,    Azores.      The    sailors    keep 

the  vow  made  in  their  distress,  by  going 

to  the  church  at  Santa  Maria. 

*  *  Sp.  Columbus  i,resents  nine  Ameri- 
can Indians  for  baptism. 

May  3,  4.  It.  Pope  Alexander  VI.  (a 
Spaniard)  issues  bulls  *'  out  of  our  pure 
liberality,  certain  knowledge,  and  pleni- 
tude of  Apostolic  power,"  "  and  by  vir- 
tue of  the  authority  of  omnipotent  God." 
granting    to  Spain   all   newly  acquired 


of  Pines)  is  discovered. 
Sept.  29.    Haiti.   Columbus  returns  from 

his  voyage  of  discovery  to  Isabella,  and 

lies  sick  for  five  months. 
*  *  -1507  *  ♦  Alleged  improbable  voyage 

of  Behaim  to  the  South  -American  coast. 

1496  Mar.  5.  Ung.  Henry  VH.  signs 
the  commission  of  John  Cabot,  a  Ve- 
netian, to  make  <iiscoveries  and  take 
possession  of  lands  for  the  English  flag. 
"  No  day  in  the  history  of  the  New  World 
was  more  important."    (Eidpath.) 

Mar.  10.  Haiti.  Columbus  leaves  in  the 
Nina  for  Spain  to  meet  the  malicious 
charges  of  his  enemies. 
■Wreck  of  the  Santa  June  11.  Sp.  Columbus  returns  to 
Cadiz,  lands  in  great  dejection,  wearing 
the  costume  of  a  Franciscan. 

1497  May*  Eng.  John  Cabot  sails 
from  Bristol,  on  a  voyage  of  discovery, 
accompanied  by  his  son  Sebastian. 

May  10.  Sp.  Amerigo  Vespucci,  an 
educated  Italian,  sails  on  his  first  voy- 
age, with  Yaiiez  Pinzon  and  Juan  Diaz 
de  Soils,  who  visit  the  north  coast  of 
Honduras,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Florida,  and 
the  Bermudas.     [Disputed.] 

June  24.  Can.  First  discovery  of  the 
American  continent,  at  Cape  Breton 
(or  Labrador),  by  John  Cabot ;  he  calls 
it  Prima  Vista. 

He  raises  two  banners,  one  the  flag 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  and 
the  other  the  flag  of  the  Republic  of 
Venice.  The  private  enterprise  of  John 
Cabot  and  Sebastian,  his  son,  leads  to  the 
discoveryof  the  American  continent,  and 
its  annexation  to  the  British  realm,  the 
prudent  King  not  sharing  the  risk  of  the 
voyage. 

1498  Apr.  *  Sebastian  Cabot  sails  on 
his  second  voyage  to  the  Atlantic  coast 
of  North  America. 


Cuba  is  visited. 
Oct.  *  —  Jan.  *  Columbus  discovers  Ex- 

iinia,  Bahia,  and  Santa  Catalina. 
Dec.  6.    Haiti.    He  discovers  Hispan- 

iola   [later   called    San    Domingo   and 

Haiti]. 
Deo.  25.    Haiti 

Maria. 
1493    Jan.  •  Haiti.    Columbus  erects  a 

fort  from  the  wreckage  of  the  vessel,  and 

calls  it  La  Navidad. 

Jan.  4.    Colimibus  sails  for  Spain  in 

the  A'ijia. 

Feb.  12.  In  a  terrifying  storm  Columbus 
places  a  record  of  the  voyage  In  a  cask, 
and  commits  it  to  the  deep. 

Feb.  18,  Azores.  Columbus  arrives  at 
Santa  Maria. 

The  Portuguese  governor  disallows  his 
commission,  and  threatens  to  seize  him. 

Feb.  24.  Azores.  Columbus  renews  his 
voyage. 

Mar.  4.  fort.  The  Alna,  under  stress  of 
weather,  drops  anchor  near  Lisbon.  Ad- 
miral Columbus  is  received  with  highest 
honors  by  the  King. 

Mar.  15,  Friday.  Sp.  Columbus  com- 
pletes his  vpyage  amid  great  rejoi- 
cings. 

The  gold,  cotton,  parrots,  curious  arms, 
mysterious  plants,  strange  birds  and 
beasts,  and,  above  all,  nine  captured  In- 
dians, greatly  interest  the  Court  and  the 
people. 


lands  west  of  an  imaginary  line  running    Sept.  25.    Sp.  Columbus's  second  voy- 


north  and  south  300  miles  west  of  the 
Azores ;  Portug.al  receives  dominion 
east  of  this  line.  He  divides  the 
world  between  two  men. 

Sept.  *  Sp.  Columbus  renews  his  vow  to 
rescue  the  Holy  Sepulcher,  and  prom- 
ises within  the  next  seven  years  to  equip 
at  his  own  expense  a  crusading  army  of 
60,000  foot  and  4,000  horse,  and  in  five 
years  thereafter  to  follow  this  with  a 
second  army  of  like  dimensions. 

Sept.  25.  Sp.  Christianity  is  formally 
introduced.  Twelve  missionaries 
sail  for  the  New  World. 


age. 

He  sails  from  Cadiz  with  a  fleet  of  sev- 
enteen ships,  carrying  1,500  people,  with 
animals  and  implements  for  starting  a 
colony.  Many  of  his  company  are  worth- 
less adventurers. 

Nov.  S-*-.  Carihhee  Islands.  Discoveryof 
Dominica  and  several  others  of  the 
Windward  Group ;  also  Porto  Rico. 

Nov.  4.  W.  I.  Guadaloupe  is  discov- 
ered. 

Nov.  10.     W.  I.    Antigua  is  discovered. 

Nov.  22.  Haiti.  Columbus  arrives  at 
La  Navidad,  finds  the  fort  burned,  and 
learns  that  the  colony  has  perished. 


He  has  five  or  six  ships,  300  men,  and 
explores  the  coast  line  from  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  to  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
and  probably  as  far  as  Cape  Hatteras, 
claiming  all  the  territory  for  England. 
(Kidpath.) 

May  30.  Sp.  Columbus  sails  on  his 
third  voyage,  from  St.  Lucar. 

He  has  a  fleet  of  six  ships  ;  three  bound 
for  San  Domingo,  and  three  others  to 
continue  his  discoveries. 

July  31.  W.I.  Trinidad  Island  is  dis- 
covered by  Columbus. 

Aug.  1.  Venez.  Columbus  beholds  the 
continent  for  the  first  time,  and  mis- 
takes it  for  an  insignificant  island ;  lie 
enters  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  River. 

Aug.  30.  Haiti.  Coliunbus  retams  to 
Isabella. 


AMERICA. 


1492,  Oct.  14-1500,  Dec.  *     15 


»  •  Eny.  Thomas  Bradley  aiid  Lance- 
lot Tbirkill  sail  for  discoverieB  in  the 
"  New  Isle.'* 

1 499  *  *  Brazil  is  discovered  by  Vincent 
V'myjm,  a  Spanish  navifjator,  who  fol- 
lows the  coast  from  30°  northwestward. 

May  16.  Sp.  Vespucci  sails  on  an 
important  voyage  in  the  expedition  of 
.Alonzo  de  Ojeda  and  Juan  de  La  Cosa. 

They  coast  from  some  point  in  North- 
ern Brazil  to  Paria,  and  westward  to 
Maricabo  and  to  Cape  de  La  Vela.  On 
liis  return  he  gives  an  exciting  report. 

June  *  Guiana— Colombia.  Ojeda  discov- 
ers Surinam,  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela,  and 
New  Granada. 

1500  Jan.*  Brazil.  Diego  de  Lepe  ex- 
plores the  coast  to  about  10°  south. 

Feb.  28.  Brazil.  Discovery  of  the 
Amazon  River  by  Pinzon. 

Apr.  24.    Brazil.    Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral,    < 
a  Portuguese,  boxuid  for  India,  is  driven 
by  adverse  winds  from  his  track,  and 
anchors  in  Port  Seguro.    [He  follows  the    < 
coast  from  about  ir  to  10°  30'  soutli.] 

May  3.  Brazil.  Cabral  discovers  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon,  and  names  the 
country  Terra  Sanotse  Crucis. 

•  *  Can.  liabrador  is  visited  by  Gas- 
pare Cortereal,  a  Portuguese,  who  also 
explores  the  shores  of  Canada  for  600 
or  700  miles,  and  discovers  and  names 
Conception  Bay. 

Oct.  *  -02  Sept.  *  Venez.   Voyage  of  Rod- 

rigo  Bastidas  and  La  Cosa,  who  trace  the 

'       Pearl  Coast  westward  to  Point  Manza- 

;       Billa. 

Nov.  25.    Sp.    ColumbUB  returns  from 

his  third  voyage. 

LETTERS. 
1493    Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  Columbus  writes 
the  narrative  of  his  discoveries. 

•  »  *  Mex.  Books  are  made  of  long  strips 
or  webs  of  cotton  cloth,  leaves  of  aloe 
after  preparation,  and  skins  of  animals  ; 
they  are  neatly  joined,  with  pages  folded 
in  a  zigzag  manner,  and  they  are  i>ro- 
tected  by  covers  of  wood. 

•  *  *  The  Aztec  language  is  copious  and 
polished  ;  some  of  its  words  have  twelve 
or  fifteen  syllables. 

The  written  language  is  essentially 
picture-writing,  with  few  symbols  or 
real  hieroglyphs. 

SOCIETY. 

1492  Oct.  *  Cuba.  Columbus  finds  the 
natives  enjoy  the  smoking  of  tobacco. 

±  *  *  The  aborigines  of  America  differ. 
They  speak  from  4fl0  to  WX)  ditferent 
languages,  vary  in  size  from  the  semi- 
dwarf  of  the  Arctic  regions  to  the  Pata- 
gonian  giants  of  tlie  Scaith,  and  embrace 
a  variety  of  shades  of  brown  in  their 
color;  they  cultivate  the  sitil  and  jiro- 
duce  maize,  beans,  pumjikins,  and  to- 
bacco.   The  imiversal  vice  is  indolence. 

1493  Mar.  *  Sp.  Columbus  is  made  a 
grandee. 

May  4.  Sp.  Columbus  receives  a  mag- 
nificent scutcheon,  having  tlijp  royal 
castle  and  lion  of  Castile  and  Leon 
blazoned  in  combination  with  the  four 
anchors  of  his  old  coat  of  arms. 


*  *  W.  I.  Discords  and  mutinies  pre- 
vail among  the  fortune-seekers  who 
come  to  the  New  World. 

1494*  *  W.  1.  ColiunbusenslavesSOO 
Indians,  and  sends  them  to  Spain  to  be 
publicly  sold. 

1495  June  24.  W.I.  Five  ship-loads 
of  Indians  are  embarked  for  Seville  by 
Columbus,  to  be  sold  fis  slaves. 

1496  *  *  W.  I.  Bartholomew  Columbus 
ships  300  natives  to  Spain  to  be  sold  as 
slaves. 

[A  third  of  the  gentle  Indians  are  said 
to  have  perished  within  two  or  three 
years  after  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.] 
1499  June  20.  Sp.  Isabella,  moved 
with  indignation  at  the  enslavement  of 
Indians,  procures  the  instant  libera- 
tion and  speedy  return  of  the  last  gang 
brought  into  Spain. 

*  *  Haiti.  Indians  are  assigned  to  labor, 
in  support  of  certain  Spaniards,  by  a 
kind  of  villenage. 

*  *  *  jforth  America.  The  Indians  prac- 
tise polygamy,  treat  their  wives  with 
cruelty  and  their  children  with  indlHer- 
ence.  The  women  raise  maize,  beans, 
and  pumpkins  tor  the  support  of  their 
families. 

*  •  *  Chile.  Chileans  make  a  fermented 
drink  of  maize,  and  drunkenness  is  a 
common  vice. 

*  *  *  Civilized  nations  of  the  Toltecan 
family  occupy  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Bogota. 

*  *  *  Civilization  is  foimd  to  follow 
closely  the  chain  of  the  Andes,  an<l  is 
specially  developed  in  Mexico  and  Peru, 
the  latter  being  the  most  highly  civi- 
lized empire  in  America. 

*  •  •  Mex.  Beggars  abound,  and  are 
decimated  by  frequent  famines. 

Immutable  custom  regulates  society, 
and  chains  the  wheels  of  progress. 

Chicha,  a  fermented  infusion  of  maize, 
and  pulque,  nuule  from  the  sap  of  the 
great  aloe  plant,  are  intoxicants  drunk 
by  the  people ;  public  festivals  are  pro- 
longed drinking  l>outs.  To  maintain  the 
occupations,  one  part  of  the  population 
abstains  while  the  other  part  indulges. 

The  masses  are  attached  to  the  soil, 
allotments  of  which  are  cultivated  in 
common  by  the  slaves  of  nobles  for  their 
own  subsistence. 

"  The  excessive  use  of  pulque  appears 
to  have  occasioned  the  decay  of  the  Tol- 
tecs."    (Payne.) 
«  »  *  Peru.    An  intoxicating  beverage 
is  made  from  the  quinoa  bean. 

The  mass  of  tlie  people  are  in  a  state  of 
mUd  servitude,  mider  a  kind  of  nobil- 
ity, who  are  ruled  by  Incas. 
Harems  are  maintained  by  the  Incas. 
"  The  excessive  use  of  chicha  appears 
to  have  been  nearly  connected  with  the 
ruin  of  the  Peruvians."    (Payne.) 
1500    May  *  Haiti.    Columbus  is  im- 
prisoned and  put  in  chains  by  BobadiUa, 
who  has  been  sent  out  to  Investigate  his 
conduct. 
•  *  While  returning  to  Spain,  Villejo,  cap- 
tain of  the  caravel,  proposes  to  remove 
the  chains.    Columbus  replies,  "  I  will 


-wear  them  as  a  memento  of  the  grati- 
tude of  princes." 

STATE. 
1493    Jan.  16.    Haiti.   Columbus  leaves 
43  men  at  the  fort  called  Navidad  (Isa- 
bella), and  sails  for  Spain. 
May  3,  4.    It.    Bull  of  demarcation. 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  draws  a  line  from 


the  North  to  the  .South  Pole,  100  leagues 
west  of  the  Azores,  and  gives  to  Spain 
the  dominion  of  the  lands  westward,  and 
to  Portugal  those  lying  eastw  ard,  includ- 
ing Western  Africa. 
*  *  -1527  *  *  Sp.  Bishop  Fonseca  is 
all-powerful  in  Indian  affairs  at  the 
Spanish  court. 

1494  Apr.  24.  Haiti.  Columbus  leaves 
his  colony  in  the  care  of  a  council  of 
regency,  under  his  brother  Diego,  with 
Pedro  de  Margarite  for  captain-general, 
while  he  pursues  a  voyage  of  discovery. 

June  4-7.  Sp.  Convention  at  Torde- 
sillas,  which  moves  the  meridian  line, 
dividing  Spanish  from  Portuguese  pos- 
sessions, 370  leagues  west  of  the  Cape 
Verde  Islands. 

1495  Oct.  *  W.  I.  Juan  Aguado  ar- 
rives at  Isabella,  commissioned  to 
investigate  the  complaints  against 
Columbus'  rule. 

1496  *  ■*  Haiti.  Columbus  founds  the 
city  of  San  Domingo. 

May  *  Columbus  again  leaves  Diego  in 
charge  of  the  colony,  and  sails  for  Spain. 
He  fails  as  a  planter  of  colonies  and  as  a 
ruler  of  men. 

1497  June  24  ) .  Tlie  discoveries  of 
John  Cabot  along  the  Atlantic  coast 
form  the  basis  of  English  claims  to  the 
territ<iry  of  North  America. 

1498  Aug.  30.  Haiti.  Columbus  is 
compelled  to  compromise  with  Roldan, 
who  leads  a  revolt. 

*  *  Fr.    Louis  XH.  is  enthroned. 

1499  May  21.  Haili.  BobadiUa,  the 
enemy  of  Columbus,  is  nuide  governor 
of  the  Spanish  colony,  and  given  charge 
of  all  fortresses  and  arms. 

1500  Aug.  23.  Haiti.  BobadiUa  ar- 
rives, and  confusion  and  disaster  follow. 

[He  entertains  accusations  ngains  Co- 
lumbus of  injustice,  severity,  and  venal- 
ity, and  sends  him  and  his  two  brothers 
to  Spain,  wearing  chains.] 
Oct.  *  Haiti.  Prosperity  begins  to  favor 
the  colonists  in  the  opening  of  success- 
ful gold  mines. 

Indians  are  settled  in  villages  and 
Christianized ;  Columbus  estimates  the 
royal  revenues  may  average  60,000,000 
reals  (§7,500,000)  in  three  years.  [The 
new  governor  reverses  the  prosperity.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1492  Oct.  •  -Dec.  *  Haiti.  Columbus 
concludes  that  San  Salvador  is  the  Land 
of  Ophir,  from  whence  Solomon  ob- 
tained his  gold. 

1495  •  *  ly.  I.  Columbus  still  believes 
that  he  has  discovered  the  Indies  ;  hence 
the  islands  are  called  the  West  Indies. 

1498  Aug.  *  Venez.  Columbus  enters 
the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  and  he  ima- 
gines it  to  be  the  great  river  Gihon, 
having  Its  rise  in  the  Garden  of  Eden. 


16     1500,  Dec.  17-15ia 


AMERICA. 


ARMY -WAVY. 
1503  *  *  Mt'x.    Montezuma's    expedi- 
tion against  the  Tlascalans,  to  get  vic- 
tims for  sacritices,  is  disastrously  de- 
feated. 

1509  *  *  Porto  Rico  is  subjugated  by 
Ponce  de  Leon. 

1511  *  *  Cuba  is  conquered  by  Diego 
Velasquez. 

CONQUEST  OF  MEXICO. 
1519    Feb.  10.    Cuba.   Hernando  Cor- 
tez  sails  for  the  invasion  of  Mexico. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1608  *  *  -12  *  *  Sp.     Amerigo     Ves- 
pucci renders  important  service  to  sci- 
ence, in  his  position  of  royal  pilot. 

*  *  *  Mex,  The  Spaniards  lind  the  na- 
tives skilled  in  the  arts. 

Pyramids,  temples,  grottoes,  bas-re- 
liefs, and  arabesques  show  their  skill  in 
the  fine  arts  ;  roads,  aqueducts,  fortifi- 
cations, and  mining  operations  exhibit 
their  practical  arts.  Buildings  with 
vaulted  roofs,  obelisks  covered  with 
mythical    figures,    pictorial    and  hiertv 

f;raphical  inscriptions,  evince  their  intel- 
igence  and  skill. 

*  *  *  Mex.  The  calendar  of  the  civil 
year  is  composed  of  3G5  days  divided  into 
18  months  of  20  days,  and  having  live 
supplementary  days. 

The  Mexicans  spin  thread,  weave 
cloth,  build  stone  houses,  cultivate 
maize,  potatoes,  plantains,  and  raise 
cotton. 

*  *  *  Peruvians  have  admirable  pub- 
lic roads,  one  extending  1,500  miles; 
rivers  are  crossed  by  suspension  bridges. 

They  excel  other  nations  in  navigation, 
using  sails  on  rafts,  which  they  tack  and 
veer  ;  other  races  having  only" the  canoe 
and  paddle. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1603  Mex.     Ahuitzotl,  Aztec  king,  dies. 

1604  Sp.  Isabella  of  Castile,  patron  of 
Columbus,  Nov.  12  dies. 

1606    Sp.     Columbus.  Chriatopher.  May 

20,  A61±. 
1612    It.    Vespucci,  Amerigo,  navigator,  d. 
1616     Mex.     Nezahualpilli,  Aztec  king,  dies. 
1616     Sp.     Ferdinand  V..  king,  dies. 

Arg.  Rep.    Solia,  Juan  Diaz  de,  navigator, 

dies. 
1616    Peru.    Manco  Capac  [2d],  inca,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1502  *  *  Sp.  Bartolom^  de  Ijas  Casas 
sails  with  Columbus. 

*  *  Haiti.  Franciscans  enter  Hispan- 
iola. 

1503  *  *  It.  Pius  m.,  later  Julius  II., 
is  elected  pope. 

1508  *  *  Fr.  North  American  Indians 
are  baptized  in  France. 

1510  *  *  Haiti.  Las  Casas  is  ordained  a 
priest,  probably  the  first  ordination  in 
the  New  World. 

*  *  Haiti.  Dominican  monks  arrive, 
and  rebuke  the  avarice  and  cruelty  of 
the  Spaniards. 

1513  *  *  It.    Leo  X.  is  elected  pope. 
1614*  *  Haiti.     Las  Casas,  "the  pro- 
tector of  the  Indians/*  is  converted  to 


anti-slavery  work  by  a  Bible  text.  He 
arrays  the  authority  of  the  church 
against  oppression,  after  hrst  freeing 
his  own  slaves. 

Ibll  *  *  Ger.  The  Reformation  under 
Luther  begins.  [It  ultimately  affects 
the  religious  development  of  North  Am- 
erivia.) 

1518  *  *  Mex.  Numerous  prisoners  are 
immolated  in  honor  of  the  dedication  of 
the  temple  of  Coatlan,  the  last  slaughter 
of  this  kind  in  Mexico. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

1601  Mar.  19.  En<f.  Henry VII. grants 
a  patent  to  a  company  of  discoverers. 
[They  probably  reach  America.] 

May  14.  Port.  Vespucci  sails  on  his 
third  voyage  with  Nuno  Manuel  (?) 
along  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

He  recognizes  the  discoveries  in  the 
New  World  as  no  part  of  India.  [He 
afterward  publishes  a  narrative  which 
omits  all  reference  to  Columbus,  and  so 
gives  his  name  to  the  continent.] 

*  *  Cortereal  sails  again,  seekinga  passage 
to  the  East  Indies,  and  is  lost  on  the  voy- 
age. 

*  *  Colombia.  Bastidas  visits  the  coasts 
of  New  Granada. 

1502  Jan.  1.  Brazil.  Vespucci  dis- 
covers the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

May  9.  Sp.  Columbus,  57  years  (?) 
old,  sails  on  his  fourth  voyage,  with 
four  caravels  and  150  men,  seeking  for  a 
western  passage  to  Asia.  [He  coasts 
from  Cape  Honduras  eastward  and  south- 
ward to  the  Gulf  of  Darien.] 

May  10.  Port.  Gasparo  Cortereal  being 
lost,  his  brother  Miguel  sails  in  search 
of  him  [and  never  returns]. 

*  *  Haiti.  Columbus  is  refused  permis- 
sion to  retit  his  largest  ship  in  Ms  own 
colony. 

June  13.  Columbus  discovers  Marti- 
nique. 

July  *  +■  Darien  —  Mex.  Columbus  dis- 
covers various  islands  along  the  coast 
of  Honduras,  and  explores  the  coast  of 
Darien. 

Aug.  14.  Honduras.  Columbus  first 
lands  on  the  American  Continent  at 
Punta  de  Cassinas  [Cabo  de  Honduras] ; 
he  claims  the  country  for  Spain. 

Oct.  5+.  ir. /.  Columbus  discovers  Costa 
Rica  and  later  Nicaragua  ;  he  also  visits 
the  coast  of  New  Granada  [Colombia]. 

Nov.  2.  Panama.  Columbus  discovers 
and  names  Porto  Hello. 

*  *  Sp.  Ojeda's  second  voyage  to  Terra 
Firma  (Brazil). 

1503  May  10.  IV.  I.  Columbus  discov- 
ers the  Tortugas  Islands. 

May  *  Port.  Vespucci  sails  with  Gon- 
^alo  Coelho  from  Lisbon,  with  six  ships, 
for  the  Brazilian  coast,  and  meets  with 
disasters. 

June  23.  Jamaica.  Columbus's  vessel 
runs  agromid  in  Santa  Gloria  (St.  Ann's 
Bay),  [and  waits  more  than  a  year  for 
relief.] 


*  *  Brazil.  Christovao  Jaques  co^ts 
southward  to  about  52"  south  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia. 

*  *  ColombUi.   Columbus  discovers  Darien. 
1504    Sept.  12.    Haiti.   Columbus  takes 

final  leave  of  the  New  World,  and  sails 
for  Spain. 
Nov.  7.    Sp.    Columbus  returns  from 
his  last  voyage. 

*  *  Guiana.  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  lands- 
on  the  coast  of  Guiana. 

*  *  Newfoiuidland  visited  by  Breton 
fishermen. 

*  *  Sp.  Juan  de  la  Cosa  sails  on  liis 
third  voyage  for  South  America  in  a 
[successtul]  search  for  gold.  [1507  and 
1509.    He  sails  again.] 

1606  *  *  Can.  The  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence is  examined  and  .sketclied  by 
Jean  Denys  of  Hontleur  and  Camart 
of  Kouen. 

*  *  Mex.  Yucatan  is  discovered  by  Juan 
Diaz  Solis  and  ^'incent  Yanez  Pinzon, 
of  Portugal. 

1507  *  *  -08  *  *  Panama.  Las  Casas  and 
Vespucci  explore  the  Gulf  of  Darien, 

1508  June  29.  Brazil.  Pinzon  and 
Solis  sail  from  Portugal,  and  follow  the 
coast  of  South  America  to  about  50" 
south. 

*  *  Pinzon  said  to  have  discovered  theBlo 
de  la  Plata. 

*  *  Can.  Thomas  Aubert  touches  at 
Newfoundland,  and  thence  carries  the 
French  flag  up  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  He  takes  Indians  with  him  on 
his  return  to  France. 

*  *  Cuba  circumnavigated  by  Ocampo, 
and  found  to  be  an  island. 

*  *  Newtoundland  is  visited  by  the 
Normans. 

*  *  Sp  Sebastian  Cabot  enters  the  ser- 
vice of  Spain.  [1516.  He  prepares  to 
sail  to  seek  a  northwest  passage,  but  is 
prevented  by  the  king's  death.] 

1513  Mar.  3.  Panama.  Juan  Ponce 
de  Leon  sails  from  Porto  Rico  for  the 
fabled  Fountain  of  Perpetual  Youth. 

Mar.  27.  Fta.  De  Leon  rediscover* 
Florida,  the  land  of  flowers,  and  claims 
it  for  Spain. 

Apr.  8.  Fta.  De  Leon  lands  [a  few 
miles  north  of  St.  Augustine]. 

Sept.  25.  Panama.  Vasco  Nunez  d© 
Balboa,  having  led  an  expedition  of  290 
men  across  the  isthmus,  discovers  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Sept.  29.  Panama.  Balboa  wades  into 
the  ocean,  draws  bis  sword,  and  takes 
possession  in  the  name  of  the  King  of 
Spain. 

1514*  *-l6*  *  Panama.  Bartolom* 
Hurtado,  Espinoza,  and  Herman  Ponce 
are  sent  to  explore  the  Pacific  coast ; 
they  prepare  the  way  for  settlements  in 
Costa  Kica. 

1515  *  *  Uruguay.    Solis  again  arrives. 

1516  Jan.  *  Solis  enters  the  La  Plata 
River,  searching  for  a  strait  leading 
westward. 


AMERICA. 


1500,  Dec.  17-15ia     17 


*  *  -17  *  *  Can.  Alleged  voyage  of  Cabot 
to  New  France. 

*  *  Fla.  Voyage  of  Diego  Miruelo  from 
Spain  to  Florida. 

1517  *  *  Yucatan  rediscovered  by  Fer- 
nando de  Cordova,  and  the  gulf  coast 
explored  as  far  as  Florida. 

*  *  Panama.  Balboa  is  beheaded  for 
treason,  when  about  to  lead  an  expedi- 
tion to  Peru. 

1518  May  * -June  *  3/ex.  The  im- 
portant expedition  of  Juan  de  Gri- 
jalva  discovers  the  east  coast  of  Mexico 
and  visits  Florida. 

With  240  Spaniards  be  enters  Mexico ; 
the  Aztecs  first  behold  the  white  man, 
and  give  him  tidings  of  the  great  empire 
of  the  Montezumas.  Yucatan  is  visited 
and  named  New  Spain,  He  explores 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  returns  with 
masses  of  gold. 

*  *  Can.  Baron  de  Leri  attempts  to 
plant  a  colony  on  Sable  Island,  but 
only  succeeds  in  introducing  cattle. 

LETTERS. 

1500*  *  Sp,  Juan  de  la  Cosca,  a  Bis- 
cayan  pilot,  makes  bis  remarkable  map. 

1504  *  *  Sp.  Vespucci  publishes  an  ac- 
count of  his  voyage. 

1507  *  *  Fr.  Martin  Waltzemuller  from 
Freiburg  in  Breisgau,  professor  at  St. 
Die  in  Jjorraiue,  originates  the  name 
America. 

In  bis  [ntroductinn  to  Geography, 
published  at  the  college  press,  lie  says  : 
"  And  the  fourth  part  of  the  world  hav- 
ing been  discovered  by  Amerigo,  or 
Americus,  we  may  call  it  America." 

1509  *  *  Eng.  Sebastian  Brant's  Ship 
of  Foots  is  the  first  English  publication 
to  mention  America. 

1510  *  *  Sp.  The  learning  and  intelli- 
gence of  Spain  admit  there  is  a  Fountain 
of  Perpetual  Youth  somewhere  in  the 
Bahamas ;  Ponce  de  Leon  seeks  for  it. 

16th  Century.  Mex.  Dated  records  of 
Mexican  events  are  preserved,  and  by 
many  scholars  received  as  the  begin- 
ning of  accepted  history. 

SOCIETY. 

1500  Dec.  17.  Sp.  Columbus  ar- 
rives as  a  prisoner  in  Spain. 

Dec.  *  Columbus,  richly  dressed,  is  re- 
ceived by  their  majesties ;  the  Queen  is 
moved  to  tears  by  bis  recital  of  suffer- 
ings and  wrongs.  Great  indignation 
at  his  dishonorable  treatment  is  aroused 
throughout  Spain. 

•  *  Sp.  Queen  Isabella  commands  the 
liberation  of  the  enslaved  Indiana  in 
her  European  possessions. 

1501  *  *  Haiti.  A  few  negroes  are  im- 
ported as  slaves. 

•  *  Call.  Cortereal  captures  57  Indians 
and  takes  them  to  Portugal  to  be  sold  as 
slaves. 

1502  *  *  Can.  Cortereal  sails  again  for  a 
cargo  of  slaves.  [Not  returning  the  fol- 
lowing year,  his  brother  sails  to  find  him  ; 
what  became  of  the  two  slave-ships  is  an 
unsolved  mystery.] 

1503  *  *  Haiti.  There  are  so  many  Af- 
rican slaves  on  the  island  that  the  gov- 


ernor entreats  for  the  restraint  of  the 
traffic. 
1504  *  ♦  Haiti.    Hernando  Cortez  ar- 
rives in  San  Domingo,  19  years  of  age, 
and  seeking  adventures. 

1506  May  20.  Sp.  Columbus  dies  in 
neglect  at  ValladoUd. 

*  *  If.  /.  The  more  important  islands 
are  colonized,  and  the  natives  murdered 
or  reduced  to  slavery. 

1507  *  *  Mex.  To  mark  the  beginning  of 
a  new  cycle  of  years,  fire  is  kindled  for 
the  last  time  on  a  human  breast  by 
Mexicans. 

*  *  ^Ificaragua  suffers  under  fire  Span- 
ish rulers. 

"The  first  had  been  a  murderer,  the 
second  a  murderer  and  a  rebel,  the 
third  murdered  the  second,  the  fourth 
was  a  forger,  and  the  fifth  a  murderer." 
(Boyle.) 

1508  *  *  Haiti.  The  native  Indiana  be- 
ing too  weak  to  labor  in  the  Spanish  gold 
mines,  negroes  are  imported  from 
Africa. 

Thus  was  "  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
traffic  which  continued  U*  disgrace  the 
civilization  of  Europe  for  three  centu- 
ries."   (Ency.  Brit.) 

1510  *  *  Haiti.  Tlie  Spaniards  revolt 
against  the  Dominicans  for  calling 
them  no  better  than  Mohammedans,  be- 
cause of  their  cruelty  to  the  natives. 

1511  *  *  Haiti.  A  royal  ordinance  en- 
joins the  direct  transportation  of  slaves 
from  Guinea,  as  one  negro  can  do  the 
work  of  four  Indians. 

1617  *  *  Ciiba.  The  Spaniards  fit  up  an 
expedition  of  three  ships  for  catching 
slaves ;  Cordova  is  in  command. 

STATE. 

1500  Dec,  *  Sp.  Great  indignation 
throughout  Spain  because  of  the  treat- 
ment given  Columbus  ;  the  Crown  disap- 
proves of  the  proceedings  against  him. 

±  *  *  Mex.  The  Aztecs  spread  by  force 
of  arms  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

1502  Feb.  18.  W.I.  Nicolas  de  Ovan- 
do  succeeds  to  the  governorship  of  the 
colonies,  and  sails  with  a  fleet  of  thirty 
ships  and  2,500  people  from  San 
Lucar,  Spain. 

*  *  Mex.  Ahuitzotl,  the  Aztec  emperor, 
dies,  and  Montezuma  II.  is  elected. 

*  *  iy.  I.  Columbus  cea«es  to  be 
viceroy. 

i  *  *  Costa  Rica.  Spanish  adventurers  ar- 
rive. 

1503  Mar.  *  Bethlehem  is  abandoned. 
Columbus  resolves  to  leave  80  men  at 

the  colony  of  Bethlehem,  where  gold  was 
found,  and  return  to  Spain  for  supplies  ; 
but  needless  quarrels  with  the  natives 
break  up  the  settlement  before  he  sails. 

1504  June*  Jamaica.  After  being  re- 
fused assistance  from  shipwreck,  and 
waiting  one  year,  Columbus  is  at  last 
rescued  by  Ovando. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  Portuguese,  led  by  Amer- 
igo Vespucci,  establish  a  small  colony 
at  All  Saints.  The  name  Brazil  is  fre- 
quently given  to  South  America, 


*  *  W.  I.  Hernando  Cortez  comes  to 
the  New  World. 

1509  *  *  Colombia.  Alonzo  de  Ojeda  at- 
tempts to  colonize  New  Andalusia  and 
conquer  the  natives ;  he  calls  his  colony 
San  Sebastian  ;  it  is  soon  abandoned. 

*  *  Haiti.  Arrival  of  Diego  Columbus  as 
governor  of  the  Indies. 

*  *  Eng.    Henry  VUI.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Panama.  Arrival  of  Francisco  Pi- 
zarro. 

*  *  jr.  /,  Ponce  de  IJeon  is  appointed 
governor  of  Porto  Rico. 

1510*  *  Brazil.  Diego  Alvarez  at  Bahia. 

*  *  Darien.  The  colony  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Darien  is  planted  by  Enciso  ;  it 
is  the  first  permanent  settlement  on 
the  continent  of  America. 

*  *  Panama.  Nombre  de  Dios  is  founded 
by  Nlcuessa. 

1511  *  *  Cuba.  Diego  Velasquez  and  Cor- 
tez, with  300  Europeans,  settle  at  Ba^ 
racoa.     Velasquez  subdues  the  Cubans. 

*  *  Brazil.  Tlie  Portuguese  appear  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro  Bay. 

*  *  -17  *  *  Darien.  The  Spaniards  hear 
reports  of  the  wealth  of  the  Incas. 

1512  Apr.  2.  Sp.  Ponce  de  Leon  is 
empowered  to  settle  Bimeni,  the  great 
unknown  land  to  the  north,  which  is  re- 
puted to  have  a  fountain  of  youth. 

*  *  Sp.    Ferdinand  V.  is  enthroned. 

1513  *  *  Fla.  Spain  claims  Florida  by 
the  right  of  discovery  made  by  Ponce  de 
Leon ;  England  lays  a  claim  to  the 
whole  contment  by  the  original  discovery 
of  Cabot. 

1514*  *  W.  T.    Santiago     becomes     the 

capital  of  Cuba. 
Trinidad  is  settled. 

1515  *  *  Brazil  is  colonized  by  the  Portu- 
guese ;  it  is  the  first  agricultural  col- 
ony. 

*  *  Cuba.  San  Cristoval  de  la  Havana, 
on  the  south  coast,  is  settled. 

*  *  Fr.    Francis  I.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Mex.    King  Nezahualpilli  dies. 

1516  •  *  Sp.    Charles  I.  is  enthroned. 
Las  Casas  is  made  *  *  Universal  Pro- 
tector of  the  Indians." 

1517  *  *  Panama.  Nata  is  founded  by 
Spaniards. 

Unfortunate  Balboa  is  beheaded  as 
a  traitor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1500  *  *  Sp.  Columbus  preserves  his 
fetters  in  his  cabinet,  and  desires  that 
they  may  be  buried  with  him. 

1501  *  *  -02  *  *  Newfoundland.  Portu- 
guese fisheries  are  established. 

1504  *  *  Can.  Cape  Breton  fisheries  are 
visited  by  Bretons,  Normans,  and  Basque 
sailors. 

1509  June  *  Domestic  animals,  in- 
cluding fowls,  are  first  sent  to  America. 

1513  Mar  3.  fr.  I.  Ponce  de  I^on 
sails  with  three  ships  from  Porto  Rico 
for  the  Bahamas,  to  find  the  Fountain 
of  Youth. 


18 


1519-1529. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1519  Mar.  4.  Mex.  Cortez,  with  11 
ships  and  550  men,  lands  at  Tabasco, 
and  begins  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 

Apr.  *  Mex.  Cortez  negotiates  with 
Montezuma,  who  orders  the  invaders 
to  depart. 

•  *  *  Afex.  Cortez  is  elected  general 
by  the  troops. 

Cortez  scuttles  his  vessels  to  cut  otf 
retreat. 

Aug.  *  Cortez  leaves  Vera  Cniz,  and 
marches  for  the  city  of  Mexico  with 
450  men,  beside  his  Tlascalan  allies. 

Sept.  18.  Mex.  Cortez  enters  the  con- 
quered city  of  Tlascala. 

Nov.  8.  Mex.  Cortez  arrives  at  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  is  received  with 
great  distinction. 

Dec.  *  Mex.  Cortez  seizes  Montezuma 
in  his  own  house  for  a  liostage. 

He  compels  the  kijig  to  acknowledge 
himself  a  vassal  of  the  King  of  Spain, 
and  to  agree  to  pay  an  annual  tribute, 
besides  an  immediate  payment  of  a  sura 
amounting  to  $6,3oo,ocx). 

1520  *  *  Mex.  Velasquez,  the  jealous 
Governor  of  Cuba,  sends  Pamfilo  de 
Narvaez  with  a  military  force  to  chas- 
tise Cortez. 

May  26.  Mex.  Cortez,  with  about  225 
men,  surprises  and  captures  Narvaez, 
his  rival,  near  Vera  Cruz.  He  gains  10 
or  12  cannon,  80  horses,  and  about  900 
soldiers. 

June  24,  Mex.  Cortez  returns  to  the 
capital,  and  enters  the  city  without  mo- 
lestation. 

June  30.  Mex.  The  Mexicans  revolt 
and  kill  Montezuma,  in  indignation  at 
his  capitulation. 

July  1.  Mex.  The  retreating  Spaniards 
are  furiously  attacked  on  one  of  the 
causeways,  while  leaving  the  city,  and 
suffer  terrible  loss. 

July  7.  Mex.  On  the  Plain  of  Otumba 
Cortez  decides  the  fate  of  Mexico  by  de- 
feating the  great  army  which  had  driven 
his  forces  out  of  the  city,  after  a  gallant 
defense  of  75  days. 

Dec.  *  Cortez,  reenforced  and  re-sup- 
plied, assumes  the  aggressive,  and 
marches  again  into  the  interior. 

Dec.  31.    Mex.  Cortez  occupies  Tescuco. 

1521  •  *  Mex.  Conquest  of  Iztapala- 
pan. 

Apr.  28.  Mex.  Cortez  begins  the  siege 
of  Mexico. 

May*  -Aug.  13.  Mex.  Cortez,  having 
built  and  transported  a  fleet,  launches 
it  on  the  Lake  of  Mexico  [and  takes 
the  city  after  a  long  siege]. 

Aug.  *  Mex.  The  empire  of  the  Mon- 
tezumas  is  overthrown,  and  its  cap- 
tured king,  Guatemozin,  executed,  after 
suffering  torture. 

Mexico  submits  to  Cortez,  who  governs 
it  with  unlimited  power,  as  a  province 
of  Spain. 

♦  *  Fla.  The  Caribbee  Indians  drive 
Ponce  de  XiCon  and  his  men  back  to 
their  ships. 


1523  *  *  Guatemala  invaded  by  Pedro 
de  Alvarado,  under  orders  of  Cortez. 

1524  *  *  Honduras.  Cortez  sends  Chris- 
toval  de  Olid,  one  of  his  captains,  from 
Mexico  to  assume  authority. 

*  *  Gv.atemala.  Alvarado,  the  conqueror, 
is  also  governor  [for  17  years]. 

Oct.  *  Honduras  entered  by  Cortez. 

Nov.  14.  Colombia.  Francisco  Pizarro 
with  100  foot-soldiers  and  G7  horsemen, 
sails  from  Panama  for  Peru.  [He 
makes  observations,  and  returns.] 

1526  *  *  S.C.  The  Indians  of  Chicora 
drive  off  De  Ayllon,  the  treacherous 
slave-catcher. 

*  *  -26  *  *  San  Salvador  is  conquered 
for  Spain  by  Alvarado. 

1526  Mar.  10.  Peru.  Almagro  and 
Ifuque  sign  a  contract  for  the  conquest 
of  Peru,  Gaspar  de  Espinosa  supplying 
the  funds.  [It  is  an  attempt  at  private 
conquest]. 

May  *  Mex.  Cortez  returns  to  Mexico 
in  great  splendor. 

*  *  Colombia.  Pizarro  sails  from  Pan- 
ama on  his  second  expedition  to  Peru, 
and  lands  most  of  his  men  at  San  Juan, 
when  Almagro  returns  for  supplies. 

1527±  *  *  Colombia.  Pizarro  makes  his 
third  start  from  San  Juan,  and  again 
halts  at  the  Island  of  Gallo  and  sends 
back  to  Panama  for  supplies ;  here  the 
Spaniards  suffer  incredible  hardships. 

*  *  Colombia.  Pizarro  makes  his  fourth 
start  from  near  the  Island  of  Gallo,  and 
discovers  Peru.  He  then  returns  to 
Panama  for  reeuforcements. 

*  *  Mex.  Conquest  of  Yucatan  is  begun. 

1528  Apr.  12.  Fla.  Pamfilo  de  Nar- 
vaez lands  at  Tampa  Bay  an  army  of 
conquest. 

It  consists  of  260  foot  and  40  horsemen. 
[Unparalleled  sufferings  and  perils  by 
land  and  sea  await  them  ;  the  four  survi- 
vors are  finally  rescued  at  San  Miguel  on 
the  Pacific  coast.] 

*  *  Cuba.    The  buccaneers  bum  Havana. 

*  *  Peru.  Pizarro  retiums  to  Spain  for 
aid  and  volunteers,  after  the  Governor 
of  Panama  has  refused  them. 

1529  July  26.  Sp.  Fizarro  arranges 
a  capitulation  with  the  Spanish  crown 
for  the  conquest  of  Peru. 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1521±  *  *  Pent.  The  Spaniards  discover 
the  potato. 

1522  Sept.  7.  Sp.  Magellan's  ship 
completes  the  circumnavigation  of  the 
globe. 

1524  Mar.  *  Verrazano,  a  Florentine, 
is  supposed  to  be  the  first  to  sail  di- 
rectly west  in  crossing  the  Atlantic. 

*  *  The  Cabots  notice  the  immense  shoals 
of  fish  which  throng  the  waters  of  New- 
foundland. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

ix.    Montezuma  II.,  last  A 

1525     Peru.    Capac,  Huayna,  inca,  dies. 


1530    Mex.    Montezuma  II.,  last  Aztec  king, 

dies. 


CHURCH. 

1519  Mar.*  Mex.  The  Mexicans  believe 
the  Spaniards  to  be  gods,  and  send  to 
Cortez  human  beings  for  sacrifice. 

1521*  ♦  Venez.  LasCasasprosecuteBhis 
humanitarian  work  ttn  the  Pearl  Coast. 

*  *  The  Bominicans  are  driven  from  the 
Pearl  Coast  by  natives  who  have  been 
exasperated  by  slave-catchers. 

1522  *  *  LasCasas  becomes  a  D<jminican. 

*  *  It.    Adrian  "VT.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  Mex.  Franciscan  missionaries  ar- 
rive. 

1523  *  *  It.  Clement  Vm.  is  elected 
I)ope. 

1526  '^  ♦  Va.  Dominican  missionaries 
arrive,  and  erect  a  chapel  on  the  James 
Kiver.  Antonio  Montesino  is  the  mis- 
sionary preacher.  They  are  the  first  re- 
ligious teachers  sent  to  this  country. 

*  *  Mex.  Dominican  missionaries  ar- 
rive. 

*  *  *  Chile.  Chileans  believe  in  a 
supreme  being,  and  good  and  bad 
spirits,  but  iiave  neither  temples,  idols, 
nor  religious  rites.  They  believe  in  a 
future  state,  hold  vague  traditions  of  a 
deluge,  and  of  persons  saved  on  a  high 
mo  im  tain. 

*  *  *  Mex.  Hebgion  is  savage  in  spirit 
and  more  degrading  than  that  of  the  un- 
civilized Indians,  their  deities  being  hid- 
eous creatures  to  whom  hmnari  sacrifices 
are  yearly  offered  in  great  nuinbers. 

*  *  *  Pern.  The  Incas  are  regarded  as  a 
sacred  race,  possessing  divinity  derived 
from  the  great  deity,  the  smi.  They  are 
supreme  pontitfs  as  well  as  sovereigns. 

Tlie  sun,  moon,  evening  star,  the  spirit 
of  thunder,  and  the  rainbow,  are  all  wor- 
shiped, and  temples  are  erected  in  their 
honor;  sacrifices  are  chiefly  the  edible 
fruits  or  grain,  and  are  always  bloodless. 
1528  Apr.  16.  U.S.  Franciscan 
monks  accompany  Pamfilo  de  Narvaez 
in  hisconquestof  Florida.  [They  perish 
of  starvation.] 

*  *  Mex.  Pedro  de  Musa,  a  lay-brother, 
reports  200,000  converts  in  six  j'ears. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

1519  Aug.  10.  Sp.  Fernando  Magel- 
lan, a  Portuguese  navigator,  sails  on 
his  eventful  voyage.  [He  enters  the 
Plata  River  and  later  the  Pacific  Ocean.] 

*  *  Fla.  Alvarez  de  Pineda,  seeking  a 
strait  leading  westward,  coasts  from 
Cape  Florida  to  the  River  Panuco  in 
Mexico. 

Aug.  *  Pineda  enters  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi. 

*  *  Yucatav.  Cortez  arrives  on  the 
coast  iiMd  proceeds  to  Mexico. 

*  *  Panama.  Espinoza  coasts  westward 
on  the  Pacific  as  far  as  Cape  Blanco 
(Costa  Rica). 

*  *  Francis  de  Garay  explores  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

1520  Oct.  21.  Chile.  Magellan  en- 
ters the  Strait  of  Magellan. 

Nov.  28.  Chile  Magellan  enters  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 


AMERICA. 


1519-1529. 


19 


»  *  N.T.  The  Spaniards  visit  the 
shores  of  New  York,  and  leave  the 
Pompey  stone.  (?) 

•  *  S.  C.  Lucas  Vasqaez  de  Ayllon  brings 
an  expedition  consisting  of  two  vessels 
to  American  shores  In  search  of  Indians 
to  be  taken  as  slaves. 

A  storm  drives  him  northward,  and  he 
enters  St.  Helena  Sound  (South  Caro- 
lina), and  names  the  country  Chicora, 
and  the  river  he  calls  the  Jordan  (Cam- 
bahee). 

1521  *  *  Fla.  Ponce  de  Leon  lands  in 
Florida  the  second  time,  is  mortally 
wounded  by  the  Indians,  and  taken  back 
to  Cuba,  where  he  dies. 

1522  Sept.  7.  Sp.  The  circumnavi- 
gation of  the  globe  is  completed  by  the 
return  of  Magellan's  ship. 

•  *  Discovery  of  the  Bermudas. 

•  *  Nicaragua  is  regularly  explored 
by  an  expedition  sent  out  from  Panama, 
under  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila. 

1524  Mar.  *  +  Giovanni  Verrazano, 
a  Florentine,  sailing  under  the  French 
flag,  explores  the  coast  of  North  Caro- 
lina, Virginia,  Maryland,  New  Jersey, 
New  York  Bay,  and  onward  to  Acadia 
<Nova  Scotia). 

The  country  between  the  28th  and 
50tli  ilegrees  of  latitude  be  calis  New 
France.  This  voyage  lay.s  tlie  basis  of 
tlie  claims  of  France  to  this  territory. 
(He  is  the  fourth  Italian  of  great  dis- 
tinction in  the  discovery  of  the  New 
World,  —  Columbus,  Vespucius,  John 
Cabot,  and  Verrazano.) 

Apr.  *  +  Verrazano  enters  New  York 
Bay.  (?) 

Nov.  14.  Panama.  Francisco  Pizarro 
sails  on  an  unsuccessful  voyage  for  Peru, 
reaching  only  one-third  the  distance. 

*  *  R.  I.  Verrazano  carefully  inspects 
the  spacious  harbor  of  Newport.  (?) 

1525*  *Estevan  Gomez  sails  from  Spain 
and  follows  the  east  coast  from  Labra- 
dor to  Florida. 

Jjine  13.  jV.  }'.  Gomez  discovers  the 
Saint  Anthony  (Hudson)  Biver. 

•  *  California  discovered  by  Cortez 
while  seeking  an  eastward  passage. 

1526  *  *  Voyage  of  Sebastian  Cabot 
under  the  Spanish  flag ;  he  explores  the 
country  about  Buenos  Ayres,  and  enters 
the  La  Plata  and  Parana  Rivers. 

*  *  Paraguay  and  Uruguay  are  explored. 
»  *  N.  F.     Nicolas  Don  visits  Newfound- 
land. 

•  *  Lucas  Vasques  de  Ayllon,  a  Span- 
iard, follows  the  Atlantic  coast  as  far  as 
the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

1527  *  *  John  Kut,  an  Englishman, 
coasts  north  to  53°  north,  and  on  his  re- 
turn visits  Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton, 
and  the  coast  of  Maine. 

*  *  Pamfllo  de  Narvaez,  a  Spanish  ad- 
venturer, visits  the  coast  of  the  upper 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

•  *  Mex.  Cortez  despatches  an  explor- 
ing fleet  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

1528  Apr.  14+.  /'7a.  Pamfllo  de  Nar- 
vaez with  four  ships,  carrying  400  men 
and  80  horses,  lands  in  Appalache  Bay, 
and  thence  explores  westward ;  four 
persons  survive  many  disasters,  and 


wandering  2,000  miles,  they  finally  arrive 

at  Culiacan,  Mexico. 
May  1.    Narvaez,  with  300  men,  of  whom 

40  are  mounted,  strikes  for  the  interior. 
Aug.  *  Narvaez  reaches    the   shore   (St. 

Mark's  Bay)  without  finding  his  ships. 

*  *  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  a  surviving  compan- 
ion of  Narvaez,  crosses  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  discovers  fresh  water. 

*  *  Panama.  Pizarro  sails  for  Spain, 
and  reports  his  success. 

LETTERS. 

1519  July  10.  Mex.  Cortez  writes  his 
first  letter  concerning  his  explorations. 

15?0  Oct.  30.  Mex.  Cortez  writes  a 
second  letter. 

1522  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  writes  a  third 
letter. 

1524  •  *  Mex.  Cortez  writes  a  fourth 
letter. 

1526  Sept.  *  Mex.  Cortez  writes  his 
fifth  letter. 

1529  *  *  Mex.  Earliest  phonetic  render- 
ing of  Mexican  tongues. 

SOCIETY. 
1520'*  •S.C.  Lucas  Vasquezde  Ayllon, 
with  six  others,  entices  the  natives  of 
Chicora  aboard  bis  ships,  and  when  the 
decks  are  crowded,  sails  for  San  Domin- 
go, loaded  with  slaves ;  one  vessel  sank 
and  most  of  the  natives  died  en  route. 

*  *  S.  C.  De  Ayllon  returns  for  more 
slaves,  but  is  driven  off  by  the  natives. 

»  ■►  » Chileans  are  a  brave-spirited 
people,  without  ferocity ;  they  are  the 
most  manly  and  energetic  of  all  Ameri- 
cans. 

STATE. 

1519  Aug.*  Panama.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment is  transferred  by  Pedro  Arias 
from  Darien  to  Panama. 

*  *  Cuba.  The  name  Havana  is  given  to 
the  capital. 

*  *  Mex.  The  golden  riches  of  Mex- 
ico inflame  the  avarice  of  the  Spaniards. 

Cortez  founds  the  colony  of  Vera 
Crviz,  and  causes  himself  to  be  elected 
its  captain-general. 

1520  June  30.  Mex.  Montezimiall., 
the  last  of  the  Aztec  kings,  dies. 

*  *  Venez.  The  first  settlement  is  made 
at  Cumana  by  Spaniards. 

1521  Aug.  13.  Mex.  By  the  capture 
of  the  capital,  Mexico  becomes  a  Span- 
ish province. 

*  *  *  Mex.  The  native  government  is 
a  perfect  feudal  monarchy,  in  which 
the  nobility  and  the  priests  monopolize 
all  the  power. 

The  government  has  a  system  of  cou- 
riers for  conveying  intelligence,  and  a 
kind  of  police  for  cleaning  and  watch- 
ing the  city. 

The  first  visitors  find  no  tame  animals, 
no  roads,  and  no  money  for  interchange 
of  commerce. 

*  *  *  Chile.  The  Spaniards  find  fifteen 
Independent  tribes,  who  maintain  them- 
selves chiefly  by  agriculture. 


*  *  *  Peru.  Government  is  a  theoc- 
racy and  paternal  in  character ;  it  is 
administered  and  tithes  are  collected  by 
officers  placed  over  the  people,  who  are 
arranged  in  parties  of  ten  families. 
Others  rule  over  five  or  ten  tithings,  and 
others  fifty  or  a  lumdred  ;  the  Inca  is 
both  pontiff  and  sovereign. 

The  Peruvians,  having  the  least  warlike 
spirit,  maintain  the  largest  empire ;  it 
covers  2,500  miles  of  territory. 
+  *  •  Colombia.  Hernandez  de  Cordova 
is  beheaded  as  a  rebel  by  Pedro  Arias, 
the  bloody  governor  of  Panama. 

*  *  Fla.  Ponce  de  Leon,  with  two  ships, 
attempts  to  find  a  site  for  a  colony,  but 
is  driven  away  by  the  Indians. 

*  *  Port.    John  m.  is  enthroned. 

1522  *  *  Nicaraffiut.  The  city  of  Granada 
is  founded  by  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila. 

1523  *  *  /*cru.    Huascar  becomes  Inca. 

1524  Jtily  *  Giovanni  Verrazano  claims 
for  France  the  coast  from  the  latitude 
of  "WUmlngton  to  Nova  Scotia,  and 
calls  it  New  France. 

±  *  *  5.  r.  Charles  V.  of  Spain  appoints 
Lucas  Vasquez  de  Ayllon  governor  of 
Chicora,  with  a  grant  of  territory  as  a 
reward  for  his  success  in  stealing  slaves. 

1525  Nov.  •  Peru.  The  great  Inca, 
Huayna  Capac,  the  twelfth  king  in  suc- 
cession from  Manco,  dies. 

*  *  Can.  A  [short-lived]  Portuguese 
colony  is  planted  at  Cape  Breton  Island. 

1526  Mar.  10.  Panama.  Francisco 
Pizarro,  Almagro,  and  Luque  formally 
renew  their  compact  to  conquer  Peru, 
and  divide  the  revenue  between  them- 
selves. 

May*  Mex.  Cortez  returns  from  Yuca- 
tan. 

*  *  Fla.  Charles  V.  appoints  the  un- 
scrupulous Pamfilo  de  Narvaez  gover- 
nor of  Florida,  with  the  privilege  of  con- 
quest. 

*  •  Va.  De  Ayllon  begins  a  settlement 
called  San  Miguel,  and  is  aided  in  the 
work  by  negro  slaves.  [It  is  on  the  site 
of  Jamestown  of  81  years  later,  and  is 
soon  abandoned.] 

1528  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  goes  to  Spain, 
where  he  is  made  Marquis  del  Valle  de 
Oajaca. 

*  *  Venez.  Germans  settle  at  Caro,  be- 
tween St.  Martha  and  Maracapana. 

*  *  Paraguay.  Sebastian  Cabot  arrives 
and  buUds  a  fort  called  Santo  Espirltu. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1519+  *  *  Cuba.  City  of  Havana  is  re- 
moved [to  its  present  site]. 

•  *  Panama  is  founded  by  Pedrarias. 
[1521.     It  becomes  a  city.] 

1524  •  *  The  French  prosecute  the  New- 
foun<lland  fislieries  vigorously,  while  the 
English  continue  to  fisli  in  the  Icelandic 
Seas. 

May  *  Sp.  An  important  congress  is 
held  at  Badajos. 

1527  •  •  JV.  F.  Normans  and  Bretons 
arrive. 


20      1530-1541,  Feb.  * 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1530  *  *  Sp.  Francisco  Pizarro,  with 
his  four  brothers  and  a  band  of  enthu- 
siastic followers,  sails  for  Panama  en 
route  for  Peru. 

Dec.  28.  Colombia.  Pizarro  makes  his 
fifth  start  from  Panama  for  Peru,  hav- 
ijig  three  vessels,  about  200  men,  and  50 
horses. 

CONQUEST  OF  PERU. 

[Pizarro,  with  an  army  of  1,000  men, 
conquers  Peru  in  little  more  than  a 
year.  "The  easy  conquest  of  this 
country  has  not  its  parallel  in  history."] 

1531  Jan.  14.  Peini.  Pizarro  plunders 
a  town  in  the  province  of  Caque.  [Re- 
enforced  by  1;J0  men,  he  proceeds  to 
build  the  town  of  San  Miguel.] 

*  *  *  Peru.  War  between  the  Inca  and 
the  usurper,  Atahualpa;  the  Inca  is 
taken  prisoner. 

1532  *  *  Ptrii.  Pizarro  again  arrives 
at  Tumbez. 

Sept,  25±.  Peru.  Pizarro,  with  two- 
thirds  of  his  army,  starts  for  the  interior. 

Nov.  15.  Pern.  Pizarro,  with  his  little 
army,  enters  Caxamarca. 

Nov.  16.  Peru.  Pizarro  treacherously 
captures  the  dominant  Inca,  Ata- 
hualpa, and  massacres  a  host  of  Indians, 
without  loss  to  his  army  of  177  men. 

1533  Feb.  *  Peru.  Pizarro's  colleague, 
Almagro,  arrives  with  reenforce- 
ments. 

Spring.  Peru.  Francisco  Pizarro,  with 
20  horsemen  and  half  a  dozen  arquebus- 
iers,  makes  a  journey  of  400  miles  and 
desecrates  the  famous  temple  of  Pacha- 
camac. 

Aug.  29.  Peru.  After  raising  a  ransom 
valued  at  $17,500,000,  Pizarro  puts 
Atahualpa,  the  captive  Inca,  to  death. 

*  *  Peru.  Hernando  Pizarro  is  sent 
to  Spain  with  the  royal  .«hare  of  the 
plunder. 

Nov.  15.  Peru.  Pizarro,  with  500  men, 
enters  the  city  of  Cuzco,  after  a  fierce 
battle,  and  proclaims  as  Inca,  Manco 
Inca  Yupanqui,  the  legitimate  succes- 
sor. 

1534  •  *  Eucador.  Alvarado  marches 
from  Puerto  Viego  to  Quito. 

*  *  Peru.  Spaniards  occupy  [Xiima,  the 
capital  city]. 

1535  *  *  Ar<j.  Hep.  Mendoza,  having 
foimded  Buenos  Ayres,  conquers  the 
adjacent  country  with  a  force  of  about 
2,000  men. 

Autumn.  Peru.  Unsuccessful  inva- 
sion of  Chile  by  Almagro  with  200 
Spaniards  and  many  Indian  allies. 

*  •  -36  *  *  Peru.  Rebellion  of  the  na- 
tives against  the  Spaniards. 

The  Peruvian  allies  desert  Almagro 
and  return  :  the  natives  in  many  parts 
of  the  country  revolt  and  cut  off  com- 
munication between  Lima  and  Cuzco. 
The  Spaniards  send  to  Panama,  Guate- 
mala, and  Mexico  for  succor. 

1536  *  *  1537  *  *  Colcmbm.  Spaniards 
under  Ximenes  de  Quesada  conquer 
New  Oranada. 


Feb.  *  -Aug.  *  Peru.  The  Spaniards  are 
besieged  in  Cuzco  by  the  Peruvians, 
who  make  frequent  and  vigorous  as- 
saults. 
Sept.  *  The  Inca  attacks  Almagro  in 
.  the  valley  of  Yucay,  and  is  defeated  with 
much  slaughter. 

1537  Apr.  8.  Peru.  Almagro  seizes 
Cuzco  as  a  rival  of  Pizarro,  after  having 
returned  from  Chile.  He  places  the 
brothers  Hernando  and  Gonzalo  Pizar- 
ro in  confinement.    [They  soon  escape.] 

*  *-48*  *  Pent.  Civil  disturbance  and 
bloodshed  among  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Peru.  Decisive  defeat  of  Manco 
Capac  by  liodrigo  de  Orgonez,  Alma- 
gro's  lieutenant;  the  natives  retire  to 
the  Andes. 

1538  Apr.  *  Sp.  Ferdinand  de  Soto 
sails  for  the  conquest  of  Florida  with 
a  fleet  of  seven  large  and  three  small 
vessels. 

Apr.  26.  Peru.  Almagro  is  defeated  in 
the  battle  of  Las  Salinas  by  Pizarro. 

The  victorious  army  is  commanded  by 
Hernando  Pizarro,  a  brother  of  Fran- 
cisco Pizarro. 

July  10.  Peru.  Almagro  executed  by 
Hernando  Pizarro. 

*  *  Cuba.    French  destroy  Havana. 

1539  May  18.  Cw/>a.  De  Soto  sails  for 
the  conquest  of  unknown  cities  and  the 
discovery  of  mines  of  gold. 

May  30.  Fla.  DeSoto,  with  his  selected 
cavaliers,  900t  strong,  all  gaily  dressed 
and  bountifully  furnished,  lands  at 
Tampa  Bay. 

1540  Mar.  *  Peru.  Valdivia  marches 
to  Chile, 

1540-41*  *  Louisiana  is  conquered  by 
De  Soto. 

*  *  Can.  Jacques  Cartier  erects  the 
fortress  of  Charlesburg. 

Oct.  18.  Ala.  De  Soto  has  a  terrible 
battle  with  the  Mobile  Indians.  (See 
Discovery  —  Exploration.) 

*  *  -42  *  *  New  Mex.  Coronado  with  an 
army  visits  the  Zuni.  (See  Exploration.) 

1541  Feb.  *  The  Spaniards  under  De 
Soto  are  attacked  by  the  Indians  and 
lose  170  men  and  the  remainder  of  their 
baggage.   (See  Discovery  —Exploration.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1530*  *  Col.    First  information  concern- 
ing the  Pueblo  Indians. 
1540:t  *  *  Venez.    Indications  of  gold 

are  discovered  at  several  points  along 
the  coast. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1633    Peru.     Altahualpa,  usurper,  executed. 
1638    Peru.    Almagro,  Diego,  invader,  exe- 
cuted. 

1540    Sp.    Mendoza,     de    Juan     Gonzalez 

(Viceroy),  horn. 

CHURCH. 
1531*  *  Can.  Cartier  consecrates  New 
France  to  Christianity  by  the  erection 
of  a  great  wooden  cross  on  an  eminence, 
as  if  to  signify  a  religious  mission  in  his 
discovery. 


*  *  Eng.  Henry  VIII.  declares  the  Eng- 
lish Church  independent  of  Rome;  h& 
is  recognized  as  its  head. 

*  *  it.    Pius  m.  is  elected  pope. 

1534  *  *  Peru.  Pizarro  converts  a  hea- 
then temple  into  a  Dominican  monas- 
tery at  Cuzco. 

1536*  *  Haiti.  Las  Casas  goes  to  Gua- 
temala to  protect  the  Indians. 

1537  May  2.  Guatemala.  LasCasasis- 
prepared  for  his  mission  "  in  the  land  of 
war."  [He  wins  a  complete  and  peace- 
ful victory.] 

*  *  //.  The  Pope  issues  a  brief  forbidding 
the  further  enslavement  of  the  Indians. 

1539  *  *  Fla.  Missionaries  accompany 
De  Soto's  exi>edition  ;  all  perish. 

*  *  Father  Mark,  a  Spanish  monk,  at- 
tempts to  establish  a  mission  to  the  Zuni 
in  the  city  of  Cibola;  he  plants  a  large 
cross,  but  fails  in  his  mission. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION. 

1530  *  *  Mex.  An  Indian  slave  tells  the 
Spaniards  of  the  wonders  of  the  seven 
cities  of  Cibola,  the  land  of  the  Butfa^ 
loes. 

*  *  Venez.  Ambrosio  de  Alfinger  leads 
an  expedition  into  the  interior,  to  find 
the  Eldorado. 

1531  Jan.  1.  Brazil.  Martino  Alfon- 
zo  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese  adventurer, 
discovers  Kio  de  Janeiro,  and  examines 
the  coast  southward. 

*  *  I'enez.  Diego  Ordaz  seeks  the  fa- 
bled Land  of  Wealth,  by  sailing  up  the 
Orinoco. 

1532  May  *  Cal.  Hurtaldo  de  Men- 
doza sails  up  the  Pacific  coast  !iy  order 
of  Cortez,  with  two  vessels,  both  of  which 
are  lost. 

1533  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  builds  two  vessels, 
and  sends  Diego  Becarra  on  an  explor- 
ing expedition  ;  he  discovers  a  part  of 
l/ower  California. 

1534*  *-38*  *  Venez.  George  of 
Spires  searches  for  the  Eldorado. 

June  * -Aug.  *  Cai}.  Jacques  Cartier, 
■  a  French  navigator,  with  2  vessels  and 
61  men,  surveys  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, and  enters  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
liawrence,  on  the  banks  of  which  he 
plantsa  cross  surmounted  with  the  lilies 
of  France. 

1535  Oct.  3.  Can.  Cartier  arrives  at 
Hochelaga  (Montreal),  having  ex- 
plored the  great  river  to  this  point.  In- 
formation is  received  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

*  *  Cal.    Grijalvas'  expedition,  equip- 
ped by  Cortez,  discovers  California. 

1536  *  *  Can.  Cartier  explores  the 
upper  St.  liawrence  country,  and  takes 
possession  of  it  for  France. 

May  *  Mex.  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  and  three 
other  stirvivors  of  the  Narvaez  expe- 
dition, after  nearly  six  years  of  captivity, 
approach  the  Pacific  at  San  Miguel. 

July  6.     Fr.    Cartier  arrives  at  St.  Malo. 

1537  *  *  Mex.  Cortez  discovers  the  pe- 
ninsula of  California.  (Or  Cabrillo  in 
1542.) 


AMERICA. 


1530-1541,  Feb. 


21 


1538  •  *  Chile.  Dom  Pedro  de  Valdivia, 
an  officer  of  Pizarro,  explores  the  west 
coast  of  South  America  to  40°  south. 

1539  Mar.  •  -Aug.  »  Mex.  A  Spanish 
expe<litioii,  under  IVa  Marcos,  searcli- 
iiig  for  the  seven  cities,  discovers  the 
Zunia. 

May  30.  Fla.  Ferdinand  de  Soto, 
with  over  900  men,  lands  on  the  west 
coast  in  search  of  gold. 

The  Spaniards  hope  to  repeat  the  suc- 
cess of  Cortez  in  Mexico,  and  of  Pizarro 
in  Peru. 

Dec.  25.  Ecuador.  Gonzalo  Pizarro 
begins  the  exploration  of  the  interior 
forests  [builds  a  vessel  on  the  Napo 
River,  and  descends  it.  Part  of  the  com- 
pany sail  4,000  miles  down  the  Ama- 
zon to  the  sea.] 

*  *  Peru.  Alonzo  de  Camargo,  a  Span- 
iard, completes  the  exploration  of  the 
west  coast  of  South  America  by  sailing 
from  the  Straits  of  Magellan  to  Peru. 

»  •  Mtx.  Francisco  de  TJlloa  explores 
the  Gulf  of  Calilornia  for  Cortez. 

1540  Mar.  3.  Ga.  De  Soto  resumes 
liis  march  for  a  country  governed  by  a 
woman  and  abounding  in  gold. 

Apr.  *  Ga.  De  Soto  arrives  on  the  Oge- 
chee  River. 

*  »  Mex.  Mendoza,  the  Spanish  viceroy, 
sends  Francisco  Vasquez  Coronado 
in  search  of  the  seven  opulent  cities 
of  Cibola,  reported  by  the  Indians.  He 
discovers  the  Grand  CaHon  of  the  Col- 
orado. 

May  1.  S.  C.  De  Soto  turns  from  near 
the  coast  westward. 

May  11.  N.  Mex.  Coronado  arrives  at 
Zuiii. 

Sept.  30.  Ariz.-Cal.  Hernando  de 
Alarcon  sent  out  by  Mendoza ;  having 
explored  the  coast  of  California  as  far  as 
30°  north,  he  discovers  and  ascends  the 
Colorado  Kiver. 

Oct.  18.  .-Ila.  De  Soto  fights  a  terrible 
battle  with  the  Mobile  Indians. 

In  it  '2,500  Indians  are  shot  or  burned  ; 
De  Soto's  loss  is  18  killed  and  150 
wounded,  besides  80  horses  and  nearly 
all  ilie  baggage  lost. 

Uov.  18.  Ala.  De  Soto  leaves  the  coast 
and  marches  inland. 

Deo.  *  Atiss.  De  Soto  arrives  in  the  comi- 
try  of  the  Chickasaws  (Northern  Missis- 
sippi). 

The  expedition  crosses  the  Yazoo,  and 
winters  m  a  deserted  Indian  village, 
subsisting  on  plantations  of  ungathered 
maize. 

•  *  Can.  Jacques  Cartier's  French 
expedition  of  five  ships  explores  the 
St.  Lawrence. 

1541  Feb.  *  Miss.  The  Spaniards  are 
fiercely  but  vainly  attacked  by  the  Indi- 
ans at  night. 

The  small  remainder  of  their  liaggage 
is  burned,  so  thev  are  henceforth  com- 
pelled to  clothe  themselves  in  skins  and 
mats  of  ivy. 

Apr.  26.  Miss.  De  Soto  leaves  winter 
quarters  and  resumes  liis  march. 

May  6.  Brazil.  Francisco  Orellana, 
having  crossed  the  Andes  from  Quito, 


and  sailed  down  the  Napo  and  the  Ama- 
zon, he  arrives  at  the  sea,  thus  crossing 
the  continent. 

LETTERS. 

1531**  Mexico  has  a  printing-press. 
Shagun,  the  Dominican,  arrives. 

SOCIETY. 

1530  *  *'  W.  I.  Laa  Casaa  goes  to  Spain 
and  obtains  a  decree  from  Charles  V. 
prohibiting  the  enslavement  of  Indians 
in  Peru  and  Chile. 

1531  June  12.  Mex.  Zumarraga,  the 
first  bishop,  writes  that  20,000  victims 
perished  at  the  annual  saturnalia. 
[Probably  an  exaggerated  number.] 

1534  *  *  Cuban  ofBcials  apply  to  the 
King  of  .Spain  for  "  7,000  negroes,  that 
they  miglit  become  inured  to  labor  be- 
fore the  Indians  ceased  to  exist." 

*  *  'Peru.  Pizarro  employs  great  cru- 
elty in  extracting  unbounded  wealth 
from  the  helpless  natives,  who  are  driven 
to  exhaustive  labors  in  the  mines. 

1536  May  10.  Can.  .Jacques  Cartier 
decoys  nine  Indian  Chiefs  on  board 
his  vessel,  and  sails  away  for  France. 

1539  *  *  De  Soto  takes  for  his  expedition 
a  dozen  priests,  that  the  festiv-ils  of 
the  church  may  be  kept,  and  chams  for 
the  captive  Indians,  and  bloodhounds 
to  hunt  those  who  attempt  to  escape. 

1540  *  *  De  Soto  bums  an  Indian  guide 
for  honestly  confessing  that  he  does  not 
know  where  there  are  any  regions  of  gold. 

*  *  *  De  Soto  treats  the  Indians  with 
great  barbarity. 

He  pillages  th(!ir  provisions,  cuts  off 
the  hands  of  c.-iptives,  burns  them  at  the 
stake,  suffers  blooilhounds  to  tear  them 
to  pieces,  chains  them  together  with  iron 
collars,  and  compels  them  to  carry  the 
baggage  of  their  tormentors. 


STATE. 
1530*  *  .S^oin.       Pizarro  rettima  to 

America. 
July  15.    Mex.    Cortez  arrives  at  Vera 

Cruz. 

*  *  Cnsta  Rica.  George  de  Alvarado  sub- 
dues the  Indian  tribes  and  founds  a 
colony. 

*  *  Brazil  is  divided  into  captaincies  by 
the  Portuguese,  and  is  first  perma- 
nently occupied. 

1531*  *  Brazil .  A  IfonzodeSousa,  a  Por- 
tuguese, founds  San  Viucente. 

1532  *  *  Peru.  The  conquests  of  Pizarro 
make  Peru  a  Spanish  province. 

Atahualpa  usurps  the  throne  of  the 
Incas. 

1533  *  *  Chile.  The  Peruvian  domin- 
ion ceases. 

1534  Mar.  24.  Peru.  Pizarro  allows 
Manco,  a  son  of  Huayna  Capac,  and  the 
rightful  heir,  to  be  crowned  Inca. 

*  *  Spain.  Don  Pedro  de  Mendoza, 
with  the  largest  and  wealthiest  expedi- 
tion that  has  ever  left  Europe,  sails  from 
Cadiz,  Spain,  for  the  Plata  River. 


*  *  Mex.  Cortez  marches  up  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  settles  Iiower  California. 

1535  Jan.  6.  Peru.  Pizarro  founds 
the  city  of  Lima. 

Jan.  *  Chile.  Almagro  receives  his  com- 
mission as  governor  of  New  Castile 
(Chile). 

Feb.  2.  Arg.  Rep.  Mendoza  founds 
Buenos  Ayres. 

May  29.  Fr.  Jacques  Cartier  sails  again 
with  three  vessels  to  colonize  New 
France. 

*  *  Peru.  Arrival  of  Pedro  de  Valdivia, 
Spain's  first  viceroy,  in  America. 

1537  Aug.  15.  Paraguay.  Juan  de 
Ayolas  founds  Asuncion  on  the  Para- 
guay River. 

Nov.  13.  Peru— Chile.  Pizarro  and  Al- 
magro make  a  fruitless  effort  to  settle 
their  disputed  boundaries. 

+  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Buenos  Ayres  is  burnt 
by  the  Indians;  the  colony  is  broken  up. 

*  *  *  Peru.  Spanish  adventurers  arrive 
by  the  ship-load,  seize  estates,  despoil 
temples,  and  make  themselves  odious 
as  masters. 

»  »  Colombia.  Spaniards  under  Quesada 
subdue  New  Granada. 

*  *Cuba.  Ferdinand  de  Soto  becomes  gov- 
ernor. 

1538  July  *  Peru.  Hernando  Pizarro 
executes  Diego  Almagro  for  rebellion. 

*  *  Colombia.    Behalcazar  is  at  Bogota. 

1539  *  *  Ecuador.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  province  of 
Quito.  [He  is  absent  on  an  exploring 
expedition  for  two  and  a  half  years.] 

*  *  Colombia.    Federmann  is  at  Bogota. 

1540  •  *  Fr.  Jean  Fran9ois  de  la 
Koque,  Sieiu:  de  Koberval,  receives 
from  tlie  king  the  empty  title  of  "  Lord 
Lieutenant-General  and  viceroy  of  all 
American  countries  discovered,  either 
by  the  French  or  English." 

Mar.  *  Peru.  Pedro  de  Valdivia  leads  an 
expedition  to  Chile. 

*  *  W.  f.    Cortez  again  returns  to  Spain. 

*  ♦  Spain.  Vaca  de  Castro  is  sent  to  in- 
spect the  cruel  work  of  Pizarro  in  Peru. 

1541  *  *  Chile.  The  conquests  of  Alma- 
gro make  ChUe  a  Spanish  province. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1533    June  17.    Peru.   The  Inoaa' ran- 
som is  divided. 

Pizarro  receives  2,350  marks  of  silver 
and  57,220  pieces  of  gold  :  his;  brother 
Hernando,  2,207  marks  of  silver  and  31,080 
pieces  of  gold;  the  church  deducts  as 
tithes  90  marks  of  silver  and  2,220  pieces 
of  gold. 
1535+  *  *  Panama.  It  is  estimated  that 
30,000  or  40,000  people  perish  in 
transit  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
seeking  the  wealth  of  Peru. 
•  »  *  Peru.  Tillable  lands  are  divided 
into  three  shares. 

One  share  is  consecrated  to  the  service 
of  religion,  the  erection  of  temples,  and 
the  maintenance  of  priests ;  the  sec- 
ond is  set  apart  for  the  support  of  the 
fovernment ;  the  third  and  largest  share, 
or  the  support  of  the  people  ;  the  divi- 
sion is  revised  every  year. 


22     1541,  May  22-156a 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1541  June  26.  I'eru.  Francisco  Pi- 
zarro  is  assasinated  by  conspirators. 

*  *  Chile.  Don  Teilro  de  Valdivia,  with 
Indian  allies,  conquers  nearly  all  of 
Chile,  under  orders  of  Pizarro. 

1542  Sept.  16.  Peru.  Castro,  the  gov- 
ernor, defeats  the  army  of  Almagro  the 
lad,  in  the  battle  of  Chupas.  [He  be- 
heads the  boy  at  Cuzco.] 

1543  Sept.  10.  ilex.  Arrival  of  311 
men,  the  remains  of  De  Soto's  expedi- 
tion, at  Panuco. 

1546  Jan.  18.  Peru.  The  viceroy  Vela 
is  defeated  and  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Anaquito  by  the  Spanish  rebels. 

Nov.  *  Colombia.  Pedro  de  la  Gasca 
gains  possession  of  the  fleet  at  Panama, 
in  the  interest  of  the  Spanish  croivn. 

1547  Apr.  *  Colcmbia.  Gasca  sails  from 
Panama  with  a  considerable  force  to 
maintain  royal  authority  in  Peru. 

Oct.  20.  Peru.  The  loyal  Spaniards 
tmder  Diego  de  Centeno  are  <lefeated  in 
a  bloody  battle  near  Lake  Titicaca  by 
Pizarro. 

1548  Apr.  9.  Peui.  Gasca  defeats 
the  Spanish  rebels ;  Gonzalo  Pizarro, 
the  brother  of  Francisco,  is  executed  on 
the  field. 

Apr.  12.    Peru.    Gasca  enters  Cuzco. 

1549  •  •  Chile.  The  assaults  of  the 
Araucanians  imperil  the  very  existence 
of  the  Spaniards. 

1550  *  *  Nicarafjua.  The  Spanish  col- 
onists rebel  against  the  mother  country. 

1554  May  *  Peru.  Rebels  under  Fran- 
cisco Hernandez  Giron  defeat  the  army 
of  the  judges  at  Chuquingua. 

Oct.  11.  Peru.  Giron  is  routed  by  the 
army  of  the  judges  at  Pucara. 

Deo.  6.  Peru.  Giron  is  defeated  and  ex- 
ecuted at  Lima. 

*  *  Cnba.  The  French  again  destroy 
Havana. 

1555  *  •  Cuba.  Jacob  Sores,  the  pirate, 
plunders  Havana. 

1560  *  *  Brazil.  The  Portuguese  destroy 
the  French  settlement  at  Rio. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1549±  *  •  Brazil.  Gold  is  discovered 
at  Bahia. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1641  Peru.  Pizarro.  Francisco,  conqueror, 
assassinated. 

1643  La.  De  Soto,  Ferdinand,  adventurer, 
dies. 

1544  Peru.  Manco  Capac,  Inca,  assassi- 
nated, A21. 

1547  Sp.  Cortez.  Hernando,  conqueror 
of  Mexico,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1541  *  *  Dakota  Indians  come  to  worship 
De  Soto  and  his  wobegone  cavaliers  as 
children  of  the  gods,  but  the  Catholics 
refuse  their  consent  to  such  idolatry. 

1542  *  *  -60  *  •  Paraguay.  Christian 
missions  are  established  by  the  Fran- 


ciscans, Armenta,  Lebron,  and  Solano. 
[The  latter  is  canonized  later  as  the 
apostle  of  Paragniay.] 

*  *  Peru.  Loaysa  becomes  bishop  of  Lima. 

1544  *  *  Guatemala.  lias  Casas  be- 
comes bishop  of  Chiapa. 

1545  *  *  Fla.  Louis  Cancer  de  Barbas- 
tro,  a  Dominican  Father,  with  three  as- 
sociates, lands  at  Tampa  Bay,  where  two 
of  his  associates  are  murdered. 

1547  *  *  Oautemala.  Las  Casas  resigns 
his  bishopric,  and  returns  to  Spain. 

*  *  Alex.  Archbishopric  of  Mexico  and 
New  Spain  created. 

*  *  Paraguay.  Bishopric  of  Paragiuay 
established. 

1548  *  *  Brazil.  Jews  banished  from 
Portugal  come  to  Brazil. 

*  *  Peru.    Loaysa  is  made  archbishop. 

1549  Apr.  *  Brazil.  Six  Jesuits  arrive 
at  Bahia  with  colonists,  and  undertake 
the  moral  culture  of  natives  and  colo- 
nists. , 

1550  *  *  Fla.  A  number  of  Dominicans 
make  another  attempt  to  establish  a 
mission,  but  are  shipwrecked,  and  all 
perish. 

*  •  It.    Julitis  m.  is  elected  pope. 

1551  ♦  *  Iceland.  Protestantism  intro- 
duced. 

1552  •  *  Brazil.  The  first  bishop  arrives, 
and  checks  the  vices  of  abandoned 
priests. 

1555  *  *  Brazil.  First  Protestant  mis- 
sion in  the  world. 

The  church  of  Geneva  sends  fourteen 
missionaries  to  Brazil,  who  land  on  an 
island  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

*  *  It.  Marcellus  II.,  later  Paul  IV., 
is  elected  pope. 

»  •  Peru.  Catholic  priests  are  pro- 
vided for  the  conquered  natives. 

1556+  *  *  Brazil.  Vallegagnon,  the 
leader  of  the  Protestant  colony  at  Rio, 
joins  the  Catholics  and  dissension  fol- 
lows. 

»  *-70*  *  Fla.  A  French  Jesuit 
mission  is  planted  on  the  coast  (near 
Augustine). 

1558  *  *  Eng.  Dissenters  begin  to  be 
persecuted  by  Henry  for  not  admitting 
his  authority  in  spiritual  matters.  [And 
later  yet  more  severely  during  the  reign 
of  Mary,  an  ardent  Catholic  — Puritan- 
ism is  developed.] 

1559*  *  Ala.  Dominicans  labor  among 
the  Mobilians. 

•  *  It.    Pius  rv.  is  elected  pope. 

1560+  *  ♦  Paraguay.  The  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries, Salonio,  Field,  and  Ortega,  la- 
bor with  small  success. 

1562  *  *  Fr.  Coligni,  the  high  admiral, 
proposes  a  refuge  colony  in  America  for 
his  brethren,  the  persecuted  Huguenots. 

May  »  S.  C.  The  First  Protestant  set- 
tlement in  America  is  made  by  Hugue- 
nots at  Port  Royal. 

DISCOVERY  -  EXPLORATION. 
1541    May  •  De  Soto  discovers  the  Mis- 
sissippi River. 


May  30.  Miss.  (?)  Transports  are  built 
for  the  horses,  and  the  expedition 
crosses  the  Mississippi  Eiver  in  search 
of  cities  and  gold. 

May  ♦  Can.  Cartier  sails  on  a  third 
voyag:e,  which  is  devoid  of  important 
results. 

*  *  Coronado's  expedition  reaches  40* 
north,  and  turns  back  for  Mexico. 

*  ♦  yirk.  De  Soto's  expedition  crosses 
the  St.  Francis  River,  and  visits  the  Hot 
Springs. 

*  *-i2*  */.  T.  De  Soto  passes  the 
winter  on  the  banks  of  the  Washita 
River. 

*  *  Venez.  Philip  Van  Huten  search- 
es for  the  Eldorado. 

1542  Spring.  Mex.  Return  of  Corona- 
do's expedition  from  the  land  of  the 
Zimis. 

May*  La.    The  De  Soto  expedition, 

greatly  distressed,  follows  the  Red  Kiver 

to  a  point  near  Natchez. 
May  21.    La.    De     Soto    dies,  and   is 

buried  in  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi ; 

Luis  de  Moscoso  becomes  leader. 

*  *  La.  The  T)e  Soto  expedition  turns 
to  the  west,  hoping  to  reach  Mexico. 

Dec.  *  La.  The  Spaniards  return  to  the 
Mississippi,  above  the  Red  River. 

1543  July  2.  La.  The  De  Soto  expe- 
dition sails  down  the  Mississippi  in 
ves-sels  rudely  built,  aiming  to  reach  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

*  •  Ore.  Juan  Cabrillo  and  Bartolome 
Ferelo,  two  Spaniards,  explore  the  Pa- 
cific coast  as  far  as  Oregon. 

Sept.  10.  Mex.  The  311  survivors  of 
the  De  Soto  expedition  reach  Pa- 
nuco. 

In  17  days  they  have  sailed  .MO  miles  to- 
the  sea,  and  for  55  days  have  followed 
the  coast  to  the  River  of  Palms.  "  Thus 
ends  the  most  marvellous  expedition  in 
the  history  of  our  country."    (Ridpath.) 

1549  *  *  Fr.  Roberval,  the  French  col- 
onizer, sails  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,. 
with  a  great  company  of  emigrants; 
their  fate  is  unknown. 

*  *  Venez.  Pedro  d' tJrsua,  a  Portuguese, 
seeks  the  Eldorado. 

1553  May  *  Unfortunate  expedition  of 
Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  to  the  Arctic  Seas, 
seeking  a  northwest  passage. 

1560  *  *  Ga.    The  Spaniards  arrive. 

*  *  -61  *  *  Colombia.  Pedro  de  Ursua 
sails  in  search  of  the  Empire  of  Orma- 
guas,  and  Lope  de  Aguirre  sails  in  search 
of  the  Eldorado. 

1562  •  *  Fla.  John  Bibault,  at  tlie 
head  of  a  French  expedition,  discovers 
the  River  of  May  (St.  John). 

LETTERS. 
1551  *  •  Peru.    The  University  of  San 
Marcos  is  established  at  Lima.    [The 
most  ancient  in  the  New  World.] 

*  *  Mex.  A  University  is  founded  in 
the  City  of  Mexico.  [It  now  remains, 
but  is  nearly  deserted.] 

1554±  •  •  Brazil.  Tlie  Jesuits  establish 
a  college,  named  St.  Paulo.  [It  greatly 
benefits  the  rising  state.] 


AMERICA. 


1541,  May  22-1563.     23 


SOCIETY. 
1542  *  *  Sp.    The  "New  Ijaws,"  for- 
bidding the  enslavement  of  the  Indians 
■  for  any  cause,  are  promulgated,  chiefly 

through  the  influence  of  Las  Casas. 
1553  *  *  Cuba.    Not  an  Indian  is  left. 
Pestilence,  cruelty,  and  suicide  have 
decimated  them  ;  the  remainder  escaped 
in  boats  to  Florida. 
1562  *  *  The    Knglish    make  their  first 
slave  voyage  to  America ;  John  Haw- 
kins brings   300   negroes,    in    three 
ships,  to  the  West  Indies. 

STATE. 

1541  May  22.  Can.  Cartier  sails  from 
St.  Malo  with  five  ships  belonging  to  the 
expedition  of  De  laKoque  ;  visits  the  St. 
Iiawrence ;  also  foimda  the  fortress  at 
Charlesbourg ;  the  colonists  are  chiefly 
noblemen  and  amateurs. 

On  his  arrival  he  builds  a  fort  near  the 
present  site  of  Quebec,  to  repel  the  hos- 
tile natives. 
June  *  Peru.    Almagro  the  lad,  a  natural 
son  of  Almagro,  is  proclaimed  governor. 

*  *  Chile.    Santiago  de  Chile  founded. 
June  26.  Peru.  Pizarro  is  assassinated 

at  Lima. 

1542  June  *  Can.  Cartier  returns  with 
his  ships  to  France. 

N.  F.    Sieur   de    Roberval    builds    a 

fort,  which  is  soon  abandoned. 

*  •-43  *  *  Can.  Roberval,  with  a  fresh 
colony,  consisting  chiefly  of  criminals, 
passes  the  winter  [near  the  present  site 
of  Quebec],  and  then  returns  to  France. 

Sept.  *  Peru.  Almagro  the  lad,  being  de- 
feated in  battle,  is  beheaded  by  Castro, 
the  royal  judge  at  Cuzco. 

*  *  Arg.  Rep.  A  new  colony  reestablishes 
Buenos  Ayres. 

*  *  Peru.  The  **K"ew  Laws"  enacted 
by  Charles  V.  to  restrain  the  oppression 
of  the  natives.     [Civil  war  follows.] 

*  *  A  court  of  chancery  and  royal 
audiencia,  with  authority  over  Guate- 
mala and  Honduras,  are  established. 

1543  Feb.  3.  Arg.  Rep.  Hostile  In- 
dians again  break  up  the  settlement  at 
Buenos  Ayres. 

*  *  Peru.  Blasco  Nunez  de  Vela  is  sent 
out  as  viceroy  to  enforce  the  "  New 
Laws." 

1544  Sept.  3.  Chile.  Valparaiso  is 
founded  by  Pedro  de  Valdivia. 

*  *  Peru.  Arrival  of  Vela  as  viceroy  ;  he 
is  charged  to  enforce  the  "  New  Laws," 
aiming  at  the  abolition  of  slavery  and 
the  protection  of  the  natives. 

Oct.  28.  Peru.  Gonzalo  Pizarro  rebels 
against  the  violence  of  the  viceroy  and 
the  "  New  Laws." 

1545  *  *  Bolivia.  The  mines  of  Potosi 
are  claimed  by  Spain. 

Oct.  20.  Peru.  The* 'New  Laws  "are 
revoked. 

*  *  -20  *  *  Venez.  Spaniards  found  To- 
cuyo. 

1546  Jan.  18.  Peru.  Gonzalo,  having 
defeated  and  killed  the  viceroy  in  battle, 
becomes  the  master  of  Peru. 


July  *  Peru.    Gonzalo  enters  Lima. 

*  *  -49  *  *  Fla.  Luis  de  Barbastro  leads 
a  party  of  Dominican  friars  in  an  at- 
tempt to  form  a  settlement ;  the  Span- 
iards are  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

1547  June  13.  Peru.  After  repealing 
part  of  the  "New  Laws,"  Pedro  de  la 
Gasca  succeeds,  as  viceroy,  in  securing 
pacification  and  organization. 

*  *  Ft.    Henry  H.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Eng.    Edward  VL  is  enthroned. 

1548  Apr.  9.  Peru.  Gasca  receives  the 
submission  of  Gonzalo  Pizarro. 

*  *  Brazil  becomes  important,  and  at- 
tracts the  attention  of  the  mother  state. 

*  *  Eng.  First  act  of  Parliament  relat- 
ing to  America  is  one  concerning  the 
fisheries  of  Newfoundland. 

*  *  Peru.  The  Spanish  crown  assumes 
the  government  of  the  comitry. 

1549  Apr.  *  Brazil.  Thome  de  Souza 
arrives  at  San  Salvador  (Bahia)  to  estab- 
lish a  city  and  as  the  first  captain-general. 

He  brings  220  persons  in  the  king's  pay, 
and  300  free  colojiists  and  400  convicts. 

*  *  Can.  Roberval  again  attempts  to 
colonize  Canada. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  languishing  Portuguese 
colonies  become  prosperous  by  the  dis- 
covery of  gold. 

1550  Jan.*  /*er«.  Gascasails  forSpain. 

*  *  Cuba.  The  seat  of  Spanish  govern- 
ment in  the  West  Indies  is  removed  from 
Santiago  de  Cuba  to  Havana. 

*  *  Iceland.  Bishop  Jon  Aaronson  fails 
to  achieve  the  independence  of  Ice- 
land, and  is  executed  by  the  Danes. 
All  power  is  removed,  and  exercised  by 
a  foreign  government. 

*  *  Per^u  is  imder  the  rule  of  the  royal 
audiencia. 

*  *  Venez.  The  territory  is  erected  in- 
to the  cap  tain-gen  eralcy  of  Caracas  by 
the  Spaniards. 

1551  Sept.  23.  Peru.  Don  Antonio  de 
Mendoza,  the  second  viceroy,  arrives. 

*  *  Peru.  An  insurrection  against  the 
judges  is  led  by  Francisco  Hernandez 
Giron. 

1552  *  *  Venez.  Barquisimeto  is  founded. 

1553  *  *  Brazil.  Duarte  da  Costa  arrives, 
and  assumes  the  captain-generalcy. 

*  *  Peru.    The  Inca  Sayri  Tupac  reigns. 

1554  Dec.  6.  Peru.  Giron,  the  rebel, 
is  executed. 

Mar.  30.  Peru.  Alonzo  de  Alvarado 
enters  Cuzco. 

1555  July  6.  Peru.  The  third  viceroy, 
Don  Andrez  Hurdato  de  Mendoza,  enters 
Lima,    [lie  soon  stamps  out  anarchy.] 

*  *  Peru.  The  Inca  Manco,  with  his  family 
and  nobles,  is  put  to  death  by  the  Span- 
iards, and  his  son,  Sayri  Tupac,  is  his 
successor. 

*  *  Brazil.  CoUgni  sends  a  Protestant 
colony  from  France  under  Nicolas  de 
Villegagnon,  in  two  ships,  to  the  Bay  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1556*  *  Peru.  Mendoza  is  the  first  vice- 
roy to  establish  a  secure  government. 

*  *  Sp.    Philip  II.  is  enthroned. 


1557  *  *  Perti.  Hurdato  de  Mendoza  be- 
comes viceroy  in  Chile. 

*  *  Brazil.  Large  reenforcements  of  colo- 
nists arnve  from  France  and  Geneva. 

Villegagnon,  having  joined  the  Cath- 
olics and  become  oppressive,  many  colo- 
nists leave  Kio  and  return  to  France. 

*  *  P<yri.    Sebastian  is  enthroned. 

1558  *  *  Brazil.  Mem  de  Sa  is  sent  out 
as  captain-general  by  Portugal. 

The  Portuguese  murder  some  of  the 
French  colonists  at  Rio  Janeiro. 
Jan.  6.    Peru.    The  Inca  Sayri  Tupac  and 
his  people  return  from  the  mountains  to 
Lima. 

*  *  Venez.  The  last  Spanish  expedition 
to  Carolina  fails  to  settle. 

*  *  Eng.    Elizabeth  is  enthroned. 

1559  Aug.  14.  Mex.  The  expedition 
of  Don  Tristan  de  Luna,  with  an  army 
of  1,500  men,  and  a  colony  including 
women  and  children  and  many  friars, 
leaves  Vera  Cruz  for  the  conquest  and 
settlement  of  Florida.  [It  is  wrecked 
on  its  coast.] 

*  '^  Arg.  Rep.  Mendoza  crosses  the  Andes 
from  Chile,  and  founds  Mendoza. 

*  *  Fr.   Francis  H.  is  enthroned. 

*  ♦  Venez.     The  audiencia  in  Caracas. 

1560  *  *  Brazil.  Coligni's  Protestant 
colony  at  Kio  is  entirely  broken  up 
by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  Peru.  Reign  of  the  Inca  Titu  Cusi 
Yupanqui. 

*  *  Fr.    Charles  IX.  is  enthroned. 
1561*  *  Peru.  The  fourth  viceroy,  Cond6 

de  Nieva,  arrives. 

1562  Feb.  18.  Fr.  Admiral  Coligni 
despatches  a  squadron  with  colonists 
under  Jean  Ribault,  for  Florida;  it  is 
his  second  [unsuccessful]  attempt  to 
found  a  Huguenot  colony. 

May  *  .*?.  C.  Ribault  forms  a  French  set- 
tlement at  Port  Royal ;  Fort  Charles  is 
erected. 

July  *  S.  C.  Ribault  leaves  his  colony, 
and  sails  for  France. 

*  *  Chile.  Rodrigo  de  Quiroza  is  governor. 

*  *  Peru.  The  second  Council  of  Lima  is 
formed. 

*  *  Mex.  Yucatan  is  separated  from  Mex- 
ico. 

1563  Spring.  S.  C.  The  French  at  Port 
Royal  become  discouraged,  and  sail 
for  France  in  a  rude  brigantine  of  their 
own  construction.  They  are  rescued 
from  famine  by  an  English  vessel. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1540  *  *  Honduras  has  large  and  flour- 
ishing cities. 

*  *  Costa  Rica.  The  colony  is  renamed 
New  Carthage. 

1549*  *  Brazil.  The  discovery  of  gold 

attracts  emigrants  to  Bahia. 
1555  *  *  Peru.    Wheat  ia  first  reaped  In 

the  valley  of  Caiiete  by  a  lady  named 

Maria  de  Escobar. 


24     1564,  June  25-1598. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1565  Aug.  28.  Fla.  Pedro  Menen- 
dez,  a  ferocious  Spaniard,  arrives  with  an 
expedition  to  extirpate  the  HuguenotB 
and  colonize  the  country. 

Sept.  4.  S.C.  The  fleet  of  Meneudez  ap- 
pears at  Tort  Royal ;  but  he  [retires  for  a 
time  and  begins  to  build  St.  Augustine]. 

Sept.  10.  a.  C.  The  French  sail  from 
Port  Royal  to  capture  St,  Augustine. 
[They  are  dispersed  by  a  gale  the  next 
day,] 

Sept.  17.  Fla.  Menendez  assumes  the 
offensive,  and  starts  overland  for  Port 
Kovfil  with  500  men. 

Sept.  20.  S.  C.  Menendez  storms  Fort 
Carolina,  and  slaughters  142  men,  wo- 
men, and  children  who  are  taken  with  it. 
Only  a  few  persons  are  spared.  "  I  do 
this  not  as  to  Frenchmen,  but  m.-j  to 
Lutherans." 

Sept.  28.  Ffa.  Menendez  murders  in 
cold  blood  200  of  the  French,  who, 
having  been  shipwrecked,  vainly  appeal 
to  his  clemency, 

Sept.  30>.  .S\  C  Menendez tindVi another 
party  of  150  French,  who  surrender  on 
the  promise  of  safety;  he  then  butchers 
them.     [Philip  II.  commends  his  zeal.] 

*  *  Fla.  Castle  of  St.  Augustine  con- 
structed by  the  Spaniards. 

1567  Apr.  *  Fla.  Dominic  de  Gour- 
grues  appears  on  the  St.  Johns  River 
with  three  ships  fitted  out  for  ven- 
geance against  the  murderers  of  the 
French  Colony.  He  successively  sur- 
prises three  forts  on  the  St.  Johns 
River,  and  hangs  the  leaders  with  this 
inscription  affixed  :  *'  Not  Spaniartts, 
but  liars  and  murderers." 

1570  *  ♦  -88  *  •  Great  struggle  be- 
tween England  and  Spain  for  naval 
supremacy  of  the  world. 

1572*  *  A/ex.,  etc,  Francis  Drake 
makes  his  first  niarauding  voyage  to 
South  America,  in  which  he  attacks  the 
Spanish  settlements  at  Nombre  deDios, 
Carthagena,  etc. 

1585  *  •  Fla.  The  Spaniards  are  plun- 
dered by  the  English  under  Drake. 

1586  *  *  Brazil.  The  Spanish  colony  at 
Bahia  is  plundered  by  the  English 
under  Witherington. 

*  •  jr.  /.  Admiral  Drake  sacks  Porto 
Bello,  Panama,  St.  Domingo,  and  Car- 
thagena. 

1588*  *  En(j.     (Jreatstruggleof England 

with  the  **  Invincible  Armada**  —the 

Koanoko  colonists  are  overlooked  and 

perish. 
1591  *  *  Brazil.    Tlie  Spanish  colony  of 

St.  Vincent  is  burned  by  the  Knglisb 

under  Cavendish. 
1595  ♦  *  Brazil.      James    Lancaster,    an 

English  buccaneer,  captures  Pemam- 

buco  from  the  Spaniards. 
1595  •  *  Porto  Rico  repulses  the  attacks 

of  Admirals  Drake  and  Hawkins. 

*  *  Brazil.    The   Spanish    colony  of 
Olinda  is  taken  by  Lancaster. 

*  *  W.  t.    Sir    Walter  Raleigh   takes 
Trinidad  from  the  Spaniards. 


1598  *  *  Can.  The  Marquis  de  la 
Koche  obtains  from  the  King  of  France 
a  commission  to  conquer  New  France. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1570  *  *  Chile.  An  earthquake  de- 
stroys 2,000  lives  at  Concepcion. 

1577  May*  Can.  Martin Frobisher, an 
English  navigator,  approaches  Meta  In- 
cog:nita  in  the  extreme  northwest,  and 
thinks  it  a  part  of  Asia. 

1578  Spring.  Eng.  A  "  mineral  man  " 
of  London  pronounces  a  stone  brought 
from  Meta  Incognita  to  be  gold,  and  fif- 
teen vessels  sail  with  gold-seekers. 
[They  return  with  worthless  cargoes. 1 

1585  *  •  N.C.  The  English  colonists  for 
the  first  time  see  the  com,  the  sweet 
potato,  and  the  tobacco  plant. 

1586  June  9.  Pemi.  A  great  earth- 
quake at  Lima. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1S66    Sp.     Caaas,    Bartolome,    de     Las 

(Miss.),  dies. 
1568±  Afer.      Ixtlilxochitl,  Fernando  de  AI 

va,  historian,  born. 
1 578    Sp.    Pizarro,    Fernando,    conqueror, 

age  104  i. 

CHURCH. 
1566  *  *  it.  St.  Pius  V.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  Peril.    Arrival  of  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Brazil.  John  Boles,  a  Huguenot  mis- 
sionary, is  put  to  death  by  the  Portu- 
guese after  an  imprisonment  of  eight 
yeare,  in  order  to  terrify  his  coimtry- 
men. 

1571  *  *  Mex.  The  Inquisition  estab- 
lished. 

1572  Aug.  24.  Fr.  Massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew.  [It  quickens  the  spirit 
of  emigration  among  the  Huguenots.] 

*  * /(.    Gregory  XII.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  Afex.    Jesuit  missionaries  arrive. 

1573  Nov.  19.  Peru.  First  auto  da 
fe  at  Lima. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  first  successful  mission 
to  the  Indians  is  planted  at  St.  Augus- 
tine by  Spanish  Franciscans. 

*  *  Mex.  A  gothic  cathedral  is  built 
on  the  sight  of  the  ancient  temple  at 
Mexico. 

1574*  *  Mex.     First    auto   da    fe    in 

Mexico. 
1578  *  *  Can.     Master  Wolfall,  an  Plng- 

lishman,  celebrates  a  communion  on 

the  shores  of  Frobisher's  Strait,  the  first 

recorded  in  America. 
1581  *  *  Peru.        Archbishop      Torebio 

reaches  Lima. 

*  » -1776  •  •  Peru  suffers  from  the  In- 
quisition. [50  Europeans  are  burned, 
and  29  "  autos  "  occur  at  Lima.] 

1585  *  *  It.    Sixtus  V.  is  elected  pope. 

1586  *  *  Paratfunif.  Jesuits  establish 
their  famous  mission. 

1590*  * //.  Urban  VII..  later  Greg- 
ory XIV.,  is  elected  pope. 

1591  *  ♦  It.  Innocent  IX,  is  elected 
pope. 

1592  *  *  //.  Clement  VHI.  is  elected 
pope. 


1597  *  *  U.  S.  Franciscan  monks  estab- 
lish the  second  successful  mission  In 
New  Mexico. 

DISCOVERY  —  EXPLORATION, 
1573  *  *  Ta.     Pedro  Menendez  Mar- 
quez    coasts    northward   from   Florida, 
and  enters  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

1576  June  *  -Aug.  ♦  Can.  Martin  Fro- 
bisher sails  from  England  on  his  first 
voyage  to  find  a  northwest  passage; 
he  discovers  Frobisher's  Strait  and 
Meta  Incognita. 

1577  May* -Sept.*  Can.  Second  voy- 
age of  Frobisher  in  the  northwest; 
his  ship  is  loaded  with  worthless  sand, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  gold. 

1578  May  * -Sept.  *  Tail.  Third  voy- 
age of  Frobisher,  having  a  fleet  of  16 
sail  and  100  colonists. 

•  *  Unsuccessful  voyage  of  Sir  Hum- 
phrey Gilbert.  He  takes  possession  of 
Newfoundland  for  England,  but  plants 
no  colony. 

1579  *  *  Cal.  Sir  Francis  Drake  traces 
the  western  coast  of  America  as  far 
north  as  New  Albion  (Oregon),  seeking  a 
strait  connecting  the  two  oceans. 

lbSO**N.Mex.  Augustin  Ruys, 
a  Spanish  missionary,  discovers  New 
Mexico. 

1583  *  *  Newfoimdland  visited  by  Sir 
Humphrey  Gilbert. 

1584  July  13.  K.  C.  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh's expedition  lands  on  the  Island 
of  Wocokon,  and  takes  possession,  nam- 
ing it  Virginia  after  the  Virgin  Queen. 

'  ♦  Can.    Gasca  discovers  Davis*s  Strait. 
John  Davis  explores  Davis's  Strait 
to  06°  40',  visits  Gilbert  Sound  and  Cum- 
berland Strait. 

1586  *  *  Can.  Davis  makes  his  second 
voyage,  and  visits  Labrador. 

1587  *  *  Can.  Davis  discovers  the  Cum- 
berland Islands,  London  coast,  Lumley's 
Inlet  (Frobisher*s  Strait),  on  his  third 
voyage. 

1592  *  *  Davis  discovers  the  Falkland 
Islands. 

•  *  Can.  Spaniards,  under  Juna  de 
Fuca,  visit  the  northwest  coast  of  the 
American  Continent.  (?) 

1504  *  *  "Willem  Barentz  explores 
Nova  Zembla. 

1595  *  *  Ouiana.  Sir  "Walter  Raleigh 
explores  the  coast,  and  ascends  the  Ori- 
noco 400  miles  from  its  mouth. 

LETTERS. 

1598  *  *  Peru.    The  University  of  San 

Antonio  Abad  is  founded  at  Cuzco. 

SOCIETY. 
1565  Sept.  20.  Fla.  Pedro  Menendez 
massacres  the  Huguenots  on  the 
St.  Johns  River,  sparing  neither  men, 
women,  nor  children  —  except  a  few 
reserved  as  slaves. 

•  *  Fr.  Great  resentment  against  the 
Spaniards  because  of  the  massacre  of 
the  Huguenots  in  Florida. 


AMERICA. 


1564,  June  25-1598,       25 


1565  *  *  Fta.  Part  of  the  Frencli  colony 
on  the  St.  Johns  River  embark  on  a 
piratical  expedition  against  the  Span- 
iards. 

1567  *  *  ^la-  Dominic  de  Gonrgues, 
with  150  men,  comes  from  France,  and 
avenges  the  Hug:uenots  by  hanging  200 
Spaniards  on  trees. 

STATE. 

1564  June  25.  Fla.  A  French  expe- 
dition, sent  out  by  Coligni  and  led  by 
Ken*^  de  Laudonnifere,  arrives  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  and  builds 
Fort  Carolina. 

Dec.  *  Fla.  Some  of  the  French  colonists 
depart,  ostensibly  for  France,  but  en- 
gage in  piracy  against  Spain. 

*  ^-69*  *  Peru.  Lope  Garcia  de  Castro 
rules  only  as  governor. 

1565  Aug.*  S.C.  SirJohnHawkins, 
the  slave  merchant,  relieves  the  needs  of 
the  colony  at  Port  Royal. 

Aug.  28.  Fla.  Jean  Ribault  arrives  at 
the  French  otilony  with  300  men  and  am- 
ple supplies. 

Fla.    Pedro  Menendez,  the  agent 

of  Philip  II.,  arrives  in  Florida,  with  a 
commission  to  exterminate  the  Prot- 
estants and  establi.sli  a  colony. 

Sept.  8.  Fla.  St.  Augustine  is  founded 
by  Pedro  Menendez. 

It  is  the  first  permanent  European 
settlement  in  [the  existing  Unitetl 
States  of]  North  America.  He  comes 
to  conquer  and  colonize,  and  brings  2,500 
persons  with  him.  [The  period  of  Span- 
ish discovery  and  adventure  in  the  New 
World  practically  ends.] 

Sept.  20i:.  Fla.  Menendez  annihilates 
the  Huguenot  colony  on  the  St.  Johns 
Biver.    (See  Society.) 

Arg.  Rep.    Spaniards  cross  from  Peru 

and  found  Tucuman. 

*  *  Chile  is  under  the  royal  audiencia. 

1567  *  *  Brazil.  The  Portuguese,  having 
broken  up  the  French  settlement  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  now  foimd  a  colony  there, 
and  name  it  San  Salvador. 

*  *  Can.  The  French,  having  failed 
with  two  colonies,  abandon  the  colo- 
nization of  the  southern  coast,  and 
turn  northward.  The  Marquis  de  la 
Roche  obtains  a  commission  to  establish 
a  colony  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  [A  colony 
of  criminals  is  sent  out  and  fails.] 

*  *  Venez.  Caracas  is  founded  by  the 
Dutch. 

*  *  Brazil.    Sebastian  is  founded. 

1568  May  *  S.  C.  Having  driven  out 
the  French,  the  Spaniards  hold  the 
country. 

*  *  Chile.  The  audiencia  established  at 
Santiago. 

1569  Nov.  26.  Peru.  Don  Francisco 
de  Toledo  enters  Lima  as  viceroy, 

1570  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Spain  cripples  the 
colonists  by  restricting  navigation 
and  commerce. 

*  *  *  England  and  Spain  contest  the 
maritime  supremacy  of  the  world. 


1571*  *  Pent.  Inca  Tupac  Amaru  reigns. 
The  viceroy  unjustly  beheads  Tupac 
Amnru,  the  last  of  the  Xnoas,  on  the 
square  of  Cuzco. 

1572  *  *  Brazil.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
divide  the  colony. 

*  *  Va.  The  colony  of  Pedro  Menendez 
lands  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac. 

1573  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Spaniards  from  Peru 
found  Cordova. 

Don  Juan  de  Garay  leads  an  expedition 
to  found  Santa  Fe. 

*  *  Costa  Rica,  New  Carthage  receives  its 
third  governor  from  Madrid,  and  the 
colony  is  well  established. 

1574  •  *  Fr,    Henry  UI.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Brazil.    The  colony  is  divided. 
1577  *  *  Brazil.    Many  of  the  Protestant 

colonists  return  to  France. 
1578*  *  Greenland.    Frobisher    takes 
possession  of  the  west  coast  in  the  name 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  calls  it  West 
England. 

*  *  Brazil.  Diego  Laurenco  da  Veiga  is 
appointed  governor-general  of  the  flour- 
ishing colonies. 

Brazil  becomes  an  appendage  of 
Spain,  and  is  again  imited  under  (me 
government. 
Nov.  19.  Eng.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's 
first  expedition  sails  to  found  a  colony 
in  America. 

*  *  Port.  Henry  "the  Cardinal  "ifl  en- 
throned. 

1579  May  *  Eng.  Gilbert's  unsuccess- 
ful expediticin  returns  from  Newfomid- 
land. 

1580  June  11.  Arg.  Rep.  Another 
Spanish  expedition  under  Garay  recolo- 
nizes  Ituenos  Ayres  and  prospers. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  Dutch  begin  a  settle- 
ment on  the  coast. 

*  *  Port.    Anthony  is  enthroned. 

*  *  -1640  ♦  *  Portugal  and  her  colo- 
nies are  under  the  dominion  of 
Spain. 

1581  *  *  Hoi.  The  republic  of  the  United 
Netherlands  is  established. 

*  *  Peru.   Don  Martin  Henriquez  becomes 
viceroy. 

1582*  *  New  Mex.  Santa  F(S  is  visited 
by  De  Espejio. 

*  *  Peru.     Second  council  of  Lima. 

1583  June  *  N.  F.  An  expedition  of 
genuine  colonists,  led  by  Sir  Hum- 
phrey Gilbert,  and  patronized  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  sails  for  America.  [It 
utterly  fails.] 

Aug.  5.  Nciv/ountlland.  Gilbert  lands  at 
St.  Johns,  and  takes  possession  of  the 
island  in  the  name  of  his  queen. 

Aug.  27 .  (i  i  Ibert's  largest  ship  is  wrecked 
through  carelessness,  and  100  perish  ;  the 
survivors  return  to  England. 

*  *  Chile.    Sotomayor  is  governor. 

1584  *  *  Sir  Walter  Baleigh  receives 
his  first  patent. 

July  13.  N.  C.  An  exploring  expedition 
is  sent  out  by  Raleigh,  which  lands  on 
Hoanoke  Island,  and  takes  possession 
of  the  country  in  the  name  of  the  virgin 
queen,  and  calls  it  Virginia. 


1585  Apr.  Fug.  Raleigh  sends  out  his 
first  colony  of  llOpersonsunderGren- 
Tille.  Many  persons  are  eager  to  sail  for 
America. 

June  26.  N.  C.  Raleigh's  colony  ar- 
rives at  Koanoke  Island  and  is  left 
in  charge  of  Ralph  Lane.  It  is  the  first 
English  settlement  in  the  New  World. 

Aug.  25.  N.  C.  Grenville  sails  for  Eng- 
land. 

*  *  Arg.  Rep.  Buenos  Ayres  advances  in 
prosperity. 

*  *  GuiaTia  is  visited  by  Raleigh. 

1586  Jxme  19.  iV.  C.  The  English  in 
less  than  a  year  abandon  the  settlement 
on  Roanoke  Island  and  leave  with  Sir 
Francis  Drake.  They  carry  back  tobac- 
co and  the  potato.  [A  supply-ship  ar- 
rives a  few  days  later  and  departs.] 

July  ♦  N.  C.  Fifteen  days  later,  Gren- 
ville also  arrives  at  Roanoke  with  sup- 
plies, and  leaves  15  men  to  hold  possession 
of  the  country.    [Their  fate  is  unknown.] 

1587  July*  N.  C.  Raleigh's  second 
colonizing  expedition  of  117  men  and 
women,  under  Captain  John  White,  ar- 
rives at  Roanoke,  but  finding  no  colony 
it  returns. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  Spaniards  found  St. 
Thomas  Island. 

1589  Mar.  7.  Fng.  Raleigh  sells  his 
proprietary  rights  to  a  company  of 
merchants. 

*  *  Fr.    Henry  IV.  is  enthroned. 

1590  Aug.  17.  Gov.  John  White  re- 
turns to  the  Roanoke  settlement,  and 
finds  '*  it  desert,  tenantless,  and  silent." 

*  *  Peru,    llerdatode  Mendoza  is  viceroy. 
1592  *  *  Peru.    Martin   Gracia  Onez  de 

Loyola  is  viceroy. 

1594  *  *  Brazil.  French  Catholics  estab- 
lish a  colony  on  the  Island  of  Maranhao. 

1595*  *  Venez.  Haleigh  visits  Guiana, 
and  jiscends  the  Orinoco  River  400  miles, 
in  quest  of  the  £1  Dorado. 

1597  *  *  Arg.  Rep.  Buenos  Ayres  is 
linnly  established. 

1598  *  *  Can.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche 
secures  a  patent  for  a  colony  in  New 
France  (Nova  Scotia)  from  Henry  IV. 

La  Roche  establishes  a  colony,  chiefly 
taken  from  the  prisons  of  France,  on 
Sable  Islaml. 

*  *  Sp.    Philip  m,  is  enthroned. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1583  Sept.  *  Wreck  of  Sir  Humphrey 
(jilbert's  ship ;  all  perish. 

1584  i  *  *  Privateering  and  coloniza- 
tion go  hand  in  hand.  Sir  Ricliard 
Grenville,  on  his  return  voyage,  takes  a 
Spanish  merchantman. 

By  a  process  scarcely  differing  from 
piracy,  and  witli  little  regard  for  the 
law  of  nations,  great  wealth  was  speed- 
ily acquired  by  many  English  adven- 
turers. 
1587.  Aug.  18.  ^.  r.  Virginia  Dare, 
the  first  cliild  of  English  parentage, 
is  born  at  Roanoke. 


26 


1600-1609. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1603  *  *  Uruf/iiaij.  The  Charruas  Indi- 
ans defeat  the  Spaniards  in  a  pitched 
battle. 

1607**  Fa.  John  Smith  is  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  Indians,  and  condemned  to 
death ;  but  is  set  at  liberty  after  a  cap- 
tivity of  seven  weeks. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
EXPLORATION. 

1602  May  14.  Mass.  Arrival  of  Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold,  who  is  the  first  to 
sail  directly  across  the  Atlantic,  from 
the  Azores,  instead  of  by  the  Canary  Is- 
land route. 

]SiXay  15.  Mass.  Gosnold  visits  Cape 
Cod. 

*  *  Fa.  Voyage  of  Samuel  Mace  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

*  *  JF.  I.  Port  Royal,  Jamaica,  is  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake. 

1603  Apr.  10,  Eng.  Martin  Pring 
sails  on  a  voyage  of  commerce  and  ex- 
ploration to  New  England  [where  he 
enters  Plymouth  Harbor]. 

*  *  Can.  Samuel  Champlain  is  commis- 
sioned by  a  company  of  French  mer- 
chants of  Rouen  to  explore  the  country 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  establish  a 
trading-post. 

1605  May  17+.  Me.  George  "Wey- 
mouth of  England  explores  part  of  the 
coast  and  some  of  the  rivers. 

1607  May*  Eng.  Henry  Hudson 
starts  on  his  first  voyage,  instructed  to 
sail  northwest  and  directly  across  the 
pole. 

May  *  Va,  Newport  and  twenty  others 
return  to  Jamestown  after  exploring 
the  James  River  as  far  as  the  falls  [near 
Richmond]. 

*  *  Va.  Jamestown  colonists  send  an 
expedition  of  six  men  up  the  Chicka- 
hominy  River  expecting  to  find  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

1608  July  21.  Va.  John  Smith  re- 
turns to  Jamestown  from  the  first  ex- 
ploration of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  its 
tributaries. 

July  24.  Va.  Smith  sails  on  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  for  the  Susque- 
hanna River. 

Sept.  7.  Va.  Smith  returns  to  James- 
town, having  explored  3,000  miles  of 
coast. 

*  *  Eng.  Sir  Henry  Hudson  makes  a 
second  attempt  to  reach  India  by  a 
northwest  passage. 

*  *  Va.  Capt.  Newport  sails  up  the 
James  River  to  find  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

1609  Apr.  4.  IIol.  Sir  Henry  Hud- 
son sails  on  his  important  third  voyage, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Dutch  East 
India  Company. 

His  vessel  is  a  small  yacht  called  the 
Halve.  Monn,  having  a  crew  of  18  or  20 
men ;  the  icebergs  baffle  his  endeavors 
in  the  north,  and  he  follows  the  coast 
southward. 

July*  N.  Y.    Samuel  Champlain,  the 

French  navigator,  enters  the  lake  which 


bears  his  name,  and  is  the  first  white 
man  to  set  his  foot  on  the  soil  of  the 
Empire  State. 

Aug.  28.  K.  J.  Hudson  anchors  in 
Delaware  Bay.  [Soon  after  he  explores 
the  coast  of  New  Jersey.] 

Sept.  3.  N.  Y.  Hudson  anchors  in  the 
Lower  Bify  of  New  York,  behind  Sandy 
Hook,  and  is  refreshed  with  green  corn, 
wild  fruits,  and  oysters. 

Sept.  6.    N.  J.    Hudson  lands. 

Sept.  6.  N.  J.  Hudson  sounds  the  Nar- 
rows, and  passes  through  the  Kill  Van 
KuU  to  Newark  Bay. 

Sept.  9.  New  York.  Hudson  passes 
from  the  Lower  Bay  into  the  Narrows. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  Hudson  enters  the 
Great  River  of  the  north  (Hudson). 

Sept.  14.    Hudson  visits  the  Highlands. 

Sept.  19.  N.  Y.  The  Halve  Moon  tarries 
[at  Kinderhook]  while  a  small  boat  as- 
cends the  river  [above  Albany]. 

Sept.  *  Hudson  abandons  the  pursuit  of 
a  northwest  passage  via  the  Hudson 
River. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  of  Jamestown  be- 
gin the  manufactiure  of  glass  beads, 
for  trafllc  with  the  Indians. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1600  (lorton,  Samuel,  pioneer,  born. 
Hopkins,  Edvvani.  Rovernor,  born, 
aiason,  -John,  cajitain,  born. 

1601  Coddington,  William,  founder  of  R.  I., 
born. 

1603    Stuyvesant.  Peter.  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  b. 

1603  liradstreet.  Simon,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  bom. 
+  Fenwick,  George,  proprietor  In  Conn.,  b. 

1604  Eliot,  John.  Apostle  to  Indians,  born. 

1606  Calvert,  Leonard,  Gov.  of  Md.,  born. 
Winthrop,  Jobn,  (;ov.  of  Conn.,  born. 

1607  Gosnold,  liartholomew,  colonizer,  d. 
Harvard,  John,  founder,  born. 

1609    Clarke,  Jobn,  lipptist  founder,  born. 
Clap,  Roger,  autlior,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1605  Aug.  19.  Me.  The  English  colo- 
nists at  St.  George,  an  island  [in  the 
Androscoggin  River],  all  leave  their 
ships  and  go  ashore,  where  they  have 
located  their  plantation,  and  listen  to  a 
sermon  by  their  preacher,  after  which 
the  laws  of  the  colony  are  read. 

*  *  Paraguay/.  A  second  band  of  Jesuit 
missionaries  — Cataldino,  Mazeta,  and 
Lorenzana  — begin  a  successful  work. 

*  *  It.    Leo  XI.  and  later  Paul  V.,  pope. 

1606  Apr.  10.  Va.  The  charter  is 
issued ;  it  makes  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land the  religion  of  the  colony,  and  all 
the  people  taxable  for  its  support ;  the 
aborigines  are  to  be  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity if  possible. 

1607  Jime  21.  Va.  The  Holy  Sac- 
rament is  administered  in  a  chapel 
having  sail-cloth "  for  a  covering,  rails 
for  walls,  and  logs  for  benches ;  Rev, 
R.  Hunt,  minister  at  Jamestown. 

*  *  Me.  Rev.  Richard  Seymour  accom- 
panies a  colony,  for  the  service  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  li.  I.  A  Baptist  Church  (according 
to  some  authorities)  formed  at  Tiverton. 


1608*  *Eng,    Rev.    John    Robinson 

and  other  Puritans  thrown  into  jail  for 
dissenting,  when  about  to  flee  from  Eng- 
land. 

*  *  Paraffuay-  Jesuits  are  zealous  in 
civilizing  natives. 

*  *  Hoi.  Part  of  the  fleeing  Puritans- 
reach  HoUand. 

1609  *  *  Mass.  "William  Brewster  is 
chosen  eUler  of  the  Plymouth  colony,. 
and  becomes  a  religious  leader. 

*  *  *  Can.  The  Jesuit  missionaries 
commence  the  work  of  converting  the 
Indian  tribes,  and  exhibit  unparalleled 
fortitude  and  great  perseverance. 

LETTERS. 

1608  *  *  The  True  Jielatkm-,  by  Captain 
John  Smith,  is  printed  in  London. 

*  *  Va.  Smith  sends  to  England  his  com- 
pleted Map  of  the  Chesapeake  Hay, 

SOCIETY. 

1606  Apr.  *  The  London  Company  is 
required  by  a  clause  in  its  patent  to 
hold  all  property  of  its  settlement  in 
common  for  the  first  five  years. 

1607*  *  Va.  The  colony  at  Jamestown 
consists  of  12  laborers,  10  or  12  mechan- 
ics, and  48  gentlemen,  and  no  women. 

*  *  Va.  Suspicion,  dissension,  and  ras- 
cality prevail  among  the  colonists. 

Dec.  *  Va.  Capt.  John  Smith  is  tnken 
prisoner  by  the  Indians,  and  sentenced 
to  die,  but  liis  life  is  spared  by  the  in- 
tercession of  Pocahontas,  daughter  of 
Powliatan. 

1608*  *  Va.  A  conspiracy  is  formed  to 
kill  John  Smith,  and  abandon  the  colony. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  John  Smith's  first  law: 
"  He  who  would  not  work  should  not 
eat ;  "  the  second,  "  Each  man  for  six 
days  in  the  week  should  work  six  hours 
each  day." 

Apr.  *  Va.  Capt.  Newport  arrives  with 
a  company  of  34  gentlemen  and  an  as- 
sortment of  gold  hunters,  adventur- 
ers, and  vagabonds. 

1609  *  *  -10  Jflnter.  Va.  Vicious- 
ness  and  profligacy  on  the  part  of  the 
greater  number  of  the  colonists  bring^ 
about  dearth  ;  only  GO  persons  out  of  490- 
survive  till  spring. 

*  *  Va.  Thirty  colonists  seize  one  of 
the  vessels  and  sail  away  as  pirates ; 
riot  and  idleness  prevail,  domestic  ani- 
mals are  killed,  and  firearms  traded 
away. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

*  *  *The  Cherokee,  Catawba,  and 
Tuscarora  Indians  hold  the  Southern 
mountain  country,  and  approach  within 
about  100  miles  of  the  Atlantic  coast. 

*  *  *  The  Dakotas  are  in  the  great  West 
and  Northwest ;  the  Mobilians  are  in 
the  South. 

*  *  *  Tlie  Seminoles  are  in  the  Florida 
peninsula ;  the  Shoshones  between  the 
Rio  Grande  and  lower  Mississippi,  and 
in  the  Great  Salt  Lake  region  and  north- 
ward ;  the  Comanches  are  east  of  th& 
Rio  Grande  and    near  the  Sluishones;. 


AMERICA. 


1600-1609. 


27 


the  Klainatha  are  along  the  Pacific 
slope  south  of  the  Columbia  Kiver ;  the 
Galifornians  are  south  of  the  Kla- 
maths  ;  and  the  Athapascans,  between 
the  Colorado  Kiver  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

*  •  *  North  American  Indian  tribes  are 
governed  by  a  chief  and  council  who 
are  elective.  Captive  warriors  are 
treated  with  great  cruelty ;  women, 
boys,  and  girls  are  made  slaves. 

*  *  *  The  Huron  family  of  Indian  tribes 
dwell  north  of  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 
Ontario. 

*  *  *  The  great  Algonkian  family  rule 
both  forest  and  prairie,  extending  along 
the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  Cape  Uatteras,  and  along  the 
Ohio  Eiver  westward  to  the  Mississippi, 
and  northward  to  Lakes  Superior  and 
Huron. 

The  powerful  Iroquois  Indian  fam- 
ily, including  many  tribes,  extend  south 
of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  for  one  or  two  hundred 
miles,  and  to  the  east  as  far  as  Lake 
Champlain. 

1602  *  •  Arg.  Hep.  Spain  permits  col- 
onists to  export  two  ship-loads  of  pro- 
duce each  year  with  50  per  cent  customs 
duties. 

*  *  Holl.  The  Dutch  Bast  India  Com- 
pany is  for.med. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  New  England  set- 
tlement is  made  on  an  island  in  Buz- 
zard's Bay,  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  for 
the  Association  of  London  Merchants. 
[It  is  short-lived.] 

1603  Mar.  24.  Eng.  James  I.  en- 
throned. 

Apr.  *  Me.  Martin  Pring  leads  an  Eng- 
glish  expedition  to  the  coast.  [It  returns 
after  an  absence  of  six  months.] 

Nov.  *  Sieur  de  Monts,  a  French  Hu- 
guenot, receives  a  grant  of  the  coimtry 
from  one  degree  north  of  Montreal  to 
the  latitude  of  Philadelphia. 

1605.  Aug.  9.  il/e.  An  English  colony 
is  planted  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagada- 
hoc (Androscoggin)  River,  on  an  island 
called  St.  George. 

Nov.  14.  N.  .S.  De  Monts  establishes 
the  first  French  settlement  in  the 
country  at  Port  Royal  (Annapolis)  in 
Acadia. 

*  •  Maine  is  visited  by  an  expedition 
under  George  Weymouth. 

*  *  N.  S.  Acadia  Is  the  only  active  set- 
tlement except  those  in  Central  and 
South  America,  after  100  years  of  explo- 
ration. 

1606  Apr.  10.  Great  Virginia.  The 
first  charter  is  granted. 

A  great  joint-stock  company  is  formed 
in  England  for  the  establishment  of  two 
colonies  in  America.  The  Londfin  or 
Virginia  Company,  having  jurisdiction 
from  34°  to  38°  north  latitiule,  and  the 
Plymouth  or  North  Virginia  Company, 
with  headquarters  at  Plymouth,  having 
jurisdiction  from  4,V  to  41°;  and  the  in- 
tervening territory  (38°  to  41°)  to  go  to  the 
company  establishing  the  flrst  self-sus- 
taining colony. 


A.^3g.*  Eng.    The  Plymouth  Company 

of  "  knights,  gentlemen,  and  merchants  " 
sends  out  its  pioneer  ship  for  explo- 
ration, and  it  is  taken  by  the  Spaniards. 

Autumn.  Eng.  The  second  ship  of  the 
Plymouth  Company  goes  out,  and  re- 
turns with  glowixig  accounts. 

Dec.  19.  Eng.  The  Ix>ndon  Company 
of  "  noblemen,  gentlemen,-  and  mer- 
chants" sends  out  three  ships.  A  Su- 
perior Council  in  England  and  an  In- 
ferior Council  in  America  are  to  manage 
its  affairs. 

»  *  » France  claims  all  the  territory- 
north  of  Florida  by  right  of  the  dis- 
coveries of  Verrazano. 

»  ♦  *  England  claims  the  territory  from 
the  Cape  Fear  in  North  Carolina  to  New- 
foundland, and  westward  indefinitely, 
by  the  discoveries  of  John  Cabot. 

*  *  Mass.  The  French  attempt  to  settle 
Cape  Cod,  but  are  driven  off  by  the  In- 
dians. 

1607  May*  Va.  John  Smith  is  placed 
in  confinement  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  voyage  to  Virginia,  on  the  absurd 
charge  of  designing  to  murder  the  Coun- 
cil, and  make  himself  its  monarch. 

May  13.  Va.  Commander  Newport  lands 
105  colonists  at  Jamestown,  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  James  River,  about 
32  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Only  12  are  laborers,  and  10  or  12  are 
mechanics,  while  48  are  gentlemen,  and 
there  are  no  women. 

*  *  -10  Spring.  N.  S.  Port  Boyal  is  de- 
serted. 

May  *  Va.  The  Inferior  Council  elect 
Edward  "Wlngfield  the  first  governor. 

*  *  Va.  John  Smith  is  at  first  jealously 
excluded  from  his  seat  in  the  Council. 

June  2.  Va.  Capt.  Newport  sails  for 
England,  leaving  the  colonists  in  a 
wretched  condition. 

Aug.  8.  Me.  The  second  English  Col- 
ony is  planted. 

George  Popham  and  Raleigh  Gilbert 
plant  120  colonists  in  a  fort  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec  River.  [It  is  abandoned 
the  next  year.] 

Aug.  *  Va.  General  sickness  at  James- 
town ;  only  five  men  able  to  do  sentinel 
duty. 

Sept.  10.  Va.  Gov.  Wingfleld  and  his 
confederate,  George  Kendall,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  governing  council,  are  detected 
in  embezzling  the  stores  of  the  colony. 
[They  are  impeached  and  deprived  of 
office.] 

Sept.  15.  Va.  One  half  of  the  colonists 
have  been  swept  away  by  disease. 

Sept.  *  Va.  John  Ratclifte  is  chosen 
president  of  the  council  and  governor 
of  the  colony.  [He  is  detected  in  an 
attempt  to  abandon  the  colony,  and  is 
deposed.] 

Deo.  *  *  Va.  Jamestown  improves  un- 
der the  management  of  John  Smith  ;  by 
strategy  com  is  secured  from  the  Indians 
for  winter. 

*  *  Va.  Only  two  of  the  seven  members 
of  the  council  remain,  Martin  and 
Smith;  Martin  elects  Smith,  not  yet 


30  years  old.  President  of  Virginia.  [He 
becomes  the  most  noted  man  in  the 
early  history  of  America.] 

■Winter.  Va.  Smith  is  held  in  captiv- 
ity by  the  Indians. 

1608  Jan.  *  Va.  Smith  returns  from 
captivity. 

Apr.  *  Va.  Newport  returns  to  James- 
town with  a  second  company,  con- 
sisting of  120  emigrants,  like  the  flrst, 
'*  vagabond  gentlemen,"  idlers,  and  gold- 
hunters  ;  only  38  remain  of  the  original 
105  colonists. 

Newport  sails  for  England  with  a  lot 
of  worthless  earth,  supposed  to  contain 
gold. 

July  3.  Can.  Champlain  returns  from 
France  to  New  France  with  a  colony 
sent  out  by  De  Monts,  and  lays  the  foun- 
dation of  Quebec. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  waste  the  planting 
season  in  eold-seeking. 

Autumn.  Va.  Arrival  of  20  colonists 
with  Capt.  Newport,  which  increases 
the  number  to  a  total  of  200  persons. 

Sept.  10±.  Va.  John  Smith  is  formally 
elected  President;  he  enforces  law; 
gold-hunting  becomes  unpopular,  and 
prosperity  increases. 

*  *  Va.  Smith,  Martin,  and  Newport 
constitute  the  Inferior  Council. 

1609  May  23.  Va.  A  second  charter 
is  issued,  having  enlarged  privileges. 

King  James  revokes  the  constitution 
without  consulting  the  wishes  of  the 
colonists,  and  grants  the  London  Com- 
pany a  new  cliarter,  extending  from 
Cape  Fear  to  Sanily  Hook,  and  westward 
to  the  Pacific. 

May  *  Eng.  Lord  Delaware  is  elected 
governor  of  A'irginia  for  life. 

He  is  the  first  one  elected  by  the  stock- 
holders of  the  London  (Jompany ;  Sir 
George  .Somers  is  admiral ;  .Sir  Thomas 
Dale  is  high  marshal;  Sir  Ferdinand 
Wainman  master  of  horse,  etc. 

Jwno*  Eng.  Many  noblemen  with  20 
women  and  children  sail  in  a  company 
of  500  emigrants  for  Virginia. 

One  vessel  is  wrecked,  and  one  run 
a.shore  in  the  Bermudas,  and  seven  ar- 
rive in  Jamestown.  The  governing 
commissioners  being  stranded  in  Ber- 
muda, John  Smith  continues  in  office, 
and  greets  the  worst  emigrants  yet  sent 
out. 

Sept.  15.  Va.  Smith  sails  for  England, 
to  recover  his  health. 

Sept.  *  Va.  Sir  George  Percy  governs 
Jamestown  as  Smith's  delegate ;  it  con- 
tains between  50  and  GO  houses. 

Winter.  Va.  The  450  colonists  suffer 
hunger  because  of  profligacy  and  ill 
government. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1604  *  *  Eng.  The  Muscovy  Company 
sends  the  flrst  English  ship  to  Green- 
land. 

1605  *  *  Me.  George  Weymouth  sails  on 
a  trading  expedition  for  furs  to  thfr 
coast  of  Maine. 

*  *  Va.  Captain  John  Smith  is  sick, 
and  so  near  to  death  that  his  comrades 
dig  his  grave. 


28 


1610-1620. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVy. 
1613  Spring.  Me.  Captain  Argall  of 
Jamestown  pillages  and  burns  the 
French  settlement  at  Mount  Desert 
Island,  it  being  in  the  territory  of  the 
London  Company. 

*  *  Can.  Smith  destroys  every  building 
of  a  French  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Croix  Kiver. 

*  *  Can.  Smith  bums  the  deserted  ham- 
let of  Port  Royal  in  Acadia  (Nova 
Scotia). 

*  *  N.  Y.  Smith  destroys  the  cabins  of 
the  Dutch  on  Manhattan  Island,  and 
compels  them  to  acknowledge  the  sover- 
eignty of  James  I.  of  England. 

1614.*  *N.r.  The  Dutch  build  a  fort 
on  the  southern  extremity  of  Manhattan 
Island. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Fort  Nassau  is  built  by  the 
Dutch  [near  Albany], 

1615  Oct.  10.  .V.  r.  Battle  between 
Champlain  and  the  Iroquois  Indians  in 
western  New  Y<>rk. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
EXPLORATION. 
1610  *  *  Eng.    Hudson  sails  on  a  north- 
ern voyage  of  discovery,  seeking  a  pas- 
sage westward  to  the  Indies. 

*  *  Spring.  Va.  Smith  introduces  the 
cultivation  of  maize,  and  plants  30  or 
40  acres. 

July  27 .  Sir  Thomas  Smythe  discovers 
Delaware  Bay. 

Aug.  2.  Can.  Hudson  enters  the  straits 
which  bear  his  name,  and  thinks  he  dis- 
covers the  Pacific  [Hudson  Bay]. 

1612  *  *  Va.  The  colonists  begin  to 
manufacture  bricks. 

*  *  Va.  John  Rolfe  [the  husband  of 
Pocahontas]  begins  the  systematic  cul- 
tivation of  tobacco. 

1614  *  *  N.  Y.  Adriaen  Block  of  New 
Amsterdam  builds  the  first  colonial  ship, 
the  Onrusf  (Restless). 

*  *  Conn.  Block,  in  the  Onnisf,  explores 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  discovers  the 
Connecticut  River. 

June  +  *  Captain  John  Smith  explores 
the  New  England  coast,  and  gives  it  this 
name. 

1615  *  *  Can.  Champlain  visits  Lake 
Huron. 

1616  *  *  Call.  Bylot  and  Baffin  are 
sent  in  search  of  the  northwest  pas- 
sage ;  Wolstenholme's  Sound,  Lancaster 
Sound,  and  BaMn  Bay  are  discovered. 

1617  *  *  Guiana.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
explores  the  coast. 

1618  *  *  Can.  Baffin  reaches  the  78'  of 
latitude  in  the  bay  which  bears  his 
name. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1610  ?  Berkeley,  Sir  William,  Gov.  of  Va.,b. 
?  Newport,  Christopher,  commander,  dies. 

161 1  Day,  Stephen,  first  printer,  born. 
•1612  Bradstreet,  Anne,  poet,  born. 

1613  Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian,  born. 

1614  Cheever,  Kzekiel,  teacher,  born. 
1616  Leverett,  Sir  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  bom. 

Mereloza,de  Juan  Gonzales,  Mex.  viear,A77. 


1617  Pocahontas  dies  In  Europe  A22. 

1618  West,  Thomas  Lord  Delaware,  Gov. 
of  Va.,  A41. 

Powhatan,  Indian  chief,  dies. 
1620    AUouez,  Claude  Jean,  Fr.  Jesuit,  born. 
Dale,  Sir  Thomas,  Gov.  of  va.,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1610  June  *  Va.  A  day  given  to  reli- 
gious services  on  the  return  of  the 
colonists  to  their  homes.    (See  State.) 

1611  June  10.  Va.  Many  godly  emi- 
grants arrive ;  they  commence  the  labors 
of  the  day  by  offering  prayers  in  their 
little  church,  and  order  and  comfort 
increase. 

June  12.  N'.  S.  Two  Jesuit  mission- 
aries arrive  at  Port  Royal,  but  their 
work  among  the  Micmacs  is  frustrated 
by  the  government. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Dale  requires  every  man 
and  woman  to  give  an  account  of  his 
faith  to  the  minister  for  the  test  of 
orthodoxy ;  he  orders  them  to  be 
whipped  if  they  refuse,  and  to  be 
whipped  daily  till  they  acknowledge 
their  faith. 

1614  *  *  TTi.  Pocahontas  becomes  the 
first  Christian  convert,  and  is  bap- 
tized in  the  Episcopal  church,  under 
the  name  of  Rebecca. 

1615  *  *  Can.  Le  Caron,  a  Franciscan, 
carries  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
the  Indians  of  eastern  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Hurons. 

1617  *  *  Eng.  The  refugee  Puritans 
in  Holland  ajiply  to  the  London  Com- 
pany for  permission  to  emigrate  to  their 
territory  in  America,  and  their  request 
is  granted. 

1619  July*  Va.  The  House  of  Bur- 
gesses confirms  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land as  the  Church  of  Virginia,  and 
intends  that  the  first  four  ministers 
shall  each  receive  £200  a  year,  and  all 
persons  whatsoever  shall  attend  church 
on  the  Sabbath,  both  forenoon  and 
afternoon. 

*  *  Enff.  Another  request  signed  by  the 
greater  part  of  the  Puritans  is  sent  to 
the  Company.  [Dissensions  in  the  Com- 
pany delay  success.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Reformed  Franciscans  be- 
gin mission  work  in  Acadia. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  Only  the  Plym- 
outh people  come  over  as  separatists, 
the  other  colonists  remain  in  the 
Chiurch  of  £]ngland  seeking  to  reform 
her  corruptions.  The  Congregational 
service  is  introduced  by  the  Pilgrims. 

*  *  Arg.  Hep.  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a 
bishopric  by  creation  of  Pope  Paul  V. 

*  *  Eng.  A  company  of  London  mer- 
chants is  formed  that  agrees  to  loan 
money  to  the  poor  Puritans  so  they 
may  emigrate  ;  each  is  to  give  his  ser- 
vices for  seven  years  to  the  company. 

LETTERS. 

1610  *  *  The  True  Reportoryof  the  Wrack 

and  Redemption  of  Sir  Tfiomas  Gates, 

written  at  Jamestown  by  William  Stra- 

chey. 


1613  *  *  Good  Neips  /rom  Virginia,  by 
Alexander  Whitaker,  **  The  Apostle  of 
Virginia." 

1614  *  *  Captain  John  Smith  makes  a 
map  of  the  New  England  coast  and 
country ;  names  it  New  England. 

1616  *  *  Pern.     The    college    of    San 

Carlos  is  fovuided. 
1619  *  *  Va.     An  eifort  is  made  toestab- 

lish  a  college  at  Henrico  (Richmond). 
An  endowment  of    €1,500  and    10,000 

acres  of  land  is  procured  ;  the  massacre 

of  its  friends  defeats  the  project. 

SOCIETY. 

1611  Jtme  21.    Can.   Henry  Hudson, 

his  sons,  and  Ave  others  are  sent  adrift 
by  his  mutinous  crew,  and  perish  in 
Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Va.  The  land  hitherto  held  in  com- 
mon is  now  divided,  and  each  of  the  700 
colonists  receives  three  acres. 

Sept.  1.  Henry  Hudson's  mutinous  crew 
is  picked  up  in  a  wretched  coiulition. 

1612  June  29.  Eng.  A  lottery  is 
drawn  in  London  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Virginia  plantations ;  profit  nearly 
£30,000. 

1613  *  *  Va.  Pocahontas  is  stolen  and 
held  for  a  ransom  by  the  colonists.  [In- 
dian troubles  follow.] 

1614*  *  Va.  Capt.  Hunt,  the  deputy 
governor,  treacherously  entices  the  In- 
dian chief,  Santo,  with  27  others,  on 
board  of  his  ship,  and  sails  for  Spain, 
where  he  sells  them  into  slavery. 

Apr.  *  Va.  Pocahontas  is  married  to 
John  Rolfe,  a  worthy  young  Englishman. 
[King  James  is  scandalized  that  one  not 
of  royal  blood  should  marry  a  i)rincess.] 

1616  ♦  *  Pocahontas  visits  England 
and  is  received  at  Court. 

1619  *  *  Va.  Laws  are  made  against  the 
plasring  of  dice  and  cards,  drunken- 
ness, and  idleness;  excess  in  apparel 
is  restrained  by  a  tax. 

*  *  Va.  The  colony  is  reenforced  by  the 
arrival  of  1,200  emigrants,  including  100 
felons  sent  by  the  king  to  be  sold  as 
servants  among  the  planters. 

*  *  Eng.  Bad  management  of  the  treas- 
urer of  the  London  Company. 

About  ?400,000  have  been  spent  and 
only  600  men,  chiefly  rovers,  are  fomid 
in  the  colony ;  it  is  discovered  that 
women  must  be  introduced  to  make 
the  enterprise  succeed. 

Aug.  *  Va.  A  Dutch  man-of-war  brings 
20  African  negroes  to  Jamestown,  and 
sells  them  to  the  colonists  at  auction, 
thus  introducing  African  slavery. 

1620  Dec.  21.  Mass.  The  "Pilgrim 
Fathers  *'  land  at  Plymouth  Rock,  and 
their  colony  consists  of  73  males,  29  fe- 
males ;  34  adult  males,  18  adult  females ; 
20  boys  and  8  girls  ;  also  3  maid  servants 
and  19  men  servants,  etc.    (Winsor.) 

*  *  E7ig.  Ninety  young  women  of  good 
breeding  and  modest  manners  are  per- 
suaded to  emigrate  to  Virginia. 

Men  who  become  husbands  pay  120  lbs, 
of  tobacco  to  repay  the  almost  bankrupt 
company  the  expense  of  the  voyage. 


AMERICA. 


1610-1620. 


29 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1610    May  24.     J'o.    Capt.-gen.  Gates 

auJ  about  150  others  arrive  from  Ber- 
nul(ia,  where  they  were  shipwrecked. 

June*  I'll.  "  The  starving  time." 
Vice  and  famine  have  reduced  the 
colonists  from  490  to  only  60 ;  they  are  dis- 
heartened, and  abandoning  .Jamestown, 
set  sail  for  the  fishermen's  fleet  at  New- 
foimdland. 

JmielO.  Va.  The  departing  colonists 
meet  a  fleet  of  3  vessels  with  reeuforce- 
ments  and  supplies,  and  then  retturn  to 
.lames  to  w^i. 

Lord  Delaware,  the  acting  governor, 
brings  peace,  plenty,  and  prosperity  to 
.Jamestown. 

Xeii)  York.  The  first  Dutch  emi- 
grants arrive  at  Manhattan. 

*  *  Brazil.  Jesuit  settlements  are 
formed ;  commmiism  prevails. 

*  •  Fr.    liOtiis  Xm.  enthroned. 

*  *  Nicaragua.  The  foundation  of  Leon 
[the  future  rival  of  Granada]  is  laid. 

»  *  K.  F.    Mr.  Gay,  of  Bristol,  fotmds  a 

colony  at  Conception  Bay. 
±  *  *  Paraguay.    Jesuit  settlements  of 

natives  are  begun  ;  civilization  follows. 
»  *  Va.    Delaware  returns  to  England  for 

his  health. 

1611  May  10.  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Dale 
arrives  in  the  Chesapeake  with  stores 
and  emigrants  ;  he  assmnes  the  govern- 
ment as  high  marshal. 

Aug.  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Gates  arrives 
with  300  colonists,  13  cows,  20  goats,  and 
supplies;  he  enters  ofRce  as  deputy 
governor. 

*  *  Va.  Colonists  receive  individual  al- 
lotments of  three  acres  of  land. 

1612  Mar.  •  To.  James  I.  grants  a 
third  charter  to  the  London  Company. 

It  includes  the  Bermudas  ;  because  of 
the  financial  failure  of  the  venture  the 
stockholders  are  given  control,  and  with- 
out intention,  a  democratic  government 


is  encouraged. 
>  *  Brazil.   A  French  colony  is  founded 
on  the  island  of  Marajo.    [Maintained 
six  years.J 
»  *  Fng.    Sir  MTalter  Kaleigh,  having 
spent  $200,000  to  found  a  colony,  without 
success,  gives  up  the  tmdertaking. 
•  *  Fr.    The  Protestants  being  in  power, 
the  great  Condfi  becomes  viceroy  of 
the  French  empire  in  America. 
«  •  jVew  York.    The  Dutch  send  the  Tiger 
and  the  Firrtune.  to  trade  with  the  Indians 
on  the  Hudson  Kiver.     Huts  are  erected 
on    Manhattan    Island.       (About    45 
Broadway.) 
1613    May  *  Me.    Madame  de  Guerche- 
ville,  having  secured  DeMonts'   patent 
and  a  new  one  from  the  crown,  for  all 
lands  between  Florida  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence Eiver,  Port  Royal  excepted,  sends 
Saussage  and  two  .Jesuits,  who  settle  a 
small  colony  on  Mount  Desert  Island. 
[It  is  soon  broken  up.] 
»  »  Guiana.    A  colony  of   Dutchmen  ar- 
rives. 
*  *  New  York.      The   Dntch   establish    a 
trading-post  on  Manhattan  Island. 


*  *  Va.     Captain    Samuel    Argall    of 

Jamestown  breaks  up  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Maine  and  Acadia,  also  the 
Dutch  trading-station  (?)  at  New  Nether- 
land. 
1614  Oct.  11.  .V.  Y.  A  charter  is 
granted  by  the  States-General  to  the 
New  Netherland  Company,  includ- 
ing territory  from  40°  north  to  45°  north, 
with  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  for 
three  years. 

*  *  Conn.    Settlement  of  Connecticut. 

Tlie  Dutch,  led  by  Adriaen  Block,  ex- 
plore the  coast,  also  the  chief  river,  and 
build  a  fort  [near  Hartford]. 

*  •  Guiana.     The  States  of  Holland  en- 
courage settlements  by  offering  mouo-i 
polies  for  four  years. 

*  *  Mass,  An  expedition  is  sent  to  New 
England  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
and  the  Earl  of  Southampton. 

*  •  A'.  I'.  The  Dutch  form  a  settlement 
on  Manhattan  Island,  also  erect  a  fort ; 
they  build  another  [Fort  Nassau]  150 
miles  up  the  river. 

*  *NewYork.  Jean Vigne.thefirstwhlte 
child,  born  on  Manhattan  Island. 

*  *  J'o.  Gov.  Gates  returns  to  England, 
and  leaves  the  government  to  Sir  Thomaa 
Dale  [for  two  years]. 

The  cultivation  of  tobacco  brings 
prosperity  to  the  colony;  the  streets 
of  Jamestown  are  planted  with  it,  and 
it  becomes  the  accepted  currency. 

1615  May±  •  New  Eng.  John  Smith 
vainly  attempts  to  form  a  settlement. 

*  »  Brazil.    Belem  Is  founded  by  Calderia. 

*  *  Can.  Champlain  leads  an  expedition 
to  Lake  Huron. 

*  *  N.  F.  Captain  Kiohard  Whitborne 
is  sent  to  establish  order  among  the 
fishermen  at  Newfoundland. 

*  •  Va.  Private  ownership  of  land 
begins,  each  colonist  receiving  50  acres 
for  himself  and  heirs. 

1616  May  *  Va.  Sir  Thomas  Dale  re- 
signs the  governorship,  and  returns  to 
England,  leaving  George  Yeardley  as 
deputy  governor.  Pocahontas  goes  to 
England. 

*  *  Ni-u)  Eng.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gor- 
ges makes  persistent  effort  for  the  set- 
tlement of  New  England. 

1617  Jan.  *  Va.  Captain  Samuel  Ar- 
gall is  elected  deputy  governor. 

[Fraud,   oppression,    violence,   greed, 
and  tyranny  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ment check   inunigration,  and  tlie  col- 
ony becomes  reduced  to  600  persons.] 
May  15.  Va.  Argall  arrives  in  Jamestown. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Dutch  from  New  Am- 
sterdam start  a  settlement  at  Bergen. 
[The  first  in  New  Jersey.] 

*  »  .V.  r.  Fort  Nassau  [Albany]  is  de- 
stroye<l  by  a  fiood. 

1618  *  *  Nev:  Eng.  Ferdinando  Gorges 
sends  Captain  Rocroft  from  England  to 
New  England  ;  he  spoils  a  French  bark 
on  the  way,  and  goes  to  Virginia,  where 
he  is  killed. 

1619  Jan.  1.  N.  Y.  Expiration  of  the 
first  New  Netherland  charter. 


•  *  Va,  Lord  Delaware  sails  with  sup- 
plies, and  dies  on  the  voyage.  Ope- 
chancanough  succeeds  Powhatan. 

Apr.  10.  Va.  Sir  George  Yeardley  is 
appointed  deputy  governor.  [The  col- 
ony grows  and  prospers.] 

*  •  Jfol.  The  Pilgrims  get  a  patent  from 
the  London  (South  Virginia)  Company. 

July*  )'«.  Popular  government  in- 
troduced. 

Yeardley  divides  the  plantation  into 
11  boroughs,  and  Lssues  a  proclamation 
requesting  the  election  of  two  citizens 
from  each  to  assist  in  the  government. 

July  30.    I'a.   The  House  of  Burgesses 

meets  at  Jamestown,  the  first  colonial 
legislature  in  the  New  World. 

It  is  an  elective  assembly  for  discus- 
sion only,  and  has  no  power  without  the 
approval  of  the  London  Company. 

1620  July 22.  Hoi.  ThePilgrimsde- 
part  from  Delfshaven  in  the  Speedtcell, 
having  spent  the  preceding  night  In 
prayer  and  religious  conversation. 

The  Pilgrims  purchase  the  Speedwell, 
and  hire  the  MayjUnver. 

Aug.  5.  Eng.  The  Pilgrims  set  sail 
from  Southiimpton  for  Virginia  in  the 
Mayflower  of  180  tons  burden,  and  the 
Speedwell,  60  tons.  [The  Speedwell  proves 
leaky,  and  compels  their  return  to  Dart- 
mouth.] 

Aug.  20+.  The  repairs  on  the  Speedwell 
being  completed,  the  Pilgrims  reem- 
bark.  [The  Speedwell  proves- unseawor- 
thy,  and  they  return  to  Plymouth.] 

Sept.  6.  Eng,  The  PUgrims  finally 
leave  Plymouth  in  the  Mayflmoer, 
and  number  102  persons. 

Nov.  3.  Eng,  The  Plymouth  Com- 
pany reorganized. 

King  .James  incorporates  forty  of  his 
subjects  as  "  the  Council  established  at 
Plymouth  for  the  planting,  ruling,  or- 
dering, and  governing  of  New  England 

1  Ti     ATn*.i'i(.n 


in  America.' 
Nov.  0.  Mass,  The  Pilgrims  come  in 
sight  of  Cape  Cod  after  a  voyage  of  63 
days. 
Nov.  11.  Mass,  Pilgrims  on  the  May- 
flower sign  an  Instrument  of  republican 
government,  and  elect  John  Car\'er 
governor.    (Nov.  21,  N.  S.) 

Being  denied  a  patent  by  the  king,  they 
proceed  to  discliarge  all  (he  functions  of 
an  organized  state. 
Dec.  11.  Mass,  The  Pilgrim  Fathers 
disembark  at  Plymouth  Kock,  and 
found  a  colony  numbering  102  persons. 
NewStyle,  Dec.  21.  (Winsor.) 
Deo.  23.  Mass,  The  Pilgrims  begin 
building  a  settlement  at  Plymouth. 

•  *  Arg,  Rep,  The  Spaniards  erect  a  new 
government  for  Buenos  Ayres  — the 
Bio  de  la  Plata,  with  Buenos  Ayres 
for  its  capital;  cities  and  settlements 
abound. 

•  ♦Paraguay  is  separated  from  Bue- 
nos Ayres. 

•  •  Mass.  Tlie  whole  body  of  the  male 
inhabitants  constitute  the  legislature. 
[Continuing  thus  for  18  years.] 

•  *  Va.  The  1 ,000  inhabitants  receive  an 
accession  of  1,200  more. 


80     1621,  Mar.  21-1629,  Aug.  29. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1621  *  *  Va.  The  settlers  scour  the 
wilderness,  burn  Indian  villages,  and 
kill  some  savages ;  the  remainder  are 
driven  into  the  interior. 

*  *  Mass.  Capt.  Miles  Standish,  with  a 
force  of  six  men,  explores  the  coimtry  to 
learn  the  disposition  and  number  of  the 
Indians. 

Aug.  14.  Mass.  The  Plymouth  colony 
sends  14  armed  men  to  awe  the 
Indians. 

1622  Mar.  22.  Va.  Indians  attempt 
to  annihilate  the  settlements  by  an  un- 
expected attack,  in  which  347  colonists 
■are  killed,  and  72  settlements  destroyed. 
Only  l.UOO  men  survive  iu  the  8  remain-' 
ing  settlements. 

1623  *  *  Mass.  Miles  Standish  with 
eight  men  goes  to  the  rescue  of  Wey- 
mouth, and  defeats  the  Indians. 

June  ±  *  A".  Y.    The  Dutch  build  Fort 

Orange  (Albany). 
N.  J.    The  Dutch  build  Fort  Nassau 

on  the  east  shore  of  the  Delaware  [a 

little  below  Philadelphia]. 
.July  *    Va.    Parties   of   settlers   attack 

the  savages  and  drive  them  inland. 

1624  July  *  Va.  The  Assembly  orders 
another  attack  ou  the  Indians. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  Dutch  take  Bahia  with- 
out a  struggle. 

1628*  *  Can.  Champlain  repulses 
David  Kirk  in  his  attempt  to  capture 
Quebec ;  Port  Koyal  falls  into  the  hands 
of  the  English. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1621  *  *  Va.  Workmen  skilled  in  mak- 
ing iron  arrive,  bees  are  introduced, 
and  cotton  is  planted  as  an  experiment. 

1622  *  *  Va.    First  grist-miU  erected. 
Twenty-five  shipwrights  arrive. 

_  1625  *  *  Mass.  Plymouth  has  already 
built  a  little  vessel. 

BIRTHS -DEATHS. 

.  1681     Carver.  John,  Gov.  of  Plymouth  col- 
ony, A  3 1. 
Mayhew,  Thomas,  clergyman  of  Mass.,  born. 
Hubbard,  William,  clergyman  of  ]Mass.,born. 

1623  Laval- Montmorency,    Bp.    of    Que- 
bec, born. 

1635     Cushman,  Robert,  of  Plymouth  colony, 

A45.  ? 
1637    7eardley.  Sir  Oeorgre.  Gov.  of  Va.,  d. 

CHURCH. 
1621*  *  K.  Y.   Lutherans  settle  in  Kew 
Amsterdam. 

*  *  It.    Gregory  XV,,  pope, 

1623  *  *  Mass.  Protestant  Episcopal 
service  is  first  regnlarly  established 
here  by  Bev.  William  Morrell  of  Eng- 
land. 

*  *  N.  IT.  The  colonists  are  tolerant  to- 
ward all  religious  faiths. 

*  •  It.    Urban  Vm.,  pope. 

*  *  N,  Y.  The  "Walloons  are  driven  to 
America  hy  persecution. 

'-  •  *  Va.  The  General  Assembly  ordains 
.  the  suppression  *'  of  all  teaching  or 
/..preaching,    public   or   private,"  of   all 


non-Episcopal  ministers,  and  the  expul- 
sion of  non-eonformists  from  the  colony. 
±  *  *  Mass.  The  London  Company  vexes 
the  PljTnouth  colony  by  its  efforts  to 
thrust  on  the  Pilgrims  a  minister  of  the 
Established  Church ;  they  had  come 
to  the  western  wilderness  to  escape  such 
oppression. 

1626  *  *  Can.  Fathers  Brebeuf  and 
Daniel,  llecoUects,  begin  work  among 
the  Hurous. 

*  *  New  York.  Public  worship  by  the 
Reformed  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam 
begins,  in  the  absence  of  ministers,  by 
the  weekly  reading  of  the  Scriptures 
and  the  creeds  in  a  room  over  a  horse- 
mill,  by  two  men  (Huyck  and  Krol)  sent 
over  as  *'  Comforters  of  the  Sick." 

1627  *  *  N.  M.  The  Franciscan  mis- 
sionaries report  27  new  missions,  sev- 
eral large  churches,  10  convents,  thou- 
sands of  Indians  baptized,  and  over  8,000 
converts  to  Christianity. 

1628  Apr.  7.  N.  Y.  Jonas Michaelius, 
the  first  Butch  minister,  arrives;  the 
Reformed  Dutch  Ch\u:ch  is  organized 
in  New  Amsterdam. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  Presbyterian 
church  in  America  is  organized  in  New 
Amsterdam. 
July  20.  Mass.  The  ballot  first  used 
in  America  in  the  election  of  John  Wil- 
son as  pastor  and  teacher  at  Salem  after 
a  day  of  humiliation.  The  church  or- 
ganized. 

1629  Aug.  6.  Mass.  Organization  of 
the  second  Congregational  church  at 
Salem. 

John  and  Samuel  Brown  set  up 
Episcopal  worship  in  Salem :  ap- 
parently the  first  to  resist  the  politico- 
religious  law  of  the  colony. 

LETTERS. 
1622  *  *  Va.     The   Bishop    of    London 

raises  £1,000  toward   a  imiversity  for 

this  colony. 
1624  *  *  General  History  of  Virginia,  by 

Captain  John   Smith,  is    printed   in 

London. 
1626  *  *  A  TraTislation  of  Ovidfhy  Sandys, 

appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1621  Mar.  22.  Va.  Jamesto^vn  and 
other  settlements  are  saved  from  gen- 
eral massacre  by  the  warning  given  by 
a  converted  red  man,  who  reveals 
the  plot  on  the  previous  night. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Massasoit,  the  great 
sachem  of  the  Wampanoags,  is  received 
by  the  Plymouth  colony  with  much 
parade.  A  treaty  of  peace  follows.  [It 
is  faitlif  ully  kept  for  fifty  years.] 

May  12.  The  first  marriage  in  the 
Plymouth  colony  takes  place  between 
Edward  Winslow  and  Susanna  White. 

June  18.  The  first  duel  in  New  Eng- 
land brings  disgrace  on  the  duelists. 

It  is  fought  by  two  servants  with  sword 
and  dagger,  and  both  are  wounded.  The 
authorities  sentence  them  to  lie  24  hours 
with  their  heads  and  feet  tied  together. 


*  *  Va.  Sixty  more  young  women 
arrive ;  150  lbs.  of  tobacco  are  charged 
each  man  who  becomes  a  husband,  to 
pay  expenses  incurred  in  bringing  his 
bride  to  Virginia. 

Aug,  21.  Va.  One  widow  and  eleven 
maids  consigned  to  the  colony  from 
London,  to  be  sold  for  tobacco  at  the 
rate  of  120  lbs.  of  the  best  leaf  for  each. 

1622  *  *  Mass.  The  English  settlers  at 
Weymouth  seek  their  subsistence  by 
defrauding  the  Indians,  instead  of 
laboring  in  useful  employment ;  conflict 
follows. 

1625  June  9.  N.  Y.  The  first  white 
child  born  in  Brooklyn. 

1626  *  *  N.  Y.  The  Butch  introduce 
negro  slaves. 

1628  *  *  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  on  Manhat- 
tan Island  live  in  houses  thatched  with 
straw  and  having  wooden  chimneys, 
while  creaking  windmills  extend  their 
ungainly  sails  against  the  sky. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1621   Mar.  21.    Mass.  Massasoit  visits 

Plymouth,  and  makes  a  treaty. 

The  Pilgrims  enter  a  treaty  with  the 
Wampanougs.  [it  is  kept  inviolate  for 
50  years.] 

Spring,  Mass.  Of  the  102  Pilgrims,  only 
about  50  survive  the  winter. 

June  1.  Entf.  John  Pierce  receives  his 
first  patent  for  the  Pilgrims. 

June  3.  X.  Y.  The  States-General  grant 
to  the  Dutch  'West  India  Company  a 
charter,  with  full  powers  over  New  Neth- 
erland  for  24  years. 

July  24.  Va.  Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  the 
governor,  brings  a  new  constitution 
for  the  colony. 

it  vests  the  government  in  a  governor, 
a  council  of  state,  and  a  general  assem- 
bly, for  which  two  burgesses  are  to  be 
chosen  by  each  town,  hundred,  and  plan- 
tation, 'f'hegoveriior  has  the  veto  power, 
and  every  enactment  of  the  assembly  re- 
quires the  company's  sanction;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  .assembly  may  veto  the 
acts  of  the  company. 

Sept.  10.  Can.  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der obtains  from  the  crown  of  Scotland 
a  patent  for  all  Acadia,  under  the  title 
of  Nova  Scotia.  [An  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  at  colonizing.] 

Nov.  19.  Mass.  Another  company  of 
emigrants  arrives  with  scant  provisions 
for  the  winter. 

Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Va.  First  session  of  the 
Assembly  inider  the  new  constitution. 

*  *  Mass.  "William  Bradford  is  elected 
governor,  on  the  decease  of  Carver. 

Pestilence  had  swept  away  about  one- 
half  of  the  Indians  prior  to  the  arrival 
of  the  Pilgrims. 

"Winter.  Mass.  Starvation  threatens  the 
colonists,  and  they  subsist  on  half  ra- 
tions for  six  months. 

*  *  Mass.  The  supply  vessel  Fortune  is 
sent  back  from  Plymouth,  laden  with 
beaver  skins  and  clapboards  valued  at 
$2,500,  the  first  returns  from  the  colony. 

*  *  .V.  F.  Sir  George  Calvert  plants 
a  colony  in  Newfoundland  [and  resides 
there  for  several  years]. 


AMERICA.        1621,  Mar.  21-1629,  Aug.  28.     31 


*  *  iSp.    Philip  rv.  enthroned. 

*  •  Va.  Jamestown  exports  i>5,000  lbs. 
of  tobacco  tliis  year. 

The  cultivation  of  cotton  is  intro- 
duced. 

*  *_22  *  *  Fa.  Great  increase  in  im- 
migration. 

1622  Aug.  10.  N.H.  Sir  Ferdinand© 
Gorges  and  John  Mason  obtaiu  a  pa- 
tent for  landa  between  the  Merrimac 
aiid  Kennebec  Bivers,  called  Lacouia. 

Settlements  made  on  the  sites  of  Dover 
and  Portsmouth. 

Nov.  6.  The  king's  proclamation  prohib- 
its "  interloping  and  disorderly  trading 
to  New  England." 

[This  hastens  the  dissolution  of  the 
Plymouth  company.] 

*  ♦  Can.  Samuel  Champlain  is  gover- 
nor of  Canada  [including  Michigan], 

*  *  Eng,  The  London  Company  is  bank- 
rupt, and  the  numerous  stockholders 
are  divided  by  dissensions. 

*  *  Mass.  English  fishing  vessels  arrive 
and  sell  food  to  the  starving  Pilgrims 
at  double  price. 

Emigrants  sent  out  by  Thomas  Weston 
of  London  begin  a  new  settlement  [near 
Boston]  called  Weymouth. 

'•  *  Me.  The  first  permanent  settlement 
in  Maine  is  made  at  Saco.    (Or  in  1623.) 

^  *  Spring.  N.  Y.  The  great  West  In- 
dia Company  take  possession  of  New 
Netherlaud  under  their  charter. 

*  *  Va.  A  massacre  of  a  part  of  the 
colonists  reduces  the  plantations  from 
80  to  less  than  eight. 

The  census  shows  a  population  of  2,500 
people. 

3.623  Apr.  *  Eng.  liOrd  Baltimore's 
patent  is  granted.  [Dies.  Patent  not 
sealed.] 

Apr.  *  The  whole  of  Long  Island  is 
granted  to  the  Earl  of  Stirling. 

Apr.  *  y.  Y.  Thirty  families,  called 
Walloons,  arrive  from  Flanders ;  they 
seek  civil  and  religious  freedom,  and  to 
escape  the  persecutions  of  their  own 
country. 

.June  25.  Va.  King  James  contends 
with  the  London  Company  and  en- 
deavors to  annul  its  charter. 

-June  ±*  Ji.  Y.  Eighteen  of  the  emigrant 
families  of  W^alloons  ascend  the  Hud- 
con,  and  build  Fort  Orange  (.Albany). 

*  *  N.  J.  "Walloons,  under  Comelis  Ja- 
cobson  May,  ascend  the  South  River 
(Delaware)  and  build  Fort  Nassau  [be- 
low Camden]. 

*  *  Can.  Scotch  colonists  sent  out  by 
Sir  William  Alexander  arrive  in  Nova 
Scotia,  but  return  when  they  find  French 
adventurers  already  established  there. 

-July  20.  New  England  is  divided 
among  the  original  patentees. 

*  *  Mass.  Weymouth  [near  Boston]  is 
abandoned ;  the  majority  of  colonists  re- 
turn to  England. 

John  Pierce's  second  patent  Issued  on 
his  own  account,  making  the  Plymouth 
people  his  tenants.  [He  sells  it  to  the 
Pilgrims  for  $2,500  — cost  price  $250.] 


John  Lyford  and  John  Oldham 
conspire  against  the  welfare  of  the 
colony,  and  both  are  banished. 

The  Pilgrims  no  longer  labor  in  com- 
mon, but  receive  allotments  of  land  to 
individuals  for  one  year. 

*  *  Me.-N.  H.  Settlements  are  made  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  including 
Portsmouth  and  Dover. 

1624*  *  .Spring.  Mass.  Land  is  no 
longer  held  in  common ;  every  person 
receives  a  little  land  in  perpetual  lee. 
Edward  Winslow  returns  from  England, 
bringing  the  Cape  Ann  patent. 

Cattle  are  first  brought  to  Plymouth 
—  three  heifers  and  one  bull. 

June  16.  Virginia  becomes  a  royal 
colony. 

James  I.  arbitrarily  annuls  the  liberal 
charter  of  the  London  Company,  after 
it  has  spent  $750,000  above  its  receipts, 
and  Virginia  becomes  a  royal  colony, 
having  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  for  governor, 
with  12  councilors. 

Dec.  *  Neto  Eng.  After  four  years  of 
labor  and  expense,  only  180  persons 
remain;  there  is  no  hope  of  future 
profit. 

*  *  Brazil  is  invaded  by  the  Dutch. 

*  *  Mass.  John  White,  a  Puritan  minis- 
ter from  Dorchester,  England,  plants  a 
small  colony  on  Cape  Cod. 

The  governor's  i>ower  is  restricted  by 
a  council  of  five. 

Cape  Ann  is  settled  by  a  few  Puri- 
tans. [Later  the  colony  removes  to 
Naumkeag.] 

*  *  iV.  r.  The  Dutch  ship  New  Nether- 
land  brings  over  a  colony  of  110  Wal- 
loons of  French  origin,  to  the  Hudson 
River  region.  They  bring  farm-stock, 
seed,  and  implements. 

The  Dutch  begin  civil  govern- 
ment ;  Captain  Cornelius  May  is  the 
first  governor,  and  his  duties  chiefly  re- 
late to  the  management  of  a  trading- 
post. 

*  *  Va.  About  2,000  colonists  remain  of 
the  9,000  sent  out. 

1625  Mar.  27.  £ng.  Charles  I.  en- 
throned. 

May  13.  Va.  Charles  I.  issues  a  proc- 
lamation inimical  to  the  Jamestown 
colony. 

*  *  Mass.  Mount  WoUaston  [near  Bos- 
ton] settled  by  Captain  WoUaston. 

*  *  New  York.  Sarah  Kapaelje  is  born, 
the  first  white  girl  born  on  Manhattan 
Island. 

Three  ships  and  a  yacht  bring  many 
settlers  from  Holland  and  100  cattle. 

*  *  -.V.  Y.  W^iUiam  Verhulat  is  governor 
of  New  Netherland.  Walloons  settle  at 
Fort  Orange  (Albany). 

1626  Jan.*  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  West 
India  Company  appoint  Peter  Minuit 
governor  of  New  Netherland. 

May  4.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Minuit  arrives ; 
also  four  shiploads  of  colonists  with 
300  cattle ;  population  of  New  Amster- 
dam two  hundred. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  French  settle  on  the 
Sinamary  River. 


May  *  New  York.  Minuit  buys  the  en- 
tire Manhattan  Island,  comprising 
more  than  20,000  acres,  for  $24  worth 
of  scarlet  cloth,  brass  buttons,  etc. 

*  *  N.  H.  A  feeble  settlement  is  made  on 
the  Piscataqua  Iliver  (Dover). 

*  *  Va.  Sir  George  Yeardley,  benefac- 
tor of  Virginia,  reappointed  governor. 

1627  Aug.  *  Va.  The  King  proposes  a 
royal  monopoly  of  the  tobacco  trade. 

*  *  Summer.  Va.  One  thousand  emi- 
grants arrive. 

Nov.  *  Mass.  Eight  of  the  Plymouth 
colonists  purchase  the  entire  interest 
of  the  London  Company  in  the  Plym- 
outh colony  for  $9,000. 

Nov.  *  Va.  The  colonists  elect  Francis 
W^est  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  gover- 
norship.    [He  is  soon  excluded.] 

*  *  Can.  The  colony  of  Quebec  is 
transferred  to  the  company  of  100  mer- 
chants under  Cardinal  Richelieu. 

*  *  Guiana.  Dutch  settlements  are  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Plymouth  colony  intro- 
duce the  use  of  wampum  as  currency. 

*  *Mass.-N.  Y.  The  Dutch  and  the  Puri- 
tans are  fast  frie;ids.  Dutch  embassy  is 
sent  to  Plymouth  with  oxpresslons  of 
good  will. 

1628  Mar.  19.  Mass.  The  fcimda- 
tion  of  the  Massachusetts  colcny  is 
laid  by  6  Englishmen. 

They  purchase  a  belt  of  land  ex- 
tending from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  from 
3  miles  north  of  the  Merrimac  River  to 
3  miles  south  of  the  River  Charles  and 
the  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Mar.  *  Va.  The  colonists  assent  to  the 
royal  monopoly  of  the  tobacco  trade. 

Sept.  16.  Mass.  Arrival  of  a  colony  at 
Salem,  led  by  John  Endicott. 

*  *  Mass.  Endicott  suppresses  the  settle- 
ment at  WoUaston. 

*  *  New  York  Manhattan  has  a  popu- 
lation of  270 ;  the  fur  trade  flourishes. 

*  *  Va.    John  Potts  is  governor. 

1629  Mar.  4.  Mass.  Charles  I.  issues 
a  chai*ter  to  the  company  which  had 
settled  Salem,  incorporating  the  pro- 
prietors as  the  Governor  and  Company 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New  Eng- 
land;  M.  Cradock  governor.  [Declines.] 

June  6.  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  West  In- 
dia   Company   created    a   charter   of 

.     privileges  corporation. 

Under  it  certain  patroons  may  each 
hold  in  fee  simple,  as  do  the  hereditary 
lords  of  Europe,  a  tract  of  land  not 
more  than  16  miles  long  and  8  miles 
wide,  or  other  width  determined  by  the 
position. 

June  30  +.  Mass.  Two  hundred  addi- 
tional immigrants  arrive ;  one-half  go  to 
the  Plymouth  Colony  and  the  other 
half  lay  the  foundation  of  Charles- 
town,  dividing  the  land  into  two-acre 
lots,  one  for  each  settler.  [More  than 
one-half  die  in  a  year.] 

Aug.  29.  ^fass.  The  charter  and  gov- 
ei-nment  of  the  Massachusetts  Company 
is  transferred  to  the  colony  by  the 
Company ;  John  Winthrop  is  chosen 
governor. 


32      1629-1634.  Oct. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1629  *  *  Can.  Conquest  of  Quebec  by 
the  English,  who  are  led  by  three  refu- 
gee French  Calvinists. 

1630*  *  Brazil.  The  Dutch  take  Olinda. 

1633  *  *  Coim.  The  Indiana  commit 
their  first  act  of  violence  in  this  col- 
ony by  murdering  the  crew  of  a  trading 
vessel  on  the  Connecticut  Itiver;  they 
apologize,  and  sign  a  treaty  of  peace. 

•  *  Kew  York.  Fort  Amsterdam  is  be- 
gun.   [Number  4  Bowling  Green.] 

1634  Oct.  *  Conn.  Plymouth  colonists 
ascend  the  Connecticut  River,  and  build 
a  fort  at  "Windsor. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1629  *  *  Mass.  The  colonists  at  Salem 
coinraence  to  make  bricks. 

1630  *  *  Peru.  Destructive  earthquake 
at  Lima. 

1631  *  *  Can.  Searching  for  the  north- 
west passage,  Fox  discovers  Fox  Chan- 
nel ;  touches  Cape  Peregrine.  James» 
on  the  same  errand,  discovers  James's 
Bay. 

•  *  Mass.  The  little  vessel  Blessing  of 
the  Bay  is  built. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1630    Johnson,  (Lady)  Arabella,  Pilgrim,  d. 
1633    Smith.  John,  leader  in  Va.,  A53. 

CHURCH. 
1629*  *  Mass.  Gov,  Endicott  sends  away 
the  Episcopal  brothers  Brown,  who  de- 
sire services  in  their  own  house,  as  "  fac- 
tious and  evil-conditioned." 

1630  Feb.  22.  Mass.  Fa«t  day 
changed  into  a  day  of  thanksgiving,  be- 
cause of  the  arrival  of  a  ship  from  Eng- 
land with  provisions. 

*  *  Conn.  Presbyterian  worship,  con- 
ducted by  Richard  Denton,  pastor,  com- 
mences at  Wet  hers  field. 

*  *  Mass.  John  Winthrop,  an  Epis- 
copalian, chooses  affliction  with  the 
Puritans. 

•  *  iV".  y.  A  colony  of  Dutch  establish 
the  Reformed  Dutch  worship  at  Fort 
Orange  (Albany). 

1631  Feb.  5.  Boston.  Roger  "Wil- 
liams arrives  from  England 

Apr.  12.  Mass.  Williams  becomes 
teacher  for  the  Salem  church. 

May  18.  Mass.  The  General  Court  of 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  colony  decrees, 
"  No  man  shall  be  admitted  to  the  body 
politic,  but  such  as  are  members  of  some 
of  the  churches  within  the  limits  *'  of  the 
colony. 

"Nov.  3.  Boston.  Rev.  John  Eliot  ar- 
rives. 

*  *  Mass.  Taxes  are  levied  for  the  sup- 
X>ort  of  the  gospel ;  attendance  at 
church  is  required  by  law ;  only  church 
members  can  be  elected  to  offices  of 
trust ;  intolerance  and  bigotry,  the  vice 
of  the  age,  is  also  the  vice  of  the  Pu- 
ritans. 


The  Plymouth  colony  is  more  toler- 
ant than  the  Massachusetts  colony. 

Roger  "Williams,  a  minister  of  Salem, 
denounces  the  intolerant  laws. 

He  is  the  "  first  in  America  or  EumiH' 
to  proclaim  the  doctrine  of  full  religious 
toleration ; "  he  holds  that  the  stale 
should  leave  matters  of  religious  opinion 
and  worship  to  the  conscience  of  the 
individual,  and  confine  government  to 
secular  atfairs. 

1632  *  *  Can.  The  conversion  of  the 
heathen  is  committed  solely  to  the 
Jesuits. 

The  missionaries  are  employed  to 
confirm  the  alliance  made  with  the 
HuroDs,  by  establishing  missions  among 
them. 

*  ♦  Mass.  The  erection  of  the  first 
church  in  Boston  is  commenced. 

1633  Mar.  25.  J'a.  Tlie  services  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  church  are  be- 
gun on  St.  Clement's  Island,  on  the 
Potomac,  by  Kevs.  Andrew  White  and 
John  Altham. 

Oct.  *  X.  H.  The  first  Congregational 
minister  preaches  in  the  State. 

*  *  Can.  Jesuit  missionaries  resume 
work  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

*  *  Spring.  N.  Y.  A  second  Dutch 
minister  arrives  at  New  Amsterdam. 

*  *  Md.  The  Society  of  Jesus  begins  its 
labors. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  records  of  the  Re- 
formed (Dutch)  church  begin. 

The  first  church  on  Manhattan 
Island  is  erected  by  the  Dutch  (on  Pearl 
Street,  between  Broad  and  Whitehall). 

1634  Mar.  3.  Md.  Tlie  first  colony  of 
200  Catholics  arrives  on  the  Potomac, 
for  the  settlement  of  Maryland  under 
Lord  Baltimore. 

Mar.  25.  Md.  The  English  Catholic 
families  land  from  the  two  ships,  the 
Arc  and  the  D&oe. 

Mar.  27.  Md.  Lord  Baltimore,  a  Cath- 
olic, plants  the  first  colony,  composed 
of  both  Puritans  and  Catholics,  but 
chiefly  Catholics,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Potomac,  and  some  are  men  of  fortmie. 

*  *  *  Mass.  The  opposition  to  the 
Quakers  rests  on  semi-political  grounds 
chiefly,  because  they  annoy  congrega- 
tions in  their  worship. 

May  24.  Mass.  Commencement  of  the 
custom  of  preaching  election-day  ser- 
mons, by  Rev.  John  Cotton. 

Sept.  ±  *  Mass.  Roger  "Williams  be- 
comes pastor  of  the  Salem  church. 

LETTERS. 
1630  *  ♦  The  Golden  Fleece,  by  Vaughn, 

appears. 

*  *  .1  Model  of  Christian  ChaHty  is  writ- 
ten by  John  "Winthrop  while  on  his 
voyage  to  Massachusetts. 

*  *  *  The  Puritarp  are  an  educated 
people, 

1633  *  *  New  York,  llie  Dutch  estab- 
lish a  school  at  New  Amsterdam. 

SOCIETY. 

1629  *  *  Brazil.      Commencement   of 

raids  into  the  interior  to  capture  In- 


dians for  slavery ;  the  converted  Indians 
in  Paraguay  are  not  spared. 

*  *  Eng.  The  Massachusetts  colony  in 
Ijondon,  directing  Gov.  Endicott,  says:  — 

"  We  pray  you  endeavour,  though  there 
be  much  strong  water  for  sale,  yet  so  to 
order  it  as  that  the  savage  may  not,  for 
our  lucre  sake,  be  induced  to  the  exces- 
sive use,  or  rather  abuse  of  it ;  and  at 
any  time  take  care  our  people  give  no 
ill  example  :  and  if  any  nvAii  exceed  in 
the  inordinate  kind  of  drinking  as  to  be- 
come drunk,  we  hope  you  will  take  care 
his  punishment  be^  made  exemplary  for 
all  others.'* 

*  *  Paragnoy.  Spanish  colonists  raid  the 
Indian  tribes  of  the  interior,  to  secure 
slaves,  repeatedly  attacking  the  Indian 
settlements  of  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  -35  *  *  Va.  Gov.  John  Hervey  sides 
with  certain  speculators  and  land  mo- 
nopolists in  wronging  the  people. 

1630  *  •  Brazil.  The  Dutch  send  an  ex- 
pedition to  Africa  to  capture  slaves 
from  a  Portuguese  settlement  for  the 
colony  at  Olinda. 

*  *  Mass.  About  300  of  the  best  kind 
of  Puritans  families  emigrate  to  New 
England. 

"  Not  adventurers,  not  vagabonds, 
were  these  brave  people,  but  virtuous, 
well-educated,  courageous  men  and 
women,  who,  for  conscience's  sake,  left 
comfortable  homes  with  no  thought  of 
returning.'* 

The  court  fixes  the  prices  of  labor; 
mechanics  to  receive  no  more  than  28.  a 
day,  under  a  penalty  of  10». 

1631  *  *  Del.  The  entire  colony  of  30 
persons  at  Lewiston  is  massacred  by  the 
Indians  in  revenge  of  one  murder. 

*  ♦  Mass.    Roger  Williams  arrives. 

1633  *  *  Mass.  One  of  the  laws  of  the 
colony  directs  that  *'  No  man  shall  sell 
or  (being  in  the  course  of  trade)  give  any 
strong  water  to  any  Indian.'* 

*  *  *  Brazil.  Maurice,  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernor, promotes  the  amalgamation  of 
the  natives  and  colonists  by  marriage. 

The  colony  grants  partial  toleration. 

It  enacts  that  i>r()vision  be  made  for 
all  refugees  from  religious  iiersecution 
on  their  arrival,  except  Jesuits  and 
priests  ;  blasphemy,  idolatry,  and  witch- 
craft are  made  punishable  with  death  ; 
immoralities  are  severely  punished; 
money  is  not  to  be  loaned  for  inter- 
est; extravagance  in  dress  is  a  crime; 
and  the  Ilible  is  accepted  as  the  ultimate 
tribunal  when  the  laws  are  defective. 

*  *  Mich,  The  Iroquois  Indians  drive  the 
Hurons  on  St.  Joseph's  Island,  where 
many  starve  during  the  winter. 

1634  *  *  Mass.  Mrs.  Hutchinson  organ- 
izes a  meeting  of  women,  they  being 
excluded  from  speaking  in  the  weekly 
meetings  for  social  worship. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1629    Sept.   13.     Mass.    Nine   sachems 
come  to  Plymouth  and  offer  their  alle- 
giance.    (J.  Endicott,  acting  governor.) 

*  *  Can.  Quebec  and  all  Canada  is  sur- 
rendered to  the  English. 

*  *  Mass.  The  name  of  the  Bay  Colony  is 
changed  from  Naumkeag  to  Salem. 

*  *  N.  H.  —  Me.  Mason  and  Gorges,  the 
proprietors  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine,  dissolve  their  union,  and  each 


AMERICA. 


1629-1634. 


33 


receives  a  new  grant ;  Mason  from  the 
Merriinac  to  the  Piscataway  River, 
Gorges  from  the  latter  to  the  Kennebec, 
and  it  is  called  New  Somersetshire. 

*  *  N,J.  Godyn  and  Blomaert,  two  Dutch 
patroons,  obtain  a  grant  of  the  lower 
part  of  New  Jersey,  bordering  the  Del- 
aware Bay. 

*  ♦  Va.  Gov.  John  Harvey  arrives  at 
elamestown,  bearing  a  commission  from 
Charles  I.  [His  presence  vexes  the  col- 
onists for  six  years.] 

Ijord  Baltimore  visits  Virginia,  and 
is  promised  citizenship  if  he  will  take  an 
oath,  which  his  Catholic  conscience  for- 
bids. He  is  not  permitted  to  plant  a 
colony  here. 

*  *  Del.  Samuel  Godyn,  a  Dutch  direc- 
tor, purchases  from  the  Indians  all  their 
lands  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Delaware. 

1630  Midwinter.  Afass.  Two  hundred 
Puritans  have  perished  from  the 
severity  of  the  climate  and  their  inferior 
shelter. 

Apr.  18.    X.  Y.    Manors  are  created. 

May  *  -A^.  //.  The  province  of  Laconia 
has  its  name  changed  to  New  Hamp- 
shire.   It  is  first  settled. 

June  12.  Mass.  John  Winthrop  arrives 
at  Salem  with  the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts Colony.  The  government  is  re- 
moved from  England  to  America. 

(John  "Winthrop  is  elected  the  first 
governor  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony.) 
He  is  a  Christian  patriot  and  states- 
man, of  the  Episcopal  religion,  and  of 
republican  principles.  [He  oecomes  the 
controlling  spirit  of  the  colony.] 

July  6.  ^fass.  Fourteen  vessels  arrive 
with  1,500  colonists  for  Massachusetts 
Uay.  [They  found  Watertown,  Dor- 
chester, and  Roxbury.] 

July*  K.  r.  The  Council  ratify  the  pur- 
chase from  the  natives  of  all  land  be- 
tween Cape  Henlopen  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Delaware  by  Samuel  Godyn. 

Aug.  9.  JV.  Y,  Staten  Island  is  pur- 
chased from  the  Indians  by  Michael 
Pauw,  a  Dutch  director.  [They  sell  it 
twice  afterwards.] 

Aug.  23.  Afass.  The  first  court  of  as- 
sistants is  held  at  Charlestown  ;  it  settles 
the  price  of  mechanical  labor :  mechan- 
ics are  to  receive  no  more  than  2s.  a 
<hiy,  mider  a  penalty  of  10s.  to  giver 
and  taker. 

Aug.  *  ^fasf^.  Trimountain  (Boston)  is 
founded  by  John  Winthrop  and  a  few 
leading  families. 

Sept.  17.  Mass.  The  court  of  Charles- 
town  changes  the  name  of  the  settle- 
ment at  Trimountain  to  Boston. 

Oct.  19.  Boston.  The  first  General 
Court  in  America  is  held;  110  freemen 
in  the  colony. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  It  is  found  impracticable 
to  transact  public  business  by  a  primary 
assembly  of  all  freemen  meeting  four 
times  in  a  year ;  a  Board  of  Assistants 
is  appointed. 

Nov.  *  X.  J.  Michael  Pauw  becomes  the 
patroou  of  Hoboken  Hacking  (Hobokeu), 


*  *  Ouiana.  The  first  settlement  is  made 
at  Surinam. 

*  *  Brazil,  The  Dutch  seize  the  coast, 
and  establish  a  colony  at  Oliiida  in  Per- 
nambuco ;  Count  Maurice  comes,  and 
prosperity  follows. 

Regular  government  is  established  and 
a  supply  of  slaves  provided. 

*  *  Cmin.  ITie  Council  of  Plymouth  grant 
to  the  Earl  of  Warwick  the  land  120  miles 
southeast  from  the  Narragansett  Kiver, 
and  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific.    [Not  settled  for  five  years.] 

*  *  Mass.  A  third  and  last  patent  given 
to  the  Plymouth  Colony,  grants  lands 
between  the  Cohasset  Iliver  and  the 
Narragansett,  and  westward  to  the  limits 
of  Pokenakut  (or  Sowamset). 

The  great  emigration  begins. 

Over  1,000  persons  brought  over  in 
17  vessels,  besides  horses,  cattle,  and 
goats,  also  necessaries  for  planting,  fish- 
ing, and  ship-building.  Many  persons 
of  importance  are  among  the  emigrants. 

*  ♦  Me.  Settlements  are  made  on  the 
Saco  by  Kichard  Vines  and  John 
Oldham. 

*  *  .V.  C,  Charles  I.  grants  Sir  Robert 
Heath  a  patent  to  Carolina,  an  im- 
mense tract  south  of  Virginia.  [After 
33  years  of  useless  existence,  it  is  re- 
voked.] 

*  *  AT.  5.  St.  Etienne,  a  Huguenot  of  La 
Tour,  buys  the  patent  for  Nova  Scotia, 
of  Sir  William  Alexander,  with  a  con- 
dition requiring  its  continued  subjection 
to  Scotland. 

*  *  2i.  Y.  Kiliaen  van  Rensselaer,  one 
of  the  colonial  directors,  appropriates 
lands  bought  of  the  Indians,  north  and 
south  of  Fort  Orange  (Albany),  24 
miles  along  the  river,  and  48  miles  in- 
land. Dutch  colonists  settle  Rensse- 
laer wyck. 

*  *  Va.  Virginians  are  vexed  with  the 
rash  imposition  of  frequent  fines,  which 
now  become  the  perquisites  of  Governor 
Harvey. 

1631  Feb.  5.  Mass,  Arrival  of  the 
Lyon  from  Bristol,  laden  with  much 
needed  food. 

Mar.  29.  Comi.  "Warwick  transfers  his 
claim  to  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  Lord 
Brooke,  John  Hampden,  and  others. 

Spring.  Del.  De  Vries,  with  30  Dutch 
colonists,  lays  the  fotmdation  of  Lewis- 
town,  the  oldest  settlement  in  Delaware. 
[All  are  massacred  by  Indians.] 

May  5.  N.  J.  The  Dutch  purchase  Cape 
May  of  the  Indians. 

Oct.  18.  Mass.  The  Puritans  limit  the 
suffrage  to  members  of  the  church, 
thus  jjutting  the  government  in  the 
hands  of  a  minority,  excluding  from 
their  rights  nearly  three-fourths  of  the 
people. 

*  *  Mass,  A  fortified  town  is  begun  on 
the  Charles  Iliver,  and  called  Newtown 
(Cambridge). 

*  *  Me.  A  division  line  is  drawn  by  the 
proprietors,  Gorges  and  Mason,  be- 
tween Maine  and  ^ew  Hampshire, 
separating  the  colonies, 


*  *  Md.  William  Claybome,  with  other 
Virginians,  makes  the  first  settlement, 
on  Kent  Island. 

1632  Mar.  29.  Fr.  Treaty  of  St. 
Germain  between  France  and  England  ; 
New  France,  Acadia,  and  Canada  go  to 
the  dominion  of  Frairce ;  all  British  in- 
terests are  surrendered. 

June  20.  Md.  Cecil  Calvert,  second 
Lord  Baltimore,  receives  from  Charles 
I.  the  grant  of  a  new  province,  which  he 
calls  Maryland,  in  lionor  of  the  queen. 
[The  severing  of  their  territory  vexes 
the  Virginians,  but  they  remonstrate  in 
vain.] 

Oct.  *  Mass.  Governor  Winthrop  and 
Pastor  Wilson,  of  the  Massachusetts 
Colony,  visit  the  Plymouth  settlement 
to  show  good  will. 

*  *  Coim.  Dutch  traders  visit  the  Con- 
necticut. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Connecticut  valley  be- 
ing more  fertile,  emigration  is  urged 
thither  by  Winthrop. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Charles  I.  reasserts  the  title  of 
England  to  New  Netherland,  by  "  first 
discovery,  occupation,  and  possession," 

1633  Jan.  8.  Conn,  The  Dutch  buy 
land  of  the  Indians  on  both  sides  of  the 
river. 

Apr.  *  X.  Y.  Wouter  van  Twiller  su- 
persedes 3Ijnuet  as  governor. 

Oct.  *  Conn.  A  trading-post  is  estab- 
lished by  the  Pilgrims,  and  settlers  lo- 
cate at  Windsor  in  disregard  of  tlie 
claims  of  the  Dutch. 

Nov.  22.  Md.  Leonard  Calvert, 
brother  of  the  second  Lord  Baltimore, 
sails  with  a  colony  of  ilOI  persons,  chiefly 
Roman  Catholics  and  their  servants. 

*  *  Mass.  Men  who  become  eminent  ar- 
rive ;  among  them  are  John  Haynes, 
John  Cotton,  Thomas  Hooker,  and  Sam- 
uel Stone. 

*  *  Mass.  Charles  I.  becomes  alarmed 
at  the  growing  popularity  of  the  liberal 
Massachusetts  government.  The  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  is  oifended. 

The  governor's  power  is  restricted 
by  a  council  which  is  now  increasedfrora 
five  to  ten.    (E.  Winslow,  governor.) 

*  *  Pa.  The  Dutch  buy  lands  on  the 
Schuylkill. 

1634  Mar.  26.  Md.  Lord  Baltimore's 
first  colony  lands  on  St.  Clement's 
Island. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  Superintendency  of  the 
colonies  is  removed  from  the  privy 
coimcil  to  a  special  commission  led  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

May  *  Mass.  The  ballot  is  substituted 
for  a  show  of  hands  at  a  public  election. 

*  *  Mass.  Thos.  Prince,  Gov.  of  Plym- 
outh ;  Thos.  Dudley,  of  Mass.  Bay. 

*  *  Guiana,  The  French  settle  at  Cay- 
enne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1630  *  *  Greenland.  Eight  men  belong- 
ing to  the  Muscovy  Company  are  left 
here  by  accident  till  the  next  season, 
and  yet  survive  their  terrible  sufferings. 


84 


1634-1639. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1635  Apr.  25.  Md.  Fight  between  the 
arinoil  boats  of  "WiUiam  Claybome 
and  the  colonists. 

*  *  Me.  The  French  seize  the  Penobscot 
trading-post  established  by  Plymouth 
colonists,  who  fail  to  retake  it, 

*  *  Conn.  The  English  send  over  men, 
ordnance,  and  ammunition,  with  $10,000 
to  build  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Connecticut  Eiver  (at  Saybrook). 

A  colony  led  by  the  younger  John 
"Winthrop  drives  the  Dutch  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Connecticut  River,  settles 
Saybrook,  and  builds  a  fort,  under  a  pa- 
tent given  by  Lord  Say  and  Seal  and 
Lord  Brooke. 
1636*  *-37*  *  Conn.  The  Indians  com- 
mit many  ravages  near  Saybrook. 
General  alarm  is  felt. 

THE    PEQUOT    WAR. 

1636  JulyfT?. /.  The  Indians  of  Block 
Island  plunder  a  trading-vessel  and  kill 
its  captain, 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Mass.  Capt.  Endicott 
ravages  the  territory  of  the  Pequots  in 
revenge. 

1637  Apr.*  Conn.  Indians maasacre 
nine  soldiers  at  Wethersfield. 

*  *  Spring.  Conn.  The  Pequots  seek 
the  alliance  of  the  Narragansetts,  with 
whom  they  had  long  been  at  enmity,  but 
are  frustrated  by  Roger  Williams. 

May  10.  Coiin.  The  colonists  in  conven- 
tion declare  war  against  the  Pequots. 

May  26.  Conn.  Defeat  of  the  Pe- 
quots in  their  fort  by  a  force  of  80 
men,  commanded  by  Captain  James 
Mason,  and  aided  by  several  hundred 
doubtful  Indian  allies. 

July  13.  Conn.  Complete  overthrow  of 
the  Pequots. 

*  *  Mtl.  The  colonists  have  a  bloody 
skirmish  with  William  Clayborne  at 
Kent  Island,  and  dispossess  him. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 
1635    Aug.  15.    New  En g.    Terrible 
storm  and  great  tide  20  feet  high ;  lives 
and  property  destroyed. 

1638  June  1.  New  Eng.  An  earth- 
quake alarms  the  people. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  on  Staten  Island 
are  the  first  of  the  colonists  to  distil 
brandy. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1634  Dongan,  Thomas,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  born. 

1635  Mason,  John,  founder  In  N.  II.,  dies. 

1636  Oldliam,  John,  colonizer,  murdered. 

1637  Andres,  Edmund,  Gov.  of  New.  Eng.,  b. 
1636    Harvard,  John,  founder  of  Harvard 

College,  A31. 

1639  Alarcon    y   Mendoza,   de    Don    Jan, 
Mex.  poet,  A39.  ? 

Church,  Ilenjamin,  soldier,  born. 

Mather,  Increase,  Pres.  of  Harvard,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1634*  *  Can.  The  Jesuits,  Brebeuf  and 

Daniel,   join   the  barefoot  Hurons  on 

their    returning  from  QuebQQ  to  their 

owH  country. 


*  *  Mass.  Irreligion,  as  well  as  her- 
esy, punishable. 

Mr.  Lathrop  and  his  flock,  fleeing  from 
England,  settle  at  Scituate. 

Roger  Williams  writes  a  paper  declar- 
ing the  grants  of  land  by  the  King  of 
England  are  invalid  until  the  natives 
are  justly  recompensed. 

*  *  Md.  The  colonists,  with  Father  White 
for  their  priest,  worship  in  an  immense 
wig^wam  of  the  departed  Indian  chief, 
which  is  the  first  iEnglish  Catholic 
church  in  America. 

*  *  Va.  A  band  of  non-conformists 
are  driven  out  because  of  their  religious 
opinion. 

1635  Jan.  19.  Mass.  Tlie  governor 
convenes  the  clergy  to  decide  "  whether 
it  be  lawful  for  us  to  carry  the  cross 
[of  England]  in  our  banners?"  They 
divide,  and  defer  their  answer. 

May  *  Mass.  The  clergy  favor  changing 
the  red  cross  of  the  English  banner  to 
the  red  and  white  rose. 

*  *  Mass.  Roger  "Williams  and  John 
Smyth,  a  miller,  are  banished  from 
the  colony  because  of  heresy. 

Arrival  of  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  the 
"  Light  of  the  Western  Churches." 

Mrs.  Anne  Hutchinson  becomes  the 
champion  of  her  sex  against  the  clergy, 
whom  she  charges  with  defrauding  the 
women  of  the  gospel,  also  declaring  that 
they  were  no  better  than  Pharisees  ;  she 
advocates  Antinomian  doctrines. 

1636  Mar.  30.  Mass.  The  Council 
sends  a  constable  to  Salem,  to  suppress 
those  who  do  not  submit  to  the  Estab- 
lished Church. 

*  *  Can.  Fifteen  Jesuit  Missionaries 
are  among  the  Indians. 

*  *  Del.  Swedes  establish  Lutheran 
worship. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  Congregational 
organization  at  Cambridge  formed. 

1637  Aug.  30.  Mass.  The  Synod  of 
Wew  England  meets  for  the  first  time 
at  Newtown,  and  Anne  Hutchinson  and 
her  friends  are  deemed  unworthy  of  the 
society  of  Christians,  and  are  banished. 
[They  join  the  colony  under  Koger 
Williams  (Rhode  Island).] 

±  *  *  Mass.  The  Puritans  and  others  are 
annoyed  by  the  erratic  Samuel  Gorton, 
who  is  rated  a  heretic. 

Rev.  Francis  Doughty,  a  Presbyte- 
rian, is  driven  from  Taunton  because 
he  favors  the  baptism  of  the  infants  of 
believers. 

General  Synod  of  the  Congregational 
church  is  held  at  Cambridge ;  it  con- 
demns Antinomianism. 

1638  May  *  R.  I.  A  citizen  of  Provi- 
dence is  disfranchised  for  striking  his 
wife,  disturbing  her  conscience,  and 
preventing  her  from  attending  church. 

Dec.  *  N.  II.  The  First  Congregational 
church  organized  at  Dover. 

*  *  Can.     Eminent    French    Cathobcs 

endow  a  public  hospital  for  Indians,  and 
three  nuns  are  sent  to  serve  it. 


*  *  Del.  First  Episcopal  service  held 
within  the  Swedish  Fort  Christina 
(Wilmington). 

XiUtherans  from  Sweden  bring  a  min- 
ister with  them,  and  settle  on  the  Dela- 
ware (Wilmington). 

*  *  Mass.  Arrival  of  John  Davenport, 
a  clergyman,  from  London. 

John  "Wheelwright  is  banished  for 
expressing  sympathy  with  the  teachings 
of  Anne  Hutchinson. 

*  *  Ncic  York.  At  New  Amsterdam  Dom- 
inie Bogardus  writes  Van  Twiller, 
the  incompetent  governor,  threatening 
to  give  him  "  such  a  shake  from  the  pul- 
pit on  the  following  Sunday  as  would 
make  him  shudder." 

1639  Mar.  *  R.  I.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  America  formed  at  Provi- 
dence.   [Questioned  by  some.] 

Mar.  16.  R.  I.  Roger  'Williams's 
views  of  baptism  change. 

Having  been  baptized  in  infancy,  he 
meekly  submits  to  be  baptized  again  by 
Ezekiel  Holliman,  a  layman,  and  then 
Williams  baptizes  Holliman  "  and  some 
ten  more:"  thus  rejecting  the  doctrine 
of  infant  baptism. 

June  *  Conn.  The  leading  men  of  New 
Haven  hold  a  convention  in  a  barn,  and 
adopt  the  Bible  as  the  constitution  of 
the  State.  None  but  church  members 
to  have  the  rights  of  citizens.  They 
have  no  government  for  the  first  year. 

*  *  Conn.  Religious  toleration  enacted 
in  New  Haven. 

*  *  Md.  The  Assembly  make  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  the  church  of  the 
State. 

*  *  Mich.  St.  Mary*s  becomes  the  center 
of  mission  work  among  the  Hurons. 

*  */?./.  Roger  Williams  withdraws 
from  the  Baptists  because  of  their  non- 
apostolical  succession. 

LETTERS. 

1635  *  *  Boston.  Provision  is  made  for 
the  establishment  of  a  public  schooL 

*  *  Can.  The  foundation  of  a  seminary 
is  laid  in  Quebec  by  the  Jesuits. 

1636  Oct.  28.  Mass.  The  General 
Court  makes  provision  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  college. 

The  Colony  Court "  agreed  to  give  £400 
towards  a  schoole  or  collidge,  whereof 
£200  is  to  be  paid  the  next  yeare,  and 
£200  when  the  work  is  finished,  and  the 
next  court  to  appoint  where,  and  what 
building."  The  act  doubles  the  taxes 
for  tills  year. 

1637  *  *  Mass.  A  college  is  ordered  to 
be  erected  at  "  Newetowne.'* 

1638  *  *  Mass.  The  name  of  the  college 
is  changed  from  Cambridge  to  Har- 
vard College,  because  of  the  bequest 
of  £779  17s.  2rf.,  and  his  library,  by 
Rev.  John  Harvard ;  the  object  being 
"  the  education  of  the  English  and  In- 
dian youth  of  this  coimtry  in  knowledge 
and  godliness." 

*  *  Boston.  Stephen  Day  imports  the 
first  font  of  types. 

1639  *  *  Boston.  Bay  sets  up  his  print- 
ing-press at  Cambridge. 

The  first  American  almanac  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1634-1639. 


35 


"  An  Almanac  Calculatrd  for  Xew  Eng- 
land^  by  Mr.  Pierce,  Mariner."  Stephen 
Day,  printer  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  Can.  An  XJraxilme  convent  for  the 
education  of  girls  established  at  Quebec. 

SOCIETY. 

1637  Nov.  2.  Mass.  Kev.  John  Har- 
vard is  made  a  freeman  of  the  colony, 
soon  after  his  arrival. 

*  *  Mass.    Negro  slaves  are  imjxjrted. 

*  *  Mass.  Ordinary-keepers  are  ordered 
not  to  sell  either  sack  or  strong:  water 
to  the  Indians.       ' 

*  *  Hhode  Island  colonists  are  protected 
from  the  dangerous  Pequot  Indians  by 
the  powerful  Narragansetts. 

1638  May  1.  Sng.  The  King  forbids 
the  sailing  of  8  vessels,  ready  to  depart 
for  America,  and  said  to  have  John 
Hampden,  Oliver  Cromwell,  and 
other  noted  Puritans  on  board. 

*  *  Mass.  One  person  in  each  of  II  named 
towns  is  authorized  to  retail  sack  or 
Strong  water. 

1638*  *  N.  Y,  The  Dutch  on  Staten 
Island  are  the  first  colonists  to  distil 
brandy. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE, 

1634  *  *  Eiuf.  An  anti-emigration 
edict  issued,  without  the  effect  desired. 

*  *  Massachusetts  changes  its  form  of 
government  from  a  pure  to  a  repre- 
sentative democracy ;  deputies  chosen 
by  the  people  assume  the  powers  of  gov- 
ernment, while  the  clergy  oppose  the 
change. 

The  Massachusetts  Company  has  some 
20  or  30  villages,  and  nearly  4,000  English- 
men have  come  over  to  dwell  in  them. 

*  *  i\r.  J.  Sir  Edmund  Ployden  obtains  a 
grant  of  the  country  on  the  Delaware 
(New  Jersey)  from  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  calls  it  New  Albion. 

1635  Feb.  *  The  hostility  of  the  king 
and  church  causes  the  Plymouth  Coun- 
cil for  New  England  to  surrender  its 
charter  and  rights  in  America,  on  con- 
ilition  that  the  king  disregard  various 
grants,  and  divide  up  the  territory  in 
severalty  among  its  members. 

*  *  Mass.  John  Haynes,  who  arrived  in 
1633,  is  electetl  governor  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony. 

*  *  Mass.  William  Bradford,  who  ar- 
rived in  1620,  is  elected  governor  of  the 
Plymouth  Colony. 

Feb.  26.  M(l.  The  first  general  assem- 
bly meets,  and  enacts  laws. 

Apr.  *  Md.  Hostilities  between  Mary- 
land and  Virginia. 

William  ClHyborne's  pinnace  is  seized 
by  a  party  froin  St.  Mary's.  He  refuses 
to  recognize  the  authority  of  Lord 
Baltimore. 

Oct.  8.  Conn.  John  "Winthrop,  son  of 
the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  arrives 
from  England  as  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut. 

Oct.  *  New  En(j.  A  colony  of  GO  persons 
leaves  Boston  and  settles  in  the  valley 
of  the  Connecticut  River ;  Windsor, 


Hartford,     and     Wethersfield     are 
founded ;  many  nearly  perish  for  lack 
of  food. 
Dec.  *   Va.     Sir  John  Harvey  re-ap- 
pointed governor  by  King  Charles  1. 

*  *  Va.  The  House  of  Burgesses  depose 
Governor  Harvey,  whom  Charles  I. 
commissioned. 

Because  of  his  partisanship  with  un- 
principled speculators,  and  they  appoint 
Captain  John  West  in  his  place  "  until 
the  king's  pleasure  be  known  in  the 
matter.'*  A  majority  of  the  councilors 
favoring,  the  governor  is  constrained  to 
go  to  England  for  a  trial. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Puritan  colony  having  ob- 
tained acharter, drives  the  Dutch  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Conuecticut  aud  settle 
Say brook. 

*  *  Guiana.   A  French  colony  established. 

*  *  Mass.  Roger  Williams  is  banished 
into  the  wilderness. 

Political  troubles  in  England  stimu- 
late emigration. 

Three  thousand  emigrants  arrive,  and 
Henry  Vane,  the  younger,  and  Hugh 
Peters,  are  among  them. 

Musket  buUets  are  made  lawful  cur- 
rency by  enactment. 

Twelve  families  of  immigrants  found 
Concord,  16  miles  from  Boston, 

*  *  Kew  Emj.  Selectmen  are  first  ap- 
pointed as  the  officers  of  townships. 

*  *  N.  F.  Permission  is  given  to  the 
French  to  cure  and  dry  fish,  for  a 
consideration. 

*  *  Eng.  A  Quo  Warranto  issued 
against  the  Massachusetts  Company. 

1636  Apr.  *  Mass.  Springfield  i  s 
settled  by  William  Pynchon  and  others 
from  Roxbury. 

Jxme  *  R.  I.  Roger  Williams  having 
bought  the  land  of  the  Indians,  with 
five  others  lays  the  foundation  of  the 
city  of  Providence. 

June*  -July*  Conn.  Ministers  Hooker 
and  Stone,  with  their  congregations, 
migrate  from  Newtown  (Cambridge), 
Massachusetts,  and  buy  land  of  the  In- 
dians on  the  Connecticut  River. 

*  *  Can,    Quebec  has  100  inhabitants. 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Fundamen- 
tals, a  code  of  laws,  is  established  at 
Plymouth. 

An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made  to 
rescind  the  charter  [and  again  the  next 
year]. 

The  [afterward  distinguished]  Henry 
Vane,  a  young  man  of  great  talent  and 
much  piety,  is  elected  governor.  Wins- 
low  is  reelected  governor  of  Plymouth. 

*  *  N.J.  New  Albion  (including  New 
Jersey)  granted  to  Sir  Edward  Plowden, 
the  viceroy  of  Ireland. 

1637  Spring.  Mass.  John  Winthrop  re- 
elected governor.    Also  Wm.  Bradford. 

May  10.  Conn.  Tlie  first  General  Court 
declares  war  against  the  Pequots. 

July*  Eng.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges 
appointed  Governor  of  New  England  by 
the  king.    [He  did  not  leave  England.] 

Summer.  N.  Y.  Tlie  Dutch  Company 
buy  back  the  lands  in  Pavouia  and 
Staten  Island.    Price  [$10,000], 


Aug.  *  Mass.  Henry  Vane  returns  to 
England. 

*  *  Conn.  Windsor,  Wethersfield,  and 
Hartford  become  the  colony  of  Con« 
necticut. 

1638  Mar,  *  Del.  Swedes  settle  in 
Northern  Delaware,  after  buying  the 
land  of  the  Indiana  ;  they  call  their  col- 
ony New  Sweden,  and  greatly  prosper. 
Peter  Minuet,  governor. 

Jan.  *  Md.  An  act  of  attainder  is  car- 
ried against  William  Clayborne,  as  on© 
indicted  for  piracy  and  murder ;  he  flees 
from  justice  to  England. 

Mar.  7.  Jl.  I.  Civil  government  is  es- 
tablished at  Newport  by  John  Clarke, 
M.D.,  and  17  others,  who  left  Massa- 
chusetts for  religious  freedom,  the  Jew- 
ish Nation  furnishing  their  model  of 
government. 

Mar.  29.  New  York.  William  Kieft, 
the  governor,  arrives  at  New  Amster^ 
dam. 

Mar.  30.  Conn.  A  colony  of  Puritans, 
led  by  Rev.  John  Davenport  and  The- 
ophilus  Eaton,  sails  from  Boston,  [and 
settle  New  Haven,] 

May  1.  Charles  I.  restrains  emigration 
by  detaining  a  squadron  of  eight  vessels 
about  to  sail  from  London,  in  which 
John  Hampden  and  Oliver  Cromwell  are 
said  to  have  embarked. 

Nov.  24.  Conn.  New  Haven  ia  pur- 
chased from  the  Indians. 

*  *  Mass.    Thomas  Prince,  governor. 

*  *  N.  T.  New  Netherland  is  opened  for 
general  trade  and  settlement. 

*  *  R.  I.  William  Coddington  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, with  Mrs.  Anne  Hutchin- 
son and  a  few  others,  buys  Khode  Is- 
land, and  then  founds  the  colony  of 
Portsmouth  [later  Newport],  and  Cod- 
dington is  elected  the  first  magistrate. 

*  *  *  Eng.  Persecution  hastens  emigra- 
tion to  New  Engliiud. 

1639  Jan.  14.  Conn.  Civil  govern- 
ment organized. 

Delegates  from  three  towns,  Windsor, 
Hartford,  and  Wethersfield,  draw  up  a 
simple  and  liberal  instrument  at  Hart- 
ford. Saybrook  and  New  Haven  decline 
to  sign  it. 

Apr,  *  Va.  Charles  I.  treats  the  colo- 
nists with  contempt ;  he  restores  Gov- 
ernor Harvey, 

June  4.  Mass.  First  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  deputies  of  each  town  in  the 
Plymouth  Colony. 

Aug,  *  Conn.  The  leading  men  of  New 
Haven  adopt  the  Bible  as  the  consti- 
tution of  the  State ;  they  exclude  from 
rights  of  citizenship  non-church  mem- 
bers. [They  so  administer  the  govern- 
ment for  twenty  years.] 

Nov.  *  Va.  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  reap- 
pointed governor. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Haynes  chosen  govern- 
or of  the  Connecticut  Colony,  and  The- 
ophilus  Eaton  of  the  New  Haven  Col- 
ony. 

*  *  Mass.  William  Bradford  is  reelected 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony. 


36      1639-1646,  Aug. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1640*  *^.  Y.    The  Dutch,  "tho  bloody 
men,"  abuse  the  Indians,  and  war  fol- 
lows in  New  Netherland. 

1641  *  *  A".  Y.  The  Baritan  Indians 
from  New  Jersey  avenge  their  wrongs  by 
destroying  the  Dutch  settlements  on 
Staten  Island. 

1642  *  *  -43  *  *  Maryland  colonists  con- 
tend with  the  Susquehannock  Indians, 

1643  Feb.  25,  26.  JV^.  Y.  Massacre 
of  friendly  Indians  by  the  Dutch,  at 
Pavonia,  imder  orders  of  Gov.  ICleft. 
A  war  of  revenge  follows. 

Sept.  *  X.  Y.    Anne   Hutojiinson   and 

nearly  all  her  family  are  massacred  [near 

New  Rochelle]. 
Sept.  *  N.  Y.    A  temporary  truce  with 

Indians  on  Long  Island  is  secured  by 

Roger  Williams. 

*  *  Conn.  Miantonoznoh,  chief  of  the 
Narragansetts,  is  murdered  with  the  ap- 
proval of  the  colony. 

1644  Feb.+  *  y.  Y.  Captain  John  Un- 
derbill of  Long  Island  leads  a  force 
which  subdues  the  Delaware  Indians 
in  New  Jersey,  and  also  the  Indians  of 
Long  Island  and  Comiecticut. 

Apr.  184^,  Va.  The  Indians  suddenly 
attack  the  colonists,  kill  300,  and  are 
then  chastised  in  turn. 

Apr.  *  -46  *  *  Conn.  Border  warfare 
with  the  Indians  prevails. 

1645  Aug.  30.  N.Y,  Treaty  of  peace 
between  the  Dutch  of  New  Amsterdam, 
under  William  Kieft,  and  the  Indians  of 
the  vicinity. 

Neio  Eng.    Treaty  of  peace  between 

the  New  England  colonies  and  the  Nar- 
ragansett  Indians. 

*  *  Brazil.  Insurrection  against  tyranny 
led  by  JoHo  Fernandez  Vieira. 

Spring.  -46  Aug.  *  Md.  Rebellion  of 
'Wilham  Claybome  and  Captain  Rich- 
ard Ingle ;  the  latter  is  practically  a 
pirate.    (Or  1044.) 

1646  Aug.*  Md.  Gov.  Calvert  organ- 
izes a  force,  which  makes  a  descent 
on  St.  Mary's,  and  recovers  the  prov- 
ince from  the  insurgents. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1642  *  *  X.  Y.  A  stone  tavern  is  built 
in  New  Amsterdam. 

*  *  Mass,  Iron  castings  are  first  made 
at  the  Sagus  Iron  Works. 

*  *  Mass.  Bostonians  are  the  first  colo- 
nists to  manufacture  ropes. 

1644  Feb.  4,  Disappearance  of  a 
strange  comet  of  prodigious  tail  which 
had  distressed  the  people  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1640  Hennepin,  Louis,  Fr.  missionary,  born. 

1641  Mlnuit,  Teter,  Gov,  of  N.  Y.,  A61+. 
164«i    Bacon,  Nathaniel,  patriot  of  Va.,b. 

1643  IIut<^liinsoii,  Anne,  rel.  enthusiast,  A52. 

1644  Penn.William. founder  of  Quakers,  b. 
1649    JoUet,  Louis,  explorer,  hora, 


CHURCH. 

1640  Mar.  16.  N.  //.  An  investigating 
committee  of  the  Boston  church  declares 
the  New  church  of  Portsmouth  irregu- 
lar in  taking  the  Lord's  Supper  with  ex- 
communicated persons. 

Oct.  21.  X.  Y.  John  Yoxmg  organizes 
a  Puritan  church  at  Southold,  Long 
Island. 

*  *  Can.  The  Sulpicians  make  Montreal 
a  rendezvous  for  converted  Indians. 

Charles  Raymbault  and  Claude  Pi- 
cart  lahor  in  the  Huron  Missions,  and 
carry  the  gospel  to  the  Indians  of  Mich- 
igan. 

*  *  Mass.  Stevenson  Reek  is  labeled  for 
his  religious  opinions,  placed  in  the  pil- 
lory two  hours,  and  fined  $250. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  Presbyterian  church  of 
Southold,  Long  Island,  formed. 

1641  June  6.  X.  Y.  The  Director  and 
Council  of  New  Netherland  grant  the 
"free  exercise  of  religion"  to  the 
Church  of  England. 

Oct.  4.  Can.  Two  French  Jesuits,  Fa- 
ther Charles  Raymbaultwith  Father 
Isaac  Jogues,  are  sent  to  convert  the 
Chii>peways  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

Starting  from  Sault  St.  Marie,  for  sev- 
enteen days  they  sail  westward,  and  on 
landing,  they  are  met  by  two  thousand 
Chippeways,  who  welcome  them. 

*  *  -44  *  *  Can.  The  missionaries  re- 
ceive no  supplies,  and  their  clothes  fall 
to  pieces. 

*  *  U.  I,    A  church  is  formed  at  Newport. 

*  *  Mass,  Samuel  Gorton,  an  Anti- 
nomian,  is  driven  out  of  Plymouth. 

*  *  Va.  The  Episcopal  Church  is  estab- 
lished bylaw,  and  dissenting  is  declared 
to  be  a  crime. 

1642  Aug.  16.  Can.  The  site  destined 
for  the  city  of  Montreal  Is  formally  con- 
secrated, 

Aug.  *  X,  Y.  Father  Jogues  is  cap- 
tured and  tormented  by  the  Mohawks. 

[The  Indians  make  him  their  slave,  yet 
he  opens  a  mission,  in  which  he  has  70 
converts  when  rescued.  In  1646,  having 
recovered  from  his  wounds,  he  returns 
to  his  converts.]    (See  1646.) 

Sept.  *  Mass,  It  18  enacted  that  neither 
freeman  nor  deputies  of  New  Hampshire 
are  required  to  be  church  members. 

Oct.  22,  Can.  Death  of  Charles Kaym- 
bault,  the  illustrious  missionary  to  the 
Indians. 

*  *  Del.  Swedes  begin  to  preach  to  the 
Delaware  Indians. 

*  *  Md,  Lord  Baltimore,  a  Catholic,  in- 
vites the  Puritans  of  Massachusetts  to 
settle  in  his  colony. 

*  *  *  Md,  The  administration  is  in  the 
hands  of  Catholics,  while  the  very  great 
majority  of  the  people  are  Protestants. 

*  *  X.  H.  The  Episcopal  minister  is 
banished  from  Portsmouth  by  the  Puri- 
tans. 

*  *  X,  Y.  Johannis  Megapolensis  bo- 
comes  the  first  i>astor  of  the  Reformed 
Putch  church  at  Tort  Orange.   [$380.] 


*  *  Xew  York.  A  stone  church  is  built 
at  New  Amsterdam,  on  the  Battery,  by 
the  Dutch. 

*  *  Va.  The  Act  of  Uniformity  is  made 
very  stringent. 

1643  Feb.  28.  Mass.  Koger  Scott  is 
tried  by  the  Court  "  for  common  sleeping 
at  the  public  exercise  on  the  Lord's  Day, 
and  for  striking  him  that  waked  him." 
[He  was  severely  whipped  in  December.] 

Mar.  *  Va.  The  colony  enacts  that  dis- 
believers of  the  doctrine  of  the  Fnglish 
Episcopal  church  shall  not  be  allowed 
to  teach,  publicly  <^  privately,  or  preach 
the  gospel  in  the  colony,  and  non-con- 
formists are  to  be  banished. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  begins  its  mission  work  in  New 
England,  on  tlie  island  of  Martha's  Vine- 
yard; Thomjis  Mayhew,  Jr.,  becomes 
pastor  of  the  whites,  and  missionary  to 
the  Indians. 

*  *  X.  Y.  Ministers  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  church  labor  among  the  Mo- 
hawk Indians. 

Francis  Doughty  preaches  in  New 
York  —  the  first  English  Presbyterian. 

Lady  Deborah  Moody,  owner  of  400 
acres  at  Swampscott,  is  obliged  to  move 
to  Gravesend,  Long  Island,  for  denying 
infant  baptism. 

*  *  II.  I.  The  plantations  at  Providence, 
and  the  English  on  the  Piscataqua,  are 
rejected  in  forming  the  New  England 
confederacy,  because  of  their  heterodox 
religion. 

Freedom  of  worship  is  the  chief  objec- 
tion raised  against  granting  the  request 
of  Rhode  Island. 

1644  Nov.  13.  Mass.  Thomas  Painter 
of  Hingham  is  whipped  for  refusing  to 
have  his  child  christened. 

The  General  Court  orders  the  banish- 
ment of  rejecters  of  infant  baptism. 

*  *  Can.  Father  Francis  Joseph  Bres- 
sani,  a  French  Jesuit,  is  captured  and 
tortured  by  the  Iroquois,  when  en  route 
to  the  Hurons. 

*  *  Can.  The  entire  Island  of  Montreal 
becomes  the  property  of  the  Sulpiciana 
of  Paris  by  royal  grant, 

*  *  It,    Innocent  X.,  pope. 

*  *  Md.  Claybome  and  Ingle,  having 
overturned  the  government,  ship  Father 
White  and  other  Jesuits  to  England. 

*  *  X.  Y.    German  Lutherans  arrive. 

Richard  Doughty  becomes  pastor 
of  Presbyterians  at  Hempstead,  Long 
Island. 

*  *  n.I.  The  first  Baptist  church 
formed  at  Providence. 

A  Baptist  church  formed  at  Newport. 

1645  Sept.  6.  X.  Y.  General  thanks- 
giving ordained  by  Gov.  Kieft,  through 
New  Amsterdam,  for  the  restoration  of 
peace  with  the  Indians. 

Oct.  10,  X.  Y,  The  Director  and  Coun- 
cil of  New  Netherland  grant  to  Flushing 
by  charter  the  free  exercise  of  religion. 

±  *  *  Mass.  Hiaccomes  is  the  first  In- 
dian convert  engaged  in  New  England 
mission  work. 


AMERICA. 


1646  Feb.*  Afass.  Wm.Witterof Lynn 
is  arraigned  before  the  Court  for  saying, 
"  Tliey  who  stayed  while  a  child  la  bap- 
tized do  worship  the  devil." 

LETTERS. 
1640  *  *  Mass.     The    Bay    State    Psalm 

Bool;  is  published  at  Cambridge ;  it  Is  the 

first  book  published  in  America  north 

of  Mexico. 
»  t  _54  *  *  Mass.  Eev.  Henry  Dvmster 

is  president  of  Harvard  College. 

1642  Oct.  9.  Mass.  First  Commence- 
ment at  Harvard  College. 

1643  *  *  A  Key  into  the  Language  of 
America,  by  Koger  Williams,  appears. 

*  t  -44  ♦  »  The  Bloody  Tenet,  a  treatise 
against  persecution,  by  Roger  Williams, 
appears. 

1645  *  *  Mass.  Every  family  in  New 
England  is  required  to  give  either  a 
peck  of  com  or  twelve  pence,  toward 
the  support  of  the  college. 

*  *  Massachusetts  passes  a  law  for  the 
establishment  of  public  schools. 

SOCIETY. 

1640  *  *  Brazil.  Numerous  Southern 
tribes  are  reduced  to  slavery  by  the 
Portuguese. 

1641  Sept.  1.  N.  J.  Raritan  Indians 
murder  colonists  on  Staten  Island,  in 
retaliation  of  an  attack  by  the  Dutch 
of  New  Amsterdam. 

1642  t:  *  •  Mil.  The  kidnapping  of 
Indians  is  made  a  capital  offense. 

*  *  Md.  Drunkenness  is  to  be  fined  by 
the  payment  of  100  lbs.  of  tobacco ;  and 
if  the  offender  is  a  servant  and  unable 
to  pay,  he  is  to  be  set  in  the  bilboes  and 
compelled  to  fast  for  24  hours,  or  be 
imprisoned. 

1643  Feb.  25.  N.  J.  Indians  who 
seek  protection  from  the  Mohawks  aro 
barbarously  massacred  by  the  Dutch 
at  Pavonia,  opposite  New  Amsterdam  ; 
80  are  killed,  and  great  indignation  is 
expressed  in  New  Amsterdam  at  the 
heartless  Governor  Kieft. 

*  *  Va.  Puritans  are  held  in  contempt 
in  loyal  Virginia,  as  disturbers  of  the 
peace  of  England.    (See  State.) 

1644  *  ♦  Pennsylvania  abandons  pro- 
hibition. 

"  Tlie  Court,  apprehending  that  it  is 
not  lit  to  deprive  the  Indians  of  any 
lawful  comforts  which  Ood  alloweth  to 
all  men  by  the  use  of  wine,  orders  that 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  all  who  are  licensed 
to  retail  wines,  to  sell  also  to  Indians." 

1645  Sept.  6.  N.  T.  Thanksgiving 
Day  observed,  in  gratitude  for  the  close 
of  the  Indian  hostilities. 

*  *  Boston.  A  party  sails  for  Guinea  to 
secure  a  cargo  of  slaves. 

*  *  Oyjin.  Selling  intoxicating  liquors  to 
the  Indians  is  prohibited,  under  a  pen- 
alty of  40  shillings  to  5  pounds. 

SETTLEMENT—  STATE. 
1639  ♦  *  Mil.    A  regular  representative 
government  is  established. 

*  *  New  Kiiq.  An  ineffectual  attempt  is 
made  to  unite  the  New  England  colonies. 


*  *  N.  y.  De  Vries  colonizes  Staten 
Island. 

*  *  II.  I.  Newport  is  settled  by  colonists 
from  the  other  end  of  the  island. 

1640  July  7.  B.I.  Providence  has  a 
government  formed  by  40  citizens  after 
their  own  model. 

*  *  Brazil  is  restored  to  the  possession 
of  the  Portuguese  by  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Conn.    Edmund  Hopkins  is  governor. 

*  *  Bel.    Peter  Hollander  is  governor. 

*  *  Mass.    Thos.  Dudley  is  governor. 

*  *  New  England  advances  rapidly. 
Nearly  a  million  dollars  have    been 

spent  in  development,  and  more  than 
fifty  towns  and  villages  are  established  ; 
298  emigrant  ships  have  anchored  in 
Massachusetts  Bay,  and  21,i!00  people 
have  joined  the  Puritan  colonies. 

*  » JV.  r.  Increased  emigration  from 
Holland.  About  forty  families  from 
Lynn,  Massachusetts,  migrate,  and  found 
Southampton  on  Long  Island. 

*  *  Port.    John  IV.  enthroned. 

1641  Mar.  16.  It.  I.  William  Codding- 
ton'a  Israelite  form  of  government  hav- 
ing failed,  a  new  constitution  is  adopt- 
ed at  a  public  meeting  of  citizens  ;  civil 


1639-1646,  Aug.       87 

*  *  Conn.    Geo.  Wyllys  is  governor. 

•  *  If.  /.    Tobago  is  settled  by  the  Dutch. 
1643    Jan.  *  By  Act  of  Parliament  the 

Earl  of  Warwick  is  made  Govemor- 
in-chief  and  Lord  High-admiral  of  the 
American  colonies  ;  he  has  a  council  of 
five  peers  anil  12  commoners,  and  is  to 
have  supreme  power  over  governors  and 
officers. 

Mar.  14.  B.  I.  Roger  'Williams  ob- 
tains a  patent  from  the  Earl  of  War- 
wick for  the  union  of  the  towns  of  Prov- 
idence, Newport,  and  Portsmouth,  under 
one  charter  (Rhode  Island). 

May  14.    Fr.    Louis  XTV.  enthroned. 

May  19.  New  Eng.  The  first  confed- 
erated government  In  the  New 
■World. 

A  measure  for  uniting  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies  for  mutual  defense  is 
adopted;  Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
necticut, and  New  Haven  combine  into 
a  loose  confederacy  called  The  United 
Colonies  of  New  England. 

♦  *  Conn.  New  Haven,  Milford,  Stamford, 
and  Guilford  united  in  the  Kepublio  of 
New  Haven.  [Later  Southold  on  Long 
Island  and  Branford  are  added.] 


and  religious  liberty,  justice  and  equal-   Sept.  7.    New  Eng.    The  commissioners 


ity,  are  secured  to  all  citizens.  Here 
the  first  declaration  of  democracy  in 
the  New  World  was  formulated. 
Deo.  *  Mass.  The  Assembly  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court  adopts  a  code  of  100  laws, 
called  The  Body  of  Liberties,  as  the 
Constitution  of  the  State. 

*  *  Brazil  makes  a  feeble  attempt  for  in- 
dependence. 

*  *  Can.  Maisonneuve  becomes  governor 
of  Montreal. 

*  •  Richard  Bellingham  is  governor 
of  the  Mass.  Bay  Colony ;  Peter  Hol- 
lander of  the  Swedes  [in  Pa.] ;  and  Sir 
William  Berkeley  in  Virginia. 

*  *  Eng.  Oppressive  restriction  of  colo- 
nial commerce ;  colonial  commodities 
must  be  sold  in  English  ports. 

1642  Feb.*  Va.  Sir  William  Berke- 
ley assumes  office  as  governor;  [pros- 
perity follows]. 

April  14.  N.  H.  By  the  action  of  its 
o\vn  people.  New  Hampshire  is  united 
to  Massachusetts ;  it  is  the  only  colony 
east  of  the  Hudson  not  founded  by  the 
Puritans.    John  Winthrop,  governor. 

*  •  Md.  A  company  of  Puritans,  who 
had  been  expelled  from  Virginia,  settle 
in  Maryland,  and  become  turbulent. 

*  *  New  Eng.  About  fifty  towns  and  vil- 
lages are  reported. 

Aug.  29.  N.  Y.  The  First  Represen- 
tative Assembly  meets. 

Governor  Kieft  permits  a  meeting  at 
New  Amsterdam  of  the  heads  of  fam- 
ilies, who  choose  12  of  their  number  to 
investigate  the  affairs  of  the  colony. 
They  soon  pass  from  Indian  difficulties 
to  governmental  abuses,  and  they  review 
the  despotic  acts  of  the  governor,  [and 
resist  his  control,  so  he  dissolves  the 
Assembly.] 

■  *  Va,  The  trade  of  the  colony  is  crip- 
pled, as  England  claims  it  for  herself. 
[The  restrictions  of  commerce  vex  the 
colonies  until  the  Revdlution.] 


of  the  Confederacy  open  their  first  ntect- 
ing,  and  elect  John  'Winthrop  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England. 
»  •  -64  *  ♦  New  Eng.  Period  of  pros- 
perity.   [Civil  War  in  England.] 

*  •  Conn.  John  Haynes  and  Ed.  Hopkins, 
governors.    {Del.  J.  Printz.) 

*  *  Pa.  The  Swedes  establish  a  colony 
on  the  Delaware,  within  six  miles  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill. 

1644  •  *  Conn.  Saybrook  is  purchased 
by  George  Fenwick,  one  of  the  proprie- 
tors, and  permanently  annexed  to  Con- 
necticut, and  the  union  of  eight  towns 
called  by  the  latter  name. 

*  *  Mass.  The  colony  divides  its  legis- 
lative assembly  into  two  bodies,  the 
legislature  and  the  governor's  council. 

*  *  New  York.  A  city  hall  is  built  in 
New  Amsterdam  (Coonties  Slip.) 

*  *  B.  I.  Roger  Williams  returns  with  a 
charter  for  Rhode  Island. 

1645  Aug.  30.  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  of 
New  Amsterdam  and  the  Iroquois  In- 
dians sign  Articles  of  Peace. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated  :  Wm.  Brad- 
ford of  Plymouth ;  Thos.  Dudley  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay  ;  Richard  Kemp  (Lieut.), 
and  later  Sir  Wm.  Berkeley,  of  Virginia. 

*  *  Mass.  Boston  offers  3,000  acres  of 
land  as  a  bounty  for  setting  up  iron- 
works, also  a  monopoly  for  21  years. 

*  *  Md.  A  rebellion,  led  by  Clayborne 
and  Ingle,  overthrows  the  government ; 
the  governor  flees  to  Virginia. 

*  *  N.  T.  Only  100  persons  left  at 
Manhattan,  and  1,500  in  the  province. 

1646  Aug.  *  Md.  Governor  Calvert 
regains  the  government;  a  general 
amnesty  is  granted. 

*  •  Mass.  Edward  Winslow,  governor  of 
Plymouth  ;  J.  Endicott,  Bay  Colony. 


88 


1646-1654. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1646*  *The  Dutch  are  defeated  at 

Guarapari. 
1647    Apr.  *  Md.     Calvert    in    person 

reduces  Kent  Island. 
1649  *  *  Can.     The    Huron    Indians 

are  massacred  at  St.   Ignatius  by  the 

Iroquois. 

*  *  Brazil.  War  between  the  Dutch  and 
Portuguese  colonists ;  the  Brazil  Com- 
pany aids  its  people  with  a  fleet. 

1651*  *  Del.  The  Dvitch  of  New  Am- 
sterdam build  and  garrison  Fort  Casi- 
mir  on  the  Delaware  River,  five  miles 
below  Fort  Christiana,  to  menace  the 
Swedes,  who  are  regarded  as  intruders. 

1652  Mar.  *  Fa.  Parliament  sends  a 
naval  force  to  subdue  the  Virginians, 
who  favor  Charles  I. 

1653  Sept.  19.  New  England  colonies 
declare  war  against  the  Xiantick  In- 
dians. 

*  *  New  York.  A  wall  is  built  across 
Manhattan  Island  (Wall  Street)  for  de- 
fense against  the  Indians  and  the  ex- 
pected troops  of  Oliver  Cromwell ;  it 
has  breastwork,  ditch,  and  palisades, 
and  extends  2,340  feet. 

*  *  Khode  Island  declares  war  against 
New  NetUerland. 

1654  *  *  Md,  A  civil  war  between 
Catholics  and  Protestants  rages. 

*  *  Del.  The  Swedes  under  Gov.  Rising 
drive  the  Dutch  from  Fort  Casimir 
(New  Castle). 

*  *  Brazil.  The  insurrection  against  the 
Dutch  is  successful. 

*  *  Can.  Oliver  Cromwell  sends  a 
strong  force  against  the  French  in 
Nova  Scotia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1652  *  ♦  Mass.  First  iron  forge  set  up 
in  Raynham,  a  town  of  the  Plymouth 
colony. 

1654  Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Onondaga 
salt  springs  discovered  by  the  Jesuits. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1647  Bogardus,  Everarrtus,  Dutch  pastor  In 
N.  J.,  dies. 

Calvert,  l^onanl,  Gov.  of  Md.,  A41. 
Dudley,  Joaepli,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 
Hooker,  Tliomaa,  founder  of  Conn.,  A61. 

1 648  P    1  xtlilxochitl,  Fernando  de  Alva,  Mex. 
historian,  AHO.  ? 

1649  Winthrop.  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A63. 
Yale,  Elihu,  patron  of  Yale,  born. 

lesOi:    KUlil,  William,  pirate,  bom. 

1661  ('ruz,  .Fuana  In^a  de  la,  Slex.  poet,  b. 
Phlps,  Sir  William,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

1662  Cotton,  John,  Puritan  minister,  A66. 
Sewall,  Sanuiel,  jurist,  born. 

Haynes,  John,  statesman,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1646  Aug.  ±  *  Me.  Father  Gabriel 
Dreuillettea  descends  the  Kennebec 
to  its  mouth,  and  builds  a  mission 
chapel  for  the  Indians. 

Sept.  *  Mass.  The  Second  General 
Synod  meets  at  Cambridge,  and  frames 
a  "  Platform  of  church  discipline  gath- 
ered out  of  the  Word  of  God." 


It  approves  the  Westminster  Assem- 
bly's Confession  of  Faith,  as  slightly 
modified  by  the  Savoy  Synod. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  The  Mohawks  secure  Fa- 
ther Jogues  as  a  prisoner,  kill  him,  and 
throw  his  body  into  the  Mohawk  River. 

Oct.  28.  Mass.  John  Eliot,  "the  Apos- 
tle to  the  Indians,"  preaches  his  tirst  ser- 
mon to  the  Indians  in  a  wigwam  at  No- 
nantum  —  the  first  sermon  ever  preached 
in  North  America  in  the  native  tongue. 

*  *  Mass.  Episcopalians  in  Boston  peti- 
tion for  the  use  of  the  Prayer-Book. 

It  is  enacted  that  the  elders  of  the 
church  shall  choose  two  persons  yearly 
to  spread  the  gospel  among  the  Indians. 

Eliot  begins  his  missionary  work. 

He  gathers  Christian  Indians  into 
"  praying  Indian  towns,"  governed  by 
native  magistrates  chosen  by  the  people. 
The  first  was  located  at  Natick  •  the  sec- 
ond, Pakeniitt,  at  Stoughton  ;  the  third, 
Hassanamesit,  at  Grafton  :  the  fourth, 
Okommakamesit,  at  Marlborough;  the 
fifth,  Wamesit,  at  Tewksbury ;  the  sixth, 
Nashobah,  at  Littleton;  and  the  seventh, 
Magunkaquog,  at  Hopkinton. 

1647  *  *  Can.  The  wilderness  has  al- 
ready been  visited  by  42  Jesuit  mission- 
aries and  18  assistants. 

*  *  R.  I.    A  law  is  passed  tolerating  all 
religious  opinions,  whether  Christia 
or  infidel. 

1648  July  4.  Mich.  Father  Anthony 
Daniel  of  St.  Joseph's,  with  many  Hu- 
ron converts,  is  killed  by  the  Mohawks. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Synod  of  churches  at  Cam- 
bridge completes  the  organization  of 
Congregationalism,  and  issues  the 
••Cambridge  Platform." 

*  *  N.J.  Richard  Stout  and  other  Bap- 
tists settle  at  Middletown,  the  govern- 
ment being  preeminent  in  granting  reli- 
gious liberty. 

1649  Mar.  16.  A  thousand  Iroquois 
Indians  surprise  the  mission  town  of  St. 
Ignatius,  and  only  three  persons  escape 
the  general  massacre. 

Mar.  *  Fathers  Jean  de  Brebeuf  and 
Gubriel  Xiallemand  of  St.  Joseph's 
Mission  suffer  terrible  and  fatal  tortures 
after  the  taking  of  St.  Louis  by  the  Iro- 
quois. 

*  ♦  Del.  The  Assembly  decrees  that  no 
person  professing  faith  in  Christ  shall 
be  molested  in  his  religion  or  its  free 
exercise. 

*  *  Eng.  Organization  by  Parliament  of 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  in  New  England,  through 
the  example  and  success  of  Eliot. 

*  *  Mass.  Thomas  Cushman  is  chosen 
elder. 

The  General  Court  lays  the  Cambridge 
Platform  before  the  congregations. 

*  *  Md.  The  legislature  declares  for  tol- 
eration. 

No  person  believing  in  the  fundamental 
doctrines  of  Christianity  to  be  distressed 
because  of  hi.s  opinions  or  practises,  and 
it  is  a  finable  offense  to  iLse  opprobrious 
epithets  in  religious  controversy.  The 
province  becomes  known  as  the  "  Land 
of  the  Sanctuary." 

*  *  Va.  Twenty  churches  are  estab- 
lished, the  livings  of  the  ministers  being 
worth  on  an  aterage  *'  at  least  £100." 


1650  *  *  Mass.  Many  Indians  on  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  abandon  heathenism  and 
accept  Christianity. 

The  opinion  gains  groimd  that  all  bap- 
tized persons  of  upright  and  decorous 
lives  shall  for  all  practical  purposes  be 
considered  members  of  the  church.  The 
theory  is  stigmatized  as  the  ••  Half-way 
'  Covenant." 

*  *  N.  C.  Presbyterians  settle  in  this 
province. 

1651  July  13.  Boston.  John  Spur  is 
expelled  from  the  Boston  church  "  be- 
cause he  ceased  to  commune  with  them, 
on  the  belief  that  their  baptism,  singing 
of  psalms,  and  covenant  were  human 
inventions." 

Sept.  6.  Boston.  Obadiah  Holmes  is 
whipped ;  he  receives  30  stripes  for  be- 
ing a  Baptist.  While  the  blood  is  flow- 
ing, he  says,  "  You  have  struck  me  with 
roses."  [Thirteen  persons  afterwards 
suffer  for  showing  him  sympathy,  great 
public  indignation  follows.] 

*  *  Mass.  John  Clarke  is  persecuted  for 
holding  Baptist  doctrines.  Absence 
from  preaching  is  punishable  with  a  fine. 

The  Cambridge  platform  is  adopted 
by  the  congregations ;  provides  a  plan 
of  Church  discipline. 

Thomas  Mayhew  reports  190  conver- 
sions among  the  Indians  of  Martha's 
Vineyard. 

1652  Oct.  *  Mass.  The  first  native 
church  in  New  England  is  organized, 
having  282  members. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  church  is  built  at  Flat- 
bush,  the  first  on  Long  Island. 

*  *  -53  ♦  *  Ji.  I.  A  division  occurs  in 
the  Baptist  church  at  Providence,  a  part 
seceding  on  the  question  of  the  laying 
on  of  hands. 

1653*  *  N.  C.  Dissenting  Presbyteri- 
ans, oppressed  by  the  collection  of  tithes 
for  the  Church  of  England,  leave  Vir- 
ginia, and  settle  on  the  Chowan  River. 

1654  Oct.  *  Md.  The  colony  is  dis- 
tracted by  the  dissensions  of  the  Cath- 
olic and  Protestant  parties.  The 
Protestant  party  call  an  assembly  at 
Patuxent,  and  disfranchise  the  Cath- 
olics, prohibit  their  worship,  and  de- 
prive them  of  the  protection  of  the  laws 
of  their  own  province. 

*  *  Del.  A  Dutch  Reformed  church 
is  established  at  New  Amstel  (New 
Castle). 

*  *  A'.  Y.  Father  Le  Moyne  joins  the 
Mohawks  on  the  Mohawk  River.  A 
mission  is  opened  for  the  Indians  of 
Onondaga,  and  a  chapel  built  by  the 
Roman  Catholics. 

A  Reformed  Dutch  church  is  es- 
tablished at  Midwout  (Flatbush),  Long 
Island. 

LETTERS. 
1647  *  *  Mass.  It  Is  enacted  that  every 
town  or  district  having  fifty  household- 
ers should  have  a  public  school ;  and 
one  hxmdred  families  should  have  a 
grammar  school. 

*  *  The  Simple  Cobbler  of  Agairam,  by 
Nathaniel  Ward,  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1646-1654. 


39 


1650 1  *  *  The  Poems  of  Anne  liradstreet 
and  Benjamin  Thompson  api)ear. 

1651  Jan.  11.  ^fass.  Mr.  Experience 
Maybew  opens  the  first  school  in  New 
England  for  the  instruction  of  Indian 
children, 

1652  *  *  Experiments  of  Spiritual  Life, 
and  Health  and  Their  Preservatives^  by 
Roger  Williams,  appears. 

*  *  Hireling  Ministry  and  Bloody  Tenet 
Yet  More  Bloody ^  by  Roger  Williams, 
appears. 

1654*  *-72*  *  Mass.  Rev.  Charles 
Chauncy  is  President  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege. 

SOCIETY. 

1647  *  *  M.  I,  Drunkenness  is  forbid- 
den under  penalty  of  5s.,  or  G  hours  in 
the  stocks  if  unable  to  pay.  Selling  to 
Indians  is  forbidden  under  penalty  of 
5  pounds. 

1648  *  *  Boston.  It  is  ordered  "  that  only- 
one  person  be  allowed  to  sell  wine  to 
the  Indians." 

1649  ♦  *  Va.  There  are  6  public  brew 
houses,  4  windmills,  together  with  5 
watermills  to  grind  corn. 

1650  *  *  Conn.  No  licensed  dealer  is 
to  suffer  any  one  to  be  drunk  or  to 
drink  excessively  (viz.,  above  half  a  pint 
at  a  time),  or  to  tipple  above  the  space  of 
half  an  hour,  or  at  luireasonable  times. 

The  penalty  for  drunkenness  appear- 
ing in  speech  or  gesture  only  is  10s. ;  for 
excessive  drinking,  3s.  4rf. ;  for  tippling 
over  half  an  hour,  2s.  6rf.,  for  tippling 
at  unreasonable  hours,  or  after  nine 
o'clock,  5s.  Second  offenses  have  a 
double  penalty. 

±*  *  New  York.  Negro  slaves  brought 
to  New  Amsterdam. 

1652  May  18.  R.  I.  The  representa- 
tives of  Providence  and  Warwick  pro- 
hibit perpetual  slavery,  and  limit 
bondage  to  ten  years. 

1654  *  *  Mass.  Licensed  persons,  allow- 
ing tippling  and  excessive  drinking,  are 
fined  20s.  • 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1646*  *Kng.  Parliament  frees  colonial 
merchandise  from  all  duty  for  three 
years,  on  condition  that  all  productions 
be  carried  in  English  vessels. 

*  *  Mass.    Gov.  Winthrop  is  reelected. 

*  *  N.  Y.  "Bruecklyn"  (Brooklyn)  re- 
ceives a  village  charter. 

1647  May  11.  N.  Y.  Peter  Stuyve- 
sant  assumes  the  governorship;  he  is 
the  last  and  greatest  of  the  governors  of 
New  Netherland.    [In  office  17  years.] 

*  *  Md.  Calvert,  having  recovered  author- 
ity, establishes  Robert  Vaughn,  a  Pro_ 
testant,  as  governor. 

*  *  Mich.  A  settlement  Is  made  at  Detroit 
by  the  French. 

*  *{U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
Md.    Thomas  Greene. 

May  *  It.  J.  John  Coggeshall  governor 
of  Providence,  Warwick,  Portsmouth, 
and  Newport. 

Governor  Stuyvesant  claims  all  the 
region  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  Cape 


Cod.  He  restores  prosperity  to  the  col- 
ony, which  had  been  nearly  ruined  by 
Kieft,  his  predecessor, 

*  *  P.  I.  The  first  general  assembly  of 
the  province  meets,  and  frames  a  code  of 
laws.  • 

1648  Aug,  *  Md.  Lord  Baltimore  dis- 
misses the  Catholic  governor,  Green,  and 
appoints  a  Protestant,  William  Stone, 
in  his  place. 

*  *  Conn.  The  settlement  of  ISTew  Iion- 
don  is  commenced. 

Rhode  Island  petitions  to  be  admitted 
into  the  confederacy  of  New  England 
Colonies,  and  is  refused,  after  declining 
to  submit  itself  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
Plymouth,    W.  Coddington,  governor. 

Eng.    THE  COMMOirWEALTH. 

1649  Jan.  30.    Charles  I.  is  executed. 

*  *  /?.  /.  John  Smith,  governor.  (Mass. 
Bay.    J.  Endicott.) 

*  *  Mass.  A  definite  code  of  laws  is 
finally  secured. 

*  *  Md.  The  Assembly  passes  a  law  of 
perfect  toleration  for  all  Christian 
sects.  Many  exiled  Puritans  received 
from  Virginia  and  settle  Annapolis. 

*■  (f  Va.  The  Virginians  reject  Crom- 
well, and  proclaim  Charles  II.  as  right- 
ful sovereign  of  the  British  realm. 

The  Northern  Neck  (between  the  Rap- 
pahannock and  the  Potomac)  is  granted 
to  Lord  Culpepper  and  a  company  of 
Cavaliers,  as  a  refuge  for  their  partisans. 

1650  June  *  Va.  Berkeley  receives  a 
ne  w  commission  from  the  exiled 
English  king,  Charles  II. 

Oct.  3.  Eng.  The  Long  Parliament  as- 
serts its  supremacy  over  the  colonies. 

*  *  Eiiff.  Foreign  ships  are  forbidden 
to  trade  with  the  rebellious  (royalist) 
colony  of  Virginia. 

*  *  Md.  The  legislature  is  divided  into 
two  houses. 

To  appease  the  Protestants  their  settle- 
ment is  erected  into  a  separate  county 
—  Anne  Arundel.  [Charles  County  is 
erected  later.] 

*  *  Governors  elected :  Thomas  Dudley 
(Mass.) ;  Nicholas  Easton  (K.  I.). 

*  *  N.  Y.  An  amicable  adjustment  of 
the  boundary  line  between  the  Dutch 
and  New  England  colonies  (near  the 
present  line)  is  treated  with  contempt 
by  the  English  government. 

1651  Oct.  9.  E7ig.  Parliament  passes 
the  first  navigation  act,  forbidding 
the  importation  of  goods  into  England 
except  in  English  vessels.  (It  is  aimed 
against  the  Dutch,  and  designed  to  pun- 
ish the  royalists  of  Virginia.) 

*  *[U.S.]    Governors  elected  : 

*  *  Mass.  Bay.    John  Endicott. 

*  *  R.  I.  Sam.  Gorton  (Prov.  and  War). 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  appoints  conmiis- 
sioners  to  visit  America  and  assume 
control  of  the  colonies  bordering  on  the 
Chesapeake.  Stone,  the  deputy  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  is  deposed  by  them. 

*  *  The  war  between  England  and  Hol- 
land somewhat  strains  the  relation  be- 


tween the  English  and  Dutch  colonies, 
but  no  rupture  occurs. 
±  *  *  N.  C.    The  first  actual  settlement 
made  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chowan 
River. 

1652  Mar.  12.  Va.  The  loyalists 
surrender  to  Parliament  when  a  war- 
vessel  appears  with  commissioners 
from  Cromwell.  It  is  agreed  that  *'  the 
People  of  Virginia"  ought  to  have  all 
the  liberties  of  the  free-born  people  of 
England. 

Oct.  2.  Eng.  Roger  Williams  secures  the 
confirmation  of  the  charter  and  the 
union  of  Providence  and  Rhode  Island. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  assumes  control  of 
Maryland,  and  nominally  suspends  the 
government  in  Rhode  Island. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  English  colony  on  the 
Surinam  River  returns  to  Paramaribo. 

*  *  Massachvisetts  purchases  Maine 
for  $5,3^. 

A  mint  is  erected,  and  silver  coined 
into  shilling,  sixpenny,  and  threepenny 
pieces. 

N.  Y.  Newtown  and  Flatbush  on 
Long  Island  are  settled  under  Dutch 
patents. 

Va.  Richard  Bennett,  a  Puritan,  is 
elected  governor.    (R.  I.    John  Smith.) 

1653  *  *  N.  C.  Oppressed  colonists 
emign:'ate  from  Virginia,  and  settle  on 
the  Chowan  River.  Governor  Berkeley 
assumes  jurisdiction,  and  appoints  Wil- 
liam Drummond  governor. 

Feb.  2,  Neiv  York.  New  Amsterdam 
incorporated,  and  an  elective  munici- 
pal government  established. 

Dec.  16.  Eng.  Oliver  Cromwell  be- 
comes Lord  Protector  of  the  British 
realm. 

Dec.  10.  y.  Y.  First  General  assembly 
of  the  people,  consisting  of  two  deputies 
from  each  village ;  Stuyvesant  is  un- 
willing to  sanction  it,  but  is  imable  to 
prevent  it. 

*  *  [  f7.  5.]    Governors  inaugurated  : 

*  *  Del.     Johan  C.  Rising, 

*  *  Mass.    Richard  Bellingham. 

*  *  R.I.    Roger  Williams. 

Feb.  *  Md.  Governor  Stone's  proclama- 
tion to  make  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  pro- 
prietary (a  Catholic)  is  resisted. 

July  15±.  Md.  Bennett  and  Clayborne, 
the  governor  and  secretary  of  Virginia, 
come  and  take  the  government  out  of 
the  hands  of  Stone,  and  hold  it  for  the 
Lord  Protector. 

July  +  *  Md.  William  Fuller  and  nine 
others  are  appointed  commissioners 
to  execute  government. 

Oct.  *  Md.  A  factional  assembly  at 
Patuxent  .acknowledges  the  authority 
of  Cromwell,  but  disfranchises  the 
whole  Catholic  party. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  colonies  unite  under 
the  royal  authority  of  Portugal. 

*  *  Mass.  Emigration  nearly  ceases 
during  the  commonwealth  ;  many  Puri- 
tans return  to  assist  in  the  struggle  in 
England. 


40 


1655-1662. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1655  Mar.  25.  Md.  The  Catholic  pro- 
prietary attacks  the  Puritans  at  Provi- 
dence, but  is  defeated  and  captured. 

May  3.  W.  /.  Jamaica  is  taken  from 
the  Spaniards  by  the  British  mider  Ad- 
miral Penn  and  troops  under  Yenables. 

Sept.  5.  N.  r.  Peter  Stuyvesant  with 
600  men  sails  from  New  York  against 
the  Swedes  of  Delaware,  and  subdues 
them. 

Sept.  *  K.  y.  The  Algonkian  Indians 
vainly  rise  in  rebellion  against  the 
Dutch  at  and  near  New  Amsterdam. 
[They  sue  for  peace  on  the  return  of 
Stuyvesant  and  his  force  from  Delar 
ware.] 

1661  *  *  Brazil.  An  uprising  occurs 
against  the  missionaries. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1659*  *-N.  Y,  Bricks  made  at  New 
Amsterdam ;  previously  they  were  im- 
ported from  Holland,  and  only  used  for 
ovens  and  chimneys,  etc, 

1662  *  *  N.  Y.  A  windmill  is  erected 
at  New  Amsterdam. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1666  Winslow.   Sdward.   (Jov.  of  Mass., 
A  60. 

Standlsh.  Miles.  Puritan  soldier,  A72.  ? 

1667  Cardillac,  Antoine  de  la  Motte,  f  dr,  b. 
Wayliew,  Thomas,  minister,  A36. 
Hopkins,  Kdward,  Gov.  of  Conn.,  A57. 
Fenwick,  (ieorge,  proprietor  In  Conn.,  A54. 

1668  De  Peyster,  Abraham,mayorof  N.Y.,b. 
1668    Dunster,  Henry,  pres.  of  Harvard,  d. 

1660  Dyer,  Mary,  Quaker  martyr,  hanged. 
Dustin,  Hannah,  heroine,  born. 
Mathews,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  Va.,  dies. 

1661  Iberville, Pierre  le  Moyne,  Sieur,  foun- 
der, born. 

leea    Leverett,  John,  pres.  of  Harvard,  b. 

CHURCH. 

1655  Nov.  *  N.  r.  Father  Chaumo- 
not  and  Claude  Dablon  join  the  Onon- 
daga Indians. 

*  •  It.    Alexander  VU,,  pope. 

*  *  Aid.  Several  persons  killed  in  a  con- 
flict between  Catholics  and  Protestants. 

*  *  New  York.  By  special  act  of  the  Com- 
pany at  Amsterdam  the  Jews  are  per- 
mitted to  live  in  New  Amsterdam, 
provided  they  agree  to  support  their 
own  poor. 

1656  Feb.  1.  New  York.  Tyranny  of 
the  Dutch.  The  authorities  of  New 
Netherland  decree  all  meetings  illegal 
except  those  of  the  Reformed  divine 
service. 

Mar.  13.  New  York.  Jews  are  permitted 
to  worship  in  their  own  houses  at  New 
Amsterdam,  but  not  publicly  in  syna- 
gogues. 

June  2.  N.  Y.  Comer-stone  of  the 
Dutch  church  laid  in  the  center  of 
State  Street  at  Albany. 

Oct.  14.  Mass.  Act  passed  prohibiting 
the  immigration  of  Quakers,  and  ap- 
pointing 20  lashes  and  imprisonment  to 
such  as  should  arrive,  and  death  to  such 
as  return  after  transportation. 


Wov.  8.  N.  Y.  Baptists  are  perse- 
cuted; Wm.  Hallet  of  Flushing  fined 
$250  for  permitting  meetings  to  be  held 
in  his  house.  [Afterwards  banished  for 
non-payment.] 

*  *  C(in.  Two  French  missionaries  be- 
gin work  among  the  Ottawas  by  request 
of  the  chiefs.  One  is  mortally  woimded 
in  an  attack  by  the  Iroquois,  and  both 
are  captured. 

Father  Mesnard  goes  to  the  Cayugas 
and  Father Chaumonot  to  theSenecas. 

*  *  Mass.  A  day  of  solemn  prayer  and 
fasting  observed  because  of  reports  from 
England  concerning  Quakers  who  would 
destroy  all  churches  and  governments. 
Two  weeks  later  two  female  Quaker 
missionaries  arrive. 

*  *  A'.  Y.  Baptist  converts  are  baptized 
at  Flushing. 

*  *  li.  I.  Secession  from  the  Baptist 
church  to  form  a  Six-Principle  Baptist 
church. 

1657  Apr.  7.  Mass.  Henry  Dunster, 
late  president  of  Cambridge  college,  is 
arraigned  before  the  Court  for  refusing 
to  have  his  infant  child  baptized. 

June  4.  Mass.  A  Congregational  minis- 
ters' meeting  at  Boston  adopts  "the 
Half -Way  Covenant." 

It  declares  "  that  all  persons  of  sober 
life  and  correct  sentiments,  without 
being  examined  as  to  a  change  of  heart, 
might  profess  religion  or  become  mem- 
bers of  the  church,  and  have  their  chil- 
dren baptized,  though  they  did  not  come 
to  the  Lord's  table." 

*  *  Conn.  John  Eliot  is  the  first  to  preach 
the  gospel  to  the  Indians  at  Hartford, 
in  an  assembly  of  Podunks. 

The  Podtmk  Indians  were  asked  by 
Eliot  to  accept  Christ ;  they  answered 
emphatically,  "  No,"  adding,  the  Eng- 
lish had  taken  their  lands,  and  would 
now  make  them  servants. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  four  imited  colonies 
prohibit  the  landing  of  Quakers. 

Persecution  of  the  Quakers.  "A 
motley  tribe  — half  fanatic,  half  insane, 
and  without  definite  purposes."  (Ban- 
croft.) The  penalty  for  attending  a 
Quaker  meeting  is  ten  shillings,  and 
for  speaking  in  such  a  meeting  ten 
pomids. 

*  *  Mass.  Faunce  is  chosen  elder  of  the 
colony. 

*  *  New  York.  John  E.  Goetwater,  a 
Lutheran  minister,  arrives  in  New  Am- 
sterdam. 

1658  Mar.  26.  New  Ym-k.  Tlie  New 
Netherland  authorities  annul  the  right 
of  Flushing  to  hold  town  or  heretical 
meetings,  and  require  all  to  pay  taxes 
for  the  support  of  the  minister,  or  lose 
their  goods  and  take  themselves  "out 
of  this  government.** 

*  *  N.  C.  Presbyterians  settle  on  the 
Chowan  River.     (See  page  38.) 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  commissioners  of  the 
four  United  Colonies  advise  the  Court 
of  Massachusetts  to  execute  Quakers 
returning  from  banishment ;  the  law  is 
enacted  by  a  majority  of  one  vote. 

*  *  li.  I.  A  Jewish  congn^egation  is  or- 
ganized at  Providence. 


*  *  Va.  Religious  liberty  is  universal, 
except  for  the  Quakers,  who  are  ban- 
ished by  law  and  their  return  proscribed 
as  a  felony. 

1659  *  *  Mass.  Two  Quakers  executed 
for  returning  from  banishment. 

1660  June  1.  Mass.  Mary  Dyer,  a 
Quakeress  returning  from  banishment, 
is  executed. 

Aug.  *  Can.  Father  Ren€  Mesnard, 
an  aged  man,  responds  to  the  request  of 
the  Indians,  and  opens  a  mission  near 
Kneweenaw,  where  he  is  neglected,  per- 
secuted, and  finally  dies. 

*  *  Mass.  John  £lJot  forms  a  church  of 
converted  Indians  at  Natick. 

Prisons  are  full  of  Quakers  ready 
for  martyrdom. 

*  *  *  Maryland  is  an  asylum  for  the  per- 
secuted. 

1661  Mar.  14.  Mass.  "William  Ledra, 
a  Quaker,  is  hanged  by  the  Puritans. 

*  *  Mass.  The  death  penalty  against  the 
Quakers  is  removed  from  the  statute- 
book. 

John  Eliot  prints  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  the  Indian  language. 

*  *  Co}in.  Abraham  Pierson  begins 
preaching  to  the  Indians  about  Weth- 
ersfield. 

*  *  It.  I.  First  yearly  meeting  of  Qua- 
kers established. 

1662  Apr.  4.  Va.  Many  Quakers  ar- 
raigned before  the  Court  as  recusants. 

Dec.  *  Va.  Enactments  passed  to  op- 
press the  Baptists. 

*  *  Boston.  A  partial  Synod  approves 
the  Half-Way  Covenant. 

A  few  French  Protestant  refugees  are 
granted  leave  to  reside  in  the  colony. 
Ejectment  of  non-conformist  ministers. 

*  *  Va.  Stringent  law^s  passed  against 
Quakers  and  all  sectarians. 

*  *  Va.  The  Royalists'  General  Assem- 
bly provides  for  a  church,  parsonage, 
and  minister  for  every  parish. 

His  salary  fe  be  £80,  all  to  be  raised 
in  tax  levies.  [Tlie  salary  was  after- 
wards changed  to  1,600  pounds  of  tobac- 
co.] Absence  from  church  for  one  Sim- 
day  punishable  by  fine  of  50  poimds  of 
tobacco ;  non-con rormists  to  pay  i;20  for 
a  month's  absence ;  all  non-l5piscopal 
ministers  are  forbidden  to  preach. 

LETTERS. 

1661  *  *  -63  Dec,  *  John  Eliot  com- 
pletes his  translation  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment into  the  Indian  vernacular. 

1662  *  *  Mass.  Two  licensers  of  the  press 
are  appointed. 

*  *  The />ayo/Z)oom,  by  Michael  Wiggles- 
worth,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1655  *  *  Md.  Hostilities  between  Prot- 
estants and  Catholics. 

1656  *  *  New  Eng.  Quakers  are  per- 
secuted.   (See  Church.) 

1657  *  *  Mass.  Selling  liquor  to  In- 
dians is  absolutely  prohibited ;  penalty 
40s. 

*  '*'  Mass.  A  return  is  made  to  the  origi- 
nal prohibitory  law  of  1639. 


AMERICA. 


1655-1662. 


41 


It  is  decreed  that  "All  persons  are 
wholly  prohibited  to  sell,  truck,  b-arter, 
or  give  any  strong  liquors  to  any  Indian, 
directly  or  indirectly,  wliether  known 
by  the  name  of  rum,  strong  waters, 
wine,  strong  beer,  brandy,  cider,  or 
perry,  or  any  other  strong  liquor  going 
under  any  other  name  whatsoever." 

1658  *  •  Md.  Dninkennesa  is  punished 
by  conflnement  in  the  stocks  for  6  hours 
or  a  tine  of  100  lbs.  of  tobacco  (half  to 
the  informer) ;  for  a  second  offense,  by 
public  whipping  or  a  tine  of  300  lbs.  of 
tobacco ;  for  the  third  offense  the  of- 
fender is  adjudged  infamous,  and  dis- 
franchised three  years. 

»  *  Va.  One  convicted  of  drvmkeimess 
three  times  is  accoimted  a  common 
drunkard. 

1659  July  26.  Can.  Indians  mas- 
sacre more  than  one  thousand  people 
at  Montreal. 

*  *  Conn.  Any  person  found  drunk  at 
any  private  house  is  to  be  fined  20s.  and 
the  owner  of  the  house  10s.  Distillation 
of  corn  or  malt  into  liquor  is  prohibited. 

1660  July  27.  Boston.  Two  of  the 
fugitive  judges  of  Charles  I.,  Edward 
■Whalley  and  William  Golfe,  are  wel- 
comed, and  concealed  from  royal  officers. 

1662  June  20.  Conn.  Three  women 
condemned  at  Hartford  as  Avitches ; 
one  is  hanged. 

*  *  *  Brazil.  A  hardy  race  of  men  is 
produced  at  San  Paulo,  from  the  inter- 
marriage of  colonists  with  natives. 

*  •  Mass.  Adultery  is  punished  with 
death. 

*  *  Ta.  It  is  enacted  that  offspring  shall 
follow  the  condition  of  the  mother,  nuik- 
ing  the  children  of  white  men  by 
negro  women  slaves  from  birth. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1655  Jan.  ±  *  Md.  Beputy  -  governor 
Stone  vainly  seeks  to  regain  authority 
by  revolution. 

*  *  Conn.  Thomas  Welles,  governor. 
(Mass.  Bay.    John  Endicott.) 

Sept.  *  N.  Y,  Gov.  Stuyvesant  compels 
the  .Swedes  of  Delaware  to  acknowledge 
the  supremacy  of  New  Netherland  ;  the 
little  State  of  New  Sweden  ceases 
to  exist,  and  the  territory  is  annexed 
to  New  Netherland. 

*  *  Md.  Conflict  between  the  Puritans 
and  Koman  Catholics. 

*  *  Va.  Sdward  Diggs  elected  gov- 
ernor. 

1656  July*  Md.  Josias  Fendall,  a 
weak  and  impetuous  man,  commissioned 
as  Lord  Baltimore's  lieutenant.  [Tlie 
council  of  ten  holds  him  under  arrest  as 
a  dangerous  person.  There  are  two  gov- 
ernments for  two  years.] 

Sept.  11.  Conn.  Stuyvesant  concludes  a 
boundary  treaty,  limiting  New  Neth- 
erland by  Oyster  Bay  on  Long  Island, 
and  the  neighborhood  of  Greenwich  on 
the  mainland. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Webster,  governor.  (Va. 
Samuel  Matthews.) 

*  *  Del.  The  city  of  Amsterdam  pur- 
chases the  proprietary  of  Delaware 


from  the  Brandywine  to  Bombay  Hook, 
and  by  purchase  from  the  natives  extends 
its  lands  to  Cape  Henlopen.  The  Dutch 
own  from  New  England  to  Maryland. 

*  *  Port.    Alfonso  VI.  enthroned. 

»  »  -58  •  *  A'.  ¥.  A  short-lived  French 
colony  in  western  New  York. 

*  *  *  Ka.  Charles  II.,  now  in  exile,  is 
invited  to  join  the  colony  and  be 
"King  of  Virginia."  This  incident 
suggested  the  title  of  "The  Old  Do- 
minion." 

1657  *  *  \_U.  S.]  Governors  inaugu- 
rated. 

*  *  Conn.    John  Winthrop. 

*  *  Plym.    Thomas  Prince. 

*  *  R.  I.    Benedict  Arnold.    [16«2-63.] 

1658  Mar.  *  Md.  The  revolt  is  settled 
by  compromise,  Fendall  is  acknowledged 
governor, and  the  Protestant  assemblies 
accepted  as  valid ;  a  general  amnesty  is 
announced. 

Sept.  3.    Eny.    Richard  Cromwell, 

Iiord  Protector. 
**Conn.    Settlement    of    Southerton 

(Stonington)  commenced. 

*  "  N.J.  Purchasers  obtain  a  large  grant 
called  Bergen,  and  the  station  becomes 
a  permanent  settlement. 

*  *  Conn.  T.  Welles  and  Francis  New- 
man, governors. 

»  •  Va.  Samuel  Matthews  elected  gov- 
ernor ;  the  legislature  grants  a  fixed  sal- 
ary to  the  office  [and  repeals  the  act  in 
the  following  year]. 

1659*  *  Mass.  Settlement  of  Nan- 
tucket by  Thomas  Macy. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Winthrop,  governor.  (Pa. 
Alex.  D'Hinoyossa  (Dutch).  [1663.  Re- 
appointed.   1660.    R.  I.    Wm.  Brenton.]) 

1660  Mar.  12.  Md.  Popular  sov- 
eignty  is  exercised  by  the  representa- 
tives, wlio  vote  themselves  a  lawful  as- 
sembly, without  dependence  on  any  other 
power  in  the  province,  thus  ignoring  the 
rights  of  Lord  Baltimore. 

May  8.  Eng.  Charles  II.  enthroned 
as  sovereign  over  the  British  realm ; 
"  the  worst  monarch  of  modern  times." 
(Ridpath.)  [He  oppresses  the  commerce 
of  Virginia,  and  sneers  at  complaints.] 

Nov.  10.  Mass.  It  becomes  well  known 
thatthemonarchyis  restored  in  England. 

Dec.  19.  .1/<ess.  The  General  Court  con- 
vened, and  addresses  are  prepared  for 
the  king  and  parliament. 

*  *  -70  *  *  Eng.  Enactment  of  naviga- 
tion, trade,  excise,  and  other  laws 
inimical  to  the  colonies  in  America. 

*  *  C<}Sta  Rica.  Spaniards  reappear,  and 
subdue  the  rebellious  Indians  again. 

*  *  Mass.  The  government  persecutes 
the  Quakers. 

*  •  Md.  Philip  Calvert,  governor.  {R.  I. 
Wm.  Brenton.) 

»  *  N.  F.  Tlie  French  found  a  colony  at 
Placentia  Bay. 

*  *  New  Eng.  Population,  38,000 ;  Md., 
12,000. 

Arrival  of  the  English  regicides. 

*  *  Va.  Sir  'William  Berkeley  is  elect- 
ed governor  by  the  House  of  Burgesses. 


He  surpasses  the  tyranny  of  the  king  ; 
Baptists  and  Quakers  are  persecuted ; 
personal  property  is  heavily  taxed;  large 
estates  are  exempted  ;  the  biennial  elec- 
tion of  burgesses  is  abolished.  [This 
continues  for  16  years.] 

ITte  people  contend  against  a  rising 
aristocracy  for  the  control  of  the  polit- 
ical life. 

The  population  is  estimated  by  Gov- 
ernor Berkeley  at  *'  40,000,  including 
2,000  black  slaves,  6,000  Christian  ser- 
vants, of  whom  about  1,500  are  imported 
yearly,  principally  English."  The  Chris- 
tian servants  are  chiefly  ex-convicts. 
1661  Mar.  12.  Va.  The  first  session 
of  the  royalist  assembly  marks  a  polit- 
ical revolution.  F.  Moryson  governor. 
June  10.  Mass.  Foreboding  collision 
with  the  Crown,the  General  Court  makes 
a  declaration  of  the  natural  and  char- 
tered rights  of  the  colonists. 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Schenectady  pur- 
chased from  the  Indians. 

Aug.  7.  Mass.  Charles  H.  is  pro- 
claimed. 

Aug.  *  Conn.  John  Winthrop  sent  to 
England  to  obtain  a  charter.  Wm. 
Leete,  governor  of  New  Haven. 

*  *  Eng.  By  Act  of  Parliament,  sugar, 
tobacco,  indigo,  and  other  "  enumerated 
articles,"  are  not  to  be  shipped  from 
the  colonies  to  any  country  but  Eng- 
land. 

*  *Mass.  Penal  laws  against  the  Qua- 
kers suspended  by  the  king. 

Indian  wampum  a  legal  tender  in  small 
transactions.    [Continued  for  50  years.] 

*  *  -V.  C  A  company  of  New  England 
Puritans  establishes  a  colony  on  Old- 
town  Creek. 

*  *  New  Eng.  Warrants  arrive  for  the 
arrest  of  the  regicides  of  Charles  I.,  Ed- 
ward Whalley,  William  Goff,  and  John 
Dixwell,  who  have  escaped  to  New  Eng- 
land, and  are  effectually  concealed. 

*  *  *  Va.  The  loyal  Virginians  are 
oppressed. 

Charles  II.  treats  Virginia  as  personal 
property,  and  grants  large  tracts  of  both 
tilled  and  wild  lands  to  the  most  worth- 
less profligates  that  court  his  favor,  pro- 
ducing great  uncertainty  and  distress 
among  the  planters.  The  planters  also 
suffer  religious  oppression.  (See  Church.) 

1662  Apr.  23.  Conn.  A  Liberal  char- 
ter for  Connecticut  is  granted. 

Charles  II.  signs  the  charter  prepared 
by  the  colonists  without  the  alteration 
or  a  word  or  letter.  [It  is  character- 
ized as  the  most  liberal  charter  ever 
granted  by  an  English  monarch  ;  for  14 
years  the  younger  Winthrop  is  annually 
elected  governor.] 

*  *  Chtiana.  Charles  H.  grants  the  en- 
tire English  colony  to  Lord  Willoughby. 

*  *  Md.  Charles  Calvert  (Lord  Balti- 
more) is  confirmed  in  the  government. 

An  Act  is  passed  to  establish  a  mint. 

*  *  Va.  The  Royalist  Legislature  enacts 
a  permanent  imposition  on  all  ex- 
ported tobacco,  to  provide  a  perpetual 
revenue  for  royal  officers,  and  make 
them  independent  of  colonial  legislation. 

Tlie  Assembly  for  14  years  denies  to 
the  people  the  right  of  choosing  their 
own  legislators,  by  assuming  to  be  a 
perpetual  body. 


42 


1663-1669,  Feb. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1663  Jvme7.  M.  Y.  The  Indiana  at- 
tack the  settlers  at  Esopus  (Kingston) 
on  the  Hudson,  and  are  subdued  after 
killing  65  whites.  Kondout  is  almost 
annihilated  by  them  about  this  time. 

1664  *  *  Guiana.  Cayenne  is  taken  by 
the  French. 

Sept.  8.  New  York.  New  Netherland 
is  taken. 

A  small  English  fleet  takes  New  Am- 
sterdam without  a  struggle  ;  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant  proposes  resistance,  but  is  forced 
by  his  council  to  sign  the  capitulation. 

Sept.  24.  N.  Y.  Port  Orange  (Albany) 
surrenders  to  the  British. 

Oct.  1.  Del.  The  Swedish  and  Dutch 
colonists  on  the  Delaware  submit  to 
the  British,  who  thus  complete  their 
conquest. 

Deo.  *  N.  Y.    Truce  with  the  Indians. 

*  *  W.  I.  Buccaneers,  led  by  [Sir] 
Henry  Morgan,  begin  their  depredations 
on  the  colonies  of  Spain. 

1665  May  •  .V.  }'.  Treaty  of  peace 
entered  with  the  Indians. 

*  *  Fla.  The  town  of  St.  Augustine  is 
captured  and  plundered  by  a  company 
of  buccaneers  under  Capt.  John  Davis, 
an  Englishman. 

*  •  Cuba.  The  wall  around  Havana  is 
commenced. 

1666  Jan.  29.  Fr.  France  declares 
war  against  England. 

Jan.+*  Can.  The  French  expedition  of 
Courcelles  and  Tracy  goes  against  the 
Mohawk  Indians. 

*  *  Guiana.  The Dutchtakethe  English 
settlement  by  storm,  and  a  heavy  ran- 
som is  exacted. 

1667  *  *  Guiana.  Surinam  is  taken  by 
the  English. 

*  *  Afass.  Kavages  are  committed  by 
the  Mohawks  near  Korthampton. 

1668*  •  Can.  Peace  is  made  between 
the  French  and  Five  Nations. 

*  •  Maine  yields  to  the  authority  of 
Massachusetts  by  force  of  arms. 

»  *  Panama.  Morgan's  1,200  bucca- 
neers take  Porto  Bello  and  immense 
spoils. 


1665    Endlcott,  John,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A76. 

1667  Carr,  Sir  Robert,  Kngllsh  officer,  dies. 

1668  Wilson,  ,lohn,  clergvman  of  lioston,  il. 
Day,  Stephen,  flrst  printer  In  Hew  Eng.,  A57. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1663  Feb.  5.    Caji.     Severe    earth- 
quakes. 

[They  continue  with  short  intermis- 
sions for  over  6  months,  and  change  the 
surface  of  the  earth.] 

1664  Nov.  17.    New  Eng.    A  bearded 
comet  becomes  visible. 

[It  exhibits  a  tail  when  it  departs.] 
1666    Aug.  4.     W.  I.     Terrific     hurri- 
cane ;  Lord  Francis  Willoughby,  with  his 
tleet  of  15  sail,  perishes  in  it. 
1667+  *  *  Painters  ply  their  art  making 
portraits  of  dignitaries. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1663    Mather.  Cotton,  clergyman  and  au- 
thor, born. 
Bradfonl,  William,  printer  In  Pa.,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1663  Sept.*  Va.  Oppression  of  Sep- 
aratists, who  are  fined  for  holding  meet- 
ings, and  the  more  aftluent  are  compelled 
to  pay  the  fines  of  the  poor.  Baptists 
are  proscribed,  Quakers  are  fined,  per- 
secuted, and  imprisoned. 

*  *  Mass.  The  flrst  Baptist  Church 
formed  in  Swansea. 

John  Eliot  completes  the  printing  of 
the  O.  T.  in  the  Indian  language. 

The  King's  commissioners  vex  the 
Puritans  by  using  the  Episcopal  ser- 
vice in  Boston.  The  Puritans  observed 
Saturday  evening  as  part  of  the  Sabbath, 
the  commissioners  spend  it  in  carousals. 

1664  May*  R.I.  The  Assembly  estab- 
lishes reUgious  freedom. 

*  *  Boston.  Episcopalians  petition  for  the 
use  of  the  Prayer-Book.    (Second  time.) 

*  *  Mass.  Kev.  John  Cotton  preaches  to 
the  Indians  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 

1665  Mar.  28.  Boston.  The  first  re- 
corded meeting  of  Baptists  (falsely 
called  Anabaptists). 

Sept.  *  Can.  Claude  AUouez  goes  to 
Montreal,  intending  to  return  to  the 
mission  left  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Mesnard.  He  opens  a  mission  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

*  *  n.  I.  The  Seventh-day  Baptists  or- 
ganize a  church  at  Newport. 

1666  June  14.  At  New  Netherland 
the  Lutherans  are  permitted  to  worship 
in  their  own  houses. 

*  *  N.  Y.  First  church  erected  in 
Brooklyn  (site  on  Fulton  Ave.,  near 
Lawrence  St.). 

*  *  Midi.  AUouez,  the  Jesuit,  founds 
the  mission  of  St.  Espiritu,  south  of  Lake 
.Superior. 

1667 1  Aug.*  Can.  Father  Lewis 
Nicols  goes  to  the  Indians  of  the  north- 
west. 

*  *  The  Jesuit  missions  among  the  Iro- 
quois reopened. 

*  •  It.    Clement  IX.,  pope. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  Presbyterian  church 
formed  in  Newark  under  pastor  Abra- 
ham Pierson. 

1668  Spring.  Can.  The  celebrated 
Father  Marquette  leaves  Quebec,  in 
company  with  Father  Le  Boesme,  to 
join  the  Ottawa  mission. 

*  *  X.  J.  A  Presbyterian  chvurch  is 
formed  in  Elizabeth. 

1660  Feb.  *  New  York.  Jacob  Fabri- 
citis  reaches  New  Amsterdam  as  the 
pioneer  preacher  to  the  German  Luther- 
ans. He  preaches  in  their  own  ver- 
nacular. 

LETTERS.  , 

1663*  *  Mass.    Ehot's  Indian  Bible  is 

the  first  one  printed  in  America. 
1664  *  *  Mass.    Act  passed    prohibiting 
printing-presses  elsewhere  than  at  Cam- 
bridge. 


1665  Sept.  5.  Mass.  The  printing  of 
the  New  Testament  in  the  Indian  ver- 
nacular is  completed. 

SOCIETY. 

1664  «  *  Va.  The  Virginia  assembly  re- 
strains the  clergy.  "  Ministers  shall  not 
give  themselves  to  excess  in  drinking  or 
riot,  spending  their  time  idly  by  day  or 
night,  in  playing  at  dice,  cards,  and 
other  unlawful  games." 

1665  *  *  N.  Y.  Dealers  required  not  to 
sell  beer  above  Id.  a  quart,  or  any  other 
liquor  above  12«.  a  gallon,  under  penalty 
of  20s.  a  gallon,  so  sold.  Selling  liquor 
to  Indians  is  prohibited. 

1668  *  *  N.J.  Persons  foimd  drinking 
after  nine  o'clock  are  apprehended 
and  punished  at  discretion ;  drunken- 
ness is  fined  Is.,  2s.,  and  2s.  M.,  for  the 
first,  second,  and  third  offenses  respec- 
tively. 

*  *  Va.  It  is  enacted  that  "  The  death 
of  a  slave  from  extremity  of  correction 
was  not  accounted  a  felony;  since  it 
cannot  be  presumed  that  prepensed 
malice  should  induce  any  man  to  de- 
stroy his  own  estate."    (Or  1667.) 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1663  Feb.  14.  Can.  The  hundred  as- 
sociates surrender  their  charter,  and 
New  France  becomes  a  royal  province. 

Feb.  •  -July  *  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  West 
India  Company  sells  the  whole  country 
on  the  Delaware  to  the  city  of  Amster- 
dam. 

Mar.  24.  Charles  II.  issues  a  patent  to 
Lord  Clarendon,  General  Moilk,  and 
six  other  noblemen  who  had  assisted  in 
his  restoration,  to  lands  between  the 
St.  Johns  Elver  and  the  36th  parallel  of 
latitude,  extending  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific,  with  jurisdiction  over  the 
same ;  it  is  called  Carolina. 

Julys.  R.  I.  Charles  II.  renews  the 
charter  of  Khode  Island  and  Provi- 
dence plantations,  to  the  surprise  and 
joy  of  the  colonists. 

*  *  M.  de  Mesey  becomes  (Fr.)  governor 
of  Mich.  (Can.),  and  Alex.  D'Hinoyossa 
(Dutch)  governor  of  Pennsylvania.  [1664. 
Robert  Carr,governor  of  Pennsylvania. 
1065.  Kichard  Bellingham,  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony,  and  M.  de  Cour- 
celles (Fr.),  of  Mich.  (Can.).] 

*  *  N.  C.  The  settlers  at  Puritan  on  the 
Chowan  Kiver  organize  a  civil  gov- 
ernment, and  elect  William  Drummond 
governor  of  the  Albemarle  Colony. 

*  *  Conn.  WhaUey  and  Goffe,  two  of 
the  regicide  judges  who  voted  to  put 
Charles  I.  to  death,  flee  to  New  Haven 
and  find  protection  from  the  officers 
sent  to  arrest  them. 

*  *  Eng.  An  act  is  passed  to  monopolize 
the  colonial  trade;  European  goods 
for  the  colonies  to  pass  through  British 
ports. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  company  of  Long  Island 
Puritans  obtain  permission  to  settle 


AMERICA. 


1663-1669,  Feb.      43 


on  tlie  banks  of  the  Karitan,  but  they 
delay  to  migrate. 

*  *  M'lHs.  Mississippi  is  included  in  the 
charter  of  South  Carolina. 

1664  Mar.  12.  New  York  becomes 
a  Duchy. 

Charles  II. ,  deeming  tlie  Butch  in  New 
Netherland  usurpers,  totally  regardless 
of  prior  grants,  arbitrarily  grants  the 
entire  territory  between  the  Connecticut 
and  Delaware'Eivers  to  his  brother,  the 
Duke  of  York  ;  he  also  gives  hini  the 
territory  between  the  Kennebec  and  St. 
Croix  liivers  (Maine). 

May  29.  N.  C.  Sir  John  Yeamans 
lands  sever,al  hundred  English  colonists 
at  Cape  Fear  River  in  Clarendon. 

May  *  Fr.  Louis  XIV.  grants  to  a  new 
company  of  the  West  Indies  the  mo- 
nopoly of  all  French  commerce  in  North 
and  South  America,  except  the  fisheries. 

Jtine  10.  Va.  The  navigation  acts  en- 
forced. 

June  23.  N.  Y.  The  Duke  of  York  sells 
his  claim  to  lands  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  the  Hudson  (in  part)  to  Iiord 
Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret ; 
Sir  George  hjlving  been  governor  of  the 
island  of  Jersey,  it  is  called  New  Jer- 
sey ;  and  it  becomes  a  proprietary  state, 
owned  by  the  owners  of  Carolina.  New 
Jersey  is  separated  from  New  York. 

*  *  Enn-  The  king  appoints  four  com- 
missioners, Nicolls,  Carr,  Cartwright, 
and  Maverick,  to  hear  complaints  and 
appeals  in  New  England,  and  settle  the 
peace  of  the  country. 

July  23.  Boston,  The  king's  commis- 
sioners arrive,  and  are  opposed  as  hos- 
tile to  colonial  liberties.  [They  leave 
for  New  Netherland.] 

*  *  N.Y.  After  much  controversy  with 
Holland  concerning  the  title  of  New 
Netherland  (New  York),  the  English 
proceed  to  settle  the  matter  by  taking 
forcible  possession. 

Sept.  8.  New  York.  New  Netherland 
ceases  to  exist.  The  Dutch  surrender 
New  Amsterdam.    (O.  S.  Aug.  29.) 

Colonel  Richard  Nicolls  assumes  ofHce 
as  English  governor,  and  the  name  of 
the  city  is  changed  to  New  York.  [The 
English  government  lasts  nine  years.]  » 

Sept.  20.  N.  Y.  Port  Orange  sur- 
renders to  the  English,  and  its  name 
changed  to  Albany. 

Oct.  1.  The  Dutch  and  Swedes  on  the 
Delaware  capitulate  to  the  English,  and 
for  the  (irst  time  every  mile  of  the 
American  coast  from  the  N.E.  corner 
of  Maine  to  the  southern  limits  of 
Georgia  is  under  the  British  flag. 

Oct.  25.  Mass.  A  remonstrance 
against  the  royal  menace  of  tyranny  is. 
issued,  and  addressed  to  the  king. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  A  villiige  is  begun,  and 
named  Ellzabethtown  in  honor  of 
Lady  Carteret.     (Philip  Carteret,  gov.) 

Oct.  28.  A^.  J.  Governor  Nicolls  ratifies 
the  sale  of  the  Ellzabethtown  tract  by 
the  Indians  to  Long  Island  Puritans, 
while  ignorant  of  the  sale  of  New  Jer- 
sey by  the  Duke  of  York. 

Dec.  1.  Connecticut  surrenders  all  claim 
to  Ijong  Island,  and  obtains  a  favorable 
boundary  on  the  coast. 


Dec.  *  New  York  has  an  estimated  popu- 
lation of  10,000. 

*  *  Mass.  Act  passed  prohibiting  print- 
ing-presses elsewhere  than  in  Cam- 
bridge. 

*  *  N.  J.  Governor  Nicolls  grants  an  ex- 
tensive tract  of  land  on  Newark  Bay  to 
a  company  of  Puritans. 

Ellzabethtown,  Newark,  Middletown, 
and  Shrewsbury  begun  by  settlers  from 
New  England  and  Long  Island. 

The  lands  of  New  Jersey  are  dis- 
tributed to  settlers  for  a  quit-rent  of  a 
half-penny  an  acre,  payable  in  the  year 
1G70. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Nicolls  makes  a 
treaty  with  the  Five  Nations,  they 
ceding  their  land,  and  submitting  to 
the  authority  of  Charles  II. 

First  settlement  [in  Central"  New 
York]  made  at  Schenectady.    (See  1661.) 

*  *  W.  I.  The  French  occupy  San  Do- 
mingo. 

1665  Feb.  10.  N.  J.  The  earliest 
constitution,  "  Concessions  and  Agree- 
ments," is  adopted.    (See  1677,  Mar.  3.) 

Feb.  .24.  Mass.  Deerfield  is  purchased 
of  the  Indians.    (R.  Bellingham,  gov.) 

Feb.  *  N.  J.  The  royalist  proprietors 
offer  special  inducements  of  a  liberal 
character  to  emigrants. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  William  Goulding  and 
others  receive  a  patent  for  a  grant,  ex- 
tending from  Sandy  Hook  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Raritan.  East  New  Jersey  is 
called  Albania. 

May  26.  Mass.  The  royal  commission- 
ers depart.  The  General  Court  refuses 
to  recognize  them,  and  they  leave  the 
province  in  anger. 

June  12.  N.  Y.  City  of  New  York  is 
incorporated  by  Governor  Nicolls ;  a 
mayor,  5  aldermen,  and  a  sheriff  ap- 
pointed. Thomas  Willet  is  the  first 
mayor. 

June  *  The  Carolina  grant  is  extended 
northward  to  36°  SO',  so  as  to  include  the 
Chowan  settlement  [in  North  Carolina]. 

*  »  Arg.  Rep.  Spain  relaxes  her  restric- 
tions on  commerce. 

*  *  Can.  Courcelles  governor  of  New 
France.  Much  emigration  and  rapid 
growth. 

*  *  Conn.  Connecticut  and  New  Haven 
unite. 

*  *  Conn.  John  Wiuthrop  is  elected  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Maine  is  taken  by  royal  authority 
from  Massachusetts,  and  restored  to  the 
heirs  of  Gorges. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  little  Puritan  colony  on 
the  Cape  Fear  River  is  broken  up  by 
the  Indians. 

The  same  site  is  purchased,  with  32 
square  miles  of  territory,  by  a  company 
of  planters  from  Barbados,  led  by  Sir 
John  Yeamans.  Eight  hundred  people 
settle  along  the  river  during  the  first 
year. 

*  *  New  Hampshire  is  officially  named. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  English  plant  a  colony 
under  PhiUp  Carteret,  the  first  gover- 
nor, with  Ellzabethtown  for  the  capital ; 
his  administratiou  not  popular. 


*  *  Sp.    Charles  II.  enthroned. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Nicolls,  the  deputy 
of  the  Duke  of  York,  enacts  a  code 
called  the  "  Duke's  Laws."    (Feb.  28.) 

*  *  -67  *  *  N.  Y.  The  English  oppress 
the  Dutch. 

Representative  government  is  denied ; 
old  titles  to  land  are  annulled,  and  new 
titles  are  obtained  at  a  cost  which  pro- 
vides an  immense  revenue. 

1666  May  21.  N.  J.  An  association 
of  Puritans  from  Connecticut  sails  up 
the  Passaic,  and  extinguishes  the  Indian 
title  to  Newark,  after  holding  a  council 
with  them. 

*  *  Governors  chosen  :  'William  Bren- 
ton  (R.  I.) ;  Edward  Diggs  (Va.)  for 
the  English  Commonwealth. 

»  •  Can.  Robert  Cavalier  de  la  Salle  ar- 
rives from  France. 

*  *  Cmrn.  Hartford,  New  Haven,  New 
London,  and  Fairfield  are  the  four 
counties,  and  each  has  its  court. 

*  *  N.  J.  Colonists  from  Connecticut 
settle  in  Ellzabethtown,  Newark,  and 
in  Hackensack. 

*  •  New  York.  ITiomas  Delavall  the 
2d  mayor. 

*  *  W.  I.  Great  depredations  by  buc- 
caneers. 

*  *  Guiana.  Surinam  occupied  by  the 
English. 

1667  May*  N.Y.  The  governor,  Fran- 
cis Lovelace,  an  outrageous  and  incu- 
rable tyrant ;  the  people  groan  under 
excessive  taxation. 

July  31.  Hoi.  The  Treaty  of  Breda, 
between  England,  Holland,  France,  and 
Denmark, provides  the  cession  of  (l)Nova 
Scotia  to  France  by  England,  (2)  Antigua 
Monserrat  and  St.  Christopher  to  Eng- 
land by  France.  England  retains  New 
Netherland,  and  Holland  Surinam. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Clarendon  colony  is  aban- 
doned.   Sara.  Stephens,  governor. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  Willet  the  3d 
mayor. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  Bahamas  granted  to  the 
proprietors  of  South  Carolina. 

1668  May  2.  Fr.  The  treaty  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  ends  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain,  and  the  colonists  begin 
to  discuss  the  right  of  arbitrary  govern- 
ment. 

May  26.  N.  J.  The  first  legislative 
assembly  meets  at  Ellzabethtown,  and 
assigns  the  punishment  of  death  to 
twelve  offenses  ;  all  penalties  are  made 
severe. 

*  *  Can.  Sault  Ste.  Marie  founded  by 
Father  Marquette  at  the  entrance  of 
Lake  Superior. 

*  ♦  Maine  again  put  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts,  upon  applica- 
tion of  some  of  its  people. 

*  *  Mass.  Daniel  Gookin  and  others 
granted  a  tract  eight  miles  square,  to  be 
called  Worcester. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1669  *  *  Ga.     Spaniards  still  work  the 
gold  mines. 


44     1669,  July-1675,  July  8. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1669  *  *  Mohawk  and  Mohegan  War. 

1670  *  *  Panama.  Morgan  reduces  the 
castle  of  San  Lorenzo  at  Chagres. 

1671  Feb.  24.  Panama  is  burned  by 
Morgan's  buccaneers. 

Sept.  7, 8.  Mass.  Great  training-days 
in  Boston ;  1,200  men  in  the  field. 

1672  May  28.  Mass.  First  declara- 
tion of  war  in  the  colonies ;  Boston 
declares  war  against  the  Dutch. 

*  *  Del.  A  force  of  Marylanders  invades 
Lewiston. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Susquehannock  tribe  is  an- 
nihilated by  the  resistless  league  of  the 
Five  Xations. 

*  *  ,S'.  C.  Spaniards  from  St.  Augustine 
endeavor  to  drive  away  the  settlers  in 
Carolina,  but  are  repulsed. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  English  take  Tobago  from 
the  Dutch. 

1673  Feb.  21.  Mass.  Medfield  is 
surprised  by  Indians,  principally  Nar- 
ragansetts.  Eighteen  men,  women,  and 
children  are  killed,  and  half  the  town 
is  burnt. 

July  *   Can.    Fort  Frontenac  is  built. 
Va.-N.  J.    War  between  Fngland 

and  Holland ;  the  Dutch  ravage  the 

Virginia  coast,  and  subdue  New  Jersey. 
Aug.  8.    New  York  is  taken  by  the 

Dutch  without  a  shot  being  fired ;  they 

rename  it  New  Orange. 

1674  Feb.  9.  New  York.  According  to 
the  terms  of  peace  between  England 
and  Holland,  the  Dutch  governor  An- 
thony Colve  is  to  surrender  the  city 
to  the  British. 

Oct.  31.  New  York.  The  Dutch  forces 
evacuate  the  city. 

*  *  Mass.  An  Indian  plot  is  formed 
against  the  colonies  ;  a  friendly  Indian 
missionary  reveals  it  and  is  murdered. 

*  *  W.r.  The  Dutch  retake  Tobago 
from  the  English. 

*  *  Me.    A  Boston  ship  captures  Castine. 

1675  June  24 -78  Apr.  12.  New  Enrj. 
King  Philip's  W^ar.  Causes  :  Indian 
jealousy  of  the  growth  of  the  English  set- 
tlements, and  the  almost  complete  alien- 
ation of  hunting-grounds  by  treaties. 

June  24.  Mass.  King  Philip's  "War  be- 
gins at  Swanzey,  in  the  Plymouth 
colony,  where  eight  or  idiie  English  are 
slain.  Nearly  all  of  the  Indians  of  New 
England  from  Maine  to  Connecticut 
combine  against  the  foreign  invaders. 

June  28.  Mass.  Plymouth  colonists  at- 
tack King  Philip,  routing  the  Indians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1669  *  *  Can.  Robert  de  la  Salle  leaves 
Montreal  and  begins  his  explorations. 

Louis  Joliet  explores  the  Great  Lakes. 

1670  *  *  Mass.    Bees  are  introduced. 

1673  June  17.  Wis.  Jacques  Mar- 
quette and  Ijouis  Joliet  discover  the 
Mississippi  Kiver  at  its  confluence  with 
the  AVisconsin. 


BIRTHS  ~  DEATHS. 

1670    Davenport,  Jolm,  Puritan  clereyman, 
A73. 

1672  Bradstreet,  Anne,  poetess.  A60. 
Chauncy,  Charles,  I'res.  of   llarvard  Col- 
lege. ABO. 

Mason,  John,  conqueror  of  the  Pequots,  A72. 

1673  Pnendo,  Padre,  the  great  preacher  of 
Peru,  dies. 

1674  Logan,  James,  statesman,  author,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1669  Aug.  24.  Ji.  I.  Roger  Williams 
writes  of  some  who  deny  punishment 
for  sin  in  a  future  life. 

*  *  Can.  A  mission  for  the  Iroquois  is 
begun  opposite  Montreal  by  French 
Jesuits. 

Advent  of  Claudius  Bablon,  Superior 
of  the  western  missions. 

A  new  mission  is  started  on  the  south 
shore  of  the  Falls  of  St.  Marie,  under 
Dablon.  Marquette  enters  the  mission 
until  now  occupied  by  AUouez,  at  La- 
pointe,  and  there  spends  the  winter 
studying  with  an  Illinois  captive  the 
dialect  of  his  tribe.  AUouez  proceeds  to 
Green  Bay,  where  he  founds  the  mission 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  and  spends  the 
wintei  and  spring  in  ministering  to  the 
needs  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the  Potta- 
wattomies,  and  the  Winnehagos. 

*  *  Boston.  Secession  from  the  First 
Church. 

The  advocates  of  the  Half-Way  Cove- 
nant organize  themselves  as  the  lliird 
Church  of  Boston  {Old  South  Church), 
and  an  edifice  of  wood  is  first  erected. 

*  *  Wis.  The  western  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan  are  visited  by  the  Jesuits. 

1670  Mar.  *  Carolina.  Locke's  consti- 
tution is  modified  to  tolerate  every  re- 
ligion, and  yet  make  the  Chiurch  of 
England  the  State  church. 

*  *  Can.  Father  Andr€  is  in  charge  of 
the  Ottawa  tribes  on  islands  and  shores 
of  Lake  Huron,  and  Father  Druillettes 
enters  the  work  at  Sault  St.  Marie. 

*  *  //.    Clement  X.,  pope. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  Indian  church, 
with  native  pastor,  is  organized  on 
Martha's  Vineyard ;  3,000  native  Chris- 
tians on  the  island. 

*  *-73*  *  Mass.  Eliot  organizes  seven 
other  "praying-towns**  among  the 
Indians. 

The  fi  rst  Manchage  (Oxford) ;  the  second 
Chabanakongkoum,  of  Dudley;  the  third, 
Maanexit,  was  the  northeast  part  of 
Woodstock  ;  the  fourth,  Quantisset,  the 
southeast  part  of  Woodstock  ;  the  fifth, 
Wabquissit,  the  southwest  part  of  Wood- 
stock ;  the  sixth,  Pakachoog,  partly  in 
Worcester  and  partly  in  Ward  ;  and  the 
seventh,  Waeimtug,  is  now  Uxbridge. 

*  *  S.  C.  Presbyterian  and  Independ- 
ents jointly  settle  in  this  Province. 

1671  June  4.  Mic?i.  Saint  Jjasson 
holds  a  grand  conference  with  many 
Indian  tribes  at  St.  Mary's. 

*  *  Can.  Father  Henry  Nouvel  entet-s 
the  mission  work  at  the  Falls  of  St, 
Marie. 

Marquette  establishes  the  mission  of 
St.  Ignatius  among  the  Hurous  at  Michil- 
imackinac. 

Dablon  is  recalled  to  Quebec  to  be- 
come Superior  of  all  the  Canada  mis- 
sions. 


±  *  *  Carolina.  Quaker  preachers  are 
the  first  to  visit  the  colonists. 

*  *  New  York.  The  German  Luther- 
ans erect  a  church. 

*  *  R.  I.  Secession  from  the  Baptist 
church  forms  a  Seventh-day  Baptist 
church. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  report  48  parishes^ 
and  the  ministers  well  paid. 

1672  *  *  Can.  Many  of  the  Ottawas 
settle  at  Marquette  mission. 

Father  Allouez  preaches  to  the  Illi- 
nois, Kickapoos,  Mascoutens,  Mianiis, 
and  Weas  Indians. 

A  little  church  is  organized  and  chapel 
built  at  Sault  St.  Marie. 

Allouez  and  Dablon  visit  CathoUc 
missions  in  Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  Society  of  Friends  settles 
in  Pequimans  county,  and  is  visited  by 
William  Edmundson,  who  establishes 
a  quarterly  meeting. 

*  *  George  Fox  visits  the  Quakers  of 
America  in  all  the  settlements  along  the 
coast. 

1673  June*  IjOuisJoUet  and  Jacques 
Marquette,  Jesuit  missionaries,  with 
five  other  Frenchmen,  leave  Green  Bay 
and  explore  the  Mississippi  and  cer- 
tain tributaries,  traveling  2,500  miles. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  Dutch  deprive  the 
German  Lutherans  of  their  only 
church  edifice. 

*  *  Peru.  Padre  Puendo,  the  great 
preacher,  dies. 

1674  *  *  Can.  Bishop  Laval  becomes 
the  first  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of 
Quebec,  his  see  extending  from  Maine 
to  Louisiana. 

*  *  Mass.  Eliot  reports  two  churches 
and  1,150  church  members  in  his  Indian 
"  praying-town." 

1675  June  24.  Mastt.  This  day  ob- 
served by  fasting  and  prayer,  in  antici- 
pation of  an  Indian  war. 

LETTERS. 

1669  *  *  The  New  England  Memorial  is 
published  by  Nathaniel  Morton. 

1671*  *  Va.  (5ov.  Berkeley  opposes  edu- 
cation. 

"  There  are  no  free  schools  nor  print- 
ing, and  I  hope  we  shall  not  have  these 
hundred  years ;  for  learning  has  brought 
disobedience  and  heresy  and  sects  into 
the  world,  and  printing  has  divulged 
them,  and  libels  against  the  best  govern- 
ment.   God  keep  us  from  both." 

1672*  *  Mass.  Harvard  College  receives 
a  valuable  library  by  the  bequest  of 
Theophilus  Gale. 

1674  *  *  Boston.  John  Poster  is  author- 
ized to  set  up  a  printing-press. 

SOCIETY. 

1670  Apr.  20.  Va.  The  importation 
of  convicted  felons  is  prohibited. 

*  *  Mass.  The  selectmen  are  required  to 
post  drunkards'  names  in  public 
houses  and  prohibit  sales  to  them,  or 
their  frequenting  such  places. 

*  ♦  Md.  Importation  of  convicted  felons 
prohibited. 


AMERICA. 


1669,  July-1675,  July  8.    45 


*  *  New  York.  Merchants  of  Manhattan 
meet  every  Friday  at  noon  on  the  bridge 
over  the  Broad  Street  canal  for  barter. 

*  *  Va.  It  is  enacted  that  "all  servants 
not  being  Christians,  imported  into  this 
country  by  shipping,  shall  be  slaves." 

Under  Gov.  Berkeley  the  council  lays 
burdensome  taxes  on  the  poorer  peo- 
ple* and  exempts  the  holders  of  large 
estates. 

1671  *  *  Carolina.  Governor  Sir  John 
Yeamans  introduces  slavery,  by  bring- 
ing nearly  200  negroes  from  Barbados  to 
this  colony,    (1672.     Winsor.) 

*  *  Md.  Act  passed  encouraging  the  im- 
portation of  slaves. 

*  *  *  }V.  I.  Great  depredations  by  buc- 
caneers. 

1672  *  *  Va.  It  is  made  lawful  for  "  per- 
sona pursuing  fugitive  colored  slaves 
to  woimd  or  even  kill  them." 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1669  July  21.  H.C.  The  absurd  Fun- 
damental Constitutions  drawn  up  by 
John  Locke  are  nominally  operative. 

May  *  R*  I.    Benedict  Arnold,  governor. 

*  *  Guiaiia.  The  Dutch  hold  the  entire 
territory. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  first  legislative  assem- 
bly meets  at  Albemarle,  and  organizes 
a  remarkably  liberal  government ;  Sam- 
uel Stevens  governor. 

*  *  -70  *  *  New  York.  Cornelis  Steen- 
wyok  the  4th  mayor. 

*  *  J'tryinia  is  dismembered  by  lavish 
grants. 

1670  Feb.  ±  *  S.  a  An  English  col- 
ony, led  by  Joseph  West  and  AVilliam 
Sayle,  is  planted  on  the  Ashley  River. 

May  2.  Can.  The  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany is  chartered. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  colonists  refuse  to  pay 
the  quit-rent  for  their  land,  having 
already  paid  for  the  same  twice  to  other 
claimants.    (See  N.  J.  16G4.) 

*  *  N.  Y.  Eight  towns  on  Long  Island 
protest  against  paying  a  tax  of  10  per 
cent  on  all  imports  and  exports,  on  the 
sole  authority  of  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil.   Protest  burned. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Annual  assemblies  are 
demanded,  and  the  government  refuses 
to  yield  them. 

Va.  The  right  of  suffrage  is  lim- 
ited to  freeholders  and  householders, 
and  the  majority  of  the  people  are  dis- 
franchised. 

*  *  Maine,  east  of  the  Penobscot,  sur- 
rendered to  France. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  colonists  ignore  Locke's 
Grand  Model,  and  show  a  fine  capacity 
to  govern  themselves. 

The  Model  made  strange  provisions 
for  a  state  in  the  wilderness,  "where  a 
few  colonists  lived  on  venison  and 
potatoes,  and  paid  their  debts  with 
tobacco ; "  it  provided  for  "  dukes,  earls, 
and  marquises ;  knights,  lords,  and 
squires ;  baronial  courts,  heraldic  cere- 
mony, and  every  sort  of  feudal  non- 
sense." (liidpath.)  [It  was  nominally 
the  law  of  the  colony  for  alMiut  25  years.] 

Foundation  of  (old)  Charlestown  laid 
by  English  settlers  on  the  Ashley  Kiver. 


*  *  Treaty  of  Madrid,  between  England 
and  Spain,  settles  boundaries  of  their 
respective  possessions  in  America  on  the 
basis  of  possession. 

1671  *  *  Can.  The  region  of  Lakes  Hu- 
ron and  Superior  taken  for  France. 

Courcelles  establishes  a  trading-post 
on  Lake  Ontario. 
Aug.  28.  S.  C.  Joseph  "West  is  ap- 
pointed governor  by  the  proprietors. 
[Also  1674.]  [Dec.  26.  Sir  John  Yea- 
mans  succeeds  him.  A  revised  copy  of 
the  Model  arrives.] 

*  *  N.  C.  The  colonists  refuse  to  pay 
royal  taxes  in  any  form,  ajid  seize  the 
records  of  the  province,  imprison  the 
governor*s  secretary,  and  boldly  defy 
his  authority. 

*  *  Massachusetts  is  ••  almost  on  the 
brink  of  renouncing  any  depend- 
ence upon  the  Crown." 

*  *  Maryland  has  a  population  of  20,000 
people. 

Act  passed  encouraging  the  impor- 
tation of  slaves. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  Delavall  the  5th 
mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  Dutch  emigrants  from  New 
York  and  others  from  Holland  arrive. 

*  *  Va.  Population  40,000,  including  2,000 
slaves. 

1672  Apr.  19.  S.  C.  The  colony  de- 
mands a  new  government  for  itself ;  all 
previous  parliamentary  conventions  are 
dissolved. 

May  14.  N.  J.  The  anti-rent  colonists 
meet  in  assembly  at  Elizabethtown,  and 
depose  Philip  Carteret,  the  governor. 

May  31.  Mass,  Union  of  the  colonies 
of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Ply- 
mouth. 

*  *  Can.  Count  de  Prontenac,  having 
been  appointed  governor,  arrives  at 
Quebec. 

*  *  Del.  Maryland  colonists  attempt  to 
absorb  Lewistown  by  force. 

*  *  Eng.  Third  Navigation  Xiaw.  Par- 
liament imposes  customs  upon  the  col- 
onies, to  be  collected  by  the  revenue 
officers  of  the  Crown. 

*  *  New  York.  Matthias  Nicolls  the  6th 
mayor. 

*  *  R.  I.    Nicholas  Easton,  governor, 

1673  Feb.  25.  Virginia  is  given  away 
by  Charles  II. 

Charles  II.  changes  his  former  grant  of 
Virginia,  and  leases  the  entire  State  for 
tliirty-one  years  to  a  pair  of  ignoble 
gentlemen.  Lord  Culpepper  and  the  Earl 
of  Arlington. 

Mar.  18.  N.  J.  John  Fenwick,  in  trust 
for  Edward  Byllinge,  buys  Berkeley's  in- 
terest in  New  Jersey  for  £1,000. 

*  *  Mass.  Josiah  Winslow  is  governor  of 
Plymouth  ;  John  Leverett  of  Mass.  Bay. 

May*  N.J.  The  authority  of  Captain 
Berry,  Philip  Carteret's  deputy,  is  ac- 
knowledged. 

Aug.  8.  N.  Y.  The  Dutch  recapture 
and  rule  New  York,  also  New  Jersiey, 
which  they  name  Achter  ICol ;  the  au- 
thority of  Holland  is  restored  [for 


three  months]  from  the  Connecticut  to 
Maryland, 

New  Amsterdam  is  called  New  Orange, 
and  Anthony  Clove  is  made  governor. 

*  *  Kng.  Parliament  excludes  New  Eng- 
land merchants  from  competing  with 
English  merchants  in  the  Southern  plan- 
tations ;  free  traffic  abolished. 

*  *  New  York,  John  Lawrence  the  7th 
mayor. 

*  *  O.  French  Settlers  establish  them- 
selves in  "Western  Ohio. 

1674  Feb.  9.  Nt'w  York.  New  Am- 
sterdam is  surrendered  to  the  Fnglish 
in  making  peace  between  England  and 
Holland,  by  the  Treaty  of  Westminster. 

June  29.  N.  Y.  Tlie  Duke  of  York's 
patent  enlarged. 

July  28,  29.  N,  J.  Sir  George  Car- 
teret receives  a  confirmatory  grant  from 
the  Duke  of  York. 

July  31.    N.  J.    Philip  Carteret  returns. 

Sept.  21.  Va.  Agents  are  appointed  to 
remonstrate  with  the  King  against  the 
grant  to  Culpepper,  and  the  invasion  of 
popular  liberties. 

Oct.  30.  N.  Y.  Sir  Edmund  Androa 
assumes  the  government.  [Misrule  and 
arbitrary  government  follow.] 

Nov.  10.  N.  Y.  New  York  is  restored 
to  the  English  authorities. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  New  Dutch  West  India 
Company  is  founded  ;  Guiiuia  conveyed 
to  it  by  charter. 

The  French  Colony  passes  under  the 
control  of  the  Crown  after  a  series  of 
failures  through  incompetence  and  mis- 
management. 

*  *  R.  I.  William  Coddlngton  is  ap- 
pointed governor.    [1678.    Reappointed.] 

*  *  N.  C.  Population  about  4,000 ;  com- 
merce is  impeded  by  duties  wliich  yield 
the  proprietors  $12,000  from  New  Lng- 
land  trade  alone.    G.  Cartwright,  pres. 

*  '^  N,  Y.  Gov.  Andros  advises  the  pro- 
prietor, the  Duke  of  York,  to  grant  the 
clamorous  people  the  right  of  electing  a 
legislature. 

The  Duke  replies  that  popular  assem- 
blies are  seditious  and  dangerous^  that 
they  only  foster  discontent,  and  disturb 
the  peace  of  government;  and  finally 
that  he  did  not  see  any  use  for  them. 

Treaty  at  Albany  with  Indians. 

*  *  Va.  The  comn\on  people,  made  desper- 
ate by  taxes,  make  the  first  movement 
for  reform ;  it  is  easily  suppressed. 

1675  May  13.  Can.  Louis  IV.  grants 
La  Salle  a  manor  at  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston). 

July  8.  Va.  Lord  Culpepper  is  aj)- 
pointed  governor  of  Virginia  for  life. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1670±  *  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Lovelace  orders 
May  races  at  Hempstead,  Long  Island. 

1672  Dec.  10.  A  monthly  post  is 
established  between  New  York  and 
Boston. 

"^  *  Mass.  The  business  of  whale-fishery 
is  commenced  at  Nantucket. 

1675  Mar.  21.  Boston.  The  castle  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbor  is  accident- 
ally destroyed  by  fire. 


46     1675,  July  9-1680,  May  10. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1675  July  14.  Mass.  Mendon  is  at- 
tacked by  Indians ;  several  persons 
killed. 

July  15,  Mass.  The  Narragansetts  en- 
ter into  a  treaty  of  peace  witli  the  col- 
onists. 

±    TbeNipmuck Indiansbecomeallies 
of  Philip. 

July*  Va.  Indians  pillage  a  plantation 
in  revenging  a  fraud,  and  are  beaten  or 
killed  by  the  settlers.  General  hos- 
tilities follow. 

Conn.    Andros,  with  armed  sloops, 

attempts  to  establish  Ills  authority  as 
far  as  the  Connecticut  River. 

Aug.  2.  Mass.  Captain  Hutchinson 
and  20  men  are  sent  to  win  back  the 
Nipmucks ;  they  are  waylaid  and  slain 
at  Brook  field. 

Aug.  25.  Mass.  Deerfield  is  attacked 
by  180  Indians ;  the  colonists  lose  eleven 
men,  and  the  Indians  twenty-six. 

Sept.  1.  Mass.  The  greater  part  of  Deer- 
field  is  burnt  by  the  Indians;  Hadley 
is  attacked,  but  successfully  defended 
by  William  Goffe. 

Sept.  18.  Mass.  Battle  with  Indians  at 
Bloody  Brook ;  700±  Indians  surround 
80  men,  killing  nearly  all  of  them.  Cap- 
tain Mosley,  by  hard  fighting,  drives 
them  away  from  Deerfield. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  N'ew  Eng.  The  United 
Colonies  assume  the  burden  of  the  war, 
and  raise  2,000  troops. 

Oct.  5.  Mass.  Springfield  is  attacked 
by  the  Indians,  and  saved  by  reenforce- 
ments. 

Oct.  19.  Ma^s.  Philip,  with  seven  or 
eight  hundred  Indians,  attacks  Hat- 
fi.eld,  but  is  driven  off. 

Dec.  *  Mass.  The  colonists,  fearing  the 
Narragansetts,  prepare  to  attack  them, 
although  they  have  not  sided  with  Philip 
during  the  war. 

Dec.  10.  ii.  I.  The  numerous  and  pow- 
erful Wampanoags  are  defeated  in  a 
decisive  battle  near  Narragansett  Bay. 
The  New  England  army  consists  of  13 
companies  of  infantry  (1,500)  and  one  of 
cavalry;  Indians  lose  1.000  killed  and 
captured,  colonists  from  200  to  400  ;  [the 
widespread  vengeance  of  the  Indians 
rests  upon  all  white  men  alike;  burn- 
ings and  blood-shedding  abound]. 

*  *  Va.  Six  hostile  Indian  chiefs  present 
themselves  to  treat  for  peace,  and  are  put 
to  death ;  a  war  for  vengeance  follows. 

1676  Feb.  10.  Mass.  Indians  attack 
Ijancaster,  and  nearly  destroy  it. 

Feb.  24.  Indians  surprise  Deerfield ; 
many  people  are  killed,  and  50  buildings 
burnt.    (Feb.  21,  Holmes.) 

Feb.  25.  Mass.  "Weymouth  is  as- 
saulted by  Indians ;  houses  and  barns 
are  burnt. 

Mar.  14.  Mass.  Indians  attack  North- 
ampton, but  are  repulsed  after  six  per- 
sons are  kille<l. 

Mar.  26.  Mass.  Marlborough  de- 
stroyed by  the  Indians, 


Mar.  28.  Mass.  Behoboth  is  partly 
burnt  by  Indians.  [Mar.  29.  Providence.] 

Mar.  *  Va.  Three  hundred  persons  have 
been  killed  by  Indians  in  the  hist  twelve 
months. 

Apr.  18.  Mass.  Sudbury  is  attacked 
by  the  Narragansett  Indians ;  several 
houses  and  barns  are  burnt ;  the  pursu- 
ers are  ambushed  and  slain. 

Apr.  20.  Va.  Rebellion  begins;  500 
men  in  arms,  with  Bacon  as  leader, 
against  the  Indians.    (See  State.) 

May  8.  Mass.  Bridgewater  is  attacked 
by  Indians  ;  17  buildings  are  biirut. 

May  11.  Mass.  Plymouth  is  assault- 
ed ;  11  houses  and  5  barns  are  burnt. 

May  19.  Mass.  A  camp  of  Indians  near 
Turner  Falls  is  surprised  and  destroyed 
by  a  company  of  volunteers. 

May  30.  Mass.  Hatfield  is  burnt  by 
Indians. 

June  2.  Mass.  Great  battle  with  the 
Indians  near  Mount  Hope. 

June  12.  Mass.  About  700  Indians  at- 
tack Hadley,  and  are  driven  off. 

June  *  Mass.  The  Nipmucks  submit  to 
the  colonists  and  abandon  the  war. 

Va.    Nathaniel  Bacon  subdues  the 

Indians  without  permission  from  the 
jealous  governor. 

Civil  war.  Bacon  leads  a  rebellion 
against  the  outrages  of  Gov.  Berkeley. 

July+  *  Va.  Indians  massacre  the 
whites,  and  are  punished  by  volunteer 
expeditions. 

Julys.  Ji.  I.  Indian  battle  near  Nar- 
ragansett. 

Aug.  12.  Mass.  The  King  Philip's 
war  ends  with  the  death  of  Philip. 

One-tenth  of  the  private  dwellings  are 
burnt,  GOO  men  have  been  slain  in  battle, 
many  women  and  children  massacred, 
and  nearly  every  family  is  in  mourning. 
The  Indian  race  is  nearly  swept  out  of 
New  England.  [The  tribes  of  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire  continue  hostilities  un- 
til 1678.] 

Sept.  *  Va.  Jamestown,  the  only  town 
in  the  colony,  is  burnt  by  its  own  citi- 
zens as  an  act  of  patriotism. 

Sept.  6.  Me.  A  Massachusetts  force  sur- 
])rises  and  subdues  the  Indians  at 
Cocheco. 

Oct.  1.  Va.  Bacon  dies,  and  the  rebel- 
lion ends. 

*  *  Me.  A  Dutch  frigate  captures 
Castine. 

*  *  W.  I.  The  French  take  Trinidad 
from  the  English. 

Dec.  21.  Guiana.  The  French  attack 
Cayenne. 

1677  Sept.  9.  Conn.  Hatfield  is  at- 
tacked by  Indians  ;  20  persons  are  killed 
or  captured. 

1678  Apr.  12.  Mass.  A  treaty  of  peace 
is  made  with  the  Indians. 

*  *  San  Domingo.  A  negro  insurrec- 
tion arises. 

1679  *  *  Colombia.  Buccaneers  attack 
Porto  Bello. 

1680  Jan,  *  III.  La  Salle  builds  Fort 
Crevecoeur  in  the  Illinois  country. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1676  Jan,  26.  Laying  of  the  keel  of  the 
GriffiUf  the  first  vessel  in  the  western 
waters,  built  by  La  Salle,  6  miles  west  of 
Niagara  Falls. 

1670  *  *  French  exploration  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  Mississippi. 

May  *  Can.  The  Griffin  is  launched  on 
Lake  Erie. 

Aug.  7.  La  Salle  sails  in  the  Griffin  from 
Niagara  on  his  remarkable  tour  of  dis- 
covery through  three  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

Nov.i  *  A  great  comet  becomes  visible. 

1680  Feb.  10.  The  great  comet  dis- 
appears. 

[It  terrorized  New  England,  while  it 
enabled  Newton  to  ascertain  the  para- 
bolic form  of  the  trajectory  of  comets.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1675  Marquette,     Jacques,    explorer    of 

MiBS.  River,  A38. 
Dudley,  Paul,  colonial  jurist,  born. 

1676  Bacon,    Nathaniel,   patriot  of  Va., 
"rebel,"  A 34. 

Calvert,  Cecil,  2d  Lord  Baltimore,  dies. 
Clarke,  John,  founder  of  liap.  ch.,  A67. 
Wintlirop,  .John,  (iov.  of  Conn.,  .\70. 
Berkeley,  .Sir  William,  (iov.  of  Va.,  A67. 
(jorton,  Samuel,  pioneer  settler  It.  I.,  A77.  ? 
1678    Coddington,  William,  founder  of  K.  1., 
A77. 
Conant,  Roger,  settler  in  Mass.,  A86. 
Leverett,  Sir  Jolin,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A63. 
Wheelrigbt,  John,  Puritan  clergyman,  A85. 
Wolcott,  Roger,  Gov.  of  Conn.,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1675  *  *  Can.     The  Recollects  are  ac- 
tive, and  Hennepin  is  among  them. 

*  *  Dfl.  The  first  Quaker  meetings 
are  held. 

*  *  Mass.    Indians  are  abused. 

Fifteen  Christian  Indians,  who  had 
rendered  the  colonists  most  faithful 
service  as  scouts,  and  are  living  peace- 
fully in  their  own  towns,  are  taken  and 
witli  their  hands  bound  behind  them, 
are  fastened  ttigether  by  ropes  round 
their  necks,  marched  down  to  Boston, 
and  thrown  into  prison.  [Finally  they 
are  expelled  and  remove  to  Deer's  Island, 
where  hxniger,  exposure,  and  disease 
reduce  their  number.] 

1676*  *  Can.  Rivalry  between  the 
Jesuits  and  other  orders. 

*  *  It.    Innocent  XI.,  pope. 

1677  *  *  Mass.  Laws  passed  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  persons  attending  a  Quaker 
meeting. 

1678  *  *  N.  y.  First  record  of  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  services  in  New  York. 

1679*  *  Boston.  Charles  II.  causes  the 
first  Episcopal  church  to  be  built. 

*  *  -80  *  *  Boston.  The  Congregational 
"  Reformed  Synod  "  approves  the  Savoy 
confession. 

*  *  Hot.  Labadists  send  Danckers  and 
Sluyter  to  New  Vork. 

SOCIETY. 
1675  *  *  Mass.    The  colonists  are  terri- 
fied by  an  impending  Indian  war. 

Superstition  adds  its  terrors ;  some 
have  seen  an  Indian  bow  drawn  across 
the  heavens ;  others  see  a  sealp  on  the 
face  of  the  eclipsed  moon  ;  others  see 
phantom  horsemen  gallop  through  the 
air,  or  hear  the  whistling  of  bullets,  etc. 


AMERICA. 


1675,  July  9-1680,  May  10.     47 


Oppression  of  the  TnriiaTia  during 
King  I'hilip's  War. 

"  The  governor  and  council  issue  an 
order  disbanding  all  Christian  Indians, 
expelling  them  from  white  towns,  im- 
prisoning them  within  five  of  their  own 
towns,  and  forbidding  them  to  leave 
these  towns  on  penalty  of  death.  [Later 
a  reward  of  $100  was  offered  for  every 
Christian  Indian  killed,  if  found  more 
than  one  mile  from  his  town.]  Prevent- 
ed from  hunting,  not  allowed  to  gather 
their  crops,  forbidden  to  work  or  buy 
food  in  white  towns,  they  are  reduced  to 

freat  suffering,  and  starvation  seems  to 
ace  them  ;  and  jret  they  uttered  no  com- 
plaint, but  continued  steadfast  in  the 
lailh."    (Cyc.  of  Missions.) 

1676  June  *  Va,  The  new  reform  As- 
sembly absolutely  prohibits  the  sale 
of  wines  and  ardent  spirits,  if  not  at 
Jamestown,  yet  elsewhere  through  the 
whole  country. 

*  *  Md.  The  importation  of  convicted 
felons  is  prohibited. 

1677  *  *  N.J.  Selling  liquor  to  Indi- 
ans is  a  finable  offense ;  penalty,  $100, 
and  this  is  doubled  at  each  subsequent 
offense,  with  20  stripes  if  the  offender  is 
unable  to  pay. 

1678*  *  N.  Y.  West  Indian  or  Guinea 
slaves  are  valued  at  about  $150  at  Man- 
hattan. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1675  July  9.  N.  Y.  A  force  under 
Gov.  Andros  sails  to  the  Connecticut 
to  claim  the  territory  westward  for 
the  Duke  of  York. 

July  11.  Conn.  The  Puritans  at  Say^ 
brooke  intimidate  Andros,  and  he  ret 
turns.  Connecticut  protests  against  th© 
invasion. 

*  *  Md.  Sir  Charles  Calvert  becomes 
proprietor  by  the  death  of  Cecil,  his 
father,  on  November  30. 

Nov.  6.  N.  J.  Carteret  resumes  the 
government  from  which  he  had  been 
expelled  in  East  Jersey. 

John  Fenwick  plants  a  colony  at  Sa- 
lem.   Commissioners  rule  W.  Jersey. 

*  *  New  York.  William  Darvall  the  8th 
mayor. 

1676  Apr.*  Va.  Bacon's  rebellion 
distracts  the  colony.  Civil  war  is  brought 
on  by  the  corruption,  tyranny,  and  in- 
efficiency of  Governor  Berkeley. 

Virginians  are  divided  into  an  aris- 
tocratic and  a  people's  party.  [The  lat- 
ter is  suppressed  after  the  death  of 
IJacon,  its  leader.  The  rebellion  cost 
the  colony  £100,000.] 

The  particular  causes  of  the  rebellion 
chiefly  lay  in  the  low  price  of  tobacco 
and  wrongs  committed  in  exchanging 
goods  for  It,  with  a  dislike  for  proprie- 
taries unknown  to  the  charter  and  bur- 
densome taxes  occasioned  thereby ;  the 
burdening  of  trade  by  parliamentary 
restraints  also  excited  opposition. 

Apr.  19.  Eng.  Charles  II.  orders  that 
a  liberal  charter  be  prepared  for  Vir- 
ginia, in  response  to  protests.  [May  31. 
Order  reversed.] 

May  29.  Va.  Berkeley  proclaims  Bacon 
a  traitor. 

*  ♦  li.  I.    Walter  Clarke,  governor. 
Jime  24.     Va.    Meeting  of  the  If  ew  As- 
sembly   that    enacts    the    '*  Bacon 


Xjaws,**  a  series  of  reform  measures. 
Bacon  appointed  commander-in-chief 
against  the  Indians. 

July  1,  N.  J.  By  a  "  quintipartite  deed," 
New  Jersey  is  divided  into  East  and 
"West  Jersey ;  the  former  is  granted  to 
George  Carteret,  the  latter  to  the  Quaker 
assignees  of  Byllinge. 

July  4.  Va.  Completion  of  the  reform 
legislation  of  the  new  assembly,  and 
momentary  joy  (jf  the  colony.  {Date  by 
New  Style.)    It  is  the  first  revolution, 

July  *  Boston.  Arrival  of  Edward 
Randolph  as  kin^s  messenger,  to  coL 
lect  evidence  against  Massachusetts. 

Aug.  3.  Va.  A  popular  convention 
meets  at  Middle  Plantations  (Williams- 
burg), and  votes  to  sustain  Bacon  against 
the  Indians,  and  if  possible  prevent  civil 
war. 

Oct.  1.  Va.  Bacon  suddenly  sickens  and 
dies. 

Nov.  ±  *  Va.  Thomas  Hanford,  a  pa- 
triot, is  condemned  and  hanged  by 
Berkeley.  He  is  the  first  native  Amer- 
ican to  perish  on  the  gallows,  a  martyr 
to  the  right  of  the  people  to  govern 
themselves. 

*  *  Can.  La  Salle  returns  as  proprietor 
of  a  large  tract  near  Fort  Frontenac. 

*  *  Eng.  The  king  commands  the  royal 
governors  to  strictly  enforce  the  navi- 
gation lawSi  as  well  as  those  imposing 
duties  (1672)  on  colonial  trade. 

*  *  New  Y<yrk,  Nicholas  de  Meyer  the 
9th  mayor. 

*  *  Va.  The  patriotic  citizens  of  James- 
town bum  their  own  houses  and  the 
entire  town  to  ashes,  rather  than  have 
it  the  capital  of  a  tyrant. 

1677  Jan.  20.  Va.  The  vindictive  gov- 
ernor Berkeley  hangs  the  patriot,  "Wil- 
liam^Drummond,  three  hours  after 
his  triaK 

Jan  3 1 .  Va,  Arrival  of  royal  commis- 
sioners to  investigate  the  causes  of  the 
rebellion.     [Sir  H.  Jeffreys,  governor.] 

*  *  Va.  Disastrous  consequences  fol- 
low the  rebellion. 

Berkeley  hangs  22  of  the  leading  pa- 
triots, and  distresses  the  people  with 
fines  and  confiscations  ;  speaking  or 
writing  against  the  government  is  made 
punishable  V>y  ttno  or  whipping,  when 
thrice  reptsited.  with  death;  arbitrary, 
tyrannical  government  ensues. 

Mar.  3.  N.J.  The  fundamental  laws  of 
West  New  Jersey  perfected  and  pub- 
lished (Concessions  and  Agreements)  — 
democratic  equality  conspicuous  ;  social 
government  is  established. 

May,  •  Maine  is  bought  by  Massachu- 
setts for  £1,250,  after  the  dispute  with 
the  heirs  of  Ferdinando  Gorges  is  de- 
cided against  them.  It  becomes  a  part 
of  their  colony. 

Aiig.  25.  Va.  liord  Culpepper  ob- 
tains the  control  of  the  government,  as 
proprietor  and  governor. 

*  *  N,  C.  An  English  collector  of  cus- 
toms provokes  an  insurrection  in  the 
district  of  Pasquotank,  which  over- 
turns the  government ;  it  is  practically 
an  independent  state  [for  two  years]. 


President  Miller  is  imprisoned,  and  John 
Culpepper  elected  to  his  i)lace. 

*  *  New  Eng.  A  postal  system  is  in- 
augurated, which  substitutes  the  custom 
of  leaving  letters  at  the  Town  House,  to 
be  forwarded  at  the  pleasure  of  persons 
who  visit  that  place. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  king  secures  a  decision 
from  the  judges  that  the  revived  Mason 
claims  bad  always  been  worthless. 

*  *  Md.  Thomas Notley, governor.  (R.I. 
Benedict  Arnold.)  [1678.  John  Crans- 
ton.   I*a.    Sir  Henry  Chicheley.] 

*  *  New  York.  S.  van  Cortlandt  the  10th 
mayor. 

1678  Apr.  12.  Mass.  Governor  Wins- 
low  makes  peace  with  the  Indians, 
each  English  family  to  pay  them  a  i)eck 
of  corn,  annually,  as  quit-rent. 

May  12.  Ija.  Salle  receives  a  grant  for 
the  construction  of  forts,  taking  lands, 
and  holding  a  monopoly  of  trade  in 
the  West. 

Jxine  10.  Boston.  Arrival  of  Edward 
Handolph,  collector  and  surveyor  of 
customs,  with  8i>ecific  instruction  to  en- 
force the  Navigation  Act.  The  people 
treat  him  as  an  enemy  invading  their 
rights. 

Oct.  10,  N.  Y.  Governor  Andros  de- 
mands that  the  ships  of  New  Jersey 
should  pay  tribute  to  New  York. 

*  *  N.J.    Many  Quakers  arrive. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  Delavall  the  11th 
mayor.    The  city  contains  343  houses. 

1679  July  24.  N.  H.  By  a  decree  of 
Charles  II.,  New  Hampshire  is  sepa- 
rated from  Massachusetts,  and  organ- 
ized as  a  royal  province,  and  Edward 
Cranfleld  is  its  first  governor. 

*  *  N.  C.  Governor  Miller  escapes  from 
prison,  goes  to  England,  and  seeks  re- 
dress.   (N.  J.    Sam.  Jennings,  dep.  gov.) 

*  *  Mass.  The  British  government  as- 
sails Massachusetts. 

The  General  Court  opposes  the 
king.    (Simon  Bradstreet,  governor.) 

It  votes  **  that  the  acts  of  navigation 
are  au  invasion  of  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  the  subjects  of  his  majesty  in 
this  colony,  they  not  being  represented 
in  Parliament." 

*  *  Neto  York.  Francis  Rombouts  the 
12th  mayor. 

1680  Mar.  16.  N.  H.  The  first  Pro- 
vincial Assembly  convened  at  Ports- 
mouth ;  John  Cutts  the  royal  governor. 

Apr.  30.  N.  J.  Gov.  Philip  Carteret 
is  arrested  for  interference  with  the 
authority  of  the  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince of  New  York,  Sir  Edmmid  Andros, 
and  is  taken  to  New  York  City. 

May  10.  Va.  Lord  Culpepper  arrives 
and  assumes  the  office  of  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1676  Nov.*  Boston.  Forty-six  dwell- 
ings, a  church,  and  other  buildings  are 
burned. 

1679  *  *  Boston.  A  great  fire  occurs ; 
80  dwellings  and  70  warehouses  are 
burned.    Estimated  loss  £200,000. 


48      1680,  June-1685. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1680  *  ♦  Panama.  Morgan's  buccaneers 
cross  the  istliiims,  and  take  the  city  of 
Santa  Maria  from  the  Spaniards. 

1681  *  •  111.  Fort  St.  liouia,  on  the  Illi- 
nois River,  is  founded  by  La  Salle. 

1682  r  *  *'The  Carolina  colonists  main- 
tain war  with  the  savages  for  a  year,  not 
so  much  to  punish  as  to  capture  them, 
in  order  to  sell  them  as  slaves  in  the 
West  Indies. 

•  *  Can.  The  French  attack  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  posts. 

1684*  *  A  long  war  begins  between  the 
Five  Nations  and  the  French,  chiefly  on 
the  upper  lakes. 

The  French  Jesuits  repeatedly  fail  to 
persuade  the  Five  Nations  to  break  their 
peace  with  the  Dutch  and  Englisli. 

The  French  erect  a  fort  at  the  Falls  of 
Niagara.  Under  De  la  Barre  they  in- 
vade the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  but  the 
mighty  Mohawks  and  the  brave  Oneidas 
drive  them  back  with  much  slaughter. 

1686  *  *  Nicaragua.  XjCOU  is  sacked  by 
William  Bampier, 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1680  *  *  Hennepin,  a  French  priest, 
with  La  Salle,  discovers  the  Mississippi 
Kiver  and  the  "  Falls  of  Saint  Anthony 
of  Padua.'* 

1681  Feb.  6.  Ija  Salle  is  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Mar.  14.    Xja  Salle  is  near  the  Arkansas 

River. 
Aug.  17.    First  appearance  of  a  comet 

having  a  tail  15°  long,    [It  continues  in 

the  view  of  New  Englanders  for  several 

weeks.] 

1682  Apr.  9.  La  Salle  reaches  the 
Mississippi  Kiver,  and  sets  up  a  cross 
and  the  arms  of  France,  having  de- 
scended from  the  confluence  of  the  Illi- 
nois River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  he 
calls  the  great  valley  Louisiana.  [One 
of  the  most  remarkable  exploits  in  the 
history  of  the  country.] 

1683  Nov.  *  Can.  La  Salle  returns 
from  his  explorations. 

1685  Oct.  31.  La  Salle,  with  four 
armed  French  vessels,  leaves  the  Lavaca 
River  on  the  Gulf  coast  to  find  the  Mis- 
sissippi, without  success. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1680    Bienville,    de.    Jean    Baptlste    L.. 

Sieur,  born. 
Boylston,  Zabdiel,  physician,  born. 
1680    Charlevoix,  Pierre  Kran5oisXavier,de, 

Jesuit,  born. 
Stuyvesant,  Peter,  (iov.  of  N.  Y.,  A80. 
1683    W^illiams,  Ro?er,  founder  in  R.  I., 

A  84. 

1686  Morton,  Nathaniel,  historian  in  New 
Kng.,  A  73. 

CHURCH. 
1680  *  *  Can.    Father  Hennepin  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Sioux,  and  attempts  mission 
work  among  them,  but  without  success. 

*  *  Tlie  Society  of  Friends  (Quakers) 
begins  tospread  rapidly  in  America. 

*  *  A''.  J.  Presbyterian  church  organ- 
ized in  Woodbridge  and  Fairfield. 


*  *  .S".  C.  The  first  Episcopal  clergyman 
is  Kev.  Atkin  Williamson. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Baptist  church  edifice 
erected. 

*  *  Va.  Four  of  Cromwell's  soldiers  are 
hanged  by  a  mob  for  religious  opinions 
"  as  a  warning  to  the  remainder." 

1681  June  28.  N.J.  First  General 
Yearly  Meeting  of  the  Quakers  at 
Burlington. 

1682  Sept.  25.  Me.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  Maine  organized  at  Kittery. 
[Bitter  opposition  from  the  "  Standing 
Order"  follows.] 

*  *  Boston.  The  quarrel  between  the 
First  and  Third  churches  ends. 

*  *  -90  *  *  .V,  J.  Persecuted  Qtiakers 
and  Presbyterians  arrive  in  great 
numbers. 

Many  Scotch  Presbyterians  arrive. 

*  *  S.C.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
fonned  in  this  colony  at  Charleston. 
The  Episcopal  church  is  also  estab- 
lished there. 

1683  Oct.*  N.  Y.  The  first  General 
Assembly  of  the  royal  province  enacts 
that  no  person  should  be  in  any  wise  dis- 
tressed or  persecuted  who  accepts  the 
general  doctrines  of  religion. 

*  *  Can.  Mission  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales 
established  at  the  Falls  of  the  Chaudifere; 
their  work  spreads  into  Maine. 

*  *  Mich.  French  priests  plant  the  cross 
and  the  flag  of  France  in  the  wilderness 
in  the  present  site  of  Detroit. 

*  *  Boston.  John  Ehnblem  of  England 
becomes  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church. 

*  *  M({.  A  Presbyterian  church  at 
Rehoboth  formed. 

Francis  Makemie,  a  Presbyterian, 
sent  out  from  Ireland,  arrives.  [A 
new  era  in  Presbyterianism  follows.] 

*  *  .V.  J.  Many  Covenanter  Presby- 
terians arrive  in  East  Jersey,  whither 
they  flee  from  tlie  persecutions  in  Scot^ 
land  on  the  reestablishment  of  Episco- 
pacy. 

*  *  X.  y.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  established. 

*  *  Neiv  York,  A  Catholic^  Thomas  Don- 
gan,  appointed  governor  of  New  York  by 
the  Catholic  Duke  of  York. 

Jesuit  Fathers  arrive,  and  com- 
mence the  services  of  the  Catholic 
church. 

*  *  Pa.  Mennonites  arrive  at  German- 
town. 

1684  July  *  Mass.  Joseph  Gatchell  of 
Marblehead  is  brought  before  the  Gen- 
eral Court  for  discoursing  "  that  all  men 
should  be  saved." 

*  *  Md.  Francis  Makemie  organizes 
the  Presbyterian  church  at  Snow  Hill. 

1685  *  *  Fr.  Blind  and  bigoted  Louis 
XIA''.  of  France,  hoping  to  make  Catholi- 
cism universal,  revokes  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  which  protected  Protestants 
in  their  worship ;  he  thus  exiles  500,000 
of  the  best  people  of  France  [many  of 
whom  settle  in  America,  chiefly  in 
(South)  Carolina,  during  the  following 
years]. 


*  *  N.  Y.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  formed  on  Staten  Island. 

*  *  New  Jersey  becomes  the  refuge  of 
persecuted  Scotch  Presbyterians. 

*  *  S.  C.  First  Baptist  church  organ- 
ized near  Cooper  River. 

*  *  Va.  Dr.  James  Blair  is  sent  as  the 
commissary  of  the  Bishop  of  London. 

[The  American  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  is  without  a  bishop  100  years.] 

LETTERS. 

1680  Oct.  *  Mass.  The  Court  grants 
the  ferry  between  Boston  and  Charles- 
town  to  Harvard  College. 

*  *  Mass.  A  new  edition  of  Eliot's  Bible 
published. 

1684*  *  Va.  Tlie  first  printing-press 
south  of  Boston  is  set  up,  and  soon  sup- 
pressed by  the  governor. 

1685*  *-1701*  *  Mass.  Increase 
Mather  is  president  of  Harvard  College. 

*  *  Phila.  "William  Bradford  sets  up 
the  first  printing-press  in  the  colony, 
and  issues  an  almanac.  ' 

SOCIETY. 

1680 ±  *  *  Carolina.  Two  opposing  par- 
ties contend,  the  Cavaliers  and  "Jll- 
livers,"  having  morals  fashioned  after 
those  of  the  profligate  court  of  Charles, 
and  the  Presbyterians,  Quakers,  and 
Huguenots. 

1681  Mar.  5.  Pa.  W'illiam  Penn  pro- 
poses a  commonwealth  founded  on  free- 
dom, without  respect  to  color,  race,  or 
religion,  to  subdue  the  savages  by  the 
weapons  of  love  and  justice,  and  to  es- 
tablish a  refuge  for  persecuted  Quakers. 

*  *  Pa.  Penn  writes  the  Swedes  who  have 
already  settled  in  Pennsylvania  to  be 
of  good  cheer,  keep  their  homes,  make 
their  own  laws,  and  fear  no  oppression. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  The  West  Jersey  Assem- 
bly prohibits  the  sale  of  ardent  spir- 
its to  red  men,  and  permits  criminals, 
other  than  murderers,  to  be  pardoned  by 
the  persons  injured. 

*  *  Va.  Six  Susquehannock  chieftains 
sue  for  peace,  and  are  foully  murdered. 
[This  shameful  atrocity  leads  to  war.] 

1682  *  *  Va.  It  is  enacted  that  the  con- 
version of  servants  to  the  Christian  faith 
does  not  make  them  free. 

1683  *  *  Pa.  To  prevent  lawsuits,  three 
peacemakers  are  appointed  for  each 
county. 

1685  *  *  Pa.  The  yearly  Meeting  of 
Friends,  for  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jer- 
sey, declares  against  Intemperance. 

"  This  meeting  doth  imanimously  agree 
and  give  as  their  judgment  that  it  is  not 
consistent  with  the  honor  of  truth,  for 
any  that  make  profession  thereof,  to  sell 
rum  or  any  strong  liquors  to  the  Indians, 
because  they  use  them  not  to  modera- 
tion, but  to  excess  and  drunkenness." 

*  *  Va.  Many  persons  implicated  in  the 
Monmouth  rebellion,  in  England,  are 
sent  to  this  colony,  by  Jeffries,  as  ser- 
vants for  a  term  of  years. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1680  June  *  J 'a.  A  royal  revenue 
from  a  perpetual   export   duty  on   to- 


AMERICA. 


1680,  June-1685.      49 


bacGO  is  voted  by  the  Assembly ;  and 
thus  the  only  check  on  the  administra- 
tion is  dissolved. 
Aug.  *  Jf.  J.  The  Duke  of  York  relin- 
quishes every  claim  to  the  territory  of 
Kew  Jersey. 

*  *  III.  La  Salle  Is  among  the  Illinois 
Indians. 

*  *  Maine  organized  as  a  province  of 
Massachusetts  by  the  governor  and  Gen- 
eral Court. 

*  •  .V.  C.  John  Harvey,  president.  [.John 
Jenltins.]    7?.  7.    Peleg  Sandford. 

*  *  Aew  Mex,    Revolts  begin. 

*  *  -81  *  *  Ifew  York.  William  Dyer  the 
13th  mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  colony  on  the  Ashley  River 
at  (old)  Charleston,  move  to  [the  present 
site  of]  Charleston,  and  make  it  the 
seat  of  government. 

1681*  *  Mass.  T.Hinckley, governor  of 
Plymouth.    (X.  C.    Henry  Wilkinson.) 

Mar.  4.  Pennsylvania  is  granted  to 
WiUiam  Penn  (41°  and  43°  N.),  who  be- 
comes the  proprietor  of  a  great  state  at 
the  cost  of  £16,000  sterling. 

Mar.  *  A^.  J.  The  Duke  of  York  confirms 
Penn's  purchase  in  New  Jersey. 

Mar.  14.  Ark.  La  Salle,  near  the  Ar- 
kansas River,  takes  possession  of  the 
country  for  France. 

June  27  ±.  Md.  Lord  Baltimore,  by  proc- 
lamation, arbitrarily  annuls  the  liberal 
elective  franchise,  and  limits  it  to 
freeholders  possessing  50  acres,  or  free- 
men having  a  visible  estate  of  40  pounds, 
and  making  no  distinction  respecting 
color. 

July  11.  Eng.  Penn  agrees  to  the 
"  Conditions  and  Concessions." 

Three  immigrant  vessels  are  sent  out 
for  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  Tlie  first  General  Sessions 
of  the  province  of  West  Jersey  meets 
at  the  call  of  Jennings,  the  deputy-gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Md.  The  opposition  to  Lord  Balti- 
more as  a  feudal  sovereign  and  a  Catho- 
lic increases.  [In  Kngland  he  is  accused 
of  favoring  papists.] 

*  •  Pa.  The  first  colony  arrives,  and 
settles  above  the  confluence  of  the 
Schuylkill  and  the  Delaware. 

1682  Feb.  1,  2.  N.  J.  William  Penn 
and  eleven  other  Quakers  buy  the  re- 
mainder of  New  Jersey  from  the  heirs 
of  Carteret. 

Feb.  *  Afass.  The  General  Court  ap- 
points Joseph  Dudley  and  John  Rich- 
ards as  its  agenta  in  defending  its 
charter  before  the  king. 

Mar.  »  N.  Y.  An  attempt  to  levy  cus- 
toms without  a  colonial  assembly  is  de- 
feated by  the  grand  jury,  and  trade 
becomes  free. 

Apr.  9.  La  Salle,  having  descended  the 
St.  Joseph,  the  Illinois,  and  the  Missis- 
sippi Rivers  to  the  sea,  takes  possession 
of  the  great  vaUey  for  Louis  XIV., 
and  calls  it  Ijouisiana. 

Apr.  25.  Penn,  by  proclamation,  pro- 
poses that  the  colonists  make  their 


own  laws,  and  pledges  not  to  interfere, 
or  leave  it  in  the  power  of  his  successors 
to  do  so,  "  that  the  will  of  no  one  man 
may  hinder  the  good  of  a  whole  coun- 
try." 

July  10.  Phila.  [Walnut  Street]  sur- 
veyed by  David  Hammon. 

Aug.  24.  Del.  The  Duke  of  York 
grants  the  territories  beyond  the 
Delaware  (Newcastle)  to  Penn. 

Oct.  27.  Pa.  Penn.with  100  immigrants, 
first  lands  at  Newcastle.  Within  one 
year  80  houses  and  cottages  are  built. 

Dec.  4+.  Pa.  Penn  holds  a  general  con- 
vention of  colonists  at  Chester  to  or- 
ganize the  territory. 

*  *  Can.    Frontenac  recalled  to  France. 

*  •  III.  First  Ihiglish  settlement  made 
near  the  Mississippi  River  (near  Alton). 

*  *  K.  H.  The  people  revolt  against 
arbitrary  government,  and  the  governor 
abandons  the  colony. 

*  *  2f.J.    Perth  Amboy  founded. 

Newark  has  about  100  families.  Set- 
tlements commenced  on  the  Jersey  shore 
of  the  Delaware  by  360  emigrants. 

The  Friends,  having  control  of  both 
East  and  West  Jersey,  elect  Robert 
Barclay,  a  Scotch  Quaker,  governor  of 
the  province  for  life. 

»  *  -87  »  *  N.  J.  Period  of  Scotch  emi- 
gration, pressed  by  persecution. 

»  •  -83  *  *  New  York.  Cornelia  Steen- 
wyck  the  14th  mayor. 

*  *  Pa.    Welsh  immigrants  arrive. 

*  *  S.C    Jos.  Morton  is  governor. 
1683    Jan.  *  Pa.    Penn    buys    out    the 

possessions   of    the    Swedes    near   the 

Schuylkill. 
Feb.  *  Pa.    Penn  completes  the  laying 

out  of   the  city  of  Philadelphia  by 

blazing  the  trees. 
Mar.  12.    Phila.    The  first  Assembly 

is  held.    [Apr.  2.    New  charter  given.] 

*  *  Conn.  R.  Treat,  gov.  [^V.  J.  Gawen 
Lawrie.    Ji.  I.    Wm.  Coddington,  Jr.] 

May  23.  Va.  Appeals  to  the  king,  un- 
der the  value  of  one  hundred  pounds 
sterling,  prohibited. 

June  23.  Pa.  Penn  enters  a  treaty  of 
peace  and  friendship  with  the  Indians 
under  an  elm-tree  at  Shackamoxon 
(Kensington).  "  The  only  treaty  never 
sworn  to,  and  never  broken."  (Voltaire.) 

July  26.  Mass.  A  writ  of  quo  war- 
ranto issued  against  the  charter  by  the 
Crown. 

The  king  will  regulate  the  charter  for 
his  service  and  their  good,  if  submission 
is  made  before  prosecution.  The  colony 
sends  a  letter  of  attorney  to  an  agent  in 
£ngland  to  act  in  their  behalf. 

Aug.  28.  JV.  r.  Thomas  Dongan  ar- 
rives, and  succeeds  Andros  as  governor. 

Aug.  »  Fa.  Lord  Howard  of  Effing- 
ham is  appointed  governor. 

Oct.  17.  Jf.  Y.  First  session  of  the 
Assembly. 

Representatives  of  the  freeholders  first 
meet  in  an  assembly  of  two  houses,  under 
Dongan,  the  Roman  Catholic  governor. 
[Oct.  30.  It  passes  the  Charter  of  Liber- 
ties, enlarging  rights,  with  toleration 
for  all  Christians.] 


Nov.  23.  iV.  r.  Partition  line  agreed 
to  between  New  York  and  Connecticut. 

*  *  N.  C.  Seth  Sothel  is  sent  out  as  gov- 
ernor ;  he  oppresses  the  people  and  de- 
frauds the  proprietors. 

*  *  S.C.  A  company  of  dissenters 
leaves  England  and  settles  in  Charleston. 

An  Irish  company  settles  in  the  same 
province,  on  the  Ashley  River.  The  best 
blood  of  Europe,  English,  Irish,  Scotch, 
and  French,  combines  in  these  settle- 
ments. 

*  *  Pa.  Germantown  settled  by  about 
20  families  of  Germans,  chiefly  Mennou- 
ites. 

*  *Port.    Peter  n.  enthroned. 

*  *  Va.  Arlington  surrenders  his  interest 
in  Virginia  to  Culpepper. 

*  *  *  Va.  Poverty,  misgovemment, 
and  general  distress  prevail. 

1684  June  21.  Mass.  On  a  suit  of 
scire  facias,  the  English  Court  of  Chan- 
cery gives  judgment  against  the  colony, 
declares  its  charter  is  forfeited,  and 
its  liberties  seized  by  the  king. 

July  25.  Virginia  becomes  a  royal 
province.    Lord  Howard,  governor. 

Charles  11.  revokes  the  grant  of  Vir- 
ginia to  Lord  Culpepper  on  the  ground  c>f 
his  dishonesty,  frauds,  and  many  vices. 

Aug.  2.  N.  Y.  The  agent  of  Massachu- 
setts, the  governors  of  New  York  and 
Virginia,  and  the  sachems  of  the  Iro- 
quois Indians  meet  at  Albany,  and  set- 
tle on  the  terms  of  a  lasting  peace. 

Aug.  *  Pa.  Penn  sails  for  England, 
and  appoints  Thomas  Lloyd  president 
in  his  absence ;  five  commissioners  are 
chosen  to  assist  him. 

Aug.  •  La.  La  Salle  is  sent  from  France 
to  settle  a  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi ;  [the  entrance  is  missed,  and 
St.  Louis  is  settHed  and  abandoned.] 

*  »  -88  ♦  *  Mass.  The  darkest  period 
In  the  history  of  this  colony.  The 
mother  country  exasperates  the  colo- 
nists by  tyrannical  government.  Jos. 
Dudley,  president  Massachusetts  Bay. 

*»  New  York.  Gabriel  Mlnvielle  the  16th 
mayor. 

*  *  Philadelphia  has  about  2,000  inhab- 
itants. 

*  *  S.C.  Lord  Cardross,  with  ten  families 
of  persecuted  Presbyterians,  arrives  at 
Port  Royal.  [Expelled  by  Spaniards.] 
Rich.  Kirk  [Robert  Quarry],  governors. 

*  *  N.J.    Thos.  Olive,  gov.  (West  Jersey). 

1685  Feb.  6.  Eng.  The  Duke  of  York 
enthroned  as  James  II. 

Apr.  20.    Boston.    James  II.  proclaimed. 
July  2.   Boston.    Acopyof  the  judgment 

of  the  Court  of  Chancery  received,  and 

the  charter  expires. 
July  *  Tex.    La  Salle,  with  four  French 

.^hips,  lands  a  colony  on  the  coast ;  the 

country  becomes  a  part  of  Louisiana. 
Oct.  22.    Er.    The  edict  of  Nantes  is 

revoked,   and   emigration   to   America 

quickened. 
**[£/.  S.]    Governors  appointed : 

*  *  N.  J.    John  Skeine  (W.  Jersey). 

*  *  B.l.    Henry  Bull. 

*  *  S.  C.    Joseph  Norton. 


50      1685-1691,  June. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1686*  *  N.  r.    The  French  attack  the 
Senecas. 

*  *  S.  a  The  Scotch  colonists  at  Port 
Royal  are  driven  away  by  Spaniards, 
who  lay  waste  their  plantation. 

1687  June  13.  Can.  Denonville  leaves 
Montreal  to  attack  the  Senecas. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  invading  French  under 
DenonviUe  are  again  driven  back  by 
the  Mohawks  and  Oneidas. 

1688  June  17.  Guiana.  Mutiny  of 
soldiers  in  Dutch  Guiana;  the  Gov- 
ernor is  killed. 

*  *  Ale.    Fort  Andros  ia  built. 

1689  *  *  -97  *  *  King  William's  "War 
with  the  French,  —  a  part  of  the  gen- 
eral war  against  Louis  XIV. 

June  25.    France  declares  war   against 

England. 
June  27.    A'".  H.    Indians  are  allies  of 

the  French ,  and  they  surprise  Dover ; 

23  persons  are  killed  and  29  captured  ; 

the  houses  are  burned,  and  the  place 

left  desolate. 
Aug.  4,  5.    Can.     The  Iroquois    attack 

Jjachine. 
Aug.  25.    Can.    The  Isle  of  Montreal  is 

surprised  by  1,500  Iroquois,  and  its  200 

inhabitants  are  massacred. 
The  war-like  Iroquois  spread  terror 

throughout  Canada  as  far  as  Quebec, 

until  peace  is  finally  made. 

*  *  Can.  Frontenac  decides  to  make  a 
triple  descent  upon  the  English  colonies. 

*  *  -90  *  *  N.  H.  Indians  commit  many 
depredations. 

1690  Feb.  8.  N^.  Y.  Surprise  and  mas- 
sacre of  the  English  at  Schenectady 
by  300  French  and  Iildians ;  GO  persons 
are  killed,  30  captives  taken,  and  the 
village  is  burned. 

Mar.  27.  JV^.  H.  The  Indians  surprise 
and  destroy  Salmon  Falls  on  the  Pis- 
cataqua  River. 

Apr.  *  Can.  The  English  under  Sir  Wil- 
liam Phips  seize  Port  Royal  (Annapo- 
lis). 

May  17.  Me.  The  French  and  Indians 
take  and  destroy  Casco. 

Aug.  *  JH.  Y.  The  land-attack  on  Can- 
ada fails,  through  the  division  and 
mutual  criminations  of  Leisler  and 
Winthrop,  after  reaching  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Oct.  16.  Can.  A  Massachusetts  fleet  of 
32  vessels,  under  the  incompetent  Phips, 
arrives  before  Quebec. 

Oct.  21.  Can.  The  invaders  reembark 
for  Boston  without  making  an  attack. 

Oct.  *  Can.  Wreck  of  a  part  of  the  re- 
turning New  England  fleet. 

Nov.  *  The  exhausted  and  debt-burdened 
colonies  content  themselves  with  the 
defense  of  their  frontiers  against  the 
French. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1686    Apr.  26.    La  SaUe  again  starts  to 
ascend  the  Mississippi  to  Canada. 


1687    Jan.  12.     Tex.    La  Salle  and  IG 

companions  set  out  to  walk  from  the 
Texas  coast  to  Canada.  [He  is  assassi- 
nated by  one  of  his  men.] 

*  *  Peru.  Terrible  earthquake  at  Lima. 
City  of  Callao  also  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  followed  by  a  tidal  wave. 

1690  *  *  Phila.  Wm.  Bradford  estab- 
lishes the  first  paper-mill  in  America 
at  Germantown. 

*  *  A'.  C.  Kice  is  first  planted,  the  seed 
being  given  by  the  captain  of  a  vessel. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1686  Alden,  John,  PUgrim  settler,  A88. 

1687  lia  Salle,  de,   Kobert,  Cavalier,  ex- 
plorer, A  44. 

Prince,  Thomas,  clergyman,  bom. 

1688  Dickinson,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  born, 
ftlayhew,  John,  missionary  to  Indians,  dies. 
Vincennes,  Jean  de,  founder,  horn. 

1690  Allouez,Claude  .lean,  Jesuit  Jliss.,  A70. 
Barclay,  Robert,  Scottish  writer,  A62. 
Beissel,  Johann  Conrad,  Ger.-Ani.  mystic,  b. 
Eliot,  John,  Apostle  to  the  Indiana,  A86. 

1691  Leisler,  Jacob,u8urper  in  N.  Y.,  hanged. 

CHURCH. 

1686  *  *  Boston.  Andros,  the  .President 
of  New  Kngland,  forcibly  seizes  the  Old 
South  Church  for  Episcopal  service. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  Episcopal  clergy- 
man is  the  only  person  in  all  New  Eng- 
land who  is  authorized  to  unite  persons 
in  marriage. 

*  *  Mass.  Episcopacy  is  fully  intro- 
duced by  Governor  Andros,  and  the 
people  required  to  furnish  funds  to  build 
a  church  for  its  service.  A  tax  of  the 
same  amomit  is  levied  upon  each  person, 
poor  or  rich.  Some  towns  refuse  to  pay  it. 

Huguenots  arrive. 

*  *  S.C.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  formed  in  Charleston. 

1687  Mar.  27.  Boston.  The  Old  South 
Meeting-house  opened  on  Good  Fri- 
day, by  Andros,  for  Episcopal  service. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Huguenot  Presbyterian 
church  formed  in  Boston. 

1688*  *  Boston.  Governor  Andros  causes 
the  erection  of  King's  Chapel. 

Worship  after  the  form  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church  becomes  regular 
and  permanent  among  the  Puritans. 

*  *  Me.  Mission  work  among  the  Abnaki 
Indians  is  renewed  by  the  Jesuits. 

1689  *  *  It.    Alexander  VIII.,  pope. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  Baptist  church  is  organized 
at  Piscataqua  called  "Auabaptist  Town." 

*  *  Pa.  Presbyterians  begin  to  arrive 
from  Scotland  and  the  north  of  Ireland. 
A  Presbyterian  church  formed  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 

1690  May  20.  Mass.  John  Eliot, 
nearly  60  years  a  pastor  and  missionary 
to  the  Indians,  dies,  aged  86. 

*  *  Ind.  French  priests  establish  a  mis- 
sion on  the  Wabash  Kiver  at  Vincennes 
(Indiana). 

*  *  Md.  A  Presbyterian  organization  is 
formed  in  Upper  Marlborough. 

LETTERS. 

1688  *  *  A^  Y.  Printing  -  presses  are 
forbidden  in  the  province  by  royal 
authority. 


1690  Sept.  25.  Boston.  The  first 
newspaper,  called  Public  Occurrences^ 
issued  ;  the  government  suppresses  it 
after  the  first  issue. 

SOCIETY. 

1691  May  16.  K.Y.  Governor  Slough- 
ter  is  made  drunk  by  Royalists,  who 
thereby  secure  his  .signature  to  the  death 
warrants  of  the  patriots  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1685  *  *  Brazil,  Insurrection  at 
Maranham. 

*  *  Can.    Benonville  becomes  governor. 

*  * -87  *  *  James  II.  makes  strenuous 
eiforts  to  take  away  all  the  New  Eng- 
land charters. 

He  consolidates  all  the  American  colo- 
nies from  Maine  to  the  Delaware,  with 
Sir  Edmund  Andros  as  temporary  royal 
governor. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Duchy  of  New  York  be- 
comes a  royal  province. 

*  *  New  York.  NicholasBayard  the  16th 
mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  Great  numbers  of  persecuted 
Huguenots  arrive. 

A  collector  of  customs  for  the  Crown 
is  established  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Va.  Despotism  attempted  by  James 
II.  and  resisted  by  the  colonists. 

*  *  *  Rivalry  between  France  and  Great 
Britain  in  America. 

1686  April  27.  N.  Y.  Governor  Don- 
gan  grants  a  charter  to  the  city  of  New 
York.  [It  remains  the  basis  of  its  muni- 
cipal rights  for  200  years.] 

May  14.  Mass.  Joseph  Dudley,  a  late 
convert  to  kingly  prerogative,  is  ap- 
pointed the  royal  president  of  Massa- 
chusetts by  James  II.  [He  is  regarded 
as  the  betrayer  of  his  country's  liberties.] 

May  25.  Mass.  The  charter  govern- 
ment is  displaced. 

July  22.  N.  Y.  City  of  Albany  incor- 
porated. 

Wov.  16.  Eng.  Treaty  of  neutraUty 
between  England  and  France,  for  Amer- 
ica, 

Nov.  *  S.  C.  James  Colleton  becomes 
governor. 

He  foolishly  attempts  to  establish 
Philosopher  Locke's  absurd  constitu- 
tion, hence  the  colony  rebels. 

Dec.  19.  Neio  Eng.  Sir  Edmimd  An- 
dros, vicegerent  of  New  England  and 
the  first  royal  governor,  arrives  at  Bos- 
ton ;  two  companies  of  soldiers  are  sent 
to  support  his  authority. 

Connecticut  and  [S.]  Carolina  have 
writs  quo  warranto  issued  against 
them. 

*  *  E7ig.  James  II.  resolves  to  reduce 
all  colonies  to  a  direct  dependence  on 
the  Crown. 

*  *  Mass.    Arrival  of  Huguenots. 

*  *  N.  J.  Lord  Neill  Campbell  is  gover- 
nor (E.  Jersey),    (li.  I.     W.Clarke.) 

*  *  .V.  Y.  James  II.  abolishes  the  rep- 
resentative assembly,  and  resumes  ar- 
bitrary and  oppressive  govermuent. 


AMERICA. 


1685-1691,  June.     51 


*  *  -87  *  *  New  York.  S.  vau  CortlauUt 
the  I7th  mayor. 

1687  *  •  Conn, —  It.  I.  Charters  are  re- 
scinded In  England. 

Jan.  12.  li.  I.  Andros  dissolves  the  gov- 
ernment, and  breaks  the  seal. 

Five  citizens  are  appointed  members 
of  his  council,  and  a  commission  substi- 
tutes representative  government. 

Oct.  31.  Conn.  Gov.  Andros  visits 
Hartford  to  estabhsh  his  authority. 

Ho  enters  the  Assembly,  writes  FINIS 
at  the  Itottom  of  the  record,  and  demands 
the  immediate  surrender  of  their  liberal 
charter;  Governor  Treat  pleads  and  ar- 
gues till  darkness  falls,  when  Joseph 
Wadsworth  secretly  takes  the  charter 
away  and  hides  it  in  the  famous  oak,  and 
so  saves  the  liberties  of  Connecticut. 
.A.ndros  assumes  the  government. 

*  *  Can.  French  diplomacy  aims  to  per- 
vade the  West,  and  concerts  an  alliance 
with  all  Indians  to  the  Mississippi. 

About  11,000  persons  in  New  France, 
one-twentieth  of  the  population  in  the 
English  settlements. 

*  '  Md.  A  writ  quo  warranto  issued 
against  Maryland. 

*  *  N.  C>  Gov.  Colleton  attempts  to  collect 
quit-rents  on  cultivated  fields  and  wild 
lands,  and  arouses  insubordination; 
the  secretary  of  the  province  is  impris- 
oned, the  records  seized,  and  the  gov- 
ernor and  his  patrons  defied. 

*  *  N.  J.  Daniel  Coxe  receives  Byllynge's 
interest  in  "West  Jersey.  Coxe  becomes 
governor ;  Andrew  Hamilton  is  gover- 
nor of  East  Jersey. 

*  *  iV.  Y.  Gov.  Dongan  is  ordered,  from 
England,  to  protect  the  Five  Nations 
from  the  French. 

1688  *  *  New  Eng.  Continued  tyr- 
anny of  Andros ;  the  colonists  send  au 
;igent  to  England  to  present  their  griev- 
ances to  the  king. 

*  '  New  York  is  made  a  dependency  of 
New  England  by  annexation  to  the  vice- 
royalty  of  Andros,  its  governor-general. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  Proprietors  of  East  New 
Jersey  submit  to  Andros,  the  royal 
usurper  of  authority. 

July  *  New  Eng.  The  seaboard  from 
the  St.  Croix  to  Maryland  is  under  one 
dominion,  having  Boston  for  its  capital. 

Aug.  H.  Andros  is  made  governor-gen- 
eral of  British  America. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  The  proprietors  of  West 
New  Jersey  vote  to  surrender  their 
government  to  New  England. 

Nov.  5.  Eng.  William  of  Orange 
lands  in  Devonshire. 

Dec.  11.  Eng.  James  II.  flees  for  France. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Francis  Nicholson  appointed 
lieutenant-governor.  {Pa.  John  Black- 
well,  deputy.     Va.    Nathaniel  Bacon.) 

±*  *  Carolina.  Many  Huguenots,  flee- 
ing from  the  persecutions  of  Louis  XIV., 
join  this  colony. 

*  *  A'^.  C.  An  insurrection  against  Seth 
Sothel ;  the  infamous  governor  is  over- 
thrown, disfranchised,  and  banished  by 
the  eulonists. 

1689  Jan.  4.  K-ng.  Col.  Henry 
Sloughter  appointed  governor  of  N.  Y. 


Feb.  13.  Eng.  William  and  Mary  en- 
throned. 

Mar.  14.  Mass.  The  king  concedes  the 
recall  of  Governor  Andros. 

Apr.  4.  Boston.  The  Revolution  in 
England  known. 

A  messenger  annoimces  the  invasion 
of  England  b^  William  III.,  and  is 
thrown  into  prison. 

Apr.  18.  Boston.  Tidings  received  of 
the  accession  of  William  and  Mary, 
the  royal  government  is  overthrown  [and 
the  despotic  Andros  is  sent  to  prison]. 

Apr.  20.  Boston.  The  general  court 
again  assembles,  and  Simon  Bradstreet 
is  restored  to  power. 

Apr.  *  Md.  Au  armed  force,  led  by  John 
Coode,  is  organized  against  the  adher- 
ents of  Baltimore,  in  the  interest  of 
William  III. 

Apr.  *  New  York.  A  tumult  of  gladness 
over  the  Revolution  in  England  takes 
place. 

May  1.  Rhode  Island  resumes  its  char- 
ter privileges  which  Andros  aimulled. 

May  9.  Conn.  .James  II.  being  dethroned 
and  Andros  deposed,  the  old  govern- 
ment, mider  Treat,  is  resumed  by  the 
colonists,  under  the  charter  so  saga- 
ciously preserved  in  the  oak-tree. 

May  26.  Mass.  News  of  the  accession 
of  William  and  Mary  received  with 
great  joy. 

May  *  N.  Y.  Bitter  feud  between  fac- 
tions in  New  Vork,  each  seeking  to  con- 
trol the  colony  for  or  against  William 
and  Mary. 

June  ♦ -92  Aug.*  N.J,  Owing  to  many 
conflicting  claims  of  authority,  there  is 
no  recognized  government ;  the  peo- 
ple are  vexed  by  a  superfluity  of  rulers. 

June  1.  Neil}  York,  The  military  com- 
panies persuade  Jacob  Leisler,  their 
senior  captain,  to  possess  the  fort  and 
assume  the  temporary  government 
for  William  III. 

June  5.  Mass.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives meets,  and  refuses  to  act  till 
the  old  charter  officers  of  1686  assume 
their  power  as  of  right. 

June  8.  N.  Y.  A  committee  of  safety 
of  ten  is  appointed,  and  they  attempt 
to  reorganize  the  government  on  liberal 
principles. 

Aug.  1.  Md.  John  Coode,  at  the  head 
of  "the  Association  in  arms  for  the  de- 
fense of  the  Protestant  religion,"  usurps 
the  government,  forces  the  adherents 
of  Baltimore  to  capitulate,  and  consent 
to  exclude  Catholics  from  office. 

Aug.  *  N.  Y.  Iiieut.-Gov.  Nicholson 
goes  to  Albany  to  escape  the  hostile  peo- 
ple, and  denounces  Leisler  as  a  rebel. 

Sept.  *  N.  Y.  Commissioners  from  New 
England  hold  a  conference  with  the 
Mohawks  at  Albany. 

Dec*  jV.  Y.  a  royal  letter  received,  com- 
missioning Nicholson  as  governor. 

*  *  N.  C.    (iov.  Philip  liUdwell  conducts 
an  excellent  administration  [continuing 
six  years]. 
Huguenots  arrive. 


*  *  N.  Y.  New  Rochelle  is  settled  by 
H  uguenots. 

*  *  -90  *  *  New  York.  Peter  de  la  Noy, 
the  18th  mayor. 

*  *  S.  C,  Governor  Ludwell  comes  to 
South  Carolina,  and  attempts  to  en- 
force the  absurd  constitution  of 
Locke,  and  confusion,  approaching  an- 
archy, prevails. 

Gov.  Colleton  pretends  to  fear  danger 
from  Indians  or  Spaniards,  and  pro- 
claims martial  law,  but  can  find  no 
force  to  execute  it. 

*  *  Conn.  Robt.  Treat,  gov.  (Mass.  Thos. 
Hinckley,  Plymouth ;  Thos.  Danforth, 
acting  governor  Mass.  Bay  Colony.) 

1690  May  1 .  Netc  York.  First  Amer- 
ican Congress.  A  conference  of  colo- 
nial governors,  respecting  the  safety  of 
the  colonies,  is  held. 

They  decide  to  attempt  the  conquest 
of  Canada,  by  a  force  descending  Lake 
Champlain,  and  another  sailing  from 
Boston  for  Quebec. 

Mar.  12.  N.  H.  On  the  downfall  of  Gov. 
Andros,  the  Assembly  reannex  the 
province  to  Massachusetts. 

*  *  Car.—  Va.  Many  French  Protestant 
refugees  migrate  to  America,  and  settle 
chiefly  in  Carolina  and  Virginia. 

*  *  Massachusetts  issues  paper  money  to 
meet  her  war  debt. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Jacob  Leisler  is  recognized 
throughout  the  province  as  temporary 
govemor. 

*  *  N.C,  Governor  Ludwell  leaves  the 
colony,  despairing  of  its  government. 

*  *  S.  C.  Gov.  Colleton  is  impeached  by 
the  colonists  for  arbitrary  government 
and  banished. 

Seth  Sothel,  the  candidate  of  the 
popular  party,  becomes  their  vexatioua 
governor  [for  two  years!. 
+  *  *  Germany.  The  ravages  of  war  in 
their  native  land  drive  many  Germans 
to  America;  Germantown,  near  Phila- 
delphia, is  settled  by  them. 

*  *  R.  I.  Henry  Bull,  governor.  Later, 
John  Easton. 

1691  Mar.  19.  New  York.  The  new- 
governor.  Col.  Sloughter,  arrives  from 
England. 

Captain  Jacob  Leisler  resigns  his 
trust,  and  is  immediately  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  treason. 

Apr.  1.  Pa.  Delaware  secedes  from 
Pennsylvania.  Penn  reluctantly  con- 
sents to  the  desire  of  the  *'  lower  coun- 
ties" (Del.)  to  govern  themselves.  [They 
are  two  years  under  Markham.] 

May  16.  New  York.  Leisler  and  Mil- 
borne,  his  son-in-law,  are  hanged  for 
treason,  by  the  authority  of  a  drunkard, 
Governor  Sloughter.  The  act  considered 
judicial  murder. 

June  1.  Md.  King  W^illiam  revolution- 
izes the  government,  and  takes  it  as  a 
royal  province ;  Sir  Lionel  Copley  is 
sent  out  as  governor. 

[He  establishes  the  Church  of  England, 
and  taxes  the  Catholics  to  maintain  it. 
He  finally  disfranchises  the  Catholics, 
who  established  the  colony.] 


52    1691,  Aug.-1697,  Mar. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1691  *  *  Can.  Major  Schuyler  makes  a 
raid  on  tlio  French  settlements  on  the 
Sorel. 

1692*  *-94*  *Me.  Indian  depreda- 
tions occur. 

Jan.  25.  Me.  The  town  of  York  is 
surprised  and  nearly  destroyed  by  the 
French  and  Indians;  about  75  people 
are  massacred,  and  as  many  taken  into 
captivity. 

Feb.  *  Can.  The  French  send  a  force 
against  the  Mohawks. 

Frontenac  sends  300  French  with  In- 
dians against  the  hunting  parties  of 
Senecas  in  Upper  Can.ada,  and  under- 
takes to  subdue  the  Five  Nations. 

Oct.  26.  Conn.  Gov.  Fletcher  is  com- 
missioned to  take  command  of  the  mi- 
litia of  Connecticut ;  but  the  Puritans 
of  Hartford  successfully  resist  him,  and 
he  returns  to  New  York. 

Nov.  26.  Can.  Port  Koyal  (Annapolis) 
surrenders  to  a  French  ship. 

*  *  JV.  r.  Major  Schuyler,  of  Albany, 
makes  great  efforts  to  pacify  the  terri- 
fied settlers,  and  protect  them  from  the 
Indians. 

*  *  ^fe.  Sir  William  Phips,  the  governor, 
erects  Fort  William  Henry  at  Pemaquid. 

*  *  -1700  *  *  Mexico  is  reconquered 
by  Diego  de  Vergas. 

*  *  Newfound  land.  The  English  destroy 
the  French  settlement. 

1693  Jan.*  -Feb.*  N.  T.  A  strong 
French  force  invades  the  country  of  the 
Mohawks,  bent  on  their  extermination. 

Feb.  6.  JV.  r.  Mohawks  are  attacked 
by  the  French  and  Indians  ;  300  prison- 
ers are  taken. 

Feb.  •  N.  Y.  Major  Schuyler  leaves 
Albany  with  200  men,  pursues  the 
French,  and  liberates  the  captive  Mo- 
hawks. 

Aug.  11.  Me.  The  Abnaki  Indians  sue 
for  peace  after  a  long  and  bloody  war. 

*  *  Can.  Frontenac  leads  a  French  ex- 
pedition against  the  Iroquois. 

*  •  Fngland  resolves  to  conquer  Can- 
ada.   A  British  fleet  arrives  at  Boston. 

1694  July  18.  N.  H.  About  250  In- 
dians attack  a  village  on  Oyster  River ; 
94  persons  are  killed  or  captured. 

*  *  Can.  Frontenac  conducts  his  last 
campaign  against  the  Iroquois. 

1696  *  *  Eng.  King  William  gives  Cap- 
tain Kidd  a  commission  and  a  galley  of 
30  guns  to  suppress  piracy.  [He  turns 
I)irate  himself.] 

*  *  New  England  suffers  from  French 
incursions. 

June  26.  N.  H.  Indians  attack  Ports- 
mouth Plain;  14  persons  are  killed. 

*  *  Me.  The  French  under  Iberville  and 
Castin  capture  the  fort  at  Pemaquid 
(Bremen). 

*  *  Fla.  Spaniards  build  a  fort  at  Pen- 
sacola. 

July  28.  Can.  The  French  under 
Frontenac  for  the  la.'it  time  invade 
northern  New  York.  [They  are  defeated 
by  the  colonists  and  th«ir  Iroquois  allies.] 


1697  Mar.  15.  Mats.  Indians  attack 
Haverhill;  40  persons  are  killed  or 
taken  captive ;  among  the  latter  is 
Hannah  Dustin,  the  heroine,  who  kills 
her  sleeping  captors.    (See  Society.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1692  June  7.  W.  I.  Great  earthquake 
in  Jamaica ;  nine-tenths  of  Port  Royal 
buried  under  water ;  2,000  perish  in  the 
convulsion,  and  3,000  whites  by  a  follow- 
ing pestilence. 

1693  •  *  S.  C.  The  cultivation  of  rice 
begins,  and  with  it  the  prosperity  of  the 
colony.    (1(594?;  1G95?;  1698?) 

1694  *  *  Can.  A  company  of  amateiu? 
actors  give  a  theatrical  performance  at 
Quebec. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1692    Rravo,  Lonardo,  Mex.  patriot,  born. 
Dinwiddle,  Kobert,  Lieut.-gov.  of  Va.,  born. 

1695  rhlpa,  .Sir  Wm.,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A44. 

1696  Johnson,  .Samuel,  Pres.  of  Col.  Coll.,  b. 
Pepperell,  Sir  William,  general,  born. 
Wentworth,  Banning,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1691*  »/«.    Innocent  Xn.,  pope. 

*  *  Md.  The  colony  being  made  a  Royal 
Province,  the  Church  of  England  is 
established  by  law,  and  the  Catholic  col- 
onists are  taxed  to  maintain  it. 

*  •  Mass.  A  Baptist  church  is  org.an- 
ized  at  Cohansey. 

*  •  Va.  Francis  Makemie  goes  to  Lon- 
don, and  appeals  to  the  Presbyterian 
ministers  for  missionaries ;  [two  young 
men,  John  Hampton  and  George  Mc- 
Nish,  are  sent  out.]    (Briggs,  1704.) 

1692  »  *N.  J.  The  "  Scotch  Meet- 
ing-house,'* Presbyterian  church,  or- 
ganized at  Freehold. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Fletcher  attempts 
to  force  the  Episcopal  church  on  the 
colonists;  but  the  General  Assembly  de- 
crees equality  and  toleration,  and  places 
the  Episcopal  church  on  a  level  with 
other  churches,  and  permits  vestrymen 
to  call  non-Episcopal  pastors.  About 
one-tenth  of  the  population  are  Episco- 
palians. 

The  provisions  of  the  English  Test  Act 
are  enforced  against  Catholics. 

*  *  Phita.  First  Presbyterian  o  o  n  - 
gregation  in  Philadelphia  meets  in  the 
*'  Barbadoes  Company's  warehouse." 

1693  *  *  Mass.  The  General  Court  pro- 
vides for  common  schools  and  the  sup- 
port of  Congregational  ministers. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  provides  for  the 
settlement  and  support  of  ministers  by 
levying  a  tax  on  all  the  vieople. 

Episcopacy  is  established  by  law. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Baptist  church  is  moved 
from  Cooper  River  to  Charleston. 

*  *  Va.  The  colonists  establish  a  col- 
lege (William  and  Mary)  "  to  educate  a 
domestic  succession  of  Church  of  Eng- 
land ministers,"  as  well  as  to  teach  the 
children  of  Indians  to  read. 

1694  Aug.*  R.  I.  Jews  first  establish 
public  worship  at  Ne\s'port,  and  find 
protection. 


1695  Apr.  10.  N.  Y.  The  House  de- 
cides that  non-Episcopal  ministers 
may  be  called  in  New  York. 

*  *  A'.  C.  Churches  are  erected,  and 
provisions  made  for  sustaining  public 
worship. 

*  *  I'/iila.  First  record  of  Protestant 
Episcopal  services  in  Pennsylvania ;  a 
church  is  erected  in  Philadeli)hia. 

1696  May  11.  S.  Y.  The  Reformed 
Protestant  Dutch  church  formed  in 
America  incorporated. 

*  *  /'7a.  Spaniards  build  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic church  at  Pensacola. 

*  *  New  York-.  The  first  Jewish  syn- 
agogue in  America  is  erected. 

The  first  Trinity  church  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  built  and  endowed ;  Rev.  W.  Vesey 
pastor. 

*  •  Pliila.  The  nucleus  of  a  Baptist 
church  appears  in  the  persons  of  John 
Farmer  and  wife  from  London. 

1697  Feb.  6.  A'ero  York.  The  first 
Trinity  church  (Prot.  Epis.)  is  opened 
for  worship. 

LETTERS. 
1602  •  *  Va.    WilUam  and  Mary  Col- 
lege (Prot.  Epis.)  chartered  at  Williams- 
burg, through  the  efforts  of  Rev.  James 
Blair  and  Lieut.-gov.  Nicholson. 

*  •  Mass.  The  degree  of  D.D.  is  first 
conferred  by  Harvard  College ;  it  is 
given  to  its  president.  Increase  Mather. 

*  *  Phila.  A  public  high  school,  char- 
tered by  Penn,  is  established. 

1693  Mar.  25.  New  York.  Printing  is 
ordered  to  be  introduced. 

*  *  New  York.  "WiUiam  Bradford  moves 
to  New  York,  sets  up  the  first  printing- 
press,  and  is  appointed  State-printer. 
[He  is  called  the  "  Father  of  Printing  " 
in  the  middle  colonies.] 

Aug.  23.  New  York.  The  first  printing 
is  a  proclamation  by  the  governor. 

*  *  Va.  Rev.  James  Blair  is  appointed 
the  first  president  of  William  and  Mary 
College.    [1729.    Active.] 

*  *  The  Wanders  of  the  Invisible  World, 
by  Cotton  Mather,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

*  *  *  N.  Y.  The  colony  is  protected  from 
French  invasions  and  hostile  Indians,  for 
many  years,  by  the  friendly  Five  Na/- 
tions. 

1691*  * -1715*  •A'.i/.  Land  specu- 
lators vex  the  people  by  buying  ancient 
claims  to  their  lands,  and  trying  to  dis- 
possess them  or  secure  rents,  but  no 
judgments  are  obtained  in  the  courts. 

1692  Feb. '  Mass.  The  witchcraft 
delusion  breaks  out  at  Danvers,  a  part 
of  Salem. 

A  niece  of  the  minister  is  the  subject, 
and  an  old  Indian  servant,  Tituba,  the 
victim,  whose  confession  is  obtained  un- 
der the  rod. 

Apr.  22.  Mass.  Edward  Bishop,  having 
cured  one  of  the  afflicted  by  fiogglng 
him,  and  proposed  that  others  be  cured 
in  the  same  way,  is  sent  to  prison  for 
expressing  his  opinion. 


AMERICA. 


1691,  Aug.-1697,  Mar.     53 


June  10.  Mass.  Bridget  Bishop  is 
hanged  for  witchcraft  at  Salem. 

June  30.  Mags.  Tlie  General  Court  con- 
demns to  death  live  women,  all  of 
blameless  lives,  and  all  declaring  them- 
selves innocent  of  witchcraft. 

July  19.  Mass.  Rebecca  Nurse,  a  wo- 
man of  blameless  life,  is  taken  to  church 
in  chains,  and  publicly  excommunicated 
as  a  witch  ;  [later  she  is  hanged]. 

Aug.  3.  Mass.  The  Court  condemns  six 
others  as  witches. 

*  •  .)[ass.  The  children  of  Martha  Car- 
ter witness  against  their  mother,  who  is 
accused  of  witchcraft ;  the  two  sons  re- 
fuse to  perjure  themselves  till  tied  neck 
and  heels,  and  the  little  daughter,  seven 
years  old,  is  made  a  witness. 

Aug.  19.  Mass.  Five  witches  (?) 
hanged  for  witchcraft  at  Salem. 

Aug.  *  Mass.  The  delusion  aflfects  the 
higher  classes,  and  a  clergyman  of  the 
highest  respectability  is  executed. 

*  •  Mass.  Giles  Cory,  an  octogenarian, 
refuses  to  plead  to  the  charge  of  witch- 
craft, and  is  pressed  to  death. 

Sept.  9.  Mass.  Six  women  condemned 

for  witchcraft. 
Sept.  22.    Mass.    Two  men  and  seven 

women    are    executed    at    Salem    for 

witchcraft ;  one  is  pressed  to  death  for 

standing  mute. 
Sept.  28.    Mass.     Eight    persons    are 

hanged  as  witches. 

*  *  Autumn.  Mass.  Twenty  persons  have 
been  put  to  death,  fifty-five  tortured,  and 
the  jails  are  full  of  victims. 

Oct.  18.  Mass.  Protest  made  by  the 
people  of  Andover  to  the  General  Court 
against  the  witch  tribunals. 

Oct.*  Mass.  The  delusion  of  witchcraft 
is  rapidly  disappearing. 

*  •  A>w  York.  The  whipping-post,  pil- 
lory, and  ducking-stool  are  set  up. 

*  *  -98  *  *  A'.  1'.  Gov.  Fletcher  receives 
large  gifts  from  the  pirates. 

1693  Jan.  *  -Feb.  *  Mass.  It  becomes 
difficult  to  convict  accused  witches. 

»  » Mass.  Great  popular  indignation 
against  the  prosecutors  for  witchcraft. 

1695  *  *  Carolina.  Gov.  John  Archdale 
(a  Quaker)  protects  the  Indians  from 
the  kidnapping  colonists.  Some  native 
Catholics  are  ransomed  from  slavery, 
and  sent  to  their  homes  in  Florida. 

1696  Apr.  1.  John  Briggs,  the  her- 
mit, dies,  aged  97. 

His  figure  has  become  grotesque  be- 
cause of  the  numerous  pieces  of  leather 
nailed  to  his  clothes ;  one  of  his  shoes 
is  made  of  about  1,000  pieces  of  leather. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  Capt.  William  Kidd,  a 
bold,  successful  American  shipmaster, 
is  commissioned  to  suppress  piracy.  [He 
becomes  a  pirate  himself.] 

1697  Jan.  14.  Mass.  Samuel  Sewall 
makes  a  public  confession  of  his  com- 
plicity in  the  witchcraft  trials. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Hannah  Dustin,  her  ser- 
vant, and  a  boy  kill  ten  of  twelve  Indians 
while  they  sleep,  and  then  escape  from 
captivity. 


SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 

1691  Aug.  »  New  York.  Capt.  Kichard 
Ingoldsby  is  acting  governor ;  Governor 
Sloughter  deceased  (July  23). 

Summer.  A^.  1'.  The  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois  Indians  (Five  Nations)  is  re- 
newed at  Albany. 

Oct.  7.  Eng.  King  William  grants  a 
new  and  less  liberal  charter  to  Massa- 
chusetts. [He  permits  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut  to  resume  their  charters.] 

*  *  Mass.  Increase  Mather  is  permitted 
to  nominate  the  first  officers  under  the 
new  charter  ;  he  proposes  Sir  "William 
Phipps  for  governor. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Lawrence,19th  mayor. 

1692  Jan.  26.  Can.  Acadia  (Nova 
Scotia)  becomes  a  part  of  Massachusetts. 

Feb.  *  Mass.  The  witchcraft  frenzy 
breaks  out.    {See  Society.) 

May  14.  Mass.  Gov.  Phipps  arrives 
with  the  new  charter.  Phipi>s  is  also 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony  and  the 
provinces  of  Maine,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
the  country  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence ; 
also,  the  Elizabeth  Islands,  Nantasket, 
and  Martha's  Vineyard ;  unites  Plym- 
outh with  Massachusetts. 

Aug.  13.  A^.  H.  The  English  govern- 
ment separates  New  Hampshire  from 
Massachusetts  the  se(*ond  time,  not- 
withstanding the  protests  of  the  people. 

Sept.  •  AV7t'  York.  Benjamin  Fletcher, 
a  man  of  bad  passions  and  poor  abilities, 
arrives,  and  assumes  office  as  governor. 

Oct.  21.  Pa.  The  British  government 
takes  away  Penn's  proprietary  rights 
and  transfers  the  government  to  Fletcher 
of  New  York.    [Penn  is  restored  in  1694.] 

Nov.  26.  Can.  Nova  Scotia  again  un- 
der the  French  flag. 

*  »  Cmm.  The  Crown  claims  the  control 
of  the  militia. 

*  *  Mil.  SirL.Copley,  the  first  royal  gover- 
i^r,  assumes  office.  (N.J.  A.  Hamilton.) 

*  •  New  York.  The  assembly  passes  a 
resolution  against  arbitrary  govern- 
ment, and  claiming  that  the  people  are 
a  part  of  the  governing  power. 

*  *  -95  *  *  New  York.  Abraham  de  Peys- 
ter  the  20th  mayor. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  proi)rietaries  reject  all  the 
acts  of  the  democratic  legislature. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  retain 
their  charters. 

*  *  Va.  [and  Mil.]  Sir  Edmund  Andros, 
governor.    (5.  C.    Philip  Ludwell.) 

1693  Apr.*  Carolina.  Proprietors  .at 
length  abandon  the  John  Locke 
scheme  of  government ;  thus  the  paper 
Empire  of  the  West  vanishes. 

5.  C.  Thomas  Smith  appointed  gov- 
ernor.   (A^.  C.   Alex.  Lillington,  deputy.) 

Apr.  26.  Pa.  Governor  Fletcher  again 
unites  Maryland  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
assumes  authority. 

Oct.  26.  Conn.  Gov.  Fletcher  of  New 
York  goes  to  Hartford  to  assume  com- 
mand of  the  militia. 

While  reading  his  commission,  Capt. 
Wadswortli  orders  the  drums  beaten, 
and   intimidates   the    royally    commis- 


sioned offtcer  from  intruding  on  an  inde- 
pendent people. 

*  *  Delaware  is  placed  under  the  rule  of 
the  governor  of  New  York. 

1694  Mar.  26.  Pa.  Penn  sends  Mark- 
ham  to  be  his  deputy-governor,  who  calls 
an  Assembly  of  the  people  to  form  for 
themselves  a  liberal  constitution. 

Aug.  20.  Pa.  Penn  is  reinstated  in 
his  province,  which  had  been  taken  from 
him  and  annexed  to  New  York. 

♦  •  S.  C.  John  Archdale,  an  upright 
Quaker,  is  elected  governor. 

He  mitigates  the  hostility  existing  be- 
tween the  profligate  "  Cavalier  "  party 
and  the  Presbyterians,  etc.,  who  oppose 
them, 

*  *  Md.  The  capital  is  removed  from  St. 
Mary's  to  [.\nnapolis]  by  the  Protes- 
tants. 

1695  Apr.  12.  A^.  Y.  Votes  of  the  As- 
sembly first  published. 

Aug.  17.  S.  C.  Gov.  Archdale  selects 
for  his  council  two  men  of  the  moderate 
party  to  one  High  Churchman. 

*  *  Colombia.  A  company  for  colonizing 
Darien  is  formed. 

•  *  Mil.  A  public  post  is  established, 
and  letters  conveyed  eight  times  a  year 
from  the  Potomac  to  Philadelphia. 

•  •  A^.  )'.  Lord  Bellamont  is  appointed 
governor.     (See  1698.) 

•  «  -98  *  •  New  York.  William  Merritt 
the  21st  mayor. 

1696  May  *  Eng.  The  affairs  of  the 
plantations  are  permanantly  entrusted 
to  the  commissioners  who  form  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  all  questions  of  colonial 
liberties  and  affairs  are  decided  from  the 
standpoint  of  English  commerce. 

Stunmer.  Me.  By  Iberville's  capture  of 
Pemaquid  (Bremen)  the  French  fron- 
tier is  extended  into  the  heart  of  Maine. 

Nov.  7.  Pa.  Third  frame  of  govern- 
ment passed  by  Gov.  Markham  on  a 
purely  democratic  basis. 

•  *  Fla.  Spaniards  build  a  fort,  a  church, 
and  a  few  houses  at  Pensacola. 

*  *  U.  S.  Governors  inaugurated : 
-02  ''  *  Mil.  Nathaniel  Ulackstoue. 
-97  *  *  It.  I.    Walter  Clarke. 

5.  C.    Joseph  Blake. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

•  *  •  A^.  C.  Carolina  is  noted  tor  its  pro- 
duction of  naval  stores. 

»  •  P'a.  For  many  years  voluntary  im- 
migration almost  ceases,  there  being 
such  restrictions  on  conwnerce  as  to 
cause  all  forms  of  industry  to  languish. 

1693  June  11.  Mass.  A  terribly  ma- 
lignant disease  is  brought  to  Boston 
by  an  English  military  expedition  ;  3.100 
out  of  4,500  members  die  while  crossing 
from  England. 

•  *  Brazil.    Gold  mining  commenced. 

1695  *  *  A  post  route  is  established  be- 
tween the  Potomac,  through  Annapolis 
to  Philadelphia,  the  mail-carrier  to  make 
eight  trips  in  a  year  for  £50. 

1696  •  •  New  Eiiy.  Population  is  about 
one  hundred  thousand. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Population  of  the  city  six 
thousand. 


54      1697,  Sept.-1703. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1697  Sept.  20.  The  King  William's 
"War  ends  by  the  peace  of  Byswiek. 

Sept.  21,  N.  Y.  An  impending  invasion 
of  the  French  into  the  province  of  New 
York  is  averted  by  the  peace  of  Ryswick. 

*  *  Colombia.  Cartagena  is  taken  by  buc- 
caneers. 

1699*  *Mis8.    BUoxi   is   fortified   by 

the  French. 
1700*  *  S.  C'.-t    The  Creek  Indians 

muster  about  5,000  warriors. 

1701  June  *  Mick.  De  la  Motte  Car- 
dillac,  with  a  Jesuit  missionary  and  100 
French,  is  sent  from  Canada  to  occupy 
Detroit. 

1702  *  *-13  *  *  Queen  Anne's  "War. 
between  French  and  p]nglish ;  it  is  known 
in  Europe  as  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

Sept.  *  Fla.  The  colonists  of  Carolina, 
led  by  Gov.  Moore,  send  an  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  the  Spaniards  of 
Florida  for  plunder. 

*  *  III.  The  French  vacate  their  post  on 
the  Illinois. 

1703  Apr.*  .V.  r.  The  Assembly 
grants  $7,500  to  fortify  the  Narrows, 
"  and  for  no  other  txse  whatever."  [The 
money  disappeared,  and  the  Narrows 
were  neglected.] 

June  20.  Me.  The  Abnakis  promise 
peace. 

Aug.  10.  Me.  Irruption  of  French 
and  Indians.  [They  desolate  the  coun- 
try from  Casco  to  Wells,  and  massacre 
or  enslave  150  persons.] 

Aug.  *  Massachusetts  is  at  war  with  the 
Abnakis.  [Frontier  war  for  several 
years.] 

Dec.  *  S.  C.  Indian  towns  between  the 
Altamaha  and  Savannah  are  laid  in  ashes 
because  of  the  alliance  of  their  people 
,wlth  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Ga.  Colonel  Moore  invades  the  Apa- 
laohe  country. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 

EXPLORATION. 

1699  *  *  U.  S.    The  Mississippi  River 

is  explored. 
1701  *  *  Iberville  makes  his  third  voy- 
age to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Cal.    Father  Kino  makes  his  explo- 
rations in  California. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1700*  * 

Faneuil,  Peter,  founder,  born. 

Joliet,  Louis,  explorer  of  the  Miss.,  A55.  ? 
1701*   • 

liartram,  John,  botanist,  born. 

Hennepin,  L.,  Flemish  missionary,  A61. 

Kidd,  William,  pirate,  hanged,  A51. 

SanvoUe,  Le  Moyne, colonial  (jov.  of  La.,  A50. 
1703 •  * 

Fitch,  James,  divine  and  missionary,  A80. 
1703*  • 

Clap,  Thomas,  pres.  of  Yale,  born. 

De  Laneey,  James,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  born. 

SdwardB,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  born. 

Iflla,  .losd  Francisco,  de,  .Jesuit,  l)orn. 

I'ynchon,  John,  N.  Eng.  colonist,  .Vttti. 

Tennent,  Gilbert,  clergyutan,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1697*  *  Cal.  The  Spaniards  having  been 
expelled  by  the  ill-used  natives.  Upper 
California  is  granted  by  Charles  XI. 
of  Spain  to  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Pkila.  John  "Watts  immerses  four 
Baptists. 

±  *  *  S.  C.  All  Christians  except  Cath- 
olics are  enfranchised. 

1698  Dec.  13.  Pkila.  The  first  Bap- 
tist church  formed  in  a  storehouse; 
Jedediah  Andrews,  minister. 

*  ♦  Cal.  The  Spanish  establish  mission- 
ary stations.    Father  Kino  arrives. 

*  *  Carolina.  Two-thirds  of  the  colo- 
nists are  Dissenters,  yet  they  consent 
that  one  minister  of  the  Church  of 
England  shall  be  maintained  at  public 
expense. 

1699*  *  Boston.  Ellis  Callender  becomes 
pastor  of  the  Baptist  church. 

The  Manifesto  church  is  a  protest 
against  Matherism. 

*  *  Del.  Consecration  of  Trinity  Epis- 
copal church  near  Wilmington. 

*  *  R.  I.  A  (first)  Protestant  Episco- 
pal parish  is  formed  at  Newport. 

*  *  S.  C.  Baptists  at  Charleston  build 
a  brick  church  and  parsonage. 

*  *  Va.  A  Presbyterian  church  is  or- 
ganized, and  Francis  Makemie  is  li- 
censed to  preach. 

1700  *  */?./.  The  Yearly  Meeting  is 
established  by  the  Friends,  at  Newport. 

Nov,  23.    It.    Clement  XI.  pope. 

*  *  Mass.  The  province  enacts  the  ban- 
ishment of  aU  Roman  Catholics  and 
Jesuits. 

*  *iV .  Y.  Because  of  their  hostile  influ- 
ence among  the  Indians,  the  Legislature 
provides  for  the  hanging  of  every 
•*  popish  priest "  who  shall  voluntarily 
enter  the  province. 

1701  *  *  Can.  Jesuits  try  to  live  with 
the  Iroquois  [remaining  8  years].        • 

*  *  Eng.  The  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts 
has  for  its  object  the  conversion  of  the 
Indians,  but  is  diverted  by  politicians  to 
promote  the  Church  of  England  in  all 
the  American  colonies. 

*  *  N.  Y.  J.  N.  Kurtz  is  the  first  Lu- 
theran minister  ordained  in  this  coun- 
try. 

*  *  Pa.  Religious  liberty  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Pkila.  J.  Andrews  is  ordained  (?)  and 
installed  pastor  of  the  first  Presby- 
terian church  in  this  city. 

1702  *  ♦  Conn.  The  Society  for  the 
propagation  of  the  Gospel  sends  Messrs. 
Keith  and  Talbot  as  (Prot.  Epis.)  mis- 
sionaries to  New  London. 

*  *  M(L  The  Anglican  Church  is  estab- 
lished. 

Catholics  alone  subject  to  intolerance ; 
no  priest  or  bishop  may  seek  to  make  a 
proselyte  or  teach  the  young.  Not  one- 
tenth  of  the  people  adhere  to  the  es- 
tablished church. 

*  *  X.  J.  Liberty  of  conscience  granted 
to  all,  except  the  Papists. 


The  first  Episcopal  Church  in  New 
Jersey  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Cornbury  forges  a  clause 
in  his  commission  that  he  may  foster 
the  Episcopal  church. 

1703  May  6.  S.  C.  Orthodoxy  pro- 
tected by  the  menace  of  disfranchis©-  . 
ment  and  prisons. 

*  *  Carolina.  The  first  minister  (Prot. 
Epis.)  arrives. 

*  *  Neio  York.  Tlie  Lutherans  rebuild 
their  church  (southwest  corner  of  Broad- 
way and  Rector  Streets). 

The  **  King's  Farm  **  is  granted  to 
Trinity  Church  by  Queen  Anne. 

*  *  Va.  A  legal  opinion  is  received  from 
London,  that  a  minister  is  an  incum- 
bent for  life,  and  cannot  be  removed  by 
his  parishioners.  Church  revenue  is  paid 
in  tobacco. 

LETTERS. 
1700  *  *  C(y}in.    Yale   College  is  com- 
menced. 

"  I  give  these  books  for  the  founding  of 
a  College  in  this  colony."  Words  of  ten 
Congregational  ministers,  assembled  at 
the  village  of  Branford,  a  few  miles  east 
of  Hartford,  used  in  donating  books 
from  their  libraries,  whereby  Yale  Col- 
lege is  founded. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  public  library 
is  established  in  America. 

*  *  Va.  The  college  of  "William  and 
Mary  graduates  its  first  class. 

*  *  The  Selling  ofJosepk,  by  Samuel  Sew- 
all,  appears. 

1701*  *  Conn.  Rev.  Abraham  Pierson 
the  first  rector  of  Yale  College. 

Oct.  9.  Conn.  Yale  College  receives 
its  charter,  and  is  formally  opened  as  a 
school  at  Saybrook. 

1702  *  *  Jacob  Hemmingway  the  first 
and  only  student  of  Yale  until  Septem- 
ber, when  seven  others  enter. 

*  *  Mass.  Magnalia  Christi  Americana^ 
by  Cotton  Mather,  appears. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  Queen  Anne  prohibits  the 
keeping  of  a  printing-press,  and  for- 
bids the  publication  of  any  book  or  pam- 
phlet -without  a  license. 

1703  *  *  Neil)  York.  The  rector  and  war- 
dens of  Trinity  Church  are  directed  to 
take  stei)s  toward  the  erection  of  a  col- 
lege. [King's  College  (Columbia)  was 
the  result.] 

SOCIETY. 
1697  *  *  New  York.    A  night  watch  is 

instituted. 
1699*  *  Neto  York.  Capt.  "William 
Kidd  returns  from  a  long  piratical 
voyage,  bringing  an  immense  booty. 
[With  great  audacity  he  visits  Boston, 
is  arrested,  sent  to  Englandfor trial,  and 
finally  hanged.] 

*  *  Pa.  "William  Penn,  accompanied 
by  his  wife,  returns  to  America,  purpos- 
ing to  abide  there.  [1701 .  He  is  recalled 
to  preserve  his  imperiled  charter  from 
appropriation  by  the  crown.] 

1700  *  *  N.  H.  Innkeepers  permitting 
townspeople  to  remain  in  their  houses 
drinking  on  Saturday  night  or  Sunday 


AMERICA. 


1697,  Sept.-1703.     55 


are  fined  &s. ;  the  same  fine  is  to  be  paid 
by  the  drinker. 

*  *  Carolina.  Pestilence  and  strong 
drink  have  reduced  the  sav.'iges  to  :i 
small  number;  out  of  a  thousand  war- 
riors, but  a  dozeu  weak  men  remain. 

*  *  Pa.  Penn  legislates  for  the  sanctity 
of  marriage  among  negro  slaves,  and 
also  frees  his  own  slaves. 

1701  *  *  Boston  instructs  its  representa- 
tives "  to  encourage  the  bringing  of 
white  servants,  and  to  put  a  period  to 
negroes  being  slaves." 

*  *  N.  H.  A  fine  of  5s.  is  imposed  for 
drunkenness. 


STATE. 

1697  Sept.  20.  Peace  of  Kyswlck; 
France  and  England  are  each  to  restore 
their  recent  conquests ;  Acadia  restored 
to  France. 

*  *  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire recognize  the  authority  of  Bella- 
mont,  governor  of  New  York,  but  Con- 
necticut, and  Rhode  Island  remain  inde- 
pendent.   {N.  J,    Jer.  Basse,  governor.) 

*  *  N.  Y.  On  complaint  of  the  Lords  of 
Trade,  Bellamont  is  instructed  to  re- 
strict the  liberties  of  the  courts  and 
assemblies  in  Nfrw  York,  and  to  increiise 
the  prerogatives  of  the  governor  and 
council ;  a  political  struggle  thenceforth 
ensues. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  English  remove  all  dis- 
criminations against  French  emigrants. 

*  *  Pa.  Penn  proposes  an  annual  con- 
gress of  all  the  American  provinces 
with  power  to  regulate  commerce. 

1698  Apr.  2.  New  York.  The  Earl  of 
Bellamont  arrives  with  a  commission 
including  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
all  New  England  except  Connecticut 
and  Rhode  Island. 

Oct.  *  Conn.  The  Assembly  divides,  and 
forms  an  Upper  House. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-07  *  *  Conn.     Fitz-John  Winthrop. 

It.  I.     Samuel  Cranston. 
-05  *  *  Va.    Francis  Nicholson. 

*  *  -99  *  *  New  York.  Johaimes  de  Pey- 
ster  the  22d  mayor. 

1699  Mar.  2.  La.  A  French  colony 
enters  the  Mississippi,  under  Lemoine 
d'lberville. 

May  •  Miss.  Iberville  erects  a  fort  on 
Biloxi  Bay,  and  lays  the  foundation  of 
the  State  of  Mississippi  by  the  French. 

Sept.  16.  La.  An  English  colony  under 
Bienville  follows  Iberville,  but  retires 
on  discovering  the  French. 

Nov.  30.    Pa.    William  Penn  arrives. 

*  •  Eny.  Parliament  oppresses  manu- 
factures. 

It  enacts  that  no  wool  or  woolen 
manufactures  shall  be  shippe<l  from 
any  of  the  colonies,  under  jjenalty  of 
forfeiture  of  ship  and  cjuscs. 

*  *  Me.  France  claims  the  coast  from 
Kennebec  eastward,  and  the  fisheries  of 
the  north  coast. 

*  *  Mass.  —  N.  II.  Massachusetts  and 
New  Hampshire  are  placed  under  Gov. 
Bellamont.    (May  26.) 


*  *IU.  .9.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-1700  *  *  Mass.    Richard  Coote.    [1700^ 

01,  Wm.  Stoughton.] 
-01  *  *  N.  J.    Andrew  Hamilton. 
-05**A^.  C.    H.  Walker  (Pres.).     [1700- 

02,  19.  S.  C.     James  Moore.] 

*  *-1700*  *  New  York.  David  Provoost 
the  23d  mayor. 

1700  Jan.  17.  Lemoine  d'IberviUe 
takes  possession  of  the  Mississippi 
River  for  France,  and  plants  a  colony 
at  Poverty  Point.     [  T  t  languishes.] 

Mar.  30.  Darien.  The  Scotch  settle- 
ments surrendered  to  the  Spaniards. 

Jime  7.  Pa.  The  old  constitution  is 
surrendered  with  the  consent  of  the 
assembly  and  governor's  council. 

Sept.  8.  Can.  A  treaty  made  with  the 
Iroquois. 

Nov.  1.    Sp.    Philip  V.  king. 

*  *  La.    Bienville  reaches  the  Red  River. 

*  ♦  French  missionaries  occupy  various 
points  on  the  Mississippi,  and  take  pos- 
session for  France. 

*  *  01  •  *  New  York.  Isaac  de  Riemer 
the  24th  mayor. 

*  *  Va.    Huguenots  arrive. 

1701  May*  Conn.  It  is  decided  that 
the  government  meet  alternately  in 
Hartford  and  New  Haven. 

June  24.  Mich.  Sieur  de  la  Motte  Ca- 
dillac, with  100  men,  makes  the  first  per- 
manent settlement  in  Michigan  (De- 
troit). 

July  19.  N.  Y.  Alleged  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois  at  Albany,  surrendering  beaver 
grounds  to  the  English. 

Aug.  4.  Can.  The  French  make  a  treaty 
with  the  Iroquois. 

Sept.  2.  A'.  Y.  A  Court  of  Chancery  for 
the  State  is  organized. 

Oct.  28.  Philadelphia  is  first  char- 
tered by  William  Penn. 

*  *  La.  Bienville  is  in  command  of  the 
French  settlements. 

*  * -02  *  *  Mass.  Government  as- 
sumed by  the  Council. 

»  *  -02  *  •  New  York.  Thomas  Noell  the 
25th  mayor.    John  Nanfan,  governor. 

*  *  Pa.  Andrew  Hamilton  and  John 
Evans  are  appointed  deputy-governors 
by  Penn. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Jerseys  become  a  royal 
province. 

lK>rd  Combury  arrives. 

1702  Jan.*  Ala.  The  first  settle- 
ment in  the  state  is  made  by  the  French 
from  Biloxi,  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
Mobile  River.    (Mobile.) 

Mar.  8.  Eng.  Queen  Anne  en- 
throned. 

Apr.  17.  New  Jersey  a  royal  province. 
The  proprietors  of  East  and  West 
Jersey  surrender  their  rights  to  the 
Crowii.  One  government  is  foi-med  and 
called  New  Jersey ;  by  mutual  agree- 
ment all  the  various  claimants  surrender 
the  right  of  government,  but  retain 
their  rights  to  the  soil. 

Maya.  -08*  * N.  Y.  Lord  Corn- 
bury  succeeds  Bellamont  as  governor. 

He  unites  in    one   government   New 
York  and  New  Jersey.    [The  union  con- 


tinues   thirty-six    years  with    a    single 
executive,  but  two  separate  assemblies.] 
May  28.  Boston.   News  received  of  Queen 
Anne's  accession. 

June  1.  Boston.  Queen  Anne  is  pro- 
claimed. 

*  »-i5t  *  Mass.     Joseph    Dudley 

governor. 

Sept.  1 .  Carolina,  by  vote  of  the  provin- 
cial assembly,  refuses  an  hereditary 
nobility,  or  the  dominion  of  wealth. 

*  •  Carolina.  The  colony  is  btirdened 
with  a  debt  of  £6,000  by  its  unsuccessful 
military  expedition  against  the  Span- 
iards at  St.  Augustine.  (The  assembly 
enacts  the  issuing  of  bills  of  credit.) 

*  *  Del.  —  Pa.  The  two  legislatures 
convened  apart  [and  never  again  re- 
united]. 

*  *  Ind.  Vincennes  founded.  The 
French  vacate  their  posts  on  the  Il- 
linois. 

»  *  La.  Only  30  French  families  have 
been  settled. 

*  *-03*  *New  York.  Philip  French  the 
20th  mayor. 

1703  **[£/. S.]  Governors  inaugu- 
rated : 

-04  *  *  Mil.    Tliomas  Trench. 
-08  *  *  S.  C.    Sir  N.-ithaniel  Johnson. 

*  *  Mass.  Joseph  Dudley,  governor, 
quarrels  with  the  General  Court  over 
the  salaries  of  State  officers. 

*  *  -V.  J.  The  General  Assembly  meets 
at  Perth  Amboy. 

N.  Y.    Gov.    Combury   denies  the 

right  of  the  assembly  to  ask  questions 
of  the  governor  until  the  queen  has 
given  them  permission. 

*  *  Pa.  The  province  is  set  apart  from 
the  territories  ;  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
are  have  separate  assemblies.  Edward 
Shippen  (pres.  of  council). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1697  *  *  NT.  The  Common  Council  or- 
ders the  city  to  be  lighted  by  lanterns 
suspended  from  poles,  which  are  to  pro- 
ject from  every  seventh  house. 

1699*  *Po.  The  yellow  fever  appears 
at  Philadelphia,  where  it  commits  great 
ravages. 

1700  *  *  Miss.  A  gold-seeking  expedition 
from  Biloxi  ascends  to  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony. 

*  *  English  imports  from  the  North 
American  Colonies  amoujit  to  $1,975,000. 

*  *  Boston.    Population  about  7,000. 

*  *  New  York  has  about  760  dwellings, 
4,500  whites,  and  750  blacks. 

*  *  About  300,000  negroes  imported 
into  America  by  the  English  in  the  last 
20  years. 

1701  *  *  Population  of  the  American  col- 
onies estimated  at  two  hundred  and 
sixty-two  thousand. 

1702  *  » New  York.     A    pestilence    is 
'  brought  from  St.  Thomas,  and  nearly 

GOO  people  (one  in  ten)  die. 


66 


1703-1712. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1704  Mar.  1.  Mass.  Deerfieldisaiir- 
prised  and  burnt. 

It  is  the  work  of  200  French  and  142 
Indians  under  Hertel  de  Kouville ;  47 
are  slain'  and  147  captives,  among  whom 
is  Eunice  Williams,  are  taken  through 
the  snow  to  Canada. 

Dec.  *  S.  C.  Gov.  James  Moore  leads  a 
freebooting  expedition  of  50  whites  and 
1 ,000  Indians  against  the  Indians  south- 
west of  Savannah  ;  five  important  towns 
are  carried,  and  the  English  flag  is  borne 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  [The  only  crime 
of  the  Indians  is  their  willingness  to  be 
taught  agriculture  and  religion  by  the 
Spaniards.] 

1705  Dec.  14.  JFla.  Moore  defeats  the 
Indians  near  St.  Marks. 

Dec.  15.  Fla.  Moore  defeats  the 
Spanish  commander  on  Apalachee  Bay. 

*  *  Mass.  Prowling  Indians  terrorize  the 
country.    Death  hangs  on  the  frontier. 

*  *  Me.  A  war  party  burns  the  Indian 
church  and  village  at  Norridgewock. 

1706  *  *  S.  a  A  French  expedition 
from  Havana,  to  enforce  French  claims 
for  the  country,  is  repulsed  at  Charles- 
ton by  William  Rhett  and  the  Governor. 

1707  *  *  Massachusetts  attempts  the 
conquest  of  Acadia  [Nova  Scotia] 
by  a  costly  expedition. 

May  *  Mass.  Two  regiments  leave  Nan- 
tasket  to  attack  the  French  at  Port 
Royal.  [The  attempt  to  bombard  the 
fort  fails.] 

1708*  *  Can.  A  war-councl!  at  Montreal 
resolves  to  invade  New  England  with 
an  expedition  of  Indians  and  100  picked 
Canadians  led  by  French  officers. 

Aug.  30.  JV^.  //.  The  French  and  Indi- 
ans surprise  Haverhill,  on  the  Merri- 
mac,  killing  40  and  carrying  away  100 
prisoners. 

*  *  Massachusetts  offers  a  bounty  for 
Indian  scalps. 

1709  *  *  Costa  Rica.   A  second  massacre 

■    of  the  Spaniards  is  accomplished  by 

the  Indians  whom  they  had  conquered. 

*  *  The  English  colonies  prepare  to  aid 
a  British  fleet  in  the  conquest  of  Can- 
ada ;  the  fleet  fails  to  arrive. 

1710*  *  N.  Y.-N.J.  The  colonists  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  raise  1,800 
volunteers  to  aid  in  the  conquest  of 
Canada. 

Sept.  * -Oct.  *  Conquest  of  Acadia 
[Nova  Scotia] 

Sept.  18.  Boston.  A  second  expedition 
against  the  French  sails  for  Port  Royal. 

Oct.  16.  A'  S.  Port  Royal  is  taken  by 
a  fleet  from  England  aided  by  a  colonial 
army ;  its  name  changed  to  Annapolis 
In  honor  of  Queen  Anne. 

*  *  Brazil.  One  thousand  French  led  by 
Duclerc  attack  Rio,  but  are  defeated 
and  captured. 

1711  July  30.  Boston.  A  large  colo- 
nial army  and  a  British  armament,  un- 
der Sir  Hovenden  Walker,  sail  to  take 
Quebec.  [The  wreck  of  8  vessels  de- 
feats the  expedition.] 


Aug.  28.  N.  T.  A  second  expedition 
leaves  Albany  to  march  against  the 
French.  [It  returns  on  hearing  of  the 
failure  of  the  first  one.] 

Sept,  12.  Brazil.  AnotherFrenchsquad- 
ron  with  6,000  troops,  under  Admiral 
Duguay-Trouin,  attack  Rio  and  take 
the  town  after  a  battle  of  4  days. 

Sept.  *  N.  C.  Capture  and  torture  of 
Surveyor  Lawson  by  Indians. 

Sept.  22.  N.  C.  The  Indian  "War. 
The  Tuscaroras  and  Cores  massacre  130 
persons  between  the  Roanoke  River  and 
Pamlico  Sound. 

Oct.  10,  Brazil.  To  prevent  the  burning 
of  Rio  by  the  French,  the  governor  signs 
a  capitulation  to  pay  010,000  crusados, 
500  cases  of  sugar,  and  to  provision  the 
fleet. 

1712  May*  Mick.  Detroit,  the  center 
of  New  France,  is  besieged  by  the  Fox 
Indians,  and  delivered  by  its  various 
Indian  allies. 

Aug.  *  Truce  between  England  and 
France. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1704*   • 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  mathematician,  born. 

Hubbard,  William,  clergyman,  A83. 

SpanBrenberg*,  August  G.,  founder  of  Mo- 
ravians in  Am.,  born. 
1706  *   * 

Chauncy,  Charles,  clergyman,  born. 

Loudoun,  John  Campbell,  I'rit.  gen.,  born. 

Tennent,  William,  Presb.  clergyman,  b. 
1706*   • 

Abercrombie,  James,  Brit,  gen.,  born. 

Jan.  17.     Franklin.    Benjamin,   printer, 
philosopher,  statesman,  born  in  Boston. 

Iberville,  d',  P.    Lemoine,    Canadian  com- 
mander, A  45. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  Lieut.-Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 
1707*   * 

Byles,  Mather,  clergyman,  born. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 
1708*  • 

Cheever,  Ezekiel,  teacher,  A93. 

Laval-Montmorency,  Francois  Xavler,  R.  C. 
Bp.  of  Que.,  A86. 
1710*  ♦ 

Cruger,  John,  Mayor  of  K.Y.,  born. 

Hamilton,  .James,  governor,  born. 

LoveU,  John,  educator,  born. 

Trumbull.  Jonathan,  statesman,  born. 
1711  *  * 

liradstreet,  John,  general,  born. 

Gridley,  Kichard,  general,  born. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

Wheelock,  Eleazer,  clergyman,  born. 
1713*   * 

±  Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  born. 

Ingraham,  Benjamin,  bishop,  born. 

Lawson,  John,  surveyor,  dies. 

±  Pontiac,  Ottawa  Indian  chief,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1704*  *  Md.  An  Act  passed  to  prevent 
the  growth  of  Roman  Catholicism. 

Catholic  priests  prohibited  from  mak- 
ing converts  or  teaching  the  young. 
Children  becoming  Catholics  forfeit 
their  share  in  the  estate  of  their 
parents. 

*  *  K.  C.  The  Church  of  England  made 
the  established  chiu-ch,  and  officials 
required  to  take  an  oath  to  sustain  it. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Protestants  send  Mr.  Moore,  a 
missionary,  to  the  Indians  of  New 
York,  who  returns  in  one  year  dis- 
couraged. 

*  *  li.  I.  A  (Prot.  Epis.)  ndssionary  is 
sent  to  Newport. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Church  of  England  made 
the  established  church  and  dissenters 


disfranchised  ;  two-thirds  of  the  people 
are  dissenters. 

*  *  A\  J.  First  Episcopal  church 
erected  in  New  Jersey  at  Burlington. 

1705  *  *  Co7m.  The  first  Baptist  church 
in  this  state  is  organized  in  Groton. 

±  *  *  Fla.  The  Apalache  Indians  are 
Spanish  converts  to  Catholicism ;  they 
live  in  villages  and  construct  churches. 

*  *  Carolina.    The  first  church  is  built. 

*  *  Phila.  First  American  Presbytery- 
organized,  having  7  members  present. 
(Briggs,  170G.) 

1706  Jan.  17.  Boston.  Benjamin 
Franklin  is  born  and  baptized  on  the 
same  day,  according  to  the  Boston 
regifiter. 

June  10.  S.  C.  Parliament  decides  that 
the  disfranchising  act,  because  of 
religion,  is  contrary  to  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land, 

Nov.  30.  Carolina.  The  colonial  Assem- 
bly repeals  the  acts  of  intolerance, 
after  being  declared  null  by  royal  au- 
thority. 

Dec.  29.  N.  J.  First  meeting  of  the 
general  Presbytery,  of  which  record 
now  remains  at  Freehold. 

John  Boyd  is  the  first  Presbyterian 
ordained  in  America. 

+  *  *  Conn.  Absentees  from  the  law- 
ful church  are  liable  to  a  fine  of  20s. 

Meetings  in  private  houses  are  forbid- 
den. A  fine  of  £10,  with  whipping  for 
each  otfense,  is  imposed  on  unlawful 
ministers  who  administer  the  sacra- 
ments. 

Episcopacy  is  introduced. 

The  persons,  families,  and  estates  of 
ministers  are  exempt  from  taxation. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Jesuit  mission  at  Mack- 
inaw is  abandoned. 

1707  Jan.  *  New  Ym-k.  Two  Presby- 
terian ministers  are  arrested  by  Gover- 
nor Cornbury  for  preaching  without 
his  permission.     (Or  1706.) 

Mar.  22.  Pa.  Meeting  of  the  general 
Presbytery  at  Philadelphia. 

Apr.*  Conn.  Organization  of  the  parish 
of  Christ's  Church  (Prot.  Epis.),  Strat- 
ford, the  first  in  the  state. 

First  Episcopal  society  is  formed  at 
New  Haven. 

*  New  York.  Francis  Makemie  is  tried 
and  imprisoned  by  Lord  Cornbury  for 
the  crime  of  preaching  to  dissenters. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Philadelphia  Association 
of  Baptists  formed,  including  delegates 
from  Pennepek,  Middletown,  Piscata- 
way,  Cohansey,  and  Welsh  Tract. 

1708  Dec.  9.  Mass.  John  Higginson, 
the  first  minister  at  Salem,  dies. 

Sept.  9.  Conn.  Congregational  Synod 
meets  at  Say  brook  and  forms  the  •*  Say- 
brook  Platform  "  of  discipline.  Pres- 
byterians and  Congregationalists  unite 
on  it.  [Oct.  *  General  Court  approves.] 
The  custom  introduced  of  preaching 
a  sermon  on  the  day  apjwinted  by  law 
for  the  election  of  civil  rulers,  proper 
for  the  direction  of  the  towns.  [Later 
it  becomes  a  law.] 


AMERICA. 


1703-1712. 


57 


The  General  Assembly  passes  an  act 
removing  the  penalty  from  "sober'dis- 
seuters  "  wlio  do  not  worship  with  the 
"  standing  order." 

*  *  Del.  The  first  Episcopal  church  in 
Dover  is  erected. 

1709  May  18.  C<ynn.  The  General 
Association  of  Congregational  min- 
isters organized ;  the  first  state  organ- 
ization, 

1710  June  14.  Ke%a  Y<yrk.  Gov.  Hun- 
ter arrives  from  England  with  3,000 
Palatines  fleeing  from  persecution ;  [a 
Jjutheran  church  is  soon  formed]. 

*  *  Can.  The  Jesuits  have  become  the 
protectors  of  the  natives  against  the 
colonists. 

*  *  N.  Car.  The  whole  country  has  but 
one  clergyman;  he  is  of  the  Church 
of  England. 

*  *  *  From  New  England  to  Carolina  it 
is  commonly  believed  that  baptism  is 
inconsistent  with  a  state  of  slavery, 
and  that  Christian  slaves  should  be  set 
free. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Baptist  church  is  organized 
at  Waterford. 

*  *  *  Many  forms  of  religion  among 
the  colonists. 

Calvinism  predominates  in  New  Eng- 
land, Quakerigm  in  Pennsylvania,  Ko- 
nian  Catliolicism  in  Maryland,  Florida, 
and  among  the  French  along  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  Episcopalianism  in  South 
Carolina,  Virginia,  and  New  York. 

1711  May  25.  N.J.  Important  coun- 
cil of  the  Baptist  church  consigning 
the  record  of  past  quarrels  to  "ob- 
livion." Vote  42-26.  [Prosperity  fol- 
lows.] 

*  *  New  York.  Baptist  preaching  intro- 
duced in  the  house  of  Nicholas  Eyers, 
by  Valentine  Wightman.    (Or  1712.) 

*  *  Eng.  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  send  Rev.  Mr.  Andrews  to 
the  Indians  of  New  York  ;  he  arrives  at 
Albany. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  population  is  described  by 
royalists  as  made  up  of  "  Presbyterians, 
Independents,  Quakers,  and  other  evil- 
disposed  persons."  The  proprietors  de- 
termine to  establisli  the  Church  of 
England  ;  the  people  resist. 

*  *  S.  C.  It  is  enacted  that  baptism 
does  not  entitle  slaves  to  freedom. 

LETTERS. 

1704  Apr.  24.  liostnn.  The  News-Ut- 
ter, the  first  continuous  American  news- 
paper, appears.  (C(jntinues  till  1744.) 
Edited,  apparently,  by  John  Campbell, 
and  printed  on  a  half  sheet,  eight  by 
twelve  inches  in  size. 

1705  *  ♦  History  of  Virginia,  by  Robert 
Beverly,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  The  first  printing-press  in 
this  colony  is  set  up  at  New  London. 

1710*  *  Essays  to  do  Good,  by  Cotton 
Mather,  appears. 

*  *  New  York.  Trinity  School  estab- 
lished in  connection  with  the  Anglican 
church. 


SOCIETY. 

1705  *  *  Va.  By  the  fifth  colonial  re- 
vision of  the  code,  a  slave  is  declared 
real  estate  and  attached  to  the  soil, 
like  a  Russian  serf. 

1709*  *N'ew  York  has  a  regular 
slave-market  at  the  foot  of  Wall 
Street. 

1710i:  *  *  The  jiopular  belief  that  Chris- 
tianity should  enfranchise  her  con- 
verts proves  an  obstacle  to  the  "  con- 
version of  these  poor  people." 

1711  *  *  N.  C.  The  colony  is  called  the 
•*  Sanctuary  of  Runaways,"  as  it  has 
hardly  any  government. 

1712  *  *  N.  C.  John  Lawson,  surveyor- 
general,  is  burned  to  death  by  Indians. 

STATE. 

1703  ♦  *  -07  *  *  New  York.  William 
Peartree  the  27th  mayor. 

*  *  Parliament  condemns  to  the  navy 
every  pitch-pine  tree  that  is  not  with- 
in an  enclosure. 

*  *  Rice  and  molasses  are  added  to  the 
list  of  commodities  which  are  only  to 
be  sold  in  the  English  colonies. 

*  *[U.S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-08    A/d.    John  Seymour. 

N.  C.      Robert  Daniel  (deputy). 
[1705-08.     Thomas  Carey.] 

1705  Dec*  Efa.  England  gains  anew 
claim  to  the  territory  of  northern 
Florida  by  the  conquests  of  James 
Moore  of  South  Carolina. 

*  *  N.  (\  Anarchy  prevails  after  the 
death  of  the  governor. 

*  *  New  Eng.  Joseph  Dudley,  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  and  a  native  of 
New  England,  takes  the  lead  in  the 
conspiracy  against  its  liberties. 

*  *  -06  *  *  J'a.  Edward  Nott,  lieuten- 
ant-governor. 

1706  Nov.  *  S.  C.  Repeal  of  the  law 
which  disfranchises  dissenters. 

*  *  -10  *  *  N.  C.  The  royalists  and  pop- 
ular party  each  has  a  governor  and 
legislature;  the  former  lacks  popular 
favor,  and  the  latter  lacks  legal  sanc- 
tion. 

*  *  Port.    John  V.  king. 

S.  C.  Governor  Johnson  becomes  the 
executive. 

Invasion  by  the  French  and  Span- 
ish, who  claim  the  country  as  a  part  of 
Florida. 

*  *-10*  *  Va.  Edmund  Jennings 
lieutenant-governor. 

1707  Apr.  7.  New  York.  Samuel  Jen- 
nings reads  to  Lord  Cornbury  a  sharp 
remonstrance,  passed  by  the  New 
Jersey  assembly,  against  his  acceptance 
of  bribes  and  "  his  new  methods  of  gov- 
ernment." 

Dec.  17.  Conn.  Rev.  Giirdon  Salton- 
stall,  of  New  London,  is  elected 
governor. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  band  of  French  Huguenots 
settle  here. 

*  *  -10  *  *  New  York.  Ebenezer  Wilson 
the  28th  mayor. 


1708  June  26.  N.  Y.  The  act  vacat- 
ing extravagant  grants  of  land  in  New 
York  confirmed. 

Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  Arrival  of  John  Love- 
lace, the  new  governor  of  the  province. 
(1708-1709.)    New  Jersey  included. 

*  *  Can.  The  French  press  forward 
their  great  design  of  uniting  the  region 
of  the  Great  Lakes  with  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi  by  means  of  trading- 
posts  and  missions. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Governor  Cornbury  stub- 
bornly curtails  the  liberties  of  the 
colonists,  and  they  stubbornly  curtail 
the  revenue  of  the  governor,  and  peti- 
tion for  his  removal.  He  is  dismissed 
from  office,  and  imprisoned  for  debt  till 
the  death  of  his  father,  when  he  be- 
comes a  peer. 

1709  Apr.  *  ^V.  Y.  The  assembly  meets, 
and  proceeds  to  contest  the  governor's 
claim  for  a  permanent  revenue,  and  de- 
cides on  an  atmual  revenue  instead. 

June  8.  N.  Y.  Paper  money  is  first 
authorized  and  issued  here. 

*  *  -10  *  *  N.C.  "William  Grover,  gov- 
ernor.   (1709.     C.  S.    Edward  Tynte.) 

*  *  N.J.    Paper  money  is  first  issued. 

*  •  -10  *  *  N.  Y.  Richard  Ingoldsby, 
governor.    {1709.     A"".  J.) 

*  *  Pa.  Charles  Gookin  becomes  deputy- 
governor.    (-1713.    Md.   Edward  Lloyd.) 

1710  *  *  Eng.  Parliament  provides  for 
a  post-offlce  establishment  in  the  col- 
onies, with  New  York  as  the  chief  office. 

*  ♦  -12  *  *  .V.  C.  Edward  Hyde,  gov- 
ernor.   (-1711.     S.  C.     Robert  Gibbes.) 

*  *  N.  Y.    GerardusBeekman  governor. 
«  *  -19  *  *  N.  Y.    Robert  Hunter,  gov- 
ernor.   (1710.    A'.  J.) 

*  *_22*  *  Va.  Alexander  Spotswood, 
lieutenant-governor. 

He  builds  iron  furnaces,  and  fosters 
schools,  tra(fe,  and  peace.  The  colony 
flourishes  under  his  administration. 

*  *-ll*  *  New  York.  Jacobus  van  Cort- 
landt  the  29th  mayor. 

1711*  *N.C.  Thomas  Carey,  the 
deputy-governor,  being  deposed,  leads  a 
rebellion  against  the  Assembly  and  Ed- 
ward Hyde,  the  president  of  the  Coun- 
cil, and  proclaims  himself  governor. 
Governor  Spotswood  of  Virginia  sends 
an  armed  force  to  aid  Hyde,  and  Carey 
flees.    [He  is  sent  to  England  for  trial.] 

*  *  -14  *  *  New  York.  Caleb  Heathcote 
is  the  30th  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1710  Apr.  18.  Eng.  Four  Indian 
chiefs  arrive  in  London,  and  are  carried 
in  the  royal  coaches  to  their  audience 
with  the  queen. 

±  *  *  Brazil.    Diamonds  discovered. 

1711  Oct.  2.  Boston.  Great  fire;  lives 
lost  and  100  buildings  destroyed. 

1712  *  *  N.  C.  Yellow  fever  decimates 
the  colonists. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Albany  has  a  population  of 
four  thousand. 


58      1712-1721,  Feb. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1712*  *  Guiana.  The  French  attack 
the  Dutch,  and  exact  a  contribution. 

Jan.  28.  N.  C.  Above  New  Berne,  S. 
Carolinians  under  Col.  Barnwell  re- 
venge a  massacre  of  settlers  on  Sept. 
22  f,  by  attacking  the  Tuscarora  In- 
dians, killing  300  and  capturing  100. 

1713  Mar.  20.  N.C.  Col.  James  Moore 
of  S.  C.  defeats  the  fortified  Tuscaroras 
on  Cotentnea  Creek  [Snow  Hill],  killing 
many  and  capturing  800.  The  tribe  mi- 
grates north,  and  joins  the  Iroquois  Con- 
federation as  the  Sixth  Nation. 

Mar.  31.  Can.  The  Peace  of  Utrecht 
ends  the  hostilities  witli  Canada. 

1715  Apr.  26.  S.  C.  Massacre  of  the 
English  by  the  Yamasis  begins,  and 
Charleston  itself  is  in  peril.  [After  kill- 
ing 400  whites,  and  a  struggle  of  two 
years,  they  are  finally  driven  into  Flor- 
ida by  Gov.  Craven.] 

1718  ±  *  *  fK.  /.  The  buccaneers  are 
suppressed  by  Wood  Rogers,  the  gover- 
nor of  New  Providence. 

*  *  S.  C.  Pirates  on  the  coast  are  sup- 
pressed by  the  Governor. 

1719  *  *  Me,    Fort  St.  George  is  built. 

*  *  Panama.  The  Indians  destroy  several 
towns  which  the  Catholic  niissiouaries 
bad  established. 

*  *  "War    between  France  and  Spain. 
1720*  *^V.   S.    Ttie  French    begin    the 

defenses  of  liOuisburg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1715  *  *  iV.  J.  John  "Watson,  born  in 
Scotland,  commences  painting^  por- 
traits at  Perth  Aniboy,  and  is  the  lirst 
artist  to  attain  celebrity  in  America. 

*  *  Va.    Commencement  of  tlie  manu- 
facture of  pig-iron  in  Vivginia. 

1716  Feb.  8.  Per^  is  shaken  by  an 
earthquake. 

1717  Feb.  22.  Boston.  Snow  is  six  feet 
deep. 

1720  *  *  Pa.  S.  W^utt  erects  a  forge  in 
Coventry,  and  manufactures  iron. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1718*  • 

Lewis,  Francis,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 
1714*  » 

Acreltus,  Israel,  Swedish  missionary,  born. 

Andres.  Sir  Edmund,  Gov.  of  H.  Kng.,  A77. 

Henry,  Matthew,  author,  A62. 
1715*  * 

Dong'an,  Thomas,  Governor  of  New  York, 
A81. 

Finley,  Samuel,  pres.  Princeton  coll.,  b. 

Herkimer,  NirboJas,  general,  born. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  colonist,  born. 

Ponieroy,  Seth,  patriot,  born. 

Williams,  Ephraim,  founder,  born. 
1716*   * 

Boylston,  Nicholas,  philanthropist,  born. 

Livingston,  ThiUp,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 

Patch,  Klizabeth,  the  first  female  born  in 
Massachusetts,  dies. 
1717*  * 

Collins,  John,  Clovernor,  born. 

Cooke,  Nicholas,  deputy-governor,  born. 

Gardiner,  Sylvester,  physician,  born. 

1718*  * 

Urainerd,  David,  missionary,  born. 
Church,  Henjamin,  American  officer,  A7ft. 
Hopkins,  Esek,  first  eunuiiudore  t.  S.  N., 
bora. 


Penn,  ■WllUam,  founder  of  Pa.,  A74. 

Prideaux,  John,  soldier,  bom. 

Putnam,  Israel,  general,  patriot,  born. 
1719*   * 

Bellamy,  Joseph,  clergyman,  \vTiter,  born. 

Culpepper,  Thomas,  Lord,  Gov.  of  Va.,die8. 

Phillips,  John,  philanthropist,  born. 
1720*   * 

Dudley,  Joseph,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  A73. 

Gates,  Thomas,  Brit,  gen.,  born. 

Lennox,  Charlotte,  novelist,  born. 

Mayhew,  Jonathauj  clergyman,  born. 

Mercer,  Hugh,  soldier,  born. 

Woolman,  John,  Quaker  preacher,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1713  *  *  iV.    Y.      About  150  families  of 

XjUtherans  settle  in  Schoharie  County. 
+    U.  S.    Large  accessions  of  Irish  Pres- 

bjrterians,  who  are  driven  to  America 

by  the  Test  Act. 
1714*  *  Va.     First  Baptist  church  in 

this  province  formed  at  Burleigh. 

1715  *  *  Md.  It  is  enacted  that  bap- 
tism does  not  entitle  slaves  to  freedom. 

Benedict  Charles  Calvert,  the  pro- 
prietary, renounces  his  Gatholic  faith 
to  receive  his  inheritance. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  third  Reformed  Dutch 
church  is  built  at  Albany. 

*  *  R.  I.  Roman  Catholics  are  disf  ran- 
cliised. 

1716  Sept.  22.  Phila.  Presbyterians 
divide  into  three  Presbyteries,  and 
thus  constitute  the  first  synod,  called 
the  Synod  of  Philadelphia. 

*  *  New  York.  "WiUiam  Tennent  ar- 
rives [and  leaves  the  Episcopal  church 
for  the  Presbyterian]. 

1717  Sept.  17.  Phila.  The  Presby- 
terian Synod  first  meets.  It  "  founds 
a  fund  for  pious  uses." 

*  *  Can.  French  priests  have  flanked 
the  English  colonies  with  more  than  GO 
missions,  between  Montreal  and  New- 
Orleans  on  the  great  lakes  and  rivers. 

*  *  La.  French  priests  plant  the  cross 
and  the  flag  of  France  on  the  lower 
Miss'ssippi,  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mass.  Dr.  Ebenezer  Gay,  of  Hingham, 
is  [supposed  to  be]  the  first  Unitarian 
preaclier  in  America. 

*  *  Me.  Flourishing  Catholic  mission 
of  Sebastian  llasles,  on  the  Kennebec 
River. 

Massachusetts  fomids  an  anti-Catho- 
lic mission  among  the  Indians  on  the 
Kennebec. 

*  *  New  York.  A  Presbyterian  church 
is  organized  in  this  city. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Many  more  Lutherans  come 
over, 

*  *  Tex.  Franciscan  missionaries  begin 
their  labors  among  the  Indians. 

1718  May21,  Mass.  Increase  Math- 
er preaches  the  ordination  sermon  of 
Elisha  Callender,  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
church ;  subject,  '*  Good  Men  United." 

4;*  ♦-30*  *  Pa.  The  German  Baptists, 
called  Bunkers,  come  to  this  country. 

1719  *  *  Scot.  The  Synod  of  Glasgow 
and  Ayr  or<lers  one-tentli  of  a  collection 
to  be  taken  up  in  aid  of  Presbyterian 
worship  in  New  York  City. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  Presbyterian 
church  iu  this  city  is  built  (Wall  Street), 


1720*  *-23*  *  Greenland.  Hans 
'Egede,  a  Danish  ndssionary,  founds  a 
mission  at  Good  Hope. 

*  *  N.  H.  Mrs.  Rachel  Scammon  moves  to 
Statham,  and  is  the  first  Baptist  in  the 
colony. 

*  *  N.  J.  T.  J.  Frelinghuysen  preaches  hi 
Raritan  and  vicinity. 

May  *  Pa.  WiUiam  Tennent  removes 
to  Neshamlny,  where  he  establishes 
*'  Log  College." 

*  *  S.  C.  A  Presbytery  in  connection 
with  the  kirk  is  formed. 

1721  Jan.  23.  New  York.  Nicholas 
Eyers,  a  brewer,  is  licensed  to  preach 
to  a  Baptist  flock  by  the  authorities  of 
New  Amsterdam. 

LETTERS. 
1714  *  *  }r.  I.    The  Codrington   Col- 
lege    at     Bridgetown,     Barbados,     is 
founded  by  the  Moravians. 

1716  *  *  Conn.  Tlie  College  is  moved 
from  Saybrook  to  New  Haven,  and 
called  Yale. 

1717  *  *  Boston  has  its  first  auction  sale 
of  books. 

1718*  *  Mrtss.    Psalterium  AvfUkHcanum^ 

by  Cotton  Mather,  appears. 
n\9*  *  liostfm.    Mother    Goose's    Tales 

arc  published. 
The  Boston  Gazette  is  first  published. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Weekly  Messen- 
ger (the  third  newspaper)  is  published 
by  Andrew  Bradford. 

*  *  .22  *  *  Conn.  Kev.  Timothy  Cutler 
is  rector  of  Yale  College. 

SOCIETY. 

1712*  *  New  Yark.  Negro  plot  to  burn 
th«  town ;  nineteen  negroes  convicted 
and  executed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  legislature  receives  a  peti- 
tion for  the  **  enlargement"  of  negro 
slaves  by  law;  it  replies  that  it  is 
"  neither  just  nor  convenient  to  set 
them  at  liberty." 

*  *  S.  C.  Special  enactment  denying  that 
baptism  confers  freedom  to  negroes. 

1713  Mar.  31.  By  the  12th  article  of 
the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  an  English  com- 
pany secures  the  exclusive  right  to 
carry  African  slaves  into  American 
ports ;  this  defeats  the  colonial  legisla- 
tures that  seek  to  stop  the  slave-trade. 

*  *  Pa.  The  introduction  of  negroes  and 
slaves  is  prohibited  "  as  exciting  the 
suspicions  and  dissatisfaction  of  the 
Indians." 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Spotswood  writes  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  London  that  '*  the 
Indians  never  break  with  the  English 
without  gross  provocation  from  persons 
trading  with  them." 

1715  *  *  Md.  Two  fines  are  imposed : 
(1)  for  carrying  liquor  to  Indian  towns, 
5,000  lbs.  of  tobacco  ;  (2)  for  selling  over 
one  gallon  of  liquor  a  day  to  an  Indian, 
3,000  lbs. 

Special  enactment  denying  that  bap- 
tism confers  freedom  to  negroes. 


AMERICA. 


1712-1721,  Feb. 


59 


X719  *  *  ta.  Negroes  arrive  from 
Guinea. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  names  of  drunkards  are 
posted  in  public  houses ;  the  sale  of 
liquor  to  them  is  forbidden. 

STATE. 

1712  *  *  Guiana.  The  French  compel 
the  Dutch  in  Surinam  to  pay  a  ran- 
som to  save  their  city. 

Sept.  14.  Fr.  Antony  Crozat  is  granted 
a  monopoly  of  trade  and  $10,000  an- 
nually for  settling  the  Southwest  (Loui- 
siana). 

*  *  Mass.  Province  bills  are  made  legal 
tender. 

*  *  North  Carolina  is  the  refuge  of  many 
fugitives  from  justice,  and  has  scarcely 
any  government. 

*  *-13*  *N.C.  Thos.  Pollock,  president. 

*  *  S.C.  Issue  on  interest  of  new  bills  for 
£50,000.   (1715.   Chas.  Craven,  governor.) 

1713  Mar.  31.  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  France. 

By  this  treaty  Hudson  Bay  and  Straits, 
Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland,  and  St. 
Christopher  of  the  West  Indies  become 
subject  to  Great  Britain.  The  Five 
Nations  become  subject  to  England  with 
Acadia.  The  French  have  certain  re- 
served rights  on  the  "French  shores" 
of  Newfoundland.  Brazil  is  confirmed 
to  Portugal. 

*  *  Mass.  Rectification  of  the  bound- 
ary line  by  ceding  100,000  acres  of  land 
to  Connecticut. 

Worcester  settled. 

*  *  Miss.  A  trading-post  established  at 
Natchez. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Five  Nations  and  the 
Tuscaroras  of  Carolina  send  their  sa- 
chems to  Albany  to  meet  the  governors 
of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Vir- 
ginia. 

A  treaty  is  made  with  these  six  nations, 
by  which  the  valuable  fur  trade  of  tlie 
Indians  is  to  be  diverted  from  the  French 
to  the  English. 

The  English  establish  a  trading-post 
at  Oswego,  with  a  garrison  ;  the  French 
have  strong  forts  at  Niagara  and  at 
Crown  Point  on  Lake  Champlain. 

1714  Aug.  1.  Eng.  George  I.  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Mass.  Emission  of  £50,000  in  bills,  to 
be  let  out  at  live  per  cent  on  safe  mort- 
gages of  real  estate,  and  to  be  paid  back 
in  five  annual  instalments.  [Not  paid; 
more  issues  demanded.] 

*  *  Md.  Benedict  Charles  Calvert  suc- 
ceeds to  his  father's  hereditary  rights, 
and  he  soon  restores  the  authority  of 
the  proprietary,  after  a  suspension  of 
24  years. 

John  Hart  rules  for  [the  5th]  Lord 
Baltimore. 

*  *  -21  *  *  N.  C.     Chas.  Eden,  governor. 

*  *  -19  *  ♦  New  York.  John  Johnson  the 
31st  mayor. 

*  ♦  Tenn.  A  trading-post  started  on  the 
Tennessee  Kiver  [at  Nashville]. 

1716  Sept.  1.  Fr.  Louis  XV.  en- 
throned. 

*  *  A'.  C.     Edonton  founded. 


*  *  Mas/:.  The  Council  governs.  Jo- 
seph Dudley,  royal  governor. 

*  *-16*  *  Mass.  William  Tailer,  gov- 
ernor. 

17 16  *  *  Me.  English  settlements  estab- 
lished on  the  Kennebec. 

*  *  Miss.  Natchez  is  settled,  and  trade 
with  England  begins. 

*  ♦  Fr.  Law's  Mississippi  scheme  be- 
gins in  France. 

*  *  Va.  Gov.  Spotswood  crosses  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  is  the  first  to  enter  the 
great  valley  beyond ;  he  opens  a  road, 
and  emigration  soon  follows  to  the  Ohio 
lands. 

*  *  -23  *  *  Mass.  Samuel  Shute,  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  S.  C.    Robert  Daniel,  governor. 

*  *  O.  Route  from  the  Miami  River  to 
the  Wabash  is  opened. 

*  *  The  French  are  in  the  Ohio  val- 
ley, 

1717  Sept.*  Fr.  The  Western  Louisi- 
ana Company  obtains  its  grant.  Illi- 
nois is  annexed. 

*  *  La.  Crogat  transfers  his  interest  in 
this  province  to  a  chartered  company, 
headed  by  John  Law,  whose  national 
bank  and  Mississippi  speculation  (Xiaw's 
Bubble)  involve  the  ruin  of  half  the 
French  nobility. 

Bienville  appointed  governor-gen- 
eral, 

*  *  Pa.  Sir  William  Keith  becomes 
governor  [the  last  appointed  by  Penn 
himself], 

1718  May  *  Massachusetts  imposes  a 
duty  on  English  manufactures,  and 
makes  a  small  discrimination  in  favor 
of  its  commerce,  [It  is  negatived  by  the 
king] 

July  30.    Eng.    William  Penn  dies. 
Pa.    The  government  is  administered 
for  his  three  sons  (minors)  by  deputies 
[till  the  Revolution,  when  their  claims 
are  purchased  by  the  Commonwealth]. 

Aug.  25.  La.  Arrival  of  800  French 
emigrants  at  Dauphine  Island.  They 
found  New  Orleans,  Bienville  is  com- 
mandant-general. 

*  *  Colombia.  New  Granada  becomes 
a  Spanish  vice-royalty. 

*  *  Ecuador.  The  province  of  Quito 
Is  detached  from  Peru  and  annexed  to 
New  Granada. 

*  *  *  Eng.  Period  of  official  corrup- 
tion. 

Offices  in  the  colonies  are  used  by  men 
in  power  to  provide  for  their  relatives, 
dependents,  and  partisans,  or  sold  out- 
right for  cash,  or  by  setting  apart  a  pro- 
portion of  the  emoluments  for  the 
patron. 

*  *  Va.  Parliament  extends  the  post- 
office  establishment  to  Virginia. 

*  *  O.  French  settlements  made  in 
the  Ohio  Valley. 

*  *  Tex.    La  Harp©  arrives. 

*  •  New  Eng,  Arrival  of  the  Scotch- 
Irish,  who  introduce  potatoes. 

*  *  La.  Land  grants  are  issued  by  the 
Mississippi  Company  for  settlements  on 
the  Bay  of  St.  Louis. 


1719  July  31.  N.  Y.  The  chief  com- 
mand of  the  province  comes  to  Peter 
Schuyler,  in  the  absence  of  Colonel 
Hunter.      [To  1720.] 

Dec.  21.  S.C.  The  government  of  Car- 
olina is  revolutionized. 

James  Moore,  having  been  elected  gov- 
ernor by  the  people,  is  inaugurated  with 
military  display,  notwithstanding  the 
opposition  of  Governor  Johnson  m  be- 
half of  the  proprietors. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  first  prohibits  the 
manufacture  of  iron  in  the  colonies. 

The  Mother  Country  enacts  a  law  pro- 
hibiting the  working  of  iron  or  steel  in 
the  colonies,  and  also  declaring  that  no 
sugar,  tobacco,  ginger,  indigo,  cotton, 
fustic,  or  dyeing  woods  shall  be  trans- 
ported to  any  other  than  English  markets 
under  penalty  of  forfeiture,  and  requir- 
ing all  goods  to  be  imported  in  Knglish 
vessels,  and  therefore  from  Knglish 
markets;  because  "erecting  any  manu- 
factories in  the  colonies  tended  to  lessen 
their  dependence  on  Great  Britain." 

±  *  *  England  restricts  American 
manufactures. 

"The  inhabitants  worked  up  their 
wool  and  flax,  and  made  a  coarse  cloth 
for  their  own  use.  .  .  .  Hatters  were  in 
the  marine  towns.  .  ,  ,  Six  furnaces 
and  nineteen  forges  were  set  up  for 
making  iron." 

*  *  La.  Eleven  French  vessels  arrive ; 
500  negroes  imported  from  Guinea. 

*  *-20*  *  New  York.  Jacobus  van  Cort- 
landt  the  32d  mayor, 

*  *  S.  C.    Arthur  Middleton,  governor. 

1720  *  *  Brazil.  The  district  of  Minas  is 
separated  from  San  Paulo,  having  5  prin- 
cipal settlements  with  royal  charters. 

*  *-26*  *  Md.    Chas.  Calvert,  governor. 

*  *  Eng.  Royal  orders  forbid  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  to  issue  paper  money. 

*  *N.  Y.  William  Burnet,  governor  [till 
1728] ;  trade  between  the  French  and  In- 
dians prohibited.    New  Jersey  included. 

*  •  -25  *  •  New  York.  Robert  Walters 
the  33d  mayor, 

1721  Feb.  i  *  S.C.  Francis  Nichol- 
son, governor  of  Carolina,  arrives. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1713  Mar.  *  N.  Y.  A  part  of  the  de- 
feated Tuscaroras  leave  Carolina,  and 
migrate  to  northern  New  York,  and  be- 
come the  sixth  nation  of  the  Iroquois 
confederacy. 

1714  *  *  Boston  has  a  project  for  a  bank 
of  credit. 

*  *  -17  *  *  Xew  Eng.  Period  of  great 
commercial  activity.  The  trade  with 
the  West  Indies  is  extensive. 

1716  May  2.  Fr.  Law's  bank  estab- 
lished in  Paris. 

1717  *  *  Carolina.  Population  has  in- 
creased but  600  in  41  years. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Company  of  the  "West 
chartered,  with  John  Law  director. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  whale  -  fishery  is 
begun. 

1719  *  *  Mass.  Colonists  begin  to  use 
tea. 

1720*  *  tJ.  S.  Clocks  introduced 
about  this  date,  and  substitute  hour- 
glasses. 


C'O     1721,  May-1730,  Feb. 

ARMY  — HA  VY. 

1721  »  •  5.  C.  Got.  Nicholson  confirms 
peace  with  the  Indians. 

1722  July  25.  New  England  declares 
war  ag.iiHst  the  Indians. 

1723  Mar.  9.  Me.  An  expedition 
from  Massachusetts  burns  an  Abnalci 
Tillage  on  the  Penobscot. 

•  »  Miss.    Second  Natchez  War. 

1724  Aug.  23.  Me.  An  expedition 
from  Massachusetts  again  burns  Nor- 
ridgewock,  an  Abnaki  Tillage  on  the 
Penobscot. 

*  *  La.  Prance  sends  out  1,000  soldiers 
to  protect  the  colonists. 

1725  Deo.  15.  Me.  The  Eastern  In- 
dians sign  a  peace  with  the  English. 

•  *  Carolina  is  invaded  by  the  Yamasis 
of  Florida. 

*  *  LoTcwell's  fight  occurs  at  Pegwaoket. 

•  *  O.  The  English  are  disturbed  by  the 
French,  who  establish  themselTea  on  the 
Ohio. 

1726  *  •  The  French  retake  Fort  Denon- 
Tille  near  Niagara  KiTer. 

*  *Jf.  r.    The  French  build  Port  Niag- 
ara [at  Lewiston]. 

1729  »  *  Uruguay.  The  Spaniards  com- 
plete the  conquest  begun  by  the  Portu- 
guese at  Montevideo,  under  General 
Zarala, 

Nov.  29.  Miss.  The  Indians  attack 
the  French  settlement  at  Natchez;  200 
colonists  slain,  150  children,  80  women, 
and  as  many  negroes  taken  into  cap- 
tiTity;  only  20  whites  and  6  negroes 
escape. 

1730  Feb.  8.  La.  An  expedition  of 
revenge  captures  nearly  the  whole  tribe 
of  Natchezan  Indians,  that  niaasacred 
the  French.  [They  are  sent  to  St.  Do- 
mingo as  glares.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 
1722+*  */?./.     Hemp -duck   is    first 
manufactured. 

•  *  iV.  /.  Destructive  cyclone  at  Ja- 
maica. The  town  of  Port  Royal  is  over- 
whelmed with  an  inundation  of  the  sea. 

1727    Oct.  29.    Neiv  Kng.    An  alarming 

earthquake  occurs. 
1729 1  *  *  Brazil.  Diantond  mines  discoT- 

ered  in  Seria  Frio  (1710J  are  announced. 

•  •  Mass.  First  paper-mill  is  erected  .at 
Charlestown. 

•  •  Peru.  A  piece  of  gold  weighing  90 
marks  is  found  near  La  Paz. 


AMERICA. 


Harnett,  Cornelhis,  statesman,  born. 

Laiiilon,  .Samuel,  I'rrs.  of  Harvard,  born. 

LiviUKSton,  Williaiii,  Hot.  of  N.  J.,  poet,  A67. 

Mather,  Increase,  clergyman,  author,  A84. 

Randolph,  Peyton,  lirst  ITes.  of  Congress,  b. 
1734 •  • 

Backus,  Isaac,  clergyman,  born. 

Carleton,  .Sir  <iny,<lov.  of  Queliec,  born. 

Ilavies,  Samuel,  I'rcs.  of  I'rinc'cton,  born. 

Laurens.  Henry,  statesman,  born. 

Kivington,  James,  printer,  born. 
1725  •  • 

Cooper,  Samuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Cashing,  Thomas,  (iov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

Hall,  Lyman,  statesman,  born. 

Mason,  (leorge,  statesman,  born. 

Mlxon,  John,  general,  born. 

Otis.  James,  patriot,  born. 

Prdvost.  Augustine,  major-general,  born. 

Thomas,  John,  general,  born. 
1726*   • 

Alexander,  William,  major-general,  born. 

ISass,  Edward,  I'.  K.  bisliop,  born. 

Kolsom,  >■.,  brigadier-general,  born. 

Otterbein,  Philip  William,  founder,  bom. 

I'rescott,  William,  colonel,  born. 

Wythe,  George,  jurist,  born. 
1727'  • 

Bowdoin,  James,  statesman,  born. 

EUery,  William,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 

Alclntosh,  Laohlan,  general.  Lorn. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  Pres.  of  Vale  College,  born. 

Ward,  Artemas.  general,  born. 
1728*  • 

De  Peyster,  .Abraham,  acting  Gov.  of  N.Y., 

Gates.  Horatio,  general  V.  S.  A.,  born. 
Holyoke,  Edward  A  ugustus,  physician,  born. 
Mather.  Cotton,  tlieologian,  A65. 
Stark.  John,  general,  born. 
Warren,  Mercy,  authoress,  born. 
1729'  • 
liarllett,  Joslah,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 
Buddington,  William  Ives,  clergyman,  A62. 
Embury.  Philip.  .Methodist  jireacher,  born. 
Franklin,  William,  Governor  of  N.  J.,  born. 
Howe,  .Sir  William,  Eng.  general,  born. 
Seabury,  Samuel,  i'.  E.  bishop,  horn. 
Thomson,  Charles,  Sec.  of  Congress,  born. 
Williams,  John,  Tke  Redeemed  Captive,  ASS. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1721 • • 

Ashe,  John,  patriot,  born. 

De  Kalt),  Baron  John,  general,  born. 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  judge,  horn. 

Sherman,  Roger,  statesman,  born. 

Yede.  EUbu,  patron  of  Yale  College,  A73. 

Zeisberger,  David,  missionary,  born. 
1722 •  • 

Adams.  Samuel,  statesman,  born. 

AucbnuUy,  Samuel,  lovallst,  born. 

Humphrey,  Marshall,  botanist,  born. 

Lowndes,  Rawlins,  statesman,  born. 

Witherspoon,  John,  clergyman,  patriot,  born. 
1723 •  • 

±  Calef,  Robert,  antl-iiersecutionist,  dies. 

Cornbury,  Lord  Edward  Hyde,Gov.  of  N.Y., 
dies. 


CHURCH. 

1721  Mays.  It.  Innocent Xm. pope. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Mackinaw  mission  is  re- 
opened. 

1722  •  •  Conn.  The  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church  has  its  effective  begin- 
ning at  Stratford. 

1723  •  *  Miss.  The  Jesuits  are  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  north  of  Natchez. 

*  *  Conn.  First  Episcopal  church  in  this 
province  built  at  Stratford,  under  Dr. 
Johnson. 

Sept.  20.  Phila.  The  Synod  of  Philadel- 
phia appoints  a  Committee  of  Confer- 
ence with  the  miidsters  of  Connecticut, 
with  regard  to  their  affairs. 

*  *  *  Miss.  The  Natchez  tribe  of  Indi- 
ans worships  the  sun,  and  keeps  an  un- 
dying fire  in  its  great  wigwam. 

1724  May  29.  It.  Benedict XIII.  pope. 
Aug.  23.    Me.   Father  Sebastian  Rasles, 

the  most  noted  Catholic  missionary  in 
New  England,  is  killed  in  battle,  after  a 
service  of  thirty-seven  years  ;  he  dies 
standing  by  the  cross,  at  Norri<lgewock. 
Sept.  *  Neio  York.  The  first  Baptist 
church  is  organized,  with  Nicholas 
Eyers  pastor. 

1725  Jan.  1.  Greenland.  Fred.  Chris- 
tian, the  first  convert  of  the  Danish 
nnssionaries,  is  baptized. 

*  *  Mass.  The  ministers  desire  a  synod 
"  to  recover  and  establish  the  faith  and 
order  of  the  gospel."  [They  are  repri- 
manded by  the  Bishop  of  London  for 
setting  a  bad  precedent  for  dissenters.] 


1726  *  *  JI.I.  The  Baptists  of  Newport 
vote  to  take  "  a  weekly  contribution  for 
the  support  of  the  ministry." 

1727  May  19.  Eng.  The  Bishop  of 
London  declares  that  "Christianity  and 
the  embracing  of  the  gospel  does  not 
make  the  least  alteration  in  civil  prop- 
erty "  (slaves). 

*  *  La.  Ursullne  nuns  established  at 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  iV.  C.  Paul  Palmer  forms  the  Shiloh 
Baptish  church  in  Camden  Corner. 

*  *  Pa.  Rev.  George  Michael  Weiss, 
the  pioneer  minister  of  the  German 
Reformed  church,  arrives  and  organizes 
the  first  church. 

■William  Tennent,  a  Presbyterian,  es- 
tablishes the  first  theological  school 
in  America,  at  Neshaminy ;  it  is  com- 
monly called  "Log  College." 

*  •  Phila.  It  is  proposed  in  the  Presby- 
terian Synod  to  require  all  ministers  to 
subscribe  to  the  confession  of  faith. 
[Nev  Englanders  object.] 

A  great  number  of  German  Luther- 
ans arrive. 

1728  *  *  Greenland.  Godthaab  becomes 
a  Danish  mission  station. 

1729*  'Boston.  The  Old  South 
Church  is  erected  [now  standing]. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Baptists  and  Quakers  ex- 
empted from  paying  the  parish  minis- 
terial taxes  when  it  offends  their  con- 
sciences. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  second  Baptist  church  formed 
at  Meherriu,  by  Joseph  Parker. 

*  *  Xew  York,  Many  Jews  arrive  and 
settle  in  this  city. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Presbyterian  Synod,  by  an 
' '  Adopting  Act,"  makes  the  Westmin- 
ster Confession  of  Faith  its  standard. 

*  *  It.  /.  General  or  Arminian  Baptists 
form  an  association  at  Newport. 

LETTERS. 
1721    Aug.  21.     Boston.     TheNewEng- 
land   Courant  is    published   by   James 
Franklin. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Christian  Philosopher,  by 
Cotton  Mather,  appears. 

1723  Jan.  ♦ /ioston.  The  legislature  ap- 
points a  comnnttee  of  inquiry  respect- 
ing the  Ubels  of  the  press,  and  James 
Franklin  is  Imprisoned. 

The  New  England  Courant  is  continued 
with  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  younger 
brother  and  apprentice  to  James,  as 
nominal  publisher. 

1725  Oct.  16.  a:  r.  The  Nein  York 
Gazette,  the  first  newspaper  in  the 
city  and  the  fifth  newspaper  established 
in  the  colonies,  issued  by  William  Brad- 
ford.   [Continued  till  1741.] 

1726*  *-39»  *  Conn.  ReT.  Elisha  Wil- 
liams rector  of  Yale  College. 

1727  *  *  The  Maryland  Gazette,  the  first 
in  this  colony,  issued  at  Annapolis. 

1728  Feb.  13.  Mass.  Cotton  Mather, 
the  most  learned  man  in  America,  dies. 

1729  *  •  Pa.  Modem  Chivalry,  or  the 
Adventures  of  Captain  Farrago,  by 
Brackenridge,  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1721,  May-1730,  Feb,     61 


*  *  Phi/a.  The  Pennsylvania  Gazette, 
with  a  circuhition  of  ninetj',  is  bought 
by  Benjamin  Franklin. 

1730  Apr.  22.  A'ew  York.  A  public 
library  founded. 

SOCIETY. 
1721  *  *  Tlosfon  has  an  inoculation  con- 
troversy. 

*  *  Va.  Free  negroes,  mulattoes,  and 
Indians  are  disfranchised  "  for  the 
better  government  of  negroes." 

1723  •  •  New  York.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin arrives  in  a  penniless  condition. 

*  *  I'hUa.  Benjamin  Franklin,  17  years 
of  age,  arrives  and  works  at  the  prin- 
ter's trade. 

1724  *  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin 
sails  for  Europe  to  buy  printer's  ma- 
terials. 

[Dec.  •  He  arrives  in  London,  bnt  is 
disappointed  in  his  expectations.  1726. 
July  23.  He  sails  for  Philadelphia,  in- 
tending to  become  a  merchant.  Oct.  11. 
He  arrives.] 

*  *  Va.  Strong  opposition  to  the  slave 
trade. 

*  *  *  Eng,  The  government  opposes  ef- 
forts of  colonists  to  suppress  the  slave 
trade. 

STATE. 

1721  May*  Mass.  Dispute  with  the 
governor.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives declines  to  ask  the  governor  to  ap- 
prove its  choice  of  speaker,  and  it  also 
refuses  grants  of  money  till  the  governor 
shall  accept  its  acts,  resolves,  and  elec- 
tions. 

June  *  La.    News  of  John  Law's  flight 

arrives. 
Sept.  *  Eng.  The  Board  of  Trade  presents 

a  plan  for  consolidating  the  government 

of  the  American  colonies,  and  getting  a 

revenue  from  them,  which  endangers 

the  charter  governments. 
Jeremiah  Dummer  defends  the  New 

England  charters. 
••  *  La.     Nearly    1,000    immigrants    and 

1,367  slaves  arrive. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  English  hold  a  conference 
with  the  Five  Nations  at  Conestoga. 

*  ♦  Portugal.  The  Brazil  Company  is 
abolished  by  .John  V. 

*  *  R.  I.  Notes  issued  for  .<;40,000,  inter- 
est on  which  is  payable  in  hemp  and 
flax. 

*  *  S.  C.  Proprietary  government  is 
overthrown. 

*  •  Va.  Free  negroes  are  first  disfran- 
chised. 

1722  July  •  Mass.  The  legislature  de- 
clares the  Abnakis  to  be  traitors  and 
robbers,  and  offers  a  bounty  for  scalps. 

**  Chile.  After  a  struggle  of  180  years 
the  Chileans  make  a  treaty  with  the 
Spaniards,  separating  a  part  of  the 
country  to  form  Spanish  Chile. 

*  *  La.  German  settlers  remove  from 
Arkansas,  and  settle  20  miles  above  New 
Orleans, 

*  *  Md.  Marylanders  declare  theiriselves 
the  inheritors  of  English  common 
law. 


*  *  Mex.  Don  Juan  de  Acuna  becomes 
viceroy,  and  evinces  ability  and  in- 
tegrity. 

*  *  K.  C.  ThomasPolIook,  president  of 
council. 

»  «  _24  •  *  N.  C.  "William  Beed,  presi- 
dent of  council. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  authorities  of  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia  hold  a  con- 
ference with  the  Iroquois. 

Burnet   builds    a   trading-house   at 
Oswego. 

*  »  -26  *  *  Va.  Hugh  Drysdale  is  lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1723  Aug.  *  La.  New  Orleans  made 
the  center  of  French  authority  in  the 
South. 

*  »  Mass.  Gov.  Samuel  Shute  flees  to 
England  to  arraign  the  colony  fur  in- 
subordination. 

*  *-28*  *  Mass.  'WUliam  Dummer 
governor.    [1729-30.    Again.] 

*  *  Pa.  Paper  money  amounting  to 
£45,000  has  been  issued  in  the  last  two 
years. 

Franklin  assists  in  introducing  paper 
money.     [Afterwards   he  perceives  its 
evil  tendencies.] 
*•  *  Va.    The  negro,  mulatto,  and  Indian 
are  disfranchised, 

1724  ** -41  *•  Conn.  Joseph  Talcott 
governor. 

*  •  -25  *  *  N.  C.  George  Burrington 
governor. 

±  *  •  0.  The  Delawares  migrate  to 
branches  of  the  Ohio  for  convenience  in 
getting  game. 

*  *  Sp.    Louis  I.  king. 

Philip  V.  again  king. 

*  *  -31*  *  Vt.  French  settlements 
made. 

*  *  Vt.  Fort  Dummer  built,  the  first 
English  settlement. 

1725  *  •  Mass.  Western  Massachusetts 
is  settled. 

Dec.  15.  Mass.  Dummer  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  Indians. 

*  *  The  rivalry  between  France  and 
England  for  the  possession  of  Oswego 
and  Niagara  begins. 

*  *  N.C.  Sir  Eichard  Everard  gover- 
nor.   (,S'.  V.    Arthur  Middletou.) 

*  *  -26  *  *  New  York.  Johannes  Jansen 
the  34th  mayor. 

1726*  *  Can.  Beauhamois  is  appointed 
governor.    (To  1747.) 

»  *  Mass.  Gov.  Shute  receives  an  ex- 
planatory charter  from  the  Crown,  giv- 
ing him  more  power  over  the  General 
Court. 

Treaty  of  peace  made  [and  long  kept] 
with  Eastern  Indians. 

*  *  N.  Y.  By  treaty,  the  Senecas,  Cayu- 
gas,  and  Onondagas  place  their  lands 
under  English  protection,  with  that  of 
the  Mohawks  and  Oneida  Indians. 

*  *  -35  •  *  New  York.  Robert  Lurting 
the  35th  mayor. 

+  »  *  Engl.and  and  France  dispute  re- 
specting the  boundaries  along  the 
Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  — the  avenue 


of  western  communication.  The  In- 
dians surrender  a  strip  six  miles  wide, 
along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  On- 
tario, to  the  English, 

*  *  Pa.   Patrick  Gordon  governor. 

*  »  -27  *  *  Va.  Eobert  Carter  is  lieu- 
tenant-governor, 

1727  July  11.  Eng.  George  H.  en- 
throned. 

July  *  Me.  Further  treaty  made  with 
the  Indians  at  Falmouth  (Portsmouth). 

*  *  N.  Y.  Oswego  is  founded  as  a  for- 
tress. 

*  *  Va,    Fredericksburg  founded. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-30  *  *  .)/(/.    Benedict  L.  Calvert. 
-32  *  *  It.  I.    Joseph  Jenckes. 
-49  »  •  Fo.    William  Gooch. 

1728  *  *  Conn.  England  strives  to  alter 
the  laws  of  Connecticut. 

The  English  Law  in  regard  to  intestate 
estates,  favoring  the  eldest-born,  is  de- 
clared in  force  by  the  English  govern- 
ment, and  the  colonial  law  annulled. 

*  *  Eng.  Sir  William  Keith  proposes  a 
Stamp  Act. 

*  *  New  Jersey  colonists  petition  the 
king  to  separate  their  colony  from 
New  York;  he  refuses. their  request. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Burnet  is  transferred  to 
Massachusetts  to  make  way  for  John 
Montgomerie,  the  groom  of  the  chamber 
of  George  II,  while  he  was  Prince  of 
Wales.    (To  1731).    Governor  of  N.  J. 

*  *  The  Sha^wneea  migrate  to  branches 
of  the  Ohio. 

1729  July  29.  Carolina  becomes  a 
royal  government,  the  king  having 
bought  a  seven-eighths  interest  of  the 
proprietors  for  the  sum  of  £17,500,  with 
£5,000  added  for  quit-rents. 

Sept.  *  Carolina  is  divided  into  North 
.and  South  Carolina,  and  a  governor  ap- 
pointed for  North  Carolina, 

*  *  -30  *  *  Mass.  William  Dummer  is 
governor  again, 

*  *  It.  I.    George  Berkeley  arrives, 

*  *  S.  C.    German  Palatines  arrive. 

1730  Jan.  15.  New  York.  Gov.  Mont- 
gomerie grants  a  new  charter  to  the 
city.  It  provides  for  the  annual  election 
of  aldermen  and  other  local  officers  by 
the  people. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1721  *  *  Mass.  A  scourge  of  small-pox 
attacks  about  6,000  pcojile  in  and  near 
Boston ;  vaccination  is  introduced 
and  much  opposed. 

1722  *  *  Ma.is.  Population  is  about 
ninety-lour  thousand. 

1724  *  *  Eng.  English  ship-carpenters 
complain  of  the  competition  of  Ameri- 
cans. 

1727  *  *  English  imports  from  the 
North  American  Colonies  amount  to 
$2,870,000 ;  exports,  $2,085,000. 

1730  *  *  Doston.  Small  -  pox  ravages 
the  toivn  ;  loss,  500  lives. 

*  *  Port.  The  discovery  of  diamonds  in 
Brazil  being  announced,  the  govern- 
ment declares  them  crown  property. 


62 


1730,  Aug. -1736. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1731*  *JV.  r.  The  French  construct 
Fort  Frederick  at  Crown  Point  on  the 
west  shore  of  Lake  Champlain  [and 
make  it  a  strong  fortress],  commanding 
the  natural  waterway  between  the  Hud- 
son and  the  St.  I^awrence  rivers. 

*  *  La.  The  last  of  the  Natchez  war- 
riors are  defeated  by  the  French  [near 
Natchitoches]. 

1735  Apr.±  *  Ala.  The  French  send 
one  expedition  from  the  South  and  an- 
other from  the  North  against  the  brave 
Chicka»aws.  [Both  of  them  are  de- 
feated.] 

■1736  May  20.  Miss.  The  Chicka- 
aaws  defeat  the  French  force  from  Illi- 
nois under  D'Artaguette,  and  burn  him 
and  others  at  the  stake. 

May  29.  Miss.  The  Chickasaws  de- 
feat a  large  body  of  French  and  their 
Indian  allies  under  Gov.  Bienville. 

1736  *  *  Ga.  Gov.  Oglethorpe  builds  a 
fort  on  the  Savannah  River  at  Augusta, 
in  anticipation  of  a. Spanish  war ;  various 
other  forts  are  also  erected.  [In  Eng- 
land, Parliament  appropriates  §50,000 
for  expenses.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1731    May*  Phila.     Thomas    Godfrey 

obtains   a   patent   for    his    reflecting 

quadrant,  used  in  taking  altitudes  of 

the  sun  or  stars. 
*  *  liishnp   lierkeley  and  his   family  are 

painted  by  John  Symbert. 
1734  ♦  *  W.  I.     A    destructive    cyclone 

visits  Jamaica. 
1736    Feb.  6.    New  England  is  shaken 

by  an  earthquake. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1730 •  * 

Cardillac,  Antoine  de  ia  Motte,  founder,  d. 

Fairfax,  Bryan  L.,  loyalist,  born. 

Hewes,  Joseph,  signer  of  Declaration,  born. 

Kodney,  Cipsar,  patriot,  horn.  ? 

Ro88^(ieorge,  statesman,  born. 

Spwall,  SaiiHiel,  jurist,  A7K, 

Steuben,  Baron  Frederick.  I'rus.  gen.,  b. 

Stockton,  Kiohard,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 
X731*   « 

Banneher,  Benjamin,  negro  mathematician, 
born. 

Clavigero,  Francis  X.,  Mexican  historian,  b. 

Craik,  James,  physician,  born. 

Hollis,  Thomas,  benefa<'tor  of  Harvard,  A72. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 

Landiver,  Rafael,  Jesuit  jioet,  born. 

Lee,  Charles,  general,  born. 

McDougail,  Alexander,  general,  born. 

Moultrie,  William,  general,  born. 

Treat,  Koljert,  lawyer  and  patriot,  born. 

Williams,  William,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 
1733*   • 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  Methodist  preacher,  bom. 

Abbott,  Samuel,  founder,  born. 

Blair,  John,  justice,  born  in  Va. 

Carver,  Jonailian,  traveler,  born. 

Dickinson,  John,  political  writer,  born. 

Dunmore,  John  Murray,  governor,  born. 

Edes,  Benjamin,  journalist,  born. 

Erving,  .lobn,  clergyman,  born. 

Jolmson,  Tliomas,  justice,  born  in  Md. 

Johnston,  Samuel,  governor,  born. 

Lee.  Richard  Henry,  patriot,  born. 

Marion.  Francis,  patriot,  born. 

Rittenhouae,  David,  astronomer,  born. 

Washing-ton.  Oeorgre.  Father  of  his  coun- 
try, born.    Feb.  Sa. 
1733*  * 

Conway,  Thomas,  Count  de,  general,  born. 

Gushing:,  William,  justice,  born  in  Mass. 

Deane,  i+.iinuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Duane,  James,  statesman,  born. 
.  Fellows,  John,  general,  born. 


Law,  Richard,  jurist,  born. 

Lincoln,  Benjamm,  general,  born. 

Whipple,  Abraham,  naval  officer,  born. 
1734*   * 

(.aldwell,  James,  patriot,  Pres.  cl.,  born. 

Floyd,  William,  jiatriot,  born. 

(Joodricb,  Elizur,  clergyman,  born. 

Heck,  liarbara,  Methodist,  born. 

Lee.  Francis  Llg-btfoot.  patriot,  born. 

Jlanly,  John,  naval  conunander,  born. 

McKean.  Tliomas,  jurist,  born. 

Morris.  Robert,  statesman,  born. 

Saint  Clair,  Arthur,  general,  born. 

Sumter,  Thomas,  general,  sen.  for  S.  C,  bom. 
1735*   • 

Oct.  19.    Adams,  John.  2d  I'resident,  b. 

Boone.  Daniel,  pioneer,  born. 

Carroll,  John  D..  .Vrchbp.  of  Italttmore,  b. 

Clayton,  Abner,  general,  born. 

Cooper,  Allies,  Tres.  of  Colund>ia  Coll.,  born. 

Morgan,  John,  physician,  born. 

Revere,  Paul,  patriot,  born. 

Trumbull,  Benjamin,  historian,  born. 

Williamson,  Hugh,  physician,  born. 
1736*  * 

Clinton.  James,  general,  born. 

Henry.  Patrick,  orator,  born. 

Lee,  Ann.  founder  of  Shakers,  bom. 

Montg-omery.  Richard,  general,  born. 

Morgan,  Daniel,  general,  liorn. 

Vincennes  Sieur,de,.)ean,  fan.  founder,  A 48. 

Wentworih,  Sir  John,  Gov.  of  ii.  H.,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1130*  *  lioston.    The  Presbyterian 

church  is  organized. 
July  12.    It.    Clement  XIII.  pope. 

*  *  Conn,  — R.I.  Thirteen  Baptist 
churches  hold  yearly  meetings  upon 
the  *'Six  Principles." 

*  *  Me.  The  Jesuits  send  a  missionary 
from  Quebec,  and  Norridgewock  is  re- 
built. 

1731  Dec.  13.  W.  I.  The  first  Mora- 
vian missionaries  arrive  at  St.  Thomas. 

1732  Dec.  13.  W.  I.  O'Leonard  Dober 
and  Kitschnian,  Danish  missionaries, 
arrive  at  St.  Thomas. 

*  *  N.  H.  Its  first  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  erected  at  Portsmouth. 

*  ♦  Pa.  GathoUca  come  under  the  min- 
istrations of  Knglish  Jesuits. 

*  *  W.  I.  Nassau  becomes  a  mission  sta- 
tion of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel. 

1733  May  20.  Greenland.  Moravian 
missionaries  tirst  arrive. 

May*  Pa,  The  Seventh  Day  (German) 
Baptists  establish  a  monastic  society  at 
Ephrata. 

*  *  Ga.    Lutherans  settle  at  Ebenezer. 
The  Jews  at  Savannah  organize. 

*  *  Eny.  The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Gospel  sends  Jonathan  Barber,  a 
missionary,  to  the  Mohicans. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  German  Lutheran 
church  in  America  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  only  Roman  Catholic 
church  north  of  Maryland,  erected 
before  the  Revolution,  is  built. 

*  *  JV.  I.  St.  Croix  becomes  a  mission 
station  of  the  Moravians. 

1734  Oct.  *  Conn.  Rev.  .John  Sargent, 
of  Yale  College,  opens  a  mission  station 
among  the  Housatonics,  receiving  £500 
annually  from  the  Society  for  the  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel. 

*  *  Ga.  The  German  Lutherans  settle 
in  Georgia,  with  Pastors  Bolzius  and 
Gronau. 


*  *  -35  *  *  Mass.  The  great  awaken- 
ing at  Northampton,  under  the  minis- 
try of  Jonathan  Edwards. 

1735  Oct.  14.  Em/.  The  two  Wes- 
leys  sail  for  America. 

John  Wesley,  having  declined  a  quiet 
rectory,  sets  out  with  his  brother  Charles 
for  Georgia,  to  become  missionaries  to 
the  Indians.  Charles  Wesley  is  also  to 
be  secretary  to  the  governor. 

*  *  John  "Wesley  observes  the  Mora- 
vians. 

A  terrible  storm  convinces  W^esley  that 
the  German  Moravians  on  board  the  ves- 
sel have  a  fellowship  with  God,  to  which 
he  is  a  stranger. 

*  *  Co7in.  A  Baptist  church  is  organized 
at  Wallingfoi-d. 

*  *  Guinea.  The  first  Moravian  mission- 
aries land  at  Surinam. 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Assembly  orders 
a  new  meeting-house  built  for  the  Indi- 
ans, which  should  be  thirty  feet  wide 
and  forty  feet  long. 

*  *  N.  r.  The  Church  of  England  mis- 
sion among  the  Mohawks  reports  marked 
success. 

*  *  Va.    Lutherans  settle  Spottsylvania. 

1736  *  *  Ga.  The  Wesleys  change 
their  plan. 

They  abandon  the  project  of  establish- 
ing missions  among  the  Indians,  and 
engage  in  religious  work  among  the  col- 
onists, but  they  enforce  the  forms  of 
the  church  with  a  rigor  and  frequency  of 
repetition  which  soon  tires  the  people, 
and  provokes  resentment  and  persecu- 
tion. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Moravians  begin  mission- 
work  among  the  Indians. 

A  colony  of  pious  men  from  Herrnhut 
and  neighborhood  arrives,  seeking  that 
religious  liberty  which  was  denied  at 
home.  Some  brethren  resolved  to  go 
with  it,  in  order  to  preach  the  gospel  to 
the  Creek,  Chickasaw,  and  Cherokee 
Indians. 

The  two  Wesleys  become  ascetics. 

Tliey  deny  themselves  many  of  the 
common  conveniences  of  life,  sleep  on 
the  ground,  eat  only  bread  and  water, 
and  John  Wesley  goes  barefoot  that  he 
may  encourage  the  poor  boys  of  his 
school. 

*  *  Conn.  Mr.  Sargent's  church  among 
the  Housatonics  reports  52  members. 
[Later  two  hundred  and  fifty.] 

*  *  S.  C.  Ashley  River  Baptist  church  is 
formed. 

LETTERS, 

1730  *  *  S.  C.  A  printing-press  set  up 
at  Charleston. 

1731  Jan.  8.  The  South  Carolina  Oor- 
zette  issued  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Phila.  Franklin  establishes  the  first 
circulating  library  in  this  city.  The 
Library  Company  and  Loganian  Library 
founded. 

1732  *  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin's 
PoorJiichartVs  Almanac^  the  first  of  any 
note  in  the  United  States,  appears. 

1733  *  *  NeiP  York.  John  Peter  Zenger 
issues  the  Weekly  JoHma/,  and  criticizes 
the  arbitrary  acts  of  the  governor  and 
Assembly  in  imposing  illegal  taxes  — 
the  first  attempt  to  criticize  political 
measures  in  a  newspaper. 


AMERICA. 


1730-Aug.,  1736.     C3 


Great  aj^itation  respecting  the  free- 
dom of  the  press. 

The  aristocratic  party  denies  its  right 
to  criticize  the  government:  the  demo- 
cratic party  maintains  that  right. 

*  *  riiila.  Benjamin  Franklin,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-seven,  begins  the  study  of 
the  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Latin 
languages. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  first  Rhode  Island  Gazette 
appears  at  Newport.    (Or  Sept.  7,  1732.) 

1734  Nov.  17.  Neto  York.  Zenger 
imprisoned  for  defending  popular  gov- 
ernment in  the  Weekly  Journal. 

Zenger  is  the  editor,  and  is  put  in 
prison  for  criticizing  the  administra- 
tion ;  the  people  are  clamorous  for  his 
release.    [He  is  acquitted  shortly  after,] 

1735  *  *  Pa.  The  first  newspaper  in  a 
foreign  tongue  is  issued  in  German,  at 
German  town. 

1736  Aug.  6.  Va.  The  Virginia  Ga- 
zette appears  at  Williamsburg. 

*  *  Mass.  Mr.  HoUis  of  London  pledges 
to  support  twelve  Indian  scholars  in  the 
Housatonic  School  at  $100  per  annum, 
and  Mr.  Holden  five  more  on  the  same 
t«nn8. 

SOCIETY. 

1732  *  *  Georgia  Colony  is  planned  as  a 
benevolent  enterprise. 

James  Oglethorpe,  a  High  Churchman, 
a  cavalier,  a  soldier,  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  an  Oxford  man,  organizes  this, 
the  last  of  thirteen  colonies,  in  pure 
benevolence  as  a  refuge  for  the  poor,  es- 
pecially for  the  thousands  of  poor  debtors 
who  are  thrown,  annually,  into  the 
prisons  of  Kngland  for  no  other  ofifense 
tli;in  impecuniosity. 

Nov.  17.  Ent/.  Oglethorpe  sails  with 
120  poor  people  to  plant  a  colony  in 
the  wilderness  of  Georgia. 

1733  Jan.  26.  j\'.^.  A  negro  is  burnt 
alive  for  an  assault  on  a  white  woman. 

May  21  i.  Ga.  Oglethorpe  secures  a 
general  council  w i th  many  1  ndian 
chiefs ;  this  spreads  his  fame  for  justice 
and  goodness  far  and  wide. 

Tomo-chichi,  chief  of  the  Yamacraws, 
meets  his  new  neighbor,  Gov.  Ogle- 
thorpe, and  presents  liim  with  a  buffalo 
robe  painted  on  the  inside  with  the  head 
and  feathers  of  an  eagle.  "  Here  is  a 
present  for  you,*'  said  the  donor.  "  The 
feathers  are  soft  and  signify  love,  the 
buffalo  skin  is  an  emblem  of  protection, 
therefore  protect  us."  The  request  was 
not  lost  on  the  philanthropist. 

July  30.  Boston.  The  first  lodge  of 
Freemasons  is  opened. 

*  *  Ga.  On  the  second  day  after  his  ar- 
rival. Governor  Oglethorpe  declares  that 
"the  importation  of  ardent  spirit  is 
illegal." 

1734  *  *  Ga.  The  councilors  of  Georgia 
prohibit  the  importation  of  rum  into 
the  colony ;  slavery  is  positively  for- 
bidden ;  traffic  with  the  Indians  is  regu- 
lated by  license. 

*  *  Phila.  The  second  Freemasons' 
lodge  in  the  colonies  is  opened. 

1735  July  *  New  York.  Alexander 
Hamilton,  a  noted  lawyer  of  Philatlel- 
phia,  argues  for  the  acquittal  of  Editor 
Zenger,  who  is  charged  with  libel  for 
criticizing  the  government ;  he  gains 
the  verdict,  and  receives  a  gold  box  as  a 
testimonial  from  the  citizens. 


*  *  Eng.    Parliament  prohibits  the  im- 
portation of  liquors  into  Georgia. 

Slaves  run  away  to  Florida,  where  the 
Spaniards  welcome  them  and  give  them 
lands;  this  irritates  the  colonists  and 
provokes  war,  as  the  authorities  refuse 
to  surrender  such  slaves. 


STATE. 

1730  *  *  Brazil.  The  Government  de- 
clares diamond  mines  regalia. 

*  *  [  f/.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
June-July,     ^f(^ss.    William  Tailer. 
-41*  *  J.  Belcher.    Aug.  10.     Arrives. 
-35  *  *  S.  C.     Robert  Johnson. 

*  *  Ky.  Settlers  straggle  into  this  country. 

*  *  Md.     Baltimore  founded. 

*  *  R.  I    "Wild  issues  of  paper  money. 

1731  May  14.  Conn.  —  X.  V.  Final 
settlement  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Connecticut. 

**[(/.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-33  *  *  Md.    Samuel  Ogle. 

H.  C.    George  Burnington. 
-32  *  *  N.Y,    Rip  van  Dam. 

*  *  N.  C,    It  is  a  royal  province  again. 

1732  Apr.  10.  La.  The  Mississippi 
Company  surrenders  its  unprofitable 
charter  to  the  French  crown. 

June  9.  Eng.  George  II.  grants  [Geor- 
gia] to  James  Edward  Oglethorpe,  the 
philanthropist,  *'  to  be  held  in  trust  for 
the  poor ; "  40,000  hopeless  debtors  lie  in 
English  prisons. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  prohibits  the  in- 
troduction from  oi]e  colony  into  another 
of  hats  and  woolens  of  domestic  man- 
ufacture, and  makes  it  illegal  for  hatters 
to  have  more  than  two  apprentices. 

*  *  iU.  S.}  Governors  inaugurated : 
-33  *  *  Md.  Charles  Lord  Baltimore. 
-36*  *  N.  Y.    Win.  Crosby.    Aug.  1. 

Arrives. 
-36  *  *  N.J.    John  Anderson  (pres.). 
-34  *  *  R.  1.     William  Wanton. 

*  *  Md.  Tobacco  is  made  a  legal  ten- 
der at  one  penny  a  pound. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Two  parties  struggle  for 
supremacy,  the  democratic  party  main- 
tains the  freedom  of  the  press  to  criticize 
the  government,  and  the  aristocratic 
party,  which  opposes  its  freedom. 

*  ♦  -33  *  *  R.  I,  Wm.  "Wanton  gov- 
ernor. 

1733  Feb.  1.  Qa.  Gov.  Oglethorpe 
lays  out  the  streets  of  his  settlement 
(Savannah)  and  lands  his  colony. 

Feb.  12.  Ga.  The  colony  of  Savannah 
is  begun. 

He  designs  it  as  a  home  for  the  poor, 
and  a  reformatory  for  prisoners ;  35 
families,  numbering  about  150  persons, 
settle  here. 
May  21  i.  Ga.  Oglethorpe  holds  an  im- 
portant councU  with  the  Indians. 

*  ♦  Eng.  Parliament  passes  the  odious 
Importation  Act,  laying  exorbitant 
duties  on  all  the  sugar,  molasses,  and 
rum  imported  into  the  colonies.  [This 
excites  resentment,  and  evasion,  and 
leads  to  revolution.] 


*  *  La.  Bienville  returns  from  Fram-e 
with  a  conunissiou  from  the  king  ns 
governor. 

*  *  Mass.  The  province  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  petitions  Parliament  against 
the  grievance  of  a  royal  instruction  to 
support  the  Crown  officers  by  a  general 
instead  of  an  annual  grant.  [The  peti- 
tion is  voted  to  be  frivolous  and  ground- 
less —  a  high  insult.] 

1734  Mar.  *  Ga.  Germans  found  Eb- 
enezer,  above  Savannah. 

Nov.  17.  New  York.  Zenger,  printer 
of  the  Weekly  Journal,  is  arrested  for 
libeling  Governor  Crosby.  [Ac- 
quitted in  1735.]  This  is  the  first  attack 
upon  freedom  of  speech. 

*  ♦[r.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-41  *  *  Md.    Samuel  Ogle. 

N.  C.    Nathaniel  Rice  (pres.). 
-52  *  *  N.  C.    Gabriel  Johnson. 
-52  *  *  R.  I.    John  Wanton. 

*  *  Costa  Rica.  The  port  of  Caldera  is 
opened,  and  prosperity  revives. 

*  *  Ga.    Augusta  founded. 

1735  May  *  Ga.  Nine  Moravians,  or 
United  Brethren,  begin  a  settlement 
south  of  Savannah. 

*  *-39*  *  Nerv  York.  Paul  Richards 
36th  mayor. 

*  *  ^37  *  *  s.  C.    T.  Brougbton,  gov. 
1736*  *  Ga.    A  party  of  100  Scotch 

Highlanders,  with  John  M'Leod  their 
minister, arrive  and  [found  Invernesson 
the  Altamaha]. 
Feb.  6.  Ga.  Governor  Oglethorpe  re- 
turns from  England,  bringiii*;  300  im- 
migrants, including  25  Moravians  and 
the  two  Wesleys. 

*  *  [U.  5.]    Governors  inaugurated. 
-43  *  *  N.  Y.    George  Clarke. 

N.  J.  John  Anderson  (pres.). 
-38  *  *  N.  J.  John  Hamilton  (pres.). 
-38  ♦  *  Pa.    James  Logan  (pres.)- 

*  *  Pa.  Benjamin  Franklin  is  chosen 
clerk  of  the  general  assembly, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1731*  *  Neiv  York.  First  fire  engines 
introduced :  a  department  is  organized. 

*  *  Philadelphia  has  12,500  population. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  has  about  18,000  inhab- 
itants. 

1732  *  *  N.  Y.  A  stage  route  opened 
from  New  York  to  Boston,  a  journey  of 
fourteen  days. 

*  *  S.  C.  Prevalence  of  yellow  fever ; 
business  nearly  suspended. 

*  *  W.  /.  The  yellow  fever  appears  in 
several  islands  of  the  West  Indies. 

*  *  New  York  province  has  a  population 
of  about  65,000;  Pennsylvania,  about 
30,000 ;  and  Virginia,  about  sixty  thou- 
sand. 

1733  *  *  Maryland  has  a  population  of 
thirty-six  thoxisand. 

1734  *  *  Can.  Quebec  and  its  suburbs 
have  4,603  inhabitants. 

1735  *  *  Boston  has  a  population  of 
about  sixteen  thousand. 

1736  *  *  Mass.  A  regular  line  of  stages 
runs  from  Boston  to  Newport. 


64 


1737-1744. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1737  *  *  Ga.      Gov.  Oglethorpe    returns 
from  England  with  a  military  commis- 
sion and  a  British  regiment  of  600  men, 
to  protect  the  colony  from  the  Spaniards. 

1739  Oct.  23  -48  *  *  England  is  at 
war  with  Spain  to  open  the  ports  of 
Spanish  America  to  English  merchants. 

Nov.  22.  Colombia.  Admiral  Edward 
Vernon,  with  six  English  men-of-war, 
takes  Portobello  from  Spain. 

1740  Jan.  4^.  Ga.  Governor  Ogle- 
thorpe with  1,200  troops  and  1,000  ludi- 
aus  invades  Florida  as  ordered  from 
England.  [May  10.  Takes  Fort  St.  Di- 
ego, near  St.  Augustine.] 

Mar.  *  Ala.  The  French  send  another 
expedition  against  the  Chickasaws. 

June  *  -July  *  Fla.  Oglethorpe  leads  a 
strong  expedition  to  capture  St.  Augus- 
tine; after  a  siege  of  five  weeks  he 
withdraws. 

Oct.  *  W.  I.  New  England  troops  join 
Admiral  Vernon  in  an  expedition  sent  to 
break  Spanish  power  in  the  West  Indies. 

ITov.  *  Ala,  The  Chickasaws  promise 
peace  to  the  French. 

1741  Mar.  *  Colombia.  Admiral  Ver- 
non's expedition  of  27,000  men  against 
Cartagena  is  frustrated  by  disease. 

*  *  Cuba.  Tlie  English  colonies  partici- 
pate in  an  attack  upon  this  island. 

1742  July  5.  Ga.  A  Spanish  fleet 
of  51  vessels,  with  5,000±  men,  carries 
the  war  northward  into  Georgia.  [It 
is  foiled  by  the  stratagem  of  Ogle- 
thorpe and  his  small  army;  the  Span- 
ish commander  is  dismissed  from  the 
service.] 

July  15,  Ga.  The  Spaniards  retire 
from  the  attack  on  Savannah  County. 

July  18.  Ga.  The  Spaniards  attack 
Fort  Williani  and  are  repulsed. 

1744*  *-4S*  *King   George's   War 

between  Great  Britain  and  France. 
Mar.  15.     France    declares  war   against 

Great  Britain. 
May  *  Me.    A  French  force  from  Cape 

Breton  surprises  the  English  garrison  at 

Canso  and  destroys  the  fort. 
June    2.      Boston  receives  information 

that  France  has  declared  war  against 

England. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1741  *  *  Vitus  Bering  discovers  north- 
western America. 

1742*  *  Boston.  Faneuil  Hall  is  built 
by  Peter  Faneuil,  and  presented  to  the 
town. 

*  *  Cart.  Middleton  and  Moore  make 
their  discoveries  in  Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Afd.  Copper- works  are  in  operation, 

1743  *  *  7*rt.  John  Bartram  engages  in 
botanical  explorations. 

*  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin  estab- 
lishes the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety.  [1753i.   Expires.   17C9.  Revived.] 

*  *  A'.  C,  The  cultivation  of  indigo 
begins. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1737*   • 

Allen.  £than,  colonel,  born. 

Carroll,  Charles,  patriot,  born. 

Copley,  John  Singleton,  painter,  born. 

Deane.  Silas,  diploniatist,  born. 

Hancock,  John,  titatesman,  born. 

Heath,  Williani.  general,  born. 

llopkiiison,  Fraiujis,  author,  born. 

Nicholson,  .James,  conunodore,  born. 

Paine.  Thomas,  author,  born. 
1738*   * 

lioardman,  Richard,  clergyman,  born. 

Ilobart,  John  (I.,  senator,  born. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 

Palmer,  Kuf  ua,  general,  born. 

Qnincy,  Kdmund,  jurist,  born. 

■West,  Benjemin,  painter,  born. 
1739  •   * 

ISartram,  William,  botanist,  born. 

Clinton.  Geori^e,  vice-president,  (lov.  of  N. 
Y.,  born. 

Clymer,  (Jeorge,  statesman,  born. 

Duche,  Jacob,  Hrst  chaplain  of  Cong.,  liorn. 

Dupont,  Pierre  Samuel,  economist,  born. 
Jarvis,  Abraham,  bisboj),  born. 

Langdou,  John,  statesman,  born. 

Pickens,  Andrew,  general,  born. 
Rutledge,  John,  justice,  born  in  S.  C. 
1740*   * 
Harrison,  Benjamin,  signer  of  Decl'n,  b. 

Lathiop,  .lolm,  clergyman,  born. 
Lee.  Arthur,  statesumn,  born, 
Meig^s,  Return  Jonathan,  offlcer,  born. 
O'Hrien,  .Jeremiah,  privateer,  born. 
Otis,  Samuel  A.,  senator,  born, 
Sullivan,  John,  general,  born, 
1741  *   ♦ 
Arnold,  Benedict,  gen.,  traitor,  born. 
Chase,  Samuel,  justice,  born  in  Md. 
Fitzsinimons,  Tltomas.  i)atriot,  born. 
Kirklan<l,  Sainnel,  foimder,  born. 
Murray,  John,  clergyman,  born. 
Peaboiiy,  Nathaniel,  general,  born. 
Peale,  Charles  Wilson,  painter,  born. 
Perkins,  Elisha,  jibysician,  born. 
Reed,  Joseph,  patriot,  born. 
Warren,  Joseph,  patriot,  born. 
1743*   * 
Hard,  Samuel,  physician,  born. 
Bradford,  Andrew,  journalist,  A55. 
Brant,  Joseph,  Tklohawk  chief,  born.  ? 
Cadwallader,  John,  general,  born. 
Clagget,  J.  Thomas,  bishop,  born. 
Drayton,  William  Henry,  statesman,  born. 
Greene,  Nathaniel,  general,  born. 
Hooper.  William,  patriot,  born. 
Hagar,  Isaac,  general,  born. 
Icard,  Rnlph,  statesman,  born. 
Middleton,  Arthur,  statesman,  born. 
ProToost,  Samuel,  bishop,  born. 
Robertson,  James,  pioneer,  born. 
Wilson.  James,  justice,* born  in  Pa. 
1743*   * 
Allen,  Thomas,  chaplain,  born. 
Blair,  .lames,  William  and  Mary  College,  d. 
l>ana,  Francis,  jurist,  born. 
Dexter,  Timothy,  eccentric  citizen,  born. 
Elbert,  Samuel,  Governor  of  t;a.,born. 
Faneuil.  Peter,  donor  of  Faneuil  Hall,  A43. 
Fitch,  John,  inventor,  born. 
Heckewelder,  Jotm,  missionary,  born. 
Jackson,  Jonatlian,  congressman,  born. 
Jefferson,  Thomas,  President,  born  Apr.  2. 
Porter,  Andrew,  general,  born. 
Rand,  Isaac,  physician,  born. 
Rumsey,  James,  inventor,  born. 
Warner,  Seth,  officer,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1737  Sept.  23.  A'.  }'.  Hebrews  dis- 
franchised by  the  Legislature. 

*  *  Ga.  Charles  Wesley  leaves  the  colony 
for  England  nia  Boston. 

John  "Wesley  sails  for  England  later 
in  the  year,  having  failed  aa  a  mission- 
ary, and  thoroughly  cured  of  mysticism. 

1738  Jan.  *  George  "Whitefield,  pul- 
pit orator  and  consecrated  Methodist 
evangelist,  sails  for  Georgia  on  his  first 
visit  to  America.  [He  projects  an  or- 
phan asylum,  and  soon  returns  to  Eng- 
land in  its  interests.] 

May*  Ga.  Whitctjeld  arrives,  and  es- 
tablishes an  asylum  for  orphans. 


Sept.  *  S.  C.  Whitefield  sails  from 
Charleston  for  England. 

*  *  Greenland.  Kajaruak,  the  first  Eski- 
mo convert, is  awakened  by  the  Moravian 
preaching. 

*  *  S.C.    Peedee  Baptist  church  formed. 

1739  Sept.  *  Eng.  George  White- 
field  sails  from  England  to  visit  Amer- 
ica the  second  time. 

[He  lands  in  Philadelphia  early  in 
November.  He  visits  New  York, preach- 
ing thrice  dailj^  for  a  week  ;  goes  to 
Georgia  and  visits  his  Orphan  House ; 
visits  most  of  the  important  cities, 
preaching  incessantly,  and  greatly  hon- 
ored by  clergy  and  people,  and  power- 
fully movine  the  masses  of  the  people  by 
his  zeal  and  eloquence.  Twenty  thou- 
sand persons  listen  to  his  farewell  ad- 
dress on  the  Common  in  Boston ;  he 
raises  much  money  for  his  Orphan 
House.] 

*  *  Mass.  The  meeting-house  (and  school 
house),  built  by  the  Assembly  for  the 
Indians,  is  tirst  occupied. 

*  *  Md.  Baltimore  has  its  first  Protestant 
Episcopal  church. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  divided 
into  friends  and  foes  of  the  revival 
connected  with  Whitefield. 

1740  Aug.  17.  It.  Benedict  XIV. 
pope. 

*  *  Conn.  Conversion  of  the  Indian,  Sam- 
son Occum,  afterward  Indian  mission- 
ary. 

*  Mass.    Arian  views  of  Christ  cher- 
ished in  New  England. 

*  *  N^.  y.  Henry  Ranch,  the  first  Mora- 
vian missionary  to  the  New  York  In- 
dians, begins  work  at  Shekosniko. 

Missionary  Henry  Ranch  is  bitterly 
opposed  by  the  white  people. 

Their  large  income  in  trading  with  the 
Indians  is  due  to  the  ignorance  of  the 
latter.  In  proportion  to  the  success  of 
the  mission,  opposition  increases.  Mis- 
sionaries and  Christian  Indians  are  ar- 
rested upon  absurd  and  false  charges, 
and  the  work  of  Ranch  and  his  co- 
laborers  is  obstructed  in  every  possible 
way. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Moravians  begin  mission 
work  among  the  Indians  at  Bethlehem. 

*  *  -47  *  *  Pa.  Between  these  dates 
Ludweek  Hacker  set  up  a  Sabbath- 
school  at  Ephrata,  among  the  German 
Seventh-day  Baptists  there.  (Haydn.) 
[The  school-room  was  used  as  a  hos- 
pital after  the  battle  of  Brandywine, 
(1777),  thus  breaking  up  the  school.] 

*  *  Phila.  Friction  in  the  Presby- 
terian Synod ;  cause,  revivals. 

*  *  S.  C.  George  "Whitefield  is  called 
before  the  commissary  to  answer  for 
"certain  articles,"  touching  irregulari- 
ties and  breach  of  pledges  made  in 
ordination. 

1741  Jan.  16.  S.  C.  Whitefield  em- 
barks at  Charleston  for  England. 

*  *  Phila.  Schism  in  the  Presbyterian 
Synod ;  the  New  Brimswick  Presbytery 
is  excluded. 

June  2.  Phila.  The  Presbytery  of  New 
Brunswick  meets,  with  others  who  are 
excluded  from  the  synod,  and  organizes 
the  Presbytery  of  liondonderry.  [A 
synod  ia  called  for  August,  1742.] 


AMERICA. 


1737-1744. 


65 


*  *  New  Eng.    "Whitefield'a  revival. 

Between  thirty  and  forty  thousand 
persons  have  professed  conversion  dur- 
ing the  last  two  years,  under  the  preach- 
ing of  Whitefleld. 

*  •  X.  Y.  The  Church  of  England  Mo- 
hawk Mission  reports  500  Indians  in  2 
towns,  and  58  communicants. 

*  *  Pa.  Count  Zinzendorf  visits 
America  and  preaches  to  the  Moravians, 

It  is  claimed  tliat  Dr.  George  de  Benne- 
ville  first  preaches  UniversaliBni  in 
America. 

The  Moravians  found  Bethlehem. 

1742  Feb.  11.  Pa.  Count  Zinzendorf 
ordains  two  missionaries  at  Oly,  to  labor 
among  the  Indians. 

*  *  Conn.  The  General  Assembly  repeals 
the  law  exempting  "  sober  dissent- 
ers** from  worshiping  with  the  "stand- 
ing order." 

Severe  laws  enacted  against  the 
"•New  Xiights,**  who  favor  a  more 
spiritual  life  in  religion  — bitter  conten- 
tion with  the  "  Old  Lights." 

Harvard  and  Yale  arrayed  against 
■Whitefleld;  the  General  Assembly 
makes  it  illegal  for  any  unsettled  min- 
ister to  preach  at  all. 

*  »  Md.  The  first  Baptist  church  formed 
at  Chestnut  Ridge,  near  Baltimore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  great  revival  prevails 
among  the  Mohican  and  other  Indian 
tribes. 

Aug.  *  Pa.  The  Presbytery  of  New  Lon- 
donderry holds  its  first  meeting  ;  it  con- 
sists of  members  who  were  excluded  from 
the  Presbyterian  Synod. 

*  '  Pa.  Arrival  of  Henry  M.  Muhlen- 
berg, the  founder  of  the  Lutheran 
church  in  America.  A  new  epoch  opens 
for  the  Lutherans  in  his  organizing  work. 

1743  •  *  Boston.  A  second  Baptist 
church  formed. 

May  30.  Phila.  The  Presbyterian  Synod 
meets,  and  rejects  overtures  of  peace 
from  the  Synod  of  New  York. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Mohawk  mission  of  the 
Church  of  England  reports  only  two  or 
three  of  the  tribe  unbaptized. 

LETTERS. 
1739  *  •  -66  *  •  Conn.    Kev.   Thomas 
Clap  is  president  of  Yale  College. 

1741  *  *  Phila.  The  American  Magazine, 
conducted  by  John  Webbe,  appears.  It 
is  the  earliest  magazine  In  America ; 
but  two  numbers  issued. 

The  General  Magazine  and  Historical 
Chronicle,  the  first  literary  journal  in 
America,  is  issued  by  Benj.  rr.inklin. 
(Six  numbers.) 

1742  •  *  Pa.  The  first  public  library  in 
Pennsylvania  is  instituted  by  the  effort 
of  Franklin. 

1743  •  »  -47  *  *  Boston.  The  American 
Magazine  appears. 

*  •  Boston.  The  Boston  Weekly  Museum 
appears.    (Four  numbers.) 

*  •  -45  •  ♦  Boston.  The  Christian  IPistory 
appears. 

*  *  Mass.  The  education  of  Housatonio 
Indian  girls  is  begmi  with  poor  success. 


*  *  New  York.  The  New  York  Gazette  or 
Weekly  Post-Bop  issued  by  Jas.  Parker. 

*  *  Pa.  A  German  edition  of  the  Bible  is 
published  at  Germantown. 

SOCIETY. 

1738  *  *  S.  C.  Desolating  insurrection 
of  negroes,  inspired  by  Spanish  inilu- 
ence  ;  leaders  are  executed. 

1740  *  *  S.  C.  Teaching  negroes  to 
write  is  prohibited  by  law. 

1741  *  •  Neio  York.  Negroes  conspire 
to  murder  their  masters,  and  burn  the 
city ;  a  panic  ensues,  and  a  public  fast 
is  observed. 

Four  whites  and  18  negroes  are  sud- 
denly hanged,  14  negroes  are  burned,  71 
transported,  and  many  imprisoned  ;  the 
existence  of  a  plot  is  doubted.  [Later  it 
is  proved  that  none  existed.] 

1743  »  »  Ga.  Gov.  Oglethorpe  closes 
ten  years  of  office  with  the  colonists,  not 
having  taken  for  himself  an  acre  of 
ground,  nor  even  owned  a  house. 

The  poor  colonists  clamor  for  the 
introduction  of  slaves;  the  prohibitory 
laws  are  first  evaded  and  then  defied. 

±  *  *  Ga.  Improvident  English  settlers 
contend  that  rum  is  necessary  to  resist 
the  climate,  and  that  none  but  slaves 
can  till  the  soil. 

1744)-  *  »  t'a.  Mobs  persecute  the 
Baptists  here  and  elsewhere  ;  ministers 
are  frequently  imprisoned  for  preaching. 

STATE. 

1737  *  *  La.  A  royal  edict  permits  ten 
years*  freedom  of  commerce  between 
Louisiana  and  the  West  Indies. 

Mar.  *  N.  C.  The  Assembly  imprisons 
the  king's  officers  for  distraining  rent ; 
because  of  this  it  is  dissolved,  leaving 
the  colony  without  revenue  and  the 
officers  without  pay. 

»  *  -43  *  •  5.  c.    Wm.  Bull,  governor. 

1738  •  *  Jamaica.  The  Maroons  (run- 
away slaves)  are  permitted  to  form  set- 
tlements in  the  north  part  of  the  island. 

*  •  New  Jersey  becomes  a  separate 
colony. 

Colonists  again  petition  for  separation 
from  New  York,  and  the  king  yields,  and 
appoints  I^ewis  Morris  governor. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-46  •  *  N.J.     Lewis  MorrLs. 

-47  *  *  Pa.   George  Thomas  (deputy). 

1739  •  *  Colombia.  The  new  kingdom 
of  Granada  is  established  under  a 
viceroy. 

*  *  Me,  A  few  Germans  settle  in  Waldo- 
borough. 

*  * -44  *  *  New  York.  John  Cruger 
the  37th  mayor. 

1740  *  »  Ga.  The  Moravians  are  op- 
posed to  war,  and  emigrate  as  a  body 
to  Pennsylvania,  where  they  found  Beth- 
lehem and  Nazareth. 

*  »  -43  *  *  B.  /.  Richard  Ward  gover- 
nor. 

*  *  S.  C.  Act  passed  forbidding  to 
teach  negroes  how  to  write. 


*  *  The  jurisdiction  of  the  French  north 
of  Baton  Rouge,  in  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley, is  only  in  name ;  its  expensive  colo- 
nization is  a  failure. 

*  *  Tennessee  first  explored. 

*  *  *  Period  of  colonial  prosperity. 

1741  *  *  Eng.  Parliament  interferes  to 
restrain  the  issue  of  paper  currency 
in  the  colonies. 

*  *  New  Hampshire  is  finally  separated 
from  Massachusetts,  and  becomes  the 
only  royal  government  in  New  England. 

*  *IU.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-50  *  *  Conn.    Jonathan  Law. 
May  6-49  *  *  Mass.    Wm.  Shirley. 

1742  •  •  Va.  Richmond  is  established 
by  legislative  enactment. 

*  *  Md.    Thos.  Bladen,  governor. 

1743*  *iU.  S.]  Governors  inatigu- 
rated : 

Sept.  22-53  *  »  A'.  Y.    Gen.  Clinton. 
-44  *  *  n.  I.    W.  Greene.    [1746, 48-54.] 
-55  •  *  S.C.    James  Glen. 

Sept.  27.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Clinton's  first  offi- 
cial act  is  to  dissolve  the  Legislature, 
and  issue  writs  calling  another. 

1744  Jtily  4±.  Pa.  Commissioners  from 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia 
meet  envoys  of  the  Iroquois  at  Iian- 
caster,  and  for  $2,000  purchase  their 
claim  to  the  region  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
[Later  the  English  claims  extend  to  the 
Mississippi.] 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  provides  for  the 
government  of  the  province  of  Quebec, 
empowering  the  king  to  appoint  a  coun- 
cil of  administration. 

*  *  O.  The  English  seek  to  occupy  the 
Ohio  Valley  in  competition  with  the 
French.  [The  struggle  continues  for 
thirty  years.] 

*  *  -47  *  *  Neio  York.  Stephen  Bayard 
the  38th  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1738*  •Paper  currency  depreciated; 
gold  is  at  a  premium. 

One  hundred  English  sovereigns  are 
worth  £500  in  New  England  notes,  £160 
or  more  in  the  notes  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland, 
.^1,000  in  notes  of  North  Carolina  or 
£1,400  if  offered  in  London. 

1739  Aug.*  Ga.  Governor  Oglethorpe, 
with  only  three  or  four  attendants,  jour- 
neys through  the  unbroken  wilderness 
for  a  month,  suffering  great  hardships, 
in  order  to  meet  Tomo  Chichi  and  other 
chiefs  in  a  great  council  at  the  Indian 
town  of  Choweta,  300  miles  northwest  of 
Savannah. 

*  *  W.  I.    The  yellow  fever  rages. 

1740  •  *  S.  C.  Great  fire ;  best  build- 
ings burned.  [Parliament  appropriates 
8100,000  for  the  sufferers.] 

1741  Mar.  18.  New  York.  The  chapel 
and  buildings  in  the  fort  are  burned. 

1743  *  *  Ga.  Settlers  not  permitted  to 
hold  their  lands  in  fee  simple  previous 
to  this  date. 


GG      1744-1751,  Nov. 

ARMY— NAVY.  • 

1745  June  17.    N.  S.    Louisburg,  the 

chief  stronghold  of  the  French  in 
America,  is  taken  by  4,000  colonists 
from  New  England,  led  by  William 
Pepperell,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Maine, 
aided  by  a  few  Knglish  vessels. 
Nov.  16.  Jf.  Y.  The  French  and  In- 
dians surprise  the  village  of  Saratoga. 

*  *  Can.  The  projected  conquest  of  Can- 
ada by  the  united  colonists  is  abandoned 
on  the  arrival  of  a  French  fleet. 

*  *  Boston  becomes  apprehensive  of  an 
attack  from  D'Anville's  fleet. 

1746  Aug.  20.  Mass.  The  French  and 
Indians  take  Fort  Massachusetts ; 
part  of  the  prisoners  are  massacred. 

1747  Feb.  4.  m  S.  Colonel  Noble  is 
surprised  at  Grand  Pr^. 

Jan.  31.    iV.  S.    Battle  of  Minas. 
June  *  Can.    Montreal  is  raided  by  the 
British. 

1748  June  26.  Vt.  A  battle  with  In- 
dians is  fought  at  Marlborough ;  the 
Indians  retire. 

1749  •  *  Can.  Fort  Roulll^  [Toronto] 
is  built. 

1750  Apr.  »  Can.  Hostilities  occur  in 
Acadia  [Nova  Scotia]  between  French 
and  English  respecting  boundaries. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1745  *  *  Benjamin  "West,  seven  years 
of  age,  executes  his  infant  sister's  por- 
trait in  black  and  red  inks. 

*  *  IV.  I.  A  theatrical  representation 
given  by  a  company  of  amateur  actors, 
including  the  famous  Moody,  in  the 
Island  of  .Jamaica. 

1746  Oct.  28.  Peru.  An  earthquake 
destroys  Ijima  and  Callao. 

Eighteen  thousand  persons  are  buried 
in  ruins ;  every  inhabit.ant  but  one,  of 
Callao,  is  destroyed  by  the  earthquake 
or  the  tidal  wave  attending  it. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  iron  rolling  and  slit- 
ting mill  is  erected  in  Thornbury. 

*  *  Phila.  Franklin  experiments  with 
electricity. 

1748  *  *  Phita.  FrankUn  makes  an  ex- 
hibition of  electricity. 

At  a  picnic  he  "  killed  a  turkey  by  the 
electric  spark,  and  roasted  it  by  an 'elec- 
tric jack  before  a  fire  kindled  by  the 
electric  bottle." 

1749  •  ♦  Boston.  The  King's  Chapel  is 
built.    (1689.    First  built.) 

*  *  Phita.  A  company  of  amateurs  at- 
tempt to  open  a  theater. 

*  *  Mil.  Eight  furnaces  and  nine  forges 
are  at  work. 

1750  Mar.  5.  Xeio  York.  Eichard  lU. 
is  performed  at  a  theater  on  Nassau 
Street. 

*  *  Boston.  Otway's  Orphan  is  acted  at 
the  coffee-house  in  State  Sti'eet.  It  is 
the  first  theatrical  performance  in 
the  country,  and  is  immediately  pro- 
hibited. 

*  *  Mex.  Buins  of  PalenquS  are  first 
discovered. 

±  *  » Phila.  Robert  Feke  paints  por- 
traits. 


AMERICA. 


±  *  *  Patience  Wright  models  miniature 

heads  in  relief,  with  wax. 
±  *  *  Deacon  Shem  Drowne  makes  some 

elaborate  weather-vanes. 
1751    Nov.  21.    ;i^. /.  Port-au-Prince, 

St.  Domingo,  is  ruined  by  an  earthquake. 
*  *  ia.    Sugar-cane  is  introduced. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1744*    * 

Adams,  Abigail,  writer,  born. 

lielknap,  Jeremy,  historian,  born. 

Ilra(l3treet,  Jolin,  major-general,  dies. 

Qerry.  Elbridg-e.  vice-president,  born. 

Mifflin,  Tboinas,  general,  horn. 

Parker,  .Samuel,  bishop  of  Mass.,  born. 

Quincy.  Josiah,  patriot,  born. 

Roineyn,  Tbeodoric  D..  theologian,  born. 

Sevier,  .John,  pioneer,  liorn. 

Sullivan,  James,  statesman,  born. 
1745*   * 

Asbury,  Francis,  bishop,  bom. 

.-Xvery.  Waightsiill,  lawyer,  born. 

liaebe.  Sarah,  nurse,  born. 

liarry,  .lohn,  naval  officer,  born. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  theologian,  born. 

Ellsworth.  Oliver,  chief-justice,  b.  in  Conn. 

Harrison.  Robert  H..  justice,  born  in  Md. 

Ilayne,  Isaac,  officer,  born. 

Jay.  John,  chief-justice,  born  in  N.Y, 

Kitteridge,  Thomas,  surgeon,  born. 

I/(Juverture,  Toussaint,  liberator,  born. 

Murray,  Llndley,  grammarian,  born. 

Paterson.  ■William,  justice,  born  in  N.  J. 

Patterson,  lEobert,  senator,  born. 

Pickering:,  Timothy,  statesman,  born. 

Rush.  Benjamin,  physician,  born. 

Rutgers,  Henry,  patriot,  born. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  general,  born. 
1746*   * 

Allen,  John,  patriot,  born. 

Andrew,  Joiin,  clergyman,  born. 

Benson,  Egbert,  judge,  born. 

Billings,  William,  composer,  born. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.,  statesman,  born. 

Jliililenl>erg,  John  I'.  (J.,  general,  born. 

Neale,  Leonard,  bishop,  born. 

Pinckney,    Charles    Ootesworth,    states- 
man, born. 


1747*   * 

Brainerd,  David,  missionary,  A29. 

Coke,  Thomas,  bishop,  born. 

Dickinson,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  A59. 

F'arrar,  Timothy,  judge,  born. 

Fitaon,  John,  explorer,  born. 

Howell,  David,  judge,  born. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  naval  officer,  born. 

Moody,  Samuel,  minister,  A7I. 

Shays,  Daniel,  insurrectionist,  born. 
1748*   * 

Deane,  James,  missionary,  born. 

Few,  William,  colonel,  born. 

Hicks.  Elias,  Friend  preacher,  born. 

Martin,  Luther,  lawyer,  born. 

Moore,  Benjamin,  bisliop,  born. 

Williams,  Otho  H.,  general,  born. 
1749*   * 

Backus,  Charles,  clergyman,  bom. 

Baynan,  William,  surgeon,  born. 

(Jansevoort,  Peter,  officer,  born. 

Godfrey,  Thomas,  mathematician,  dies. 

(iriffln,  Cyrus,  statesman,  born. 

Ingersoll,  Jared,  jurist,  born. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  statesman,  born. 

Ijyn<th,  Thomas,  Jr.,  signer  of  Declaration,  b. 

Palmer,  .\nthony.  statesman,  dies. 

Itamsay,  David,  physician,  born. 

Rutledgre.  Edward,  statesman,  born. 

Sargetit,  .John,  missionary,  A49. 

Stevens,  John  L.,  inventor,  born. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  journalist,  born. 
1750*    * 

Biddle.  Nicholas,  navy,  bom. 

DaboIL  X.iDian,  teacher,  born, 

/t  KraiK'isco.  Miranda,  Venezuelan,  born. 

Girard.  Stephen,  founder,  born. 

Iredell,  James,  justice,  born  in  N.  C. 

.Ia8i>er,  William,  patriot,  born. 

Knox,  Henry,  general,  born. 

Lawrence,  John,  statesman,  born. 

Parsons,  Theopbilus,  judge,  born. 

Pinckney,  Thomas,  general,  born. 

Taliaferro,  Ilenjandn,  officer,  born. 

Trumbull,  John,  poet,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1744  *  *  N'.    y.     The  governor  opposes 
the  missionaries, 


Influenced  by  white  opposition,  he 
issues  orders  "  that  the  several  Moravian 
and  vagrant  teachers  among  the  Indians 
of  New  York  should  desist  from  further 
teaching  and  preaching  to  the  Indians, 
and  depart  the  province."  [These  orders 
were  executed  by  the  sheriff.] 

Rev.  David  Brainerd  is  sent  by  the 
Presbytery  of  New  York  a  missionary  to 
the  Indians. 

*  *  Pa.  The  "  Old  Side  "  or  strict  Pres- 
byterians open  an  academy  at  New  Lon- 
don. 

*  *  George  Whitefield  makes  his  third 
evangelistic  visit  to  America. 

*  *  Va.  Mobs  of  persecutors  torment 
the  Baptists. 

1745  May  25.  Phila.  Commissioners 
from  the  Presbytery  of  New  York  de- 
cline to  accept  the  report  of  a  Synodical 
Commission  appointed  to  remove  differ- 
ences ;  it  proposes  to  the  Synod  a  mutual 
agreement  to  erect  another  synod,  to  be 
called  the  Synod  of  New  l^ork, 

Sept.  19.  X.J.  The  Presbyteries  of  New 
York,  New  Brunswick,  and  New  London- 
derry unite  at  Klizabethtown  and  erect 
the  .Synod  of  New  York,  thus  dividing 
the  Presbyterian  church. 

The  division  is  chiefly  caused  by  differ- 
ences in  opinions  respecting  ministerial 
education.  The '*  Old  Side"  constitute 
the  Synod  of  Philadelphia;  the  "New 
Side,"  the  Synod  of  New  York  ;  the 
latter  urge  a  more  spiritual  ministry. 

1746  May  15.  Phila.  Fifty-six  Bap- 
tists form  a  Baptist  church  entirely  in- 
dependent of  that  at  Pennepeck  (Lower 
Dublin). 


*  *  N.  J.  The  "  New  Side  "  Presbyterians 
get  a  charter  for  the  college  of  New 
Jersey  (Princeton  College) ;  first  locate 
it  at  Klizabethtown, 

1747*  *  Mass.,  etc.  John  Brainerd  suc- 
ceeds his  brother  as  missionary  to  the 
Indians. 

*  *  Mtt.  Controversy  on  baptism  by 
Samuel  Finley  and  Abel  Morgan 
through  the  press. 

Sept.  12.  New  York.  A  sub-governing 
body,  called  the  Coetus,  is  formed  in 
the  Dutch  Reformed  church. 

Sept.  29.  Pa.  The  first  Reformed  Ger- 
man Coetus  is  formed. 

1748  Aug.  14.  Phila.  Convention 
of  Lutherans  meets  and  organizes  the 
first  Lutheran  Synod  In  America  ;  J.  N. 
Kurtz  is  ordained  for  the  ministry, 
the  first  of  this  denomination  in  the 
colonies, 

1749  *  *  Boston.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
[present]  King's  Chapel  is  laid.  [1754, 
Aug.  2L    Reopened.] 

*  *  N.  y.  A  new  missionary  resumes  the 
work  among  the  Mohawks,  which  was 
abandoned  during  the  recent  war. 

1750  Jan.  *  Boston.  Jonathan  May- 
hew  preaches  against  tyranny  and  priest- 
craft. 

June  22.  Ma.fs.  Contention  drives  Jon- 
athan Edwards  from  his  church  at 
Northampton,  "  the  largest  Protestant 
society  in  the  world";  he  becomes  a 
missionary  to  the  Stockbridge  Indians. 

*  *  or  1755  *  *  A^  ff.  The  first  Baptist 
church  is  formed  at  Newtown  (Newton). 


AMERICA. 


1744-1751,  Nov. 


67 


LETTERS. 

1744*  *  Pa.  Benjamin  Franklin  be- 
comes the  projector  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania. 

*  *  Franklin  becomes  the  founder  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society. 

1745*  *  Boston.  Th^  American  Monthly 
Magazine  is  established  by  Jeremy 
Gridley. 

*  *  Md.  The  Maryland  Gazette,  the  first 
newspaper  printed  in  this  province,  is 
revived  at  Annapolis,  the  capital. 

1746  Oct.  22.  K.  r.  Bill  introduced 
in  the  assembly  to  raise  $11,250  by  lot- 
tery, for  the  erection  of  a  college 
(Columbia). 

*  *  2i.  J.  The  (Presbyterian)  Presbytery 
of  New  York,  in  session  at  Elizabeth- 
^own,  New  Jersey,  founds  Nassau  Hall 
(Princeton). 

*  *  -47  ♦  *  jvewj  York.  The  Evening  Post 
issued  by  Henry  de  Forrest. 

*  *  A  Treatise  Concerning  the  Religious 
Affections^  by  Jonathan  Edwards, 
appears. 

1747  *  *  History  of  the  First  Discovery 
and  Settlement  of  Virginia,  by  William 
Stith,  appears. 

*  *  Philosophic  Solitude,  by  William  Liv- 
ingston, appears. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  is  removed  to  Newark. 

1748  Oct.  28.  X.  r.  Governor  Clin- 
ton signs  the  bill  revising  an  act  to 
raise  $9,000  by  lottery,  to  build  a  col- 
lege (Columbia). 

*  *  S.C.   The  Library  Society  is  organized. 

1749  *  *  An  Inquiry  into  the  Qualifica- 
tions for  Full  Comtnunion  in  the  Churchy 
by  Jonathan  Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  N.  C.    Printing  is  introduced. 

*  *  Pa.  The  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania (non-sect.)  is  founded.     (Or  1740.) 

*  *  Va.  ['Washington  and  IJee  Uni- 
versity] (non-sect.)  is  founded  as  a  school 
at  Greenville. 

1750  *  *  Mass.  Ninety  Mohawks  come 
from  New  York,  and  put  their  children 
in  the  Stockbridge  Indian  School. 

SOCIETY. 

1745  Feb.  2.  W.  I.  A  conspiracy  of 
negroes  in  Jamaica  to  murder  their 
masters,  exposed  by  a  negress  to  her  mis- 
tress.   [Severely  piuiished.] 

1747  Nov.  17.  Boston.  The  British 
impress  seamen.  An  indignant  mob 
expresses  the  public  resentment  against 
Commander  Knowles  ;  the  governor 
withdraws  to  Castle  William. 

1750  *  ♦  Boston.  An  amateur  theatrical 
play  leads  the  legislature  to  prohibit 
theatrical  exhibitions  in  the  province. 

STATE. 
1744  *  *  Virginia  purchases  of  the  Indi- 
ans the  right  to  extend  settlements  to  the 
Ohio,  and  build  a  fort  [where  Pittsburg 
now  stands]. 

*  ♦  Wis.  Charles  d©  Langlade  becomes  a 
settler. 


1745*  *Md.  Frederick  City  is  founded. 

*  *  R.  I.  Gideon  Wanton  governor. 
[17470 

*  *  Va.  Lord  Halifax  settles  beyond  the 
mountains. 

1746  *  *  Sp.    Ferdinand  VI.,  king. 

*  *  {U.S.I    Governors  inaugurated : 
-51  *  *  Md,    Samuel  Ogle. 

N.  J.    John  Hamilton  (pres.). 
-47  *  *N.J.    John  Reading. 

1747  Nov.  17.  Boston.  Commander 
Knowles  impresses  seamen,  and  his 
officers  are  imprisoned  by  a  mob  until 
tlie  release  of  the  men  impressed. 

*  *  _57  *  *  ^ew  Vork.  Edward  Holland 
the  39th  mayor. 

*  *[U'.S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-57  *  *  N.  J.    Jonathan  Belcher. 
-48  *  *  Pa.    Anthony  Palmer  (pres.). 

1748  July*  N.  Y.  A  colonial  con- 
gress held  at  Albany  is  attended  by 
representatives  of  New  England  and  of 
the  Six  Nations. 

Oct.  7.  Fr,  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 

between  England,  France,  and  Spain, 
by  which  each  surrenders  its  conquests, 
and  Cape  Breton  is  restored  to  the 
French.  [1749.  May  10.  It  is  proclaimed 
at  Boston.] 
Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Gov.  Clinton  meets  an  as- 
sembly at  Albany,  and  demands  a  rev- 
enue for  the  king.  The  assembly 
insists  on  naming  the  incumbent  of 
each  office,  and  is  prorogued. 

*  *  Persons  in  England  and  Virginia  unite 
to  form  the  Ohio  Company. 

*  *  Pa.    James  Hamilton,  governor. 

*  *  W.  I.  Tobago  is  declared  a  neutral 
island. 

1749  Mar.  3.  Eng.  Under  the  pretext 
of  suppressing  the  flagrant  evils  of  co- 
lonial paper  money,  Walpole  reports  a 
bill  to  overrule  all  charters,  and  to 
make  the  orders  by  the  king,  or  under 
his  authority,  the  highest  law  of 
America. 

June  5.  N.  S.  The  British  government 
sends  emigrants  to  Nova  Scotia  at  its 
own  expense;  Halifax  is  founded. 

Oct.  16.  Massachusetts  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  eastern  Indians. 

*  *  Eng.    A  Stamp  Act  proposed. 

*  *  Massachusetts becomesahardmoney 
colony. 

*  *[U.S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-53  *  *  Mass.    Sponcer  Phips. 

-70  *  *  Va.  Lord  Albemarle,  Thomas 
Lee,  and  later,  Lewis  Bur- 
well  (acting). 

*  *  New  England  is  reimbursed  by 
England  in  specie  for  her  outlay  in  the 
Louisburg  expedition,  and  thus  enabled 
to  redeem  her  i>aper  currency. 

*  *  JV.  If.  Disputes  over  the  New  Hamp- 
shire grants  [continuing  for  forty  years]. 

*  ♦  *  The  struggle  between  the  French 
and  English  for  possession  of  Ohio 
Valley  begins.  The  French  are  the 
first  occupants. 

1750  *  *  The  Ohio  Company  obtains  a 


grant  of  about  600,000,000  acres  about 
the  Ohio  River  in  territory  claimed  by 
France.    [War  follows  for  eight  years.] 

*  *  Arg.  Rep.  Montevideo  enjoys  a  pro- 
vincial government  separate  from  that 
of  Buenos  Ayrea. 

*  *  Boston.  Jonathan  Mayhew  makes 
his  bold  utterances  against  England. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  attempts  to  sup- 
press the  development  of  the  colo- 
nies, to  prevent  competition  in  similar 
productions. 

It  forbids,  under  penalties,  the  main- 
taining of  iron-mills,  slitting  or  rolling 
mills,  I dai ting- forges,  and  especially  the 
manufacture  of  steel  ;  it  also  prohibits 
the  felling  of  pine-trees  outside  of  cer- 
tain enclosures. 

*  *  Md.  —  Pa.    Mason   and   Dixon  are 

appointed  to  survey  the  division  line 
between  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 
[It  afterwards  becomes  the  notable 
boundary  between  freedom  and  slavery.] 

*  ♦  N.  Y.  The  colony  grows  slowly, 
being  outstripped  by  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia. 

*  *  N.  S.  Conflicting  claims  are  made 
by  the  French  and  English. 

*  *  O.  Christopher  Gist,  G.  Crogan,  and 
A.  Mentour  are  in  the  Ohio  country. 

The  Shawnees  enter  the  Ohio  country. 

*  *  Paraguay.  The  Jesuits  resist  the 
transfer  of  a  part  of  Paraguay  to  the 
Spaniards,  till  they  are  subdued  by  com- 
bined Spaniards  and  Portuguese  troops. 
It  is  in  the  interest  of  their  missions. 

*  *  Port.    Joseph  Immanuel  king. 

*  *  J'a.  George  "Washington,  nineteen 
years  of  age,  is  appointed  surveyor-gen- 
eral of  the  Northern  District. 

The  Ohio  Company  send  Christopher 
Gist  into  the  west  on  an  exploring  ex- 
pedition. 

*  *  -  54  *  *  Conn.  Roger  Wolcott  is  gov- 
ernor. 

1751  July*  N.  Y.  A  colonial  con- 
gress at  Albany  in  which  South  Caro- 
lina joins  for  the  first  time.  Subject, 
the  protection  of  the  colonies  from  the 
French.  Peace  co4icluded  between  the 
English  colonies  and  the  Six  Nations. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1745  *  *  W.  J.    A  census  taken;  popu- 
lation sixty-one  thousand  four  hundred 
and  three. 

*  *  }V.  I.    The  yellow  fever  rages. 

1748  *  *  Md.  The  population  is  esti- 
mated at  94,000  whites  and  3G,000  blacks ; 
total,  130,000. 

*  *  Colombia.  Porto  Bello  is  the  great 
commercial  mart  for  the  rich  commerce 
of  Chile  and  Peru.  [Now  a  small  village 
20  miles  northeast  of  Colon. 1 

1750  *  *  j\'e?r  Eng.  Popoulation  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty-four  thousand. 

*  *  W.  I.  Fire  consumes  a  part  of  Port 
Royal,  Jamaica. 

*  ♦  Pennsylvania  receives  5,317  emi- 
grants. 

*  *  Since  1607  there  has  been  very  little 
emigration  to  the  colonies  to  this  date. 


nn     1751-1755,  Sept.  8. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1751  •  *  Va.  George  "Washington,  19 
years  of  age.  is  appointed  Adjt.-Gen.  for 
the  Northern  District  of  Virginia. 

1752  *  •  Pa.  Virginians  delay  building 
the  fort  at  tlie  forks  of  the  Ohio. 

*  *  O.  The  French  destroy  the  English 
trading-post  at  Pickawillany. 

1754  *  *  Lieut.-Col.  "Washington,  22 
years  old,  becomes  colonel  on  the  illness 
of  Col.  Fry.  [Without  experience  in  war 
he  soon  strikes  the  first  blow  in  the  final 
struggle  between  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish for  supremacy  in  the  New  World.] 

Mar.  ♦  Pa.  Thirty-three  "Virginians 
forestall  the  French  and  build  a  stock- 
ade in  the  West.  [On  the  present  site 
of  Pittsburg.] 

Apr.  17.  Pa.  The  French  capture  the 
Virginians,  erect  a  stronger  fortress  and 
call  it  Fort  Du  Quesne  (Pittsburg). 

May  28.  Pa  Near  the  Great  Meadows 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Monongahela 
and  the  Alleghany  Rivers,  "Washington 
surprises  and  defeats  a  French  force 
under  M.  Junionville,  who  is  killed  with 
10  of  his  men  ;  22  survivors  are  captured, 
while  only  one  Virginian  Is  killed  and 
two  or  three  wounded. 

July  4.  Pa.  Col.  George  Washington 
has  his  first  defeat  in  the  defense  of 
Fort  Necessity  (S.  W.  Pennsylvania), 
where  he  capitulates  to  a  superior  force 
of  the  French. 

Aug.  27.  N.  y.  The  French  and  In- 
dians break  up  all  settlements  at  Hoo- 
sick  and  Schaghticoke. 

*  ♦  Me.  Fort  Halifax  is  built  on  the  Ken- 
nebec. 

*  *  The  English  establish  forts  west  of 
the  AUeghanies. 

1755  Feb.  *  Va.  Geuj  Braddock,  com- 
mander of  British  forces,  arrives  from 
Ireland. 

OLD  FRENCH   AND  INDIAN   WAR. 

*  •  -03  *  *  The  French  and  Indian 
"War  between  England  and  France  — 
a  part  of  the  Seven  Years'  War  in  Eu- 
rope. It  is  a  struggle  to  acquire  su- 
premacy in  the  New  World. 

The  French  have  Indians  as  their 
allies. 

Apr.  ±  *  Threeexpeditionsare planned 
against  the  French  in  a  council  of  colo- 
nial governors:  (1)  against  Fort  Du 
Quesne;  (2)  against  Fort  Niagara;  (3) 
against  the  fort  at  Crown  Point. 

May  20.  N.  S.  Two  thousand  troops 
sail  from  Boston  to  subdue  the  French 
in  Acadia.  [In  less  than  a  month,  with 
a  loss  of  only  20  men,  the  English  take 
the  entire  country.] 

May  30,  I'a.  Gen.  Braddock  advances 
to  drive  the  French  intruders  out  of  the 
Ohio  Valley. 

June  8.  The  British  fleet  off  Cape  Race 
attacks  a  part  of  a  French  fleet,  and 
captures  two  vessels.    (June  10?). 

June  7.  Md.  Gen.  Braddock  sets  out 
on  his  disastrous  march  from  Fort  Cum- 
berland. 


June  16.  N.  S.  Fort  Beau  Se  jour  sur- 
renders to  Col.  Monckton  after  a  siege 
of  four  days. 

Fort  Gaspereau  surrenders  to 
Monckton. 

Jime  *  Va.  Braddock  refuses  the  aid  of 
Indian  scouts  and  frontier  men,  having 
"experienced  troops  on  whom  he  could 
rely  for  all  purposes." 

June* -July*  N.  Y.  Fort  Edward, 
on  the  Hudson,  is  erected  against  the 
French  by  GeneralPhineas Lyman,  with 
about  G.OOO  troops  ;  they  also  fortify  Ti- 
conderoga. 

July  7.    Pa.    Braddock's  defeat. 

Near  Fort  Du  Quesne  (Pittsburg),  Gen. 
Braddock  is  surprised  by  a  party  of 
French  and  Indians,  his  1,200  troops  are 
routed,  and  he  is  mortally  wounded. 

The  enemy  consist  of  220  French,  led 
by  Beaujeu  and  Dumas,  with  637  In- 
dians ;  of  Braddock's  85  officers,  26  are 
killed  and  37  wounded,  and  714  privates 
killed  or  wounded.  Colonel  George 
Washington  saves  the  remnant  of  the 
army  ;  he  has  two  horses  shot  under 
him,  and,  though  his  coat  is  shot 
through,  he  escapes  unscathed. 

+  *  *  England  and  France  struggle  for 
possession  of  the  Ohio  Valley  and 
Acadia. 

*  *  Mass.  Governor  Shirley  of  Mas- 
sach  usetts  is  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America. 

*  *  Summer.  Pa.  The  disaster  attend- 
ing Braddock's  expedition  tills  the  colo- 
nies with  gloom  and  consternation; 
it  shakes  the  colonists'  confidence  in  the 
British  soldiers. 

Aug.  2.  Pa.  Col.  Dunbar  leaves  a  few 
troops  at  Fort  Cumberland,  and  retires 
with  the  rest  of  his  army  to  Philadelphia. 

Aug.  *  N.  Y.  Gen.  William  Johnson 
erects  a  fort  at  the  head  of  Lake  George. 

Aug.  30±.  N.  ¥.  Gen.  William  John- 
son with  3,400  men  is  sent  to  drive  the 
French  from  the  LakeChamplain  region. 

Sept.  5.  N.  S.  Exile  of  the  Acadians 
announced. 

The  British,  having  subdued  the 
French  in  Acadia,  proceed  to  banish 
more  than  4,000  hapless  men,  women, 
and  children  among  the  British  colonies, 
and  burn  their  property.  "The  history 
of  civilized  nations  furnishes  no  parallel 
to  this  wanton  and  wicked  destruction 
of  an  inoffensive  colony."    (Kidpath.) 

Sept.  8.  N.  Y.  Col.  Ephraim  "Wil- 
liams, with  athousand  men,  leaves  Lake 
George,  and  marches  for  the  defense  of 
Fort  Edward.  He  is  soon  surprised  by 
French  and  Indians  under  Baron  Dies- 
kau,and  driven  back.  The  English  lose 
among  the  killed  Col.  Williams  and  the 
Indian  Chief  Hendrick. 

The  French  follow  the  returning  fu- 
gitives to  Lake  George,  where  they  are 
repulsed  by  the  New  England  militia. 
American  loss,  216  killed  and  96  wound- 
ed ;  the  French  loss  is  greater. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1751+  ♦  *  Phila.    David    Rittenhouse 

(19  years  old)  discovers  the  method  of 

fluxions. 
1752    Sept.  25.     J'a.    The   first    play 

performed    in  America   by  a  regular 

company  of  comedians  is  acted. 


The  Merchant  of  Venice  and  Garrick's 
Lefhe  are  performed  by  William  Hal- 
lam's  Company  of  English  actors  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, the  capital  city. 

*  *  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin  makes 
remarkable  electrical  discoveries. 

Franklin  brings  electricity  down  from 
a  cloud,  and  proves  that  it  is  identical 
with  lightning. 
±  *  *  Lightning  conductors  are  set  up 
for  the  protection  of  buildings  by  Ben- 
jamin Franklin, 

*  *  S.  C.  St.  Michael's  Church  at 
Charleston  is  built. 

1753  Sept.  17.  New  York.  The  second 
theater  in  this  city  is  opened  in  Nassau 
Street,  by  Hallam's  Company,  with 
Steele's  Conscious  Loiters. 

*  *  Phila.  An  Arctic  expedition  is  sent 
out  under  the  instigation  of  Franklin. 

*  *  Pa.  Benjamin  "West  paints  the 
Death  of  Socrates  at  Lancaster. 

*  *  *  It  is  commonly  believed,  even  by 
educated  people,  in  the  Old  World,  that 
plants  and  animals  degenerate  in  size 
and  quality  when  transplanted  into  the 
New  World. 

1754  Apr,  15.  Phila,  The  first  thea- 
ter is  opened  at  the  corner  of  Cedar  and 
Vernon  Streets,  with  the  Fair  Penitent, 
by  Hallam's  Company,  at  "  the  store- 
house "  of  Wm.  Plumstead. 

1755  Apr.  ♦  Ecuador.  An  earthquake 
destroys  Quito. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1751 »   * 

Allen,  Ira,  founder,  born. 

Allen,  Solomon,  clergyman,  born. 

Barber,  Francis,  officer,  born. 

Cabot,  (ieorge,  agitator,  born. 

Dearborn,  Henry,  general,  born. 

Decatur,  Stephen,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  b. 

Dudley,  I'aid,  jurist,  dies. 

Leilvard,  .lohn,  traveler,  born. 

Madison.  James. 4th  t'residentjborn&Iar.  16. 

Phillips,  .Samuel,  l>enefactor,  born. 

Ked  Jacket,  Seneca  Indian,  born. 

Sniybert,  John,  painter,  A67. 
1752*    * 

lileecker,  Ann  Eliza,  poetess,  born. 

Bowdoin,  James,  diplomat,  born. 

Bradford.  W^Uliam.  printer,  A92. 

Burton,  Asa,  clergyman,  born. 

Cbanipe.  John,  soldier,  born. 

Chipiiian,  Nathaniel,  jurist,  born. 

Clarke,  ( ieorge  Rogers,  genera.1,  born. 

Duval.  Gabriel,  justice,  born  in  Md. 

Dwtght,  Timothy.  I'res.  of  Yale  CoU.,  b. 

Freneau,  IMiilip,  poet,  born. 

Oarrettson.  Freeborn,  Aleth.  el.,  born. 

Howard,  John  Eager,  soldier,  born. 

Hnniplireys,  David,  soldier,  born. 

Linn.  William,  chaplain,  born. 

I.ogan,  Benjamin,  pioneer,  born. 

Morris.  Gouverneur.  statesman,  born. 
1753*  • 

Baldwin,  Thomas,  theologian,  born. 

Eustis,  William,  physician,  born. 

Harniar.  Josiah,  general,  born. 

Hull,  William,  general,  born. 

McCrea,  Jane,  killed  by  Indians,  Iwrn. 

Runiford,  Count  (Benjamin  Thompson). 
philosopher,  born. 

Warren,  John,  physician,  born. 

Whealley,  Phillis,  negro  poetess,  born. 

Wilkinson,  Jemima,  impostor,  born. 
1764*  » 

Barlow,  Joel,  poet-patriot,  born. 

Burbeck,  Henry,  army  officer,  born. 

Ellicott,Andrew,  astronomer,  born. 

Hampton.  "Wade,  general,  horn. 

Tailniadge,  Benjamin,  army  officer,  bom. 

Thatcher,  James,  physician,  born. 

CHURCH. 
1751  *  *  Mass,      Tuscarora   and    Oneida 
Indians  join   the  Christian    Indians  of 
Stockbridge,  and  put  their  children  In 
the  Indian  schools. 


AMERICA. 


1751-1755,  Sept.  8.     G9 


Jonathan  Edwards  becomes  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Stockbridge,  ami  mis- 
sionary to  the  Stockbridge  Imliaiis. 
Salary,  £6  13s.  4rf. 

*  *  S.  C.  Charleston  Baptist  Association 
formed. 

1752  *  *  Can.  Moravian  missionaries 
land  in  Labrador. 

*  *  Pa.  Arrival  of  Mr.  Cuthbertaon,  a 
Presbyterian  (Reformed)  minister  sent 
from  Scotland. 

Arrival  of  Philip  "William  Otter- 
bein  (Ger.),  founder  of  the  United 
Hrethren  in  Christ. 
1754  *  *  A'.  )'.  The  Coetus  of  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  church  takes  steps  for 
the  formation  of  a  Classis. 

*  *  Jamaica,  Moravian  missionaries  he- 
gin  labor  among  the  natives. 

*  *  Va.  By  the  laws  of  this  colony,  every 
settlement  is  to  have  "  a  house  for  the 
worship  of  God  "  ;  absence  therefrom  is 
punishable  with  a  fine;  traveling  or 
shooting  on  the  Sabbath  is  interdicted. 

*  ♦  IV.  I.  Friedensthal  becomes  a  mis- 
sion station  of  the  Moravians,  at  St. 
Croix. 

*  *  Catholic  vs.  Protestant. 

The  religious  future  of  the  New  World 
is  in  the  issue  of  the  Freuch  and  Indian 
war ;  the  success  of  the  French  signifies 
the  dominance  of  Catholicism  ;  of  the 
Knglish,  the  supremacy  of  Protestantism. 

LETTERS. 

1751  *  *  N,J.  Woodbridge  has  the  first 
printing-press  in  the  province. 

*  *  N:  Y.  The  sum  of  £3,443  has  been 
raised  to  found  King's  College  (Colum- 
bia). 

1752*  *  New  York.  The  Independent /it- 
flectnr  issued  by  James  Parker. 

The  Mercury  issued  by  Hugh  Gaine. 
±  *  *  Struggle  in  the  legislature  and 
through  the  press  to  prevent  the  estab- 
lishment of  seminaries  of  learning 
having  connection  with  any  religious 
society;  William  Livingston  leader. 

1753  *  *  Keto  York:  The  Pacquet  issued 
by  William  Wenman. 

New  York.  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
of  Connecticut,  is  invited  to  the  presi- 
dency of  King's  (Columbia)  College; 
salary,  £250. 

*  *  H.  I.  The  Athenaeum  Library  at 
Providence  is  founded. 

1754  July  17.  Ne^o  York.  King's  (Co- 
lumbia) College,  under  the  presidency 
of  Dr.  Johnson,  opens  with  a  class  of 
ten  students,  in  the  vestry  room  of 
Trinity  Church. 

Oct.  31.  Nero  York.  A  royal  charter 
for  King's  (Columbia)  College  (Prot- 
£pls.)  passes  the  seals. 

Governors,  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  principal  clergy  of  live  re- 
ligious denominations  in  New  York, 
and  twenty  private  gentlemen.  Money 
is  raised  in  England,  and  Joseph  Murray 
gives  S40.000  and  his  library. 
The  Society  Library  is  founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1752  Feb.  2.    Pennsylvania  hospital 

admits  its  first  patient. 


*  *  *  A'e»'  Enq.  It  becomes  fashionable 
as  well  as  honorable  to  wear  home- 
spun, because  of  British  oppression  in 
restricting  manufactures  and  commerce. 
Harvard  students  make  it  a  point  to 
be  graduated  in  homespun. 

*  *  *  Ga.  The  Colony  is  a  financial 
failure. 

After  nearly  20  years  of  benevolent  ef- 
fort and  the  expenditure  of  more  than 
S(jf)0,000  in  Parliamentary  grants,  and 
of  private  contributions  amounting  to 
nearly  .«!90,000.  Georgia  has  only  1,700 
whites,  and  400  negroes,  and  a  discoura- 
ging future.  The  failure  of  the  colony  is 
charged  to  its  benevolent  scheme,  and 
lack  of  wisdom  iu  the  proprietary  regu- 
lations. 

1753  Oct.  31.  Va.  George  Wash- 
ington, a  surveyor,  22  years  old,  with 
four  comrades  and  an  interpreter,  sets 
out  for  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  bearing 
an  important  remonstrance  from  the 
Governor  of  Virginia  to  the  commander 
of  the  French. 

Dec.  16.  Pa.  Washington  starts  on 
his  return  journey,  in  great  peril  from 
Indians. 

STATE. 

1751  *  *  D.C.  Georgetown  is  laid  out  at 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Potomac; 
it  grows  rapidly. 

*  *  •  America  refuses  to  be  ruled  by  ar- 
bitrary instruction. 

*  *  Eng.  The  colonies  are  regarded  by 
the  mother  country  as  depots  for  the 
distribution  of  home  products  on  a  new 
soil. 

1752  Jan.  1.  Eng.  The  calendar  is 
changed. 

Parliament  enacts  that  the  beginning 
of  the  new  vear  shall  be  changed  from 
the  25th  of  March  to  January  1  in  Eng- 
land and  her  colonies.  Eleven  days  to 
be  omitted  after  September  3d. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  A  plan  of  American  union 
is  proposed. 

Jime  13.  Virginia  treats  with  the  Indi- 
ans at  Logstown,  and  is  permitted  to 
build  a  fort  at  the  forks  of  the  Ohio. 
[Delayed.] 

June  23.  Ga.  The  trustees  of  this  un- 
successful colony  surrender  the  char- 
ter to  the  king,  and  it  becomes  a  royal 
province. 

Sept.  3.  Eng.  New  Style  introduced. 
The  CALENDAR  CHANGED ; 
Sept.  3  changed  to  Sept.  14  in  England 
and  her  colonies. 

*  *\_U.  S.']    Governors  inaugurated : 
-54  *  *  Ga.    Capt.  J.  Reynolds  (Prov.). 

Md.    Benjamin  Tasker. 
N*  C    Nathaniel  Hice  (pres.). 
-^8  *  *  Va.    Robert  Dinwiddie. 

1753  May  ±*  O.  A  large  body  of 
French  and  Indian  allies  enter  the  val- 
ley of  the  Ohio. 

Oct.  10.  A^.  Y.  Sir  Danvers  Osborn 
supersedes  Governor  Clinton. 

Oct.  31.  Tlie  English  colonies  are  irri- 
tated by  the  erection  of  French  forts  in 
the  interior,  at  their  rear.  George  Wash- 
ington commissioned  by  the  governor  of 
Virginia  to  remonstrate. 


Nov.  14.  Va.  Washington  starts  from 
Williamsburg  on  his  perilous  journey 
through  the  forest,  to  inquire  the  pur- 
jtoses  of  the  invading  French  at  Fort  Le 
Bceuf  [Pittsburg], 

Dec.  12.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes 
an  act  for  the  registry  of  mortgages, 
to  prevent  fraud. 

*  *  Connecticut  colonizes  lands  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

*  *[?7.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-56  *  *  Mass,    William  Shirley. 
-56  *  *  Md.    Horatio  Sharpe. 

-54  *  *  N.  C.  Matthew  Rowan  (pres.). 
Oct.  10.  N.  Y.  Sir  Danvers  Osborne. 
-55  *  *  N.  Y.    James  de  Lancey. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  settlement  in  the  Ohio 
Valley  is  made  by  Virginians  on  the 
banks  of  the  Youghiogheny. 

1754  Jan  16.  Va.  George  W^aahing- 
ton  brings  a  letter  from  the  French 
commander  refusing  to  vacate  the  terri- 
tory held  by  the  French  in  the  West. 

June  19.  A"".  }'.  Congress  of  seven 
colonies  at  Albany ;  a  union  for  de- 
fense is  proposed. 

July  4.  N.  Y.  Benjamin  Franklin 
lays  before  the  Congress  at  Albany  a 
plan  for  a  federal  constitution,  aim- 
ing to  provide  by  union  for  a  common 
defense  against  French  encroachment; 
it  is  adopted  [but  afterward  rejected  by 
some  of  the  colonies,  and  by  the  British 
government]. 

Dec.  *  Boston,  (iov.  Shirley  lays  before 
Franklin  a  scheme  of  colonial  union, 
which  provides  for  a  colonial  congress 
and  British  taxation. 

*  *  Kentucky  is  settled  by  Col.  Daniel 
Boone  of  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

*  *  [U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-66  *  *  Conn.    Thomas  Fitch. 

-56  *  *  Ga.  John  Reynolds. 
-63  *  *  N.  C.  Arthur  Dobbs. 
-55  *  *  Pa,    Robert  II.  Morris  (dep.). 

*  *  Va.  The  French  continue  to  en- 
croach upon  the  territory  of  Virginia, 
west  of  the  AUeghanies. 

1755  Apr.  14.  Va.  In  a  colonial  con- 
gress at  Alexandria,  Gen.  Braddock 
and  ffve  colonial  governors  recommend 
taxation  of  America  by  Parliament. 

July*  Eng.  Halifax  proposes  to  ease 
the  mother  country  by  taxing  the  colo- 
nies. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1751  *  *  La.    Sugar-cane  is  introduced, 

*  *  Pa.  Franklin  estimates  the  popula- 
tion of  the  colonies  at  "  nearly  a  mil- 
lion English  souls.'*  about  20,000  of  them 
to  be  native  born. 

*  *Philadelphiahas  about  17,000  people, 
including  6,000  negroes. 

1752  *  *  Boston  loses  about  550  people  by 
a  small-pox  scourge.  The  population 
is  17,574. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  house  is  erected  in 
[the  city  of  Troy]. 

*  *  -54  *  *  Iceland.  Great  famine  be- 
cause of  the  failure  of  crops  ;  thousands 
perish. 


70     1755,  Sept.  10-1759,  July. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1755  Sept.  10.  Can.  Seven  thousand 
Acadians  are  forced  to  embark  for 
banishment.  [Fisher's  estimate,  7,000  ; 
Winsor's,  4,000.] 

Sept.  *  iV.  r.  Fort  William  Henry,  a 
useless  wooden  defense,  is  erected  at 
Lake  George  hy  Gen.  Johnson. 

Oct.  24.  Gov.  Shirley,  commander  of  the 
expedition  against  Fort  Niagara,  grows 
weak-hearted,  and  abandons  the  move- 
ment after  learning  of  Braddock's  defeat. 

*  *^.  r.  The  French  fortify  Ticon- 
deroga. 

*  *  Va.  Indian  warfare  on  the  fron- 
tier [continuing  several  years]. 

1756  May  17.  En^.  After  fighting  the 
Frencn  tor  two  years.  Great  Britain 
makes  an  open  declaration  of  w^ar. 

June  9.  France  fomuilly  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain. 

June  15.  New  York.  Gen.  Abercrom- 
bie,  the  second  in  command  under  the 
Earl  of  Loudoun,  arrives  with  several 
British  regiments. 

Forty  German  officers  arrive  to  re- 
cruit a  loyal  American  regiment  of  4,000 
men. 

June  27.  A\  V.  Abercrombie,  at  Al- 
bany, billets  his  soldiers  upon  private 
houses,  and  proceeds  to  while  away  the 
summer. 

June  *  Gov.  Shirley  resigns  the  com- 
mand of  the  British  troops  in  America. 

Aug.±  *  Can.  The  Marquis  Louis  Joseph 
Montcalm  supersedes  Baron  Dies- 
kau  in  command  of  the  French. 

Aug.  12.  Can.  Montcalm,  with  a  mixed 
force  of  over  5,000  men,  and  30  pieces  of 
cannon,  commences  the  siege  of  Fort 
Ontario,  on  the  Oswego  Kiver. 

Aug.  13.  N.  r.  The  garrison  of  Fort 
Ontario  retires  to  the  old  fort  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Aug.  14.  A',  y.  Suirrender  of  Oswe- 
go. Montcalm  obtains  an  immense 
amount  of  military  stores,  also  1,400  pris- 
oners, and  134  cannon. 

Sept.  8.  Pa.  Col.  John  Armstrong, 
with  300  volunteers,  surprises  and  de- 
stroys the  hostile  Indians  in  Western 
Pennsylvania,  with  a  loss  of  only  16  men. 

*  *  ///.  The  French  construct  a  system 
of  forts  in  the  interior,  westward,  near 
the  Illinois  Kiver. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  sends  50  privateers, 
with  1,500  men,  against  the  French. 

*  *  Va.  George  "Washington  drives  the 
the  Indians  out  of  the  Valley  of  the 
Shenandoah. 

1757  Jan.  *  Caji.  General  Stark  goes 
down  Lake  George  with  70  rangers,  and 
turns  the  strong  post  of  Carillon. 

Jtme  20.  Can.  Loudoun  sails  with  a 
splendid  army  for  Halifax.  [He  is  reen- 
forced  later  by  additional  troops,  mak- 
ing 11,000  men  and  16  men  of  war.] 

Aug.  3.  N.  y.  The  French  and  Indians 
under  Montcalm  besiege  Fort  "Wil- 
liam Henry ;  Col.  Monroe  sends  to 
Fort  Edward  15  miles  distant  for  aid,  of 
Gen.  Webb,  who  has  4,000  men  at  com- 


mand ;  he  declines  the  request,  and  coun- 
sels a  surrender. 

Aug.  4.  Can.  Gen.  Loudoun  is  in- 
formed that  a  large  French  fleet  and  a 
garrison  of  6,000  men  await  him  at  Louis- 
burg,  so  he  abandons  the  expedition 
against  it. 

Aug.  9.  X.  y.  Col.  Monroe  with  about 
2,600  men  surrenders  Fort  "William 
Henry  to  Gen.  Montcalm  who  has 
11,500  men  ;  the  Indian  allies,  maddened 
with  rum,  cruelly  massacre  the  pris- 
oners at  Bloody  Pond. 

*  ♦  The  French  seem  triumphant  every- 
where. 

The  campaigns  of  the  last  two  years 
have  been  disgraceful  to  the  British 
flag ;  imbecility  and  cowardice  In  the 
management  is  the  cause.  France  pos- 
sesses twenty  times  as  much  American 
territory  as  England. 

*  *  Eiuj.  Lord  Jeffrey  Amherst  is  ap- 
pointed commander  of  a  division  of 
the  British  army  in  America;  James 
Wolfe  is  his  talented  lieutenant. 

1758  Jan.i:  *  The  imbecile  Lord  Lou- 
doun is  retired  and  Gen.  Abercrombie 
succeeds  him  in  command  of  the 
British  army  in  America.  Lord 
Howe  is  next  in  rank. 

Mar.  *  Rogers  is  defeated  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Apr.  30.  X.  y.  German  Flats  are  at- 
tacked by  the  Indians. 

May  28  ^uly  26.  N.  S.  Successful 
expedition  of  the  British  against 
Louisburg. 

Gen.  Amherst,  with  nearly  12,000  men, 
and  Admiral  Boscawen,  with  nearly  40 
vessels,  capture  the  fortress  and  destroy 
the  shipping. 

June  8.  A'.  S.  General  Amherst  lands 
his  forces  near  Louisburg. 

July  5.  N.  y.  Abercrombie  and  Lord 
Howe  embark  on  Lake  George  against 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  having 
nearly  16,000  men  and  much  artillery 
with  them. 

July  6.  JV.  y.  The  French  ambuscade 
the  British  advance  near  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga ;  Lord  Howe,  "  the  soul  of  the 
army,"  is  killed,  and  the  soldiers  are 
dispirited,  having  no  confidence  in  Aber- 
crombie. 

July  8.  X,  y.  Battle  of  Ticonderoga 
won  by  the  French. 

The  British  attack  the  fort,  which  is 
successfully  defended  by  about  one- 
fourth  their  number.  "  In  no  battle  of 
the  Revolution  did  the  British  have  so 
large  a  force  engaged  or  meet  so  terrible 
a  loss."    (Ridpath.) 

July  9.  N.  y,  Abercrombie  retreats 
from  Ticonderoga  to  Fort  George. 

July  26.  X.  S.  England  takes  Nova 
Scotia. 

After  a  siege  of  a  few  weeks  Louisburg 
capitulates  to  Gens.  Wolfe  and  Amherst : 
Cape  Breton,  Prince  Eilward  Island,  and 
nearly  6,000  prisoners  fall  to  the  British. 

July  *  Fort  Stanwix  is  built. 

Aug.  27.  Can.  The  British,  under  Col. 
Bradstreet,  take  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston),  also  46  cannon,  9  vessels  of 
war,  and  a  large  military  store. 

Sept.  15.  Pennsylvania  troops  and  800 
Highlanders  under  Gen.  Bouquet  ap- 


proach the  French  position  at  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  are  surprised  and  routed. 

Nov.  24.  Pa.  The  French  abandon 
and  bum  Fort  Du  Quesne  at  the 
approach  of  Gens.  Forbes,  Washington, 
and  Armstrong,  with  9,000  men. 

Nov.  25.  Pa.  The  English  flag  is  raised 
over  the  ruins,  and  the  place  is  called 
Pittsburg  after  the  great  Commoner. 

*  *  Can.  Montreal  is  surrounded  by 
walls. 

1759  Jan.±  *  Va.  Washington  (aged 
26)  resigns  his  command  after  the  de- 
parture of  the  French  from  Fort  Du 
Quesne. 

Jan.  23.  JV.  I.  The  British  attack 
Guadeloupe. 

Jan,  *  Eng.  General  Amherst  (Lord 
Jeffrey)  is  promoted  to  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  America ;  par- 
liament votes  $60,000,000,  to  carry  on  the 
war ;  "William  Pitt  proposes  to  con- 
quer all  Canada. 

June  21.  Can.  The  English  fleet  ap- 
j)roaches  Quebec. 

June  27.  Can.  Gen.  "Wolfe  lands  an 
army  of  about  8,000  a  few  miles  below 
Quebec.  A  French  force  of  13,000  is  in 
the  city. 

June  30.  Ca/i.  Wolfe  takes  possession 
of  Point  I*evi,  where  he  proceeds  to 
erect  batteries. 

July  18.  Can.  Some  of  Wolfe's  vessels 
pass  above  Quebec. 

July  25,  Can.  Fort  Niagara  capitu- 
lates to  the  British  under  Sir  William 
Johnson  after  a  bloody  battle. 

French  communication  between  Can- 
ada and  Louisiana  is  forever  broken  off. 
Gen.  Prideaux  is  killed  by  the  bursting 
of  a  gun  during  the  siege. 

July  26.  X.  y.  The  French  garrison  re- 
treats from  Fort  Ticonderoga  to  Crown 
Point  at  the  approach  of  Gen.  Amherst. 

Summer.  Pa.  Stanwix  builds  Fort  Pitt 
near  Du  Quesne. 

July  31.  Can.  "Wolfe  is  checked  in 
an  impetuous  assault  on  the  French  at 
Quebec,  in  which  he  loses  400  men. 

X.  y.    The  French  abandon   the 

important  fortress  at  Crown  Point,  and 
surrender  the  valley  of  the  Champlain 
without  a  battle. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1755  Nov.  18.  New  England  is  shaken 
by  an  earthquake. 

*  *  Phila.  Franklin  makes  experiments 
in  electricity  with  a  kite. 

Nov.  18.  An  earthquake  extends  from 
New  England  to  the  West  Indies. 

1756  Feb.  14.  X.  Y.  The  Hudson 
River  is  free  from  ice  ;  recruits  sail  from 
New  York  for  Albany. 

*  *  Phila.  Benjamin  "West  is  estab- 
lished as  a  portrait  painter. 

1758  *  *  C<mn.  The  first  paper-mill  is 
erected  at  Norwich. 

*  *  Xew  York.  A  sail-loft  is  used  for  the- 
atrical purposes  by  a  strolling  company. 

A  new  theater  is  built  at  Cruger'a 
wharf  by  Mr.  Douglas. 


AMERICA. 


1755,  Sept.  10-1759,  July.     71 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1755'  • 
Ailanis,  Hannah,  authoress,  born. 
llaniToft,  .\aron,  theologian,  born. 
Evans,  Oliver,  engineer,  born, 
(iray,  Robert,  discoverer,  born. 
Hale.  Nathan,  i)atriot,  born. 
Kenton,  .Simon,  pioneer,  bom, 
Kin^,  Rufus.  statesman,  horn. 
Marshall,  John,  chief  jnstlce,  born  in  Va. 
Moore,  Allred.  justice,  born  in  N.  C. 
Truxtun,  Thomas,  naval  officer,  horn. 
Williams,  Kphraim,  colonel,  founder,  A40. 

1758*  • 

Burr.  Aaron,  slayer  of  Hamilton,  born. 

Dale,  Richard,  commodore,  born. 

Laurens,  .John,  officer,  born. 

I,ee.  Henry,  general,  born. 

Stuart.  Gilbert  Charles,  painter,  bom. 

Tilghman,  William,  jurist,  bom. 

Trumbull.  John,  painter,  born. 
1767'  • 

Badger,  .Joseph,  missionary,  born. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  statesman,  born. 

Hammond,  Samuel,  statesman,  bom. 

Lafayette.  Marauis  de.  bom  in  France, 
Sept.  6. 

Macon.  Nathaniel,  sen.  for  N.  C.  born. 

I'aine,  Klijah,  Jurist,  bora. 

Robbins,  Ashur,  statesman,  bom. 

Wilkinson,  James,  general,  bom. 
17B8'  • 

Ames,  Fisher,  statesman,  born, 

Armstrong,  John,  author,  born. 

Edwards.  Jonathan,  theologian,  A55. 

Messerve,  Nathaniel,  colonel,  patriot,  A43. 

Monroe,  James.  5th  President,  born  Apr. 
28  in  Va. 

Paulding,  John,  patriot,  born. 

Plnckney,  Charles,  statesman,  born. 

Prince,  'I'hom.as,  historian,  .\7I. 

Webster,  Noah,  lexicographer,  born, 

Worcester,  Noah,  clergyman,  born, 

CHURCH. 

1755  Sept.  30.  A^.  V.  Assembling  of 
the  ConlerentieottlieEetorined  Dutch 
in  New  York.  [Much  strife  aud  fre- 
quently some  violence  in  the  chiirchea 
on  governmental  questions.] 

*  'Can.  In  Nova  Scotia  7,000  Catholic 
Acadians  are  banished  and  scattered 
for  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  suprem- 
acy. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Presbytery  organizes  a 
mission  presbytery  in  Hanover  County, 
Virginia. 

1756  Apr.  1.  Jamaica.  The  first  Mo- 
ravian mi.S8ionary  lands  at  St,  Johns. 

Oct.  5.  JV.  J.  The  Philadelphia  Baptist 
Association  decides  to  raise  money  for 
the  establishment  of  a  scliool  at  Hope- 
well. 

*  *  Mass.  Isaac  Backus  becomes  a  Bap- 
tist, and  forms  the  first  Baptist  church 
at  Middleborougli. 

1757  Jan.  12.  Jamaica.  The  first  Mo- 
ravian convert  is  baptized. 

Sept.  10.  N.  J.  G.  Du  Bois,  the  first 
pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
of  Bergen,  is  installed. 

1758  Jan.  11.  Ga.  The  General  As- 
sembly, meeting  at  Savannah,  legalizes 
the  Chvirch  of  llngland  as  the  church 
of  the  province. 

May  22,  Pa.  The  two  Presbyterian 
Synods  reunite  after  a  separation  of 
thirteen  years,  and  form  *'  the  Synod  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia"  with  &4 
members. 

*  *  Greenland.  Lichtenfels  becomes  a 
mission  station  of  the  Moravians. 

*  •  St.  Clement  XTTT.  pope. 

*  *  N.  C.   A  Baptist  Association  formed, 

*  *  O.  Christian  Frederic  Post  first  opens 
a  Moravian  mission  in  the  Oliio  country. 


LETTERS. 

1755  *  *  Mass.  John  Adams  graduates 
at  Harvard, 

*  *  Mass.  Jn  Inquiry  into  the  Modem 
Prevailing  Notion  respectinc/  that  Free- 
dom of  Will  which  is  supposed  to  be 
essential  to  Moral  Agency,  etc.,  by  Jon- 
athan Edwards,  appears.    [Or  VIM.] 

Dec.  *  N.  C.  Its  first  newspaper,  the 
North  Carolina  Gazette,  is  issued  at 
New  Berne. 

*  *  Conn.  The  first  newspaper,  the  Con- 
necticut  Gazette,  is  issued  at  New  Haven. 

*  *  New  York.  Sir  Charles  Hurdy,  the 
new  governor,  subscribes  $2,500  for  the 
founding  of  a  college ;  this  settles  the 
controversy  in  favor  of  the  church  party. 

1756  Aug.  23.  New  York.  The  corner- 
stone of  King's  (Columbia)  College  is 
laid. 

*  *  N.  H.  Its  first  newspaper,  the  New 
Hampshire  Gazette,  is  issued  at  Ports- 
mouth. 

1757  ±.  The  Great  Christian  Doctrine  of 
Original  Sin  Defended,  by  Jonathan 
Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  College  of  New  Jersey 
is  removed  from  Newark  to  Princeton. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

1758  •  •  Boston.  The  New  England 
Magazine  appears. 

*  *  N.J.  Jonathan  Edwards  is  called 
to  the  presidency  of  Princeton  College. 

*  *  -66  *  *  A',  J.  North  American  Mag- 
azine appears  at  Woodbridge. 

SOCIETY. 

1757  *  *  Oa.  It  is  enacted  that  no  liq- 
uor license  shall  be  granted  to  any 
joiner,  bricklayer,  plasterer,  shipwright, 
silversmith,  goldsmith,  shoemaker, 
smith,  tailor,  tanner,  cabinet  maker,  or 
cooper,  who  should  be  capable  of  getting 
a  livelihood  by  honest  labor  and  indus- 
try. 

1759  Jan.  6.  Va.  George  Washing- 
ton marries  Martha  Custis. 

STATE. 
1755  Sept.  10.  Can.  The  Acadians, 
occupying  territory  claimed  by  England, 
are  forced  to  embark  for  transporta- 
tion, leavLiig  their  homes  behind  them 
for  the  English  Crown. 

*  *  America's  first  discontent  arises 
from  duties  levied  upon  goods  imported 
from  foreign  countries. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  governor  induces  the  Cher- 
okee TnHifiT^ft  to  cede  a  large  territory 
to  Great  Britiiin,  and  to  agree  to  move 
inland  away  from  the  British  settle- 
ments. 

»  *  -63  *  *  The  French  and  Indian 
War  unites  the  colonies,  and  schools 
them  in  the  art  of  war. 

»  *  Port.  A  second  Brazil  company  is 
chartered, 

*  •  \_U.  S.]  Governors  inaugtirated : 
-57  *  *  N.  Y.    Sir  Charles  Hardy, 

-56  *  *  E.  I.    Stephen  Hopkins.    [Also 
in  1768, 1763, 1767.] 


1756  May  *  Can.  Montcalm  arrives 
in  Quebec.  [He  becomes  the  greatest  of 
the  governors.] 

*  *  [U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated ; 
-57  *  *  Mass.    Spencer  Phips. 

-58  ♦  *  Pa.    W,  Denny  ;  J,  Hamilton, 
deputy.    [Also  in  1750-62, 1777.] 
-59  *  *  S.  C.    William  H.  Littleton. 

*  *  -63  *  *  The  colonists  begin  to  discuss 
the  political  questions  involved  in  the 
policy  of  the  Home  Government,  and  its 
endeavor  to  interfere  with  their  civil 
rights  and  industries ;  the  people  are 
intensely  aroused. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  first  settlement  is  made 
on  the  Tennessee  River  (30  miles  from 
Knoxville). 

1757  Jan.  *  Boston.  A  congress  of 
governors  meets  and  agrees  to  raise 
4,000  men  against  the  French.  Another 
congress  of  Southern  governors  meets 
at  Pluladelphla. 

Jtuie  *  £ng.  WiUiam  Pitt  enters  the 
Newcastle  ministry,  and  soon  recovers 
British  military  prestige  in  America. 
[He  rejects  a  stamp-tax.] 

Pa.  A  controversy  occurs  between 
the  governor  and  the  Assembly  respect- 
ing a  scheme  of  taxation. 

July  27.  Benjamin  Franklin  again  ar- 
rives in  London,  as  ambassador  to  the 
king,  from  the  colony  of  Pemisylvania. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-59  *  *  Del.    Henry  Ellis. 
Apr.-Aug.    Mass.    The  CovmoU. 
-60  *  *  Mass.    Thomas  Pownall. 
-60  *  *  N.  Y.    James  de  Lancey. 

N.  J.    John  Reading  (pres.). 
Jl.  J.    William  Greene. 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Court  and  Lord 
Loudoun  have  a  controversy  respecting 
the  quartering  of  troops. 

*  *  -66  •  *  New  York.  John  Cruger  the 
40th  mayor. 

1758  Nov.  26.  Thanksgiving  Day  is 
observed  by  the  colonists  because  the 
French  are  driven  out  of  Fort  Duquesne, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  and  the  great 
West  are  opened  for  the  advance  of  Eng- 
lish settlers. 

*  *  N.  S.  A  constitution  is  granted  to 
this  province. 

*  *  Georgia  is  divided  into  eight  parishes. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-58  *  *  N.J.    Francis  Bernard. 

-61  •  *  R.I.    Stephen  Hopkins.    [1767,] 
-68  *  *  Va.    Francis  Fauquier  ;    John 
Blair,  lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1755  •  *  New  Eng.      Population     abont 
435,000, 

1757  *  *  La.  The  French  population  is 
about  10,000 

*  *  New  York  City.  Population  about 
12,000. 

*  *  Philadelphia.  Population  abont 
13,000. 

1758  *  *  Va.  About  70,000  hogsheads 
of  tobacco  exported. 


72      1759,  Aug. -1763. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1759  Aug.  4.  A'.  Y.  Crown  Point  is 
occupied  by  11,000  British  under  Gen. 
Amherst  on  the  retreat  of  the  French. 

Aug.  11.  jV.  r.  The  British  embark  at 
Crown  Point  to  follow  the  French,  but 
soon  abandon  the  effort. 

Sept.  13.  Call.  First  battle  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham. 

After  a  siege  of  69  days,  Quebec  is  as- 
saulted and  the  French  defeated.  Gen. 
James  Wolfe  falls  with  his  third  woiuid, 
and  the  equally  l>rave  French  general, 
Montcalm,  is  mortally  wounded.  Great 
Britain  %vins  a  vast  empire  by  a  single 
battle,  *'  »»ue  of  the  most  momentous 
victories  in  the  annals  of  mauliind." 
(Bancroft.) 

Sept.  18.    Quebec   capitulates   to   the 

English. 

Sept.  26.  Tenn.  Col.  Montgomery,  with 
a  force  from  Carolina,  attaclcs  the  Chero- 
kees  [burning  many  of  their  towns]. 

Oct.  *  Fa.  Gov.  Lyttleton,  by  perfidious 
conduct  and  insolence,  provokes  a  war 
with  the  Cberokees. 

•  *  Afe.  Fort  Pownall  Is  built  on  the 
Penobscot. 

1760  Mar.  3.  S.  C.  Unsuccessful  at- 
tack of  300  Cherokees  on  Fort  Ninety- 
six. 

Apr.  28.  Can.  The  French  (tempo- 
rarily) defeat  the  English  in  a  second 
battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

May  16.  Can.  English  reenforcements 
arrive,  and  the  French  retire  from 
Quebec. 

June  *  Tenn.  Carolinians,  under  Colonel 
Montgomery,  invade  and  ravage  the 
valley  of  the  Tennessee,  to  punish  the 
Cherokees.  Tliey  enrage  the  Indians 
without  subduing  them. 

July  1.  S.  C.  Arrival  of  Montgomery 
on  his  retreat  from  the  Tennessee  coun- 
try. 

Aug.  7.  Tenn.  The  garrison  of  Fort 
Xioudoun  capitulates  to  the  Chero- 
kees [and  is  foully  massacred  or  taken 
into  captivity.] 

ALL  CANADA  TAKEN  BY  THE 
BRITISH. 
Sept.  8.   Montreal   falls  Into  the  hands 
of   General  Amiierst,  at    the   head   of 
three  powerful  armies. 

Amherst  Jipproached  tlie  city  from  up 
the  river,  wliile  Murray  ascended  from 
below,  and  Haviland  marched  from  tlie 
Lake  Charaplain  region. 

Nov.  29.  Mich.  Bel^tre  surrenders  at 
Detroit. 

1761  June  10  +.  Tenn.  The  Chero- 
kees are  defeated  by  the  British  under 
Lieut.  Col.  James  Grant ;  their  town, 
magazines,  and  cornfields  destroyed. 

Summer.  Mich.  The  garrison  of  De- 
troit barely  escapes  a  conspiracy  to 
massacre  the  force  by  the  Seneca  and 
Wyandot  Indians. 

1762  Jan.  1.  War  between  England 
and  Spain. 

*  *  N.  B.    The  French  gain  [temporary] 

possession  of  St.  John. 
June  6.    Cuba.    An  English  squadron  of 

32  men-of-war  and  200  transports,  with 


20,000  men,  under  the  command  of  the 
Duke  of  Albemarle  and  Adiniral  Pocock, 
appears  off  Havana. 

July  30.  Cuba.  The  Morro  Castle  is 
taken  by  storm. 

Aug.  13.  Cuba.  The  governor  of  Ha- 
vana capittilates. 

The  English  g.ain  9  ships  of  the  line  and 
4  frigates,  and  14,000  prisoners,  besides 
spoil  valued  at  $10,000,000. 

Auttimn.    Pontiae  plans  his  conspiracy. 

*  *  jr.  /.  The  English  take  Martinique, 
St.  Lucia,  and  St.  Vincent. 

The  French  West  Indian  Islands 
surrender  to  an  expedition  of  royal  and 
provincial  troops. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris 
closes  the  Frencli  and  Indian  War,  one 
of  the  most  important  and  far-reaching 
in  its  results. 

May7. -Nov.  *  Mich.  Fontiac,  chief  of 
the  Ottawas,  instigates  a  conspiracy. 

It  aims  to  surprise  every  English  post 
between  tlie  Alleghanies  and  the  Missis- 
■  sippi  by  a  confederacy  of  all  the  tribes, 
and  thus  exterminate  the  English  in  tlie 
West;  an  Indian  maiden  at  Detroit  ex- 
poses and  defeats  the  scheme  at  thiit 
garrison. 

May  16.  O.  The  Wyandots  take  Fort 
Sandusky,  and  butcher  the  garrison. 

May  29.  Mich.  The  Chippeways  take 
Fort  Mackinaw,  and  murder  nearly  all 
of  its  defenders. 

May+  •  Mich.    Siege  of  Detroit. 

July  15.  All  the  English  forts  of  the 
West  captured  by  the  Indians  except 
Niagara,  Fort  Pitt,  and  Detroit. 

Sept.  3.  Mich.  Detroit  is  relieved  from 
a  long  siege,  conducted  by  Pontiac,  by  a 
vessel  from  Niagara. 

Nov.  *  General  Gage  succeeds  Am- 
herst as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
British  forces. 

Dec.  14-27.  Pa.  The "Paxton Boys" 
massacre  the  Conestogas,  who  were  con- 
verted Indians. 

ART  —  SCIEHCE  —  NATURE. 

1760*  *  Mass.  John  Singleton  Cop- 
ley first  paints. 

»  *  Benjamin  West  goes  abroad  to  study 
art. 

*  *  Boy  and  Tame  Squirrel  is  sent  by  John 
Singleton  Copley  to  the  Royal  Academy. 

1761  Mar.  12.  Mass.  An  earthquake 
shocks  this  and  adjoining  states. 

*  *  B.  I.  Performance  of  The  Provoked 
Husband  at  Newport. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1759*  « 

Adair,  .John,  general,  born. 
Barney,  .Joshua,  commodore,  born. 
Cooper,  Tlionias,  8<jienti8t,  l>orn. 
Dallas,  Alex.  James,  statesman,  born. 
Oilman,  .Jolm,  Gov.  of  N.  U.,  born. 
I'epperell,  .Sir  William,  general,  A63.  ? 
Plumer,  William,  statesman,  born. 
I'rldeaux,  .John,  offlcer,  A41. 
Read,  Nathan,  inventor,  born. 
Wolfe.  James,  general,  dies. 
1760 •  • 
Carey,  Matthew,  philanthropist,  bom. 
Bayton,  Jonathan,  patriot,  born. 
Dessallnes,  Jean  Jacques,  Haitian  emp.,  b. 
Duane,  William,  jiolitician,  born. 
Puponceau,  I'eter  S.,  lawyer,  born. 
Van  Wort,  Isaac,  patriot,  born. 
Wolcott,  Oliver,  statesman,  born. 


1781 •  • 

Alsop,  Uichard,  poet,  born, 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  Kran<;oi8  Xavier,  miulon- 
ary,  dies. 

Davles,  .Samuel,  pres.  of  Princeton  Coll.  A37. 

iJexter,  .Sanmel,  statesman,  born. 

Gallatin.  Albert,  statesman,  born. 

Morse,  Je(le<liah,  geographer,  horn. 

Murray,  William  Vans,  statesman,  bom. 

Preble,  Edward,  commodore,  born. 

.Spauldlng,  .Solomon,  Book  of  .Mormon,  bora. 

Wistar,  Casper,  physician,  born. 
1762 •  • 

Abbot,  Benjamin,  teacher,  bom. 

Earle,  Pliny,  inventor,  born. 

Giles,  William  P.ranch,  statesman,  born. 

Moore,  Kichard  Cbannlng,  bp.  of  Va.,  bom. 

Washington.  Bushrod.  justice,  born  In  Va. 
1763 •  » 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  capitalist,  born. 

Breckinridge,  James,  congressman,  bom. 

Delano,  .\nta8a,  traveler,  born. 

Holmes,  .\blel,  clergyman,  born. 

Kent,  James,  jurist,  born. 

Maclure,  William,  geologist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1759  *  *  Jf.  y.  Samson  Occum,  an  In- 
dian convert,  is  ordained  by  the  Suffolk 
Presbytery. 

1760  Aug.  10.  A'ew  I'or*.  Arrival  of 
PhUip  Embury,  the  first  Methodist 
preacher  in  America. 

*  •  Brazil.  On  the  pretext  of  influencing 
a  native  revolt  the  Jesuits  are  exx>elled 
with  great  severity. 

1761  *  *  Jfew  York.  The  American  peo- 
ple are  alarmed  at  Episcopacy  because 
of  its  connection  with  politics,  the  clergy 
of  the  Colony  having.  In  concealed  cor- 
respondence, urged  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  to  promote  the  abrogation 
of  provincial  cliarters. 

1762  June  10.  New  York.  The  [pres- 
ent] First  Baptist  church  is  organized. 

Deo.  9.  Mass.  Dr.  Jonathan  Mayhew 
avows  Universalism  in  a  Thanksgiving 
sermon. 

1763  •  *  Can.  First  Baptist  church 
formed  in  [British  America,]  at  New 
Brunswick. 

*  •  Fla.  The  Franciscan  Mission  in 
Florida  reports  at  this  date  25  stations, 
81  missionaries,  and  over  600  converts. 

*  *  K.  Y.  The  Synod  of  New  York  or- 
ders a  collection  to  be  taken  in  all  its 
churches  for  the  support  of  Indian 
missions. 

The  Presbytery  of  Dutchess  County  is 
organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Christian  Indians  in  Beth- 
lehem and  vicinity  are  persecuted  by 
the  whites  during  the  Pontiac  War. 

LETTERS. 

1759  *  •  Mass.  Joseph  Warren  grad- 
uates at  Harvard. 

1760  *  *  New  England  surpasses  all 
the  other  colonies  in  education. 

"  There  was  not  to  be  found,  in  all 
New  England,  an  adult,  bom  in  the 
country,  wlio  could  not  read  and  write." 
(Ridpath.) 

»  *  Virginia  leads  the  Southern  colonies 
in  diffusing  education,  and  Maryland, 
Carolina,  and  Georgia  bring  up  the  rear 
of  the  column. 

1761  *  •  -62  •  •  The  Amencan  Chronicle 
issued  by  Samuel  Farley. 


AMERICA. 


1759,  Aug. -1763.     73 


*  *  Del.  The  first  newspaper,  the  Wi?- 
mington  Gazette^  appears. 

*  *  Mass.  Speech  of  James  Otis,  the 
orator,  against  the  "  writs  of  assistance." 

1762  *  *  R.  I.  Providence  has  its  first 
newspaper,  tlie  Providence  Gazette. 

*  *  A  Vindication  of  the  Conduct  of  the 
House  of  Jtepresentatires,  by  Patrick 
Henry,  appears. 

»  *  Va.  Thomas  Jefferson  graduates 
at  William  and  Mary  College. 

1763  Apr.  17.  Ga.  The  Georgia  Ga- 
zette issued  at  Savannah  on  its  first  and 
recently  arrived  printing-press. 

*  •  Md.  Frederick  CoUege  (non-seot.) 
organized. 

*  *  2few  York-.  Rev.  Myles  Cooper  he- 
comes  president  of  King's  (Columbia) 
College. 

SOCIETY. 
1760  *  *  Various  social  customs  in  the 

colonies. 

Manners  and  customs  of  the  Puritans 
prevail  in  Kew  England ;  those  of  the 
Dutch  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  ; 
those  of  the  Quakers  along  the  Dela- 
ware ;  those  of  the  Huguenots  along  the 
rivers  of  South  Carolina. 

*  •  ♦  New  Eng.  Ijaws  prohibit  many 
things. 

Among  them,  the  defrauding  of  credit- 
ors, in  order  to  live  in  luxury ;  "  drink- 
ing of  healths,  as  a  bad  habit ;  "  wearing 
embroidered  garments  and  laces,  also 
sleeves  that  do  not  reach  the  wrist,  these 
must  not  be  more  than  an  ell  wide ;  the 
use  of  tobacco  by  such  as  are  under  20 
years  of  age,  those  who  use  it  publicly  are 
nnod  sixpence ;  all  persons  are  restrained 
from  "  swimming  in  the  waters  on  the 
Sabbath  day,  or  unreasonably  walking  in 
the  fields  or  streets."  Those  who  refuse 
to  vote,  or  serve  when  elected  to  oflice, 
are  fined  for  want  of  patriotism. 

Thomas  Hutchinson  is  the  most  con- 
spicuous man  in  New  England.  (Win- 
sor). 

*  *  •  Pa.  Ijaws  prohibit  "  stage  plays, 
playing  of  cards,  dice,  May-garaes, 
masques,  and  revels." 

*  *  *  Va.  Rigorous  laws  regulate  con- 
duct. 

Absence  from  church  is  punishable  by 
fine ;  the  wardens  are  sworn  to  report 
cases  of  "  drmikenness,  swearing,  and 
other  vices,"  olfendera  are  liable  to 
punishment  by  fines,  %t  the  rate  of  '*  a 
shilling  an  oath  "  for  swearers  ;  minis- 
ters are  to  jibstaiji  from  excess  of  drink- 
ing and  riot,  and  are  not  to  play  cards 
or  dice. 

*  *  *  Car.  Laws  similar  to  the  preceding 
are  enacted  in  the  Carolinas. 

1763  *  *  Ohio.  The  English  introduce 
the  rum  traffic  (which  the  French  had 
prohibited)  among  the  Indians  along  the 
lakes  and  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio ;  their 
demoralization  follows. 

*  *  Guiana.  A  formidable  insurrection 
of  negro  slaves. 

STATE. 
1759    Sept.  18.     Can.    Bamezay  is  gov- 
ernor at  Quebec. 
»  *  Sp.    Charles  m.  king. 

*  *  Massachusettshasself-imposedtaxes. 

*  *  Pa.    James  Hamilton  governor. 


1760  Sept.  8.  Canada,  having  been  sur- 
rendered to  General  Amherst,  is  imited 
to  Great  Britain  [ceded  in  1763]. 

Oct.  25.     Eng.    George  II.  dies. 
Nov.  20.    Eng.  George m.  enthroned. 
Dec.  27.    Boston  receives  tidings  of  the 
death  of  George  II. 

*  *  ^7117.  The  king  and  aristocracy  strug- 
gle against  the  people. 

•  *  Eng.  Franklin  denies  that  Ameri- 
cans desire  independence,  or  ever  will, 
except  they  suffer  gross  abuse. 

♦  *  Ga.  This  province  issues  $37,050  this 
year  in  paper  money. 

*  ♦  Guiana.  Peace  is  made  with  the  Au- 
kan  negroes  in  Dutch  Guiana. 

•  *  Estimated  population  of  the  13  colo- 
nies, 1,695,000  people,  of  which  numl)er 
310,000  were  negroes. 

*  *  English  imports  from  the  North  Amer- 
ican colonies  amount  to  $3,805,000;  ex- 
ports, 813,060,000. 

«  *  [  f/.  S.)    Governors  inaugurated : 
-75  •  *  Ga.    James  Wright. 
June-Aug.    Mass.    Thos.  Hutchinson. 

[1769-74.] 
-69  *  *  Mass.    Sir  Francis  Bernard. 

N.  J.     Thomas  Boone. 
-61  *  *  N'.    y.     Cadwalliider     Golden. 

[1761-65;  1769-70.] 
-61  •  •  S.  C.    William  Bull.     [1763-69.] 

1761  Jan.  27.  Mass.  Joseph  Hutch- 
inson is  appointed  chief-justice. 

[.John  Adams  considered  this  date  the 
beginning  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion.] 
Feb.  *  Boston.  James  Otis  becomes  the 
champion  of  the  colonies  in  opposing  the 
Acts  of  Trade  before  the  subservient 
Chief-Justice  Hutchinson. 

He  produces  a  sensation  throughout 
the  colonies  by  his  masterly  address, 
showing  the  unconstitutionality  of  the 
Parliamentary  acts,  and  advocating  the 
rights  of  the  colonies. 

•  •  Eng.  The  British  ministry  endeavor 
to  strictly  enforce  the  Importation 
Act. 

»  •  Mass.  Disputes  and  bitterness  pre- 
vail over  the  arbitrary  methods  of  col- 
lecting customs. 

Great  excitement  follows  the  unjust 
and  tyrannical  action  of  the  king's  ofli- 
cers  in  Salem  and  Boston,  who  are  given 
"  Writs  of  Assistance"  for  entering  and 
searching  any  place  for  goods  suspected 
of  evading  the  import  duty. 

»  *  [U.  S.]    Governors  Inaugurated : 
-62  »  *  N.J.    Josiah  Hardy. 
Oct.  26.    2f.  r.    Robert  Monckton. 

1762  Nov.  1.  Phila.  Franklin  again 
returns  from  England. 

Nov.  3.  La.  France,  by  a  secret  treaty, 
cedes  to  Spain  the  whole  of  Louisi- 
ana west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  also  the 
island  of  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Guiana.  Peace  is  made  with  the 
Saramaccan  negroes  in  Dutch  Guiana. 

•*[(/.  .S".]    Governors  inaugurated : 
R.  I.  Sam.  Ward.  [1765.  Reappointed.] 
S.  C.    Thomas  Boone. 


1763  Jan.  *  Pa.  The  English  govern- 
ment orders  Connecticut  to  cease  colo- 
nizing the  Wyoming  Valley. 

Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris,  between 
Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Por- 
tugal. 

The  Mississippi  becomes  the  western 
boundary  of  Virginia ;  Spain  cedes  Flor- 
ida to  Great  Bntain ;  France  cedes  to 
Spain  all  the  vast  territory  of  Louisiana 
lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
the  isles  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  are 
confirmed  to  her.  England  restores 
Havana,  receives  Nova  Scotia,  Canada, 
and  Cape  Breton.  The  French  power 
disappears  from  the  New  World. 

*  *  -65  Apr.  *  Eng.  George  Qren- 
ville  prime  minister. 

Oct.  7.  Eng.  The  king  by  a  proclama- 
tion defines  the  respective  boundaries  of 
Quebec,  East  Florida,  West  Florida,  and 
Granada,  but  the  regions  north  of  the 
Great  Lakes  and  west  of  the  AUeghanies 
remain  Crown  lands,  closed  to  settlers. 

Nov.  3.  Treaty  of  Fontainebleau  be- 
tween England,  France,  and  Spain. 

Nov.  15.  Pa.  Charles  Mason  and  Jere- 
miah Dixon  begin  the  running  of 
the  "  Mason  and  Dixon  line."  [It 
forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
free  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  later 
times.] 

Dec.  28.  N.  y.  The  governor  issues  a 
proclamation  claiming  the  territory 
(Vermont)  west  of  the  Connecticut  River 
under  the  grants  of  Charles  II.  to  the 
Duke  of  York. 

Deo.  *  Va.  First  collision  In  Virginia 
between  the  prerogative  of  the  king  and 
the  authority  of  the  Legislature  occurs. 
The  king  refuses  to  sign  the  law  au- 
thoriziiJfe  debtors  to  pay  their  public 
dues  in  money  instead  of  tobacco  —  the 
legalized    currency.      Patrick    Henry 

.pleads  the  rights  of  the  colonists,  and 
denies  the  king's  right  to  make  laws  for 
the  colonies. 

*  *  Brazil.  The  capital  transferred 
from  Bahia  to  Rio  Janeiro. 

*  *  The  English  occupy  all  the  posts  es- 
tablished by  the  French  along  the  lakes 
and  the  Ohio  Valley. 

*  *  It  is  believed  that  England  intends  to 
tax  the  colonies  to  relieve  her  financial 
burdens. 

*  *[U.  S.]    Governors  inaugurated: 
-75  **lf.C.    William  Franklin. 
-72  •  •  Pa.    John  Penn.    [1773-76.] 
-64  *  *  R.I.    Stephen  Hopkins. 

UISCELLANEOnS. 

1759  *  *  Port.  A  third  Brazil  company 
is  ft>rmed. 

1760  Mar.  20.  Boston.  One-tenth  of 
the  city  destroyed  by  fire. 

»  *  Culm.  Yellow  fever  first  appears  at 
Havana. 

*  *  R.  I.    Newport  has  about  6B0  slaves. 

1762  Oct.  *  Phila.  The  yellow  fever 
rages  with  unparalleled  violence. 

1763  *  *N'.  Y.  A  ferry  established  be- 
tween New  York  and  Faulus  Hook  (Jer- 
sey City). 


74    1763-1768,  June  10. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1764  June*  Col.  Brailstreet  conducts  a 
campaign  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

Aug.  5,  6.    Battle  of  Busby  Run. 

•  *  Major  Loftus,  with  British  troops, 
ascends  the  Mississippi  from  New 
Orleans. 

Oct.  •  -Nov.  •  O.  Col.  Henry  Bouquet 
marches  against  the  Ohio  Indians. 

1765  *  *  Fort  Chartres  is  turned  over  to 
English  troops. 

•  •  ///.  English  troops  first  enter  the 
Illinois  country. 

1766  Mar.  5.  Ulloa  takes  possession  of 
New  Orleans  for  .Spain. 

•  *  Boston.    The  royal  artillery  arrives. 

1767  *  •  Boston.  Irritation  caused  by 
the  appearance  of  a  man-of-war,  the 
Romney ;  the  colony  having  broken  no 
laws,  and  only  appealed  for  redress. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1765  •  *  Thomas  Godfrey  writes  Prince 

of  Parthia,  the  first  play  written  by  an 

American. 
1767    Aug.  •    W.  I.    About  16,000  perish 

by  an  earthquake  at  Martinique. 

•  *  JVem  lor*.  A  theater  is  built  In  John 
Street. 

•  *  Pa.  David  Rittenhouse  projects  a 
large  orrery  on  a  new  and  improved  plan. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1764*  • 

Daggett,  David,  senator,  born. 

Eaton,  William,  soldier,  born. 

Emmet,  Thomas,  lawyer,  born. 

Livingston,  Brockholst,  U.  S.  .Supreme  Court, 
born. 

Livingston,  Edward,  statesman,  born. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  Latham,  physician,  born. 

Perkins,  Tlioinas,  pliilantliroiiist,  born. 

Pinkney,  William,  lawyer,  I)orn. 

Tennent,  <;ill)ert,  clergyman,  dies. 

Van  Rensselaer,  .Stephen,  statesman,  born. 

Ware,  Henry,  clergyman,  born. 
1765*   • 

Andrada,  Sylvae,  d',  Brazilian  statesman,  b. 

Backus,  .\zel,  college  president,  born. 

Fulton.  Robert,  engineer,  born. 

(Jardiner,  .lolin  S.,  clergyman,  born. 

Harper,  iloliert  (loodloe,  lawyer,  born. 

Meigs,  lieturn  .Jonathan,  (iov.  of  O.,  born. 

Pitkin,  Tiniotiiy,  historian,  born. 

Smithson,  James  L.  M.,  pliysicist,  born. 

Stanwix,  John,  general,  dies. 

Todd,  Thomas,  justice,  born  in  Ky. 

Whitney,  Eli,  inventor,  born. 
1768 •  • 

Appleton,  .Samuel,  pbilantliropist,  born. 

Barton,  Benjamin  Sniitli,  naturalist,  born. 

Boylston,  Zalnliel,  physician,  .\8(). 

Dunlap,  William,  painter,  born. 

Finley,  Samuel,  pres.  I'rinceton  Coll.,  A51. 

Irving,  William,  auttior,  born. 

Mayliew,  Jonattian,  clergyman,  A46. 

I'erkins,  Jacob,  inventor,  born. 

Wilson,  Alexander,  ornithologist,  born. 
1767'   » 

Adams.  John  Q.,  6th  President,  born  in 
Mass.,  July  11. 

Bayard.  James  Asheton,  statesman,  born. 

Black  Hawk,  Indian  chief,  born. 

Brooks,  Peter  C,  philanthropist,  bom. 

Clap,  Thomas,  Pres.  Yale  Coll.,  A64. 

Ceorge,  Enoch,  Ijisliop,  born. 

Grang:er,  Gideon,  statesman,  born. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  general,  statesman,  7th 
President,  born. 

Thompson.  Smith,  justice,  born  in  N.Y. 

Wolcott,  Itoger,  Gov.  of  Conn.,  A88. 

CHURCH. 
1764    Apr.  15.     Kew    York.     The   Re- 
formed Dutch  church  has  preaching  in 
English    by  an    English    pastor    lately 


called.    (Much  opposition    to   the   lan- 
guage follows.) 
1765    May  9.  Mass.   The  Baptist  church 
of  Haverhill  is  constituted;  Hezekiah 
Smith,  pastor. 

*  *  Boston.  Samuel  StUlman  becomes 
pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church.  [He 
preaches  against  the  Stamp  Act.] 

*  •  Mich.  Only  two  Jesuit  missionaries 
remain  in  the  Northwest ;  both  are  at 
Mackinaw. 

**lf.C.  The  Kehukee  Baptist  Associa- 
tion is  formed. 

*  *  Tenn.  Two  Baptist  churches  formed 
in  East  Tennessee. 

*  *  S.  C.  Jews  have  a  congregation  at 
Charleston. 

**Pa.(?)  Lutherans  start  a  private  the- 
ological Seminary. 

*  *  W.  I.  Two  Moravian  missionaries  are 
sent  to  the  Barbados. 

1766  •  *  New  York.  Methodism  is  in- 
troduced. 

The  first  Methodist  sermon  in  the  New 
World  is  preached  by  Philip  Embury  at 
his  residence  in  New  York. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  unites 
with  the  General  (Cong'l)  Associa- 
tion of  Connecticut  to  defeat  the  pro- 
posed establishment  of  an  Episcopal 
church  for  the  colonies,  to  be  supported 
by  a  common  tax ;  they  also  agree  to 
meet  in  annual  conventions. 

1767*  *  Neto  Eng.  Some  of  the  Baptist 
churches  are  Seventh-day,  some  Ar- 
minian,  and  a  majority  maintain  the  im- 
position of  hands  on  the  immersed  as  a 
divine  ordinance. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Methodists  worship 
in  a  rigging-loft. 

*  *  Pa.  Capt.  Thomas  Webb  introduces 
Methodism  into  Philadelphia. 

A  general  missionary  collection  is 
ordered  among  Presbyterians  by  the 
Synod,  to  maintain  preaching  on  the 
frontier. 

*  *  Paraguay.    The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

*  */?./.  Warren  Baptist  Association 
formed. 

*  *  W.  I.  Moravian  mission  work  pros- 
pers in  Barbados. 

*  *  Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  from  Span- 
ish South  America. 

LETTERS. 
1764    Mar.  24.    Pa.     The   New    Castle 

Chronicle  first  issued. 
Oct.  29.    Conn.    Hartford   has    its   first 

newspaper,  the  Connecticut  Couranl. 

*  *  Can.  The  first  newspaper  in  Que- 
bec is  issued,  the  Qtiebec  Gazette,  pub- 
lished in  two  languages. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Harvard  Library  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire;  about  6,000  books  are 
burned. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  medical  school  in 
America  is  founded. 

*  *  B.  I.  Brown  University  (Baptist) 
established  at  Warren. 

*  ♦  Bights  of  British  Colonies,  by  Otis, 
appears. 


1765  *  *  N.  Y.  Samson  Ocum  visits  Eu- 
rope, and  secures  $50,000  for  his  Indian 
schools  on  Long  Island. 

1766  Nov.  10.  A^.  J.  The  Reformed 
Dutch  obtain  a  charter  for  Queen's 
(Rutgers)  College.  (Unsatisfactory 
and  inoperative.) 

*  *  Conn.  Rev.  Eleazer  Wheelock  estab- 
lishes a  school  for  training  Indian  boys 
to  be  teachers  of  their  own  race. 

*  «  -77  *  *■  Conn.  Kev.  NaphtaU  Dag- 
gett is  president  of  Yale  College. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Chronicle  issued  by 
A.  and  J.  Robertson. 

The  New  York  Journal,  or  OenercU 
Advertiser,  issued  by  John  Holt. 

1767  Oct.  *Con7».  The  Connecticut  Jour- 
nal and  New  Haven  Post-Boy  is  issued. 

SOCIETy. 

1764  *  *  Mass.  John  Adams  marries 
AbigaU  Smith. 

1765  *  *  Cmm.  Indignation  of  colo- 
nists against  the  Stamp  Act. 

The  Connecticut  stamp-offlcer  rode 
into  Hartford  on  his  white  horse  to  de- 
posit his  resignation,  with  a  thousand 
armed  farmers  riding  after  him,  and 
said  he  "  felt  like  death  on  the  pale 
horse  with  all  bell  following  him."  — 
Ency.  Brit. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  authorizes  the  min- 
istry to  send  troops  to  enforce  the  Stamp 
Act;  the  colonies  are  to  find  "quar- 
ters, fuel,  cider  or  rum,  candles,  and 
other  necessaries  "  for  them. 

Merchants  resolve  to  purchase  no 
more  goods  in  England,  and  the  people 
pledge  themselves  to  buy  nothing  of 
English  manufacture. 

*  *  Stamp  Act  agitation  prevails. 

Jluffled  bells  toll  the  funeral  peal  of 
liberty  in  Boston  and  Philadelphia  ;  in 
New  York  a  copy  of  the  Stamp  Act  is 
carried  through  the  streets,  having  a 
death's-head  nailed  to  it,  and  this  in- 
scription attached.  The  Folly  of  England 
and  the  Ruin  of  America. 

1766  Oct.*  Boston.  The  Daniel  Mai-- 
colm  riot ;  writ  forcibly  resisted. 

1768  June  10.  Boston.  Kiot  against 
the  action  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
king's  customs,  in  seizing  the  sloop  Xt6- 
erty  belonging  to  John  Hancock. 

STATE. 

1763  *  *  -64  »  *  Eng.  The  ministry 
seeks  to  enforce  the  Importation  Act 
by  seizing  and  confiscating  colonial  ves- 
sels in  unlawful  trade. 

*  *  Guiana.  A  French  company  sends 
out  12,000  colonists  without  provision 
for  their  labor  or  support ;  very  many 
suifer  and  perish. 

*  *  Mass.  Samuel  Adams  shows  that  ac- 
cording to  English  common  law  the  peo- 
ple alone  have  the  right  of  voting  taxes 
by  their  representatives  ;  and  the  colo- 
nists have  the  full  right  of  Englishmen. 

1764  Mar.  10.  Eng.  The  House  of 
Commons  adopts  a  resolution  affirming 
the  propriety  of  charging  certain  stamp 
duties  on  the  American  colonies.  [The 
report  soon  crosses  the  sea  and  produces 
universal  indignation.] 


AMERICA. 


1763-1768,  June  10.      75 


Apr.  6.  Eng.  Passage  of  Grenville's 
Act,  modifying  the  Sugar  Act  of  1732,  to 
take  eflfect  Sept.  30th. 

May  24.  Boston  takes  action  against 
taxation  by  Parliament. 

Dec.  17.  N.  H.  The  governor  issues  a 
proclamation  declaring  the  claims  of 
New  York  to  Vermont  are  obsolete. 

Dec.  *  Eng.  Franklin  returns  to  Lon- 
don. 

*  *  Mass.  Colonists  resolve  not  to  \ise 
British  manufactures. 

"  The  Rights  of  British  Colonists  as- 
serted and  proved  "  by  James  OtiSj  aids 
the  movement  for  liberty. 

*  *  Afo.  The  French  settle  the  town  of 
St.  Xiouis,  making  it  a  trading-post. 

*  *  The  enforcement  of  the  Importation 
Act  nearly  destroys  the  colonial  trade 
with  the  West  Indies. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Legislature  offers  large 
bounties  of  land  to  settlers ;  many  im- 
migrants arrive  from  Germany,  France, 
England,  and  Scotland,  chiefly  poor 
people. 

Oct.  27-71  Julyl.i\r,  C.  Wm.  Tyron 
is  governor. 

*  *  Fontleroy  is  sent  by  the  French 
government  to  observe  the  American 
colonies. 

1765  Feb.  6.  Eng.  George  GrenviUe 
introduces  the  resolutions  for  a 
Stamp  Act,  and  a  favoring  vote  is 
taken  by  the  Committee  of  the  House 
of  Commons.    Vote  245 — 49. 

Feb.  27.  Eng.  The  Stamp  Act  passes 
the  House  of  Commons  without  a  formal 
division. 

Mar.  8.  Eng.  The  Lords  pass  the 
Stamp  Act  without  debate,  protest, 
amendment,  division,  or  a  single  oppos- 
ing vote. 

Mar.  22.  Eiig.  Commissioners,  acting 
on  behalf  of  King  George  III.,  sign  the 
obnoxious  Stamp  Act,  and  it  becomes 
law. 

After  the  first  of  November  every 
legal  document  is  to  be  executed  on 
paper  bearing  an  English  stamp,  each 
sheet  costing  the  colonist  from  three- 
pence to  six  pounds  sterling ;  news- 
papers, pamphlets,  and  almanacs  to  be 
on  paper  stamped  to  the  value  of  one 
half-penny  and  increasing  to  fourpence ; 
each  advertisement  two  shillings. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  The  Mutiny  Act  is  ex- 
tended to  the  English  colonies. 

May  30.  Va.  The  right  of  taxation 
denied. 

Patrick  Henry  (29  years  of  age)  makes 
his  famous  liery  speech  in  the  House  of 
Burgesses,  and  the  assembly  passes  reso- 
lutions in  expression  of  colonial  rights  ; 
its  effect  on  the  colonies  is  electrical. 

(New  York   and   Massachusetts  assem- 
)liea  pass  similar  resolutions.] 

June  6.  Mass.  The  assembly  issues  a 
call  for  a  congress  of  deputies  from 
the  several  colonies  to  meet  in  New 
York  on  October  7th. 

July  13.  -66  Aug.  2.  E7ig.  The  Rock- 
ingham ministry. 

*  *  Boston.  The  mob  compels  Andrew 
Oliver,  the  stamp-agent,  to  resign,  and 
promise  he  will  not  aid  in  the  distribu- 


tion of  the  stamps.     He  is  hanged  in 
efligy. 

Aug.  26.  Boston.  The  chief  justice, 
Joseph  Hutchinson,  is  assailed,  and  his 
house  is  sacked. 

Oct.  7-25.  N.  r.  An  Anti-Stamp  Act 
Congress  meets  in  New  York  City. 

Twenty-eight  delegates  are  jtresent 
from  nine  colonies,  New  Hampshire, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia 
being  representatively  absent,  but  quies- 
cent. It  promises  loyalty,  and  sends  a 
petition  to  Parliament. 

Oct.  19.  New  York.  The  Stamp  Act 
Congress,  having  drawn  up  petitions  and 
memorials  to  the  King  and  Parliament, 
adopts  a  "Declaration  of  Rights." 

Oct.  31.  New  York.  All  the  governors 
of  colonies,  Rhode  Island  excepted,  take 
oath  to  execute  the  Stamp  Act. 

*  *  The  "Sons  of  liiberty"  are  organ- 
ized to  oppose  arbitrary  government  and 
defend  colonial  rights.  Tlie  right  of 
taxation  by  Parliament  is  much  dis- 
cussed. 

*  *  Pa.  Pittsburg  is  laid  out  and  set- 
tled. 

Nov.  1.  The  Stamp  Act  comes  into 
force  on  this  day  and  is  universally  con- 
temned ;  flags  fly  at  half-mast,  bells  are 
tolled,  and  business  suspended. 

In  New  York  ten  boxes  of  stamps  are 
forcibly  seized  and  destroyed ;  in  Con- 
necticut the  stamp-oflicer  is  threatened 
with  banging ;  in  Boston  houses  are  de- 
stroyed and  the  stamps  given  to  the 
winds  and  flames ;  every  stamp-officer 
in  America  is  obliged  to  resign  or  leave 
the  country. 

Merchants  of  the  principal  cities  en- 
ter into  engagements  with  each  other 
to  import  no  more  goods  from  Great 
Britain  till  the  Stamp  Act  shall  be 
repealed. 

Nov.  7.  Massachusetts  appoints  Dennis 
Deberdt  its  agent  in  London. 

*  *  French  Guiana.  Only  918  colonists 
remain  alive  out  of  12,000  sent  out. 

Nov.  *  li.  I.  Governor  Ward  refuses  to 
take  an  oath  to  sustain  the  Stamp  Act ; 
other  governors  acquiesce. 

*  *-69*  *  N.  Y.  SirH.  Moore,  governor, 
1766  Jan.  14.   Eng.  Pitt  advocates  the 

repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act  In  Parliament. 
He  says,  "  I  rejoice  that  the  Americans 
have  resisted ;  if  they  had  submitted, 
they  would  voluntarily  have  become 
slaves.  They  have  been  driven  to  mad- 
ness by  injustice."    (See  p.  917.) 

Jan.  28.  Eng.  Benj.  Franklin  is  ex- 
amined in  the  House  of  Commons 
respecting  the  Stamp  Act.  He  testifies 
as  to  the  temper  of  his  countrymen. 

Mar.  7.  Eng.  The  Declaratory  Act  is 
passed  by  Parliament,  asserting  that 
"  Parliament  has  power  to  bind  the  col- 
onies in  all  cases  whatsoever." 

Mar.  18.  Eng.  The  Stamp  Act  is  re- 
pealed ;  great  joy  among  the  friends  of 
America ;  bonfires,  flags,  and  illumina- 
tions in  London.  The  act  had  brought 
in  no  revenue. 

May  6,  Eng,  Ix)rd  Howe  and  Gen. 
Howe  appointed  commissioners  for  re- 
storing peace  in  the  British  colonies. 

*  *  News  of  the  repeal  occasions  great 
rejoicing  in  the  colonies ;  bells  are  rung 


and  bonfires  lighted  and  importations 
encouraged ;  a  great  calm  follows,  while 
another  storm  is  brewing.    (May  19.) 

Aug.  10.  New  York.  At  night  soldiers 
cut  down  a  citizen's  flagstaff.    Replaced. 

Dec.  *  New  York,  Soldiers  again  cut 
down  the  flagstaff.  Great  excitement 
follows. 

*  *  -76  *  *  New  York.  Whitehead  Hicks 
the  41st  mayor. 

*  *\_V.  5.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-69  *  *  Conn.    William  Pitkins. 
-QQ*  *Ji.I.    Samuel  Ward. 

-68  *  *  S.  C.    Charles  Montague. 

1767  Jtine  20.  Eng.  Parliament  en- 
acts duties  on  tea,  etc. 

Jime  29.  The  irritation  of  the  colo- 
nies renewed. 

Koyal  assent  is  given  to  an  act  impos- 
ing colonial  duties  on  imported  glass, 
paper,  painters'  colors,  and  tea ;  it  also 
suspends  the  powers  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  New  York  until  it  votes 
supplies  for  the  King's  troops  in  that 
province.  [The  flames  of  resentment 
burst  out  afresh.] 

*  •  Mass.  Non  -  importation  asso<Ha- 
tions  again  come  Into  vigorous  exist- 
ence. 

*  *  Eng.  Custom  House  and  Board  of 
Commissioners  created  for  America. 

Nov.  20.  Tlie  Act  taxing  colonial  im- 
ports goes  into  effect. 

Dec.  26.  Pa.~Md.  Mason  and  Dixon 
complete  their  important  survey  as  far 
as  a  war-path,  thirty-six  miles  from  the 
end  of  the  line,  where  the  Indians  com- 
pel them  to  stop. 

Dec.  *  -70  Jan.  *  Eng.  Duke  of  Graf- 
ton prime  minister,  Hillsborough 
succeeds  Shelburne  in  the  ministry  as 
colonial  secretary. 

1768  Feb.  11.  Mass.  The  Assembly, 
by  a  circular  letter,  calls  upon  other 
colonies  to  unite  in  an  effort  to  obtain 
redress  for  grievances. 

June*  Eng.  Tlxe  ministry  perempto- 
rily orders  the  Assembly  of  Massachu- 
setts to  rescind  its  circular. 

June  10.  Boston.  The  commissioners 
of  customs  seize  John  Hancock's  sloop 
Liberty ^  and  the  enraged  citizens  drive 
them  to  the  fort  for  safety. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1764  June  18.  N.  J.  The  lighthouse 
at  Sandy  Hook  first  put  in  operation. 

1765  Aug.  14.  Boston.  Consecration 
of  the  Liberty-tree ;  copper-plate  af- 
fixed with  the  words,  "  The  Tree  of  Lib- 
erty.   Aug.  14,  1765." 

*  *  *  The  British  Board  of  Trade  has 
checked  aU  manufacturing  enter- 
prise, by  means  of  restrictions  which 
make  success  impossible. 

1766  *  *  N.  Y.~Pa.  An  express  wag- 
on runs  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia 
in  two  days,  and  the  enterprise  is  con- 
sidered remarkable. 

1767  *  *  The  colonists  again  form  non- 
importation associations  to  destroy 
the  market  for  British  goods  ;  importa- 
tions of  dutiable  articles  nearly  cease. 


76      1768,  July-1772. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1768  Sept.  *  Bostmi.  Two  British  re- 
giments arrive,  having  been  sent  by 
request  of  the  royal  officers  in  the 
colony.     (Sept.  28.) 

Oct.  *  Mass.  General  Gage,  commander- 
in-chief,  is  sent  from  Halifax  to  subdue 
"  the  insolent  town  of  Boston." 

He  marches  through  the  streets  with 
700  regulars  having  fixed  bayonets  ;  the 
people  are  enraged  at  the  invasion. 

*  *-7l*  *  jv^.  c.   War  of  the  Regulators. 

1770  Mar.  5.  Boston.  ««The  Boston 
Massacre."  The  citizens  exasperate 
Captain  Prescott's  company  of  soldiers, 
and  they  fire,  killing  three  citizens  and 
wounding  eight. 
Soon  after  several  thousand  colonists 


appear  under  arms,  and  dem.and  that 
the  governor  withdraw  the  troops  from 
the  city,  and  he  is  forced  to  yield. 

1772  June  10.  R.  I.  The  armed  ves- 
sel, Gaspee,  is  grounded  and  burned 
for  enforcing  customs. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1768  Oct.  5.  Cuba.  A  great  cyclone 
strikes  Havana;  4,0i8  houses  and  1,000 
lives  are  destroyed. 

1769  July  3.  N.  Y.  The  first  theatri- 
cal performance  at  Albany  is  the  play, 
Venice  Preserved. 

*  *  Cal.  San  Francisco  Bay  is  discov- 
ered. 

*  *  Eng.  Samuel  Hearne  seeks  a  north- 
west passage  in  the  Arctic  seas.  [He  is 
absent  3  years.] 

*  *  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  explores  the  Ken- 
tucky region. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Philosoph- 
ical Society  begins  its  publications. 

1770  *  *  Coiin.  ITie  first  manufacture 
of  tinware  in  the  colonies  begins  at 
Berlin. 

±  *  *  W.  Billings  and  others  write  music 
for  the  singing-schools  in  New  England. 

±  *  *  A  portrait  of  Washington,  in  the  uni- 
form of  a  Virginia  colonel,  is  painted  by 
C.  W.  Peale. 

1771  *  *  Boston.  John  Ramage  paints 
miniatures. 

*  *  Matthew  Prat  paints  the  portrait  of 
CadumUader  Colden  for  the  New  York 
Chamber  of  Commerce. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1768*  * 

Beissel,  Johann,  Conrad,  mystic,  A78. 

Boydj  John  Parker,  general,  born. 

Dennie,  Joseph,  journalist,  born. 

Harris,  Thaddeus,  clergyman,  bom. 

Jones,  Jacob,  naval  officer,  born. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  senator,  born. 

Tecumseh,  Shawnee  chief,  born.  ? 

Wadsworth,  James,  philanthropist,  born. 
1769*  • 

Barron,  James,  commodore,  born. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  patron  of  Brown  Univer- 
sity, born. 

Clinton.  De  Witt.  Gov.  of  N.  Y.,  born. 

Craneh,  William,  jurist,  born. 

Hosack,  David,  author,  born. 

Mercer,  Jesse,  clergyman,  born. 

Messer,  Asa,  pres.  of  Brown  TTniv.,  born. 

Miller,  Samuel,  clergyman,  born. 

Plesaants,  James,  senator,  born. 

Fontiac,  Ottawa  chief,  A57. 
1770*  • 

Attucks,  Crispus,  Boston  massacre,  dies. 

Blant,  Edmund  March,  writer,  born. 


Burg-ess.  Trlstam,  jurist,  born. 

Caldas,  Francisco  Jos(5,  So.  Am.  savant,  b. 

Clarke.  WiUiam.  explorer,  born. 

Dinwiddie,  llobert,  Gov.  of  Va.,  A78. 

Guess,  George—  Se-quoy-ah,  Indian  inventor 
—  born. 

Hopkinson,  Joseph,  jurist,  born. 

Kirkland,  John  T.,  pres.  Harvard  Univ.,  b. 

Mason,  John  Mitchell,  clergyman,  born. 

Moore,  Zeph.  Swlft,pres.  of  Williams  CoU.,b. 

Wentworth,  Benning,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  A74. 

Whitefleld,  Georg-e,  revivalist,  A.'jfj. 

Zea,  Francisco  Antonla,  statesman,  born. 
1771*   * 

Alden,  Timothy,  college  president,  born. 

Ballou,  Hosea,  Universalist  clergyman,  b. 

Boylston,  Nicholas,  benefactor,  A55. 

Brown,  Charles  Brock^ien,  author,  born. 

Fessenden,  Thomas  Green,  author,  born. 

Hopper.  Isaac  Tatem,  philanthropist,  b. 

Irving,  Peter,  author,  born. 

Johnson,  WiUiam,  justice,  born. 

Morrow,  Jeremiah,  statesman,  born. 
1773*   * 

Alexaniler,  Archibald,  clergyman,  born. 

Appleton,  Jesse,  pres.  of  Bowdoin  Coll., born. 

Burrill,  James,  lawyer,  bom. 

Caldwell,  Charles,  pliysician,  born. 

Chauncey,  Isaac,  navy,  born. 

Crawford,  WiUiam  Harris,  statesman,  born. 

Dooly,  John  Mitchell,  jurist,  born. 

Dowse,  Thomas,  book  collector,  born. 

Finley,  llobert,  clergyman,  born. 

MacArtlmr,  Duncan,  Gov.  of  O.,  bom. 

l*orter,  Kbenezer,  scliolar,  born. 

Quincy,  Josiah.  statesman,  born. 

Wirt.  William,  orator,  born. 

Woolman,  John,  author,  A63. 


CHURCH. 

1768  Aug.  17.  N.  J.  John  "Wither- 
spoon  is  inaugurated  president  of  the 
college  of  New  Jersey. 

Oct.  30.  N.  Y.  John  Street  Methodist 
church  in  New  York  is  dedicated  by 
Philip  Embury. 

*  *  Phila.  First  organization  of  Metho- 
dists ;  meetings  held  in  a  gall-loft  by  a 
class  of  7  members. 

*  *  Vt.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
founded  in  Shaftsbury. 

1769  May  19.  It.  Clement  XIV. 
pope. 

*  *  Cal.  Father  Junipero  Serra,  a  Fran- 
ciscan monk,  founds  a  mission  at  San 
Diego.  Many  of  bis  associates  die  dur- 
ing the  first  months  of  hardship. 

Jesuit  missions  are  established  in  New 
California. 

*  *  Can.  The  Burgher  Presbytery  of 
Truro,  Nova  Scotia,  is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  First  Methodist  church  (St. 
George)  obtained  by  purchase. 

Arrival  of  Richard  Boardman  and 
Joseph  Pi  1  moor,  Wesley  an  Methodist 
missionaries. 

*  *  Va.  Methodism  is  planted  by  Robert 
Williams,  a  local  preacher. 

1770  Mar.  20.  N.  Y.  The  Reformed 
Dutch  obtain  a  new  charter  for  a  col- 
lege (Rutgers). 

Sept.  30.  N.  J.  John  Murray,  founder 
of  the  Universalist  church  in  America, 
arrives  from  England,  and  preaches  bis 
first  sermon  in  America  at  Good  Luck. 

*  *  Cnl.  A  mission  station  is  founded  at 
Monterey  on  the  Pacific  coast,  by  Fran- 
ciscan missionaries. 

*  *  S.  C.  Presbytery  of  Orange  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  There  are  about  97  Baptist  churches 
in  the  13  colonies. 


1771  Feb.  27.  li.  I.  The  Six-Princi- 
ple Baptists  secede  from  the  Baptist 
church  at  Providence,  because  their 
president  (Manning)  did  not  make  impo- 
sition of  hands  a  bar  to  communion,  and 
probably  because  of  his  holding  to  sing- 
ing in  public  worship,  *'  which  was  highly 
disgustful." 

July  31.  Mass.  George  III.  disallows 
and  rejects  the  act  of  the  colony  in  op- 
pressing Baptists  at  Aslifleld. 

Oct.  15.  JVcw?  Yorl:.  General  conven- 
tion of  Reformed  Dutch  ministers 
and  laymen,  to  plan  for  union. 

Oct.  27.  Phila.  Arrivalof  Francis  As- 
bury  and  Richard  Wright,  being  sent  by 
John  Wesley  to  preach  Methodism  in 
America. 

*  *  Xiabrador  made  a  Moravian  mission 
station. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  approves 
a  scheme  for  the  support  of  candidates 
for  the  ministry. 

*  *  W.  I.  Friedensberg,  St.  Croix,  be- 
comes a  mission  station  of  the  Mora- 
vians, who  work  among  the  slaves. 

1772  May  *  N.  Y.  English  Shakers 
emigrate  to  America. 

Oct.  *  Neto  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  Kefomied  Dutch  church 
meets  and  consummates  the  union  of 
the  churches. 

*  *  O.  Moravians  and  their  converts 
removed  from  Pennsylvania,  open  an 
Indian  mission  at  Schonbrann,  in  the 
Muskingum  Valley. 

*  *  A'cMJ  York.  Tlie  Classis  of  Amsterdam 
gives  full  approbation  to  the  formation 
of  a  Dutch  Synod  in  America.    (Jan.  14.) 

*  *  Francis  Asbury  is  temporarily  ap- 
pointed "  general  assistant  in  America," 
by  John  Wesley. 

LETTERS. 

1768  July 4.  Boston.  Dickinson's 
Liberty  Song  is  published. 

*  *  N.J.  John  "Witherspoon  made 
president  of  Princeton  College. 

*  *  Phila.  Phonography  suggested  by 
Franklin. 

*  *  Circular  Letter  to  Each  Colonial  Legis- 
lature, by  Adams  and  Otis,  appears. 

1769  *  *  The  Croakers,  by  J.  li.  Drake, 
appears. 

*  *  xV.  H.  Dartmouth  College  (Cong.) 
founded  at  Hanover. 

*  *  Phila,  The  American  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

1770  May*  R.L  The  Baptist  College 
removed  from  Warren  to  Providence, 
James  Manning,  president. 

July*  Mass.  TheMassachusetta  Spy  first 
appears. 

*  *  Peru.  The  College  of  San  Carlos 
established. 

±  *  *  Poems  on  Various  Subjects^  Religious 
and  Morale  by  Phillis  Wheatley,  a  ue- 
gress,  born  in  Africa  appears. 


AMERICA. 


1768,  July-1772.      77 


1771  Nov.  3.  jV.  Y.  First  newspaper 
priuted  in  Albany,  the  Albany  Gazette. 

*  *  X.  J.  James  Madison  graduates  at 
Princeton. 

*  *  The  Royal  Spiritual  Magazine  issued. 

1772  *  *  The  Progress  of  Dullness,  by 
John  Trumbull,  appears. 

SOCIETY, 

1768  Sept.  *  Boston.  The  newly  arrived 
British  officers  are  fretted  with  legal  im- 
pediments, and  denounce  "  this  country 
where  every  man  studies  law." 

1770  Feb.  22.  Jiost<m.  A  patriotic 
crowd  of  men  and  boys  resents  the  Con- 
travention Act  and  is  fired  on  by  sol- 
diers ;  a  Mr.  Bichardson  and  Christo- 
pher Snider,  a  boy  11  years  old,  are 
killed ;  the  newspapers  announce  the 
boy  as  the  first  martyr  to  American 
liberty. 

Mar.  5.  Boston.  "  The  Boston  Massa- 
cre." Tliree  persons  are  killed  and 
eight  wounded  by  the  fire  of  the  soldiers. 

*  •  Md.  TJmbrellaa  first  introduced, 
having  been  landed  at  Baltimore,  and 
commonly  scouted  as  evidences  of  eifeni- 
Inacy. 

*  *  The  Indians  become  civilized. 

ThemissionamongtheOneidas  is  placed 
under  the  care  of  the  London  Board  of 
Correspondence  iji  Boston.  With  their 
aid,  a  meeting-house,  schoolhouse,  saw- 
mill, grist-mill,  and  blacksmith's  shop 
are  erected.  Drmikenness  is  almost  un- 
known, and  the  people  become  "  sober, 
regular,  industrious,  praying  Indians." 

1772  Jan.  1.  Va.  Thomas  Jeff  erson 
marries  Martha  Skelton. 

*  *  Founding  of  the  Improved  Order  of 
Red  Men. 

STATE. 

1768  JidyS.  Boston,  Thirty Bostoni- 
ansboardaschoonerseized  by  custom  of- 
ficers for  having  30  hogsheads  of  molasses 
on  board ;  they  confine  the  officers,  and 
remove  the  molasses. 

Sept.  *  Boston.  The  ministers  of  tlie  col- 
ony, in  the  King's  name,  require  tlie  As- 
sembly to  **  express  regrets,"  and 
rescind  their  action,  but  it  reaffirms  the 
former  action  in  a  circular  letter  by  a 
nearly  unanimous  vote. 

Sept.  24.  N.  Y.  A  treaty  entered  into 
by  tlie  English  colonists  with  the  Indians 
at  Fort  Stanwix,  defining  a  line  between 
the  Kngligh  colonies  and  the  Indians 
[later  known  as  the  "  property  line  "]. 

Sept.  27-29.  Mass.  Convention  of  the 
towns  to  consider  the  coming  of  tlie 
troops. 

Sept.  *  ^.  C.  The  "  Kegulators  "  bind 
themselves  to  resist  the  payment  of 
taxes,  except  such  as  were  levied  and 
were  to  be  applied  according  to  law. 

Oct.  *  Boston.  Troops  arrive  to  sustain 
the  officers. 

The  selectmen  of  Boston  flatly  refuse 
to  provide  quarters  for  General  Gage's 
troops :  so  they  are  quartered  in  the 
State  House. 

*  •  Baron  De  Kalb  is  sent  by  Clioiseul  to 
observe  the  spirit  of  the  Americans. 


*  *  Eng.  The  term  American  begins 
to  be  used  in  connection  with  the  sup- 
porters of  colonial  privileges,  who  adopt 
the  name  of  "  American  Whigs." 

*  *  La.  A  temporary  French  republic 
established. 

*  •  Tenn.  Parties  from  North  Carolina 
settle  in  Tennessee. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 
-77  *  *  Mick.  Guy  Carleton. 
-60  *  *  R.I.    Josiah  Lyndon. 

Va.    John  Blair  lieutenant-governor. 
-70  *  *  Va.    Norborne  Berkeley,  Lord 
de  Botetourt. 

1769  Feb.  *  Eng.  Parliament  cen- 
sures the  people  of  Massachusetts,  ap- 
proves the  use  of  force  against  them,  and 
urges  the  trial  of  leaders  for  treason  in 
the  courts  of  England. 

May*  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  and  a  party 
of  Virginians  settle  in  Kentucky. 

May  16.  Va.  The  Assembly  passes 
resolutions  "  as  bad  as  those  of  Massa- 
chusetts." 

May  17.  Va.  The  Governor,  Lord  Bote- 
tourt, dissolves  the  Assembly  for  pass- 
ing obnoxious  resolutions. 

May  18.  Virginia  enters  into  the  non- 
importation agreement. 

The  members  of  the  Assembly  hold  a 
meeting  in  which  Washington  presents 
the  resolutions  against  imp<)rting  Brit- 
ish merchandise.  The  members  make  a 
special  covenant  not  to  import  any  more 
slaves,  nor  to  purchase  any  that  others 
import. 

July  15.  Mass.  Gov.  Bernard  pro- 
rogues the  General  Court,  because  it 
refuses  to  make  provision  for  the  support 
of  British  soldiers,  sent  to  take  away 
the  liberties  of  the  people. 

*  *  Mass.  Ijieut.-Gov.  Thomas  Hutch- 
inson assumes  authority. 

Aug.*  N.  Y,    Bernard  sails  for  England. 

*  *  Cal.  Spaniards  occupy  the  coast. 
Monterey  is  founded. 

*  *  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  makes  explora- 
tions beyond  the  mountains, 

*  *  Mass.  The  General  Court  refuses  to 
do  business  while  a  guard  is  stationed 
at  the  door,  and  adjourns  to  Cambridge. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Watauga  Association 
makes  settlements. 

*  *  [  f/.  A'.]    Governors  inaugurated : 
-84  *  *  Conn.    Jonathan  Trumbull, 
-74  *  *  Md.    Robert  Eden. 

-74  *  *  R.  T.    Joseph  Wanton. 

1770  Jan.  *  Eng.  Lord  North  be- 
comes prime  minister. 

Jan.  *  Neio  York.  Soldiers  cut  down  the 
liberty  pole  and  the  people  retaliate. 

Mar.  5.  Eng.  The  non-importation  as- 
sociations cripple  the  English  colo- 
nial trade. 

All  duties  are  now  removed  excejtt 
threepence  a  pound  on  tea,  retained  at 
the  express  command  of  the  King,  who 
said,  "There  should  always  be  one  tax, 
at  least,  to  keep  up  the  right  of  taxing ; " 
the  non-imi»ortation  agreement  is  soon 
relaxed,  except  with  regard  to  tea. 

Mass.    Public  excitement  is  intensi- 

lied  throughout  the  colonies  by  the  Bos- 
ton Massacre.    (See  Army.) 


Apr.  *  Eng.  The  Towushend  Act  re- 
pealed, except  that  relating  to  the 
duty  on  tea. 

Aug.  21.  New  York.  An  equestrian 
statue  of  George  III.  is  erected  in  Bowl- 
ing Green  by  loyalists. 

Sept.  22.  Boston.  Covention  of  dele- 
gates at  Faneuil  Hall,  from  %  towns,  to 
consider  the  grievance  of  a  standing 
army, 

*  *  -73  *  *  There  is  scarcely  Miy  gov- 
ernment in  the  colonies,  the  royal  gov- 
ernment having  practically  gone  to 
pieces. 

*  *  Boston.  The  King's  soldiers  cut  down 
a  liberty  pole  which  had  stood  in  the  park 
for  several  years. 

*  *  Eng.  Sdmimd  Burke  becomes  agent 
for  New  York.  [He  continues  for  five 
years.] 

*  *  O.  The  Zane  family  settle  on  the  Ohio, 
near  the  mouth  of  Wheeling  Creek. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-71  ^  *  N.  Y.    John,  Lord  Dunmore. 
-72**ra.   William  Nelson,  lieutenant- 
governor. 

1771  Mar.  28.  N.Y.  AMr.McDougal, 
some  time  imprisoned  as  the  author  of 
a  newspaper  article  signed  **  A  Son  of 
Ijiberty,"  is  discharged  by  the  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  Cuba.  The  port  of  Havana  is  no 
longer  monopolized  by  Seville  and  Cadiz, 
but  open  to  all  nations  for  certain  arti- 
cles of  trade. 

*  *  A^.  C.  The  Regulators  attempt  to 
overthrow  the  government  and  courts 
by  force. 

*  *  [i7.  ,5.]  Governors  inaugurated : 
July  1.  N.  C.  James  Hasell  (pres.). 
Aug.  *  -76  *  *  N.  C.  Josiah  Martin. 
-77  *  *  N.  Y.    William  Tryon. 

-72  *  *  Pa.    Richard  Penn. 

1772  June  10.  R.  I.  The  Americans 
burn  the  revenue  schooner  Gaspce  in 
Narragansett  Bay. 

Aug.  4.  Eng.  Dartmouth  succeeds 
Hillsborough  in  the  Ministry. 

Nov.  2.  Boston.  Town-meeting  held  ; 
committees  of  correspondence  ap- 
pointed by  the  "Sons  of  Liberty"  [out 
of  it  grows  the  Colonial  Congress], 
Samuel  Adams  the  leader. 

*  *  Eng.  Parliament  orders  that  the 
burners  of  the  Gaspee  be  arrested,  and 
taken  to  England  for  trial. 

*  *  Guiana.  The  revolt  of  the  Maroons 
at  Surinam  [lasts  five  years]. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1768  *  *  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  founded. 

1770*  *  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  incorporated  by  Act  of  Legis- 
lature. 

Sept.  10.  Boston.  The  governor  delivers 
Castle  William  over  to  the  king's 
troops. 

1772  *  *  Mass.—R.  I.  A  stage  -  coach 
runs  between  Boston  and  Providence. 


78     1772-1775,  Mar,  8. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1774  *  *  Indian  war ;  caused  by  the 
atrocities  of  the  whites  and  by  the  mur- 
der (Apr.  30)  of  the  family  of  Logan. 

Oct.  10.  W.  ra.  Battle  of  Point  Pleas- 
ant, on  the  Ohio ;  1,500  Shawnees  under 
Chiefs  Cornstalk  and  Logan  are  defeated 
by  1,200  Virginians  under  Gen.  A.  Lewis, 
who  lose  75  killed  and  140  wounded. 

Sept.  5±.  Boston.  Gen.  Gage  erects  for- 
tifications on  **  the  Neck.** 

Dec.  13.  Mass.  The  people  take  posses- 
sion of  the  arsenal  at  Charlestown, 
from  which  the  powder  ha^i  been  re- 
moved by  Gen.  Gage. 

Dec.  13±.  N.  H.  A  company  of  men  led 
by  John  Sullivan  [afterward  major- 
general]  capture  the  fort  at  Ports- 
mouth, and  remove  100  barrels  of  pow- 
der and  some  cannon. 

1775  Jan.*  Boston.  Gage  sends  troops 
to  Marshfield. 

*  *  R.  I.  At  Newport  the  patriots  seize 
44  pieces  of  artillery  and  convey  them 
to  Providence.     (Dec.  6.) 

Feb.  26.  Mass.  Gen.  Gage  orders  140 
soldiers  to  go  to  Salem  and  seize  the 
military  stores;  the  militia  under  Col. 
Pickering  raise  the  drawbridge  and 
otherwise  oppose  the  attempt. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 

1773  Dec.  *  Guatemala.  An  earth- 
quake swallows  up  80.000  inhabitants. 

*  *  Pkila.  Thefirststeam-engine  built 
in  America  is  set  up. 

*  *  S.  C.  A  theater  is  opened  at  Charles- 
ton. 

1774  Oct.  24.  Phila.  Tlie  Continental 
Congress  recommends  a  suspension  of 
all  public  amusements. 

*  *  W.  I.  Port  Royal,  Jamaica,  is  de- 
stroyed by  a  cyclone. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1778 •  • 

Biglow,  William,  teacher  and  poet,  born. 
Kowditcli,  Nathaniel,  matheinatiiMan,  born. 
Caldwell,  Joseph,  college  jiresiUent,  born. 
Clayton,  John,  physician  and  botanist,  dies. 
Day,  Jeremiah,  pres.  of  Yale  Coll.,  born. 
Harrison,  'Wliliaxn  Henry,  9th  Tresident, 

born  in  Va.  Feb.  9. 
Hull.  Isaac,  (commodore,  born. 
Nott,  Elijihalet,  pres.  of  Union  Coll.,  born. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Jr.,  author,  born. 
Randolph.  John,  statesman,  bom. 
1774*   * 
Balnbridgre,  'WiUiam,  commodore,  born. 
Daviess,  Joseph  Hamilton,  lawyer,  born. 
Grisconi,  John,  educator,  born. 
Oliver,  .Vndrewj  Lieut.-Gov.  of  Mass.,  A68. 
Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  statesman,  born. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Solomon,  general,  born. 
Wood,  Leonard,  clergyman,  born. 

CHXJRCH. 

1773  July  14-16.  Phila.  The  first 
American  conference  of  Methodist 
preachers  in  session  at  St.  George's 
church  ;  American  membership  1,160. 

*  *  Md.  The  Catholics  are  left  without 
priests  by  the  complete  suppression  of 
the  order  of  Jesuits,  by  Pope  Clement 
XIV. 

*  *  Pa.  Tlie  Presbyterian  Synod  appoints 
a  committee  on  religious  publications. 


*  *  Eng.  Mr.  Wesley  appoints  Thoa. 
Kankin  general  superintendent  of 
Methodist  societies  in  America. 

1774  Mar.  10.  The  Presbytery  of  the 
Beformed  Presbyterian  Church  of 
America  is  formed. 

May  25.  Phila.  Second  Methodist  Con- 
ference is  held. 

Aug.  16.  New  York.  Ann  Ijce  and  nine 
(Shaker)  followers  arrive  in  New  York. 

Sept.  7.  Phila.  Rev.  J.  Buch^,  an  as- 
sistant minister  of  Christ's  (Episcopal) 
church,  reads  prayers  and  Psalm  xxxv. 
for  the  First  Continental  Congress, 
in  Carpenter's  Hall.  "It  seems  as  if 
heaven  had  ordained  that  psalm  to  be 
read  that  morning."    (John  Adams.) 

Nov.  29.  Boston.  The  Old  South 
Meeting-house  is  used  by  the  patriots 
for  the  purpose  of  a  town  meeting,  to 
discuss  the  tea  question,  the  Dartmouth 
having  arrived  with  a  cargo  of  tea.  Its 
frequent  use  for  such  purposes,  when 
Faneuil  Hall  was  not  large  enough  for 
the  meeting,  led  the  goveriior  to  desig- 
nate this  church  as  the  "  seed-bed  of 
rebellion." 

*  *  Can.  Religious  liberty  is  granted  to 
Roman  Catholics. 

*  *  Eng.  During  the  discussion  of  the 
Boston  Port  Bill  in  Parliament,  Kx-gov. 
Johnston  said  :  "  If  you  ask  an  Amer- 
ican who  is  his  master,  he  will  tell 
you  he  has  nf>ne ;  nor  any  governor 
but  Jesus  Christ." 

*  *  Greenland.  Lichtenan  becomes  amis- 
sion station  of  the  Moravians. 

*  *  .V.  }'.  The  English  Shakers  settle 
near  Albany. 

*  *  Va.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Vir- 
ginia (Simpson  Creek)  is  formed. 

1775  Feb.  15.    //.    Piiis  VI.  pope. 
Feb.  *  Mass.    The    ministers    of    Salem 

prevent  an  outbreak  against  General 
Gage,  who  comes  on  Sunday  to  search 
for  powder. 

LETTERS. 

1774  *  ♦  Observations  on  the  Boston  Port 
Billy  by  Josiah  Quincy,  appears. 

*  *  The  Journal  of  John  Woolman  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  History  of  Redemption,  by  Jonathan 
Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  -75  *  *  Tinsion.  The  Royal  America/ti 
Magazine  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1773  Dec.  16.  Boston.  The  Boston 
Tea  Party. 

Seven  thousand  people  assemble  in 
town-meeting;  Adams  and  Quincy  ad- 
dress them  ;  in  the  evening  come  about 
fifty  men  disguised  as  Indians,  who,  with 
war-wlioops,  lead  the  crowd  to  the 
wharves,  and  then  empty  342  chests  of 
taxed  tea  into  the  harbor. 

1774  June  1.  NewEng.  The  patriotic 
colonists  make  this  a  day  of  fasting 
and  mourning,  because  of  the  Port  Bill. 

Sept.  *  J'hila.  Asserting  the  rights  of 
British  America,  Thomas  Jefferson  laid 


before  the  Colonial  Congress  an  anti- 
slavery  paper : — 

"The  abolition  of  domestic  Slavery  is 
the  greatest  object  of  desire  in  these 
Colonies,  where  it  was  luihappily  intro- 
duced in  their  infant  State.  B»it  i)re- 
vioua  to  the  enfranchisement  of  the 
slaves,  it  is  necessary  to  exclude  further 
importations  from  Africa.  Yet  our  re- 
peated attempts  to  effect  this  have  been 
defeated  by  his  majesty's  negative." 

*  *  Mass.  The  people  of  all  the  colonies 
send  money  and  provisions  for  the 
poor  of  the  proscribed  town  of  Boston, 
even  the  settlements  beyond  the  Al- 
leghanies  remember  them,  and  $150,000 
are  subscribed  in  London. 

1775  Mar.  8.  A  citizen  of  Billerica  is 
tarred  and  feathered  by  the  British  ;  the 
Americans  adopt  it  as  the  mode  of  pun- 
ishing Tories. 

STATE. 

1772  *  *  Mass.    Parliament  enacts  that 

the  salaries  of  the  colonial  governors  and 
judges  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  colonial 
revenues  without  authorization  by  the 
General  Assembly.  [The  Assembly  soon 
declares  the  act  of  Parliament  void.] 

*  *A'.  r.  — ,S'.  C.  Settlement  of  the 
boundary  between  North  and  South 
Carolina. 

*  *  Eng.  The  tea  tax  produces  from  the 
American  ctjlonies  a  revenue  of  only 
$400  a  year,  at  an  annual  expense  of 
$1,500,000  for  collection. 

*  * -76  *  *  I'a.  John,  Lord  Dunmore, gov- 
ernor. 

1773  Jan.  ♦  -Feb.  *  Mass.  A  contro- 
versy exists  between  Governor  Hutch- 
inson and  the  General  Court. 

*  *  Mass.  Ships  loaded  with  tea  arrive 
at  Charlestown. 

The  tea  is  landed,  but  its  sale  is  forbid- 
den ;  at  New  York  and  Philadelnhia  the 
ports  are  declared  closed  and  the  ships 
are  forbidden  to  enter;  at  Boston  the 
town  anthorities  refuse  to  permit  the 
tea  to  be  landed,  although  it  is  consigned 
to  Gov.  Hutchinson  and  his  friends. 

*  *  The  colonial  assemblies  meet,  and  be- 
fore the  governors  can  prorogue  them, 
appoint  "committees  of  correspon- 
dence,** in  order  to  secure  unity  of 
action  among  the  colonies. 

Mar.  *  Va.  Intercolonial  committees  of 
correspondence  established. 

May  *  Eng.  The  ministry  applies  strata- 
gem to  dispose  of  the  accumulated  tea 
of  British  merchants. 

It  removes  the  export  tax,  so  that 
■with  the  imi)ort  tax  paid,  tea  can  be 
bought  in  Boston  cheaper  than  in  Lon- 
don ;  the  Americans  respond  by  order- 
ing cajitains  to  take  their  cargoes  back 
to  England. 

June -July.  Miss.  About  400  English 
families  emigrate  to  the  vicinity  of 
Natchez. 

Dec.  16.  Mass.  The  Boston  Tea  Party. 
Destruction  of  tea  in  Boston  Harbor  by 
citizens  disguised  as  Indians ;  342  chests 
of  tea  are  emptied  into  the  sea.  (See 
Society.) 

Dec.  25,  New  York.  A  tea  ship  is  sent 
back  with  her  cargo. 

The  captain  is  escorted  out  of  town 
with  banners  flying  and  the  band  playing 


AMERICA. 


1772-1775,  Mar.  8.     79 


Gotl  Save  the  King,  Eighteen  chests  of 
tea  concealed  on  board  another  ship  are 
thrown  into  the  dock. 

*  *  Cal.  Presidios  established  in  Upper 
California. 

*  *  Can.  Celtic  settlers  arrive  in  Nova 
Scotia. 

*  *  Eng.  Franklin  is  called  before  the 
Privy  Council. 

*  *  Kentucky  is  settled  by  colonists  led 
by  Daniel  Boone. 

*  *  Philadelphians  denounce  as  an  en- 
emy to  his  country  "  whosoever  shall 
abet  in  unloading,  receiving,  or  vending 
the  tea."  Charleston  and  New  York 
adopt  similar  resolutions. 

*  *  S.  C.  About  300  families  of  Germans 
leave  Maine,  and  settle  in  southwestern 
South  Carolina. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-82  *  *  Cal.    Felippe  de  Neve  (Spanish). 

Mass.  General  Thomas  Gage. 
-75*  *  Mass.  A  Provincial  Congress 
governs. 
1774  Jan.  29.  Eng.  Franklin  appears 
before  the  Privy  Council  of  George  III., 
to  present  a  petition  from  Massachu- 
setts. 

*  *  Conventions,  to  agitate  the  public 
mind  in  favor  of  liberty,  are  held  in  all 
the  colonies. 

Jan.  31.  Eng.  Parliament  votes  to  dis- 
miss Benjamin  Franklin  from  his 
office  of  postmaster-general  in  America 
because  of  his  patriotic  sympathies. 

Mar.  31.  Eng.  Parliament  passes  the 
Boston  Port  Bill. 

It  closes  that  port  to  all  commerce, 
except  food  and  fuel,  and  transfers 
the  seat  of  government  to  Salem,  which 
declines  the  honor,  and  refuses  to  profit 
by  tlie  hand  of  tyranny.  The  bill  is  to 
take  effect  on  June  1. 

Apr.  19.  Eng.  Edmund  Burke  makes 
his  famous  speech  on  American  taxar 
tion. 

Apr.  *  Ky.  Emigrants  arrive  j  Harrods- 
burg  is  soon  settled. 

*  *  Eng.  The  Quebec  Bill  passes  Parlia- 
ment, which  grants  unusual  concessions 
to  the  Catholics  of  Canada,  to  secure 
their  fidelity. 

May  13,  Mass.  Gov.  Hutchinson  is 
superseded  by  Gen.  Gage,  who  vaiiily 
"trives  to  repress  the  ferment  of  liberty 
among  the  people. 

May  17.  Rhode  Island  proposes  a 
general  congress. 

May  20.  Eng.  Parliament  subverts 
the  charter  of  Massachusetts  by  au- 
thorizing the  removal  of  certain  persons, 
charged  with  crime,  beyond  its  limits 
for  trial. 

*  *  The  colonists  are  divided  into  two 
parties ;  the  patriots,  called  Whigs,  and 
the  Royalists,  called  Tories. 

May  20.  Fr.  Iiouis  XVI.  en- 
throned. 

June  1.  Mass.  The  Boston  Port  Bill 
goes  into  operation,  closing  the  har- 
bor against  commerce  ;  business  is  sus- 
pended ;  the  day  observed  in  many  parts 
with  fasting  and  mourning.  General 
sympathy  for  Boston. 


Boston.     Ex-Gov.     Hutchinson     de- 
parts. 
June  17.    Boston.    A  Port  Act  meeting 

is  convened. 
Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  Mass.     County  conven- 
tions held  to  protest  against  the  Parlia- 
ment. 
Aug.  ±  *  S.  C.     Generous    Carolinians 
send  Bostouians  '200  barrels  of  rice  and 
promise  800  more,  but  urge  them  "not 
to  pay  for  an  ounce  of  tea." 
*  *  North  Carolina  raises  by  subscription 

$1,000  for  the  relief  of  Boston, 
Sept  5.  Phita.  The  First  Continental 
Congress  and  second  Colonial  Con- 
gress meets  in  Carpenter's  Hall ;  56  def- 
egatea  represent  11  colonies.  [Later, 
68.]  Peyton  Randolph  of  Virginia,  pres- 
ident. [Oct.  22.  Henry  Middleton  of 
South  Carolina.]  Charles  Thomson, 
secretary. 

Georgia,  having  a  royalist  governor, 
has  no  delegate.  Congress  proceeds  to  as- 
sume control  of  all  military  movements 
in  all  the  colonies  ;  it  acknowledges  the 
authority  of  the  king,  but  opposes  the 
Acts  of  Parliament.  No  delegate  is  in- 
structed to  ask  for  independence.    [Sept. 

6.  Each  colony  is  gi  v en  one  vote.    Sept. 

7.  Rev.  J.  Duch^  elected  chaplain. 
Sept.  10.  Approval  of  Suffolk  (Mass.) 
Resolutions  of  Sept.  6,  "  No  obedience  is 
due  to  any  part  of  the  recent  Acts  of 
Parliament."  Seiit.  28.  Rejects  Joseph 
Galloway's  plan  of  union  aiming  at  per- 
petual dependence.  Oct.  14.  Adopts 
Declaration  of  Rights.  Oct.  20.  The 
American  Association  Is  formed  by  52 
members;  it  pledges  itself  fornon-inter- 
course  with  Great  Britain  until  the  of- 
fensive Acts  are  repealed.  Oct.  21.  The 
Address  to  the  People  of  Great  Britain, 
prepared  by  John  Jay,  approved.  A 
memorial  to  the  several  Anglo-Ameri- 
can Colonies  adopted.  Oct.  22.  Letters 
despatched  to  unrepresented  colonies  at 
St.  John's  ^now  Prince  Edward  Island), 
Nova  Scotia,  Georgia,  East  and  West 
Florida.  Oct.  25.  Petition  to  the  king, 
written  by  John  Dickinson  (Pa.),  is  or- 
dered. Oct.  26.  An  Address  to  the  Peo- 
ple of  Quebec,  drawn  by  Dickinson, 
adopted.    Dissolved.] 

Sept.  28,  Mass.  The  royalist  governor 
dissolves  the  Assembly. 

Oct.  5ib.  Mass.  The  Assembly  meets 
at  Salem,  notwithstanding  the  action  of 
Governor  Gage  in  countermanding  the 
summons  which  convoked  it. 

[The  members  of  the  Assembly,  having 
a-ijourned  to  Concord,  resolve  them- 
selves into  a  Provincial  Congress, 
with  John  Hancock,  president,  and  Ben- 
jamin Jjincoln,  secretary.] 

Oct.  *  Mass.  The  colonists  are  further 
incensedby  thearrival  of  British  troops, 
and  by  the  measures  adopted  by  General 


Oct.  26.  Mass.  The  Provincial  Congress 
proceeds  to  organize  the  militia  as 
"  minute-men,"  and  collect  stores  and 
ammunition  for  public  defense. 

Nov.  4.  Congress,  by  its  committee, 
makes  a  Declaration  of  Bights. 

It  claims  the  right  of  participating 
in  the  making  of  the  laws  of  the  land, 
and  in  the  ordering  of  the  taxes ;  of 
having  trial  by  jury  in  the  vicinage  ; 
of  holding  public  meetings  :  of  seeking 
redress  for  grievances.  It  protests 
against  a  standing  army  imposed  with- 
out its  consent ;  and  against  eleven 
governmental  acts  violating  colonial 
rights  and  privileges.    It  proposes  peace- 


able redress  by  forming  an  American 
association  pledged  not  to  trade  with 
Great  Britain,  or  the  West  Indies,  nor 
with  those  engaged  in  the  slave-trade, 
and  not  to  buy  British  goods  or  tea; 
a  non-importation,  non-consumption, 
and  non-exportation  agreement  is 
adopted. 

Nov.  i:  *  Provincial  legislatures  pass 
resolutions  for  obtaining  military 
stores  and  arming  the  inhabitants. 

Nov.  5.  Va.  The  militia  assembled  at 
Fort  Gower  resolve  to  support  their 
countrymen  rather  than  the  tyranny  of 
their  King. 

Dec.  *  The  king,  having  prohibited  the 
exportation  of  military  stores  to 
America,  patriots  in  Rhode  Island  take 
about  40  cannon  from  the  public  battery  ; 
in  New  Hampshire  they  seize  over  100 
barrels  of  gunpowder  lying  in  the  fort 
at  Portsmouth. 

*  *  Can.  A  legislative  council  is  es- 
tablished ;  the  laws  made  by  the  French 
are  confirmed,  and  the  Catholics  secured 
in  their  religious  freedom. 

*  *  Connecticut  issues  paper  money, 
the  first  of  the  Revolution. 

*  *  Ga.  Several  millions  of  acres  of  land 
ceded  to  the  King,  by  the  Creek  and 
Cherokee  Indians. 

*  *  Ky.     George  R.  Clark  arrives. 

*  *  Mass.  A  great  commotion  arises 
against  Gov.  Hutchinson  and  Lieut.-gov. 
Oliver,  whose  letters  to  the  British 
government  against  the  liberties  of 
the  colony  beconie  known.  These  offi- 
cials propose  the  introduction  of  troops, 
and  one  of  them  suggests  the  establish- 
ment of  a  "patrician  order."  The 
governor  advises  the  abridgement  of 
**  English  liberties,*'  as  he  doubted  if 
the  people  of  a  colony  could  enjoy  all 
the  liberty  of  the  parent  State. 

*  *  Spain  permits  free-trade  with  several 
of  her  South  American  settlements. 

*  *  Newspapers  are  divided,  for  and 
against  the  government. 

1775  *  *  Eng.    Parliament  is  occupied 

with  American  affairs. 
Jan.  20,    Eng.     Chatham  presents  his 

motion  to  Parliament  for  conciliation 

with  America. 
Feb.  1.    Mass.    The  second  Provincial 

Congress  meets  at  Cambridge. 
Feb.  10.    Eng.    Lord  North  introduces 

a  bill  to  restrain  the  trade  and  com- 
merce   of   New    England    [which    soon 

after  passes  Parliament]. 
Feb,  *  Franklin  is  in  London,  conferring 

with  the  Howes. 
Mar.  5.    New  York.     A  town-meeting 

favors  a  congress ;  hoop-poles  from  a . 

neighboring  cooper's  yard  are  used  to 

enforce  a  favoring  vote, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1773  *  *  Conn.  An  old  copper-mine  at 
Simsbury  is  used  as  a  prison. 

1774  *  *  Boston.  The  streets  are  first 
lighted. 

*  *  Conn.  Only  1,363  Indians  are  reported 
in  this  colony. 


80     1775,  Mar.  18-1775. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1775  Mar.  18.  Mass.  Gen.  Gage  seizes 
13,425  musket  cartridges  and  3,000 
lbs.  of  ball  belonging  to  private  Ameri- 
cans and  stored  on  Boston  Neck. 

He  strengthens  the  fortifications  on 
Boston  lieck,  and  accumulates  mili- 
tary stores. 
Apr.  18.  Boston.  Gen.  Gage  issues 
orders  forbidding  any  one  to  leave  the 
town  after  dark. 

Paul  Revere  rides  to  Concord  to 
arouse  the  patriots. 

WAR  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

Apr.  19.  Afass.  Ijexington,  the  First 
Battle  of  the  "War  for  American  In- 
dependence. 

Gen.  Gage  secretly  sends  a  regiment 
of  800  men  to  Concord,  16  miles  from 
Boston,  to  destroy  the  military  stores  of 
the  colonists.  They  attack  the  patriots 
at  Lexington  and  partially  succeed  in 
their  mission,  when  they  are  in  turn  at- 
tacked by  the  '*  minute-men,"  and  driven 
back  to  6oston.  American  loss  49  killed, 
34  wounded,  and  five  missing ;  British 
loss  273.  '*  This  is  the  world-renowned 
battle  of  Concord,  more  eventful  than 
Agincourt  and  Blenheim." 

Apr.  20.  Mass.  Gen.  Putnam  arrives 
at  Concord,  having  ridden  his  horse 
about  100  miles  in  18  hours. 

Apr.  20  + -76,    Mar.   17,1776. 
SIEGE  OF  BOSTON. 

Apr.  20.  Boston  under  siege  by  about 
20,000  Americans. 

The  isthmus  connecting  the  town  of 
Boston  with  the  main  land  is  blockaded 
and  the  siege  of  the  city  begins. 

Fa.    Gov.  Dunmore  sends  marines  in 

the  night,  to  remove  about  20  barrels 
of  giuipowder  from  the  arsenal  at  Wil- 
liamsburg, the  capital ;  some  of  the  ex- 
asperated inhabitants  fly  to  arms. 

Apr.  25.  Md.  Baliimoreans  seize  the 
provincial  magazines,  containing  1,500 
stand  of  arms,  on  receiving  the  war-news 
from  Lexington. 

Apr.  27.  Afass.  Bostonians  deliver  up  to 
Gen.  Gage  a  large  quantity  of  guns,  etc. 

May  2.  fa.  Patrick  Henry  and  700 
patriots  force  the  governor  to  pay  for 
the  powder  removed  from  Williamsburg. 

May  5.  Mass.  A  naval  skirmish  takes 
place  at  Martha's  Vineyard. 

May  10.  N.  Y,  Surrender  of  Ticon- 
deroga ;  the  gateway  to  Canada  is 
taken. 

Ethan  Allen  of  Vermont,  with  83 
•*  Green  Mountain  Boys,"  surprises  the 
garrison,  and  demands  its  surrender  of 
Commander  Delaplace,  "  In  the  name 
of  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Conti- 
nental Vongress."  Thirty-eight  prison- 
ers and  a  fortress  costing  S40,0(X>,000, 
with  120  cannons  and  vast  military  stores 
are  taken  by  these  extemporized  troops 
in  ten  minutes.  [The  military  supplies 
are  soon  hurried  to  the  besiegers  of  Bos- 
ton, where  they  are  much  needed.] 

May  12.  N.  Y.  Crown  Point  is  taken 
by  Seth  Warner  without  loss  of  life. 

•  *  Eng.  British  officers  resign  their 
commissions  rather  than  fight  the  colo- 
nists. 

May  25.  Boston.  Oens.  Howe,  Clin- 
ton, and  Burgoyne  arrive,  and  com- 


mand an  army  of  more  than,  10,000 
disciplined  soldiers. 

May  27.  Boston.  Israel  Putnam  defeats 
a  few  British  raiders  on  Hog  Island. 

May  *  Boston.  Artemaa  "Ward  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  American  forces. 
Conflicts  occur  in  the  harbor. 

Phila.    Congress  adopts  the  army 

before  Boston  as  the  Continental  army. 

*  *  A'.  I'.  Sir  John  Johnson  flees  from 
the  Mohawk  Valley  to  Canada. 

June  9.  Mass.  The  American  army 
at  Cambridge;  officers  1,581,  privates 
6,063 ;  total  7,644. 

Jtine  12.  Me.  The  Margaretta  seized  at 
Mac  bias. 

June  16.  Mass.  The  Americans  throw 
up  entrenchments  near  Bunker  Hill 
during  the  night,  and  command  Boston 
with  their  cannons. 

June  17.  Phila.  Continental  Congress 
elects  George  Washington  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  American 
army  ;  he  accepts  the  appointment,  re- 
fusing all  compensation.    (June  15?) 

*  *  Massachusetts  authorizes  priva- 
teering. 

*  *  Rhode  Island  commissions  two 
cruisers,  and  sends  Abraham  Whipple 
to  Bermuda  to  seize  powder. 

Mass.     Battle     of    Bunker    Hill 

(Breed's  Hill). 

About  3,000  British  troops  under  Gen- 
erals Howe  and  Pigot,  aided  by  the  fleet, 
carry  the  entrenchments  on  the  third 
assault,  the  Americans  having  consumed 
their  ammunition.  British  loss,  1,054 
killed  and  wounded;  Americans  lose 
150  killed  (among  them  the  brave  Gen. 
Joseph  Warren),  270  wounded,  and  32 
prisoners. 
Charlestown  is  burnt  by  the  British. 

June  21.  Phila.  "Washington  leaves 
to  take  command  of  the  American  army. 

June*  Ky.  Daniel  Boone  builds  his 
fort. 

July  2.  Mass.  Washington  arrives  at 
Cambridge, 

July  3.  Mass.  Washington  assumes 
command  of  the  army,  consisting  of 
14,500  men. 

July  27.  Phila.  Congress  establishes  a 
hospital  for  20,000  men. 

July  *  Can.  Col.  Guy  Johnson  holds  a 
conference  with  the  Indians  at  Mon- 
treal. Many  Indian  chiefs  agree  to 
support  the  King's  cause,  against  the 
colonists,  but  accomplish  very  little. 

Boston.    The  army  in  three  divisions 

invests  the  city. 

Aug.  21.  X.  Y.  Continental  array  un- 
der Gen.  Montgomery  arrives  at  Fort 
Ticonderoga. 

Aug.  26.  Mass.  The  Americans  open 
their  entrenchments  on  a  hill  near 
Boston. 

Aug.  30.  Conn.  Stonington  is  at- 
tacked by  the  British. 

Sept.  2.  Mass.  Washington  begius  to 
commission  war-vessels. 

Sept.  *  X.  Y.  Schuyler  from  Ticonde- 
roga moves  toward  Canada,  but  yields 


the   command    to  Montgomery,    who 
captures  Chambly. 

*  *  Me.  Benedict  Arnold  moves  up  the 
Kennebec  to  invade  Canada. 

Sept.  *  -Dec.  *  Pa.  Hostilities  in  the 
Susquehanna  country  between  the  Con- 
necticut and  Pennsylvania  settlers. 

Sept.  25.  Ca7i.  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  with 
83  men,  attempts  to  take  Montreal ;  all 
are  made  prisoners. 

Sept.  *  S.  C.  Col.  Moultrie,  with  the 
militia,  takes  possession  of  Fort  John- 
son on  St.  James  Island. 

Oct.  7.  B.  I.  British  vessels  sail  into  the 
harborof  Bristol  and  fire  upon  the  town  ; 
Newport  is  threatened  with  destruction. 

Oct.  10.  Boston.  Lord  W^illiam  Howe 
succeeds  General  Gage  in  command 
at  Boston. 

Oct.  13.  The  United  States  Navy 
originated  by  an  order  of  Congress  for 
the  construction  of  2  cruisers,  mounting 
respectively  10  and  14  guns. 

Oct.  18.  Me.  Falmouth  (Portland)  is 
burned  by  the  British  under  lieutenant 
Mowatt. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  *  The  American  vessels, 
Lynch  and  Franklin,  cruise  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

Nov.  2.  A^  B.  The  garrison  at  St.  John 
surrenders  to  Americans  under  Gen- 
eral Montgomery. 

Nov.  9.  Can.  General  Arnold,  with 
1,000  men,  arrives  before  Quebec;  they 
are  deterred  from  taking  the  city  by  the 
want  of  boats. 

Nov.  12.  Can.  The  Americans  under 
^Montgomery,  having  invaded  Canada, 
attempt  to  surprise  the  British  and 
take  Montreal, 

*  ♦  Gtr.  British  eflforts  to  secure  Ger- 
man mercenaries  begin. 

Nov.  22.  Mass.  Americans  take  Cobble 
or  Miller's  Hill  near  Boston  and  for- 
tify it. 

Nov.  23.  British  despatch-hearer  Con- 
nelly captured  near  Hagerstown,  while 
on  his  way  to  Detroit,  with  papers  of 
great  consequence. 

Nov.  25.  Phila.  Congress  declares, Brit- 
ish vessels  open  to  capture  by  Amer- 
icans, in  retaliation  for  ordering  the 
attack  on  American  seaport  towns  by 
British  vessels. 

Nov.  29.  An  American  privateer  cap- 
tures three  British  ships  containing 
military  stores. 

Nov.  *  Eng.  Parliament  votes  to  in- 
crease the  British  army  in  America 
to  40,000  men,  requiring  an  addition  of 
25,000  men.  British  subjects  decline  to 
enlist,  and  17,000  Hessians  are  hired  of 
Brunswick  and  Hesse-Cassel,  at  $36  a 
bead. 

Dec.  1.  Can.  Arnold  and  Montgom- 
ery unite  their  forces  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence. 

Dec.  8.  Can.  The  siege  of  Quebec 
begins. 

Dec.  9.  Va.  A  slight  action  takes  place 
at  Cedar  Bridge. 


AMERICA. 


1775,  Mar.  18-177  5.     81 


Dec.  10.  British  vessels  destroy  the 
buildings  on  Canonicut  Island. 

Dec.  13.  Phila.  The  germ  of  the  navy 
department.  Congress  first  determines 
to  build  a  navy  of  13  frigates. 

Dec.  22,  Phila.  Congress  appoints  a 
corps  of  naval  officers,  Esek  Hopkins 
commander,  and  John PaulJones lieu- 
tenant, naval  affairs  being  in  charge  of 
a  *'  Marine  Committee." 

*  *  Boston.  Admiral  Shulflam  relieves 
Admiral  Graves  as  commander  of  the 
British  fleet. 

Dec.  30.  Can.  Gen.  Montgomery  de- 
feated and  killed  l)efore  Quebec. 
Gen.  Arnold  continues  the  fruitless 
siege. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Congress  authorizes  Wash- 
ington to  push  the  attack  upon  Boston, 
to  the  destruction  of  the  town  if  neces- 
sary. 

CHURCH. 

1775  May  28.  R.  L  Dedication  of  a 
new  Baptist  church  at  Providence ; 
steeple  106  ft.  high;  bell,  2,515  lbs.; 
cost,  $35,000. 

May  20.  K.  C.  Presbyterians  form  the 
Mecklenburgh  Convention,  which 
anticipates  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence made  at  Philadelphia. 

May  *  Va.  Baptist  churches  issue  a 
patriotic  address. 

LETTERS. 

1775  May  10.  New  York.  A  mob  com- 
pels President  Cooper  of  King's  (Co- 
lumbia) College  to  flee  for  his  life 
because  of  his  Tory  sentiments. 

*  ♦Nov.  *  New  York.  Rivington's  Ga- 
zetteer office  is  destroyed  by  Connecticut 
marauders. 

*  *  Eng.  Appeals  and  addresses,  or- 
dered by  tlie  Colonial  Congress,  arrive  in 
England. 

William  Pitt  commends  the  patriots. 
"  For  myself  I  must  avow,  that,  in  all 
my  reading,  —  and  I  have  read  Thucyd- 
ides,  and  I  have  studied  and  admired 
the  master  states  of  the  world, —  for 
solidity  of  reason,  force  of  sagacity,  and 
wisdom  of  conclusion^  under  a  compli- 
cation of  difficult  circumstances,  no 
nation  or  body  of  men  can  stand  in 
preference  to  the  general  congress  at 
Philadelphia.  The  nistories  of  Greece 
and  Rome  give  us  nothing  equal  to  it, 
and  all  attempts  to  impose  servitude 
upon  such  a  mighty  continental  nation 
must  be  in  vain." 

SOCIETY. 

1775  Apr.  14.  Phila.  The  first  Aboli- 
tion Society  is  formed,  with  Benjamin 
Franklin  as  president,  and  Benjamin 
Rush  as  secretary. 

Apr.  19,  The  patriots'  victory  at  the 
battle  of  Lexington  fires  the  coxmtry. 

Public  sentiment  quickly  changes  from 
loyalty  to  an  almost  universal  desire  to 
separate  from  England. 

May  *  Eng.  Tlie  people  are  divided  in 
their  allegiance. 

English  privilege  and  officialism  are 
with  the  kings ;  the  j)opular  heart  and 
conscience  are  with  the  colonists,  by  a 
great  majority. 


June  17.  The  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill, 
though  a  defeat,  inspires  the  war 
spirit  in  the  colonies ;  it  is  discovered 
that  British  troops  are  not  invincible. 

*  *  Jioston.  The  people  suffer  because  of 
the  rigorous  siege. 

*  *  Boston.  Dr.  Benj.  Church,  director  of 
the  hospital,  is  the  first  American  traitor. 

Nov.  4,  Phila.  The  Continental  Con- 
gress directs  that  there  should  be  issued 
daily  to  each  soldier  a  pint  of  milk  and 
a  quart  of  spruce  beer  or  cider. 

STATE. 

1776  Mar.  *  Eng.  Franklin  leaves  Lon- 
don. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  The  movement  develops 
a  struggle  for  liberty. 

John  Adams  says,  "  That  there  are  any 
who  pant  after  independence  is  the 
greatest  slander  on  the  province."  [A 
sudden  change  soon  follows.] 

Apr.  3.    N.  Y.   The  Colonial  Assembly 

holds  its  last  session,  and  adjourns. 
Apr.  19.  The  political  existence  of  the 
United  States  dates  from  the  Battle  of 
Lexington ;  its  legal  existence  from 
the  adoption  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence on  July  4,  1776. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Richmond  and  Queens  Counties 
side  with  the  Tories,  and  send  no  dele- 
gates to  the  Provincial  Congress.  The 
wealth  and  influence  of  New  York 
City  are  hostile  to  the  patriots. 

Apr.  22.  Mass.  The  Provincial  Congress 
resolves  to  raise  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  of  which  the  quota  of  Massachu- 
setts will  be  13,600. 

May  5.  Phila.  Benjamin  Franklin 
returns  from  England  after  an  absence 
of  more  than  ten  years. 

May  10.  Phila.  The  Second  Conti- 
nental Congressopens  in  Independence 
Hall.  [Peyton  Randolph,  president ; 
Charles  Thomson,  secretary.]  Colonies 
represented,  13 ;  delegates  present,  55. 

May  15.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
issue  paper  money  as  a  substitute  for 
taxation. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  establish  a 
line  of  posts  from  Maine  to  Georgia. 

May  20.  Phila.  Articles  of  confed- 
eration and  perpetual  union  agreed 
upon  in  the  Congress, 

iV.  C.    The  colonists  begin  to  speak 

of  the  United  Colonies  of  America: 
at  Charlotte  the  citizens  assemble  has- 
tily to  startle  the  country  by  adopting 
the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  liide- 
pendence,  [two  months  before  that 
written  by  Jefferson.  Winsor  =  May  20  ; 
some  others  =  May  31]. 

May  24.    Phila.     John     Hancock     is 

-    elected  president  of  Congress. 

June  7.  Mass.  The  General  Court  con- 
siders the  creation  of  a  naval  force,  and 
authorizes  privateers. 

Its  action  is  anticij>ated  by  the  people 
of  Buzzard's  Bay.  [.Jeremiah  O'Brien 
is  made  a  naval  captain,  commanding 
the  prize  sloop  Margaretta.] 

June  12.  Mass.  Gen.  Gage  by  procla- 
mation arrog.'intIy  offers  pardon  to  all 
"  rebels  "  and  "  traitors  "  who  may  sur- 


render, but  excepts  Samuel  Adams  and 
John  Hancock. 

June  14.  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  raise 
an  army  of  20,000  men.  [June  15.  Wash- 
ington elected  commander.] 

June  15.  Phila.  Congress  makes  a 
last  appeal  to  George  III.  for  justice  and 
liberty.    [July  8.    Second  petition.] 

June  22.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
emit  $2,000,000  in  bills  of  credit. 

July  6.  Phila.  Congress  issues  a  man- 
ifesto, justifying  its  resistance  to 
England. 

July  26.  Md.  The  Maryland  Convention 
meets  at  Annapolis,  and  resolves  to  sup- 
port the  measures  of  Congress ;  orders 
$266,666  bills  of  credit  struck,  and 
decides  to  raise  40  companies  of  min- 
ute-men. 

Phila.    Congress  first  establishes  a 

post-office;  Benjamin  Franklin,  post- 
master. 

Summer.  Franklin  proposes  a  plan  for 
confederating  the  English  colonies. 

Aug.  *  Georgia  joins  the  other  colonies. 

Summer.  The  King's  authority  is 
overthrown  in  all  the  colonies ;  the 
governors  either  join  the  popular  cause, 
or  are  driven  away  by  the  people. 

Aug  23.  Eng.  King  George  III.  pro- 
claims the  existence  of  open  rebellion 
in  the  colonies,  and  calls  on  loyal  per- 
sons to  give  information  against  the  dis- 
loyal colonists. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  passes  a  Pension 
Act. 

Oct.  6.  Phila.  Congress  urges  the  arrest 
of  Tories. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  appoints  a  Naval 
Committee. 

Oct.  13.  Phila.  Congress  orders  war- 
vessels  to  be  built. 

Nov.  *  Can.  Commissioners  from  Con- 
gress go  to  Canada. 

*  *  Phila.  Bonvouloir  sounds  Congress 
by  direction  of  the  French  government. 

Nov.  13.  Massachusetts  authorizes  pri- 
vate armed  vessels  to  cruise. 

Nov.  29.  Phila.  Congress  first  seeks  ad- 
mission into  the  family  of  nations  by 
appointing  Franklin,  Jay,  and  three 
others,  a  committee  to  confer  with 
friends  of  the  colonies  *'  in  Great  Britain, 
Ireland,  and  elsewhere." 

*  *  [U.  S.]  Governors  inaugurated; 
Nov.  *  -78*  *  li.  I.  Nicolas  Cooke. 
S.  C.    William  Campbell. 

Dec.  2.  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  em- 
ploy foreign  engineers. 

Dec.  21.  Eng.  Act  of  Parliament  for 
confiscating  all  American  vessels 
and  impressing  their  crews  into  the 
British  navy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1775  *  *  Can.  Quebec  has  5,000  inhab- 
itants. 

Dec.  14.  Boston.  Gen.  Howe  orders 
about  100  wooden  buildings  to  be  taken 
down  and  used  for  fuel. 


82     1775-1776,  July  3. 


AMERICA. 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1775  *  *  Both  the  English  and  Americans 
seek  the  aid  of  the  Indians, 

1776  Jan.  1.  Mass.  The  Union  flag 
is  first  unfurled  in  the  camp  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

Va.    WTorfolk,  the  principal  shipping 

port  of  Virginia,  is  partly  burned  by 
the  Americans  to  deprive  the  British 
of  shelter,  and  in  part  by  the  British 
Tories  under  Gov.  Lord  Dunmore,  who 
had  been  driven  from  office  by  the 
patriots. 

*  *  Washington  commissions  Samuel 
Tucker  as  naval  captain. 

Jan.  20.  Sir  John  Johnson  is  forced 
by  Gen.  Schuyler  to  disband  his  High- 
landers and  Mohawks,  and  give  his 
parole  not  to  fight  the  patriots. 

Feb.  4.  New  York.  The  Americans 
take  possession;  Gen.  Charles  Lee 
enters  the  city  and  encamps  in  the 
suburb  on  The  Fields  (City  Hall  Park). 

Feb.  •  The  first  American  fleet  of  armed 
vessels  begins  its  cruise. 

The  British  seek  to  transfer  the  seat 
of  war  to  the  southern  colonies. 

The  American  regular  army  num- 
bers a  little  more  than  14,000  men  ;  6,000 
Massachusetts  militia  are  available. 

Feb.  10.  Mass.  Washington,  at  Charles- 
town,  writes:  "Without  men,  without 
arms,  without  ammunition,  little  is  to 
be  done." 

Feb.  27.  A'.  C.  Tories  and  Highlanders 
under  McDonald  defeated  at  Moore's 
Creek  Bridge  by  the  patriots,  who 
take  the  British  general,  350  guns,  1,500 
rides,  13  wagons,  150  swords. 

•  •  Mass.  The  cannons  taken  at  Fort 
Tioonderoga,  having  been  hauled 
thither  on  sleds,  are  placed  along  the 
American  line  around  Boston. 

Mar.  2.    Mass.     Americans    bombard 
the  British  in  Boston. 
An  action  occurs  at  Morris  Creek. 

Mar.  3.  Ga.  Col.  Bull  and  Americans 
burn  British  ship  Inverness,  and  6  other 
vessels  laden  for  England,  near  Savan- 
nah. 

Mar.  4.  W.  I.  Com.  Esek  Hopkins 
takes  NewT  Providence  from  the  Brit- 
ish with  its  military  stores. 

Mar.  5.  Mass  A  detachment  of  Amer- 
icans under  Gen,  Thomas  tkkes  posses- 
sion of  Dorchester  Heights  in  the 
night,  thus  beginning  the  long-expected 
attempt  to  take  Boston. 

Boston.    A  severe  storm  delays  the 

storming  of  the  American  works  by  the 
British,  and  the  works  are  strengthened. 

Mar.  *  Can.  The  Americans  are  ex- 
pelled from  Canada  by  Sir  Guy  Carle- 
ton. 

Mar.  17.  Boston  is  evacuated  by  the 
British  under  Howe  without  molesta- 
tion, there  being  an  informal  agreement 
that  the  city  would  not  be  burned  if  no 
attack  was  made.  [Eleven  days  re- 
quired.] 


Mar.  18.  Boston.  'Washington  enters 
the  city,  and  finds  250  cannon  and  25,000 
bushels  of  wheat. 

Mar.  23.  rhila.  Congress  issues  letters 
of  marque  and  reprisal  against  Eng- 
land, and  declares  all  British  vessels  to 
be  lawful  prizes. 

Mar. '-Apr.  *  Ger.  The  troops  of 
Hesse-Cassel  are  first  mustered  in  by 
the  British. 

Apr.  4.  Mass.  Washington  leaves  Cam- 
bridge for  New  York. 
Apr.  6.  British  ship  Glasgow,  20  guns, 
and  her  tender,  under  Captain  Howe, 
attack  the  brigantine  Catx>t,  30  guns, 
Columbus,  28  guns,  brig  Annodine,  G 
giuis,  and  sloop  Providence,  12  guns, 
under  Commodore  Hopkins,  and  escapes 
with  the  loss  of  her  tender. 
•  *  Washington  ceases  to  supervise  naval 

affairs. 
Apr.  13.  New  York.  'Washington  and 
the  main'part  of  the  army  arrive  from 
Cambridge  ;  he  has  about  8,000  effective 
men. 
May  17.  Boston.  Capt.  Mugford,  having 
captured  the  British  ship  Hope,  with 
1,500  barrels  of  powder,  brings  the  prize 
to  port. 

New  York.    Washington  first  learns 

that  17,000  German    troops  have  been 
hired  by  the  British,  who  are  landing 
in  Canada. 
May  10.    Can.     Gen.   Benedict  Arnold, 
with900Americans,  captures  the  British 
post  at  the  Cedars,  releasing  500  Amer- 
ican prisoners. 
May  25.    Phila.    Congress  resolves  to 
engage  the  Indians  for  military  ser- 
vice. 
May  *  Can.     The    Americans    are    de- 
feated at  Three  Rivers. 

Gen.  Thomas  retreats  from  Quebec 
in  command  of  the  Northern  army. 
June  2.     Can.     Gen.  .John  Thomas  dies 

of  smallpox. 
June  4.    S.  C.    The  British  fleet  appears 
off  Charleston. 

Gen.  Lee  arrives  at  Charleston,  for 

its  defense,  as  Gen.   Clinton  arrives 

to  destroy  it;  both  parties  proceed  to 

erect  defenses. 

June  15.    Can.     The    British    retake 

Montreal  from  the  Americans. 
June  *  ±  Can.  Gen.  Howe  leaves  Halifax, 
and  sails  with  his  army  for  New  York 
Bay. 
June  16.    Can.    The  Americans  abandon 

the  province  of  Canada. 
June  17,  18.    English  transports  bound 
for  Boston  are  captured  by  American 
cruisers. 
June  18.    Canada  is  entirely  evacu- 
ated by  the  Americans,  "  defeated,  dis- 
contented, dispirited,  diseased." 
June  25.    N.  Y.     Gen.  Hovire   arrives 

at  Sandy  Hook  with  his  forces. 
June  28.    New  York.    Gen.  Howe,  with 
the    garrison   of    Boston,  on   board    a 
British  fleet   of   40  vessels,  enters  the 
harbor. 


June  *  Gen.  Horatio  Gates  takes  com- 
mand   of    the    Northern    army  of 

Americans. 
Jime  27.  The  British  under  Gen.  Clinton 
and  Sir  Peter  Parker  bombard  the  fort 
on  Sullivan's  Island  for  10  hours  and 
retire;  British  loss,  210  killed  and 
wounded ;  Americans,  32.  [The  name 
of  the  fort  is  changed  to  Fort  Moultrie, 
in  honor  of  its  commander.] 

Incident  of  bravery:  Sergeant  Jasper 
leaps  outside  the  fort  and  seizes  the 
fallen  flag,  which  he  ties  to  a  pole  on 
the  parapet  amid  "iron  hail." 
June  30.  JV.  1'.  Gen.  Howe  lands  a 
strong  British  force  on  Staten  Island, 
where  he  is  welcomed  by  the  Tories. 

*  *  Gen.  Ward  commissions  Capt.  Mug- 
ford  to  cruise  near  Boston. 

*  •  Paul  Jones  with  the  privateer  Provi- 
dence takes  10  prizes. 

June  *  New  York.  Washington  discovers 
a  Tory  conspiracy,  in  which  some  of 
the  patriot  soldiers  are  involved,  and 
one  of  the  guard,  Thomas  Hickey,  is 
hanged  "for  mutiny,  sedition,  and 
treachery."    Tories  take  warning. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1775  »  •  Boston,    The  Blockade  of  Boston 
is   written    by  General   Burgoyne.  and 
performed  in  Boston  by  British  officers. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1775'  • 
Anderson,  .Alexander,  engraver,  born. 
Barbour.  James,  statesman,  born, 
Beecber.  Lyman,  theologian,  born. 
Bohler,  Peter,  Moravian  bisli0}>,  AH3. 
Brown,  .laroli,  major-general,  born. 
Chase.  Philander,  bishop,  l)orn. 
Eckfoni,  Henry,  sliipbuilder,  born. 
Embury.  Philip,  first  Metli.  preaclier,  A46. 
Ilotiart,  .John   Henry,  Prot.-Epis.  bishop  of 

N.  v.,  author,  born. 
Lytnaii,  I'lniieas,  general,  A.Sft. 
Slilledoler,  I'liilip,  pres.  of  Ktltgers  Coll.,  b. 
Montgomery,  Richard,  general,  A39. 
Morgan,  Wdliani,  abdii<;ted,  born. 
Qulncy,  Josiah.  Jr..  patriot  and  orator,  A31. 
Randolph.  Peyton,  first   American    Con- 
gress, Ab'Z. 
Spalding,  Lyman,  physician,  born. 
■Warren.  Joseph,  gen.,  pbys.,  patriot,  A34. 

CHURCH. 
1775*  "Boston.     The    Old    South 
Church    used    as    a   riding-school   for 
Burgoyne's   light-horse. 

*  *  Conn.    Discomfort  in  the  churches. 

Stoves  are  not  yet  introduced  into  Con- 
necticut churches,  though  the  climate  is 
more  severe  than  in  recent  years,  and 
the  communion  bread  freezes  on  the 
tables,  yet  new-born  infants  are  taken 
to  the  churches  to  be  baptized,  accord- 
ing to  the  custom. 

*  *  Eng.  The  religious  sympathies  of  the 
dissenters  especially  favor  the  colonists. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  New  Fngland  is  formed  (London- 
derry, Salem,  and  Palmer). 

*  *  I'rt.  The  General  Association  of  Bap- 
tists appoints  3  bishops  ;  one  is  elected 
an  apostle  by  ballot. 

1776  May  4.  It.  I.  The  Baptists  re- 
pudiate all  allegiance  to  George  111. 

*  *  All  the  colonies,  with  the  exception  of 
Khode  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsyl- 


amp:rica. 


1775-1776,  July  3.     83 


vania,  have  a  church  established  by- 
law, or  custom,  as  the  rightful  custo- 
dian of  the  spiritual  interests  of  the 
people. 
June*  Francis  Asbury,  a  distinguished 
Methodist,  is  arrested  and  fined  £5  for 
preacliiug  without  first  taking  the  oath 
of  loyalty. 

LETTERS. 

1775  Mar.  6.  Boston.  Joseph  "War- 
ren repeats  his  massacre  oration. 

*  *  \ew  York:  Rev.  Benjamin  Moore 
becomes  president  of  King's  (Columbia) 
College. 

The  Constitutional  Gazette  issued  by 
John  Anderson.    (Dies  the  same  year.) 

*  *  Phila.  The  Pennsylvania  Magazine 
appears. 

*  *  Va.  Patrick  Henry,  the  greatest 
orator  in  America,  makes  his  famous 
patriotic  speech  before  the  House  of 
Burgesses. 

McFingal,  by  John  Trumbull,  appears 
in  part. 

1776  Jan.  8.  Thomas  Paine  issues  his 
Common  Sense,  which  is  widely  circu- 
lated, and  greatly  aids  the  Revolution 
by  showing  the  importance  and  necessity 
of  seeking  independence. 

SOCIETY. 

1776  Mar.  18.  Boston.  Washington 
enters  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  army  ; 
the  whole  coimtry  is  wild  with  de- 
light. [Congress  orders  a  gold  medal 
to  be  struck  for  General  Washington.] 

Apr.  6.  Phila.  Congress  prohibits  the 
importation  of  slaves. 

STATE. 

1775*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

*  *  S.  C.  William  Campbell  governor, 
later,  John  Kutledge,  the  first  governor 
under  the  Federal  Constitution. 

1776.  Jan.  1.  Mass.  The  flag  of  the 
13  United  Colonies  is  first  raised ;  it  re- 
tains the  crosses  of  St.  George  and  St. 
Andrew  on  a  blue  ground,  and  adds  red 
and  white  stripes.    It  is  first  used  by 

,   Washington  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  *  New  York.  Gov.  Tryon  prudently 
retires  on  board  of  a  British  man-of-war. 

Jan.  2.  Phila.  Congress  urges  strenu- 
ous measures  against  the  Tories. 

Jan.  *  Eng.  Pitt  makes  a  speech  on 
the  Americans  in  Parliament. 

Feb.  1.  Eng.  Gen.  Howe  is  directed 
not  to  use  the  King's  name  in  the  ex- 
change of  prisoners. 

Feb.  17.  Phila.  Congress  is  obliged  to 
issue  $4,000,000  additional  bills  of 
(Continental  paper  to  meet  the  expenses 
of  the  war. 

Mar.  2.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  Silas 
Deane,  of  Ct.,  commissioner  to  France. 

Mar.*  Phila,  Congress  commissions 
Carroll,  Franklin,  and  Chase  to  go 
to  Canada  to  effect  a  union. 


Mar.  23.  Phila.  Congress  authorizes 
privateers  to  prey  upon  British  com- 
merce. 

Mar.  14.  Phila.  Congress  urges  the  dis- 
arming of  disaffected  citizens. 

Mar.  *  -Jime  *  U.  S.  Ifotable  increase 
of  the  spirit  of  independence. 

Mar.  26.  S.  C.  The  General  Assembly 
adopts  a  Constitution  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Province.  It  is  to  continue 
till  October  21,  "  and  no  longer." 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  issues  instructions 
to  privateers. 

Apr.  6.  Congress  declares  American 
ports  open  to  the  trade  of  all  nations 
except  Great  Britain,  but  prohibits  the 
slave-trade. 

Apr.  22.  North  Carolina  authorizes  her 
delegates  to  subscribe  to  a  declaration 
of  independence. 

Apr.  *  Phila.  A  finance  committee, 
the  germ  of  the  Treasury  Deijartment, 
is  appointed  by  Congress. 

May  4.  P.  I.  Tlie  Assembly  repeak  the 
**  Act  fnr  the  more  effectually  securing 
to  his  Majesty  the  allegiance  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  plantations,"  and 
provides  that  in  legal  papers,  the  name 
ami  authority  of  the  King  shall  be 
omitted,  and  those  of  "  the  Governor 
and  Company  of  this  Colony"  be  sub- 
stituted. 

May  10.  Pa.  The  colonial  charter  is 
overthrown. 

Mass.    Tlie  General  Assembly  calls 

upon  the  people  to  assemble  in  town- 
meetings,  and  instruct  their  represen- 
tatives, "  Whether,  if  the  Honorable 
Congress  should,  for  the  safety  of  said 
Colonies,  declare  them  independent 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  they, 
the  said  inhabitants,  will  solemnly  en- 
gage, with  their  lives  and  fortunes, 
to  support  them  in  the  measure." 
[Barnstable  is  the  only  town  in  the 
Commonwealth  that  hesitates.] 

May  15.  Phila.  Congress  calls  upon 
the  States  to  jtrovide  independent  gov- 
ernments, and  totally  suppress  every 
kind  of  authority  under  the  Crown. 

Va.    The    Convention    instructs  the 

delegates  of  Virginia  in  Congress  to 
urge  it  •*  to  declare  the  United  Colo- 
nies free  and  independent  States, 
absolved  from  allegiance  to,  or  depend- 
ence upon,  the  Crown  or  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain." 

May  *  Fr.  —  Sp.  France  and  Spain  se- 
cretly resolve  to  aid  the  Americans 
with  money. 

May  24,  Phila.  The  Continental  Con- 
gress elects  John  Hancock  of  Massa- 
chusetts as  its  president. 

June  7.  Phila.  Congress  changes  its 
demand,  and  asks  for  independence 
instead  of  constitutional  liberties. 

Phila,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  in  obe- 
dience to  the  instructions  of  the  Assem- 
bly of  Virginia,  offers  a  resolution  in 
Congress  •*  that  the  united  colonies 
are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 


and     independent     States.**      John 

Adams  of  Massachusetts  seconds  the 
motion ,  and  a  great  debate  follows.  New 
York,  New  .Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land, and  South  Carolina  are  conserva- 
tive, and  hesitate  to  support  such  a 
radical  step.  Tlie  resolution  is  post- 
poned till  July  first. 

June  10  and  Aug.  11.  Phila.  Beau- 
marchais,  as  agent,  receives  from  the 
French  and  Spanish  governments  mon- 
eys, and  conducts  his  business  under  the 
style  "  Hortalez  et  Compagnie." 

Jtuie  11.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  T. 
Jefferson,  John  Adams,  Benj.  Franklin, 
Roger  Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Living- 
ston a  committee  to  prepare  a  decla- 
ration of  independence. 

June  12.  Va.  A  Declaration  of  Rights 
is  adopted. 

June  *  Va.  Gov.  Dunmore  prudently  re- 
tires on  board  a  British  man-of-war. 

June  20.  Conn.  The  General  Assembly 
issues  a  declaration  of  independence 
and  absolution  from  all  allegiance  to  the 
King  of  Great  Britain. 

Jtme  *  New  York.  Discovery  of  the 
"Hickey  Plot,"  to  assassinate  Wash- 
ington. 

*  *  Fr.  Silaa  Deane  reaches  France  as 
the  first  agent  of  the  United  States. 

*  *  Phila.  The  United  States  solicits 
money  of  France. 

*  *  Phila.    Congress  proposes  a  loan. 

Jime  28.  Phila.  Congress.  The  reso- 
lution of  Independence  drafted  by 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia,  having 
been  accepted  by  the  committee,  is  re- 
ported to  the  delegates. 

July  1.  Phila.  Congress.  Debate  com- 
mences on  the  resolution  for  Independ- 
ence. 

July  2.  Phila.  Congress.  Delegates  of 
all  the  colonies  adopt  the  resolution  of 
Independence  except  New  York,  whose 
delegates  have  not  been  instructed  to 
take  such  an  important  step. 

July  3.  Phila.  Congress  debates  the 
Declaration  of   Independence   with 

great  earnestness,  but  the  discussion  is 
not  completed. 

Note  — The  KeBolution  of  Independence,  the 
important  event,  passes  on  the  3d  of  July. 
The  reasons  for  so  doing  are  passed  by  Con- 
gress two  days  later.  John  Adams  predicted 
the  '•  fld  day  of  July  "  would  be  long  cele- 
brated. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

*  *  *  "Wealth  abounds  in  many  South- 
em  families ;  it  is  chiefly  produced  by 
growing  tobacco,  indigo,  and  rice. 

1776  Jan.  1.  Va.  Norfolk  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire  and  the  cannon  balls  of 

the  British  ;  loss,  $1,500,000. 

Spring.  New  York.  Hydrant  water  in- 
troduced ;  reservoir  on  the  east  side  of 
Broad  Street,  near  Pearl. 


84     1776,  July  4-1777,  Jan.  1. 


AMERICA; 


Thk  United  States  of  America  is  a  federal  republic,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Oceans,  and  occupying 
most  of  the  southern  half  of  the  Continent  of  North  America.  It  comprises  45  States  and  three  Territories,  besides  the  District 
of  Columbia.    Washington  is  the  federal  capital. 

The  government  is  a  representative  democracy.  The  Federal  executive  authority  is  vested  in  a  President,  elected  for  four 
years,  aided  by  a  Cabinet  having  eight  members ;  the  legislative  authority,  in  a  Congress  having  two  houses,  the  Senate  com- 
prising two  members  for  each  State,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  having  356  members  who  are  elected  by  the  direct  vote  of 
the  people.  Katio  of  representation,  one  Representative  to  173,901  of  the  population.  Tlie  Senators  are  elected  by  the  State  Le- 
gislatures ;  the  Representatives  are  elected  for  two  years  by  the  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  the  different  States.  The  Federal 
authority  is  limited  to  national  affairs.  Each  State  has  a  Governor  and  a  Legislature  of  two  houses,  having  extensive  inde- 
pendent power  reserved  to  it  xmder  the  Federal  Constitution,  for  controlling  its  local  affairs.  The  Federal  judiciary  system  is 
distinct  from  that  of  the  States ;  the  highest  court  being  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  All  religions  are  tolerated, 
and  English  is  the  common  language.    Area,  3,025,600  square  miles  ;  including  Alaska,  3,557,000.    Population,  1890,  62,622,250. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1776  July  5.  Coim.  New  Haven  is 
plundered  and  pillaged  by  the  British. 

July  12.  N.  Y.  Sir  William  Howe  lands 
9,000  British  soldiers  on  Staten  Island. 

July  15-Oet.  11.  S.  C.  War  with  the 
Cherokee  Indians.  Their  settlements 
are  destroyed,  and  they  are  driven  be- 
yond the  mountains  by  a  force  under 
Col.  Andrew  Williamson. 

July  •  y,  T.  General  Sullivan  is  driven 
from  Canada  by  the  British  ;  he  rests  at 
Crown  Point. 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.  Sir  Henry  Clinton's 
army  arrives  from  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. 

Aug.  8.  Northern  army  under  Washing- 
ton reports  10,514  fit  for  duty  ;  3,668  sick ; 
2,946  on  command;  97  on  furlough;  total, 
17,225. 

Lieut.  Paul  Jones  receives  acaptaiu's 

commission.  [Nov.  2.  if.  /.  He  sails  in 
command  of  the  ship  Alfred,  having  30 
guns  and  300  men,  and  the  sloop  Provi- 
dence,  having  12  guns  and  70  men.  He 
soon  breaks  up  the  fishery  at  Cape 
Breton.] 

Aug.  14.  JV.  Y.  Lords  Dunmore  and 
Campbell  and  Sir  Peter  Parker,  after 
taking  from  the  Virginians  about  1,000 
negroes,  join  XiOrd  Howe  on  Stateu 
Island,  making  his  entire  force  about 
35,000  men. 

Aug.  20.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Sullivan  suc- 
ceeds Gen.  Greene  in  command  of  the 
Americans  on  Long  Island.  [Aug.  24. 
He  is  succeeded  by  Gen.  Putnam.] 

Aug.  22.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Howe  lands  10,000 
British  soldiers  on  Xiong  Island  near 
the  Narrows.  (The  British  fleet  num- 
bers 437  vessels.) 

Aug.  27.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Long  Island. 
Disastrous  defeat  of  5,000  Americans 
by  16,000  British  and  Hessians  in  Brook- 
lyn [Greenwood  Cemetery].  The  Amer- 
ican*^ under  Putnam,  Sullivan,  and  Stir- 
ling lose2,000killed  and  taken  prisoners, 
ineiudingthree  generals  captured  ;  Brit- 
ish loss,  about  400  men. 

Aug.  28.  A^.  Y.  The  British  on  Long 
Island  make  no  assault  on  the  Amer- 
ican lines,  but  prepare  for  a  regular 
siege ;  the  Americans  are  reenforced. 

*  *  *  Successive  disasters  fall  to  the 
Americans. 

Aug.  30.  N.  Y.  Washington,  favored 
by  a  dense  fog,  secretly  retreats  during 
the  night  from  Brooklyn  to  New  York. 


Sept.  *  Phila.  Congress  establishes  uni- 
forms for  the  army  and  navy. 

N.  Y.    Great  numbers  of  the  militia 

desert  after  the  defeat  on  Long  Island ; 
Washington's  army  is  reduced  to  less 
than  20,000  men. 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y.  The  British  enter 
New  York  City,  and  the  Americans 
retire  to  Harlem.  Washington  narrowly 
escapes  capture  in  his  reluctant  retreat. 

Sept.  16.  N.  Y.  The  British  make  an  un- 
successful attack  at  Harlem  Heights, 
near  New  York,  losing  20  killed  and  100 
wounded. 

Sept.  22.  JS'.  5'.  Captain  Nathan  Hale 
is  captured  while  reconnoitering  the 
British  force  on  Long  Island ;  he  is  de- 
nied the  attendance  of  a  clergyman,  and 
speedily  hanged  by  Sir  William  Howe  ; 
his  letters  to  his  mother  and  friends  are 
destroyed. 

*  *  New  York.  Oliver  de  Lancey  raises 
a  royalist  corps. 

Sept.f  *  N.  Y.  The  two  armies  watch 
each  other  for  several  weeks. 

Oct.  10.  Phila.  Congress  creates  cap- 
tains in  the  navy,  which  comprises  26 
vessels  carrying  536  guns. 

Oct.  11-13.  Brig.-Gen.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold,  in  command  of  a  small  fleet  on 
Lake  Champlain,  heroically  fights  a  su- 
perior force  under  Sir  Guy  Carleton, 
Governor  of  Canada  ;  the  enemy  retires, 
but  afterward  returns  and  defeats  Ar- 
nold, who  runs  some  of  his  vessels  ashore 
and  fires  them,  while  others  escape. 
[Oct.  14.  N.  Y.  Carleton  occupies  Crown 
Point.] 

Arnold  destroys  the  buildings  at 
Crown  Point  [and  retreats  to  Fort 
Ticonderoga]. 

Oct.  23.  New  York.  Manhattan  Island 
is  abandoned  by  the  Americans,  while 
Gen.  Howe  attempts  to  gain  their  roar. 

Oct.  28.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Howe  defeats 
Washington  at  the  Battle  of  "White 
Plains,  near  New  York ;  losses,  about 
400  men  on  each  side. 

Oct.*  N.  Y.  Finding  Ticonderoga 
strengthened  by  Gen.  Gates,  Carleton 
retires  to  Canada,  and  postpones  the 
proposed  division  of  the  colonies  by  con- 
necting with  Howe  at  New  York. 

*  *  Capt.  Lambert  "Wickes,  of  the  Hc- 
prisal,  takes  Dr.  Franklin  to  Europe  ; 
Wiokes  is  the  first  American  to  cruise 
in  Euroj>eaii  waters. 


*  *  Esek  Hopkins,  commander-in-chief 
of  the  navy,  captures  the  English  ship- 
of-war  Glasgow.  [1777.  Jan.  2.  Dis- 
missed the  service  for  neglect.] 

Nov.  4.  ^'.  Y.  Washington  withdraws 
to  North  Castle,  about  five  miles  distant. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  The  two  armies  watch  each 
other. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  Washington  crosses  the 
Hudson  to  Fort  Lee,  near  New  York,  on 
the  west  bank  ;  he  leaves  7,000  men  with 
Gen.  Charles  Lee. 

Nov,  16.  N.  Y.  The  British  under  Howe 
attack  Fort  "Washington,  and  Col. 
Magaw  capitulates  after  a  stubborn  re- 
sistance ;  the  British  take  more  than 
2,000  prisoners. 

Nov.  18.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Cornwallis,  with 
G,000  British  soldiers,  crosses  the  Hudson 
to  attack  Fort  Lee  in  New  Jersey. 

Nov.  20.  N.  J.  Washington,  hastily 
abandoning  his  artillery,  withdraws 
with  his  little  army  of  3,000  men  to 
llackensack.  [Nov.  *  He  retreats  to 
Newark,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince- 
ton.] 

Nov.  *  Gen.  Charles  Xiee  is  virtually  in- 
subordinate, and  refuses  to  cooperate 
with  and  reenforce  Washington. 

Nov.  30.  N.  J.  Washington's  army  oc- 
cupies Trenton. 

Dec.  2-4.  N.  J.  Gen.  Lee  crosses  the 
Hudson  at  Haverstraw.  [Dec.  11.  He 
finally  reaches  Morristown.] 

Dec  8.  Pa.  Washington,  having  re- 
treated across  the  State  of  New  Jersey, 
crosses  the  Delaware  into  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  he  destroys  all  the  boats  within  70 
miles,  and  is  not  pursued  farther.  • 

/;.  /.    The  British   take   Rhode 

Island,  and  blockade  its  ports  ;  Provi- 
dence and  Canonicut  Islands  are  also 
subdued.     [Held  for  3  years.] 

*  *  *  The  militia,  especially  that  of  New 
Jersey,  refuses  to  take  the  field  in  be- 
half of  a  ruined  enterprise. 

Dec.  13.  N.  J.  A  squad  of  British  cav- 
alry captures  Gen.  Lee  at  Basking 
Ridge.     [Taken  to  New  York.] 

Dec.  14.  N.  J.  The  British  go  into  win- 
ter quarters. 

Dec.  *  N.  J.  Gen.  Schuyler,  with  part 
of  the  army  from  Lake  Champlain,  re- 
enforces  W"ashington  at  Morristown, 
augmenting  his  force  to  6,000  men. 

Dec.  20.  Pa.  Gen.  Sullivan  with  Lee*s 
army  arrives  at  headquarters. 


UNITED    STATES.   1776,  July  4-1777,  Jan.  l.  85 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

Dec.  25.  The  tide  of  fortune  turns  in 
favor  of  tlie  Americans.  Washington 
recrosses  the  Delaware  in  the  night 
.■imid  the  floating  ice  with  2,400  men. 

Deo.  26.  A'.  J.  Battle  of  Trenton. 
Washington  surprises  and  surrounds 
the  1,500  British  at  Trenton  under  Col. 
Kahl ;  he  captures  1,000  Hessians,  losing 
only  two  men.  [This  victory  rouses  the 
nation  from  despondency.] 

Dec.  27.  N.J.  The  British  .abandon  all 
their  posts  on  the  Delaware  River. 

Dec.  *  Robert  Rogers  recruits  the 
Queen's  Rangers  [afterward  led  by 
John  Graves,  Lord  Simeoe]. 

•  •  Eng.  John  the  Painter  fires  the  Eng- 
lish dockyards. 

*  *  Marshal  Broglie  makes  movements  to 
supersede  Washington. 

1777  Jan.  1.  N.  J.  Col.  Beed,  with 
six  horsemen,  m.ikes  a  dash  near  Prince- 
ton, captures  12  dragoons,  and  brings 
them  to  the  American  camp  at  Trenton. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS 
1776 •  ♦ 

Bates,  Joshua,  cl.,  college  president,  born. 
Uoyer,  Jean  Pierre,  Haiti,  born. 
Cheves,  Langdon,  statesman,  born. 
Eaton,  .\inoa,  naturalist,  born. 
Rale.  Capt.  Nathan,  patriot,  A21. 
Morris,  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 
Murdock,  James,  tlieologian,  born. 
Thomas,  John,  general,  A51. 
Troost,  Gerard,  chemist,  born. 
Vanderlyn,  John,  painter,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1776*  *  Boston.  The  churches  suffer ; 
the  British  have  used  one  church  as  a 
riding-school,  three  as  barracks,  and  one 
for  iirewood. 

*  *  Cat.  Catholic  missionaries  settle  at 
Verba  Buena  [San  Francisco]. 

*  *  Del.  All  the  Methodist  preachers 
sent  by  Mr.  Wesley  return  to  England, 
except  Francis  Asbury. 

LETTERS. 

1776  Dee.  3.  N.  J.  First  issue  of  the 
New  Jersey  Gazette  at  Burlington  ;  it  is 
the  first  newspaper  in  the  .State. 

*  •  The  American  Crisis,  by  Thomas  Paine, 
appears. 

*  *  *  New  York.  Rivinqlon's  Gazetteer, 
the  most  influential  Tory  journal  in  the 
country. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Englishman  in  De- 
fence of  the  English  Constitution ,  issued 
(f  or.threo^ionths)  by  Parker  and  Wyman. 

*  *  The  New  York  Pacqnet  and  the  Ameri- 
can Advertizer  issued  by  Samuel  I^oudon , 

The  Committee  of  Safety  take  King's 
(Columbia)  College  for  a  military  hos- 
pital. 

*  •  Phila.  The  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence is  drafted  by  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son. 

*  *  R.  I.  Dialogue  against  Slai'ery,  by 
Samuel  Hopkins,  appears. 

*  ♦  Va.  JameT  Monroe  graduates  at  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  College. 

Hampden-Sidney  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized. 


SOCIETY. 

1776  Sept.  •  Phila.  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, 20  years  of  age,  attracts  the  atten- 
tion and  wins  the  long  friendship  of 
Washington  by  his  skill  in  planning 
the  defenses  of  Fort  Washington,  New 
York. 

Sept. -Dec.    General   despondency 

prevails  because  of  the  military  disas- 
ters and  the  loss  of  hope. 

Nov.  18.  Phila.  Congress  approves  of 
a  lottery  bill  to  defray  military  ex- 
penses. 

*  *  Phila.  Robert  Morris  offers  his 
princely  fortune  for  the  support  of  the 
distressed  army. 

*  *  Slavery  exists  in  every  one  of  the 
colonies  that  enters  the  struggle  for  lib- 
erty. 

*  *  Washington  issues  orders  forbidding 
"  all  playing  at  cards  or  other  games  of 
chance"  in  the  army. 

STATE. 

1776  July  4.  Phila.  Continental  Con- 
gress :  At  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the 
Declaration  of  American  Indepen- 
dence is  adopted  by  the  delegates  of 
13  colonies. 

"  Resolved  that  these  united  colonies 
are  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and 
independent  States  ;  that  they  are  ab- 
sohed  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown  ;  and  that  all  political  connection 
between  them  ami  the  State  of  Great 
Britain  is  and  ought  to  be  totally  dis- 
solved." [Aug.  2.  Signed  by  the  last 
delegate.] 

July  *  The  colonists  accept  the  Declara- 
tion with  great  enthusiasm ;  they  ex- 
press their  delight  with  bonfires,  bells. 
and  speeches  ;  the  New  Yorkers  (July  9) 
pull  down  the  leaden  statue  of  George 
III.  and  cast  it  into  bullets. 

Jtily  8.  Phila.  The  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence is  read  from  the  steps  of 
the  State  House,  and  to  the  American 
army 

July  0.  N.  Y.  The  Provincial  Congress 
assembles  at  White  Plains  and  formally 
takes  the  name  of  the  Representatives 
of  New  York,  and  proclaims  its  adhe- 
sion to  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
[.July  10.  New  York  is  declared  an  in- 
dependent State.] 

July  12.  Phila.  Dickinson's  proposed 
plan  for  confederation  is  presented  to 
Congress. 

July  14.  Gen.  Washington  refuses  to  re- 
ceive a  letter  from  Adm.  Lord  Howe, 
addressed  to  "  George  Washington, 
Esq."  (And  later  another  to  "  George 
Washington,  etc.,  etc.,  etc."  He  finally 
accepts  one  properly  addressed.) 

Aug.  23.  New  York.  Sir  William  Howe 
issues  a  proclamation  of  pardon  to 
all  who  return  to  the  allegiance  of  the 
King. 

Sept.  5.  Phila.  A  report  on  treason 
is  made  to  Congress. 


Sept.  9.  Phila.  The  Colonies  are  first 
called  the  United  States  of  America, 

by  Congress. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  Adm.  Howe,  having  so- 
licited a  conference  respecting  rec- 
onciliation, meets  John  Adams,  Benj. 
Franklin,  and  Edward  Rutledge,  at  a 
house  on  Staten  Island  opposite  Amboy ; 
the  Americans  disdain  submission. 

Deo.  *  Kentucky  Is  made  a  county  of 
Virginia.    [1791.    Feb.*  Separated.] 

Oct.  13.  Phila.  Congress  lays  the  foun- 
dation of  the  American  navy  by  ap- 
pointing a  committee  to  build  13  frigates. 

Nov.  2.  Phila.  Congress  establishes  a 
cannon-foundry. 

Nov.  *  Phila.  Congress  appoints  Ar- 
thur Ijee  and  Benjamin  Franklin  am- 
bassadors to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
France.  [Dec.  7.  They  arrive  at  Nantes, 
France.] 

Nov.  30.  N.  Y.  Adm.  Lord  and  Gen. 
Sir  William  Howe  issne  a  proclamation 
of  pardon. 

It  calls  upon  all  insurgents  to  lay  down 
their  arms,  and  olTers  pardon  for  60  days. 
[Many  persons,  especially  the  wealthy 
people,  comply ;  among  whom  are  two 
delegates  of  tiie  Continental  Congress, 
and  the  president  of  the  New  Jersey 
Convention  which  approved  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence.  For  10  days 
after  its  issue  from  200  to  300  come  daily 
to  take  the  oath.] 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  orders  that  persons 
refusing  to  take  Continental  money  be 
arrested. 

Dec.  12.  Phila.  Owing  to  the  proximity 
of  the  British  army,  the  Continental 
Congress  adjourns  to  Baltimore. 

Dec.  20.  Md.  Third  session  of  the 
Colonial  Congress  at  Baltimore. 

[Dec.  27.  It  clothes  Washington  with 
dictatorial  powers  to  direct  all  mill 
tary  operations  for  six  months.] 

*  •  -84  *  *  New  York.  David  Matthews 
(Tory),  the  42d  mayor. 

*  *  The  hiring  of  Hessian  troops  to  sub- 
jugate the  colonists  causes  disloyalty 
to  become  rampant. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated ; 
-77  •  *  Del.    John  McKinley. 

Go.  Archibald  Bullock  (acting). 
-79  *  *  N.  C.    Richard  Caswell. 
89  *  *  N.J.    Wm.  Livingston. 
-77  **  Pa.   Benj.  Franklin  (Committee 

of  Safety). 
-79  *  *  Va.    Patrick  Henry. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  States  adopt  new  consti- 
tutions. (July  2,  N.  J. ;  July  B,  Va. ; 
July  16,  Pa. ;  Aug.  14,  Md. ;  Sept.  20,  Del.; 
Dec.  18,  N.  C.)  [1777,  Feb.  B,Ga. ;  Apr. 
20 ;  1778,  Mar.  19,  S.  C. ;  1780,  Mar.  2, 
Mass.] 

1777  Jan.  1.  ^f<l.  Congress  authorizes 
Franklin  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
Spain. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1776  Sept.  21.  Netv  York.  Trinity 
Church  and  492  buildings  are  de- 
stroyed by  fire  after  the  evacuation. 


86     1777,  Jan.  2 -Oct.  16. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1777  Jan.  3.  N.J.  Battle  of  Princeton. 
Washington  again  surprises  and  defeats 
a  part  of  Cornwallis's  army  and  lakes 
several  hundred  prisoners.  British  loss, 
100  slain,  300  prisoners  ;  American  loss, 
very  slight,  includes  Gen.  Mercer. 

Jan.  *  The  army  is  in  very  bad  con- 
dition, owing  to  the  lack  of  money,  the 
paper  currency  having  little  value. 

Jan.  5.  A^.  J.  Washington  withdraws 
his  troops  to  a  strong  position  at  Morris- 
town,  the  right  wing  under  Putnam  is 
at  Princeton,  and  his  left  wing  under 
Gen.  Heath  in  the  Highlands  on  the 
Hudson. 

The  militia  rises  in  armsand  vexes  the 
British,  until  their  lines  are  contracted 
about  New  Brunswick  and  Amboy. 
[Washington's  headquarters  continue 
here  during  nearly  all  of  the  remainder 
of  the  war.] 

•  *  Fr.  The  first  vessels  leave  France 
with,  supplies  for  the  American  army. 

Jan.  7.  — May  28.  N.  J.  Washington's 
force  is  encamped  at  Morristown. 

Jan.  7.  N.  J.  British  troops  evacuate 
Slizabethtown  ;  Gen.  Maxwell  attacks 
their  rear,  takes  70  prisoners  and  a 
schooner  loaded  with  baggage. 

Feb.  6.  Great  Britain  grants  letters 
of  marque  and  reprisal  against  the 
United  States. 

Feb.  13.  Fr.  Franklin  and  Deane  en- 
gage Du  Portail  and  other  engineers. 

Feb.  18.  JV.  J.  Col.  Neilson,  with  a 
party  of  American  militia,  defeats 
British  troops  under  Major  Stockton, 
kills  4  and  captures  the  commander  and 
69  men. 

Feb.  19.  Baltimore.  Congre.'is  commis- 
sions five  major-generals. 

They  are  Stirling,  St.  Clair,  Mifflin, 
Stephen,  aud  Lincoln.  (Benedict  Arnold 
is  overlooked.)  Eighteen  brigadier-gen- 
erals are  also  commissioned.  They  in- 
clude Glover,  George  Clinton,  Woodford, 
Miihlenberg  (Ger.  Lutheran  clergyman). 
Hand,  Antnony  Wayne,  and  Conway, 
the  Irish  adventurer. 

*  *  It.  T.  The  entire  American  fleet 
under  Adm.  Hopkins  is  blockaded  at 
Providence. 

Feb.  27.  S.  C.  The  militia  defeats  a 
large  force  of  American  royalists,  and 
captures  much  ammunition  and  other 
military  stores. 

Mar.  23.  X.  Y.  British,  under  Bird, 
land  at  Peekskill  to  seize  military 
stores  ;  some  are  burned  by  Gen.  Mc- 
Dougall,  who  retires.  The  British  secure 
much  provision,  forage,  and  burn  valu- 
able property. 

Mar.  29.  Netv  York.  Gen.  Charles  Lee 
writes  treasonable  negotiations  for  Gen. 
Howe.    [Discovered  after  his  death.] 

May  6.  Can.  Gen.  Burgoyne  arrives 
at  Quebec  to  take  command  of  the 
British  forces  in  Canada. 

He  proposes  to  cut  the  colonies  in  two 
by  an  expedition  moving  through  Lake 
Champlain  and  down  the  Hudson  River. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  Three  ship-loads  of  mili- 
tary supplies  sail  for  America.  [Only 
one  escapes  the  British  cruisers,  and  it 


brings  great  relief  to  the  army  at  Mor- 
ristown, in  April.] 

*  *  Spring.  Capt.  Conyngham  is  sent  out 
by  Silas  Deane  from  Dunkirk,  to  prey 
on  British  commerce. 

Apr.  13.  2^.  J.  The  British  under  Corn- 
wallis  surprise  Gen.  Lincoln  with  50(> 
Americans  at  Boundbrook ;  he  retreatf^ 
with  the  loss  of  GO  men. 

Apr.  15.  Ky.  Indians  attack  Boones- 
boro ;  4  of  Col.  Boone's  men  are  killed. 

Phila.    Congress  resolves  to  abolish 

distinctions  between  troops,  as  '*  Cong- 
ress' Own  Regiment,"  "  Washington's 
Life  Guards." 

Apr.  17.  Capt.  John  Barry  captures  the 
British  vessel  Edward,  the  first  Amer- 
ican prize. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  Washington's  force  is  in- 
creased to  about  7,000  men. 

Apr.  25.  S.  C.  Marquis  deljafayette, 
but  lOyearsold,  withllofficers,  landsat 
Charleston,  having  raised  a  corps  at  his 
own  expense,  this  forms  one  of  the  prom- 
inent events  of  the  war. 

27.     Conn.    Gen.  Tryon,  with  2,000 

British  soldiers,  makes  a  raid  on  Ban- 
bury and  burns  18  houses  and  military 
stores  ;  the  patriotic  militia  attacks  their 
flank  and  rear  while  they  retreat  to  the 
coast. 

Spring.  N.  H.  A  vessel  arrives  at  Ports- 
mouth from  France  with  more  than 
11,000  stand  of  arms  and  1,000  barrels 
of  gunpowder;  10,000  stand  of  arms  are 
received  at  another  port. 

May  22.  Phila.  Gen.  Schuyler  is  con- 
firmed in  the  command  of  the  Northern 
army. 

May  24.  N.  Y.  Col.  Meigs,  with  200  Con- 
necticut militia-men,  surprises  the  Brit- 
ish post  at  Sag  Harbor,  Long  Island, 
and  captures  90  prisoners,  a  gun-ship, 
10  loaded  transports  and  vast  military 
stores,  and  all  without  the  loss  of  a  single 
man.  [Congress  afterward  voted  the  gal- 
lant colonel  a  sword.] 

May^  Benedict  Arnold  commissioned 
major-general  and  presented  by  Con- 
gress with  a  horse  richly  caparisoned ; 
he  is  yet  below  the  5  other  major- 
generals. 

May  28.  N.J.  Washington  removes  his 
headquarters  to  the  heights  of  Middle- 
brook. 

*  *  Capt.  John  Manley  sails  on  a  cruise. 

*  *  Captain  Johnson  of  the  Lexington 
cruises  in  European  waters. 

June  1.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Sir  Guy  Carleton,  invades 
Northern  New  York  with  an  army 
from  Canada. 

June  19.  N.  J.  Sir  "Wm.  Howe,  hav- 
ing received  large  reenforcements  and 
supplies,  establishes  his  headquarters 
at  New  Brunswick,  about  ten  miles 
from  Washington's  army. 

±N.  Y.    Burgoyne  lands  at  CrownPoint, 

June  20i.  N.  Y.  Howe  makes  various 
attempts,  but  fails  to  draw  Washington 
apart  from  his  strong  position  into  a 
general  engagement. 


June  *  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  meets  the  chiefs 
of  the  >Six  Nations  in  council  and  induces 
400  of  their  warriors  to  join  his  army. 

June  *  N.  Y.  Burgoyne,  by  proclamation, 
calls  on  the  patriots  to  submit,  or  to  be 
ravaged  by  his  Indian  allies. 

June  25.  N.  J.  Cornwallis  being  reen- 
forced  by  Howe,  maneuvers  for  position, 
but  dares  not  attack  Washington  at 
Boundbrook. 

June  30.  N.  Y.  After  six  months'  ma- 
neuvering and  little  fighting,  the  Brit- 
ish abandon  New  Jersey,  and  encamp 
on  Staten  Island.  [The  national  spirits 
revive,  and  the  British  are  dismayed  at 
the  unexpected  turn  of  affairs.] 

July  4.  Ky.  Boonesboro  attacked  by 
Indians. 

July  6.  N.  Y.  Gen.  St.  Clair  and  3,000 
Americans  abandon  Fort  Ticonder- 
oga  in  the  night,  and  retreat  through 
Vermont  toward  Fort  Edward. 

July  6.  K.  Y.  Gen.  Burgoyne  takes 
possession  of  Ticonderoga,  with  about 
7,000  troops  and  7,000  Indians. 

Burgoyne  captures  a  large  quantity 
of  military  stores  near  "Whitehall. 

July?.  N.  Y.  The  Americans  bum  Fort 
Ann. 

Vt.    Burgoyne  defeats  the  Americans 

under  St.  Clair  at  Hubbardton,  while 
on  their  retreat. 

Julys.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Fort  Ann; 
Americans  under  Livingston  defeated; 
they  retire  to  Fort  Edward,  losing  128 
cannons,  and  stores. 

July  10.  R.  I.  A  British  general  cap- 
tured. 

Col.  William  Barton  of  Providence  by 
stratagem  surprises  and  captures  Gen. 
Prescott  while  in  bed  at  a  farmhouse 
near  Newport.  [The  Americans  after- 
ward exchanged  him  for  Gen.  Lee.] 

July  12.  N.  Y.  Gen.  St.  Clair  arrives 
at  Fort  Edward,  having  in  late  re- 
verses lost  nearly  200  pieces  of  artillery 
and  large  quantities  of  military  stores. 

July  19.  Ky.  About  200  Indians  besiege 
Logan's  Fort;  16  men  repel  them. 

*  *  Pa.  Leading  Quakers  are  arrested 
and  sent  South. 

July  23.  Gen.  Howe  leaves  a  garrison 
at  Staten  Island  and  takes  18,000  men  to 
sea  in  transports ;  destination  unknown 
to  Americans. 

July  24.  N.  J.  Washington  marches 
South.  [Lafayette,  DeKalb,  and  Pu- 
laski soon  join  his  array.] 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Jane  McCrea  is  slain. 
The  Indian  allies  of  the  British  toma- 
hawk her  while  she  is  being  conveyed 
to  her  lover  in  the  camp  at  Fort  Edward. 
[Public  horror  intensities  the  hatred  of 
British  oppression.] 

July  30.  Burgojoie  arrives  at  Fort 
Edward,  recently  deserted  by  the  Amer- 
icans under  Gen.  Schuyler  (an  unsuc- 
cessful commander),  who  retire  to 
Saratoga. 

N.  J.  "Washington  crosses  the  Del- 
aware to  Germantown  with  his  army. 

July  31,  Lafayette,  20  years  old,  made 
Major-General  in  tht^  army  by  Con- 
gress (without  command). 


UNITED    STATES. 


1777,  Jan,  2- Oct.  16.     87 


Aug.  3-23,  2i.  Y.  Barry  St.  Ledger,  with 
a  British  force,  attacks  Fort  Stanwix. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Fort  Schuy- 
ler on  the  Mohawk  River  (Fort  Stanwix). 
The  garrison  of  600  Continentals,  under 
Cols.  Gansevoort  and  Willet,successtully 
resists  1,800  Tories,  Canadians,  and  In- 
dians under  Gen.  St.  Ledger  and  Indian 
Chief  Brant. 

Phila.     Congress  accepts  the  service 

of  Count  Pulaski  of  Poland  ;  his  fel- 
low countryman, Thaddeus  Kosciusko, 
21  years  of  age,  is  already  serving  with 
General  Schuyler. 

Aug.  6.  A'.  }'.  Battle  of  Oriakany. 
Gen.  Herkimer  is  defeated  and  mortally 
wounded  in  an  ambuscade  while  march- 
ing to  the  relief  of  Fort  Schuyler  with 
the  militia  of  the  vicinity. 

Aug.  10.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  sends  a  de- 
tachment under  Col.  Baum  to  seize  the 
provisions  and  military  stores  at  Ben- 
nington, Vermont. 

Aug.  15.  N.  Y,  Gen.  Burgoyne  leaves 
Fort  Edward. 

Aug.  16.  Vt.  Battle  of  Bennington. 
Col.  John  Stark,  with  the  militia, 
defeats  the  British  force  under  Col, 
Baum,  which  loses  200  killed  and  700 
prisoners  ;  American  loss,  14  killed  and 
40  wounded.  [The  country  is  fired  with 
enthusiasm.] 

Aug.  17.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Schuyler  is  re- 
enforced  ;  he  now  has  13,000  men, 

Aug.  19.  Gen.  Schuyler  is  super- 
seded hy  Gen.  Gates  in  the  Northern 
Department, 

Aug.  22.  K.  Y.  Gen.  Sullivan  and  Col. 
Ogden  raid  the  British  on  Staten 
Island,  capture  130  prisoners,  a  few 
officers,  destroy  stores,  etc. 

Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  marches  to 
the  relief  of  Fort  Schuyler.  St.  Ledger 
and  his  panic-stricken  army  leave  in 
haste  with  tents  standing. 

Aug.  24.  Phila.  Washington's  army 
passes  through  Philadelphia  for  the 
Chesapeake. 

Aug.  25.  Md.  Gen.  Howe,  with  16,000 
men,  enters  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  lands 
at  Head  of  Elk,  and,  advancing  in  two 
columns,  threatens  Philadelphia. 

Sept.  1.  W.  Fa.  An  attack  is  made  on 
Fort  William  Henry  (Wheeling). 

Sept.  8.  N.  Y,  The  Northern  army,  6,000 
strong,  under  Gen.  Gates,  estahlishes 
a  fortified  camp  at  Bemis  Heights, 
near  Stillwater,  in  Saratoga  county. 

Sept.  0.  K.  Y.  Col.  Brown,  with  a  de- 
tachment of  men,  seizes  the  posts  at  the 
outlet  of  Xjake  George,  and  a  fleet  of 
bateaux  laden  with  provisions  for  Bur- 
goyne. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  Battle  of  Brandywine. 
Washington  is  severely  defeated  by 
superior  numbers  under  Howe,  aided  by 
Cornwallis  and  Knyphausen  ;  American 
1088,1,000;  British  loss,  584.  Lafayette 
is  wounded  in  this,  his  first  American 
battle.  Alexander  Hamilton  is  aide  to 
Washington. 

•  *  Gen.  Arnold  is  quarrelsome,  and  de- 
nied a  command  under  Gen.  Gates. 

Sept.  12.  Phila.  Washington  reenters 
with  the  remnant  of  his  army. 


A'.  Y.     Gen,  Gates,  with  the  Northern 

Army,  encamps  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mohawk  Uiver. 

Sept.  13.  N.  Y.  Gen.  Burgoyne  crosses 
the  Hudson  and  encamps  on  the  heights 
and  plains  of  Saratoga. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne  advances 
within  two  miles  of  Gen.  Gates's  camp. 

N.  Y,    Americans  under  Col.  Brown 

seize  the  British  posts  at  the  outlet  of 
Lake  George  and  at  Ticonderoga,  taking 
293  prisoners  and  releasing  100  Amer- 
icans ;  they  cut  off  Burgoyne's  re- 
treat. 

Sept,  19.  Pa.  The  Americans  cross 
the  Schuylkill  and  encamp  on  the 
eastern  bank. 

.V.  Y.  Battle  of  Stillwater  (Sar- 
atoga). 

Burgoyne  attacks  Gates  ;  the  action  is 
indecisive ;  the  British  hold  the  field 
with  a  loss  of  600  men,  and  the  Amer- 
icans retire  with  a  loss  of  319.  The 
British  are  distressed  for  supplies,  and 
the  army  is  put  on  half-rations. 

Sept.  20,  +  A'.  Y.  Burgoyne  fortifies  his 
camp. 

Pa.  Gen.  Wayne,  with  1,500  Amer- 
icans, surprised  at  Paoli,  or  TrudufBn, 
by  the  British  ;  loss  300. 

Sept.  23.  Pa.  Howe  crosses  the 
Schuylkill  with  the  entire  British  army. 

Sept.  24.    A  fight  at  Diamond  Island. 

Sept.  26.  Pa.  The  British  encamp  at 
Germ  an  town. 

Sept.  27.  Phila.  The  British  under  Howe 
enter  the  capital  of  the  Republic, 
"  the  rebel  city,"  while  the  main  army 
remains  at  Germantown. 

Oct,  3.  New  York:  Gen.  Clinton  em- 
barks his  troops  to  ascend  the  Hudson 
so  as  to  cooperate  with  Burgoyne. 

Oct.  4.  Phila.  Battle  of  German- 
town.  Washington,  with  1,100  men, 
suddenly  falls  on  the  British  under 
Howe,  is  successful  at  first,  but  soon 
retreats ;  British  loss  535  ;  American 
loss  152  killed  and  521  wounded. 

Oct.  6.  N.  Y.  Sir  Henry  Clinton  cap- 
tures Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery 
on  the  Hudson,  from  Gov.  George  Clin- 
ton supported  by  the  New  York  militia. 

Oct.  7.  N.  Y.  Battle  of  Saratoga  (Still- 
water). 

Terrible  conflict  at  Bemis  Heights,  in 
which  Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  fights  (with- 
out authority)  with  great  bravery,  and 
is  the  inspiring  spirit  of  battle.  The 
British  general,  Fraser,  is  mortally 
wounded.     Burgoyne  is  again  defeated. 

Oct.  8.  K.  Y.  Burgoyne  encamps  on 
heights  one  mile  from  his  late  battle- 
field. 

Oct.  9.  X.  Y.  Burgoyne  retreats  to 
Saratoga,  where  he  finds  the  Americans 
entrenched. 

Oct.  10.  A'.  Y.  Burgoyne*8  army  re- 
turns to  its  former  camp,  which  it  pro- 
ceeds to  strengthen,  and  waits  for  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  and  much  needed  sup- 
plies. 

Oct.  13.  N.  Y.  Burgoyne's  retreat  being 
cut  off  and  provisions  nearly  exhausted, 
he  proposes  a  cessation  of  hostilities. 


and  rejects  the  demand  for  an  uncon- 
ditional surrender. 

The  British  wantonly  burn  the  village 
of  Kingston, 
Oct.  16.  N.  Y.  British  loss  in  Bxir- 
goyne's  army,  since  July  6,  in  killed, 
wounded,  and  desertions,  nearly  3,000 
men. 

SOCIETY. 

1777  Mar,  7.  N.H.  James  Aitken,  con- 
victed of  arson,  is  hanged  on  a  gallows 
60  feet  high  at  Portsmouth. 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Murder  of  Jane  Mc- 
Crea  at  Fort  Edward  by  Indians. 

STATE. 
1777   Jan.  6.   Fr.   Franklin  arrives  in 
Paris  as  ambassador,  seeking  to  negoti- 
ate a  treaty. 

Franklin's  wisdom  and  sagacity,  united 
with  great  simplicity,  captivate  the  gay 
court  of  Louis  XVI.  [The  American  Am- 
bassadors are  lionized  ;  after  Burgoyne's 
surrender  a  treaty  is  made.] 

Jan.  *  Md.  Congress  pays  the  army  in 
paper  money  having  but  little  value. 

*  *  Md.  Congress  advises  the  States  to 
cease  the  issue  of  paper  money. 

Jan.  15.  Vt.  The  people  of  the  New 
Hampshire  grants  make  a  declaration  of 
iiidependence,  and  call  their  territory 
Vermont. 

Feb.  *  l!:ng.  Parliament  votes  supplies 
and  men  for  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 

Mar.  4,  Baltimore,  Md.  The  Conti- 
nental Congress  adjourns. 

Phila.    The  Fotirth  session  of  the 

Continental  Congress. 

Mar.  29.  New  York,  Gen.  Charles  liCe, 
a  prisoner  and  traitor,  writes  "  Mr.  Lee's 
Plan,"  of  destroying  the  "Congress  gov- 
ernment." 

Apr.  17.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  a 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs. 

June  14.  Phila.  Congress  adopts  a 
flag ;  13  stripes  alternate  red  and  white ; 
13  stars,  white  on  a  blue  canton,  which 
replace  the  crosses  of  St.  George  and 
St.  Andrew. 

June  26.  Ger.  Arthur  Lee's  State  papers 
are  stolen  in  Berlin. 

Lee  suspects  the  British  envoy,  states 
his  suspicions  to  the  minister,  and  his 
papers  are  secretly  returned. 

Aug.  25.  Pa.  Sir  William  Howe  again 
by  proclamation  offers  pardon  to  those 
rebels  who  submit.    (Aug.  27?) 

Sept.  18.  Pfiila.  Congress  adjourns  to 
Lancaster  because  of  the  approach  of 
the  British. 

Sept.  27.  Pa.  Fifth  session  of  the 
Continental  Congress  at  Lancaster. 
It  immediately  adjourns  to  York. 

Sept.  30.  Pa.  Sixth  session  of  the 
Continental  Congress  at  York.  [Its 
session  continues  until  the  British  evac- 
uate Philadelphia.] 

Oct.  *  Jacob  Duch^  attempts  to  seduce 
'Washington  from  the  American  cause. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1777    Oct.  *   U.  S.     The    Continental 
bills  advance  20  per  cent  in  value  after 
iho  surrender  of  Burgoyne, 


88     1777,  Oct.  17-  1778,  Nov.  3. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1777  Oct.  17.  A^  I'.  Gen.Burgoyne 
surrenders  his  army  to  Gen.  Gatea  at 
Saratoga. 

Burgoyne  surrenders  his  army  on  con- 
dition that  it  march  out  of  camp  with 
honors  of  war,  and  the  soldiers  be  talien 
from  Boston  to  England.  The  prisoners 
number  5,791,  ana  include  6  members 
of  Parliament.  Forty-two  pieces  of  brass 
artillery  and  immense  military  stores  are 
tal^en.  Active  American  force  about 
11,000.  [Congress  refuses  to  ratify  the 
terms.] 

Oct.  22.  A^  J.  Twelve  hundred  Hessians 
under  Count  Donop  attack  Fort  Mer- 
cer, at  Bed  Bank,  7  miles  below  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  Delaware  Kiver ;  the 
garrison  of  400  men,  under  Col.  Chris- 
topher Greene  of  Ehode  Island,  mal<es 
a  successful  resistance.  British  loss, 
about  400;  American,  8  killed  and  29 
wounded. 

Oct.  29.  Pa.  The  army  under  Washing- 
ton numbers  12,480  men,  of  whom  8,963 
are  Regulars  or  Continentals. 

Oct.  *  Philadelphia  still  occupied  by  the 
British  army. 

Autumn.  Ger.  Frederick  the  Great 
stops  the  German  mercenaries  from 
crossing  his  dominions  on  their  march 
to  embark  for  America. 

Oct.  29.  Pa.  Washington  retires  to 
White  Marsh,  below  Philadelphia. 

*  *  Pa.  Washington  is  reenforced  by 
about  4,000  victorious  troops  from  the 
North. 

Nov.  6.  Mass.  The  "Convention" 
troops  (Burgoyne's  from  Saratoga) 
reach  the  neighborhood  of  Boston  for 
embarkation. 

Nov.  10-16.  Pa.  Admiral  Howe's  fleet 
and  a  land  force  attack  Fort  Mifflin,  on 
Mud  Island,  in  the  Delaware,  and  a  siege 
continues  till  the  -Americans  burn  the 
fort  and  retreat  to  Fort  Mercer.  Gen. 
Howe  thus  gains  control  of  the  Delaware. 

Nov.  16.  Pa.  The  British  occupy  Fort 
Mifflin. 

Nov.  18.  X.  J.  Fort  Mercer  is  aban- 
doned to  the  British. 

Nov.  25.  N.J.  Lafayette  is  at 
Gloucester. 

•  •  Paul  Jones  is  cruising  in  the  Ranger. 
Deo.  1.    Me.    Baron  Steuben  arrives  at 

Portland,  and  tenders  his  services  to 
America  as  a  volunteer. 

York,  Pa.    Congress    resolves   "that 

Gen.  W.-ishington  be  informed  that  it  is 
highly  agreeable  to  Congress  that  the 
Marquis  de  Lafayette  be  appointed  to 
the  command  of  a  division  in  the  Conti- 
nental army."     [Antedated  July  31.] 

Dec.  4.  Lafayette  is  appointed  to  the 
command  of  Gen.  Stephen's  division  of 
the  army,  whose  intemperate  habits  had 
caused  his  dismissal. 

Pa.    Gen.  Howe  vainly  attempts  to 

surprise  Washington  at  'White  Marsh, 
near  Philadelphia,  but  lie  receives 
timely  information  by  Lydia  Darrah  ; 
Howe  maneuvers  four  days,  and  then 
retires  to  the  city. 


Dec.  8,    Phila.    Howe's  army  goes  into 

winter  quarters. 
Dec.  11  +.    Pa.    Sufferings  at  Valley 
Forge. 

Washington's  army  goes  into  dreary 
winter  quarters  on  the  Schuylkill  River, 
20  miles  north  of  Philadelphia,  where, 
amid  his  half-clad  and  half-fed  army,  he 
spends  the  darkest  days  of  his  life,  Con- 
gress having  partly  abandoned  him,  and 
the  people  being  doubtful  of  his  success. 
Deo.  23.  Pa.  Washington's  army  num- 
bers 8,200,  with  2,898  of  them  unfit  for 
duty,  being  barefooted,  or  otherwise 
naked  and  suffering. 
Dec.  *  A  conspiracy  exists  to  remove 
Washington  from  the  chief  command, 
and  place  Gen.  Gates  or  Gen.  Lee  (the 
traitor)  at  the  head  of  the  American 
forces. 
1778    Feb,  3.    Bost<m.  Burgoyne's  army 

is  dented  embarkation. 
Feb.  7.    Ky.    Daniel  Boone  is  captured 
by  French  and  Indians  [who  hold  him  a 
few  days]. 
*  *  Fa.    Henry  Lee,   "Light   Horse 
Harry,"  raises  an  independent  body  of 
horse. 
Mar.  4.    The  British  ships  Ariadne  and 
Veres  take  the  American  frigate  Alfred, 
having  20  guns. 
Mar.  •  War   between    England    and 
France,  caused  by  a  French  alliance 
and  treaty  with  the  Americans. 
Mar.  7.    The  American  frigate  Randolph, 
Capt.  Nicholas  Biddle,  having  36  guns 
and  305  men,  is  blown  up  by  the  British 
ship  Yarmouth  of  64  guns ;  only  4  of  the 
crew  are  saved. 
Mar.  18.   A^.  J.    An  action  takes  place  at 

Quintin's  Bridge. 
Mar.  23.   Nathaniel  Greene  made  quar- 
termaster-general. 
Apr.  *  Eng.    Paul  Jones  makes  a  de- 
scent on  Whitehaven. 
May.*  Gen.  Charles  Lee  is  exchanged 

for  the  British  Gen.  Prescott. 
Apr.  •  An  address  in  German  is  scattered 
among  the  Hessians,  inviting  them  to 
desert. 
Apr.  ♦  Paul  Jones  cruises  on  the  Scottish 

coast. 
May  6.    Pa.    The  French   alliance  Is 

celebrated  at  Valley  Forge. 
May  12.     Baron  Steuben  enters  the 
American  service,  Congress  having  ap- 
pointed him  inspector-general,  with 
the  rank  of  major-general  [he  improves 
discipline]. 
May  20.     Pa.     Gen.   Grant,  with  5,000 
British,  surprises  Lafayette  at  Barren 
Hill,  near  Valley  Forge,  who  falls  back 
in  good  order  to  the  main  army. 
May  24.    PhUa.    Gen.  Howe  embarks 
for  England. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  assumes  com- 
mand of  the  British  army.  Gen.  Howe 
being  recalled  at  his  own  request. 
June  18.  Phila.  France  having  become 
an  ally,  the  British  evacuate  Phila- 
delphia on  the  approach  of  the  French 
fleet,  to  concentrate  their  force  in  New 
York.  They  retreat  across  New  Jersey. 
[Washington  is  soon  in  pursuit.] 


Jime  19.  PhUa.  Maj.-Gen.  Benedict 
Arnold  appointed  to  command  this  city. 

June  28.  A'.  J.  Battle  of  Monmouth. 
Gen.  Washington  turns  the  retreat  un- 
der Gen.Chjiries  Lee  into  avictory;  severe 
fighting  continues  till  night,  when  the 
British  retire  and  abandon  New  Jersey. 
Losses,  American,  67  killed,  170  wounded; 
the  British  leave  nearly  300  dead  on  the 
field.  [On  march,  2,000  Hessians  desert, 
dune  29.   "  Molly  Pitcher  "  a  sergeant.] 

July  4.  Gen.  Charles  Lee  is  brought  to 
trial  for  insubordination.    [Guilty.] 

July  4,  5.  Pa.  Terrible  massacre  m 
the  Wyoming  VaUey  during  the  ab- 
sence of  many  of  the  men  in  the  army. 

Tories,  Canadians,  and  Indians,  under 
Maj.  John  Butler,  a  Tory  of  Niagara,  are 
responsible  for  the  slaughter  of  about 
300  aged  people,  women,  and  children ; 
Brant,  a  Mohawk  chief,  assists  Butler. 

July  8.  A  French  fleet  of  IS  vessels, 
with  about  4,000  men  under  Count 
D'Estaing,  arrives  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Delaware.  He  proposes  to  surprise  the 
smaller  British  fleet,  but  finds  it  has 
sailed  northward ;  he  seeks  it  in  New 
York  Bay,  but  the  bar  prevents  his  deep 
frigates  entering. 

*  *  Washington  advises  Count  D'Estaing 
to  sail  for  Newport,  and  aid  the  .imer- 
icans  in  an  attempt  on  Rhode  Island. 

*  »  -81  *  •  0.  George  Rogers  Clark,  a 
Kentuckian,  under  authority  of  the 
State  of  Virginia,  leads  a  band  of  fron- 
tiersmen to  the  capture  of  the  British 
posts  north  of  the  Ohio  River  covering 
the  country  as  far  as  Detroit. 

July  29.  R.  I.  The  French  fleet  ar- 
rives at  Newport. 

July  *  N.  Y.  Washington  conducts  his 
army  to  'White  Plains, to  cooperate 
with  the  expected  French  fleet  against 
New  York. 

R.I.    Lafayette  is  employed  in 

Rhode  Island. 

The  British  army,  33,000  strong  at  its 

maximum,  now  holds  possession  of  but 
two  cities,  New  York  and  Newport,  R.  I. 

*  •  Admiral  Byron  succeeds  Admiral 
Lord  (Richard)  Howe  in  command  of 
the  British  fleet  in  America. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Indian  Chief  Brant  raids  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  and  burns  houses  in  the 
Cobbleskill  Valley  at  Springfield. 

Aug.*  N.Y.  Brant  burns  German  Flats. 
Aug.  5.    R.I.   D'Estaing  enters  the  Na'r- 
ragansett  Bay. 

Aug.  12.  R.  I.  The  French  and  Brit- 
ish fleets  maneuver  to  give  battle,  when 
a  terrible  storm  separates  them. 

Aug.  15.  Sullivan  advances  on  Rhode 
Island  (but  the  French  fleet  leaving  him 
without  support,  his  expedition  returns]. 

Aug.  8.  Ky.  DanielBoone successfully 
defends  his  fort  against  the  Indians. 

Aug.  23.  R.  I.  The  French  fleet  sails 
lor  Boston  to  refit,  by  strict  orders. 

Aug.  29.  R  I.  Americans  under  Sulli- 
van are  victorious  at  Quaker  Hill,  but 
soon  retire. 

Lafayette  rides  from  Rhode  Island 

to  Boston,  70  miles,  in  6i  hours,  to  beg 
Count  D'Estaing  to  return  and  assist  in 
an  attack  upon  the  British. 

*  *  The  British  decide  to  make  a  demon- 
stration upon  the  Southern  States,  and 
Invade  Georgia  from  the  north  and  the 
south. 


UNITED   STATES.   1777,  Oct.  17-1778,  Nov.  3.     89 


*  ♦  *  The  war  degenerates  into  maraud- 
ing expeditions  against  helplei^s 
villages. 

Sept.  *  Mass.  The  towns  of  New  Bed- 
ford and  Fair  Haven  are  wantonly 
burned  with  70  vessels  in  their  ports. 

S.  C.  Gen.  Benjamin  Iiincoln  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Southern 
(American)  army  at  Charleston. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  The  American  vessels  at 
Little  Egg  Harbor  are  burned  by  a 
band  of  incendiaries  led  by  Ferguson. 

Pa.  An  expedition  punishes  the  sav- 
ages for  the  massacres  committed  in  the 
Wyoming  Valley. 

Nov.  1.  Neip  York.  Departure  of  5,000 
British  troops  for  the  West  Indies. 

Boston.    D'£lataing  sails  for  the 

West  Indies. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~-  NATURE. 

1777  *  *  li.I.  Cold-cut  nails  are  manu- 
factured at  Cumberland. 

*  *  Md.  The  first  theater  is  opened  at 
Baltimore. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1777*  * 

Auchmuty,  Samuel,  clergyman,  A55. 
Bartram,  John,  botanist,  A7(). 
Beasley,  Frederick,  clergyman,  born. 
Chandler,  Abiel,  philanthropist,  born. 
Chauncy,  Cliarlea,  lawyer,  born. 
Clay.  Henry,  orator,  born. 
Dow,  liOrenzo,  eccentric  Meth.  preacher,  b. 
Fraser,  Simon,  Brit,  gen.,  dies, 
Gaines.  Edward  Pendleton,  general,  born. 
Grundy,  Felix,  jurist,  senator  for  Va.,  born. 
Herkimer,  Nieliolas,  general,  dies. 
Jackson,  James,  pliysician,  born. 
Malbone,  Edward  G.,  ;iainter,  t>orn. 
Ntlea,  Hezekiah,  journalist,  born. 
Pickering,  Jotin,  philologist,  born. 
Taney,  Rog-er  Brooke,  jurist,  born. 
Tennent,  WiUiam.  clergyman,  A72. 
Trimble.  Robert,  justice,  born  in  Ky. 
Wooster,  David,  general,  Ati7. 

CHURCH. 

1778  Spring.  Del.  Francis  Asbury  is 
compelled  to  desist  from  preaching  [for 
about  two  years],  because  of  his  English 
connections. 

LETTEBS. 
1777  *  •  -95  *  *  Conn.  Rev.  Czra  StileB 
is  President  of  Yale  College. 

*  ♦  New  York,  The  New  York  Gazetteer, 
etc.,  changed  to  Rivington'a  New  York 
Royal  Gazette. 

*  *  The  Pretty  Story,  by  Francis  Hopkin- 
BOQ,  concluded. 

SOCIETY. 

1777  ♦  *  Gen.  Stephen,  one  of  Wash- 
ington's division  commanders,  is  dis- 
missed because  of  intemperance. 

*  *  Pkila.  The  following  resolution  pass- 
es the  Continental  Congress  :  — 

'*  Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended 
to  the  several  legislatures  in  the  United 
States  immediately  to  pass  laws  tho 
most  effectual  for  putting  an  immediate 
stop  to  the  pernicious  practise  of  distil- 
ling grain,  by  which  the  most  extensive 
evils  are  likely  to  be  derived,  if  not 
quickly  prevented." 

1778  Jan.  19.  N.  J.  Francis  Furgler, 
a  recluse,  dies  after  living  25  years 
without  fire  in  an  oven-like  cell,  near 
Burlington. 


May  *  Eng.  Nearly  $20,000  raised  for 
the  benefit  of  American  prisoners, 
(about  924)  in  England. 

May  31.  New  York.  After  two  and  a 
half  years  of  captivity,  Col.  Sthan  Al- 
len arrives  in  the  army  j  he  is  received 
with  a  military  salute. 

June  28.  Gen.  Charles  Lee  and  Col.  John 
Laurens  fight  a  duel,  occasioned  by 
Lee's  disrespect  to  Washington ;  Lee  is 
shot  in  the  side. 

Jvme  29,  Having  been  passionately  re- 
proved at  the  battle  of  Monmouth , 
Gen.  Lee  demands  an  apology  from 
"Washington,  shows  insubordination 
[and  is  suspended  from  the  service  for  a 
year], 

July  4,  Gen.CadwalladerandMaj.-Gen. 
Thomas  Conway  fight  a  duel. 

STATE. 

1777  Oct.  29.  Mass,  John  Hancock, 
the  President  of  Congress,  resigns.  [Nov. 
1.    Henry  Laurens  (S.  C.)  his  successor.] 

Nov.  15.  York,  Pa.  Congress  adopts  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  and  Per- 
petual Union  prepared  by  its  committee 
(Dickinson's  plan) ;  the  confederacy  is 
to  bo  called  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica. [Nov.  17.  Sent  to  the  separate 
States  for  ratification.] 

*  *  Fr.    Lee  and  Deane  quarrel  in  Paris. 
Nov.  21.     York,  Pa.     Congress    recalls 

Silas  Deane  from  London,  and  appoints 
John  Adams  bis  successor. 

Paris.    The  United  States  commission- 
ers issue  instructions  to  privateers. 
Nov.  *  Pa.   Congress  creates  a  Board  of 
War. 

*  *  York,  Pa.  Congress  becomes  more 
and  more  the  mere  agent  of  the  States 
in  issuing  paper  and  borrowing  money; 
its  national  character  grows  less,  while 
the  State  jealousies  and  ambitions  in- 
crease. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

-85  *  *  Mick.    Frederick  Haldimand. 

-79  •  *  N.C.    Richard  Caswell. 

-95  •  *  N,  Y.    George  Clinton. 

Pa.    Thomas  Wharton,  Jr.,  President 

of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council. 

1778  Jan.  ±  *  York,  Pa.  The  "  Con- 
way Cabal"  is  exposed. 

It  includes  some  members  of  Congress. 
A  few  ofHcers,  led  by  an  Irish  adven- 
turer, endeavor  to  undermine  the  popu- 
larity of  Washington  and  advance 
General  Gates.  [The  cabal  cowers  be- 
fore the  storm  of  indignation  which 
arises.] 

Jan.  *  The  military  success  of  the  past 
year  facilitates  the  efforts  of  the  colon- 
ists in  securing  foreign  aid  and  influence. 

Jan.  30. —  Feb.  6.  France  acknowl- 
edges the  independence  of  the  United 
States,  and  enters  into  treaty  rela- 
tions; [America  rejoices;  England  is 
enraged.]  France  agrees  to  send  16  ves- 
sels and  4,000  men  to  America. 

*  *  Questions  relating  to  the  Western  ter- 
ritory delay  the  adoption  of  Articles. 

Feb.  *  Eng.  Parliament  renounces  the 
right  of  taxing  tho  American  colonies, 
except  for  the  regulation  of  trade,  and 


appoints  commissioners  to  negotiate  for 
their  submission. 
*  *  Articles  of  Confederation  signed : 
[Feb.  5.  S.  C. ;  Feb.  6,  N.  Y. ;  Feb.  9, 
R.  I. ;  Feb.  12,  Conn.  ;  Feb.  26,  Ga.  ;  Mar. 
4.  N.  H  ;  Mar.  5,  Pa.  ;  Mar.  10,  Mass.  ; 
Apr.  5,  N.  C. ;  Nov.  19,  N.  J. ;  Dec.  15, 
Va. ;  1779, Feb.  1, Del. ;  1781,  Jan. 30,Md.] 

Feb.  12.  Fr.  John  Adams  is  sent  to 
France  in  Silas  Deane's  place  [where  he 
remains  only  a  short  time]. 

Feb.  17.  Eng.  Lord  North's  concilia- 
tory bills  are  presented  in  Parliament. 

Mar.  9.  N.  Y.  A  Great  Council  is  held 
at  Johnstown,  between  the  Six  Nations 
Indians  and  the  New  York  company. 

Mar.  11.  Eng.  FarHament,  alarmed  at 
the  loss  of  an  army  at  Saratoga,  and  at 
the  French  alliance,  repeals  the  ob- 
noxious bills,  to  placate  Americans. 

Mar.  13.  Eng.  The  treaty  of  France 
with  the  United  States  is  ofQclally  an- 
nounced. 

Vermont  is  constituted  a  State. 

Apr.  7.  Eng,  Chatham's  last  appear- 
ance in  Parliament.    [Apr.  11.    Dies.] 

Apr.  30.  America  receives  information 
of  Lord  North's  conciliatory  bills,  of- 
fered in  Parliament  Feb.  17th. 

May  5.  Eng.  Sensation  produced  by 
the  treaty  of  France  with  the  United 
States. 

May  *  Eng.  Gen.  Burgoyne  defends 
himself  in  Parliament. 

May  *  York,  Pa.  Congress  ratifies  the 
treaty  with  France.  George  IIL  is  wil- 
ling to  treat  with  the  Americans. 

June  4.  York,  Pa.  Commissioners  of 
Parliament  arrive  with  proposals  for 
reconciliation,  which  are  submitted  to 
Congress. 

[Congress  demands  independence ;  the 
British  Commissioners  resort  to  bribery 
and  intrigue,  and  Congress  declines  to 
have  any  further  conference  with  them.] 

June  17.  York,  Pa.  Congress  rejects 
the  proposals  of  the  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  Parliament,  until  independ- 
ence is  acknowledged. 

June  18.  Pkila.  Three  thousand  Tories 
leave  with  the  British  troops. 

June  *  New  York  passes  a  banish- 
ment act  against  the  Tories. 

Jime  27 .  York,  Pa,  Congress  ad- 
journs to  Philadelphia. 

July  2.  Pkila.  The  7th  session  of  the 
Continental  Congress  opens. 

July  9.  The  delegates  of  eight  states 
sign  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 
[Later  in  the  month  Georgia  and  North 
Carolina  sign  them.] 

July  26.  Convention  of  the  United 
States  and  France  concerning  the 
•*  Droit  d*Aubaine." 

Aug.  6.  Pkila.  Monsieur  Gerard,  am- 
bassador from  France,  is  introduced  to 
Congress  ;  the  first  from  any  nation. 

Sept.  *  Massachusetts  passes  an  act 
against  the  Tories. 

Sept.  14.  Franklin  is  sent  to  France  as 
minister  plenipotentiary. 

Oct.  *  III.  The  Blinoia  Country  is 
made  a  county  of  Virginia. 


90     1778,  Nov.  11-1780,  Apr.  18. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1778  Nov.  11,  12.  A'  r.  Massacre 
in  Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  County,  by 
Tories  and  Indians  with  terrible  cruelty, 
every  house  in  the  village  being  burned, 
many  persons  are  murdered,  and  40  are 
dragged  into  captivity. 

Nov.  21 1.  New  York.  Departure  of 
3,000  British  troops  by  transports  for 
Georgia. 

Nov.  27.  N.  J.  Washington  goes  into 
winter  quarters  at  lltliddlebrook. 

Dec.  17.  in(f'  Gen.  Hamilton  recaptures 
Vincennes  from  the  Americans. 

Dec.  23.  Ga.  The  British  troops  attack 
Savannah. 

Dec.  29.  The  British  capture  Savan- 
nah. 

Gen.  Robert  Howe  in  command  of  850 
men  is  driven  out  of  the  city  by  Col. 
Campbell  commanding  2,000  invading 
British.  [This  is  claimed  to  be  the  only 
real  conquest  of  the  British  during  this 
entire  year;  the  thinly  populated  State 
Is  easily  subjugated.] 

*  •  Pa.  Col.  David  Rogers  takes  stores 
from  New  Orleans  up  the  river  to  Fort 
Pitt. 

*  *  Several  vessels  of  considerable  force 
are  purchased  or  built  and  added  to  the 
navy,  including  thecelebrated  ^^/iance, 
a  frigate  of  32  guns. 

1779  Jan.  1.  Boston.  Burgoyne's 
(Saratoga)  army  is  removed  to 
Virginia. 

Jan.  7.  Mass.  France  being  at  war  with 
England,  Iiafayette  sails  from  Boston 
in  the  Alliance  to  aid  his  native  land, 
carrying  honorable  scars,  and  a  sword 
given  by  Congress.    [Feb.  11.    Arrives.] 

Jan.  9.  Ga.  Fort  Sunbury  on  St.  Cath- 
erine's Sound,  below  Savannah,  is  cap- 
tured by  Gen.  Prevost  with  British 
troops  from  Florida. 

Jan.  29.  Ga.  Two  thousand  British 
under  Col.  Campbell  take  Augusta. 

Feb.  3.  First  organized  mutiny  in  the 
American  service  occurs  on  board  the 
United  States  frigate  Alliance,  bound 
to  France  with  Lafayette  on  board. 

S.  C.  Gen.  Moultrie  defeats  200  Brit- 
ish at  Port  Royal,  and  drives  them  otF 
the  Island. 

Feb.  14.  Ga.  Col.  Pickens,  -with  a 
force  of  Carolina  militia,  annihilates  a 
force  of  Tories  west  of  Broad  River, 
killing  Col.  Boyd,  their  commander,  and 
70  men,  hanging  five  of  the  ringleaders 
for  treason ;  this  secures  western  Georgia 
to  the  patriots. 

Feb.  *  Charges  are  made  against  Gen. 
Arnold.    (See  Dec.  *  1779.) 

Feb,  25.  Ind.  Col.  G.  R.  Clark  cap- 
tures Got.  Hamilton,  and  reoccupies 
Vincennes. 

*  *  Ky.  St.  "Vincent,  with  stores,  taken 
by  Americans  under  Col.  Clark;  79  Brit- 
ish captured. 

*  *  S.  C.  Capt.  Anderson  defeats  the 
Tories  in  Carolina. 

Mar.  *  Conn.  Gov.  Tryon  of  New  York, 
with  1,500  regulars  and  Tories,  goes  to 
Horse  Neck  to  destroy  the  salt- works. 


Israel  Putnam  and  the  militia  resist, 
but  are  flanked  and  defeated ;  Gen. 
Putnam  makes  his  famous  ride  down 
the  steep  declivity. 

Gov.  Tryon  bums  the  village  of  West 
Greenwich. 

Mar  3.  Ga.  Gen.  Ashe,  with  about  60 
Continental  troops  and  1,500  militia,  is 
surrounded  and  utterly  defeated  by  a 
British  force  at  Brier  Creek  below 
Augusta;  he  loses  150  killed  and  160 
prisoners,  Georgia  is  now  entirely 
subjugated. 

Mar.  19.  Phila.  Gen.  Arnold  resigns 
his  command. 

Apr.  5.  Afass.  Refugees  plunder  Nan- 
tucket and  carry  otf  with  them  two 
loaded  brigs  and  several  other  vessels. 

Apr.  18  -24.  .V.  )'.  Gen.  Van  Shaick 
destroys  the  Onondaga  towns,  killing 
12  Indians  and  capturing  thirty-four. 

Apr.  23.  S.  C.  Gen.  Lincoln,  with  5,000 
men,  attempts  to  enter  Georgia  via 
Augusta. 

Apr.  *  Tenn.  An  expedition  is  sent 
against  the  Tennessee  Indians. 

*  *  Arnold  opens  treasonable  corre- 
spondence with  Clinton,  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  forces. 

Spring.  British  incursions  are  made  in 
the  Chesapeake. 

May  8  -June  16.  Spain  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain. 

May  12.  .S'.  C.  Gen.  Prevost  ^^nf^ands 
the  surrender  of  Charleston ;  being  re- 
fused by  Gen.  Moultrie  [he  soon  retires 
at  the  approach  of  Gen.  Lincoln]. 

May  14+.  Va.  Portsmouth  and  Nor- 
folk are  taken  by  '2,500  British  under 
Gen.  Mattliews  ;  stores,  houses,  and  ves- 
sels are  burned  with  many  small  towns 
in  the  vicinity. 

May  *  Va.  The  British  bum  the  navy- 
yard  at  Gosport,  destroying  130  mer- 
chant ships  and  several  war-vessels  on 
the  stocks. 

May  31.  A'.  Y.  Stony  Point  is  aban- 
doned at  the  approach  of  the  British 
under  Gen.  Clinton. 

June  1.  iV.  )'.  Stony  Point  is  used  to 
subdue  Verplanck's  Point  on  the  oppo- 
site side  ;  both  forts  are  soon  strongly 
fortilied  and  garrisoned  by  the  British. 

*  *  Naval  war  between  England  and 
France. 

June  20.  S.  C.  Americans  are  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  the  British  at  Stono 
Ferry. 

*  *  Me.    The  British  occupy  Castine. 
July  5.     Conn.    Gov.  Tryon  of  New  York, 

with  2,600  Hessians  and  Tories,  sails  for 
New  Haven,  and  takes  the  town. 

July  7.  Coun.  Fairfield  is  plundered 
and  burnt  by  2,500  British  under  Gov. 
Tryon. 

July  11.  Conn.  The  British  under  Tryon 
plunder  and  burn  Norwalk. 

July  15.  8  P.M.  JH.  Y.  Stony  Point 
retaken. 

Gen.  Wayne,  having  raised  a  force  of 
light  infantry,  suddenly  assaults  Stony 
Point  on  the  Hudson,  and  with  a  loss  of 
15  killeil  and  81  wounded,  he  captures 


the  garrison  (515)  and  its  vast  stores  ;  he 
destroys  the  fort;  63  of  the  British  are 
killed  in  the  attack.  [Congress  votes 
Gen.  Wayne  a  gold  medal.] 

July  19.  N.  Y.  Americans  fortify 
West  Point. 

Boston.  The  New  England  fleet  de- 
stroyed. 

An  expedition  of  24  transports  and  20 
armed  transports  and  privateers  leaves 
to  subdue  the  British  at  Penobscot, 
Maine. 

N.  Y.    Indians  under  Brant  attack 

Minnisink  settlements. 

July  25.  Me.  After  a  useless  delay  at 
Penobscot  [the  vessels  of  the  New  Eng- 
land fleet  are  all  taken  or  destroyed  by 
the  British ;  the  men  escape]. 

J\ily31.  N.  Y.  Sullivan  begins  his 
march  through  the  Indian  country. 

Aug.  19.  N.  J.  "  Light  Horse  Harry " 
(Lee),  with  a  company  of  militia,  sur- 
prises the  garrison  at  Paulua  Hook 
(Jersey  City),  takes  150  prisoners,  with 
the  loss  of  only  two  men.  [Congress 
votes  him  a  gold  medal.] 

Aug.  22  +.  N.  Y.  Military  expedition, 
xmder  Col.  Brodhead,  into  the  Indian 
country ;  about  50,000  bushels  of  corn 
burned  in  8  Indians  towns. 

Aug.  29  +.  jV.  Y,—Pa.  The  expedition 
under  Gens.  Sullivan  and  James  Clinton 
defeats  the  Tories  and  Indians  at  Tioga, 
and  the  whole  country,  including  40  In- 
dian villages,  is  wasted  by  the  patriots 
in  retaliatory  massacres. 

Sept.  3.  Ga.  The  French  fleet  under 
D'Estaing  arrives  on  the  Savannah 
River.    He  captures  a  British  fleet. 

Sept.  10.  N.  Y.  The  Indian  village  of 
Canandaigua  burnt. 

Sept.  15.  W.  Y.  Sullivan  begins  his  re- 
turn march  from  the  Indian  country. 

Sept.  ±  *  Ga.  Gen.  Lincoln  marches  on 
Augusta,  but  retires  before  determined 
resistance. 

Sept.  23.  Naval  battle  with  the  Ser- 
apis. 

Paul  Jones  with  the  Bonkomme  Rich- 
ard has  a  battle  off  the  coast  of  Scotland 
with  the  British  frigate  Serapis,  carry- 
ing 44  guns ;  the  battle  lasts  one  and  a 
half  hours.  The  vessels  are  lashed  to- 
gether, and  at  last  the  Serapis  surren- 
ders, and  the  Bonkomme  Riclmrd  sinks ; 
the  companion  of  the  Serapis  is  also 
taken ;  out  of  375  Americans,  300  were 
either  killed  or  wounded. 

Ga.    The   siege   of   Gen.  Prevost's 

army  begins  at  Savannah. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  S.  C.  Prevost  makes 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  capture 
Charleston. 

Sept.  27  i.  Ga.  The  French  fleet  and  a 
part  of  the  southern  army  besiege 
Savannah. 

Sept.  *  The  Spaniards  capture  British 
posts  on  the  Lower  Mississippi. 

Oct.  4.  IIol.  Paul  Jones  enters  Texel, 
North  Holland,  in  the  Serapis. 

Oct.  11-25.  It.  I.  Sir  H,  Clinton  with- 
draws the  British  forces  from  Hhode 
Island,  in  anticipation  of  the  arrival  of 
a  French  fleet,  leaving  his  heavy  guns 
and  large  military  stores  behind  him. 


UNITED    STATES.    1778,  Nov.  11-1780,  Apr.  18.   91 


Oct.  9.  Ga.  The  Aniericaiis  and  French 
togetlier  attempt  the  reduction  of  Sa- 
vannali;  their  assault  is  repulsed  by 
the  British,  and  Count  Pulaski  is  mor- 
tally wounded. 

[The  fleet  now  sails  for  the  West  In- 
dies ;  great  excitement  through  the  coun- 
try because  of  the  inefficient  cooperation 
of  the  French  fleet.] 

Oct.  25.  A'.  J.  Washington  goes  into 
■winter  quarters  near  Morristown. 

Dec*  Phila.  Benedict  Arnold  is  tried 
by  coiirt  martial  on  various  charges, 
chiefly  for  tyranny  and  mercenary  cor- 
ruption.   (See  Jan.  26,  1780.) 

Great  discouragement  prevails  in 

the  colonies,  the  French  alliance  hav- 
ing brought  little  help  to  America;  the 
credit  of  Congress  is  almost  worthless, 
the  treasury  bankrupt,  and  the  army 
chiefly  fed  with  unkept  promises,  while 
freedom  is  yet  out  of  sight. 

Dec.  26.  New  York.  Gen.  Clinton,  with 
8,500  men,  sails  for  Savannah,  leaving 
a  powerful  garrison  under  Kuyphausen. 

*  *  Fort  Mcintosh  is  built. 

*  *  The  British  winter  in  New  York. 
1780  *  *  The  British  are  successful  in 

the  South. 

Jan.  10.  Gen.  Charles  Lee  is  dismissed 
from  the  army  for  insolence. 

Jan.  26.  Phila.  The  court  martial  ac- 
quits Benedict  Arnold  of  criminal 
intent,  but  condemns  him  to  be  repri- 
manded by  Washington, 

Feb,  2,  N.  C.  A  skirmish  occurs  at 
Cowan's  Ford, 

Feb.  11.  S.  C.  The  British,  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton ,  land  on  St.  John's  Island, 
about  30  miles  from  Charleston,  and 
begin  their  attack. 

*  *  Military  operations  are  nearly  sus- 
pended at  the  North  during  this  year, 
owing  largely  to  the  destitution  of  Wash- 
ington's army. 

Mar.  *  Tlie  British  propose  to  subjugate 
the  entire  South,beginning  atCharleston. 

Mar.  14,  Ala.  Spaniards  take  Mo- 
bile. Capt.  Darnford,  with  the  British 
garrison  of  284  regulars  and  51  armed 
Indians,  capitulates  to  Don  Bernardo  de 
Galvez. 

Apr.  *  Lafayette  returns  to  America, 
an<l  brings  good  news  —  arms,  clothing, 
and  an  army  are  on  the  way  from  France. 

Apr.  9.  S,  C.  Charleston  is  invaded  by 
British  land  and  naval  forces  under  Sir 
Henry  Clinton. 

Apr,  12-20.  S.  C.  The  British  fire  on 
the  batteries  at  Charleston. 

Apr.  14.  S.  C.  Tarleton  surprises  and 
defeats  the  American  cavalry  at  Monk's 
Comer,  capturing  a  large  quantity  of 
arms,  clothing,  and  ammunition. 

Apr.  18.  S.  C.  Lord  Comwallis  arrives 
at  Charleston  with  3,000  fresh  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1779*  *  New  York.  Stereotyping  is  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Golden.    (?)  See  p.  121. 


1780    Jan.  29,     Phila.     This     is     the 

coldest  day  in  25  years. 
Feb.   22.    Phila.     Ice    is    17    inches 

thick ;  an  ox  is  roasted  on  the  river. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1778*   * 

Allston,  Joseph,  Oov.  of  S.  C,  born. 
Bangs,  Nathan,  clergyman,  horn, 
liiddle,  Nicholas,  naval  commander,  A28. 
Buel,  Jesse,  journaliat,  horn. 
Gaston,  William,  jurist,  born. 
<irnher,  Jacob,  clergyman,  horn. 
Haninionil,  Jabez  1).,  judge,  horn. 
Kingsley,  James  Luce,  scholar,  born. 
Ladd,  William,  peace  advoijite,  horn. 
Livingston,  Philip,  signer  of  Deel'n,  A62. 
Peale.  Rembrandt,  painter,  born. 
Kitchie,  Thomas,  jonrnalist,  horn. 
Stewart,  Charles,  rear-admiral,  horn. 
Tallmadge,  James,  jurist  and  statesman,  h. 
Warren,  John  Collins,  anatomist,  born. 
1779*   • 
Allston.  W^ashinston.  painter,  horn. 
Baldwin,  Henry,  justice,  born  in  Pa. 
Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  A65. 
Bowen,  Nathaniel,  bishop,  bom. 
Brownell,  Thomas  Church,  college  pres.,  b. 
Brute,  Simon  W.  (i.,  bishop,  t»orn. 
Decatur,  Stephen,  Jr.,  commodore,  born. 
Drayton,  "William  Henry,  patriot,  A37. 
Farrar,  John,  mathematician,  born. 
Hartshorne,  Joseph,  j)hysician,  born. 
Humphrey,  Heinan,  I'res.  of  Amherst,  born, 
Jasper,  William,  brave  soldier,  A29. 
Jay,  William,  pliilantliropist,  born. 
Lynch,  Thomas,  Jr.,  signer  of  Deel'n,  A30. 
Moore,  Clement  (_'larke,  poet,  born. 
I'arrish,  Joseph,  physician,  born, 
rauhling,  James  Kirke,  novelist,  born. 
Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  general,  b. 
Poindext*T,  (leorge,  statesman,  born, 
I'oinsett,  .Joel  Roberts,  statesman,  born. 
Koss,  (ieorge,  statesman,  A49. 
Sergeant,  John,  Jurist,  horn. 
Silllman,  Benjamin,  physicist,  horn. 
Story.  Joseph,  justice,  horn  in  Mass. 
Tudor,  William,  author,  horn. 
Watson,  John  Fanning,  author,  born. 
Wheelock,  Kleazer,  pres.  of  Dartmouth,  A68. 


CHURCH. 

1778  •  *  Massachusetts  relaxes  her 
severity  against  the  Baptists. 

1779  May  18.  Va.  On  the  question  of 
ordinance,  more  than  one-half  of  the 
Methodist  preachers  secede  tempo- 
rarily, and  bold  a  separate  conference 
at  Fluvanna. 

LETTERS. 

1778  ♦  *  Yankee  Doodle  sung  by  the 
troops. 

SOCIETY. 

1779  *  *  Vt.  Drunkenness  is  liable  to 
a  penalty  of  $2,  if  noticeable  in  speech, 
gesture,  or  behavior. 

Apr.  *  Afd.  The  Methodist  Conference 
at  Baltimore  proposes  to  disown  "  all 
persons  who  should  engage  in  the  prac- 
tise of  distilling  grain  into  liquor." 

STATE. 

1778  Nov.*  New  Jersey  signs  the  Ar- 
ticles of  Confederation. 

*  *  Eng.  Complications  with  France,  and 
approaching  hostility  of  Spain  and  Hol- 
land, with  paucity  of  military  results, 
alarm  the  British  government. 

Dec.  10.  Phila.  John  Jay,  of  New 
York,  is  elected  president  of  Congress. 

Dec.  15.  Maryland  refuses  to  vote  for 
the  Confederation  until  the  rights  for 
the  lands  iu  the  Northwest  are  settled. 


Dec.  *  Holland.  C.  W.  F.  Dumas  be- 
comes agent  for  the  United  States. 

*  *  Governors  inaugiu*ated : 

Pa.'    Joseph     Keed,    President   of   the 
Supreme  Executive  Council. 
-86  *  *  P.  I.    Wm.  Greene,  Jr. 
-89  *  *  Vt.    Thomas  Chittenden. 

1779  Jan.  2.  Phila.  Congress  calls  for 
a  contribution  from  the  States  of  six 
millions  annually  for  18  years,  to  form  a 

sinking  fund. 

Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  Phila.  Congress  for- 
mulates its  conditions  of  peace  with 
Great  Britain. 

Mar.  3.  Ga.  By  the  utter  defeat  of  the 
Americans  at  Brier  Creek,  the  royal 
government  is  soon  reestablished. 

Mar.  *  -July  *  Phila.  A  struggle  iu 
Congress  over  the  fishing  demands  of 
Prance.    Common  rights  maintained. 

Apr.  *  Spain  by  a  secret  treaty  makes 
common  cause  with  France  against 
Great  Britain. 

Apr.  "^  Massachusetts  passes  a  Conspir- 
acy Act  against  the  Tories. 

June  *  Eng.  Joseph  Galloway  is  ex- 
amined before  Parliament. 

Aug.  17.  La.  Independence  of  the 
United  States  declared  at  New  Orleans 
with  beating  of  drums,  etc. 

Sept.  27.  John  Adams  is  appointed 
commissioner  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with 
Great  Britain. 

Sept.  28.  John  Jay  is  chosen  commis- 
sioner to  Spain. 

Sept.  *  Phila.  liuzeme  arrives  as  min- 
ister from  France. 

*  *  Pa.  Extension  westward  of  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line. 

*  *  Eng.  Controversy  in  Parliament  over 
the  generalship  of  Sir  William  Howe 
and  of  General  Burgoyne.  [It  continues 
more  than  two  years.] 

*  *  Va.  The  seat  of  government  is  re- 
moved from  "Williamsburg  to  Rich- 
mond. 

*  *  Governors  inaugurated : 

N.  C.    Abner  Nast. 
-81  *  *  Va.    Thomas  Jefferson. 

1780  Feb.  19.  New  York  cedes  her 
right  in  Western  lands  to  the  United 
States.    [1781.  Mar.*  Congress  accepts.] 

Feb.  28-Mar.  10.  Hussia  issues  a  dec- 
laration of  armed  neutrality. 

Mar.  1.    Bank  of  Philadelphia  chartered. 

Spring.  Ky.  IjOuisviUe  settled  by 
about  600  people. 

Mar.  18.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
call  in  by  taxes  all  the  Continental 
money  and  burn  it,  and  to  issue 
$10,000,000  new  money,  redeemable 
in  specie  within  six  years. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1778  *  *  *  The  British  and  Tories  flood 
the  country  with  counterfeit  money. 

*  *  *  Business  is  paralyzed  for  want  of 
currency,  and  the  distress  is  extreme 
and  widespread. 


I 


92     1780,  Apr.  24.-1781,  Mar.  2.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1780  May  6.  S.C.  Fort  Moultrie  sur- 
renders to  the  British. 

May  9.  S.  C.  The  British  begin  to  can- 
nonade Charleston. 

May  11.  X.J.  Lafayette  rejoins  Wash- 
ington, after  an  absence  of  15  months, 
and  announces  the  approach  of  French 
succor. 

May  12.  S.  C.  Charleston  is  taken. 
Gen.  Lincoln  with  an  army  of  3,000 
men  capitulates  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton 
with  5,000  British  soldiers,  and  Charles- 
ton is  surrendered  after  a  siege  in  which 
the  fortifications  were  beaten  down  by 
200  cannons ;  6,000  Americans  become 
prisoners  of  war. 

May  *  S.  C.  Clinton  sends  off  three  ex- 
peditions ;  one  to  intercept  approaching 
reen  force  men  ts  under  Col.  IJuford,  one 
toward  Augusta,  and  the  third  toward 
Camden. 

May  21.  N.  Y.  Johnstown  is  burned  by 
Tories. 

May*  S,  C.  Tlie  British  take  Ninety- 
Six,  an  American  post  150  miles  north- 
west of  Charleston. 

May  25.  N.  J.  Two  regiments  of  Wash- 
ington's trooi»  mutiny ;  they  are  soon 
persuaded  to  return  to  duty. 

May  26.  Mo.  The  Spaniards  at  St. 
IjOuIs  are  attacked  by  the  English. 

May  29.  S.  C.  Col.  Buford  with  400 
Americans  is  pursued  by  Col.  Tarleton 
and  massacred  at  Waxhaw  Creek, 
while  negotiations  for  surrender  are 
pending. 

May*  Failure  of  the  English  plans  to 
capture  posts  on  the  Mississippi. 

June  5.  -Y.  J.  Knyphausen  leads  an 
expedition  into  New  Jersey,  visiting 
Elizabethtown  and  burning  Connecti- 
cut Farms.  He  is  harassed  by  the  mili- 
tia and  makes  an  inglorious  retreat. 

S.  C.    The  Americans  being  subdued. 

Gen.  Clinton,  with  a  large  part  of  his 
troops,  embarks  for  the  North. 

June  13.  PhUa.  Gen.  Gates,  the  most 
popular  American  general,  is  ordered 
by  Congress  to  take  command  of  the 
army  in  the  South. 

June  *  Fort  Jefferson,  on  the  Mississippi 
below  the  Ohio,  is  built. 

June  23.  N.  J.  Gen.  Greene  defeats  the 
British  at  Springfield. 

July  10.  R.  I.  A  French  fleet  arrives 
at  Newport,  bringing  the  Count  de 
Rochambeau  and  6,000  soldiers  to  aid 
the  Americans.  [They  soon  join  Wash- 
ington in  New  Jersey.  The  British 
fleet  blockades  the  French  vessels  at 
Newport.]    (Winsor,  July  12.) 

July  21.  Va.  Gen.  Wayne  has  a  skirmish 
at  Bull's  Ferry. 

July  25.  Gen.  Horatio  Gates  takes 
command  of  the  Southern  army. 

July  30.  S.  C.  Col.  Sumter  attempts 
to  surprise  a  British  post  at  Rocky 
Mount,  but  a  Tory  apprises  the  com- 
mander and  Siunter  is  repulsed. 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.  Indians  burn  the  village 
of  Canajoharie. 

Aug.  3.    N.   Y.     Maj.-gen,    Benedict 


Arnold,  by  his  own  request,  takes 
command  of  the  fortress  at  "West  Point, 
on  the  Hudson  ;  it  contains  the  most 
valuable  collection  of  military  stores  in 
America. 
Aug.  6,  S.  C.  Col.  Sumter  attacks  a 
large  detachment  of  British  regulars 
and  Tories  at  Hanging  Rock,  and  then 
retires.  Here  Andrew  Jackson,  not 
14  years  of  age,  begins  his  career  as  a 
soldier. 

Aug.  15.  S.  C.  By  coincidence.  Gen. 
(lates  and  Lord  Cornwallis  set  out  in 
the  night  to  surprise  each  other,  at 
Sanders*  Creek, 

Aug.  16.  S.  C.  Nearly  3,000  Americans 
defeated  in  the  battle  of  Sanders' 
Creek  near  Camden.  Gates  loses  all 
his  artillery,  ammunition,  wagons,  and 
much  of  the  baggage.  Here  Baron  De 
Kalb  is  mortally  wounded,  and  1,000  men 
are  killed  or  taken  prisoners.  [It  is  one 
of  the  worst  defeats  suffered  by  any 
American  army.l    British  loss  325. 

Aug.  18.  S.  C.  Col.  Sumter's  force  is 
dispersed  by  Col.  Tarleton  at  Fishing- 
Creek;  Gen.  Marion  retreats  toward 
North  Carolina. 

Autumn  and  Winter.  5.  C.—Ga.  An 
audacious  partizan  warfare  is  success- 
fully conducted  in  tlie  South  by  the 
famous  Col.  Thomas  Sumter  and  Col. 
Francis  Marion,  great  leaders  of  the 
militia. 

Sept.  8.  .V.  C.  The  British  at  the  South 
advancing  northward  enter  North  Caro- 
lina. 

Sept.  21.  N.  Y.  Maj.  Andr6  lands  in 
the  night  from  the  British  sloop-of-war 
Vulture,  and  proceeds  to  meet  Arnold. 
Treason  of  Maj.-Gen.  Arnold. 
About  midnight,  Benedict  Arnold 
meets  Maj.  John  Andr^,  two  miles  be- 
low Haverstraw,  on  the  Hudson,  to  per- 
fect the  scheme  of  treason.  Arnold 
bargains  to  betray  his  country  for 
$50,000  and  a  commission  as  brigadier 
iji  the  British  army ;  he  surrenders  to 
the  British  descriptive  papers  of  the 
fortress  and  directions  for  approach. 

Sept.  23.  N.  r.  Maj.  Andr6,  the 
British  spy,  is  arrested  near  Tarrytown 
by  John  Paulding,  David  Williams,  and 
Isaac  Wirt,  who  refuse  his  bribes. 

Sept.  26.  A'  Y.  Benedict  Arnold  flees 
to  the  British  sloop-of-war  Vulture,  and 
is  taken  to  New  York. 

Sept.  *  Conn.  Washington  and  Rocham- 
beau confer  at  Hartford. 

Sept.  26.  X.  C.  The  British  on  their 
northward  march  enter  Charlotte ;  the 
Americans  falling  back  without  a  battle. 

Sept.  29.  y.  Y.  A  court  martial  at 
Tappan,  consisting  of  six  major-generals 
and  eight  brigadiers,  finds  Maj.  Andr€ 
guilty  and  condemns  him  to  death. 

Oct.  2.  X.  Y.  Maj.  Andr6  is  hanged 
as  a  spy  at  Tapjtan. 

Oct.  7.  X.  C.  Battle  of  King's  Moun- 
tain. 

Col.  Ferguson  ^vith  1,100  regulars  and 
Tories  is  defeated  on  the  top  of  King's 
Mountain  by  1,000  militia  men  unaer 
Col.  Campbell.  Ferguson  and  300  men 
are  killed,  800  are  taken  prisoners,  and 


10  Tories  are  hanged.  [Drooping  pa- 
triotism begins  to  revive.] 

Oct.  14.    Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  next 

to  Washington  the  ablest  of  the  Ameri- 
can officers,  supersedes  Gen.  Gates  in 
the  South. 

Oct.  16.  Vt.  Royalton  is  attacked  by 
300  Indians  ;  many  houses  are  burned. 

Oct.*  N.  Y.  The  Americans  raid  Staten 
Island. 

Nov,  18.  N.  C.  An  action  occiu's  at  Fish 
Bam  Ford. 

Nov.  20.  N.  C.  Col,  Sumter  defeats  Col. 
Tarleton  at  Blackstocks. 

Dec.  2.  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  assumes 
command  of  the  Southern  army. 

*  *  N.  C.  Col.  John  Sevier  conducts  an 
expedition  against  the  Indians  west  of 
Nortb  Carolina. 

Dec.  *  W.  F.  Indians  make  attacks 
along  the  Mohawk  River  and  through 
the  Champlain  coiuitry. 

*  *  N.  J.  Washington  enters  winter 
quarters  at  Totowa  and  Preakness. 

1781  Jan.  1.  N,  J.  Revolt  in  the 
army. 

Washington's  army  is  in  a  desperate 
condition  — no  food,  no  pay,  no  clothing. 
The  whole  Pennsylvania  line,  1,300 
strong,  mutiny,  and  leaving  their  camp 
at  Morristown,  they  start  for  Philadel- 
phia to  lay  their  complaints  before 
Congress. 

Jan  3  ±.  Ta.  Benedict  Arnold  is  ap- 
pointed Brig.-Gen.  in  the  British  army. 
[He  conducts  a  ravaging  expedition  into 
Virginia,  along  the  James  River.] 

Jan.  *  N.  J.  Emissaries  from  Gen.  Clin- 
ton meet  the  mutinous  Pennsylvanians 
at  Princeton  with  bribes  to  desert  the 
service,  which  are  indignantly  declined, 
and  the  agents  delivered  to  be  hanged 
as  spies.  [Concessions  from  Congress 
quiet  the  mutiny.] 

Jan.  5.  Va.  Benedict  Arnold,  with 
1,G00  British  troops,  burns  the  stores 
near  Richmond. 

*  *X.J,  The  New  Jersey  brigade 
mutinies  at  Pompton. 

It  is  quelled  by  force ;  12  of  the  prin- 
cipal mutineers  are  compelled  to  shoot 
the  two  ringleaders.  [The  insurrections 
have  a  good  effect  on  Congress.] 

Jan.  17.  S.  <\  Battle  of  Cowpens. 
Gen.  Morgan,  with  1,000  men,  utterly 
defeats  Gen.  Tarleton  with  1,100  British 
troops.  Losses,  British,  300  killed  and 
wounded,  more  than  500  made  prisoners ; 
Americans,  12  killed,  GO  wounaed. 

Jan.  *  5.  C.  The  great  military  race 
begins  by  Gen.  Greene  ordering  both 
divisions  of  his  army  to  fall  back  —  re- 
treating northward  from  the  approach 
of  Lord  Cornwallis's  advance. 

Jan.  28.  S.  C.  Gen.  Morgan's  division 
crosses  the  Catawba  River  to  the  north- 
ern banks  ;  Cornwallis  arrives  late  in 
the  day  on  the  opposite  side,  but  floods 
of  rain  during  the  night  compel  his  de- 
lay for  many  days,  before  crossing. 

Jan.  31.  X.  C.  Gen.  Greene  takes 
command  of  Morgan's  army. 

Jan.  *-Mar.  *  Afich.  The  Spaniards  in- 
vade Michigan. 


UNITED    STATES.    1780,  Apr.  24-1781,  Max.  2.    93 


Feb.  1.  \.C.  Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  Davidson 
is  defeated  aud  killed  at  Cowan's  Ford, 
on  the  Catawba,  by  Lord  CornwalUs, 
whose  horse  is  killed  under  him. 

Feb.  7.  A'.  C.  Gen.  Greene  arrives  at 
Guilford  Court  House,  and  there  joins 
the  remainder  of  his  army. 

Feb.  15.  N.  C.  Greene,  with  great  tact, 
completes  his  retreat  by  crossing  the 
Dan  into  Virginia,  narrowly  escaping  his 
pursuers,  but  abandoning  to  them  the 
entire  State  of  North.  Carolina. 

Feb.  21,  22,  N.C.  Greene  re- crosses 
the  Dan ;  he  sends  Lieut. -Col.  Lee  after 
a  troop  of  Tarleton's  dragoons  under 
Capt.  Miller. 

Feb.  23.  N.  C.  Greene's  rear  guard  is 
attacked  by  the  van  of  the  British  while 
crossing  the  Yadkin. 

Feb.  25.  N.  C.  Col.  Pyle  and  a  body  of 
royalists  defeated  near  Haw  Hiver  by 
Pickens  and  Lee,  without  losing  a  man. 

Mar.  2.  N.  C.  Cols.  Lee  and  Pickens, 
with  their  cavalry,  cut  to  pieces  three 
or  four  hundred  mounted  Tories  enlisted 
by  Tarleton. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1780  May  19.  New  Kng.  The  dark 
day  occasioned  by  a  thin  cloud,  or 
vapor. 

*  *  Boston.  Tlie  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  founded. 

*  *  A'.  //.  The  first  American  glass-fac- 
tory is  erected  in  Temple  township. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  making  of  wrought 
iron  nails  is  an  important  home  indus- 
try during  the  winter  mouths,  and  in 
stormy  weather,  among  the  thrifty,  in- 
dustrious rural  people. 

1781  *  *  John  Trumbull  paints  the 
Death  of  Montgomery . 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1780*  • 

Anderson,  Tsaar,  pioneer  elergj'man,  bom. 
Andre,  John,  Itrit.  niajur  and  spy,  hanged. 
Audubon,  John  James,  ornithologist,  born. 
Blnney,  Horace,  statesman,  born. 
Carver,  Jonathan,  traveler,  A48. 
Channing.  William  Ellery.  clergyman,  b. 
Chapman,  Nathaniel,  physician,  born. 
Cleavelantl,  Parker,  mineralogist,  l>orn. 
De  Kalb,  John,  Baron,  gen.,  k.  at  Camden, 

A  59. 
Duane,  William  John,  Sec.  of  Treasury,  b. 
Dudley,  Charles  Edward,  senator,  born. 
Duer,  William  Alexander,  jnrist,  born. 
Featherstonaugh,  (.leorge  William,  geologist, 

born. 
Ferguson,  Patrick,  major  in  army,  dies. 
Forsyth,  John,  statesman,  born. 
Hedding,  Klijah,  bishop,  born. 
Hitchcock,  Peter,  jurist,  born. 
Hutcliinson,  Tbouias,  <iov.  of  Mass.,  A69. 
Key,  Francis  Scott,  poet,  born. 
Lo^an,  Indian  chief,  dies. 
McKinley.  John,  justice,  born  in  Ala. 
Mussey,  Iteul>en  Diamond,  surgeon,  born. 
Porter,  David,  conunodore,  born. 
Rush,  Richard,  diplomatist,  born. 
Schweinitz,  von,  Lewis  J>avid,  botanist,  b. 
Stuart,  Moses,  theologian,  horn. 
1781  •   • 
Abercrombie,  James,  general,  .\75. 
Ashe,  John,  patriot,  A60. 
Berrien,  John  Mcl'herson,  senator,  born. 
IJrown,  John  A.,  financier,  born. 
(Jreene,  Christopher,  col.,  dies. 
Hare,  Robert,  physicist,  born. 
Harnett,  C'ornellus,  statesman,  A58. 
Hayne,  Isaac,  officer,  A36. 
HoUey,  Horace,  clergyman,  born. 
Lawrence,  James,  naval  oltlcer,  born. 
Leigh,  Itenjamin,  st^itesman,  liuni. 
Miller,  William,  A<lvent  preaciher,  born, 
ytocktou,  Ri<--hard,  signer  of  l>eclaratiou,A5i. 


CHURCH. 

1780  Apr.  24.  Md.  The  Methodist 
preachers  of  the  North  hold  a  Conference 
at  Baltimore. 

May  8.  Va.  The  separated  Methodist 
bodies  unite  in  the  Conference  held  at 
Manakintown,  in  Powhatan  county. 

The  southern  seceders  bring  slavery 
as  a  social  institution  among  Methodists. 

*  *  Mass.  First  Universalist  church 
formed,  in  Gloucester. 

*  *  Miss.  First  Baptist  church  in  Missis- 
sippi formed  near  Natchez. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Freewill  Baptists  organ- 
ize their  first  society,  at  Dover. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  independent  Presbytery  of 
Morris  County  is  formed. 

*  *Pa.  —  Va.  Christ's  Church,  Phila- 
delphia, is  the  only  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  left  In  the  State  after  the  war ; 
28  Episcopal  clergymen  remain  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  91  (loyalists)  leave  the  State. 

*  *  Francis  Asbury  becomes  the  rfe/ac(o 
Superintendent  of  Methodism  in  Amer- 
ica, the  war  having  detached  Methodists 
from  Wesley. 

*  *  -1800  ♦  *  Great  revival  of  religion 
among  the  colored  people. 

SOCIETY. 

1780  Apr.*  Md.  The  Methodist  Confer- 
ence at  Baltimore  proposes  to  disown 
"  all  persons  who  should  engage  in 
distilling." 

The  first  measures  are  taken  for  extir- 
pating slavery  among  Methodists  by 
declaring  "  That  slavery  is  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  God,  man,  and  nature, 
and  hurtful  to  society,  contrary  to  the 
dictates  of  conscience  and  pure  religion, 
aud  doing  that  which  we  would  not 
others  should  do  to  us  and  ours." 

*  *  Gloom  settles  over  the  country. 
The  treason  of  Benedict  Arnold  intensi- 
fies the  general  depression. 

June  13.    Phita.    Women  organize   the 

**  American  Daughters  of  Iiiberty,** 

an  association  to  provide  clothing  for 

the  suffering  soldiers. 
June  17.    Phila.    A  bank  is  opened  for 

supplying  the  army  with  provisions, 

and  $945,000  subscribed. 
Sept.  23.    N.  Y.    Maj.  Andrfi,  a  British 

spy,  is  arrested  near  Tarrytown. 
Oct.  2.    N.  Y.    Maj.  Andr6  is  hanged 

as  a  spy  at  Tappan. 

*  *  Pennsylvania  abolishes  slavery. 

*  *  Massachusetts  adopts  a  constitution 
which  abolishes  slavery. 

*  *  The  mothers  of  America  send  sup- 
plies of  food  and  clothing  to  the  camps 
of  the  patriots. 

*  *  Va.  James  Monroe  marries  Eliza 
Kortright. 

*  *  S.  C.  Negroes  in  great  numbers 
desert  their  masters  and  flee  to  the 
British. 

1781  Feb.  *  Lafayette's  force  of  1,200 
men  is  in  a  state  of  extreme  destitution. 
Congress  has  neither  money  nor  credit ; 
l,afayette  purchases  a  full  outfit  from 
his  private  purse. 


STATE. 

1780  May  11.  Lafayette  brings  "Wash- 
ington the  appointment  of  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  army  of  France  and  vice- 
admiral  in  its  navy,  in  order  to  remove 
vexing  questions  of  etiquette  from  the 
minds  of  French  oflScers  in  American 
service. 

May*  Ky.  The  Legislature  of  Virginia 
incorporates  the  town  of  Louisville. 

Summer.  S.  C.  By  the  capture  of 
Charleston  and  other  American  ports, 
royal  authority  is  re-established 
over  the  territory  of  South  Carolina, 
but  not  over  the  people. 

Aug.  2.  Boston.  The  Massachusetts 
Constitutional  Convention  meets. 

Oct.  5.  Phila.  The  United  States  ac- 
cedes to  the  armed  neutrality  at  sea. 

Oct.  7-20.  New  York.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold issues  an  address  and  proclamation 
from  the  British  headquarters. 

Oct.  10.  Conn.  The  State  offers  its 
western  lands  to  the  Federal  Union 
with  [unsatisfactory]  conditions. 

Oct.  25.  Mass.  John  Hancock  is 
chosen  first  governor  under  the  New 
Constitution. 

*  *  Henry  Laurens,  U.  S.  minister  to 
The  Netherlands,  is  captured  at  sea  by 
the  British, 

Dec,  *  The  Hollanders  sympathize  with 
the  Americans ;  they  declare  war 
against  England. 

*  *  Massachusetts  adopts  a  constitution 
with  a  bill  of  rights,  which  abolishes 
slavery. 

Dec.  18.  Phila.  Congp^ess  appoints 
Francis  Dana  minister  to  Russia. 

*  *  New  York.  A  Board  of  Associated 
IjoyalistS  is  formed  to  aid  the  British. 

1781  Jan.  *  Virginia  offers  to  condi- 
tionally give  up  its  lands  northwest  of 
the  Ohio.    (See  Mar.  1,  17&i.) 

Feb.  20.  Phila.  Congress  appoints 
Robert  Morris  Superintendent  of  Fi- 
nance. 

Mar.  1.  N.  Y.  The  delegates  of  New 
York  facilitate  the  completion  of  the 
Union  by  the  transfer  to  the  Federal 
Congress  of  the  vague  claims  of  that 
State  to  western  territory. 

Maryland,  the  last  of  the  13  States, 

signs  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 

The  Confederation  is  accepted  by 

all  the  States  as  a  loose  union  of  inde- 
pendent commonwealths. 

Phila.    The  old  Congress  of  the  . 

Revolution  closes. 

Mar.  2.  Phila.  The  new  Congress  of 
the  Confederation  opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1780  July  *  U.  S.  Continental  cur- 
rency notes  are  worth  two  cents  on 
a  dollar.  "  It  takes  a  wagon  load  of 
currency  to  buy  a  wagon  load  of  provis- 
ions." 

Aug.  *  O.  Two  block-houses  are  built  on 
the  Ohio  Kiver  (Cincinnati)  by  Ameri- 
can troops. 


94     1781,  Mar.  6-1783,  Mar. 


AMERICA 


^RMY  — HAVY. 
1781    Mar.  6.     X.  C.    The  British  are 
worsted  in  an  engagement    at   Reedy 
Fort  Creek. 
Mar.  8.    V'a.   Washington  sends  Ijafay- 
'■  ette  with  1,200  men  [and  the  French  fleet 
from  Rhode  Island]  to  Virginia  to  cap- 
ture Benedict  Arnold. 
Mar.  15.     -V.  C.     Battle  at   Guilford 
Court  House  (Greensborough). 

Gen.  Greene  is  attacked  by  Lord  Corn- 
wallis ;  American  force,  4,400,  mostly 
raw  militia ;  British  force,  ^,400,  chiefly 
veteran  soldiers.  Losses ;  American, 
2,309  killed,  wounded,  and  missing; 
British,  over  532  men.  The  Americans 
retire  in  good  order  after  a  bloody  bat- 
tle, with  Comwallis  unable  to  pursue. 
Mar.  16.  Va.  The  British  Admiral  Ar- 
buthnot  compels  the  French  fleet  to 
return  to  Rhode  Island. 
Mar.  18.  A'.  C.  Comwallis  retreats 
from  Guilford  Court  House,  leaving 
the  wounded  Americans  and  70  wounded 
British. 
Mar.  25.  Va.  A  British  force  of  2,000 
men  under  Gen.  Phillips  reenforces 
Arnold. 

The  British  under  Phillips  spare  the 
buildings  at  Mount  Vernon  on  con- 
dition that  supplies  are  furnished. 
Mar.    30.     The    mutiny   on    board   the 
United  States  frigate  Alliance   is  fully 
disclosed  on  her  return  from  France  to 
Boston. 
Apr.7.  JV^.r.  Comwallis  at  "Wilmington. 
Apr.*   Va.    Steuben  is  active  in  Vir- 
ginia. 
Apr.  18.    ,S.  C.    The  British  evacuate 
Charleston  after  firing  buildings,  and 
leave  their  badly  wounded  behind  them. 
Gen.  Greenfe  approaches  Camden. 
Apr.  23.    S.  C.     Col.  Lee  takes  Fort 

"Watson  from  the  British. 
Apr.  25.    S.  C.     Battle  at  Hobkirk's 
Hill,  near  Camden  ;  Lord  Rawdon  de- 
feats Gen.  Greene,  who  saves  his  artil- 
lery and  carries  off  his  wounded. 

Va.    The  British  under  Arnold  and 

Phillips    take    Petersburg,    burn   400 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  a  ship,  and  several 
small  craft. 
Apr.+  N.  H.    The  first  American  man- 
of-war  is  built  at  Portsmouth,  under 
the  superintendence  of  Paul  .Jones ;  it  is 
a  line-of-battle  ship  and  named  America. 
Apr.  25.     Va.     Lord  Comwallis   under- 
takes the  conquest  of  Virginia;   La- 
fayette undertakes  its  defense. 
May  8.     Count  De  Barras  arrives  from 
France,  and  announces  that  20  ships  of 
the  line  are  coming  in  a  few  mouths. 
May  9.    Fla.    The  Spaniards  take  Pen- 

sacola. 
May  10.    S.  C.    The  British  under  Lord 
Rawdon  evacuate  Camden  and  retire 
beyond  the  Santee, 
May  11.     N.  Y.     Ogdensburg  surren- 
ders to  Americans  under  Gen.  Sumter. 
May  13.    Va.    On  the  death  of  Gen.  Phil- 
lips, Benedict  Arnold  becomes  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  British  forces 
in  Virginia  for  7  days  —  the  summit  of 
the  traitor's  glory  ! 


May  14.+     S.  C.    The   British  posts  at 
Fort    Granby,   Orangeburg,    and    Fort 
Motte  successively  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  Americans  under  Col.  Lee. 
*  *  Ga.    Augusta  is  besieged. 
May  20.     Va.     Comwallis   arrives   at 
Petersburg,  and  joins  the  forces  lately 
comm.iuded  by  Gen.  Phillips. 
May21.     Conn.    Washington  and 
Gen.   Jean   Rochambeau    confer    at 
Wethersfield. 
June  5.    Ga.    Americana  capture  Au- 
gusta. 
June  21.      Va.     Comwallis   evacuates 

Richmond. 
June  19.    S.  C.    After  maintaining  the 
siege  of  Ninety-Six  for  27  days.  Gen. 
Greene  is  obliged  to  retire  ou  the  ap- 
proach of  an  army  imder  Lord  Rawdon. 
July  4.     Va.    'Williamsburg   is   evacu- 
ated by  Comwallis. 
July*  S.  C.    Gen.  Greene  is  forced   to 

retire  to  the  mountains. 
July  6.     Va.    Lafayette  orders  an  attack 
on  Comwallis ;  Gen.  Wayne  makes  an 
.assault  and  retires  in  good  order. 

X.  Y.    After  11  months  of  inactivity 

at  Newport,  R.I.,  the  French  army 
joins  "Washington  on  the  Hudson. 
July  *  Comwallis  refuses  to  serve  with 
Maj.-Geu.  Benedict  Arnold  in  Virginia; 
Arnold  is  sent  North. 
Aug.  1.     Va.    The  British  forces  are 
concentrated  at  Yorktown  and  Glou- 
cester, and  entrench. 
Aug.  4.    S.  C.     Col.   Isaac  Hayne,    a 
patriot  soldier,  is  hanged  by  the  British 
at  Charleston. 
Aug.  14.     X.  Y.    Washington  decides  to 
transfer  his  army  from  New  York  to 
Virginia. 
Aug.  28.    H.  I.    De  Barras,  commanding 
the  French  fleet  at  Newport,  suddenly 
puts  to  sea,  steering  toward  Chesapeake 
Bay. 
Aug.  30.     Va.     Count   De  Grasse  ar- 
rives in  the  Chesapctke  B,ay,  from  the 
West  Indies,  with  a  French  fleet  of  28 
s.ail-of-the-line. 
+  X.Y.    Tlie  British  Adm.  Graves  is  re- 
enforced  by  nearly  20  ships-of-the-line, 
from  the  West  Indies. 
Sept.  5.     Va.    Adm.  Graves  arrives  in 
the  Chesapeake,  and  a  fight  of  two  hours 
ensues,  off  the  Capes. 
Sept.  6-10.     De  Grasse  maneuvers  four 
days,  as  if  for  battle,  and  thus  secures  a 
passage  for  the  approaching  fleet  under 
De  Barras  to  enter  the  bay,  where  they 
imite  to  blockade  ComwaUis. 
Sept.  6.     Conn.      An    expedition     under 
Benedict  Arnold  bums  New  London, 
his  native  town,  .after  capturing  Fort 
Griswold,  and  killing  most  of  the  garri- 
son after  they  have  surrendered. 
Sept.  7.    Va.    Lafayette.with  8,000  men, 
cuts  ofi  Comwallis  from  retreating  into 
North  Carolina. 
Sept.  8.    5.  C.     Battle    of    Eutaw 
Springs,  the  last  important  conflict 
in  the  South. 

Gon.  (Jreene  attacks  the  British,  now 
under  Col.  Stuart,  and  one  of  the  fiercest 


battles  of  the  war  ensues.  British  loss, 
nearly  70O  killed  and  wounded,  and  500 
prisoners  ;  American  loss,  550  men.  By 
this  battle  the  British  power  is  broken 
in  the  South.  [Though  defeated  in  every 
battle,  Greene  finally  drives  the  British 
out  of  the  country.] 

Sept.  14.     Va.    "Washington  arrives  at 
Williamsburg  and  assumes  command. 

Sept.  28.    Va.    The  siege  of  Yorktown 
begins. 

The  Army  of  the  North,  under  Wash- 
ington, 9,000  strong,  and  the  French 
army  under  liocbambeau,  7,000  strong, 
arrive  at  Yorktown. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  Lord  Comwallis  sur- 
renders his  army  of  7,247  men,  besides 
S40  seamen,  at  Yorktown  ;  this  victory 
practically  concludes  the  "War  of 
Independence. 
Oct.  20.  X.  Y.  The  Mohawk  Valley  is 
invaded  by  Indians. 

Xew  York.    Clinton  sails  to  reenforce 

Comwallis  in  Virginia  with  7,000  men. 
Oct.  *   Ga.    Col.  Andrew  Pickens  invades 

the  Cherokee  country. 
Nov.  13.    I'hila.    John  Moody  is  hanged 

as  a  British  spy. 
Dec.  *  The  British  in  the  South  are 
confined  to  the  cities  of  Charleston  and 
Savannah. 
»  *  George  R.  Clark  fails  in  his  plans  for 

the  capture  of  Detroit. 
1782    Feb.*  Xew   York.      Benjamin 
Thompson  (Count  Rumford)  is  an  ofiicer 
of  the  King's  Dragoons,  but  takes  no 
part  in  the  war. 
Mar.  *  O.    Col.  "Williamson  massacres 
90  inoffensive  Indians,  —  men,  women, 
and  children,  on  the  Muskingum, —to 
take  vengeance  on  suspected  murderers. 
Mar.  24.    X.  J.    A  blockhouse  on  Toms 
River  is  captured  by  royalists,  and  its 
commander  summarily  executed  with- 
out trial. 
Apr.  •  X.  Y.   Wiishington's  headquarters 
is  located  atNewburgh.on  the  Hudson. 
May  *  -June  *  Col.   William    Crawford 
leads  .an  exi)edition  against  the  "Wyan- 
dot Indians. 
May*  Xew  York.     Sir   Guy    Carleton 
arrives,  and  relieves  Gen.  Clinton  of 
his  command. 
June  6.    0.    An  expedition  against  the 
remnant  of  the  Christian  Indians  from 
western  Pennsylvania  is  ambushed  and 
defeated,  with  the  loss  of  many  prisoners. 
July  11.     Ga.     Savannah  is  evacuated 

by  the  British. 
Aug.  15.    Ky.    Indians  attack  Bryant's 

Station,  and  are  repulsed. 
Aug.  27.    S.  C.    The  last  battle  of  the 
Revolution  is  fought  on  the  Combahee, 
near  Charleston ;  the  younger  Laurens 
is  killed  —  much  lamented. 
Nov.  5.    X.  II.     Tlie  America,  a   74-gun 
ship,  is  launched  at  Portsmouth ;  it  is 
the  first  line-of-battle  ship. 
Nov.  *  O.    George  R.  Clark  conducts  an 

expedition  against  the  Miami  Indians. 
Nov.  30.    Paris.    A  preliminary  treaty 

of  peace  with  Great  Britain  is  signed. 
Dec.  14.    S.  C.     The   British   evacuate 
Charleston.  _ 


UNITED   STATES.       1781,  Mar.  6-1783,  Mar.     95 


1783  Feb.  4.  Final  cessation  of  hos- 
tilities with  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  *  A\  y.  Col.  Marinus  Willett  at- 
temjils  to  surprise  the  British  at  Os- 
wego on  Lake  Erie,  because  they  retain 
the  post  after  the  treaty. 

Mar.  *  2i.  V.  A  plausible  address  is  pri- 
vately circulated  in  camp  at  Newburg, 
I)roposing  the  intimidation  of  Con- 
gress for  the  redress  of  soldiers'  griev- 
ances. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1782  *  *  Phila.    Oliver  Evans  patents  a 
steam -wagon. 

*  *  Phila,  The  manufacture  of  fustians 
and  jeans  begins. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1783*  * 
Benton,  Thomas  Hart,  senator  for  Mo.,  b. 
Bond,  Thomas  E.,  editor,  born. 
Calhoun.  John   Caldwell,   Sec.  of  State^ 

senator  for  S.  C,  born. 
Cass,  Lewis,  Sec.  of  State,  sen.  for  Mich.,  b. 
Darlington,  William,  botanist,  born. 
Duer,  John,  jurist,  born. 
Elliott,  Jesse  Duncan,  commodore,  born. 
Fraser,  Charles,  painter,  born. 
(Jrimshaw,  William,  author,  born. 
Guthrie,  Samuel,  chemist,  born. 
IngersoU,  C'harles  Jared,  author,  born. 
I^aurens,  Jolin,  otficer,  A26. 
Lee,  C'harles,  general,  A5!. 
Lincoln,  Levi,  governor  of  Mass.,  bom. 
Longworth,  Nicholas,  horticulturist,  born. 
Lotuloun,  John  Campbell,  earl  of,  gen.,  A77. 
Macomb,  Alexander,  general,  born. 
Kipley,  Eleazer  Wlieelock,  general,  born. 
Warrington,  Lewis,  naval  officer,  born. 
'Webster,  Daniel,  sen.  for  Mass.,  Sec.  of 

State,  born  in  N.  H. 

CHURCH. 

1781  Apr.  24.  Md.  The  United 
Methodist  preachers  of  the  North  and 
tlie  South  meet  in  Conference  at  Balti- 
more. 

June  *  Ky.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
organized  at  EUzabethtown. 

*  *  Pkila.  Elhanan  Winchester,  a  Bap- 
tist minister,  joins  the  Universalists. 

1782  Mar.  *  O.  Moravian  converts 
are  massacred.  Over  ninety  inoffensive 
Christian  Indians,  men  and  women,  of 
the  Moravian  missions,  are  gathered  hy 
the  whites  into  two  slaughter-pens,  and 
butchered  in  cold  blood. 

Apr,  17.  Va,  The  Methodist  preachers 
hold  a  Conference  at  Ellis's  Chapel, 
Sussex  County, 

May  21,  Md.  The  Methodist  preachers 
hold  a  Conference  at  Baltimore. 

Sept.  12.  \ew  Eng.  The  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  New  England,  being  very 
weak,  dissolves. 

Oct.  13.  The  Reformed  Presbytery  is 
disorganized  by  its  union  with  the  Pres- 
bytery of  the  Associate  Church,.  [Dis- 
satisfaction follows,  and  there  are  three 
organizations  instead  of  one.] 

Nov.  1.  Phila.  "The  Synod  of  the 
Associate  Reformed  Church**  is  or- 
ganized by  the  union  of  two  Associate 
Presbyteries  with  the  Reformed  Pres- 
bytery. 

*  *  Pa.  Dr.  William  "White  [afterward 
bishop]  recommends  the  bjshopless  Epis- 
copalians to  adopt  temporarily  a  Pres- 
byterian form  of  goTenunent, 


LETTERS. 

1781  *  *  Vt.  First  issue  of  the  Vermont 
Gazette  or  Green  Mountain  Pout-Boy  at 
Westminster,  the  first  newspaper  in 
the  State. 

1782  *  *  Md.  "Washington  CoUege 
(non-sect.)  organized  at  Chestertown. 

*  *  McFlngal,  by  John  Trumbull,  ap- 
pears C(»mplete. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  English  Bible  pub- 
lished in  America  appears, 

June  8,  N.  Y.  First  issue  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Hall  Super-Extra  Gazette^  the  first 
paper  in  the  city. 

SOCIETY. 
1781  Oct.  23.  Phila.  A  meseenger  from 
Washington  arrives  at  ^he  capital  city, 
bringing  tidings  of  the  victory  at 
Yorktown ;  the  night  watchmen  call 
the  hour  and  often  add,  '*  and  Com- 
waltis  is  taken.'" 

*  *  Eng,  The  fictitious  story  of  the  Blue 
Laws  of  Connecticut  is  published  by 
Kev.  Samuel  Peters,  a  Tory  refugee. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  people  pursue  the  avoca- 
tions of  peace,  except  in  the  vicinity  of 
military  conflict,  for  some  time  before 
the  close  of  the  war ;  independence  is 
practically  a  fact  except  near  the  camps 
of  the  enemy, 

STATE. 

1781  Apr,  19.  Massachiisetts  cedes 
her  claims  to  western  lands  to  the 
Union. 

May  26.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
establish  the  Bank  of  North  America. 

May9.  E/a.  Fensacola  is  taken  by  the 
Spaniards. 

*  *  Phila.  Robert  Morris  is  appointed 
treasurer  by  Congress. 

He  and  his  friends  pledge  their  private 
fortunes  for  the  payment  of  the  future 
obligations  of  Congress,  and  so  improve 
the  credit  of  the  Government. 

June  15.  Phila.  Congress  appoints  five 
commissioners  to  conclude  a  treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  —  John  Adams,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  John  Jay,  Henry  Lau- 
rens, and  Thomas  Jefferson. 

*  *  An  Austro-Kussian  offer  of  media- 
tion between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  is  made. 

July  9.  Phila.  Congress  ratifies  the 
Articles  of  Confe<leration. 

Aug.  10.  Phila.  R.R.Livingston  is  made 
the  first  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Oct.  24.  Phila.  Congress  assembles 
and  listens  to  Washington's  despatch 
announcing  the  victory  at  Yorktown ; 
the  weeping  and  exulting  members,  with 
many  citizens,  go  to  the  Dutch  church, 
where  thanks  are  rendered  to  Almighty 
God. 

*  *  Eng.  The  capture  of  a  second  army 
(Cornwallis's)  by  the  Americans  makes 
the  war  impopular  in  England. 

Dec.  31.  Phila.  Congress  charters  the 
Bank  of  North  America. 

1782  Jan.  *  Eng.  An  Act  of  Parlia^ 
ment  is  passed  to  enable  George  111. 
to  make  peace  with  the  United  States. 


Mar.  4,  Eng.  The  House  of  Conmaons 
favors  peace. 

Gen.  Conway's  motion  approved,  say- 
ing "  the  House  would  consider  as  ene* 
mies  to  his  Majesty  and  the  country,  all 
those  who  should  advise  or  attempt  the 
further  prosecution  of  offensive  war  on 
the  American  continent." 

Mar.  20.  Eng.  Resignation  of  the  hos- 
tile ministry  of  Lord  North,  and  acces- 
sion of  that  of  the  Marquis  of  Rock- 
ingham. 

Apr.  6.  Eng.  Lord  Shelburne  sends 
Oswald  to  Franklin. 

Apr.  19.  HoUand  acknowledges  the  In- 
dependence of  the  United  States,  and 
receives  John  Adams  as  its  minister. 

Apr.  23.  Eng.  The  British  Ministry  de- 
cide to  send  separate  negotiators  to 
Vergennes  and  to  Franklin. 

May  4^7.  Fr.  Oswald  and  Grenrille  are 
in  Paris. 

May  23.  Eng.  The  Ministry  agree  to 
propose  American  Independence. 

May  *  New  York.  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
arrives,  empowered  to  make  proposi- 
tions of  peace.  He  proposes  the  cessa- 
tion of  hostilities  to  Washington. 

June  20.  Phila.  Congress  adopts  the 
great  seal  of  the  United  States. 

Jime  23.  Fr.  John  Jay  arrives  in 
Paris. 

Julyl+.  Eng.  The  Earl  of  Shel- 
bume's  Administration  follows  that  of 
Rockingham. 

Sept.  13.  Phila.  Congress  agrees  to  ac- 
cept the  offer  of  "Virginia's  western 
lands. 

Oct.  8.  John  Adams  concludes  a  trea^ 
with  Holland. 

Oct.  26.  Fr.  John  Adams  reaches 
Paris. 

Oct.  29.  Phila.  Congress  accepts  the 
lands  ceded  to  it  by  New  York. 

Nov.  20.  J'a.  Delegates  are  authorized 
to  complete  the  transfer  of  western 
lands  to  Congress, 

Nov.  30,  Paris.  Adams,  Franklin,  Jay, 
and  Laurens  sign  a  preliminary  treaty 
of  peace  with  Great  Britain. 

Dec.  *  Loyalists  leave  the  Atlantic 
ports  in  large  numbers. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-90  *  *  Cat.    Pedro  Faj^s  (Spanish). 
Pa.    John  Dickinson  is  president  of 
the  Supreme  Executive  Council. 

1783  Jan.  20.  Fr.  England  on  one 
hand,  and  France,  the  ally  of  America 
and  Spain  on  the  other,  being  desirous 
of  peace,  suspend  hostilities,  and  sign 
preliminary  articles  at  Versailles. 

Feb.  5.  Sweden  acknowledges  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States. 

Feb.  16.  Pelatiah  Webster  makes  a  prop- 
osition to  remodel  the  Government. 

Feb.  25.  Denmark  acknowledges  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1782    Jan.  7.    Pfiila.     The    Bank    of 

North  America  opens  for  business. 
Jan.  *   U.  S.    The  war  debt  at  the  close 

of  the  struggle  is  $42,000,000. 


96    1783,  Mar.  24-1785,  Sept.  14.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1783  Apr.  11.  Phila.  Congress  pro- 
claims the  cessation  of  arms. 

Apr.  19.  Cessation  of  hostilities  is 
proclaimed  in  the  American  army,  just 
8  years  from  the  commencement  of  the 
war.  Troops  engaged,  —  regulars,  130,- 
711 ;  militia  and  volunteers,  164,080;  total, 
309,781.  Great  Britian  sent  to  America, 
during  the  war,  112,584  soldiers  and  22,000 
seamen.  Estimated  loss  of  life  to  the 
Americans,  70,000  men,  vast  numbers  of 
whom  died  on  prison-ships ;  11,000  alone 
on  the  prison-ship  Jersey.  Estimated 
cost  of  the  war  to  the  Americans,  $135,- 
000,000  in  specie. 

June  2.  Washington  furloughs  the  sol- 
diers of  the  war. 

June  8.  Washington  announces  his  in- 
tended resignation,  as  commander  of 
the  army,  to  the  governors  of  the  vari- 
ous States. 

June  21.  Phila.  About  300  American 
troops  with  fixed  bayonets  surround 
the  house  in  which  Congress  is  sitting, 
and  demand  a  redress  of  grievances. 

Oct.  18.  Princeton,  X.  J.  Congress  is- 
sues a  proclamation  that  the  arniy  will 
be  disbanded  from  and  after  Nov.  3. 

Nov.  2.  Washington  issues  his  farewell 
address  to  the  army. 

Nov.  3.    N.  Y.    The  army  disbands. 

Nov.  25.  Xetp  York.  The  British  evac- 
uate the  city  and  Washington  enters. 

Dec.  4.  NeJV  York.  Washington  takes 
leave  of  the  officers  of  the  army. 

Dec.  23.  Annapolis,  Md.  Washington 
surrenders  his  commission  to  Con- 


Dec.  *  Ga.  Chief  M'Gillivray  leads  the 
Creeks  in  the  Oconee  "War. 

*  *  Maj.-Gen.  Henry  Knox  is  appoint- 
ed (second)  to  command  the  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1784  *  *  Franklin  is  appointed  by  the 
French  Academy  one  of  a  commission  to 
investigate  mesmerism. 

Sept.  *  James  Rumaey  experiments  in 
steam  navigation  on  the  Potomac. 

1785  Mar.  11.  Phila.  The  Southwark 
Theater  is  opened  by  Hallam's  Com- 
pany. 

*  *  Pa.  John  Fitch  makes  experiments 
in  steam  navigation  on  the  Delaware. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1783*   * 

Alexander,  William,  general,  A57. 

Barber,  Francis,  officer  inthe  war,  A32. 

Barboiir.  Philip  P..  justice,  born  in  Va. 

BidiUe,  .lames,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Churchill,  Sylvester,  general,  born. 

Cooper,  Samuel,  patriot,  A58. 

Dorsey.  .John  Syng,  surgeon,  born. 

Green'lcaf,  Simon,  author,  born. 

Irving,  'Washinerton,  author,  born. 

Macdonougrh,  Thomas,  commodore,  born. 

Osborn,  SeUick,  journalist,  born. 

OtiB,  James,  orator,  A58. 

Heid,  Samuel  Chester,  naval  officer,  born. 

Rodney,  Csesar,  signer  of  Declaration,  A53. 

Sully,  Thomas,  painter,  born. 
1784 »  * 

Allen,  William  Henry,  naval  officer,  born. 

Allen,  William,  writer,  born. 

Buckniinster,  Joseph  H.,  clergyman,  born. 

Cobb,  Thomas  W.,  senator  for  Ga.,  born. 

Dewey,  Chester,  naturalist,  born. 


Oummere,  John,  mathematician,  born. 

Hale,  Nathan,  journalist,  born. 

HofTiiian,  David,  author,  born. 

Le  Conte,  John,  naturalist,  born. 

Loe,  Ann,  founder  of  Shakers,  A48. 

Long,  St^plien  II.,  engineer,  born. 

Slorris,  diaries,  eoniiiiodore,  l>orn. 

ilortim,  Marcus,  Cov.  of  Mass.,  born. 

Hallnesiiue,   Constantine  S.,  botanist,  born. 

Stevenson,  Andrew,  statesman,  born. 

Taylor.  2Sachary,  I2th  President,  born. 

Walsh,  Kol)ert,  journalist,  born. 

"Warner,  Beth,  general  (■.  S.  A.,  A41. 

Wool,  John  E.,  general,  born. 

'Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson,  lexicogra- 
pher, born. 
1785*  • 

Appleton,  Daniel,  publisher,  born. 

ISenian,  Nathaniel  S.,  clergyman,  bom. 

Cartwrierht.  Peter,  pioneer  preacher,  born. 

Daniel.  Peter.  V.,  justice,  born  in  Va. 

Drake,  Daniel,  pliysician,  Itorn. 

Dudley,  ISenjaniin  Winslow,  surgeon,  born. 

Kspy,  James  l\,  meteorologist,  born. 

±  Finn,  Henry  J.,  actor.  ? 

(ladsden,  Cliristopher  E.,  bishop,  born. 

Havens,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  philanthropist, 
born. 

Hopkins,  Stephen,  signer  of  Declaration,  A78. 

McLean,  John,  justice,  born  in  Ohio. 

Merrill,  Joseph  A.,  clergyman,  born. 

Morgan,  .\bel,  clergyman,  A72. 

Mott,  Valentine,  surgeon,  l>orn. 

Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  journalist,  born. 

Perry.  Oliver  Hazzard,  commodore,  born. 

Pierpont,  John,  poet,  l)orn. 

Iteed,  Joseph,  statesman,  A44. 

Seatou,  William  W.,  journalist,  born. 

Spring:.  Gardiner,  clergyman,  born. 

Tully,  William,  physician,  born. 

Wheaton,  Henry,  puljUcist,  born. 

Woodworth,  Samuel,  poet,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1783  Mar.  25.  Conn.  The  Episcopal 
ministers  of  Connecticut  meet  at  Wood- 
bury, and  elect  Samuel  Seabury 
bishop. 

May  7.  Va.  A  Methodist  Conference 
opens  at  Ellis's  Chapel,  in  Sussex  county. 

May  27.  Afd.  A  second  Methodist  Con- 
ference opens  in  Baltimore. 

May  ♦  Md.  The  Metliodist  Conference 
at  Baltimore  forbids  members  to  **  man- 
ufacture, sell,  or  drink  intoxicating 
liquors." 

Nov.  26.  Neiv  York.  Dr.  Rodgers  re- 
turns, and  begins  to  restore  the  Pres- 
byterian churches ;  they  having  been 
badly  used  and  some  of  them  partly 
destroyed  during  the  war. 

*  *  Boston.  James  Freeman  of  King's 
Chapel  changes  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  to  harmonize  with  Unitarianisra. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese id  organized. 

*  *  Ay.  David  Rice  establishes  Presby- 
terian worslup  in  Kentucky. 

*  *  Md.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese 
is  organized. 

*  *  Methodism,  which  has  hitherto  been 
almost  entirely  confined  to  the  country 
south  of  New  Jersey,  begins  to  advance 
northward. 

1784  Apr.  17.  N.  Y.  A  law  is  passed 
enacting  religious  equality. 

Apr.  30,  Va.  A  Methodist  Conference 
opens  at  Ellis's  Chapel,  in  Sussex  County. 

May  24+.  Pa.  The  appointment  of  a 
Standing  Conunittee  of  the  Episco- 
pal church  is  the  first  step  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  union  of  the  Episcopal  churches 
of  America. 

May  25.  Aid.  A  second  Methodist  Con- 
ference opens  in  Baltimore. 


Sept.  2.  Eng.  Thomas  Coke  is  conse- 
crated a  bishop  for  the  Methodists  of 
America. 

Sept.  7.   X.Y.   Ann  Lee,  "Elect  Lady" 

of  the  Shakers,  dies  near  Albany. 

Oct.  6.  Xew  Y^ork.  First  Protestant 
Episcopal  Convention;  15  clergymen 
are  present. 

Nov.  3.  New  York.  Thomas  Coke  ar- 
rives, the  first  Protestant  bishop  in 
the  New  World. 

Nov.  14.  Scot.  Preparatory  steps  are 
taken  for  the  organization  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  of  America. 
Dr.  Samuel  Seabury  is  consecrated 
first  American  bishop  at  Aberdeen,  by 
three  non-juring  bishops  —  Kilgour, 
Petre,  and  Skinner. 

Dec.  24  f .  Md.  Organization  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  the 

"  Christmas  Conference  "  held  in  Lovely 
Lane  Chapel,  Baltimore. 

Sixty  preachers  are  present ;  Bishop 
Thomas  Coke  presides  ;  Francis  Asbury 
is  elected  "superintendent"  (bishop), 
after  having  been  onlained  deacon  and 
elder ;  John  Wesley's  authority  over  the 
American  cliurches  ends.  Total  preach- 
ers, 83 ;  total  members,  14,000. 

Methodist  preachers  are  first  author- 
ized to  administer  the  sacraments  by 
the  Conference  at  Baltimore. 

Origination  of  the  Chartered  Fund  for 
Needy  (Methodist)  Ministers. 
Dec.  27.    Md.    Francis   Asbury  is  or- 
dained bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church. 

*  *  Cat.  Nine  missions  have  already  been 
founded  along  the  Pacific  coast. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  Dr.  John  Carroll  of  Baltimore 
appointed  (Roman  Catholic)  Prefect 
Apostolic   of   the  United  States. 

*  *  Me.  A  Jesuit  missionary  arrives  at 
Oldtowu,  to  work  among  the  Abnakis. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  About  35,000  Baptists  are  reported  in 
the  13  colonies. 

*  *  Eng.  Two  young  men  from  America 
are  reftised  ordination,  unless  they  take 
the  oath  of  uniformity  ;  Franklin  ad- 
vises them  to  act  aa  though  England 
and  Ireland  were  sunk  in  the  sea. 

1785  Jan.  2.  Md.  Close  of  the  first 
Methodist  General  Conference  at  Balti- 
more. 

June  22.  X.  Y.  First  Convention  of  the 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  New  York. 

June  *  Arrival  in  America  of  Bishop 
Seabury  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church. 

Aug.  3.  Bishop  Seabury  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  ordains  (four  deacons)  for  the 
first  time  in  America. 

LETTERS. 

1783  **  Conn.  The  American  Spelling 
Book,  by  Noah  "Webster,  is  published. 

*  *  /»a.  Dickinson  College  (Meth.-Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Carlisle. 

1784  Mar.  24.  Boston.  The  Massa- 
chusetts Sentinel  and  Vie  liepullican 
Journal  first  issued. 


UNITED   STATES.     1783,  Mar.  24-1785,  Sept.  14.     97 


*  *  The  Afassackusefts  Afagnzine  is  first 
published  [and  continues  to  be  issued 
till  1795]. 

*  ♦  Xew  York:  The  regents  of  a  state 
university  are  appointed,  who  demand 
what  property  belongs  to  King's  Col- 
lege and  change  its  name  to  Colum- 
bia. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  American  daily- 
newspaper  is  issued,  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Packet  or  the  General  Advertiser^ 
formerly  a  weekly. 

*  •  Notes  on  Virginia,  by  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, appears  In  Paris. 

SOCIETY. 

1783  Apr.  *  The  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati is  established,  chiefly  by  Gen- 
eral Knox  ;  it  is  restricted  to  officers  of 
the  regular  army,  who  have  served  in 
the  Revolutionary  War. 

1784  Dec.  *  Md.  The  extraordinary 
session  of  the  Methodist  Conference  at 
Baltimore  declares,  that  members  who 
•*  buy  and  sell  slaves,"  if  "  they  buy 
with  no  other  design  than  to  hold  them 
as  slaves,  and  have  been  previously 
warned,  shall  be  expelled,  and  be  per- 
initted  to  sell  on  no  consideration." 

*  *  Conn.  ITie  Legislature  enacts  a  law 
for  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

*  *  There  is  a  strong  feeling  against  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Lafayette  travels  through  the  States. 

STATE. 

1783  Mar.  24.  Spain  acknowledges  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States. 

Apr.  3.  Treaty  of  amity  and  peace 
for  15  years  is  concluded  by  Franklin 
between  Sweden  and  the  United  States. 

Apr.  11.  Phila.  Congress  proclaima 
the  cessation  of  arms  on  land  and  sea. 

Apr.  18.  Phila.  Congress  appeals  to 
the  States  for  power  to  levy  duties,  and 
for  other  taxation  by  which  to  raise 
annually  for  the  expenses  of  the  Gov- 
ernment 32,500,000.  [The  States  with- 
hold consent.] 

June  18.  Washington  issues  his  last 
circular  to  the  States. 

June  21.  Phila.  Congress,  insulted 
by  an  uncontrollable  mutiny  of  unpaid 
soldiers,  adjourns  to  Princeton, 

June  30.  Princeton,  N.  J.  The  8th 
session  of  the  Continental  Congress 
opens  under  the  Confederation. 

July  *  Hussia  recognizes  the  Indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States. 

Sept.  3.  Paris.  A  definitive  treaty  with 
Great  Britain  is  signed. 

The  treaty  (1)  recognizes  the  Indepen- 
dence and  establishes  the  boundaries 
of  the  United  States;  (2)  secures  the 
right  of  fishery  on  the  Grand  Banks,  etc. ; 
(3)  binds  tlie  payment  of  good  outstand- 
ing debts;  (4)  provides  that  Congress  shall 
recommend  the  restoration  of  confis- 
cated estates ;  (5)  provides  open  naviga* 
tion  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver  to  both 
parties. 

Florida  is  ceded  to  Spain  by  Great 

Britain,  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris. 
Oct.  18.    Phila.    Congress  directs  that 


the  army  shall  be  disbanded  on  Nov.  3. 
(Winsor,  Nov.  2.) 
Oct.  ^0.    Virginia  agrees  to  the  terms  of 
Congress,  and  cedes  its  claim  to  terri- 
tory north  of  the  Ohio. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
clares that  the  statement,  "  All  men  are 
born  free  and  equal,"  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Bill  of  Rights,  is  a  bar  to  slave- 
holding  in  that  State. 

Nov.  4.    Princeton.  Congress  adjoiuois. 

Nov.  26.  Annapolis,  Md.  The  9th  ses- 
sion of  the  Continental  Congress 
opens ;  it  is  under  the  Confederation. 

Nov.  *  Md.  Con^^ess  makes  repeated 
and  urgent  attempts  to  get  a  quorum 
to  ratify  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Great 
Britain. 

Dec.  23.  AnnapoliSt  Md.  'Washington 
is  introduced  to  Congress ;  he  deliv- 
ers a  fitting  address,  and  resigns  his 
commission. 

*  *  Many  American  Tories  accompany 
the  retiring  British  armies  to  England. 

*  *  The  public  debt  of  the  United  States 
is  about  $42,000,000;  $8,000,000  of  this 
amount  is  owed  abroad. 

1784  Jan.  14,  Aniiapolis,  Md.  Con- 
gress ratifies  the  treaty  with  Great 
Britain.    Vote,  20-10. 

Feb.  20,  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress  ap- 
points Kobert  Morris  Superintendent 
of  Finance. 

Mar.  1.  Annapolis,  Md.  A  part  of  Vir- 
ginia's western  lands  is  transferred 
to  the  Federal  Union.  They  lie  north- 
west of  the  Ohio.  Congress  accepts  the 
transfer. 

Mar,  24.  Massachusetts  resolves  to  ex- 
pel dangerous  aliens. 

Apr.  9.  Eng.  George  m.  ratifies  the 
definitive  treaty.    (See  Sept.  3, 1783.) 

Apr,  23.  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress  con- 
siders a  plan  for  Federal  division  of  the 
vast,  unoccupied  northwest  territory. 
A  preliminary  plan  of  adjusting  the 
question  of  unoccupied  territory  is  pre- 
sented by  a  committee,  of  which  Thomas 
Jefferson  is  chairman ;  it  provides  for 
the  erection  of  seventeen  oddly  named 
States  north  and  south  of  the  Ohio,  and 
for  the  exclusion  of  slavery  after  the  year 
1800.  [Seven  States  disapprove  anil  the 
plan  is  dropped.] 

May  12.  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress 
authorizes  Franklin,  Adams,  and  Jef- 
ferson to  make  treaties  of  commerce, 

June  3.  Annapolis,  Md.  Congress  ad- 
journs. 

June  *  North  Carolina  cedes  her  west- 
ern lands  to  the  Federal  Government. 
[In  November  it  annuls  the  cession.] 

Oct.  22.  N.  r.  At  Fort  Stanwix  the 
Indians  surrender  their  lauds  west  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  1,  Trenton,  N.  J.  The  10th  ses- 
sion of  the  Continental  Congn'ess 
opens, 

Dec.  *  Tenn.  Revolt  in  western  North 
Carolina  against  the  Government ;  the 
settlers  secede  and  form  u  State  which 
they  call  Frankland  or  Franklin  [till 
the  State  Government  interposes]. 


*  *  -89  *  *  Xew  York.  James  Duaue  is 
the  43d  mayor. 

*  *  Tlie  territory  north  and  west  of  the 
Ohio  is  provided  with  a  temporary  gov- 
ernment by  Act  of  Congress. 

Dec.  24.  Trenton,  N.  J.  Congress 
adjourns. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-87  *  *2i.C.    Richard  Caswell. 
-86  *  *  Va.    Patrick  Henry. 

■1785  Jan.  11.  New  York, .  The  11th 
session  of  the  Continental  Congress 
opens. 

Jan.  21.  A  treaty  is  made  with  the  "Wyan- 
dots  at  Fort  Mcintosh. 

Feb.  25-  New  York.  John  Adams  is  ap- 
pointed the  first  minister  to  iEMgland. 

Mar.  10.  New  York.  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son is  commissioned  minister  to  France. 

Mar.  17.  Meeting  of  the  boundary  com- 
missioners of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
[The  Annapolis  Convention  of  1786  is  its 
successor.] 

Apr.  18.  Phila.  Congress  votes  to  ac- 
cept the  offer  of  western  land  by 
Massachusetts. 

The  territory  lies  west  of  New  York, 
and  extends  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

Apr.  19.  N.  Y.  The  State  executes  a 
deed  renewing  the  grant  of  its  western 
lands  to  the  Federal  Government. 

Massachusetts  cedes  her  western  ter- 
ritory to  the  Federal  Government. 

May  20.  New  York,  Congress  passes  its 
first  act  relative  to  western  lands. 

May  31,  Mass.  Gov,  James  Bowdoin 
attempts  to  start  a  movement  to  revise 
the  articles  of  Confederation. 

June  1,  Eng.  John  Adams,  first  Ameri- 
can ambassador  to  England,  is  presented 
to  King  George  III. 

July  6.  New  York.  Congress  establishes 
the  standard  of  the  American  dollar. 

Sept,  10,  A  treaty  of  amity  and  com- 
merce is  entered  with  Prussia. 

Sept.  14.  Phila.  Franklin  again 
returns. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1783  June  27.  Eng.  Parliament  votes 
half-pay  to  loyalist  officers  of 
America. 

July  2.  Eng.  An  order  in  council  ut- 
terly forbids  American  ships  to  engage 
in  the  British  West-Indian  trade. 

1784  *  *  Boston.  The  Empress  of  China 
sails  as  the  first  American  ship  bound 
for  China. 

The  second  bank  in  the  United  States 
is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  Pittsburg  is  laid  out  in  town 
lots. 

*  *  Conn.  Incorporation  of  Hartford,  New 
Haven,  New  London,  Norwich,  and  Mid- 
dletown  as  cities. 

*  *  Eng.  Eight  bags  of  cotton  from  an 
American  ship  are  tseizeti  at  Liverpool, 
on  the  ground  that  America  could  not 
produce  so  much  cotton. 

*  *  O.  Washington  inspects  the  Ohio 
Valley,  preliminary  to  the  forming  of 
the  Potomac  Company. 


08    1785,  Sept.  14-1787,  Nov. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1785  *  *  O.  Fort  Harmar  is  built. 

*  •  The  Algerine  piratesseize  American 
vessels. 

1786  Dec.  25.  Mass.  Shays's  Rebel- 
lion. 

A  thousand  men,  under  the  leadership 
of  Daniel  Shays,  force  the  Supreme 
Court  to  adjourn,  to  prevent  its  issuing 
writs  for  the  collection  of  debts. 

1787  Jan.  25  +.  Mass.  Shays's  rebel- 
lion Is  suppressed  by  the  State  militia 
imder  Gen.  Lincoln  at  Springfield ;  3 
killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1785  Nov.  19.  Xew  York.  The  John- 
street  Theater  is  opened  by  the  "  Old 
American  Company'*  with  The  Gamester. 

*  *  Jean  Antoine  Houdon  comes  from 
Paris  to  America  to  execute  the  statue 
of  Washington. 

1786  Apr.  16.  J^ew  York.  Contrast,  by 
Royal  Taylor,  is  performed  by  the  "  Old 
American  Company  "  at  the  John-street 
Theater.  "The  first  play  written  in 
America  by  an  American  and  performed 
by  a  professional  company."  (Ency. 
Brit.) 

Aug.  *  The  first  playhouse  in  Baltimore 

is  opened.    (Or  1773.) 
»  •  Conn.     John  Trumbull  paints  The 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 

*  *  Joseph  'Wright  paints  the  portrait 
of  John  Jay. 

*  *  S.  C.    A  theater  is  built  in  Charleston. 

1787  *  *  Mass.  The  first  ootton-mill  is 
put  in  operation  at  Beverly.  [Very  im- 
perfect and  soon  closed.] 

*  *  N.Y.  The  manufacture  of  salt  at 
Syracuse  begins. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1786*  • 

Barton,  William  P.  C,  botanist,  bom. 
Biddle,  Nicholas,  financier,  born. 
Breckenridge,  Henry  M.,  jurist,  born. 
Cadwallader,  .John,  officer  in  the  war,  A 44. 
Cambreleng,  Churchill  C,  poUticlan,  born. 
Catron,  John,  justice,  born  in  Tenn, 
Cogswell,  ,loseph  tlreen,  scholar,  born. 
Crockett.  David,  pioneer,  born. 
Dwig:ht,  Sereno  E..  clergyman,  born. 
England.  John,  R.  C.  Bishop  of  Charleston, 

born  in  Corfe. 
Gales,  Joseph,  journalist,  born, 
(iardiner,  Sylvester,  physician,  A79. 
(irayson,  William,  politician,  born. 
Greene.  Nathaniel,  general,  A44. 
f;reenleaf,  Benjamin,  author,  born. 
Grimkie,  Thomas  Smith,  philanthropist,  b. 
Kins.  William  Rufus.  statesman,  born. 
Lawrence,  Amos,  ptiilantliropist,  born. 
MacLane,  Lewis,  statesman,  born. 
Marcy,  William  L..  statesman,  born. 
SIcDougall,  Alexander,  general,  A55. 
Norton,  Andrews,  tlieologian,  born. 
Nuttall,  Tliomas,  naturalist,  born. 
Porter,  Alexander,  statesman,  born. 
Hush.  James,  pliysician,  born. 
Sargent,  Lucius  .Manlius,  writer,  born. 
Scott,  "Winfleld.  general,  bom. 
Tappan.  Arthur,  philanthropist,  bom. 
Vaux,  Rol)ert,  philanthropist,  born. 
Verplanck,  Gulian  Crommelin,  author,  bom. 

1787*  * 

Andrews,  Ethan  Allen,  phUologist,  born. 
Bedel,  Timothy,  patriot,  dies. 
Bonvier,  John,  jurist,  writer,  bom. 
Chauncy,  Charles,  clergyman,  dies. 
Crittenden.  John  Jordan,  statesman,  b. 
Dana,  Richard  Henry,  poet,  born. 
Davis,  John,  statesman,  born. 
Durand,  Cyrus,  engraver,  born. 
Frelin^huysen.  Theodore,  statesman,  b. 
Gallaudet,  Thomas  H.,  teacher  of  deaf  mutes, 

bom. 
Gould,  Benjamin  Apthorp,  educator,  born. 


Hensen,  Josiab,  Uncle  Tom,  born. 
ilacVicar,  John,  i)rofe88or,  born. 
Miildleton,  .\rtlmr,  patriot,  A44. 
Muhlenberg.  Henry  M..  founder  of  Am. 

Lutheran  ch,  A76. 
Say,  Tliomas,  naturalist,  born. 
Southard,  Samuel  L.,  senator  for  N.Y.,  b. 
WilUanis,  Kleazer,  clergyman,  born. 
Williard,  Kmma  H.,  educator,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1785  Sept.  14.  Mass.  The  first  Con- 
vention of  TJniverealist  ministers  and 
parishes  in  America  is  held  at  Oxford. 

Sept.  27.  PMla.  The  first  General 
Convention  of  the  Protestant-Epis- 
copal Church  is  held ;  Bishop  Seabury 
and  his  clergy  decline  to  attend ;  16  cler- 
gymen and  26  laymen  are  present. 

Oct.  7.  Phila.  The  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Convention  adjourns. 

»  •  Boston.  An  organ  is  set  up  In  the 
First  Church,  introducing  instrumental 
music  in  the  Congregational  Church. 

Organic  TJnitarianism  begins  in 
this  city. 

Jiunes  Freeman,  "  lay  reader "  of 
King's  (Epis.)  Chapel  (Stone  Chapel), 
secures  an  alteration  in  the  liturgy 
eliminating  Trinitarianism,  and  the  con- 
gregation secedes  from  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  Mass.  Free-Communion  Baptists  or- 
ganize the  Groton  Conference. 

±  *  ♦  Me.  John  Chevertis  of  Boston 
makes  an  annual  missionary  visit  to 
the  Abnakis  and  other  Indians.  A 
church  is  erected  among  them. 

±  *  *  Me.  Mr.  Ciquard  of  St.  Sulpice,  Bal- 
timore, is  sent  as  a  Jesuit  missionary  to 
the  Abnakis  and  other  Indians. 

•  *  Md.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Bal- 
timore is  formed. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Lutheran  Synod  (min- 
isterium)  is  formed. 

The  first  Shaker  house  of  worship 
erected  at  New  Lebanon. 

*  *  S.C.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Charleston. 

•  *  Va.  The  first  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Convention  in  Virginia  is  held 
after  the  war ;  meets  at  Richmond. 

The  Abingdon  Presbytery  is  formed. 

•  *  The  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  draws  up  a  plan  of  govern- 
ment and  discipline,  and  also  takes 
steps  to  revise  the  standards. 

•  *  Org.anization  of  Protestant  Episcopal 
dioceses  in  New  York,  Virginia,  South 
Carolina,  and  New  Jersey. 

1786  •  *  Del.  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Delaware  is  organized. 

An  adjourned  meeting  of  the  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  General  Convention 
is  held  at  Wilmington. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Presbytery  of  Transylvania 
is  formed. 

»  » New  York.  Erection  of  the  first 
Boman  Catholic  church  (St.  Peter's). 
Rev.  John  Stanford  arrives  in  Amer- 
ica, and  soon  publishes  and  circulates 
tracts  as  formerly  in  England. 

Sept.  14.  Phila.  Meeting  of  the  Sec- 
ond General  Convention  (Protestant 


Episcopal) ;  10  clergymen  and  11  laymen 
present. 

•  *  S.  C.  Organization  of  the  "  Associ- 
ated Churches "  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) of  South  Carolina. 

*  *  Va.  David  Griffith  is  elected  bishop 
by  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Convention. 

A  Simday-school  is  taught  in  Hano- 
ver County. 

1787  Feb.  4.  Eng.  Bishop  White 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Bishop  Provoost 
of  New  York  are  consecrated  in  Lam- 
beth Chapel ;  bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells 
and  of  Peterborough  giving  the  apos- 
tolic succession  to  the  American  Church. 

K-pr.*  New  York.  The  American  Epis- 
copal Chvu:ch  separates  from  the 
Church  of  England. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of 
the  United  States  has  its  organization 
as  a  national  Church  made  complete  by 
the  arrival  of  Bishops  White  and  Pro- 
vost ;  it  is  no  longer  attached  to  the 
diocese  of  London. 

May  1  +.  Md.  A  General  Conference 
of  Methodist  preachers  is  held  at 
Baltimore,  called  by  Bishop  Coke ;  few 
of  the  Southern  preachers  attend,  as 
they  had  not  authorized  the  call.  The 
Book  of  Discipline  is  revised. 

Sept.  17.  U.  S.  Separation  of  Church 
and  State  is  established  by  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

"  No  religious  tests  shall  ever  be  re- 
quired as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or 
public  trust  under  the  United  States." 
(Art.  vi.  §  3.) 

Oct.  7.  Pa.  The  Lutherans  deplore  the 
death  of  their  founder,  Henry  M. 
Miihlenberg. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Shakers  first  gather  into 
a  community  at  New  Lebanon. 

The  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
adopts  domestic  mission  work. 

•  •  [7.  S.  The  Presbyterian  General 
Synod  sends  down  the  Jteport  on  Gor- 
emment  and  Discipline  to  the  presbyte- 
ries and  churches  for  consideration. 

»  »  Va.  The  Separate  and  Regular  Bap- 
tists unite  to  form  "  the  United  Bap- 
tist Churches  of  Christ." 

LETTERS. 

1785  •  »  Ga.  The  University  of  Geor- 
gia (non-sect.)  organized. 

•  *  Me.  The  Falmouth  Gazette,  the  first 
newspaper  in  Maine,  is  issued. 

•  *  New  York.  Tlie  Manumission  Society 
establishes  free  schools  for  the  poor 
colored  children  of  the  city. 

The  Daily  Advertiser  is  first  issued  by 
Francis  Childs  and  Company  ;  the  first 
daily  in  tne  city. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Schenectady  Academy,  the  pio- 
neer of  Union  College,  is  fomided. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Philadelphia  Directory  is 
published  ;  the  first  city  directory  in  the 
Union. 

*  »  Tenn.  The  University  of  Nashville 
(non-sect.)  organized  at  Nashville  as  the 
Davidson  Academy.  [It  becomes  Cum- 
berland College  in  1806.] 

•  •  Sketches  of  American  Policy,  by  Noah 
Webster,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.    1785,  Sept.  27-1787,  Nov.      99 


•  •  Conquest  of  Canaan,  by  Timotliy 
Dwlght,  appears. 

1786  •  •  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Oazette,  the 
first  newspaper  west  of  the  Alleghaiiies, 
is  issued. 

»  •  .80  *  »  Phila.  The  Columbian  Maga- 
zine appears. 

»  •  The  Ananhiad  papers,  by  Trumbull, 
Hopkins,  Barlow,  and  Humphreys,  ap- 
pear in  the  Xew  Haven  Gazette. 

1787  Apr.  13.  N.  Y.  The  Board  of 
Regents  of  the  University  of  the  State 
is  established. 

May  21.  New  York.  Samuel  Johnson 
is  elected  President  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege. 

Sept.  17.  Del.  Cokesbury  College, 
the  first  literary  institution  of  the  Meth- 
odists in  America,  is  opened  at  Abing- 
don. 

*  •  Ky.  First  issue  of  the  Lexington  Ga- 
zette—  the  first  paper  in  Kentucky. 

SOCIETY. 

1785  *  •  JVeio  York.  The  Manumission 
Society,  John  Jay  president,  is  formed 
to  secure  the  freedom  of  slaves. 

The  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  is 
determined  by  the  State. 

*  •  Pa.  Benjamin  Rush  puts  fortli  his 
famous  tract.  An  Inquiry  into  the  Effects 
of  Ardent  .Spirits  upon  the  Human  Mind 
and  Body,  which  creates  a  profound  sen- 
sation. 

1786  *  *  Massachusetts.  The  (undenomi- 
national) Charity  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  AVic  York.  The  Tammany  Society 
is  organized.    (See  1788.) 

1787  July  13.  New  York.  The  Federal 
Government  perpetually  prohibits  sla- 
very in  the  territory  north  of  the  Ohio, 
—  the  first  territory  coming  under  its 
control. 

STATE. 

1785  Nov.  4.  New  York.  Congress  ad- 
journs. 

Nov.  7.  New  York.  The  12th  session 
of  the  Continental  Congress  opens. 

Nov.  30.  Eng.  John  Adams,  the  Amer- 
ican Minister  to  St.  James,  demands 
the  surrender  of  the  frontier  posts  to 
the  United  States. 

*  *  Ga.  Treaty  with  the  Creeks  at  Gal- 
phinton. 

*  *  Noah  Webster  publishes  a  project  for 
an  American  policy. 

*  *  V.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-86  *  *  Conn.     Samuel  Huntington. 
-88*  •"State  of   Franklin,"  (Tennes- 
see) John  Sevier. 

-87  *  *  Mass.    .Tames  Bowdoin. 
-86  •  *  Mich.    Henry  Hamilton. 
Pa.    Benjamin  Franklin  is  president 
of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council. 

1786  Jan.  16.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  Chickasaws  at  Hopewell. 

Jan.  21.  Virginia  invites  the  States  to 
a  general  conference  for  forming  a  less 
restricted  Constitution. 

Jan.  31.  A  treaty  is  made  with  the 
Shawnees. 


May  11.    Connecticut  again  oflfers    to 

cede  a  part  of  its  western  lands. 
May  26.    Phila.    Congress   declares   its 
willingness  to  receive  the  Connecticut 
lands  in  the  West. 

July  16.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  entered 
with  the  Emperor  of  Morocco. 

Sept.  11.  .Md.  A  convention  of  some 
of  the  States  is  held  at  Annapolis  to 
regulate  commerce  on  the  Chesapeake 
Bay ;  five  States  send  delegates  to  it.  [It 
is  the  germ  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention.] 

Sept.  14.  Conn.  The  deed  for  western 
lands  is  given  to  Congress.  The  L-inds 
lie  east  of  the  Mississippi,  between  lati- 
tude iV  and  41°  2',  and  west  of  a  meridian 
120  miles  west  of  the  [present]  western 
limit  of  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  3.  New  York.  The  Congress  of  the 
Confederation  adjourns. 

Nov.  6.  New  York  The  13th  session 
of  the  Continental  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  16.  Massachusetts  yields  the  juris- 
diction over  her  lands  in  New  York  to 
that  State. 

Dec.  25 1.  .Mass.  Shays's  rebellion 
arises  in  the  western  part  of  tlie  State; 
caused  by  financial  complications.  The 
insurrection  infects  New  Hampshire. 
(.See  Army.) 

*  *  Ga.  A  treaty  is  made  with  the  Creeks 
at  Shoulderbone. 

*  ♦  Massachusetts  sells  the  "  Phelps  and 
Gorham  Purchase,"  in  New  York,  — 
0,000,000  acres  for  .«il, 000,000. 

*  *  Portugal  orders  her  fleet  in  the 
Mediterranean  to  protect  American 
vessels  from  pirates. 

*  •  Requisitions  of  Congress  on  the 
States  for  the  Ijist  four  years  amount 
to  $10,000,000;  receipts  one-fourth  of 
that  amomit. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-96*  *  Mich.    Ijord  Dorchester. 
-90  *  *P.  I.    John  Collins. 
-88*  *  Va.    Edmund  Randolph. 

1787  AjJT.lS.  New  York.  General  St. 
Clair  makes  bis  report  to  Congress  on 
the  British  infraction  of  the  treaty  on 
the  northwestern  frontier. 

May  14.  Phila.  A  National  Consti- 
tutional Convention  for  framing  (in 
part)  a  less  restricted  Constitution  as- 
sembles, [and  Washington  is  unani- 
mously elected  its  President.  It  does 
not  begin  its  work  till  May  25.  All  of 
the  States  (9)  except  Rhode  Island  are 
represented  before  its  close.] 

May  29.  Phila.  Edmund  Randolph 
moves  the  Convention  to  set  aside  tlie 
Articles  of  Confederation  and  adopt  a 
new  Constitution ;  a  committee  is  ap- 
pointed. 

July  5.  Phila.  New  York  retires 
from  the  Convention. 

Jtily  13.  New  York.  Passage  of  the 
Ordinance  of  1787  by  the  Congress  of 
the  Confederation. 

It  is  unanimously  passed  "  for  the 
government  of  the  territory  to  the 
northwest  of  the  Ohio ;  "  it  contains  an 


"  unalterable  "  article,  lorDldding 
very  or  involuntary  servitude.  The  or- 
dinance was  drawn  up  by  Nathan  Dane, 
a  member  of  Congress  from  Massachu- 
setts. 

Congress  adopts  St.  Clair's  report  of 
Apr.  13th. 

July  18.  New  York.  Congress  ratifies 
the  treaty  with  Morocco. 

July*  Phila.  It  is  rumored  that  the 
Federal  Convention  in  secret  session 
considers  the  advisability  of  offering  to  a 
foreign  prince  the  Crown  of  America. 

July  24.  Phila.  The  Committee  on  the 
details  of  the  t'ederal  Constitution  be- 
gins work. 

Aug.  6.  Phila.  A  draft  of  a  Federal 
Constitution,  in  twenty-three  articles, 
is  reported  to  the  Convention. 

It  permits  the  slave  trade  for  twenty 
years,  and  concedes  that  three-fifths  of 
the  slaves  shall  be  counted  in  the  appor- 
tionment of  Congressional  representji- 
tives,  and  tliat  fugitive  slaves  shall  be 
returned  to  their  masters.  These  con- 
cessions are  made  to  secure  union. 

Aug.  9.  South  Carolina  cedes  her  west- 
ern lands  to  the  Federal  Government.     . 

Aug.  19.  S.  C.  The  delegates  in  Con- 
gress execute  a  deed  to  Congress  for  the 
western  lands  of  the  State.  [They 
partly  comprise  the  area  of  Tennessee.} 

A  Federal  Democratic  Govern- 
ment is  established. 
Sept.  17.  Phila.  The  Federal  Consti- 
tution is  signed  by  the  Convention  ;  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  are  set  aside, 
and  the  Constitution  is  to  be  submitted 
to  Congress.    The  Convention  adjourns. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  first  political  agitation 
occurs.  Federalists  favor  and  Republi- 
cans or  Anti-Federalists  oppose  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Constitution  by  the  States. 

Sept.  28.    New  York.     The  Congress  of  ' 
tlie  Confederation  sends  the  new  Con-' 
stitution  to  the  several  States  for  their 
action. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  attempt  to  form  the  State 
of  Franklin,  In  the  western  lands, 
collapses. 

Oct.  5.  New  York.  Congress  recalls 
Minister  Adams  from  London. 

Oct.  30.  New  York.  The  Continental 
Congress  adjourns. 

Nov.  5.  New  York.  The  14th  and  last 
session  of  the  old  Continental  Con- 
gress opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1785  *  *  Pa.  Harrisburg  is  laid  out 
in  town  lots. 

*  *  The  regular  exportation  of  cotton 
begins ;  one  bag  is  sent  from  Charleston 
to  Liverpool,  12  from  Philadelphia,  and 
one  from  New  York. 

*  *  The  Ijombardy  poplar  is  introduced. 

1786  Mar.  6.  Bostmi.  The  Ohio  Com- 
pany is  formed  by  Putnam,  Cutler,  and 
"thers. 

Apr.  24.  linston.  About  100  houses  are 
l>urned. 

1787  Sept.  30.  Departure  of  the  first 
American  vessel  making  a  voyage 
around  the  world. 


100       1787,  Dec.-1789, 


AMERICA: 


ARMY- NAVY. 

1787  Dec*  Ga.  Tlie  Creeks  are  de- 
feated at  Jack's  Creek. 

1788  Sept.  *  U.  S.  Lieut.-Col.  Josiah 
Harznar  is  general-in-chief  by  brevet. 

1789  *  *  The  maximum  strength  of  the 
army  is  one  regiment  of  infantry,  one 
battery  of  artillery, — 840  men. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1788  Apr.  12.  Phila.  The  first  pow- 
er-loom is  set  up. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  dentist's  office 
is  established  by  John  Greenwood. 

*  *  R,  I.  A  company  is  formed  in  Provi- 
dence for  the  manufacture  of  "home- 
spun cloth." 

1789  *  *  Conn.  The  Sortie  of  the  Garri- 
son from  Gibraltar  is  exhibited  by  John 
Trumbull  at  the  Royal  Academy. 

±  *  *  William  liush  executes  ideal  figures 
and  portrait  busts  in  wood  and  clay. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1788*  * 

Blake,  John  L.,  clergyman,  born. 
Blanchard,  Thomas,  inventor,  bom. 
Boyden,  Seth,  inventor,  born. 
Byles,  Mather,  wit  and  divine,  A82. 
Campbell.  Alexander,  founder,  bom. 
Cushing,  Thomas,  statesman,  A60. 
Elbert,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  tia.,  A55. 
Gadsden,  James,  statesman,  born. 
Grayson,  William  J.,  senator  for  S.  C,  bora. 
Hill,  Isaac,  senator,  editor,  born. 
Judson,  Adoniram,  missionary,  bom. 
Lovell,  John,  schoolmaster,  A78. 
Robbins,  Royal,  historian,  born. 
Stevens,  Robert  Livingston,  bom. 
Totten,  Joseph  G.,  military  engineer,  born. 
1789*   • 
Allen,  Ethan,  colonel  in  Revolution,  A52. 
Bond,  William  Cranch,  astronomer,  born. 
Clay,  Clement  C,  ex-senator,  born. 
Comstock,  John  Lee,  author,  born. 
Cooper,  James  Fenimore.  novelist,  born. 
Deane,  SUaa,  diplomatist,  A52. 
Emory,  John,  bishop,  born  in  Md. 
Farmer,  John,  genealogist,  born. 
Felt,  Josepli  Barlow,  historian,  born. 
Francis,  John  Wakefleld,  physician,  bora. 
Gould,  Hannah  Flagg,  poet,  born. 
Hillhouse,  James  Abraham,  poet,  bom. 
Kearny,  Ijawrence,  commodore,  born. 
Kendall,  Amos,  statesman,  bom. 
Ledyard,  John,  traveler,  A38. 
Lundy,  Benjamin,  abolitionist,  bom. 
Meade^  William,  bishop  of  Va.,  born. 
Nelson,  Thomas,  patriot,  A5I. 
Petigru,  James  Lewis,  lawyer,  bom. 
Sedgrvrlck,  Catherine  Maria,  novelist,  b. 
Sparks,  Jared,  hisorian,  born. 
St.  Leger,  Barry,  Brit,  colonel,  A52. 
Winslow,  Miron,  missionary,  born. 
Woodbury,  Levi,  Justice,  bom  in  N.  H. 


CHURCH. 

1788  May  28.  Phila,  The  Presby- 
terian Synod  meets. 

It  adopts  the  amended  Report  on  Gov- 
ernment and  IHscipline  and  the  amended 
Confession  of  Faith  as  the  constitution 
of  the  Church. 

May  29.  Phila.  The  "Westminster 
Xiarger  and  Shorter  Catechisms  and 
the  Directory  for  Worship  are  ap- 
proved as  a  part  of  the  constitution  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church. 

Four  Synods  comprise  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church  :  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Virginia,  and  the  CaroUnas. 

*  *  Boston.  Mass  is  first  celebrated 
in  New  England,  and  the  first  liomau 
Catholic  Church  is  erected. 


1789  May  21.  Phila.  The  General 
Synod  meets  and  resolves  itself  into  the 
first  General  Assembly  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

The  Synod  resolves  to  send  mission- 
aries to  the  frontiers. 

*  *  The  Confession  of  Faith  and  the  Cate- 
chisms issued  by  the  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

*  *  Phila.  The  "  Book  Concern "  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  estab- 
lished.   Capital,  $600. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  several  Annual  Confer- 
ences concur  in  the  formation  of  a 
Methodist  Council,  of  bishop  and  pre- 
siding elders. 

July  28.  Phila.  Meeting  of  the  Gen- 
eral Convention  of  the  Protestant 
£!piscopal  Church,  Bishop  White  pre- 
siding. 

Bishops  White  and  Seabury  constitute 
the  House  of  Bishops. 

Aug.  8.  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
decides  on  a  constitution  for  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  in  America. 

Sept.  25.  U.  S.  The  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  is  amended  by  Congress 
to  prohibit  an  estabhshed  religion  or 
interference  with  freedom  in  the 
exercise  of  religion.  (See  Dec.  15, 1791.) 

Oct.  2.  Phila.  Union  of  the  several 
dioceses  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  one  Convention. 

Oct.  16.  Phila.  The  Book  of  Prayer  is 
Americanized  and  formally  ratified  by 
the  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Convention. 

*  *  Md.  The  See  of  Baltimore  is  erected, 
[and  John  Carroll  created  its  first 
bishop] ;  the  diocese  includes  the  entire 
Republic. 

*  *  Fa.  David  Griffith  relinquishes  the 
bishopric  of  Virginia,  as  the  Church 
fails  to  pay  the  expenses  of  consecration 
in  England. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Committee  of  the 
Baptist  churches  resolves  against 
slavery. 

•'  Kesolved,  That  slavery  is  a  violent 
deprivation  of  the  rights  of  nature,  and 
inconsistent  with  republican  govern- 
ment, and  therefore  (we)  recommend  it 
to  our  brethren  to  make  use  of  every 
measure  to  extirpate  this  ht>rrid  evil 
from  the  land,  and  pray  Almifjhty  (iod 
that  our  honorable  l,egislature  may  have 
it  in  their  power  to  proclaim  the  great 
jubilee." 

LETTERS. 

1787  *  ♦  NetD  York.  The  Independent 
Journal  is  issued. 

Tlie  New  York  Journal  is  sold  to 
Thomas  Greenleaf,  and  the  name 
changed  to  the  Argus  or  Qreenleaf^s 
New   Daily   Advtrtizer. 

Columbia  College  is  incorpiirated. 

The  New  York  Magazine  and  Literary 
Repository  issued.    [Stopped  1792.] 

*  *-88*  *  New  York.  A  series  of  eighty- 
five  papers,  entitled  the  Federalist,  by 
Alexander  Hamilton,  John  Jay,  and 
James  Madison,  appear. 


*  *  Phila.  The  American  Museum  is  pub- 
lished by  Matthew  Carey,  [Stopped  1792.] 

College  of  Physicians  is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  Franklin  College  (Lutheran)  is 
established  by  the  legislature  in  recog- 
nition of  services  and  virtues  of  Ger- 
mans. 

*  *  Power  of  Religion  on  the  Mind,  by  Lind- 
ley  Murray,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vision  of  Columbus,  by  Joel  Bar- 
low, appears. 

1788  *  *  A  Dissertation  concerning  the 
True  Nature  of  Christian  Virtue,  by 
Jonathan  Sdwards,  appears. 

1789  July  28.  Pa.  The  Pittsbury  Ga- 
zette is  published. 

*  *  -96  *  *  Boston.  The  Massachusetts 
Magazine  appears, 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Georgetown  Academy 
(College)  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  St.  John's  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Annapolis. 

*  *  New  York.  United  States  Gazette  is 
issued  by  John  Fenno. 

*  *  A  Dissertation  Concerning  the  End  for 
which  God  created  the  Worldj  by  Jona- 
than Edwards,  appears. 

*  *  Dissertations  on  the  English  Language, 
by  Noah  Webster,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1788  Jan.  1.  Phila.  The  Quakers 
emfincipate  their  slaves. 

May  13.  New  York.  First  meeting  of 
the  Tammany  Society,  having  a  Grand 
Sachem  (chosen  from  thirteen  sachems), 
a  Sagamore,  and  a  Wiskinskie ;  "  found- 
ed on  principles  of  patriotism,  and  hav- 
ing for  its  motives  charity  and  brotherly 
love." 

Jime  8.  Eng.  On  motion  of  William 
Pitt,  Parliament  votes  $6,700,000  for  the 
benefit  of  loyalists  in  America. 

July  26.  New  York.  A  mob  favorable 
to  the  Federal  Constitution  destroys  the 
Anti-Federal  printing-office  of  Thomas 
Greenleaf. 

1789  *  *  The  slave  trade,  no  longer  a 
Spanish  monopoly,  becomes  free,  and 
rapidly  increases. 

*  *  Conn.  A  number  of  farmers  of  Litch- 
field Coimty  combine,  to  do  their  agri- 
cultural work  without  recotirse  to 
spirituous  liquors. 

STATE. 

1787  Dec.  7.  Delaware  is  the  first 
State  to  ratify  the  Federation  Con- 
stitution, with  a  unanimous  vote  in  a 
State  Convention.    (Fiske,  Dec.  6.) 

Dec.  12.  Pennsylvania  is  the  second 
to  ratify  the  Constitution.  Vote,  46  to 
23. 

Dec.  18.  New  Jersey  ratifies  the  Con- 
stitution with  a  unanimous  vote. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Congress  of  the 
Confederation  decides  to  make  Philadel- 
phia the  Capital  for  ten  years,  ::im1 
then  to  select  a  site  on  the  Potomac. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1787,  Dec. -1789.     101 


*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-93  *  *  Mass.    John  Hancock. 
-89  *  *  A'.  C.    Samuel  Johnston. 

1788  Jan.  2.  Georgia,  the  4th  State, 
r.itifles  the  Constitution  by  a  unaniniouH 
vote. 

Jan.  9.  Connecticut,  the  5th  State, 
ratifles  the  Constitution.  Vote,  128  to 
40. 

Feb.  6.  Maaaachusetts,  the  6th  State, 
ratifies  the  Constitution.  Vote,  187  to 
168. 

Apr.  28.  Maryland,  the  7th  State,  rati- 
fies the  Constitution.    Vote,  63  to  12. 

May  23.  South  Carolina,  the  8th  State, 
ratifies  the  Constitution.  Vote,  149  to 
73. 

June  17.  N.  Y.  A  Convention  meets 
at  Poughkeepsie  to  consider  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

June  21.  New  Hampshire,  the  9th 
State,  ratifies  the  Constitution.  Vote, 
57  to  46 ;  two-thirds  of  the  States  favoring 
the  Federal  Constitution,  it  becomes 
valid. 

June  25.  Virginia,  the  10th  State,  rati- 
fies the  Constitution.    Vote,  89  to  79. 

June  26.  New  York,  the  11th  State, 
ratifies  the  Constitution  and  adds  pro- 
posed amendments.  Vote,  30  to  27. 
(Bryant,  June  25.) 

July  14.  New  York.  The  old  Congress 
ratifles  the  Constitution  framed  by 
the  Convention  of  the  States. 

July  15.  Georgia  cedes  her  western 
lands  to  the  Federal  Government. 

Sept.  13.  New  York.  Congress  makes 
New  York  the  Capital  City. 

The  old  Continental  Congress  appoints 
the  first  Wednesday  in  January  for  Fed- 
eral elections  in  the  several  States. 

Nov.  1.  New  York.  The  last  Conti- 
nental Congress  dies  of  inanition, 
its  records  cejise  [and  for  six  months 
there  is  no  National  Government). 

*  *  New  York  makes  a  treaty  with  the 
Onondagas. 

•  *  A  Consular  Convention  is  held  be- 
tween France  and  the  United  States. 

*  *  If.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

♦  *-1802  *  *  O.  Ter.    Arthur  St.  Clair. 
Pa.    Thomas  Mifflin  is  president  of  the 

Supreme  Executive  Council. 
-91  *  *  Va.    Beverly  Randolph 

•  *  Iowa  is  first  settled. 

1789  Jan.  *  St.  Clair  makes  treaties 
with  the  Indians  at  Fort  Harmar. 

Jan.  7.  U.S.  Wednesday,  the  first  Na- 
tional election  is  held. 

Feb.  4.  U.  S.  The  electoral  votes  are 
cast  by  the  electors. 

Feb.  26.  N.  Y.  The  Cayuga  Indians 
sell  their  lands  to  the  State. 

Mar.  4.  V.  S.  The  Constitution  goes 
into  force  a*i  the  law  of  the  land. 

New  York.  The  First  Federal  Con- 
gress assembles  in  the  hall  at  the  corner 
of  Wall  and  Broad  Streets. 

Mar.  30.  New  York.  After  a  delay  of 
many  days  Congress  seciu'es  a  quorum 


(30  members  present),  and  proceeds  to 
organize  the  House.  F.  A.  MUhlenburg 
of  Pa.  is  elected  the  first  Speaker. 
(Moore,  House,  Apr.  1 ;  Senate,  Apr.  6.) 
Apr.  6.  New  York.  George  "Washing- 
ton of  Va.  is  chosen  President  by  the 
electors. 

The  electoral  vote  is  counted  :  George 
W.ashington,  69 ;  .John  Adams,  34  ;  John 
Jay,  9;  R.H.Harrison,  6;  John  Rut- 
ledge,  6;  John  Hancock,  4  ;  George  Clin- 
ton, 3  ;  Samuel  Huntington,  2 ;  John 
Milton,  2;  James  Armstrong,  Benjamin 
Lincoln,  and  Edward  Telfair,  each  one 
vote.  Each  elector  votes  for  two  candi- 
dates. The  person  receiving  the  next 
largest  vote  is  declared  Vice-President. 

A'ew  York.      The    Senate   organizes. 

John  Langdon  of  N.  H.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

Apr.  21.  New  York.  John  Adams  of 
Aiaas.  is  seated  in  the  Senate  as  Vice- 
President. 

First  Administration ;  Federalist. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  George  Wash- 
ington of  Va.  is  inaugurated,  the  first 
President.  John  Adams  of  Mass.  is 
Vice-President,  he  being  the  next  in  the 
number  of  votes. 

July  4.  New  York.  President  Washing- 
ton approves  the  first  Tariff  Act  — 
a  declaration  of  financial  independence  ; 
the  duties  average  about  8i  per  cent. 

Aug.  7.  A'ew  York.  Congress  organizes 
the  'War  Department. 

Sept.  10.  New  York.  Congress  orders 
the  organization  of  three  executive 
Departments. 

*  *  New  York.  A  President's  Cabinet 
is  forined. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  Secretary  of  State  ; 
Alexander  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  ;  Henry  Knox,  Secretary  of 
War ;  Edmund  Randolph,  Attorney- 
General. 

Sept.  15.  New  York.  The  Depart- 
ment of  State  is  made  the  depository 
of  the  archives  of  the  United  States. 

Sept.  *  New  York.  A  National  judi- 
ciary is  established. 

Justices  appointed  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  :    John  lay 

r.r  XT    V     /~t\.i..e     T — .: — .     i-i r»._..     "^c 


of  N.  Y.  Chief  jjustiee  ;    John  Blair  of 

lushinff  of 
ert  H.  Harrison  of  M(r ;  John  Rutledge 


Va. ;  William  Cushii 


Masj;. ;  Rob 
.  >hn 
of  S.  C. ;  James  Wilson  of  Pa. 

Sept.  25.  A'ew  York.  Congress  passes 
12  Constitutional  Amendment  Bills. 
[Ten  are  soon  approved  by  three-fourths 
of  the  States.] 

1st  Amendment  of  the  Constitution  : 
'*  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting 
an  establishment  of  religion,  or  pro- 
hibiting the  free  exercise  thereof,  or 
abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of 
the  press,  or  the  rights  of  the  people 
peaceably  to  assemble  and  to  petition 
the  Government  for  the  redress  of 
grievances." 

2d  Amendment,  respecting  the  right 
to  bear  arms. 

3d  Amendment,  forbidding  the  quar- 
tering of  soldiers  on  the  people. 

4th  Amendment,  respecting  searches 
and  seizures  of  persons,  property,  etc. 


5th  Amendment,  respecting  indict- 
ment, martial  law,  legal  process,  and 
eminent  domain. 

6th  Amendment,  providing  for  privi- 
leges of  accused  pproO.it  a:id  speedy 
trials. 

7th  Amcn<<ment,  guaranteeing  jury 
trial  for  anythLi^  over  $'3U  in  eoi.inioji 
law  suits.  '  ^  • 

8th  Amendment,  respecting  ball,  fines, 
cruelty,  and  unusual  punishment. 

9th  Amendment,  declaring  that  the 
enumeration  of  rights  in  the  Constitu- 
tion does  not  impair  other  rights. 

10th    Amendment,    respecting    State, 
rights. 
Sept.  20.    Neia  York.     Congress  estab- 
lishes a  regular  army. 

1st  Congress :  the  first  session  closes. 
Nov.  21.  North  Carolina,  the  12th 
State,  accepts  the  Constitution.  Vote, 
193  to  75. 
Dec.  22.  North  Carolina  cedes  its 
western  lands  to  Congress.  [They 
partly  comprise  the  area  of  Tennessee.] 

It  makes  the  condition  that  no  regula- 
tion of  Congress  shall  tend  to  the 
emancipation  of  slaves  in  this  terri- 
tory. 

*  *  U.  S.   Governors  inaugurated : 
-96  *  *  Del.    Joshua  Clayton. 
-90  *  *  Oa.    George  Walton. 

-92  *  *  a:  C.    Alex.  Martin. 

-94  *  *  N.J.    Wm.  Livingston. 

-02  *  *  S.C.    Thos.  Pinckney. 

-90  *  *  rt.    Moses  Robinson. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1788  Mar.  21.  La.  Seven-eighths  of 
New  Orleans  is  burned  to  ashes. 

Apr.  7.  O.  Commencement  of  Mari- 
etta, the  first  permanent  settlement,  by 
the  Ohio  Company. 

*  *  New  York.  Questions  of  official  cere- 
mony and  etiquette  vex  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Adams  desires  much  ceremony ;  Jef- 
ferson will  have  none  ;  Hamilton  advises 
simple  formality ;  Washington  coincides. 

*  *  U.  ,S.  The  National  debt  exceeds 
$80,000,000. 

July  4.  Phlla.  Magnificent  and  varied 
celebration  of  National  Indepen- 
dence. 

In  recognition  of  the  Federal  Union, 
the  new  Constitution  is  personified  by  a 
lofty  ornamental  car,  in  the  form  of  an 
eagle,  drawn  by  six  horses ;  the  Chief- 
•Justice  and  two  of  his  associates  are 
seated  within  it,  bearing  the  Constitu- 
tion upon  a  staff. 

Oct.  15.  New  York.  'Washington  sets 
out  in  his  carriage  to  make  a  tour  of  the 
Northern  States. 

Oct.  24.    Boston.    Washington  arrives. 

*  *  Indiana  is  first  settled. 

1780    Jan.  *   O.    Cincinnati  is  laid  out. 

Mar.  4.  New  York.  Citizens  celebrate 
the  assembling  of  Congress  by  the 
ringing  of  bells  and  firing  of  cannon,  at 
early  morn,  at  noon,  and  at  sunset. 

*  *  Tenn.  Knorville  is  settled.  [Named 
in  honor  of  Gen.  Knox.] 


102     1789-1792,  Nov. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1790  Sept.  19.— 1795  Aug.  3.  North- 
western Indian  wars ;  8,983  men  en- 
gaged ;    cause,  the  IJidians   claim    tlie 

■    'territory..  * 

Oct.  *  V.  War  with  the  Miami  In- 
dians in  ihQ  Ohio  Valley  ;  Gen.  Hannar 
is  <Jeiealed. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Castle  William  (Castle 
Garden)  is  erected. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  army  consists  of  1.316 
men  for  service  on  the  Indian  frontier. 

1791  U.  S.  Maj.-Gen.  Arthur  St. 
Clair  is  appointed  (fourth)  commander 
of  the  army. 

June  1.  O.  Kickapoo  Indians  are  sur- 
prised on  the  Wabash  ;  many  are  killed 
and  taken  prisoners. 

Sept.  9.  O.  Gen.  St.  Clair,  with  2,000 
men,  sets  out  to  subdue  the  Miami  con- 
federacy. 

Nov,  4.  0.  G-en.  St.  Clair  is  surprised 
and  routed  by  the  Indians  on  the  Wa- 
bash, losing  half  his  men. 

*  *  (ieneral  Knox  formulates  a  plan  for 
organizing  the  militia. 

1792  Apr.  11.  U.S.  Maj.-Gen. An- 
thony ^Wayne  is  appointed  (fifth)  com- 
mander of  the  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1790  June  5.  Pa.  The  steamboat  con- 
structed by  John  Fitch  makes  a  trip  from 
Philadelphia  to  Trenton  and  return.  It 
is  propelled  by  12  oars. 

Dec.  *  B.  I.  Samuel  Slater,  an  English- 
man, starts  the  first  successful  Amer- 
ican cotton-factory  at  Pawtucket,  near 
Providence. 

±  *  *  Ph'Ua.  A  statue  of  Washington  {wovt 
in  Independence  Hall]  is  executed  by 
William  Rush. 

1791  *  *  Ky.  The  first  American  fur- 
nace is  erected  by  Government  troops 
on  Slate  Creek. 

*  *  La.  The  first  dramatic  representation 
in  New  Orleans  is  presented. 

*  *  Pa.  Accidental  discovery  of  An- 
thracite coal  in  Carbon  and  other 
counties. 

Broom-corn  brooms  are  first  made  in 
America. 

Giuseppe  Ceracchi  executes  busts  of 
Washington,  Alexander  Hamilton,  and 
others. 

David  Rittenhouse  succeeds  Benja- 
min Franklin  as  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society. 

1792  May  7.  Ore.  Capt.  Robert  Gray, 
of  the  merchant  ship  Columbia,  discovers 
and  enters  the  Columbia  River. 

Aug.  16.  Boston.  The  first  theater  is 
opened  in  the  new  Exhibition  Room ; 
to  evade  the  law,  the  first  play  is  called 
the  Moral  liCcture  of  Douglas  fp.  104). 

*  *  -94  *  *  Ore.  George  Vancouver,  of 
England,  explores  the  Pacific  coast. 

*  *  John  Trumbull  paints  a  Portrait  of 
Washington. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1790*  * 

Armstrong,  Kobert,  general  in  Fla.  war,  b. 
Hachinan,  John,  naturalist,  born, 
liartlett,  .John  .Sherren,  editor,  bom. 
liellaniy,  Joseph,  clergyman,  writer,  A71. 
Bowdoin,   James,    philosopher,    statesnmn, 

A  63. 
Capers,William,  Meth.  Epis.  bishop,  South,  b. 
Durfee,  Job,  jurist,  M.  O.  for  K.  1,,  born. 
Force,  Peter,  liistorian,  born  in  N.  J. 
Franklin,  Benjamin,  printer,  philosopher, 

patriot,  and  statesman,  AK4. 
(liljbs,  Josiah  Willanl,  philologist,  born. 
Cioodrich,  (,'hauneey  Allen,  clergyman,  au- 
thor, born. 
Gray,  Francis  C'ulley,  lawyer,  scholar,  born. 
Crayson.  William,  soldier  of  Kevolution,  d. 
Harper,  AVilliam,  senator  for  S.  C,  born. 
II ooper, William,  lawyer  and  patriot  of  N.  C, 

A48. 
Livingston,  William,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  M.  C, 

A  67. 
Longstreet,  Augustus  B.,  Meth.  Epls.  clergy- 
man of  S.  ('.,  born. 
Putnam,  Israel,  general  in  Revolution.  A72. 
Shubrick,  William  Branford,  admiral,  born. 
Turner,  Samuel  Hulbeart,  I'rot.  Epis.  clergy- 
man, professor,  born. 
Twiggs,  David  Emanuel,  Secessionist  gen.,  b. 
Tyler,  John,  10th  president,  born  in  Va. 
1791  *   • 
Beck,  Theodric  Romeyn,  physician,  born. 
Blair,  Francis  Preston,  journalist,  born. 
Buchanan.  James.  15th  president,  born  In 

Pa.,  Apr.  32. 
Bullions,  Peter,  author,  born. 
Burden,  Henry,   manufacturer,  born. 
Butler,  Richard,  major-general,  killed  by  In- 
dians. 
Cooper,  Peter,  philanthropist,  born  in  New 

York. 
Hall,  Lyman,  statesman,  A90. 
Harrison.  Benjamin,    general,  signer   of 

Decl.,  ex-governor,  A5I.  ? 
Hayne,  Robert  Young,  orator,  bom. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  author,  signer  of  Dec- 
laration, A  54. 

Morse.  Samuel  Finley  Breeee.  artist,  in- 
ventor, born. 

01m8te<i,  Denison,  natural  philosopher,  b. 

Pond,  Eno(!li,  theologian,  born. 

Slg^ourney.  Lydia  Huntley,  poet,  born. 

Sprague,  Charles,  poet,  born. 

Tioknor,  George,  scholar,  writer,  born. 

Treadwell,  Daniel,  mechanician,  born. 
1793*  * 

Ainslie,  Hew,  poet,  born. 

Astor,  William  B.,  capitalist,  born. 

Bimey.  James  Qillespie,  statesman,  aboli- 
tionist, born. 

Collamer,  Jacob,  senator  for  Vt.,  born. 

f'ruger,  John,  mayor  of  New  York,  A82. 

Dallas,  Qeoige  Mifllin.  statesman,  born. 

De  Kay,  James  Ellsworth,  naturalist,  born. 

Everett.  Alexander  Hill,  diplomatist,  b. 

Fairbanks,  Erastus,  <;ov.  of  Vt.,  born. 

Finney.  Charles  Orandison,  college  presi- 
dent, born. 

Fisk,  Pliny,  missionary,  bom. 

Fisk,  Wilbur,  pres.  of  Wesleyan  Univ.,  born. 

Harfiing,  Chester,  painter,  born. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  naval  officer,  A45. 

Laurens,  Henry,  statesman,  A68. 

Lawrence,  Abbott,  benefactor,  born. 

Lea,  Isaac,  naturalist,  born. 

Mason,  (ieorge,  statesman,  A67. 

Mason,  Lowell,  musical  composer,  born. 

Nelson.  Samuel,  justice,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  actor,  horn. 

Renwick,  James,  physicist,  born. 

Ri(;hard8,  William,  missionary,  born. 

Kumsey.  James,  inventor,  A49. 

Sartwell,  Henry  Parker,  botanist,  born. 

Smith,  Seba,  author,  born. 

Spangenl)urg,  August,  founder,  A8S. 

Stevens.  Thaddeua.  senator  for  Pa.,  born. 

Stone,  William  Leete,  journalist,  born. 

Vassar,  Matthew,  philanthropist,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1790  Sept.  19.  Va.  James  Madison 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  at  Lambeth,  England. 

Oct.  1.  U.S.  The  modified  Prayer-Book 
comes  into  use  in  all  Protestant  Episco- 
pal churches. 

Nov.  18.  P.I.  Organization  of  the  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  Diocese  of  Rhode  Is- 
land. 


I 


*  *  Kew  York.  The  second  Methodist 
church  in  this  city  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  Jacob  Albright  begins  hia  work 
of  reform  among  the  German  Christians 
of  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  [The  Evan- 
gelical Association  is  developed  later,] 

*  •  Pbila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  Boberfc 
Smith,  moderator. 

*  •  yt.  The  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Dio- '{ 
cese  of  Vermont  is  organized,  and  the 
first  Episcopal  Convention  in  Ver- 
mont is  held. 

»  *  The  Methodist  Council  becomes  un- 
popular and  holds  its  last  session. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Conference  omits  the 
words  "  buying  and  selling  "  from  John 
Wesley's  rules  on  intemperance. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Conferences  order  the 
organization  of  Sunday-schools  for 
the  instruction  of  "  poor  children,  white 
and  black."  Sessions  to  be  from  6  to  10 
A.  M.,  and  2  to  6  P.  M. 

1791  Sept.  14.  Afass.  The  presbytery 
of  Salem  is  dissolved. 

»  *  Md.  First  legislation  in  the  Catholic 
Church  by  the  Synod  of  Baltimore. 

*  *  2f.  r.  The  New  York  Baptist  Associ- 
ation is  formed. 

*  •  Pkila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  John 
WoodhuU,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  Lutherans  receive  a  grant  of 
5,000  acres  of  land  from  the  Legislature. 

1792  Sept.  11.  New  York.  The  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  Convention  meets. 

Sept.  17.    Md.    Consecration  of  Thos.  J. 

Claggett  (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 

for  Maryland. 
Nov.  1-15.    Md.    The    First  Kegrular 

General  Conference  of  the  Methodist 

Episcopal  Church  is  held  at  Baltimore. 

LETTERS. 

1790  May  31.  First  Copyright  Act 
in  the  United  States  passed,  chiefly 
through  the  influence  of  Noah  Webster 

[the  lexicographer]. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  proposition  in  the  Assembly 
to  establish  public  schools  is  hardly 
noticed. 

*  *  -97  *  *  New  York  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  Va.  William  Henry  Harrison 
graduates  at  Hampden-Sidney  College. 

1791  Oct.  24.  Md.  First  issue  of  the 
Baltimore  Daily  Reposilory. 

*  *  Conn.  The  First  Geography  is  pub- 
lished by  Jedediah  Morse. 

*  •  Md.  St.  Mary's  Seminary  (Bom. 
Oath.)  founded  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  Vt.  University  of  Vermont  (noiK 
sect.)  founded  at  Burlington. 

SOCDETY. 

1789  *  »  'Washington  makes  a  tour  of 
the  Northern  States,  and  is  greeted  with 
great  enthusiasm. 

1790  Apr.  30.  AVie  York.  Congress  en- 
acts that  every  soldier  shall  have  haU_ 
a  gill  of  rum,  brandy,  or  whisky  daily. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1789-1792,  Nov.     103 


Dec.  29.  New  York.  Presentation  of  the 
"  Memorial  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  Con- 
gress," deprecating  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits,  and  recommending  the  imposi- 
tion of  high  duties  upon  their  impor- 
tation. 

*  *  Pliita.  The  Pennsylvania  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  (Benjamin  Franklin 
Pres.)  petitions  Congress  "  to  devise 
means  for  removing  the  inconsistency  of 
slavery  from  the  American  people." 

*  *  JVew  Ym-k.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
Congress  for  taxing  distUled  liquors. 

*  *  Slavery  is  already  prohibited  in 
six  of  the  States. 

*  *  U.  S.  Total  number  of  slaves, 
697,897. 

1791  July  4.  George  Buchanan  makes 
his  address  on  slavery. 

STATK. 

1789  *  ♦  New  York.  JeSFerson  and  Ham- 
ilton representing  opposite  parties  in 
the  Cabinet,  Washington  is  vexed  by 
many  disagreements. 

1790  Jan.  4.  A^ew  York.  The  Ist 
Congress:  2d  session  opens.  Presi- 
dent \Vashingt(m  orally  addresses  the 
two  Houses  assembled  to  hear  him. 

Mar.  25.  Eiir/.  Tlie  plan  of  the  British 
Government  for  compensating  Ameri- 
can loyalists  for  losses  is  suspended. 

Apr.  2.  North  Carolina  finally  cedes 
its  western  lands.    (See  1789.) 

New    York.      Congress    accepts    the 

lands  ceded  by  North  Carolina. 

*  *  Kentucky  is  organized  as  a  Territory. 
May  29.     Khode  Island,  the  13th  State, 

and  the  last  of  all,  approves  the  Federal 
Constitution.     Vote,  34  to  32. 
June  *  S.  ('.     Meeting  of  State  Conven- 
tion to  frame  a  new  Constitution. 

*  •  New  York.  Congress  is  urged  to  as- 
sume the  debts  of  the  several  States 
incurred  in  the  prosecution  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.    ($18,271,786.) 

Southern  members  oppose  and  North- 
ern members  favor  the  plan.  [The  mat- 
ter is  finally  settled  by  a  compromise ; 
the  Northern  members  consenting  to  the 
location  of  the  Capital  on  the  Potomac 
lliver.] 

July  10.  New  York.  Congress  resolves 
to  hold  its  sessions  in  Philadelphia 
for  ten  years,  and  thereafter  on  the 
Potomac.    Vote,  32-29. 

July  16.  New  York.  Congress  passes  an 
act  locating  the  future  seat  of  Govern- 
ment in  the  District  of  Columbia/ 
Sixty  square  miles  of  territory  are  ceded 
to  the  United  States  by  Maryland  and 
Virginia. 

Aug.  4.  New  York.  Congress  finally 
passes  the  bill  for  fvmding  the  debts 
of  the  States,  which  it  has  assumed, 
thus  putting  the  finances  of  the  country 
on  a  firm  basis. 

Kentticky  applies  for  admission  into 
the  Union. 

Aug.  7.  N.  Y.  The  Creek  Indian 
chiefs  sign   a   treaty  in   the   Hall   of 


Representatives,  in  which  the  territory 
south  and  west  of  the  Oconee  is  solemn- 
ly guaranteed  to  them,  they  resigning 
lands  north  and  east  of  that  river. 

Aug.  12.  Nettr  York.  The  1st  Con- 
gress :  the  second  session  closes.  • 

Sept.  2.  I'a.  A  new  State  Constitution 
is  adopted. 

*  *l'.S.  Philadelphia  the  Capital  City. 

The  seat  of  the  Federal  Government 

is  removed  from  New  York. 
Deo.  6.    Pliila.    The  1st  Congress :  the 

third  session  opeijs. 
»  *  U.    S.     James    Iredell    of   N.    C.    is 

ni.ade  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  Federal  Kevenue  is  $4,000,000 ; 

the    expenditure   of   the    Government, 

including  interest  on  the  public  debt, 

is  .?1,000,000. 

*  •  t't.  Tlie  jurisdiction  of  New  York 
in  the  Province  of  Vermont  is  purchased 
by  the  latter  for  §30,000. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-02  *  *  Cal.    Jos(5  A.  Roman  (Spanish). 
-03  *  *  Ga.    Kdward  Telfair. 

Pa.    Thomas  Mifflin. 
-05  *  *  K.  r.    Arthur  Fenner. 

Tenn.  Ter.    Wm.  Blount. 
-97  *  *  Vt.    Thomas  Chittenden. 

1791  Jan.  1.  The  National  debt  is 
$75,403,470. 

Jan.  10.  Vermont  adopts  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

Feb.  25.  Phila.  The  Bill  to  establish  a 
National  Bank  becomes  a  law ;  it  is 
generally  favored  by  Northern  members, 
and  generally  opposed  by  those  from  the 
South. 

Mar.  3.  The  District  of  Columbia  is 
fully  organized. 

Mar.  4.  Vermont  is  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  14th  State. 

Phila.   The  1st  Congress  ends. 

June  7.  Phila.  The  Bank  of  the  United 
States  is  instituted  ;  capital  $10,000,000 ; 
it  is  opposed  by  Jefferson  and  the  Anti- 
Federal  party. 

Atig.  ♦  Phila.  George  Hammond,  the 
first  minister  from  (ireat  Britain,  is  re- 
ceived. 

Oct.  24.  Phila.  The  2d  Congress 
opens. 

Oct.  *  Phila.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Iiangdon  of  N.  H.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore.  House :  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull of  Conn,  is  elected  Speaker. 

*  »  Phila.  Thomas  Johnson  of  Md.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  15.  I'.  S.  The  first  ten  Amend- 
ments of  the  Constitution  come  in  force. 

Dec.  *  £'.  .*>.  Thomas  Pinckney  of 
S.  C.  is  appointed  minister  to  England. 

*  *  O.  Gen.  St.  Clair  appointed  governor 
of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  with  in- 
structions to  drive  out  the  Indians. 

*  *  -04  *  *  Va.    Henry  Lee  governor. 
1792    Jan.  1.      U.  .S.     National     debt 

877,227,9;M.66. 

Mar.  1.     Phila.     Congress    provides  by 
enactment    for  the  Presidential  suc- 
cession in  certain  contingencies. 
In  case  of  inability  of  the  \'ice-Presi- 


dent,  the  office  devolves  on  the  presiilent 
pro  tempore  of  the  Senate ;  and  if  he 
cannot  assume  the  office  it  goes  to  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Apr.  2.    Phila.     The   National   Mint    is 

established. 
Apr.  17.     Phila.     Congress;   Senate: 

R.  H.  Lee  of  Va.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 
May  8.    Phila.    The  2d  Congress :  the 

first  session  closes. 
June  1.    Kentucky  is  admitted  into  the 

Union  as  the  15th  State. 
June  4.     Ky.     The    first    legislature 

meets  ;  Isaac  Shelby  governor. 
June*  Rumors  circulate  of  a  conspiracy 

to  change  the  Government  into  a  mon- 
archy. 
June  *  N.  Y.    Chief  Justice  John  Jay 

(Federalist)  is  elected  Governor  of  New 

York  over  George  Clinton  by  about  400 

votes. 
Clinton's   friends   in    the  canvassing 

committee  throw  out  three  counties  on 

technicalities,  and  award  the  office  to 

him. 
.Nov.  5.    Phila.     The     2d     Congress: 

second  session  opens.     Senate ;    John 

Iiangdon  of  N.  H.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore. 

*  *  U.  S.  Second  Presidential  elec- 
tion; 'Washington  is  unanimously  re- 
elected President,  and  John  Adams 
is  reelected  Vice-President.  The  Anti- 
Federalists,  now  called  Republicans,  are 
led  by  Jefferson,  the  Federalists  by 
Hamilton  and  Adams. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1780  •  *  Netc  York.  It  is  proposed  to  lay 
out  a  park  bordering  the  drainage  canal 
(Canal  Street),  but  the  project  is  aban- 
doned because  of  the  remoteness  of  the 
locality. 

1790  *  *  U.  S.  The  first  census  is  ta- 
ken. Philadelphia  has  a  pojiulation  of 
43,000;  New  York,  33,000;  Boston,  18,000 ; 
Baltimore,  13,000;  the  whole  country, 
3,929,214,  including  697,681  slaves. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  center  of  population  is  23 
miles  east  of  Baltimore. 

July  17.  N.  Y.  llie  first  bank  of  Al- 
bany begins  to  discount. 

Aug.  1.  New  York.  The  yellow  fever 
rages. 

Dec.  20.  Phila.  The  Bank  of  the 
United  States  commences  to  discount. 
Its  notes  are  payable  in  specie,  and  re- 
ceivable in  all  payments  to  the  United 
States. 

*  *  n.  C.  The  city  of  'Washington  is 
founded. 

*  *  Mass.  First  American  whaling  ship 
ior  the  Pacific  sails  from  Nantucket. 

*  *  N.  C.  An  Act  of  Legislature  is  passed 
for  laying  out  the  town  of  Kaleigh. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  bank  in  this  cHy 
is  established  —  The  Bank  of  New  York. 

1702  June  4.  N.  Y.  The  survey  of  a 
route  from  Pennsylvania  through  the 
Genesee  comitry  is  completed. 

June  11.  N.H.  The  first  bank  in  this 
State  begins  discoiuiting  at  Portsmouth. 


104 


1792-1794. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 
1792*  *  The  army  consists  of  5,120  men. 

1793  *  *  O.  Gen.  Wayne  ("  Mad  An- 
thony**) leads  3,000  men  against  the 
Indians. 

Dec.  *  O.  Fort  Greenville  is  built  by 
Gen.  Wayne. 

*  *  The  war  between  Portugal  and  Algiers 
closes,  and  American  vessels  are  again 
seized  by  the  pirates. 

1794  Mar.  27.  Phiia.  Congress 
authorizes  the  construction  of  6  frigates, 
3  of  them  to  be  of  the  very  heavy  class, 
thus  beginning  the  navy. 

*  *  O.  Fort  Recovery  is  built  by  Gen. 
Wayne. 

Aug.  20.  O.  Gen.  "Wayne  defeats  the 
Miami  Indians  at  the  Maumee  Rapids, 
and  then  desolates  their  country. 

*  *  O.    Fort  Defiance  is  built. 

May  7.  I),  C.  Congress  establishes  a 
combined  corps  of  engineers  and  artil- 
lery, with  a  military  school  for  cadets. 

Sept.*-Nov.  +  *  Pa.  The  Whisky 
Rebellion. 

Washington  sends  a  force  of  militia 
into  western  rennsylvania  to  put  down 
the  Whisky  Rebellion,  the  distillers  hav- 
ing refused  to  i)ay  the  Government  tax 
and  tired  on  its  otiioers. 

*  *Gen.  Wayne  is  victorious  iu  breaking 
the  Miami  confederacy. 

*  *  U.  S.  Tlie  maximum  strength  of  the 
army  is  3,629. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1792  •  *  D.  C.  The  Federal  Commis- 
sioners advertise  in  the  newspapers  of 
all  the  principal  cities  for  designs  for 
a  Federal  Capitol  building  and  a 
President's  House. 

*  *  Ga.  The  cotton-gin  is  invented  by 
Eli  "Whitney,  a  Connecticut  school- 
teacher residing  in  Georgia. 

[It  gives  an  immense  impetus  to  the 
cultivation  of  cotton,  and  adds  many 
millions  of  wealth  to  the  South  :  it  has 
given  <iirection  to  the  politics  and  history 
of  the  country.] 

*  *  Dr.  S.  U.  Johnstmi  is  painted  by  Gil- 
bert Stuart. 

1793  Jan.  9.  Pkila.  The  first  balloon 
ascension  in  America  is  made  by  Fran- 
9ois  Blanchard,  in  the  presence  of 
Washington. 

Sept.  18.  D.  C.  The  corner-stone,  at 
the  southeast  corner  of  the  Capitol  at 
Washington,  is  laid  by  Washington  in 
connection  with  Masonic  ceremonies. 

*  *  C.  "W.  Peale  paints  a  portrait  of 
IVashinyton. 

*  *  Conn.  Eli  Terry  of  Plymouth  is  the 
first  to  manufacture  clocks  as  a  busi- 
ness. 

*  *  II.  I.  Samuel  Slater  of  North  Provi- 
dence erects  the  first  mill  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton-yams. 

*  ♦  Wash.  Alexander  Mackenzie,  trav- 
eling overland,  touches  the  coast  above 
the  Columbia  River. 

1794  Feb.  4.  Boston's  first  theater 
building  is  opened,  and  called  the  Fed- 
eral-street Theater.    (See  1775, 1792.) 


Feb.  17.  Pkila.  A  new  theater  is  opened 
in  Chestnut  Street  by  Wignel. 

*  *  Mass.  Newburyport  has  the  first  fac- 
tory for  the  manufacture  of  woolen 
goods. 

*  *  N.  T.  Samuel  Morey  builds  a  stem- 
wheel  steamboat,  which  runs  from 
Hartford  to  New  York. 

*  *  li.  I.  Cotton  sewing  -  thread  is 
manufactured  at  Pawtucket. 

*  *"From  this  time  forward  the  United 
States  had  two  stock  [theatrical]  com- 
panies of  extraordinary  merit,  surpassed 
only  by  the  companies  at  the  three  patent 
houses  in  London."     (Ency.  Brit.) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1793*  • 

liates,  Edward,  statesman,  born. 
IJedell,  (iregory  Townsencl,  clergyman,  bcrn, 
IJutler,  William  O.,  statesman,  born. 
Carey,  Henry  Cliarles,  political  economist,  b. 
Chase,  Irali,  clergyman,  born. 
Colburn.  Warren,  mathematician,  born. 
Cox,  Samm-l  Hanson,  clergyman,  born. 
Doughty,  'rhomas,  jiainter,  born. 
Foreati,  Felice,  ediu-ator,  born. 
Frolhingham,  Katlianiel  L.,  clergyman,  b. 
Goodrich.  Samuel  Oriswotd.  author,  born. 
Guthrie,  .lames,  statesman,  boru. 
Hall,  James,  autlior,  born. 
Hancock,  John,  statesman,  A56. 
Hitchcock,  Kdwarii,  pres.  of  Amherst  Coll.,  h. 
Houston.  Sam,  general,  born. 
Wanly,  John,  naval  otflcer,  A59. 
McKeever,  Isaac,  conimoilore,  born. 
Mitchell,  Elisha,  chemist,  born. 
Mott,  Lucretia,  philanthropist,  born. 
Heal,  John,  poet,  born. 
Phelps,  Almira  Hart  L.,  teacher,  born. 
Kives,  William  Calwll,  statesman,  born. 
Schoolcraft,  Henry  Kowe,  ethnologist,  born. 
Sherman,  Roger,  statesman,  A72. 
Slidell,  John,  lawyer,  born. 
1794*   • 
Andrew,  James  Osgood,  bishop,  born. 
Angell,  Joseph  Kinnicut,  lawyer,  born. 
Armstrong,  James,  general,  dies. 
Ashmun,  Jehmli,  philanthropist,  born. 
Beck,  John  Itrodhead,  physician,  born. 
Belknap,  William  (1.,  general,  born. 
Bryant,  'William  Cullen.  poet,  born. 
Butler,  John,  Tory  leader,  (fies. 
Chase,  Carlton,  bishop,  born. 
Corwin,  Thomas,  statesman,  born. 
Dempster,  John,  educator,  born. 
Dewey,  Orville,  clergyman,  born. 
Everett.  Edward,  orator,  born. 
Graham,  Sylvester,  reformer,  born. 
Grier.  Robert  C.  justice,  born  in  Pa. 
Holbrook,  John  Kdwanis,  naturalist,  born. 
Kearney,  Stephen  Watts,  general,  born. 
Leavitt,  Joshua,  journalist,  born. 
Lee,  Kirhard  11.,  senator  for  Va.,  A62. 
Marsh,  James,  theologian,  born. 
Meriani,  Kben,  meteorologist,  born. 
Morris,  Thomas  A.,  bishop,  born. 
Paine,  Martyn,  physician,  born. 
Perry,  Mattliew  CaU)raitIi,  connnodore,  b. 
Preston.  William  C.  senator,  born. 
Robinson,  Edward,  scholar,  born. 
Stueben.  Baron  Frederick  William  A., 

general,  At>4. 
Tappan,  Wdliam  Bingham,  poet,  born. 
"Vanderbilt,  Cornelius,  capitalist,  born. 
Walker,  James,  pres.  of  Harvard  Coll.,  born. 
Ware,  Henry,  Jr.,  clergyman,  born. 
Witberspoon,  John,  clergyman,  AT-'. 
Worth,  William  J.,  general,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1792  Nov,*M(f.  The  Baltimore  Confer- 
ence of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
is  organized, 

*  *  A\  H.  First  Annua)  Meeting  of  the 
Free-will  Baptists. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church 
publish  their  Standards  of  Doctrine, 
etc.,  in  English. 

The  Associated  Presbytery  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  is  formed  for  West- 
chester. 


*  *  Pa.  Tbe  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  meets  at  Carlisle ; 
John  King,  moderator. 

It  enters  into  correspondence  with  the 
General  Association  of  Churches  of  Con- 
necticut by  the  appointment  of  a  Stand- 
ing Committee,  and  both  agree  to  be 
represented  in  each  other's  annual  meet- 
ing, by  three  commissioners. 

*  *  Va.    James  0*Kelley  secedes  from 

the    Methodist    Episcopal  Church,  and 
forms  the  Republican  Methodist  Church. 

1793  Oct.  *  .V.  r.  The  Synod  of  the 
Keformed  Dutch  Church  adopts  the 
volume  containing  (in  English)  the  Stand- 
ards, Liturgy,  Rules,  etc.,  and  it  becomes 
the  Constitution  of  the  Church. 

*  *  La.  The  Eoman  Catholic  Arch- 
diocese of  Wew  Orleans  is  established. 

*  *  Ijouisiana  and  the  Floridas  are 
placed  under  separate  Roman  Catholic 
bishops. 

*  *  PhUa.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  James 
Latta,  moderator. 

Delegates  from  the  General  Association 
of  Connecticut  take  seats  in  the  (Presby- 
terian) General  Assembly. 

*  *  7?.  /.  Samuel  Slater  establishes  the 
first  Sunday-school  in  New  England. 

*  •  Vt.  Edward  Bass  is  elected  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Bishop  of  Vermont  at  the 
annual  Convention. 

*  *  The  Associated  Northern  Presbytery 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  formed. 

1794  *  *  New  York.  The  Reformed 
Dutch  General  Synod  is  organized. 

LETTERS, 

1792  *  *  D.C.  Georgetown  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  founded ;  controlled  by 
the  Society  of  Jesus. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Dr.  Samuel  Latham  MitchiU 
gives  the  first  course  of  chemical  lec- 
tures ever  listened  to  iu  the  United 
States, 

1793  Nov.  9.  O.  First  issue  of  the 
Sentinel  of  the  Northwestern  Territory, 
at  Cincinnati,  the  earliest  Western  news- 
paper. 

*  *  Mass.  Williams  College  (non-sect.) 
incorporated  at  Williamstown.  [It  was 
founded  by  bequest  of  Col.  Ephraim 
Williams,  who  died  in  1755.] 

*  *  Tenn.  First  printing-press  set  up 
in  Tennessee,  at  Knoxville,  and  the 
KnoxviUe  Gazette  issued. 

*  *  N.  H.  Farmer's  Museum  appears  at 
Walpole. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Minerva  [which  is 
soon  changed  to  the  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser] is  issued  by  Noah  Webster. 

*  ♦  Mass.  The  essays  under  the  signature 
of  J/arcc//us,  by  John  Quincy  Adams, 
appear. 

*  *  System  of  Doctrines  contained  in  Divine 
Revelation  Explained  and  Defended ^  by 
Samuel  Hopkins,  appears. 

1794  Sept.  5.  Boston  Prices-Current 
and  Marine  Intelligencer,  Commercial 
and  Mercantile^  appears. 


UNITED    STATP:S. 


1792-1794. 


105 


SOCIETY. 
1792  *  *  Washington  makes  a  tour  of 
the  Southern  States,  aud  is  enthusias- 
ticatfy  welcomed. 

*  *  Viscount  Chateaubriand  visits  the 
United  States, 

,  1793  *  *  Phila.  Congress  gives  sum- 
mary power  to  slave-masters,  or  their 
agents,  to  seize  and  return  fugitive 
slaves  which  have  fled  to  other  States. 

*  •  Phila.  William  Cobbett,  the  En- 
glish political  writer,  edits  a  paper  in  this 
city. 

.1794  Feb.  4.  Masa.  The  Legislature, 
having  repealed  the  law  against  the- 
atrical amusements,  the  Federal-street 
Theater  opens. 

STATE. 

1792  Dec.  31.    U.S.   Internal  revenue 

$'208,942. 

*  *  IjuI,  a  treaty  is  made  with  the  In- 
dians at  Vinceimes. 

*  •  Phila.  Congress  fixes  the  postage 
rate  on  letters  at  6i  cents  for  30  miles, 
and  the  rate  to  increase  with  the  dis- 
tance beyond  that  limit. 

*  *  IT.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-94*  *  Cal.  Jos^  J.de  ArriIlaga(Span.). 
-96  *  *  Ky.    Isaac  Shelby. 

-95  *  ♦  JV.  C.    Kichard  D.  Spaight. 

-94  •  *N.ff.    Josiah  Bartlett. 

-94  *  *  S.  C     Arnoldus  Vanderhorst. 

*  *  Connecticut  conveys  500,000  acres  of 
"Western  Reserve  lands  "  [in  Ohio]  to 
certain  citizens,  as  compensation  for 
property  destroyed  by  tire  and  pillage 
during  the  Revolution. 

1793  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
»80,352,(»4. 

Feb.  13.  Phila^  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

For  President :  George  Washington, 
Federalist,  132  votes;  John  Adams,  Fed- 
eralist, 77  ;  George  Clinton  of  X.  Y.,  Re- 
publican, 50 ;  Thomas  Jetferson  of  Ya., 
Republican,  4;  Aaron  Burr  of  N.  Y., 
Republican,  one  vote.    Vacancies,  3. 

Feb.  *  Phila.  Congress  passes  the  Fu- 
gitive Slave  Act,  for  the  rendition  of 
slaves  to  owners  when  found  in  other 
States  or  Territories.  Vote,  House,  48-7 ; 
Senate,  no  opposition.  [It  becomes  a 
dead  letter  till  1850.] 

Mar.  2.  Phila.  The  2d  Congress:  the 
second  session  closes. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  George  Washington 
of  Va.,  the  first  President,  enters  his 
second  term;  John  Adams  of  JNIass. 
is  Vice-President. 

Mar.  9.  Phila.  Congress  passes  the  act 
organizing  the  militia;  all  male  white 
citizens  between  the  ages  of  IS  and  45  to 
be  enrolled. 

Apr.  8.  S.  C.  Edmond  C,  Genet,  min- 
ister of  France,  arrives  at  Charleston. 

F'rance  having  declared  war  against 
Great  Britain,  Genet  proceeds  to  tit  out 
privateers,  etc. 

Apr.  22.  Phila.  Washington  issues  a 
proclamation  of  neutrality  in  the  war 


between  France  and  England  [Genet  ap- 
peals from  the  President  to  the  people]. 

May  9.  France  orders  the  seizure  of 
neutral  vessels  carrying  supplies  to  an 
enemy's  port. 

May  16.  Phila.  Genet  is  received  with 
great  enthusiasm. 

May  17.  Phila.  Genet,  as  minister 
from  France,  presents  his  papers  to  the 
President.    (McMaster,  May  18.) 

July*  Phila.  The  President  asks  France 
to  recall  Genet  because  of  his  audacity 
in  attempting  tocontrol  theGovernment. 

Nov.  6.  Eng.  George  III.  Issues  secret 
instructions  to  British  privateers  to 
seize  all  neutral  vessels  found  trading 
in  the  French  West  Indies.  [Americans 
lose  many  millions  of  dollars,  and  the 
war  spirit  prevails  among  the  people.] 

Dec.  2.  Phila.  The  3d  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Congress;  Senate :  Ralph 
Izard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President  pro 
tempore.  House :  F.  A.  Muhlenburg 
of  Pa.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  31.  Phila.  Jefferson  resigns  as 
Secretary  of  State  because,  the  Govern- 
ment adopts  the  policy  of  neutrality  in- 
stead of  aiding  France  against  England. 

U.  S.     Internal  revenue  $337,705. 

*  *  U.  S.  Jefferson's  followers  become 
known  as  Republicans,  and  Hamil- 
ton's followers  as  Federalists. 

•  *  U.S.  The  first  Republican  party 
appears. 

•  *  U.S.  "William  Faterson  of  N.  J. 
is  appointed  Justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-06  *  *  Ga.    George  Matthews. 
-07  *  *  Mass.    Samuel  Adams. 

1794  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  Total  National  debt 
$78,427,404,  with  $26,000,000  applicable  to 
the  sinking  fund. 

Jan.  2.  Phila.  Congress  resolves  to 
buy  peace  with  Algiers. 

Jan.  13.  Phila.  Congress  adds  two 
more  stars  to  the  Federal  flag. 

Jan.  *  Phila.  Edmund  Randolph  suc- 
ceeds Jetferson  as  Secretary  of  State. 

Feb.  3.  Phila.  Congress:  the  House 
favors  Madison's  bill,  asserting  the 
policy  of  discriminating  duties  on  the 
products  of  nations  not  in  treaty  with 
the  United  States.     Vote,  51-46. 

Feb.  20.  Phila.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate ceases  to  sit  with  closed  doors. 

Mar.  5.  U.  S.  Ratification  of  the  11th 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution  re- 
specting the  judicial  power  of  the 
United  States  as  against  the  States,  as- 
serting the  non-suability  of  the  States. 

Mar.  6.  Phila.  Congress  passes  an 
embargo  law  for  a  period  of  sixty 
days. 

Mar.  27.  Phila.  Congress  provides  for 
a  navy.     (See  Army  —  Navy.) 

Apr.  19.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Jay  is  contlrmed  as  special  envoy 
to  England. 


May  *  The  Treaty  of  Paris  being  unexe- 
cuted, and  certain  military  posts  still 
held  by  the  British,  American  seamen 
impressed,  trading  vessels  captured,  and 
other  irritating  grievances  existing, 
Chief  Justice  Jay  goes  to  England  to 
secure  redress  and  negotiate  a  treaty 
of  amity,  commerce,  and  navigation. 

May  27.  Phila.  Washington  recalls 
Gouverneur  Morris  from  France  and 
appoints  James  Monroe  as  minister. 

June  9.  Phila.  The  3d  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  *  Pa.  A  whisky  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  western  Pennsylvania, 
because  of  the  tax  laid  on  whisky  for 
revenue.    (See  Army,  and  Society.) 

Nov.  3.  Phila.  The  3d  Congress: 
second  session  opens.  [The  Senate  lacks 
a  quorum,  and  delays  opening  for  two 
weeks.] 

Nov.  19.  Jay's  Treaty  concluded. 
It  provides  for  the  delivery  of  the 
posts  on  the  northern  frontier  (Treaty 
of  Paris)  before  June,  1796;  for  a  com- 
mission to  define  the  "  St.  Croix  "  River ; 
for  commissioners  to  determine  com- 
pensation due  to  British  subjects  and 
American  citizens,  in  certain  cases;  for 
the  regulation  of  trade,  the  extradition 
of  criminals,  etc,  [It  is  received  by  the 
country  with  great  displeasure.] 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  passes  the  Neu- 
trality Act. 

It  makes  it  a  misdemeanor  for  Ameri- 
cans to  augment  any  hostile  force  that 
may  be  directed  against  any  nation  with 
which  the  United  States  is  at  peace. 

*  *  Irritation  is  caused  by  the  continued 
occupation  of  western  forts  on  Lake 
Erie  by  the  British,  contrary  to  treaty 
agreement. 

*  *  A  despatch  is  received  from  Fauchet, 
the  French  envoy,  which  is  supposed  to 
compromise  Edmund  Randolph,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  in  an  intrigue  attended 
with  bribery.     [Later  disproved.] 

Dec.  31.    U.  S.  Internal  revenue  $274,089. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-00  *  *  Cal.     Diego  de  Borica  (Span.). 
-01  *  *  N.J.    Richard  Howell. 

-05  *  *  N.  II.    John  T.  Gilmau. 

X.  J.  Wm.  Paterson. 
-96  *  *  S.  C.  Wm.  Moultrie. 
-96  *  *  Va.    Robert  Brooke. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1793  July*  Phila.  The  yellow  fever 
again  spreads  devastation,  carrying  off 
several  thousand  persons. 

1794  Dec.  24.  Mass.  South  Hadley 
canal  is  opened. 

*  *  O.  Dayton  is  laid  out  in  lots,  which 
are  disposed  of  by  lottery. 

*  *  Phila.  Incori>oration  of  the  Insur- 
ance Company  of  North  America, 
also  the  Insurance  Company  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  turnpike  road  is  con- 
structed by  a  company,  extending  62 
miles,  and  connecting  Lancaster  with 
Philadelphia. 


I 


106     1794-1797,  June. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1796  July  14.  N.  Y.  British  troops 
evacuate  Oswego,  and  Americans 
occupy  the  post. 

Dec.  15.  U.S.  Maj.-Gen.  James 'Wil- 
kinson appointed  (sixth)  commander  of 
the  army. 

1797  Mar.  10.  Fr.  The  Directory 
order  the  French  men-of-war  to  prey 
upon  American  commerce,  aiming  to 
fore©  Americans  to  join  France 
aeainst  Cngland. 

*  *  (/.  S.  A  provisional  army  is  raised  ; 
'Washington  is  lieutenant-general. 

*  *  The  frigate  Coijstituf jonislaunelied 
at  Boston,  and  the  Constellation  at  Bal- 
timore. 

May  *  The  United  States  begins  to  send 
a  fleet  to  sea  against  France. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1795  Aug.*  Conn.  A  theater  is  opened 
in  Hartford  by  Hodgkinson  and  a  part 
of  the  "  Old  American  Company." 

*  *  The  portrait  of  JVaskington  is  painted 
by  Gilbert  C.  Stuart. 

1796  Dec.  9.  Pkila.  T.  C.  Cooper  first 
appears  in  America  as  Macbeth. 

*  *  Mass.  Newburyport  has  a  factory  for 
printing  calico. 

*  ♦  Martha  Washington  is  painted  by  Gil- 
bert C.  Stuart. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1795*  • 

Ilalilwin,  Matthias  William,  manufacturer,  b. 

Uartlett,  Josiah,  patriot,  A66. 

Bennett,  James  Gordon,  founder,  born. 

Jlonneville,  lU-njaiuin  L.  E.,  traveler,  born. 

Bradford,  William.  U.  S.  attorney,  A40. 

lirooka,  Maria,  poetess,  born. 

Dana,  Samuel  L.,  agricultural  chemist,  boru. 

Drake,  Josejih  Uodman,  poet,  born. 

Oiddlng^a,  Joshua  Reed,  statesman,  boru. 

Hall,  Hiland,  jurist,  born. 

Harper.  James,  publisher,  born. 

Harris,  Tliaddeus  William,  entomologist,  b. 

Hopkins.  Johns,  philanthropist,  born. 

Ketmedv,  .fohn  I'endleton,  novelist,  boru. 

Mamtt,  .lohn  Newland,  Meth.  preacher,  b. 

Marion,  Franois,  general,  AHS. 

I'arker,  Joel,  jurist,  born. 

Peabody,  Oeoree,  philanthropist,  born. 

Percival,  James  dates,  poet,  born. 

Phillips,  John,  founder,  A7(>. 

Polk,  James  K.,  lltb  president,  born. 

Prescott,  William,  col.  at  Hunker  Hill,  A69. 

Kobertson,  Jacob,  clergyman,  born. 

Stevens,  Kdwin  Augustus,  inventor,  born. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  college  president,  A68. 

Bullivan.  John,  general,  A55. 

Thompson,  Daniel  Peirce,  novelist,  born. 

1796*   • 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  A64. 
Anderson,  Rufus,  clergyman,  born. 
Ballou.  Hosea.  college  president,  born. 
Bascom,  Henry  B.,  hisliop,  born. 
Beaumont,  Wdliam,  physiologist,  born. 
Brainard,  John  (i.  C,  poet,  l>orn. 
Brifpi?5.  George  N.,  gov.  of  Mass.,  born. 
Bush,  (leorge,  author,  born. 
CatUn,  Ceorge,  artist,  born. 
Clayton,  John  Middleton,  statesman,  born. 
Durand,  .\8her  Urown,  painter,  born. 
Harlan,  Richard,  naturalist,  born. 
Huntington,  Samuel,  signer  of  Decl'n,  A65. 
Ingham,  Charles  C,  painter,  born. 
Johneon,  Reverdy,  statesman,  born  in  Md. 
Lick,  .lames,  philanthropist,  horn. 
Mann,  Horace,  educationist,  born. 
Miihlenberg,  William  A.,  poet,  born. 
Palfrey,  John  (iorham,  historian,  born. 
Prescott.  William  Rickling.  historian,  b. 
Rives,  John  C,  Journalist,  born. 
Seabury,  Samuel,  first  Prot.  Epis.  bp.,  AG7. 
.Sumner,  Edwin  Vose,  general,  born. 
Wayland,  Francis,  philosopher,  born. 
Wayne,  Anthony,  gen.  of  Revolution,  A5I. 


1797*  • 

Anthon,  Charles,  scholar,  born, 
Baraga,  Frederick,  bishop,  born. 
Barnard,  Daniel  I)e\vy,  diplomatist,  born. 
Bell,  John,  senator  for  Tenn.,  born. 
Chlckeriner.  Jonas,  piano -maker,  born. 
Colton,  Walter,  writer,  born. 
De  Lancey, William  Ileathcote,  bishop,  bom. 
Dowler,  Bennet,  pliysician,  born. 
Emerson,  (ieorge  B.,  educationist,  born. 
Hale,  Benjamin,  educator,  born. 
Hamline,  Leonidas  Lent,  bishop,  born. 
Henry,  Joseph,  physicist,  born. 
Hodg-e,  Charles,  tlwologian,  born, 
Huger,  Isaac,  general,  A55. 
Hughes,  John,  archl>i8hop,  born. 
Kenrick,  Francis  Patrick,  prelate,  born, 
Langdon,  Samuel,  college  president,  A74. 
Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot,  army  officer,  A63. 
Lyon,  Mary,  founder,  born. 
JHay,  -Samuel  ,loseph,  clergyman,  born. 
Olin,  Stephen,  Meth,  Kpts.  clergyman,  b. 
Paulding.  Hiram,  naval  officer,  born. 
Smith.  Gerrlt,  ptiilanthropist,  born. 
M'are,  Wdliam,  author,  born. 
Weed,  Thurlow,  journalist,  born. 
Wmeitrenner,  John,  clergyman,  horn. 
Wood,  George,  B.,  physician  and  author,  b. 


CHURCH. 

1794  *  *  N.  Y.  Tlie  minutes  of  the  Gen- 
eral Synod  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 
Church  are  first  written  in  English. 

The  Sands-street  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  is  organized  in  Brooklyn,  the 
first  in  this  city. 

*  *  Phil  a.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets; 
Alex.  McWhorter,  moderator. 

It  is  agreed  that  commissioners  visit- 
ing either  the  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) or  the  Association  of  Connecticut, 
(Congregational)  be  allowed  to  vote. 

*  •  Vt.  The  lands  belonging  to  the 
Church  of  England  and  the  Society  for 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  are  se- 
questered and  applied  to  the  school 
fund. 

1795  Sept.  13.  S.  C.  Consecration  of 
Robert  Smith  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
Bishop  for  South  Carolina. 

*  *  Mass.  Hosea  Ballou  avows  Unita- 
rian views  of  God  and  Christ, 

*  *  K.  Y,  Shakers  sign  a  written  cove- 
nant, making  a  full  consecration  to  God 
of  life,  services,  and  treasure. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  meets  at  Car- 
lisle; John  McKnight,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  A  special  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
meets. 

*  *The  Society  of  (Orthodox)  Friends 
begins  mission-work  among  the  Indians. 

1796  May  15.  Boston.  The  first  Metho- 
dist church  is  opened. 

June  21.  The  Vermont  (Congrega- 
tional) Convention  is  organized, 

Oct.  20.  Md.  The  Second  General 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  meets  at  Baltimore ;  Bishop  Coke 
and  120  preachers  present. 

Oct.  ♦  The  New  England  and  Philadel- 
phia (Methodist  Episcopal)  Conferences 
formed. 

Dec.  6.  O.  The  first  Congregational 
church  in  Ohio  formed. 

*  *  ///.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Illi- 
nois formed  at  New  Design. 


*  *  Mass.  Unitarian  doctrines  spread 
among  the  Congregatioualists. 

The  •*  New  York  Missionary  Soci- 
ety** is  organized,  principally  by  Pres- 
byterians. 

*  *  New  York.  The  first  colored  Metho- 
dist church  in  this  city  is  formed. 

*  •  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets  ;  Bobert 
Davidson,  moderator. 

1797    May  7.    Mass.    Consecration    of 

Edward   Bass  (Protestant   Episcopal) 

Bishop  for  Massachusetts. 
June  *  New  York.    The  General  Sjrnod 

of  the  Reformed  Church  meets ;  Dirck 

Romeyn,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1794  *  •  Greenfield  Hill,  by  Timothy 
Dwight,  appears. 

*  *  La.  First  issue  of  the  Moniteur,  the 
first  paper  published  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

*  •  Me.  Bowdoin  College  (Cong.), 
founded  at  Brunswick. 

*  *  Tenn.  Greenville  and  Tusculum 
CoUege  (non-sect.)  organized. 

1795  Apr.  9.  N.  Y.  The  legislature 
passes  an  enactment  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  common  schools. 

*  *  Conn.  The  reserve  lands  of  the  State 
are  sold  for  §1,200,000;  this  sum  is 
appropriated  for  the  support  of  schools 
in  the  State, 

*  *  N.  C.  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Chapel 
Hill. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Union  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Schenectady. 

*  *-1817*  *  Conn.  Rev.  Timothy 
Dwight  is  President  of  Yale  CoUege. 

*  ♦  N.  Y.  The  assembly  appropriates 
$50,(X>0  annually  for  five  years  for  the 
establishment  of  public  schools. 

*  *  Crammar  of  the  English  Language,  by 
Lindley  Murray,  appears. 

*  *  Essays  of  Camillus,  by  Alexander 
Hamilton,  appears. 

1796  June  11.  D.  C.  The  JTashin^/ton 
Gazette  first  issued. 

Oct.  6.  Mass.  The  Polar  Star  and 
Boston  Daily  Advertiser  first  issued. 

*  ♦  Phila.  The  Literary  Magazine  and 
American  Register,  by  C.  Brockden 
Brown,  Is  published.  [Continues  till 
1810.] 

1797  May  3.  A^  Y.  Union  College 
holds  its  first  commencement  for  .con- 
ferring degrees  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 

SOCIETY. 
1794  Sept.*- Nov.*  Pa.  The  Whis- 
ky Rebellion  in  western  Pennsylvania. 
Occasioned  by  an  excise  tax  of  11  cents 
per  gallon  on  spirits  distilled  from  for- 
eign materials,  and  9  cents  when  distilled 
from  domestic  materials.  It  cost  the 
Federal  Government  $1,500,000  to  quell 
it,  or  32  per  cent  of  the  average  annual 
cost  of  the  Government, 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  adds  the  following 
note  to  the  Catechism. 


UNITED    STATES. 


"  '  Stealers  of  men  are  those  who  bring  off 
slaves  or  freemen,  and  keep,  sell,  or  buy 
them.'  To  steal  a  freeman,  says  Orotius.  is 
the  highest  kind  of  theft.  In  other  instances 
we  steal  only  human  property,  but  when  we 
steal  or  retain  men  in  slavery,  we  seize  those 
who,  in  common  with  ourselves,  are  consti- 
tuted by  the  original  grant  lords  of  the 
earth." 

U.  S.  The  President  is  authorized  by 
Congress  to  increase  the  quantity  of 
liquor  to  a  gill,  for  troops  on  the  iron- 
tiers. 

The  Quakers  present  to  Congress  the 
first  anti-slavery  petitioxi. 

•  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Jackson  marries 
Rachel  Kobards. 

•  •  In  the  navy,  a  half-pint  of  spirits,  or 
a  quart  of  beor,  constitutes  part  of  a 
daily  ration,  by  order  of  Congress. 

*  *  Va.  James  Madison  marries  Dolly 
Todd. 

1795  *  *  Phila.  A  uniform  ration  of 
half  a  gill  of  liquor  is  ordered  by  Con- 
gress for  each  soldier. 

*  *  O.  William  Henry  Harrison  mar- 
ries Anna  Syrames. 

1796  *  *  U.  S.  Washing:ton  continues 
his  ascendency  over  the  minds  of  the 
people,  securing  in  favor  of  his  measures 
the  votes  of  those  elected  to  oppose  them, 

Jefferson  writes,  "Congress  has  ad- 
journed. .  .  .  One  man  outweighs  them 
all  in  influence  over  the  people,  who 
support  his  judgment  against  their  own 
and  that  of  their  representatives.  Ke- 
publicauism  resigns  the  vessel  to  its 
pilot.** 

STATE. 

1795  Jan.  1.  If.  S.  Principal  of  Na- 
tional debt  $80,747,587. 

Feb.  20.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  Tazewell  of  Va.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  The  3d  Confess: 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  8.  Phila.  Congress:  the  Senate 
convenes  in  special  session  to  consider 
the  Jay  Treaty. 

June  24.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  Jay  treaty  is  ratified.  (Article 
XII.  excepted.) 

June  *  +.  U.  S.  Very  great  excite- 
ment arises  over  the  treaty  with  Eng- 
land. 

Aug.  3,  O.  Gen.  Wayne  makes  a  treaty 
with  11,000  Indian  warriors,  at  Fort 
Greenville  on  the  Miami. 

Sept.  5,  Phila.  David  Humphries  makes 
a  shameftil  treaty  of  peace  (like  that 
of  other  nations)  with  the  dey  of  Algiers, 
by  which  the  pirate  ships  are  bought 
off  by  the  payment  of  an  annual  tribute 
of  $24,000  in  stores. 

Sept.  0.  Connecticut  alienates  the  re- 
mainder of  the  *•  "Western  Keserve" 
for  the  sum  of  $1,200,000. 

Oct.  *  Jay's  Treaty  is  finally  ratified  by 
both  countries. 

Oct.  27.    Treaty  of  San  Lorenzo. 

Between  the  United  States  and  Spain 
by  Charles  C.  Piuckne^,  settling  the 
boundary  between  Louisiana  and  the 
United  States,  and  setMiring  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Missitisippi, 


Dec.  7.     PfUla.    The    4th    Congress 

opens. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Congress ;  House:  Jona- 
than Dayton  of  N'.  J.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  10.  Phila.  Timothy  Pickering 
of  Muss,  becomes  Secretary  of  State. 

Doc.  31.   U,S.   Internal  revenue  $337,755. 

*  *  'Vhe  Yazoo  land  grants  occasjon  a  con- 
troversy [continuing  till  1814], 

*  *  The  Indians  begin  to  cede  land  to  the 
United  States. 

*  *  ^fich.  The  British  plot  to  buy  up  the 
lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  disclosed. 

*  *  John  Rutledge  of  S.  C.  is  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court. 

*  * -98  *  *  N,C.    Samuel  Ashe,  governor. 
1796    Jan.  1,     U.  S.    Principal  of  the 

National  debt  $83,762,172. 
Jan.  4.    Phila.    Congress  receives  the 

message  of  Washington. 
Jan.  14.    Tennessee  adopts  a  Constitu- 
tion. 
Feb.  6.    Vermont  adopts  a  Constitution. 
Mar.   1.     Phila.     Proclamation    of    the 

ratification  of  the  Jay  Treaty. 
Apr.  20.    Phila.    Congress:  The  House 

agrees  to  sustain  Jay's  Treaty.    Vote, 

51-48. 
Apr.   28.     Phila.      Congress ;    House: 

Speech    by    Fisher    Ames,    Federal 

leader,    in    support    of    Jay's    Treaty. 

Money  is  at  last  voted  to  execute  it. 
May    6.    D.     C.     Congress ;     Senate : 

Samuel  Livermore  of  N.  H.  is  elected 

President  pro  tempore. 
June  1.     Tennessee  is  admitted  into 

the  Union  as  the  sixteenth  State. 
Phila.    The  4th  Congress:  first  ses- 
sion closes. 
June  *  A  treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians 

is  made  by  the  Government  at  Colralne. 
July  12.    Redemption   of  94  American 

prisoners    from   the  Algerines,  by  the 

United  States  consul. 
July  14.    O.    The  Connecticut  "Western 

Reserve  is  first  occupied. 

*  *  The  Government  makes  a  treaty  with 
the  Cherokees  at  Holston. 

Sept.  17.  Phila.  Washington,  having 
declined  a  third  term  in  the  presidency, 
issues  his  farewell  address  to  the 
country,  and  proposes  to  retire  to  pri- 
vate life. 

Sept.  •  Phila.  C.  C.  Pinckney  of  S.  C. 
succeeds  Monroe  as  minister  to  France. 

*  *  Third  Presidential  Election.  John 
Adams  of  Mass.  is  the  candidate  for 
the  Federal  party  and  those  opposed  to 
close  relations  with  France,  and  Thomas 
Jefferson  of  Va.  for  the  Anti-Federalists 
or  Republicans. 

Nov.  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Jackson  is 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Dec.  5.  Phila.  The  4th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  ^fass,  Disunion  sentiments  are  as- 
serted. 

*  *  Phila.  The  custom  arises  of  holding 
Congressional  Caucuses  to  nominate 
candidates  for  the  Presidency. 


1794-1797,  June.     107 

Deo.  7.  Phila.  Congress :  "Washing- 
ton meets  both  Houses  for  tbe  last  time 
as  President. 

Dec.  31.  .U.S.  Internal  revenue  8475,289. 

*  *  D.  S.  Oliver  Ellsworth  of  Conn,  is 
appointed  Chief  Justice,  and  Samuel 
Chase  of  Md.  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  V.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-08  *  *  Conn.    Oliver  Wolcott. 
-97  *  *  Del.    Gunning  Bedford. 
-98  ♦  *  Ga.    Jared  Irwin. 

-1804  *  »  Ky.    James  Garrard. 
-1800  •  *  Mich.    Arthur  St.  Clair  (of 

N.  W.  Ter.). 
-01  *  •  A',  r.    John  Jay. 
-98  *  *  S.  C.    Chas.  Pinckney. 
-01  *  *  Tenn.    John  Sevier. 
-89  *  ♦  Va.    James  Wood. 

1797  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  Principal  of  the 
National  debt  $82,064,479. 

Feb.  8.  Phila.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

For  President :  .John  Adams,  Federal- 
ist, 71 ;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Republican, 
68;  Thomas  Pinckney,  Federalist,  59: 
Aaron  Burr,  Republican,  30;  Samuel 
Adams,  Republican,  15 ;  Oliver  Ells- 
worth, Independent,  II;  George  Clinton, 
Republican,  7  ;  John  Jay,  Federalist,  5  ; 
James  Iredell,  Federalist,  3 ;  George 
Washington,  John  Henry,  and  S.  John- 
son, all  Federalists,  two  votes  each ; 
Charles  Cotcsworth  Pinckney,  Federal- 
ist, one  vote. 

Feb.  16.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  Bingham  of  Pa.  is  re- 
elected President  pro  tempore. 

Mar.  8.  Phila.  The  4th  Congress 
ends. 

Second  Administration ;  Federalist. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  John  Adams  of  Mass. 
is  inaugurated  the  second  President, 
in  the  third  term  of  the  presidency. 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  Va.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent.   The  cabinet  is  continued. 

Mar.  10.  N.  Y.  The  capital  is  changed 
from  New  York  to  Albany. 

May  6.  Phila.  Congress ;  House :  Jon- 
athan Dayton  of  N.  J.  is  reelecteil 
Speaker. 

May  15.  Phila.  The  5th  Congress 
opens  in  special  session  to  consider 
relations  with  France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1795  Feb.  28.  A^  }'.  About  500  emi- 
grants' sleighs  pass  through  Albany 
on  their  way  to  the  Genesee  country, 
the  Genesee  Valley  being  the  Far  West. 

*  •  Neio  York.  Yellow  fever  rages,  and 
yOO  deaths  occur. 

*  *  U.S.    Exports  for  1795,  $47,000,000. 

1796  Feb.  4.  American  ship  Sedgley 
rescues  160  men  from  the  sinking  British 
ship  Aurora. 

June  20.    S.  C.    Three  hundred  houses 

are  burned  at  Charleston, 
Nov.    25.     Oa.     Fire ;    350    houses    are 

burned  at  Savannah;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

*  *  O.    ChilUoothe  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Many  settlers  emigrate  to  Ohio ; 
Cleveland  is  founded. 


108     1797,  July~1800,  June  15.  AMERICA  : 


ARMY  -  NAVY. 

1798  Apr.  30.  Phila.  The  Navy  De- 
partment is  formally  created,  and  Ben- 
jamin Stoddert  of  Md.  is  appointed  its 
first  secretary.    [Cabot  declined.] 

May  ♦  Va.  Harper's  Ferry  is  selected 
for  a  Government  armory  and  manu- 
factory. 

July?.  U.S.  "Washington  is  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  the  armies  of  the 
United  States.  [Enthusiastic  prepara- 
tions are  made  for  war  with  France.] 

July  9  -1800  Sept.  30.  The  third 
war.  A  quasi-war  with  France ;  4,593 
men  including  naval  forces  are  enrolled. 
It  commences  without  a  declaration  by 
either  Government. 

Dec.  29.  Commanders  of  American  ves- 
sels are  ordered  to  resist  by  force  the 
mustering  and  searching  of  their  vessels, 
and  then  to  strike  colors  and  surrender 
to  superior  forces  only. 

*  *  U.  S.  George  Washington  is  ap- 
pointed the  first  general  (seventh)  in  com- 
mand of  the  army. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  navy  consists  of  42  vessels 
carrying  950  guns.  The  marine  corps  is 
created  by  Congress. 

1799  Feb.  9.  W.  I.  The  frigate  Con- 
stellation, Commodore  Truxtun,  of  38 
guns,  captures  the  French  frigate  L'ln- 
surgente  of  48  guns  and  more  than  400 
seamen,  after  a  battle  of  one  hour  ;  loss, 
1  killed  and  2  wounded ;  French  loss  29 
killed  and  44  wounded. 

1800  Feb.  1.  Commodore  Truxtun 
has  a  severe  battle  with  the  French 
man-of-war  Vengeance,  which  escapes 
defeat  by  sailing  away  in  the  darkness; 
the  fiag  of  the  Union  wins  renown. 
[The  war  proceeds  no  farther.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1797  *  *  JVew  York.  Chancellor  Living- 
ston builds  a  steamer  on  the  Hudson. 

•  *  Cast-iron  plows  are  introduced,  su- 
perseding those  with  mold-boards  of 
wood.  ^ 

1798  Jan.  *  Hew  York.  The  Park  Thek- 
ter  is  built.  / 

*  *  Mass.  Hats  and  bonnets  are  fij/st 
manufactured  from  straw  braid  at  Ded- 
ham.  / 

1799*  ♦  Conn.  The  Connecticut  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences  is  founded. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1798*  * 

Alcott,  William  Andrews,  educationist,  b. 
llarber,  John  Warner,  historian,  born. 
Barnes,  Albert,  cominentator.  born, 
lieck,  Lewis  C,  naturalist,  born. 
Belknap,  Jeremy,  historian,  A.^4. 
Borden,  Simeon,  engineer,  born. 
Butler,  Pierce  AI.,  (iov.  of  S.  C,  born. 
Champe,  John,  soldier,  A46.  ? 
Crawford,  George,  (iov.  of  r.a.,  born. 
Davies,  Charles,  mathematician,  born. 
Dlx,  John  Adams,  general,  Gov.  of  N. Y.,  b. 
Drake,  Samuel  Gardner,  historian,  born. 
Duch^,  Jacob,  chaplain,  A69. 
Dungli8on,IIobley,  medical  writer,  b.  in  Eng. 
Evans,  Thomas,  Friend,  born. 
Fitch,  John,  Inventor,  A55. 
Hickok,  Laurens  I'erseus,  metaphysician,  b. 
Mason,  James  Murray,  statesman,  born. 
Morris,  Lewis,  signer  of  declaration,  A72. 
Noyes,  George  Uapall.  biblical  scholar,  born. 
Olney,  Jesse,  geographer,  bora. 


Read,  George,  signer  of  Declaration,  A65. 
Roe,  Azel  Stevens,  novelist,  born. 
Russell,  William,  elocutionist,  born. 
Stewart,  Charles  S.,  author,  born. 
Stringham,  Silas  Horton,  rear-admiral,  born. 
Summerfield,  John,  JSIeUi.  Epis.  clergyman 

and  orator,  born. 
Wilson,  James,  signer  of  Declaration,  A56. 
1799*  • 
Alcott,  Amos  Bronson,  philosopher,  bom. 
Btickland,  Cyrus,  inventor,  born. 
Cameron.  Simon,  senator  for  Pa.,  born. 
Caswell,  Alexis,  pres.  of  lirown  Univ.,  born. 
Choate,  Rutus.  senator  for  Mass., advocate, 

born. 
Colquitt,  Walter  T.,  senator  for  Ga.,  born. 
Doane,  (Jeorge  Washingtoti,  bishop,  born. 
Edmonds,  John  W.,  jurist,  born. 
Henry.  Patrick:,  orator  and  patriot  of  Va., 

June  6,  A63. 
Hollins,  George  N.,  naval  officer,  twrn. 
Iredell,  James,  jurist,  A4h. 
Knapp,  Jacob,  revivalist,  born. 
Lathrop,  John  H.,  college  president,  born. 
Lewis,  Samuel,  plnlanthropist,  born. 
Lowell.  John,  founder,  born. 
Mason,  Francis,  missionary,  born. 
Mellen,  Grenville,  poet,  born. 
Bleredith,  William  ^lorris,  statesman,  born. 
Morton,  Samuel  G.,  naturalist,  born. 
Poey,  Felei>e,  scholar,  scientist,  b.  in  Cuba. 
Quitman,  John  Anthony,  general,  born. 
Rutledge,  F'rancis  H.,  bishop,  born. 
Sands,  Robert  Charles,  author,  born. 
Saxton,  Joseph,  mechanician,  born. 
Upham,  Thomas  Cogswell,  metaphysician,  b. 
Walker,  Amasa,  economist,  born. 
Washington,  Oeorge,    let  President,  Fa- 
ther of  his  Country,  Dec.  14,  A67. 
1800*    • 
Acrelius,  Israel,  Swedish  missionary,  A86. 
Allen,  David  O.,  Cong,  missionary,  born. 
Bancroft.  Oeorg-e,  historian,  b.  Mass., Oct.  3. 
Beeclier,  Catherine,  writer,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Billings,  William,  musical  composer,  A54. 
liogardus,  James,  inventor,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Bowman,   Samuel,  Asst.   P.  E.  bp.  of  Pa., 

born  in  Pa. 
Breckinridge,  Robert   J.,  Pres.   clergyman, 

born  in  Ky. 
Brown.  John,  abolitionist,  bom  in  Conn. 
DurbiUj  John  P.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  orator, 

born  m  Kv. 
Fillmore.  Millard.  13th  President,  born  in 

N.  Y.  Jan.  7. 
Foote,  Henry  Stuart,  sen.  for  Miss.,  b.  Va. 
Goodyear,  Charles,  inventor  (rubber),  born 

in  Conn. 
Hackett,  James  Henry,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Hallock,  Gerard,  journalist,  born  in  Mass. 
Harney,  William  Selby,  general,  b.  in  Tenn. 
Hentz,  Caroline  Lee,  novelist,  born  in  Mass. 
Hering,  Constantine,  physician,  author,  born 

in  Ger. 
Lawrence,  Wm.  Beach,  jurist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Lee,  Eliza  H,,  miscellaneous  writer,  b.  in  N.H. 
Lee,  Luther,  theologian,  anti-slavery  advo- 
cate, born  in  N.  Y. 
Ijenox.  James,  founder  of  library,  b.  inN.Y. 
Lieber,  Francis,  political  philos.,  b.  in  Ger. 
Lowndes,  Rawlins,  lawyer,  statesman,  A78. 
Mifflin,  Thomas,  major-generalin  Revolution, 

A  56.     Pa. 
Neckere,  Leo  R,  de,  R.  C.  bishop  of  N.  O.,  b. 

in  Belg. 
Owen,  Robert  Dale,  spiritualist,  b.  in  Scot. 
Parker.  Willard.  surgeon,  born  in  N.  H. 
Potter.  Alonzo.  Prot.  Epis.  bishop  of  I*a., 

born  in  N.  Y. 
Rutledge,  Edward,  statesman  of  S.  C,  A5L 
Rutledge,  John,  Gov.  of  S.  C,  M.  C,  A61. 
Todd,  John,  Cong,  clergyman,  author,  born 

in  Vt. 
Tyne:,  Stephen  H..  Epis.  clergyman,  au< 

thor,  born  in  Mass. 
Wade,  Benj.  F.,  senator  for  O.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Ward,  Artemas,  general,  in  Mass.,  A73. 
Whitmore,  Thomas,  clergyman,  author,  b. 
WUliaoiB,  Otbo  H.,  general,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1797  Sept.  18,  Conn.  Consecration  of 
Abraham  Jarvis  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
Bishop  of  Connecticut. 

*  *  Xeio  York.  The  third  Methodist 
church  in  this  city  is  formed  in  Duane 
Street. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets;  Wm. 
M.  Xeunaut,  moderator. 


*  *  Organization  of  the  "Northern 
Missionary  Society "  by  various 
Christians. 

1798  *  *  Cat.  Eighteen  missions  are  es- 
tablished in  Upper  California. 

*  *  Ind.  Baptists  form  the  Charlestown 
church  in  Indiana. 

Autumn.  Afass.  Hosea  Ballou  an- 
nounces his  new  views  respecting  Christ 
and  the  atonement,  and  this  event  marks 
a  new  departure  in  Universalist 
theology. 

*  *  *V.  Y.  Ljonan  Beecher  is  ordained 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  of 
East  Hampton,  Long  Island,  with  a  sal- 
ary of  $300  a  year. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  meets ;  John 
B.  Smith,  moderator. 

+  *  *  Period  of  spiritual  depression  in 
Presbyterian  and  other  churches ;  in- 
fidelity, irreligion,  and  immorality 
abound. 

*  *  Hew  Eng.  Founding  of  the  Mission- 
ary Society  of  Connecticut,  and  the 
Berkshire  and  Columbia  Missionary 
Society. 

*  *  Pa.  No  Episcopal  Convention  is  held 
in  Philadelphia  because  of  the  prevalent 
yellow  fever. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Reformed  Presbytery 
of  North  America  is  constituted. 

1799  June  11.  Richard  Allen,  the  first 
clergj'man  among  the  colored  people,  is 
ordained  by  the  Methodists. 

Phila.  A  special  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) Convention  held. 

*  *  Mass.  Organization  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Middle  States.  Great  revivals  pre- 
vail among  the  Presbyterians,  who  hold 
the  first  camp-meeting  in  America,  on 
the  Red  River,  in  Kentucky. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  meets  at  Winches- 
ter ;  S.  S.  Smith,  moderator. 

1800  Mar.  13.  It.  Pius  VII.  is  elected 
pope. 

May  6-20.  Md.  The  Third  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
meets  in  Baltimore. 

May  18.  Md.  Richard  Whatcoat  ia 
elected  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church. 

May  *  N.  Y.  The  New  York  (Methodist 
Episcopal)  Conference  is  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1797  *  *  Conn.  Lyman  Beecher  gradu- 
ates from  the  theological  school  of  Yale 
College. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Medical  Repository  is 
first  issued ;  conducted  by  Dr.  S.  L. 
Mitchill. 

The  Commercial  Advertiser  (formerly 
the  Minerva)  is  published ;  Noah  Web- 
ster, first  editor. 

*  *  Phila.  American  Universal  Magazine 
appears. 

The  United  States  Magazine  appears. 
The  Methodist  Magazine  appears. 
+  *  *  Wieland's     Ohcron,    translated    by 
John  Quincy  Adams,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.     1797,  July-1800,  June  15.    109 


1798*  "  Fhila.  "Hall  Columbia"  is 
written  by  Judge  Josepli  Hopkinsou. 

*  *  Ky.  Transylvania  College  is  founded 
at  Lexington. 

•  •  Wwland,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  appears. 

*  *  Laocoon,  by  Fisher  Ames,  appears. 
1709    June  26.    N.  Y.    The  first  news- 
paper in  Brooklyn  is  issued. 

*  *  -1800  *  *  New  York.  The  Monthly 
Magazine  and  American  Review  appears, 

*  *  J7.  S.  The  licentiousness  of  the 
press,  chiefly  directed  by  adventurers 
from  Great  Britain,  provokes  Congress 
to  issue  the  unpopular  sedition  laws 
restraining  its  liberty. 

*  *  Ormond,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  appears, 

♦  *  The  Ladies'  Magazine  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1797    Oet.i*  K.H.    Daniel 'Webster 
enters  Dartmouth  College. 

♦  *  Mass.  John  Quincy  Adams  mar- 
ries Louisa  Catherine  Johnson. 

1700  Mar.  28.  N.  Y.  The  legislature 
passes  a  law  for  the  gradual  abolition 
of  slavery.  Every  child  born  of  a  slave 
after  July  4  shall  be  free. 

Dec.  14.  'Washington  dies  at  Mount 
Vernon  after  a  sickness  of  only  one  day  ; 
miiversal  sorrow  prevails. 

[The  civilized  world  honors  the  great 
dead  with  appropriate  ceremonies.  Bo- 
naparte announces  to  his  legions,  the 
death  and  virtues  of  "  the  warrior,  the 
legislator,  and  the  citizen  without  re- 
proach."] 

STATE. 

1707  July 6.  Phila.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  'William  Bradford  of  R.  I.  is 
elected  President  pro  tempore. 

July  10.  Phila.  The  5th  Congress: 
first  session  closes. 

Oct.  *  Connecticut  authorizes  the  re- 
lease to  the  United  States  of  her  juris- 
diction over  lands  immediately  westward 
of  Pennsylvania. 

Oct.  •  Fr.  John  Adams's  new  Commis- 
sion meets  in  Paris,  and  the  Directory 
makes  an  indirect  demand  for  a 
bribe. 

The  Commission  consists  of  Minister 
Pinckney,  and  two  others  as  special 
ambassadors  of  peace  to  France.  The 
Directory  refuses  to  receive  them  unless 
they  will  enter  an  alliance  against  Great 
Britain  and  pledge  the  payment  of  a 
quarter  of  a  million  of  dollars  ;  Pinck- 
ney replies,  "  Millions  for  defense,  but  not 
a  cent  for  tribute  '.  "  They  are  ordered 
out  of  the  country.  [X,  Y,  and  Z  des- 
patches to  the  American  envoys.] 

•  *  John  Q.  Adams  is  sent  to  Prussia  as 
minister. 

Nov.  13.    The  5th  Congress:  second 

session  opens. 
Nov.  22.     Phila.      Congress ;    Senate : 

Jacob  Read  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore. 
Dec. 31.    U.S.    Internal  revenue  $576,491. 

•  •  Tenn.  Andrew  Jackson  is  elected  a 
Senator. 

[He  attends  the  Senate  a  year  without 
making  a  speech  or  casting  a  vote;  he 
then  resigns  and  goes  home.] 

•  •  U.  S.  Governors  inaugurated : 
-08  •  •  Del.    Daniel  Rogers. 

-99  •  *  Mass.    Increase  Sumner. 
-07  *  *  yt.    Isaac  Tichenor. 


1798    Jan.  1.     U.  S.    Principal  of   the 

National  debt  $79,228,529. 
Jan.  5.    Phila.     Congress :    the    House 

appropriates  $12,000  to  pay  Kosciusko. 
Mar.  *  Phila.     Congress  organizes    the 

Mississippi  Territory. 
Apr.  20.      Phila.      Congress;    House: 

George  Dent  of  Pa.  is  elected  Speaker. 

(Also,  on  May  28.) 
Apr.  27.    Phila.     Congress  orders    the 

fitting  out  of  cruisers  for  war. 
Apr.  30.     U.  S.    The  navy  department 

of  the  Government  is  separated  from  the 

war  department  and  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  George  Cabot  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  but  declines. 

June  18.  Phila.  Congress  amends  the 
naturalization  laws  so  as  to  require 
a  residence  of  14  years  to  become  a 
citizen. 

June  25.  Phila.  Congn^esa  passes  the 
Act  concerning  aliens. 

June  27.  Phila.  Congress;  Senate: 
Theodore  Sedgwick  of  Mass.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July  6.  Phila.  Congress  .passes  the 
Act  concerning  alien  enemies. 

July  7.  Phila.  Congress  declares  the 
French  treaties  annulled. 

July  14.  Phila.  Provoked  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  French  sympathizers,  Con- 
gress passes  the  last  of  the  Alien  and 
Sedition  Iiawa.  The  latter  is  called  the 
gag  law. 

July  16.  Phila.  The  5th  Congress : 
the  second  session  closes. 

*  *  Phila.  Congress  suspends  inter- 
course with  France. 

Oct.  17.  Me.  The  St.  Croix  River  is  iden- 
tified by  commissioners  as  the  northeast 
boundary  of  theUnited  States. 

U.  S.  The  Federalists  lose  their  pop- 
ularity in  passing  the  Alien  law  for  the 
expulsion  of  odious  foreigners  by  the 
President,  and  a  Sedition  law  restrict- 
ing freedom  of  speech  and  the  press. 

Nov.  10.  Ky.  Passage  of  the  Ken- 
tuclty  resolutions  asserting  the  right 
of  each  State  to  determine  the  extent  of 
National  authority. 

Dec.  3.  Phila.  The 5th Congress:  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  6.  Phila.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Laurence  of  N.  Y.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Dec.  21.  Va.  Passage  of  the  'Virginia 
resolutions  denouncing  the  actit)n  of 
Congress  for  the  "  infraction  of  the 
Constitution  "  by  passing  the  Alien  and 
Sedition  laws. 

Dec.  31.    U.S.  Internal  revenue  $ftt4,357. 

*  *  A  British  committee  discovers  that 
the  source  of  the  Mississippi  is  at  least 
one  degree  south  of  the  49th  parallel  ;  the 
boundary  line  claimed  by  Great  Britain. 

*  *  Miss.  Spain  finally  evacuates  the 
Yazoo  country. 

*  *  U.  S.  Bushrod  'Washington  of  Va. 
is  appointed  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

*  •  U.  S.  Qovemorg  inaugurated  : 
-06  *  *  Cmm.    Jonathan  Trumbull. 


-01  *  *  Del.    Richard  Bassett. 

-01  *  *  Ga.    James  Jackson. 

-02  •  *  Miss.  Ter.    Winthrop  Sargent.  • 

-99  *  *  N.  C.    Wm.  R.  Davie. 

-00  *  *  S.  C.     Edward  Rutledge. 

1700  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  Principal  of  the 
National  debt  $78,408,669. 

Mar.  1.  Phila.  Senate  ;  James  Ross  of 
Pa.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.   Phila.  The  5th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  30.  Pr.  John  Q.  Adams  serves  on 
a  second  embassy  to  France;  he  is 
received  by  Napoleon  I. 

Spring.  Pa.  John  Fries  leads  an  insur- 
rection against  the  window  tax. 

Sept.  30.  Fr.  A  convention  is  con- 
cluded with  France  by  which  the  treaty 
of  1788  is  annulled,  and  the  United  States 
assumes  the  claims  of  its  citizens  for 
French  spoliations. 

*  » Ind.  The  Territory  of  Indiana  is 
erected. 

*  *  U.  S.  Movements  are  organized  both 
for  and  against  legislation  to  secure  in- 
ternal improvements. 

Dec.  2.  Phila.  The  6th  Congress 
opens. 

Phila.  Congress ;  Senate :  Samuel 
Livermore  of  N.  II.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore.  House  :  Theodore  Sedg- 
wick of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 

John  Randolph  of  Va.  enters  Con- 
gress. 
Dec.  31.    U.S.  Internal  revenue  $779,136. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Legislature  locates  the  capi- 
tal at  Lancaster. 

*  *  U.S.  Alfred  Moore  of  N.  0.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  France  welcomes  minister  Van  Mur- 
ray. 

*  •  U.  S.  Governors  inaugurated : 
-00  *  *  Mass.    Moses  Gill. 

-02  •  *N.C.    Benj.  Williams. 
Pa.    Thomas  M'Kean. 
-02  *  *  Va.    James  Monroe. 

1800  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$82,976,294. 

May  14.  Phila.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Uriah  Tracy  of  Conn,  is  elected  Presi- 
dent ^ro  tempore. 

The  6th  Congress ;  the  first  session 
closes. 

May  30.  The  transfer  of  the  last  cession 
of  Connecticut  lands  to  the  United 
States  is  completed.  The  State  retains 
her  claim  to  the  soil  of  "  The  Western 
Reserve  "  in  Ohio. 

June  15.  D.  C.  The  National  Capi- 
tal is  transferred  to  'Washington. 
The  north  wing  of  the  Capitol  is  ready" 
for  use,  an<i  the  public  offices  are 
moved  thence  from  Philadelphia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1707  Oct  *  U.  S.  The  yellow  fever 
again  appears. 

1708  Sept.  *  The  yellow  fever  rages ; 
3,G15  persons  die  in  Philadelphia,  and 
2,086  in  New  York. 

1700  Dec.  18.  Va.  Burial  of  ■Wash- 
ington. 


110     1800-1803,  June  29. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1800  *  *  Brig.-Gen.  James  "Wilkinson 
is  api>ointed  (8th)  commander  of  the 
army. 

THE  FOURTH  WAR. 

1801  June  10  -05  June  4.  "War  with 
Tripoli. 

It  is  occasioned  by  the  Bey  of  Tripoli, 
who  demanded  of  Capt.  Bainbridge  the 
use  of  the  U.  S.  frigate  George  IVashinf/- 
ton  to  convey  an  ambassador  to  (Con- 
stantinople. He  was  obliged  to  comply 
or  submit  to  destruction  by  the  guns  of 
the  Castle  of  Tripoli ;  3,330  men  are  en- 
rolled. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Congress  establishes  a  U.  S. 
navy  yard  at  Brooklyn. 

*  *  On  the  accession  of  Pres.  Jeiferson 
the  navy  is  reduced. 

1802  Mar.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Govern- 
ment establishes  a  military  academy 
at  West  Point.     (Lossiug,  1801.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1800  *  *  Mary  Kies  takes  out  a  patent 
for  straw-weaving,  with  silk  or  thread, 
the  first  patent  issued  to  a  woman  in 
this  country. 

1801  *  *  Pa.  The  compound  blowpipe 
is  invented  by  Professor  Robert  Hare 
of  Philadelphia. 

1802*  *  Mass.  Sheet  copper  first  man- 
ufactured at  Boston. 

*  *  Phila.  A  Museum  of  Natural  History 
is  opened  by  E.  W.  Peale. 

*  *  French  Soldier  Telling  a  Story  is 
painted  by  AVashington  Allston. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1801*  • 
Allston,  Robert  F.  W.,  Gov.  of  S.  C,  born 

In  S.  C. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  traitor,  dies  In  F.ng.  A60. 
Bacon,  Joel  S.,  clergyman,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Boardman,  George  Dana,  missionary,  born 

in  Me. 
Cbnrch,  Pharcellus,  Bapt.  clergyman,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Coan,  Titus,  missionary,  born  in  Hawaii. 
Cole,  Thomas,  painter,  born  in  Kng. 
Deane,  James,  physician,  born  in  Mass. 
Eastburn,   Manton,   Prot.    Epis.    bishop    of 

Mass.,  born  in  Eng. 
Edwards,    Jonathan,    Cong,    theologian, 

nietapliysician,  A56. 
Farra^t.  David  Qlascoe,  admiral  U.  S.  N., 

born  in  Tenn. 
Francis,  Joseph,  inventor  of  life-boat,  born. 
Harper,  Joseph  Wesley,  publisher,  born. 
Howe,  Samuel  G.,  philanthropist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Inman,  Henry,  painter,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Janney,  Samuel  M.,  author,  born  in  Va. 
Kirkland,  Carolina  Matilda,  author,  born  in 

N.Y. 
Lane,  Joseph,  senator  for  Ore.,  born  in  Ind. 
Marsh,  George  P..  philologist,  diplomatist, 

born  in  Vt. 
Marshall  Humphrey,  botanist,  A79. 
Means,    Alexander,    prof.     Emery    College, 

born  in  N.  C. 
Russ,  John  1).,  inventor  of  phonetic  alpha- 
bet, born  In  .Mass. 
Seward,   William  H..  Secretary  of  State, 

born  in  N.Y.,  May  16. 
Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwight,  scholar,  born  in 

N.  Y. 
Tounff.  Brleham.  Mormon  leader,  b.  in  Vt. 
leoa*  • 
Bacon,  Leonard,  lecturer   in  Yale,   editor, 

born  in  Mich. 
Bela,  B.  Kdward,  author,  born. 
Botts,  John  Minor,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  in  Va. 
Bushnell.  Horace.  Cong.  theol.,b.  in  Conn. 
Child,  Zjydla  Maria,  philanthropist,  born 

in  Mass. 
Cleveland,  Charles  Pester,  autbor,b.  in  Mass. 
Conant,  Thomas  Jefferson,  biblical  scholar, 

liorn  in  Vt. 
Dix,  Dorothea  Lynde,  philanthropist,  born 

in  Mass. 
Jt  itzpatrick,  Benj.,  senator  for  Ala.,  b.  in  Ala. 


AMERICA : 


Farness.  William   Henry,  religions  writer, 

born  in  Mass. 
Hopkins.  £sek,  first    commander  of   the 

navy,  A84. 
Hopkins.  Mark.  I'res.  of  Williams  College, 

born  In  Mass. 
Hunter.  Davui,  general  l'.  S.  A.,  b.  In  D.  C. 
Kavanaugh,  Hubbard  H.,Meth.  Epis.,  South, 

bp.,  horn,  in  Ire. 
Kirk,   Kdward   Korris,  clergyman,  author, 

iKirn  in  (>. 
Leggett,  William,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 
Logan,  Ilenj.,  western  pioneer,  A60. 
Lovejoy,  Elijati,  aJiolilionist,  born  in  Me. 
Jlorgan,  Daniel,  general  of  the  Kevoi'n,  A66. 
Slorris,  George  P.,  poet,  born  in  I'a. 
I'liillips,  Samuel,  bpnefa(!tor,  \h\. 
I'lumer,  William,  I'res.  clergyman,  autlior, 

born  in  Pa. 
Prentice,    George    Dennison,   Journalist, 

humorist,  b.  in  Conn. 
Ripley,  George,  journalist,  writer,  b.  in  Mass. 
Rogers,  James  Blythe,  cliemist,  born  in  I'a. 
Sears,   Hamas,    Bapt.    clergyman,    scholar, 

born  in  Mass. 
Soule,  Pierre,  senator  for  La.,  diplomatist, 

l)orn  in  Fr. 
Stowe,  Calvin  Elli8,Cong.  clergyman,  author, 

born  in  Mass. 
rpham,  Charles  Wentwortli,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, born  in  N.  B. 
■Washingrton,  Martha,  widow  of  George 

Washington,  A70. 
Webb,  James  Watson,  journalist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Wells,  Gideon,  Sec.  of  Navy,  born  In  Conn. 
1803*   * 
Abbott,  .Jacob,  author,  born  in  Me. 
Adams.  Samuel,  senator  for  Mass.,  patriot, 

Hackus,  Charles,  Cong,  clergyman,  A54. 

Harry,  John,  commodore,  born  in  Ire.,  A58, 

Bass,  Kdward,  I'rot.  Epis.  l>p.  of  Slass.,  A77. 

Beecher,  Edward,  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  N.  Y. 

Binnev,  Amos,  naturalist.  l)orn  in  Mass. 

Bird,  Robert  M.,  autlior,  born  in  Del. 

Bonaparte,  Chas.  L.  J.  L.,oruitlioIogist,born 
in  Fr. 

Brownson.  Orestes  Augrustus,  R.  C.  theo- 
logian, editor,  born  in  Vt. 

Calvert,  tJeorge  lieiirv,  author,  bom  in  Md. 

Clifford,  Nathan,  U.  S.  S.  Court,  b.  in  Me. 

Coit,  Thomas  Winthrop,  Prot.  Epis.  theolo- 
gian, born  in  Conn. 

Dupont,  Samuel  Francis,  admiral,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Edes,  Henjauiin,  journalist,  patriot,  A71. 

Emerson.  Ralph  Waldo,  phUoeopher,  au- 
thor, born  in  ilass. 

Kricsson.  John,  designer  of  Monitor^  born 
in  Sweden. 

Field,  Richard  S.,  senator,  born. 

Galloway,  Joseph,  lawyer,  loyalist  of  Phila., 
A  74. 

Grinell,  Moses  H.,  collector  for  N.Y.,  A74. 

Hopkins.  Samuel.  (Congregational  clergy- 
man, founder  of  school  of  theology,  A  H2. 

Johnston,  Albert  Sidney.  Confederate 
major-general,  born  in  Ky. 

Leveret,  Frederick  P.,  scholar,  b.  in  Mass. 

Mackenzie,  Alex.  S.,  naval  officer,  author, 
born  in  N.Y. 

Memminger,  Charles  G.,  politician,  b.  in  Ger. 

Morrill,  Anson  P.,  Gov.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  born 
in  Me. 

Nevin,  .lohn  Williamson,  theologian,  b.  in  Pa. 

Norris,  John  G.,  scholar,  Itorn  in  Eng. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  i>atriot,  judge,  A82. 

Rusk,  Tlionias  J.  senator  for  Tex.,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Stewart,  Alex.  T.,  merchant  of  N.Y.,  born 
in  Ireland. 

Weir,  Robert  Walter,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 

CHURCH. 
1800   June*  AM'.  The  General  Synod 
of  the  lieformed  Church  meets  at  Al- 
bany ;  S.  Ira  Condict,  president. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Boston  Female  Society,  for 
Missionary  Purposes,  is  organized.  (Bap- 
tist and  Congregational.) 

The  highest  court  of  the  State  decides 
that  a  Catholic  must  pay  taxes  for  the 
support  of  a  Protestant  miuister. 

*  *  Great  revivals  continue  among  the 
Presbyterians  in  the  West. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Joseph  Clark, 
moderator. 

The  first  Boznan  Catholic  Church 
is  erected. 


*  •  Md.  The  United  Brethren  in 
Christ  organize. 

*  *  The  Paciiic  Coast  (Roman  Catholic) 
Missions  become  wealthy  to  an  almost 
incredible  degree, 

*  *  Pa.  The  Evangelical  (Methodist)  As- 
sociation organizes  under  Jacob  Al- 
bright. 

*  *  U.  S.  Communicants  in  churches 
364,872,  about  one  in  14  of  the  popu- 
lation. 

1801  Sept.  8.  K.  J.  The  General 
Convention  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
meets  at  Trenton. 

Sept.  11.  New  York.  Consecration  of 
Benj.  Jloore  (Protestant  Episcopal),  as- 
sistant bishop. 

*  *  X.  Y.  ITie  New  York  Missionary 
Society  starts  a  mission  among  the  Sen- 
eca Indians, 

*  ♦  The  Mennonites  open  a  mission  among 
the  Cherokees. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Boston  Female  Society 
(Congregational)  for  Promoting  the  Dif- 
fusion of  Christian  Knowledge  is  or- 
ganized. 

The  Plymouth  Congregational 
Church  declares  itself  Unitarian  in 
faith.    (Mayflower  Church  of  16*20.) 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Nathaniel  Irwin, 
moderator. 

The  Assembly  and  the  Connecticut 
General  Association  of  Congregational- 
ists  adopt  a  formal  Plan  of  Union. 
[Abrogated  in  1852  by  Congregation- 
alists.] 

1802  Aug,  25.  N.  H.  First  meeting 
of  the  Episcopal  Diocesan  Convention, 
at  Concord. 

*  *  Kij.  Tlie  (Presbyterian)  Synod  of  Ken- 
tucky is  formed. 

*  *  Mass.  Dr.  Jedediah  Mors©  pnblishes 
tracts  and  circulates  them  in  Maine, 
Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Azel  Koe,  moder- 
ator. It  organizes  the  Standing  Com- 
mittee on  Missions. 

1803  Jime  29.  Mass.  The  General 
Association  (Congregational)  is  organ- 
ized. 

June  *  .V.  }'.  Tlie  General  Synod  of 
the  Reformed  Church  meets  at  Pough- 
keepsie ;  John  H.  Livingstone,  presi- 
dent. 

LETTERS. 
1800*  *  r>.  C.     The   Library  of    Con- 
gress is  founded  [1,000,000  i  vols.]. 

*  *  Arthur  Mervyn,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Hasty  Puddingy  by  Joel  Barlow,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  New  York.  James  Cheetham  buys 
Greenleaf'8  New  York  Joumnl  and 
Patriotic  Register,  and  changes  its  name 
to  the  American  Watchman. 

*  *  New  York.  James  Cheetham  buys 
The  Argils  or  Greenleafs  New  Daily 
Advertiser,  and  changes  its  name  to  The 
American  Citizen. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1800-1803,  June  29.     Ill 


>  *  A'ew  Tort.  Dr.  Wharton  is  elected 
President  of  Columbia  College. 

*  •(7.  Middlebury  College  (uoii-sect.) 
is  founded  at  Middlebury. 

1801  Nov.  16.  New  York.  The  Even- 
ing Post^  Federal  in  politics,  is  fin*t 
issued. 

*  *  D.  C.     The  Intelligencer  is  first  issued. 

*  *  jVcw  York.  Bishop  Benjamin  Moore 
becomes  President  of  Columbia 
College. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  South  Carolina  College 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Columbia. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Portfolio  is  published 
monthly  by  Jos.  Dennie. 

*  *  Clara  Howard,  by  C.  B.  Brown,  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  U.S.  The  total  number  of  news- 
papers published  is  200 ;  this  includes 
17  dailies 

*  *  -02  *  *  The  Monthly  Magazine  ia  car- 
ried on  as  the  American  Review  and 
Literary  Journal. 

1802  •  ♦  JV.  r.  The  "West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy  is  organized. 

*  •  Me.  The  Bowdoin  College  Library 
is  founded  [40,000  vols.]. 

*  *  Pa.  The  'Washington  and  Jeffer- 
son College  <non-sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  first  newspaper  published 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  is  called  the 
Natchez  Gazette. 

*  *  The  Practical  Navigator,  by  Nathaniel 
Itovditcli,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1800  *  *  Conn.  —  R.  I.  Only  400  Indians 
remain  in  Connecticut  and  500  Narra- 
gansetts  in  Rhode  Island. 

1801  Nov.  22.  Boston.  The  pillory  la 
used  for  the  la«t  time. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  withdraws  the  option 
nf  a  quart  of  beer,  in  the  navy  ration, 
instead  of  half  a  pint  of  spirits. 

1802  *  *  D.C.  Congress  enacts  that  the 
President  take  steps  to  prevent  the 
traffic  in  liquor  with  the  Indiana. 

*  •  N.  Y.  De  Witt  Clinton  exchanges 
five  shots  with  John  Swartwout  in  a 
duel. 

STATE. 
1800   Oct.  18.  La.  The  treaty  of  Dde- 
fonso  is  signed  ;  Spain  again  cedes  the 
Territory  of  Louisiana  to  France. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  4th  presidential  elec- 
tion.   Anti-Federalists  are  elected. 

Nov.  17.    D.C.     The    6th   Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 
Nov.    21.    J).  C.     Congress ;     Senate : 

John  E.   Howard  of  Md.  is  elected 

Tresident  pro  tempore. 
Deo.  10.     D.  C.     John  Jay  of  N.Y.  ia 

appointed  Chief  Justice,  but  declines. 
Dec.  31.    U.  S.    Internal     revenue 

$809,396. 

*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-14  *  *  Cat.     Jos6     J.     de     Arrillaga 

(Span.). 
-11  ♦  ♦  [Indiana  Ter.].    Wm.  H.  Harri- 
son. 


-07*  *  Ma»i.    Caleb  Strong. 

{Mich.  Ter.].  Wm.  H.  Harrison. 
-05  *  ♦  IMich.  Ter.].  Wm.  H.  Harrison. 
-02  *  *  S.  C.    John  Drayton. 

1801  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  National 
debt  $83,038,050. 

Feb.  11.  IJ.  C.  The  electoral  vote  is 
counted.  Vote  for  President :  Thomas 
Jefferson  of  \a,.  (Republican),  73; 
Aaron  Burr  of  N.  Y.  (Republican),  73  ; 
John  Adams  of  Mass.  (Federalist),  G5 ; 
Charles  C.  Pinckney  of  S.  C.  (Feder- 
alist), 64;  John  Jay  of  N.  Y.  (Feder- 
alist), one. 

Feb.  17.  D.C.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives breaks  the  tie  between  Jeffer- 
son and  Burr  on  the  thirty-sixth  ballot, 
which  elects  Jefferson,  he  having  ten 
States  and  Burronlyfour.  Burr, having 
the  next  largest  number,  is  elected  Vice- 
President. 

Feb.  22.  Congress ;  Senate :  James 
Hillhouse  of  Conn,  ia  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.    D.  C.  The  6th  Congress  ends. 

Fourth  Administration:  Democrat- 
ic-Republican. 

Thomas  Jefferson  of  Va.  is  inaugu- 
rated the  third  President,  in  the  fourth 
term  of  the  presidency.  Aaron  Burr 
of  N.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 

Jefferson  introduces  the  system  of 
excluding  from  the  President's  cabinet 
persons  who  are  in  opposition  to  hia 
party. 

Cabinet  :  James  Madison  of  Va. 
(State),  Albert  GaUatin  of  Pa.  (Tre.as.), 
Henry  Dearborn  of  Mass.  (War), 
Robert  Smith  of  Md.  (Navy),  Levi  Lin- 
coln of  Mass.  (Attorney-General),  and 
Gideon  Granger  of  Conn.  (Postmaster- 
General). 

Mar.  30.  N.  Y.  Jail  liberties  are  es- 
tablished for  the  first  time. 

June  10.  Tripoli  declares  war  against 
the  United  States.    (Winsor,  May  14.) 

Dec.  7.  D.C.   The  7th  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Na- 
thaniel Macon  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
Speaker. 

Dec.  7.  n.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Abra^ 
ham  Baldwin  of  Ga.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent _pro  tempore, 

Deo.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
$1,048,033. 

*  *  D.  C.  John  Marshall  of  Va.  is  ap- 
pointed Chief  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

*  *  iVewJ  York.  Edward  Livingston  is 
elected  the  45th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-02  •  »  Del.    James  Sykes. 

Ga.  David  Emanuel. 
-02  •  *  Ga.  Josiah  Tattnall. 
-04  *  *  N.  Y.    George  Clinton. 

1802  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$86,712,632. 

Mar.  16.  D.  C.  Congress  establishes  a 
military  academy  at  West  Point, 
New  York. 

Apr.  6.    D.  C.    Congress  abolishes  the 


internal  revenue  system  on  the  rec- 
ommendation of  Jefferson. 

Apr.  24.  Georgia  cedes  its  western 
territory  (Alabama  and  Mississippi)  to 
the  United  States  on  condition  that  slav- 
ery shall  never  be  prohibited. 

May  3.  D.  C.  The  7th  Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 

Nov.  29.  Ohio,  the  17th  State,  comes 
into  the  Union  by  authority  of  Congress. 
Population  75,000.    (See  Feb.  19,  '03.) 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  The  7th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Stephen  R.  Bradley  of  Vt.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
$621,898. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-05  *  *  Del.    David  Hall. 

-06  *  *  Ga.    John  Milledge. 

-05  *  •  Miss.    Wm.  C.  C.  Claybourne. 

-05  *  *  jV.  C.    James  Turner. 

-03  *  •  O.  Charles  W.  Bird  (Territory). 

-04  *  ♦  S.  C.    James  B.  Richardson. 

-05  *  *  Va.    John  Page. 

1803  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$77,054,686. 

Feb.  19.  Ohio  is  admitted  by  the  act 
of  Congress  conceding  the  stipulations 
of  the  Ohio  convention,  relative  to 
school  lands.    (See  1802.) 

Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Stephen  E.  Bradley  of  Vt.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.     [Also  on  Mar.  2.] 

Mar.  4.    V.  C.  The  7th  Congress  ends. 

Apr.  30.  The  Louisiana  purchase  is 
made, doubling  theoriginalnational.'irea. 
Tlie  vast  Territory  of  Louisiana,  ex- 
tending from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Can- 
ada, and  from  the  Mississippi  to  tire 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  purchased  of  Fnance 
without  authority,  l>y  Pres.  Jefferson, 
for  $x5,ooo,ooo,  less  than  $12  a  square 
mile.  Napoleon's  fear  of  English  con- 
quest and  occupation  facilitateil  the 
sale  at  a  low  price.  Some  people  declare 
this  purchase  to  be  fatal  to  the  Consti- 
tution. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1800  *  •  Boston.  Aqueduct  water  is 
first  introduced  from  J<imaica  pond. 

»  *  Md.  More  than  1 ,000  deaths  from 
yellO'W  fever  occur  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  U.  S.    There  are  903  post-offloes. 

*  *People  begin  to  talk  of  "  the  West," 
meaning  western  New  York,  Ohio,  or 
Kentucky  ;  emigration  becomes  active. 

*  *  U.S.  Second  census:  16  States,  4,306,- 
464  white  and  1 ,002,037  colored  population 
(108,435  free  colored,  893,602  slaves);  total 
population,  5,308,483.  Increase,  35.11  per 
cent.  Center  of  population  18  miles  west 
of  Baltimore  ;  westward  movement  in  10 
years,  41  miles. 

*  *  Population  of  large  cities :  New 
York,  60,000 ;  Philadelphia,  about  40,- 
000 ;  Boston,  ai,937 ;  Baltimore,  23,971 ; 
Charleston,  18,712 ;  Providence,  7,014 ; 
Washington,  3,210. 

1801  June  27.  Philadelphia  is  first 
supplied  with  aqueduct  water. 

*  *  JV.  r.    Buffalo  ia  laid  out. 

1802  *  *  Phila.  The  yellow  fever  re- 
appears. 


112    1803,  Sept.-1806,  June  16.  AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1803  Oct.  31.  Commodore  Preble 
is  sent  against  the  Moors. 

He  loses  the  frigate  Philadelphia  by 
running  on  a  reef ;  the  officers  are  made 
prisoners  and  the  crew  <300  men)  en- 
slaved. 

•  *  The  gunboat  system  is  inaugurated 
in  the  navy. 

1804  Feb.  16.  Tripoli.  Ineut.  Stephen 
Decatur  burns  the  captured  Tnited 
States  frigate  Philadelphia,  in  the  har- 
bor of  Tripoli,  with  the  loss  of  one  man, 
in  an  action  lasting  fifteen  minutes. 

July  *  Tripoli.  Preble  blockades  the 
port,  and  begins  the  siege  of  Tripoli 
[which  lasts  till  the  following  spring]. 

Aug.  3.  Africa.  Preble  captures  sev- 
eral gunboats. 

1805  Mar.  5  +.  Africa.  Gren.  William 
Caton  forms  an  alliance  with  Hamet, 
in  Egypt,  and  hastens  to  Derna. 

Apr.  27.  Tripoli.  Aided  by  the  navy, 
Eaton  carries  the  town  of  Tripoli. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1803  ♦  *  A^.  //.  The  first  cotton-mill  in 
this  State  is  opened  at  Kew  Ipswich. 

•  *  New  York.    The  City  Hall  is  begun. 

1804  Sept.  8,  Ga.  Savannah  is  greatly 
damaged  by  a  storm. 

•  *  New  York.  The  Academy  of  the 
Fine  Arts  and  a  Botanical  Garden  are 
established. 

+  *  *  The  Murder  of  Jane  McCrea  by  the 
Indians  is  painted  by  John  Vauderlyn. 

•  *  Capt.  Meriwether  Lewis  and  Capt.AVil- 
liam  Clarke,  with  35  men,  are  sent  by  the 
Government  to  explore  a  path  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  ;  they  leave  the  falls  of  the 
Missouri,  and  cross  overland  to  the  Ore- 
gon country  on  the  Pacific  coast^  losing 
only  one  man. 

•  *  Robert  Fulton  invents  a  submarine 
torpedo. 

1805  *  *  Mass.  A  Botanical  Garden 
and  Chair  of  Natural  History  are  es- 
tablished at  Harvard. 

±  *  *  Ariadne  is  painted  by  John  Vau- 
derlyn. 

1806  *  *  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke  re- 
turn from  their  exploring  expedition 
across  the  continent  to  the  Pacific. 

June  16.  A  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  is 
observed. 

BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 

1804*   » 

Abeel,  David,  author,  misaionary,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Alexander,  .lames  W.,  Pres.  cL,  b.  In  Va. 

Clark,  Alvan.  telescope-maker,  b.  in  Mass. 

Colburn,  Zerah,  matheniatical  prodigy,  born 
in  Vt. 

Dow.  Neal.  proliibitionist,  born  in  Me. 

Katon,  (ieorge  W.,  Bap.  clergyman,  profes- 
sor, born  in  Pa. 

Farnham,  Thomas  Jeff.,  traveler,  b.  in  Vt. 

Garrison,  Wm.  Lloyd,  abolitionist,  born  in 
St  ass. 

(irahani,  William  A.,  gov.,  sen.  forN.  C.  sec. 
of  navy,  b.  in  N.  C 

Hamilton.  Alex.,  general,  lawyer,  leader  of 
Federalists,  sec.  of  treas.,  July  12,  A47. 

Havemeyer,  Svilliam  F..  iiiayor,  b.  in  K.Y. 

Hawthorne.  Nathaniel,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

tieck,  Barljara,  foua.  of  -Vin.  Methodism,  A70. 

Henry.  Caleb  S.,  Prot.  Kpis.  clergyman,  pro- 
fessur,  born  in  Mass. 


Iloldioh.  Joseph,  M.  K.  cl.,  b.  in  Kng. 
Izard,  Ralph,  sfiiator  for  S.  C,  A62. 
Lennox.  Charlotte,  novelist,  A84. 
Miles.  l»ixon  II.,  general  V.  S.  A.,  b.  in  Ind. 
Ni<^hcilson,  .lames,  commodore  V.  S.  N.,  A67. 
O'Conor.  Charles,  lawyer,  born  inN.V. 
Osceola,  Seminole  chief,  born  in  Fla. 
Parker,  .Samuel,  Prot.  Kpis.  bp.  of  Mass.,  A60. 
Parrott,  Kol)ert  Parker,  inventor,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Peabody,  Eliza  I'.,  educator,  h.  in  Mass. 
Pierce.  Franklin.  14th  President,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Priestley,  .Joseph,  cheiiiist.  ATI. 
Kedtlehi,  Isaar  Fletr-litT,  jurist,  bom  in  Vt, 
Kicbmorid,  Dt-an,  linancier,  born  in  Vt. 
Rogers,  Wm.  P.arton,  pliysioisi,  born  in  I'a. 
Romeyn,  Ttieo.  1).,  theoloEian  of  N.V.,  A60. 
Schuyler,  Philip,  general  of  Kevol'ri.  ATI. 
.Sbepard,  Charles  I'.,  mineralogist,  b.  in  K.  I. 
Swayne,  N'oah  II.,  V.  S.  justice,  born  in  O. 
Walter,  Thomas  Ustick,  an-liiteci,  l>.  in  Pa. 
Walton,  tleorge,  signer  of  Declaration.  A64. 
Wright.  Elizur,  publicist,  born  in  Conn. 
1805*    • 
Abbott,  John  Stevens,  historian,  born  in  Me. 
Allan,  John,  patriot  of  Kevolution,  A.W. 
Anderson,  Robert,  general  V.  S.  A.,  born. 
Bailey,  Theodorus,  admiral,  born  in  N.Y. 
Bartlett,  John  Kussell,  author,  born  in  R.  I. 
Bethime,  (ieo.  W.,  Uef'd  Dutch  clergyman, 

poet,  Ijorn  in  X.Y. 
Blake,  Witliain  Itufus,  actor,  born  in  N.  S. 
Dodge,  William  E..  philanthropist  of  H.Y., 

born  in  Conn. 
Dorr,  Thomas  Wilson,  rebel  leader,  b.  in  R.  I. 
Field.  David  Dudley,  jurist,  born  in  Conn. 
Flagg,  Wilson,  naturalist,  born  in  -Mass. 
Gadsden,  Christoplier,  <iov.  of  S.  C,  A7!>. 
Gayarre,  Chas.  E.  A.,  historian,  born  in  l.a. 
Goldsborough,  Lewis  ^L,  admiral,  b.  in  D.  (.*. 
Gould,  Augustus  A.,  naturalist,  b.  in  K.  11. 
Greenough,  Horatio,  sculptor,  born  in  JIass. 
Gross,  Samuel  D.,  surgeon,  born  in  Pa. 
Hedge,  Fred.  Henry, Unit,  clergyman,  author, 

born  in  Mass. 
Heintzelman,  Samuel  P.,  general  U.  S.  A., 

born  in  Pa. 
Jackson,  Chas.  Thomas,  physicist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Moultrie,  William,  general  of  Kevol'n,  ATI. 
Palmer,  WUliam  Pitt,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
Powers,  Hiram,  sculptor,  born  in  Vt. 
Pownall,  Thomas,  statesman,  A62. 
Rantoul,  Robert  J.,  senator  for  Alass.,  born 

in  Mass. 
Smith,   Joseph,   foimder   of   Mormonism, 

born  in  Vt. 
Stephens,  John  L.,  traveler,  author,  b.  inN.  J. 
Tappan,  Henry  Philip,  clerg>'man,  professor, 

author,  born  in  N.Y. 
Walker,  Sears  C.,  mathematician,b.  in  jVIass. 
Wittingham,  Wm.  R.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Md.,  born. 
1806*   • 
Adams.   Ifehemiah.   Cong,    clergyman  of 

Boston,  born  in  Mass. 
Aiken,  William,  Gov.  of  .S.  C,  born  in  S.  C. 
Alexander,  Stephen,  astronomer,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Ames,  Edward  R.,  Metb.  Epis.  bp.  b.  in  O. 
Baebe,  Alexander  D.,  philosopher,  b.  in  Pa. 
Backus,  Isaac,  historian,  Bapt.  cl.,  A82. 
Banneker,  Benj,,  negro  mathematician,  A75. 
lirace,  Julia,  deaf,  blind  mnt#,  b.  in  Conn. 
Fessenden,  Wm.  Pitt,  senator  for  Me.,  b. 

in  N.  H. 
Foote,  Andrew  Hull,  rear-admiral  U.  S.  N., 

born  in  Conn. 
Forrest,  Edwin,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 
tiates,  Horatio,  major-gen.  of  Revol'n,  A78. 
(iray,  Robert,  discoverer  Columbia  Uiv.,  A51. 
tJrigsby,  Hugh  Blair,  scholar,  horn. 
Hale,  Jolm  Parker,  sen.  for  N.  IL,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Harper,  Fletcher,  jmldisher,  born  in  N.Y. 
Hart,  Solomon  Alexander,  artist,  born. 
Haven,  Samuel  F.,  andieologist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Haves,  Augustus  ,\lU'n,  chemist,  b.  in  Vt. 
Hoffman,  Charles  Fenno,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Hooker,  Worthington,  physician,  author,  b. 

in  Mass. 
Hudson,  Erasmus  I).,  surgeon,  lecturer,  born 

in  Conn. 
Hughes,  Roljert  Ball,  sculptor,  born. 
King.  Preston,  senator  for  N.Y..  b.  in  N.Y. 
Knox,  Henry,  general  of  Revolution,  states- 
man, A. ^6. 
Maury,    Matthew    Fontaine,    bydrograpber 

U.  S.  N.,  born  in  Va. 
Mclntosli,  Lachlan,  general  of  Revol'n,  A79. 
Morris.  Robert,  financier  of  Kevol'n,  A72. 
Packer,  Asa,  philanthropist,  born  in  Conn. 
Patterson,  Robert  M.,  senator,  A61. 
Polk,  Leonidas,  Prot.  Epis.  bp..  Confederate 

general,  born  in  N.  C. 
Rauch,  Frederick  Aug.,  theologian,  b.  Ger. 
Robinson,  Horatio  N.,  mathematician,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Roebling,  John  Angus.,  engineer  Brooklyn 

bridge,  born  in  (Jer. 
Simms,    Wm.    Gihnore,    novelist,  born    in 

S.  C. 


Willis,  Nath,  Parker,  poet,  journalist,  born 

in  Me. 
W^ise,  Henry  A.,  gov.  of  Va.,  Confederate 

general,  born  in  Va. 
Wythe,  Ueorge,  signer  of  Declaration,  A80. 


CHURCH. 

1803  Mass.  Sept.  *  The  Massachusetts 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowl- 
edge is  founded  by  Dr.  Morse  and  others. 

*  *  Ky.  A  bitter  controversy  rages 
among  Presbyterians  respecting  re- 
vivals. 

*  *  N.  C.    Lutherans  form  a  Synod. 

*  ♦  N.  H.  The  General  Convention 
(Universalist)  at  Winchester  adopts  a 
Profession  of  Belief  called  the  Win- 
chester Confession. 

*  *  K.  Y.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  of  Al- 
bany is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  James  Hall,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  Great  revivals  prevail  among  the 
Presbyterians. 

1804  May  6-23.  Md.  The  Fourth 
General  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) meets  at  Baltimore ;  the  non- 
limit  plan  is  changed  to  one  for  a  lim- 
ited pastorate  of  two  years. 

May  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Keformed)  meets ;  J.  H.  Livingstone, 
president. 

Sept.  14.  Mass.  Samuel  Parker  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  is  consecrated  a  bishop. 

*  *  Cal.  Nineteen  Dominican  Mlssionfl 
have  been  established. 

They  occupy  the  entire  coast-line  from 
San  Francisco  to  San  Diego,  and  are 
separated  from  one  another  only  by  an 
easy  day's  journey ;  20,000  Indians  are 
eonnected  with  these  stations,  and  lead 
industrious  lives. 

*  *  Xeic  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  James  F.  Arm- 
strong, moderator. 

*  *  Sunday-schools  begin  to  be  estab- 
lished in  various  parts  of  the  country  ; 
they  increase  rapidly. 

1805  *  *  Ky.  A  Committee  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Synod  witholds  its  authority 
from  the  licentiates  of  the  Cumberland 
Presbytery,  because  of  their  unsound- 
ness in  doctrine,  and  illiteracy.  [A  great 
controversy  follows.] 

*  *  Mass.  Henry  Ware,  a  Unitarian,  is 
made  [professor  in  Harvard  against  much 
opposition. 

*  *  Miss.  Tlie  first  Baptist  church  in  this 
State,  the  Tywappity,  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets;  J.  Richards,  moderator. 

1806  June*  .V.  Y.  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets  at  Albany ; 
J.  V.  C.  Romeyn,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1803  *  *  Letters  of  a  British  Spy,  by 
William  Wfrt,  appears. 

*  *  _ii  *  *  Bostm.  The  Monthly  Anthol- 
oyy  appears. 


UNITED   STATES.    1803,  Sept. -1806,  June  16.    113 


*  *  or  05  *  *  Pkila.  The  Literary  Maga- 
zine and  American  Register  is  issued  by 
Charles  Brockden  Brown. 

1804  May  9.  Va.  The  Richmond  In- 
quirer is  first  issued. 

Dec.  10.  New  York.  The  New  York 
Historical  Society  is  instituted. 

*  *  O.  The  Ohio  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Athens. 

*  *  -05  *  *  Mass.  The  Literary  Miscel- 
lany appears  at  Cambridge. 

*  *  Jane  Talbot^  by  C.  B.  BronvTi,  appears. 

*  *  Md.  St.  Charles  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  Elliott's  Mills. 

'  *  The  New  York  Historical  Society  Li- 
brary is  founded  [75,000  vols.]. 

1805  *  *  S.  C.  The  Monthly  Register  ap- 
I>ears  at  Charleston. 

*  *  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  by 
Mercy  Warren,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1803  Dec.  *  New  York  has  its  first 
labor  strike. 

A  number  of  sailors  demand  a  rise 
from  $10  to  $14  a  month,  and  march 
about  the  city  compelling  other  sailors 
to  join  them,  till  the  leaders  are  jailed 
by  constables. 

1804  Feb.  15.  N.  J.  Tlie  Legislature 
passes  an  act  for  the  gradual  abolition 
of  slavery. 

All  born  after  the  next  4th  of  July  to 
be  free ;  male  children  to  be  free  at  25, 
and  females  at  21  years  of  age. 

July  11.  N.  ./.  Vice-President  Aaron 
Burr  challenges  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton to  fight  a  duel. 

Hamilton  appears,  but  refuses  to  fire  ; 
B urr  del i beratel y  ti res  and  mortally 
wounds  him ;  cause,  Hamilton's  sup- 
posed interference  with  Burr's  election 
to  the  governorship  of  New  York. 

July  17.  Boston.  Daniel  Webster  of 
New  Hampshire,  22  years  of  age,  arrives 
and  pursues  his  legal  studies. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  provides  that  an 
equivalent  of  malt  liquors  or  wine 
may  be  substituted  for  spirits  at  such 
seasons  of  the  year  as,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  President,  it  may  be  advisable  to 
make  the  change,  in  order  to  promote 
the  health  of  the  soldiers. 

*  *  Abolition  Societies  begin  to  dwindle 
as  tlio  value  of  the  cotton-gin  becomes 
known ;  slavery  is  advocated  as  a  posi- 
tive good. 

1805*  *A^.^.  At  Allentown,  The 
"Sober  Society"  is  founded. 

*  *  New  York.  The  tailors  form  the  first 
organization  having  the  character  of  a 
trade-union. 

STATE. 

1803  Oct.  17.  D.  C.  The  8th  Con- 
gress: the  first  session  opens.  It  as- 
sembles to  act  on  the  treaty  with 
France,  by  which  Louisiana  is  ceded. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  John  Brown  of 
Ky.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
House :  Nathaniel  Macon  of  N.  C.  is 
re-elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  submits  the 
12tJti  amendment  to  the  Couytitution 


to  be  ratified  by  tlie  States  ;    it  relates 
to  the  election  of  President,  and  reme- 
dies a  defect  in  the  electoral  system. 
Dec.  20.     La.    The  United  States  takes 
possession  of  Louisiana. 

*  *New  York.  Be  Witt  Clinton,  the 
46th  mayor,  is  elected. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-07  *  *  O.    Edward  Tiffin. 

-09  *  *  Tenn.    John  Sevier. 

1804  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$86,427,120. 

Jan.  23.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Brown  of  Ky.  is  reelected  Presi- 
dent ^jro  tempore. 

Mar.  10.  /).  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Jesse  Franklin  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
President  j)ro  tempore. 

Mar.  27.  D.  C.  The  8th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  25.  D.  a  The  12th  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  being  ratified,  is  de- 
clared in  force  ;  it  relieves  each  of  the 
State  electors  from  voting  for  two  candi- 
dates for  President,  as  required  previous 
to  this  date. 

Nov.  5.  D.  C.  The  8th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  fifth  Presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Jefferson  reelected. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
$50,&41. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-08  *  ♦  Ky.    Christopher  Greenup. 
-12*  *La.iTer.).  Wm.C.  C.Claiborne. 
-07  *  *  N.  r.    Morgan  Lewis. 

-06  *  *  S.C.    Paul  Hamilton. 

*  *  William  Johnson  of  S.  C.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

1805  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$82,312,150. 

Jan.  11.  Congress:  Michigan  Terri- 
tory is  formed  from  a  portion  of  Indiana. 

Jan.  15.  IJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Jo- 
seph Anderson  of  Tenn.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Also,  on  Feb. 
28th  and  Mar.  2d.] 

Feb.  13.  I).  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President:  Thomas  Jefferson 
of  Va.  (Uepublican),  1(>2 ;  Charles  C. 
Pinckney  of  S.  C.  (Federalist),  14.  For 
Vice-President:  George  Clinton  of  N.Y. 
(Republican),  162;  Rufus  King  of  N.Y. 
(Federalist),  14. 

Mar.  4.    D.  C.    The  8th  Congress  ends. 
Thomas   Jefferson   of  Va.,  the  3d 
President,  enters  his  2d  term  in  the  5th 
term  of  the  Presidency.    George  Clin- 
ton of  N.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet  changes :  Jacob  Crownin- 
shield  of  Mass.  becomes  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  and  Kobert  Smith  of  Md., 
[followed  by  John  Breckinridge  of 
Ky.],  becomes  Attorney-General. 

Mar.  5.  D.  (\  Congress:  The  Senate, 
sitting  as  a  H  igh  Court,  fails  to  impeach 
Samuel  Chase,  a  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court.    (Moore,  Mar.  1.) 

June  4.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded 
with  Tripoli,  and  no  more  tribute  is 
paid  to  pirates. 


Dec.  2.     D.  C.     The     0th     Congress 

opens. 

Congress ;   Senate :   Samuel  Smith 

of   Md.   is  again  elected   President  pro 

tempore.    House  :  Nathaniel  Macon  of 

N.  C.  is  reelected  Speaker. 

Dec.  31.     U.  S.  Internal  revenue  $21,747. 

*  *  The  An  ti- Federalists  change  their 
name  from  Republicans  to  Democrats. 

*  *  England  revives  an  old  edict  for- 
bidding neutrals  from  trading  with 
France  and  her  dependencies,  or  other 
nations  with  which  England  may  be  at 
war,  aiming  to  crush  the  prosperous 
American  commerce. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated  : 
-08  *  *  Del.     Nathaniel  Mitchell. 
-13*  *  Mich.  (Ter.).     William  HuU. 
-09  *  *  Miss.    Robert  Williams. 
-07  *  *N.  a    Nathaniel  Alexander. 
-09  *  *  N.  H.    John  Langdon. 

R.  I.    Paul  Mumford. 
-06  *  *  R.  I.    Henry  Smith. 
-08  *  *  Va.    Wm.  H.  Cabell. 

1806  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$75,723,270. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Samuel  Smith  of  Md.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore^ 

Apr.  15.  D.C.  Congress  prohibits  the 
importation  of  specific  articles  of  Brit- 
ish growth  or  manufacture,  the  act  to 
take  eflFect  the  11th  of  November. 

Apr.  21.  D.C.  The  9th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Apr.  *  The  British  ship  Leander  is  or- 
dered out  of  American  waters  after 
firing  on  an  American  sloop  and  killing 
John  Pierce,  the  owner. 

Apr.  •  Tenn.  Colonel  Aaron  Burr  is 
detected  in  a  treasonable  conspiracy. 

May  16.  Eng.  Orders  in  Coimoil  are 
issued. 

The  British  Ministry  declares  the 
whole  coast  of  Europe,  from  the  Elbe  to 
Brest,  to  be  under  blockade— thus,  ac- 
cording to  its  theory,  excluding  Amer- 
ican commerce,  while  not  invested  by 
British  fleets.    ("Paper  blockade.") 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1803  *  *  O.  The  Miami  Exporting  Com- 
pany opens  the  first  bank  in  Cincinnati. 

1804  July  4.  Pa.  A  weekly  mail- 
stage  commences  to  run  between  Pitts- 
burg and  Philadelphia. 

*  *  Chicago.  Fort  Dearborn  is  erected. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Middlesex  Canal,  the 
first  in  the  Union,  is  completed.  It  con- 
nects Boston  harbor  with  the  Concord 
River. 

1805  Jime  1.  Mich.  Detroit  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

June  4.  Tripoli.  The  American  pris- 
oners at  Tripoli  are  liberated. 

*  *  Boston.  Frederick  Tudor  begins  the 
ice-trade  of  America,  by  shipping  a 
cargo  of  130  tons  to  Martinique. 

*  *  New  York.    Yellow  fever  prevails. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  dry-goods  com- 
mission-house in  this  country  opens  for 
the  sale  of  the  cotton  yarns  and  threads 
manufactured  in  Hhode  Island. 


114    1806,Nov.  21-1809,  Mar.  4. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1807  June  22.  The  British  man-of-war 
Leopard  demands  the  right  to  search 
the  United  States  frigate  Chesapeake  for 
deserters,  and,  being  refused,  attacks 
and  captures  the  ship  and  carries  away 
four  men  as  deserters,  three  of  whom 
are  American  citizens. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXTRE. 

1807  *  *  The  Pennsylvania  Academy 
of  Fine  Arts  is  established. 

Aug.  11  (?)  +.  N.  y.  Robert  Fulton*s 
steamboat,  the  Clermont, ^aAls  from  New 
York  to  Albany  on  her  first  trip ;  150 
miles  in  33  hours.  (Engine  made  by 
Boulton  and  Watt,  of  England.) 

Dec.  14.  Conn.  An  extraordinary  and 
brilliant  meteor  is  seen ;  it  explodes 
three  times. 

1808  *  *  Marius  Sitting  Among  the  Ruins 
of  Carthage,  painted  by  Vanderlyn,  re- 
ceives the  gold  medal  at  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition. • 

*  *  N.  J,  The  steamboat  Phcsnix,  built 
by  John  Stevens,  makes  the  first  ocean 
trip  from  Hoboken  to  Philadelphia, 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1807*   * 
Abbot,  Gorham  D.,  educator,  born  in  Me. 
Adams,  Charles  Francis,  minister  to  Eng.; 
arbitrator  of  Alabama  claims,  b.  in  Mass. 
Adam8,Winiam,  Fres.  clergyman,  b.  in  Conn. 
Ag-assiz.  Louis  John  R.,  teacher,  uatural- 

l8t,  born  May  28,  in  Rwitz. 
Alden,  .Joseph,  educationist,  bom  in  N.Y. 
Bailey,  Gamaliel,  journalist,  born  in  K.  J. 
Brant,  Joseph,  Mohawk  chief,  A65. 
Buford,  Nap.  B.,  brig.-gen.,  engineer,  b.  Ky. 
Casey,  Silas,  brevet  maj.-gen.,  born  in  K.  I. 
Cheever,  (ieorge  H.,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Me. 
Dayton, Will.  Lewis,  senator  for  N.Y. ,b.  N.  J. 
Ellswortli,  Oliver,  chief  justice,  A62. 
Fay,  Tbeodore  Sedgwick,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Feiton,  Cornelius  Conway,  author,  Pres.  of 

Harvard  University,  b.  in  Mass. 
Floyd,  .John  li..  Sec.  of  War,  b.  in  Va. 
Forbes,  John  M.,  Prot.  Epis.  clergyman,  b. 
Guyot,  Arnold  H.,  geographical  writer,  born 

in  Switz. 
Hammond,  James  H.,  senator  for  S.  C,  born 

in  S.  C. 
Herbert,  Henry  William,  author,  b.  in  Eng. 
HUdreth,  Ricliard,  historian,  born  in  Mass. 
Holt,  Joseph,  secretary  of  war,  born  in  Ky. 
Janes,  Edmund  Storer,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  m  Mass. 
Lee,  Alfred,  1'.  E.  bp.  of  Col.,  (J.S.A.,  UeL, 

b.  In  Mass. 
Lee,  Robert  Edward,  col.  U.S.A.,  Confed- 
erate general,  l)orn  in  Va.,  Jan.  19. 
Longrfeltow,  Henry  "Wadsworth,  poet,  b. 

in  Me.,  Feb.  27. 
Mai  bone,  Edward  G.,  miniature  painter,  A30. 
McMichael,  Morton,  editor,  orator,  b.  in  N.  J. 
Mount,  William  Sidney,  painter,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Muhlenberg,  John  Peter  Gabriel,  gen.,  A6L 
Neal,  Joseph  Clay,  humorist,  born  in  N.  H. 
Owen,  David  Dale,  geologist,  born  in  Scot. 
Packer,  Wm.  F.,   journalist.  Gov.  of   Pa., 

born  in  Pa, 
Palmer,  Phoebe,  evangelist,  born  In  N.Y. 
Parker,  Amasa  J.,  lawyer,  born  in  Conn. 
Pickens,  Francis  W.,  Gov.,  senator  for  S.  C, 

born  in  S.  C. 
Preble,  Edward,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  A46. 
Ridgely,  James  L.,  lawyer,  O.  F.,  b.  in  Md. 
Ruschenberger,  Wm.  S.  W.,author,b.  in  N.  J. 
Schaeflfer,  Charles  Fred.,  Luth.  clergyman, 

born  in  Pa. 
Stilhnan,  Samuel,  Rapt,  clergyman,  A70. 
■Whittier,  John  Greenleaf.  poet,  born  in 

Mass.,  Dec.  17- 
Woods,  Leonard,  Jr.,  president  of  Bowdoin 

College,  born  in  Mass. 
1808*  * 
Alexander,  Nath.,  Gov.  of  N.  C,  officer  in 

Revolution,  A52. 
Ames,   Fisher,   M.  C.   for   Mass.,   orator, 

July  4,  A58. 
Bache,  Sarali,  nurse  in  Am.  Revol'n,  A64. 
Bartine,  David  W.,  M.  E.  clergyman, orator,b. 
Beardsley,  E.  Edwards,  P.  E.  clergyman,  b. 

in  Conn. 


Chase,  Salmon  P..  chief  justice,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Craven,  Thomas  T.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  I>.  C. 
Davidson,  Lucretia  JIaria,  poet,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Davis,  Jefterson,  sec.  of  war.,  sen.  for  Miss., 

Pres.  of  Confed.  States,  b.  June  3,  in  Ky. 
Decatur,  Stephen,  Sr.,  naval  officer,  A  57. 
I>ickinson,  John,  M.  C.  for  Del.,  A76. 
Evans,  Fred  Wm.,  Shaker  elder,  b.  in  Eng. 
Fasquelle,  Jean  Louis,  author,  born. 
Fish.  Hamilton.  <lov.  of  N.Y.,  secretary  of 

state,  born  in  N.Y. 
Gage,  Francis  D.,  orator,  bom  in  O. 
(iallagher,  William  I).,  i)oet,  born  in  Pa. 
Hackett,   Horatio  Balcli,  biblical  scholar, 

born  in  Mass. 
Henderson,  James  P.,  sen.  for  Tex.,  b.  N.  C. 
Ilillard,  George  S.,  author,  journalist,  b.  Me. 
Hilliard,  Henry  W.,  lawyer,  born  in  N.  C. 
Johnson.  Andrew,  17th  President,  senator 

for  Tenn.,  born  Dec.  29,  In  N.  C. 
Kirkland,  Samuel,  founder  of  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, A  64. 
Lee,  Leroy  M.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  theologian, 

born  in  Va. 
Linn,William,  chaplain  in  RevoPn army,  A. %. 
Palmer,  Ray,  Cong,  clergyman,  hymnulo- 

gist,  born  in  R.  I. 
Park,  Edwards  A.,  clergyman,  author,  critic, 

born  in  R.  I.        / 
Patterson,  John,  general,  A64. 
Prentiss,  Seargent  Smith,  M.  C.  for  Miss., 

born  in  Me. 
Reed,  Henry,  scholar,  author,  born  in  Pa. 
Rockwell,  James  O.,  poet,  born  in  Conn. 
Rogers,  Iienry  Darwin,  geologist,  b.  in  Pa. 
Sartin,  John,  engraver,  born  in  London. 
Strong,William,  justice  S.  Court,  b.  in  Pa. 
Sullivan,  James,  Gov.  of  Mass,  writer,  A64. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Cortland,  Pres.  clergyman, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Washington,  Samuel  Atler,  writer,  born. 
Zeisberger,  David, Moravian  missionary,  A87. 

CHURCH. 
1806*  *Ky.    The   Presbytery   of    Ken- 
tucky is  dissolved  by  the  Synod,  because 
of  the  lack  of  ministerial  learning  and 
sound  doctrine. 

*  ♦  Afass.  The  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions germinates. 

At  a  gathering  of  four  students  of 
Williams  College,  under  the  lee  of  a 
haystack,  where  they  take  refuge  from 
a  thimder-storm,  Samuel  J.  Mills  pro- 
poses tliat  they  attempt  to  send  the  gos- 
pel to  the  heathen,  and  says,  "  We  can 
do  it  if  we  will." 

The  Massachusetts  Evangelic  Mis- 
sionary Society  is  instituted. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  Samuel  Miller, 
moderator. 

1807  Sept.*  N.  Y.  The  General 
Synod  (Keformed)  meets  at  Harlem ; 
J.  V.  C.  Romeyn,  president. 

*  *  OmJi.  The  Connecticut  Religious 
Tract  Society  is  organized  at  Kew 
Haven  by  Timothy  Dwight  and  others. 

*  *  The  Lake  Baptist  Missionary  Society 
is  formed. 

*  *  The  Society  of  Friends  opens  a  mission 
among  the  Brotherton  Indians. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Baptist  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  formed. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Associated  Saratoga  Pres- 
bytery is  formed. 

The  first  Baptist  mission  to  the  In- 
dians is  opened  among  tlie  Tuscaroras. 

*  ♦  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  A.  Alexa»>*ler, 
moderator. 

1808  May  6-26.  Md.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
held  in  Baltimore. 

A  delegated  General  Conference  is 
provided  for ;  restrictive  rules  adopted ; 
Wm.  McKendree  ordained  bishop. 


Sept.  28.  Mass.  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  (Congregational)  is  opened. 

Oct.  2.  Ala.  The  first  Baptist  church  is 
organized  (Flint  River). 

*  *  Ky.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese  of 
Louisville  is  established.  ' 

*  *  Mass.  Organization  of  the  Baptist 
Female  Mite  Society  at  Beverly. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets  in  Balti- 
more ;  it  consents  to  the  organization 
of  the  Western  country  into  a  separate 
diocese. 

*  *  Xew  Yorl:  The  Methodist  Publishing 
House  is  removed  from  Philadelphia  to 
New  York. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  first  church  edifice  In 
Williamsburg  is  built  by  the  Methodists. 

**  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Philip  Miledoler, 
moderator. 

Thomas  CampbeU  of  Ireland  be- 
comes pa.stor  of  the  Secedera  (Disciples 
of  Christ). 

*  *  J'a.  The  Accomack  Baptist  Associa- 
tion is  formed. 

*  ♦  Roman  Catholic  Sees  are  erected  at 
New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and 
Bards  town. 

LETTERS. 
1806*  *Mass.    John   Quincy  Adams 

becomes    professor  of  belles-lettres    in 
Harvard  University. 

*  *  A'.  Y.  The  Young  Misses*  Magazine 
appears  in  Brooklyn. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Register  ap- 
pears. 

±*  *  TAeJ^oresfers,  by  Alexander  Wilson, 
appears. 

1807*  *  Mass.  The  Andover  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  (Cong.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  University  of  Tennes- 
see (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Knoxville. 
It  has  previously  been  known  as  Blount 
College, 

*  •  The  Salmagundi  papers,  by  "Waahing- 
ton  Irving  and  J.  K.  Paulding,  appear. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Ladies*  Weekly 
Miscellany  appears. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Theological  Seminary 
XiibraiT  is  founded  at  Andover  [43,000 
vols.]. 

The  Boston  Athenaeum  library  is 
founded  [149,910  vols.].  (W^hitcombe, 
I80G.) 

*  *  Md.  Mount  St.  Mary's  CoUege 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  founded  at  Emmittsburg. 

1808  July*  Mo.  First  issue  of  the 
Missouri  Gazette  at  St.  Louis  ;  the  first 
newspaper  in  this  city. 

*  *  The  Columbiadf  by  Joel  Barlow,  ai>- 
pears. 

*  *  The  first  rolume  of  Ornithology,  by 
Alexander  Wilson,  appears. 

SOCIETy. 

1807  *  *  .V.  Y.  Martin  Van  Buren  mar- 
ries Hannah  Hoes. 

1808  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  importation 
of  slaves  is  prohibited  by  Act  of 
Congress  after  this  date. 


UNITED   STATES.   1806,  Nov.  21-1809,  Mar.  4.  115 


Apr.  30.  N.  y.  Organization  of  the 
First  Temperance  Society,  "The 
Union  Temperance  Society  of  Moreau 
and  Northumberland,"  by  Billy  J.  Clark, 
in  Saratoga  county. 

It  declares  that  '*no  member  shall 
drink  run),  gin,  whisky,  wine,  or  any 
distilled  spirits,  or  compositions  of  the 
same  or  any  of  them,  except  by  advice 
of  a  physician,  or  iu  case  of  actual  dis- 
ease, also  excepting  at  public  dinners, 
under  the  penalty  of  25  cents,  provided 
that  this  article  shall  not  infringe  on 
any  religious  rite  ;  no  menjber  shall  be 
intoxicated  under  penalty  of  50  cents," 
and  that  *'  no  member  shall  offer  any  of 
the  above  liquors  to  any  person  to  drink 
thereof  xuider  the  penalty  of  25  cents  for 
each  offense." 

STATE. 

1806  Nov.  21.  Fr.  Napoleon  retali- 
ates by  issuing  the  Berlin  Decree, 
and  declares  all  the  British  Islands 
blockaded.  [Both  the  French  and  En- 
glish capture  American  vessels.] 

Dec.  1.  D.C.  The  0th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  grants  pensions  to 
disabled  soldiers  and  sailors. 

Dec.  31.  Monroe  and  Pinckney  procure 
a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  regarding 
the  protection  of  the  rights  of  neutrals. 
[It  is  suppressed  by  the  President.] 

*  *  D.C.  Brockholst  Livingston  of  New 
York  is  appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

*  •England  persists  in  searching 
American  vessels  for  deserters,  and 
impressing  American  seamen. 

*  *  IT.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-09  *  *  Ga.    Jared  Irwin. 

-08  *  *  Mass.    James  Sullivan. 
.07  *  *  Ji.  I.    Isaac  Wilbur. 
-08  *  *  S.  C.    Chas.  Pinckney. 

1807  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$69,218,398. 

Jan.  7.  Etig.  Orders  in  Council  are 
issued. 

England  forbids  all  coast  trade  with 
France.  [Many  American  vessels  are 
seized.] 

Jan.  22.  />.  C.  Congress  is  oflBcially 
informed  of  Aaron  Burr's  conspiracy. 

Feb.  *  Teim.  Aaron  Burr  is  arrested 
on  the  charge  of  treason,  having  ar- 
ranged for  the  invasion  of  Mexico,  to 
detach  the  Western  and  Southern  States 
from  the  Union,  and  to  set  up  a  western 
empire.  [No  overt  act  is  proven.] 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Sam- 
uel Smith  of  Md.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.    D.  C.    The  9th  Congress  ends. 

June  22.  The  British  man-of-war  Leop- 
ard fires  upon  the  frigate  Chesapeake,  be- 
cause of  the  refusal  to  deliver  up  four 
men  claimed  as  deserters ;  after  three 
men  are  killed,  the  frigate's  colors  are 
struck. 

July  2.  />.  C.  Jefferson,  by  proclama- 
tion, forbids  all  intercourse  \\ith  Brit- 
ish shipH-of-war,  and  orders  all  that  are 
in  American  waters  to  withdraw. 

Oct.  26.  IJ.  C.  The  10th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress;  House:  Joseph  B.  Var- 
num  of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 


*  *  Controversy  between  England  and 
the  United  States  respecting  the  rights 
of  neutrals;  England  claims  the  right 
to  search  American  ships,  and  to  take 
naturalized  American  citizens. 

Nov.  11.  £ng.  Orders  in  Council  is- 
sued, which  vex  American  commerce,  by 
prohibiting  all  trade  with  France  or  her 
allies. 

Dec.  17.  Fr.  The  Milan  Decree  is- 
sued by  Nai)oleon  supplements  the  Ber- 
lin Decree,  and  extinguishes  the  most 
profitable  portion  of  the  commerce  of 
the  United  States. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Second  Embargo  Act. 

This  [celebrated  and  much  ridiculed] 
Act  detains  all  American  vessels  in 
American  ports,  and  cuts  off  commercial 
intercourse  with  England  and  France,  to 
compel  their  recognition  of  the  rights  of 
neutrals.  [The  Americans  fail  to  starve 
their  enemies.] 

*  *  yew  York.  Marinus  Willett  is  elected 
the  47th  mayor. 

*  *  Thomas  Todd  of  Ky.  is  appointed 
Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

La.  (Ter.).     Meriwether  Lewis. 
-08  *  *  y.  C.    Benjamin  Williams. 
-17  *  *  y.  r.    Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
-08  *  *  O.    Thomas  Kirker. 
-11  *  *  R.  I.    James  Fenner, 
-08  *  *  Vt.    Israel  Smith. 

1808  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$65,196,317. 

1),  C.  Congress  prohibits  the  impor- 
tation of  slaves  after  this  date. 

Jan.  8.  X>.  C.  Congress  requires  coast- 
ing and  fishing  vessels  to  give  bonds  to 
reland  their  cargoes  in  the  United 
States  (Embargo  Act). 

Feb.  4.  y.  Y.  The  first  legislative  pro- 
ceedings relative  to  the  canals  appear. 

Mar.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  subjects  ves- 
sels and  boats  of  all  kinds,  and  land  car- 
riages, to  the  Embargo. 

Mar.  17.  />.  C.  Rupture  of  the  nego- 
tiations between  the  British  minister 
and  the  GJovernment. 

Apr.  16.  V.  C.  Congress :  Senate ;  Sam- 
uel Smith  of  Md.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Apr.  17.  France,  by  the  Bayonne 
Decree,  directs  the  seizure  of  all  Ameri- 
can vessels  in  French  ports. 

Apr.  25.  I).  C.  Congress  forbids  for- 
eign vessels  to  engage  in  the  coasting 
trade,  and  requires  all  others  to  come 
imder  stringent  rules. 

The  10th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

May  30.  />.  C.  The  new  House  of 
Representatives  is  first  occupied. 

Aug.  9.  I).  C.  Jefferson  suspends  in- 
tercourse with  Great  Britain  because  of 
the  non-ratification  of  the  British  treaty. 

*  *  « •  Free  Trade  and  Sailors*  Rights  " 
is  a  political  war-cry  of  the  times. 

*  *  Va.  Jefferson  declines  the  nomi- 
nation for  a  third  term  in  the  presidency. 

Nov.  7.  D.C.  The  10th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 


*  *  New  Unglanders  talk  of  rebellion, 
as  their  ships  are  rotting  at  their  docks 
because  of  the  Embargo. 

Dec. 28.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Ste- 
phen R.  Bradley  of  Vt.  la  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

*  *  U.  S.  Sixth  Presidential  election ; 
Democratic-Republicans  are  elected. 

The  national  election  sweeps  away  the 
Administration  majority  in  Congress 
(84  to  30),  and  prepares  the  way  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Embargo  Act. 

*  *  -10  *  *  New  York.  DelWitt  Clinton 
is  elected  the  48th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-11  *  *  L>el.    George  Truett. 

-12  *  *  Ky.    Charles  Scott. 
-09  *  *  Mass.    Levi  Lincoln. 
-10  *  *  X.  C.    David  Stone. 
-10  *  *  O.    Samuel  Huntington. 

Pa.    Simon  Snyder. 
-10  *  *  S.  C.    John  Drayton. 
-11*  *  Va.    John  Tyler. 
-09*  *  Vt.    Isaac  Tichenor. 

1809  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$57,023,192. 

Jan.  9.  Congress  proceeds  to  drastic 
measures  ;  attempting  to  avoid  the  Em- 
bargo Act  forfeits  the  vessel  or  carriage, 
and  involves  a  fine  of  four  times  the 
value  of  the  merchandise,  one-half  of  it 
to  go  to  the  informer. 

Jan.  30.  /).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  John 
Milledge  of  Ga.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Feb.  3.  Illinois  Territory  (Illinois  and 
Wisconsin)  is  formed. 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  James  Madison 
of  Va.  (Republican),  122;  Charles  C. 
Pinckney  of  S.  C.  (Federalist),  47; 
George  Clinton  of  N.  Y.  (Republican), 
6.  Vote  for  Vice-President:  George 
Clinton  (Republican),  113 ;  Rufus  King 
of  N.Y.  (Federalist), 47;  JohnLangdon 
of  N.  H.,  9 ;  James  Madison  of  Va.,  3 ; 
James  Monroe  of  Va.,  3;  vacancy,  1. 

Feb.  27.  n.  C.  Congress;  The  Em- 
bargo Act  of  1807  is  repealed,  to  take 
effect  Mar.  15th. 

Mar.  4.    Z>.C.  The  10th  Congress  ends. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1806*  *  Pa.  Coal  is  first  mined  in  the 
United  States,  at  Mauch  Chunk. 

*  *  y.  Y.  A  log  cabin  is  erected  on  the 
present  site  of  Rochester. 

*  *  Commerce,  which  had  become  very 
prosperous  during  the  French  and  En- 
glish wars,  suffers  greatly  by  the  \inan- 
nouBced  blockades  which  override  the 
rights  of  neutrals. 

*  *  The  principal  maritime  towns  suf- 
fer because  of  the  restrictions  of  com- 
merce, and  their  citizens  send  niunerous 
petitions  to  the  President  and  to  Con- 
gress, praying  for  the  removal  of  the 
Embargo. 

1808  May  28.  Jf.  Y.  Solemn  re- 
burial  of  the  bones  of  Revolutionary 
prisoner  in  a  vault  at  Wallabout. 


116     1809,  Mar.  4-1811,  Nov.  18.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1811  Jan.  9.  La.  The  entire  militia 
of  New  Orleans  is  called  out  to  suppress 
a  negro  insurrection. 

Apr.  6.  Va.  French  privateer  Revanche 
du  Cerf  is  burnt  at  Norfolk,  by  15  men 
in  2  boats,  about  2  a.m. 

May  16.  Va,  The  British  sloop-of-war 
Little  Belt  fires  a  shot  at  the  United 
States  frigate  President;  the  latter 
retaliates  with  a  broadside  that  kills 
10  and  wounds  30  men.  [This  action 
creates  great  excitement  throughout 
the  country.] 

Sept.  +  *  Ind.  The  Shawanese  In- 
dians make  incursions  among  the  set- 
tlers, whom  they  outrage  and  murder. 

Nov.  7.  Ind.  Battle  of  Tippecanoe; 
the  Indians  conspire  to  surprise  Gov. 
William  H.  Harrison  at  Burnet  Creek, 
and  are  effectively  subdued  after  a  ter- 
rific battle. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1809  Nov.  21.  New  York.  George  F. 
Cook  first  appears  in  America  in  Richard 
III.^  at  the  Park  Theater. 

±*  *=  Boston.  Sails  are  made  from  cotton 
duck. 

1810  Dec.  31.  Boston.  Mrs.  Duff  first 
appears  in  America  as  Juliet. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Park  Street  Chiirch 
is  erected. 

1811  **  New  York.  Steamhoat  Paragon 
is  built. 

Sept.  17.  Va.  A  beautiful  annular 
eclipse  of  the  sun  is  observed  at 
Richmond. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1809*   * 

Albrlerht,  Jacob,  foun.  Evang.  Ass'n,  A49. 

Alexander,  Joseph  Addison,  theologian,  ori- 
entalist, born  in  Pa. 

Arthur,  Timothy  S.,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 

Bailey,  Silas,  pres.  CJranville  coll.,  O.,  born 
in  Mass. 

Baldwin,  John  Denison,  author,  b.  in  Conn. 

Barnard,  Fred.  A.  P.,  instructor,  b.  in  Mass. 

Bartlett,  Wm.  H.  C,  scientific  writer,  b.  Pa, 

Benjamin,  Park,  poet,  born  in  Guiana. 

Bledsoe,  Albert  T.,  Confed.  officer,  b.  in  Ky. 

Buckley,  Samuel  Botsford,  botanist,  b.  N.Y. 

Burgess,  (ieorge,  P.  K.  bp.  of  Me.,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Burns,  Francis,  SI.  E.  missionary  bp.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Carson,  Christopher,  (Kit  Carson),  b.  in  Ky. 

Chapman,  Alvan  W.,  botanist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Curry,  Daniel,  M.  E.  cl.,  editor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Curtis,  Benj.  Kobbins,  justices.  Ct.,b.  Mass. 

l>ablgren,  John  Adoli,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  Pa. 

Edwards,  Tryon,  Cong,  clergyman,  writer, 
born  in  Conn. 

Fowler,  Orson  Squire,  phrenologist,  b.  N.Y. 

Gibbes,  Robert  W.,  phy.,  author,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Giles,  Henry,  essayist,  born  in  Ireland. 

Gliddon,  George  R.,  Egyptologist,  b.  in  Eng. 

Glisson,  Oliver  S.,  rear-admiral,  born  in  O. 

Greene,  William,  Gov.  of  R.  1.,  dies. 

Griffiths,  John  Willis,  architect,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal.  Vice-President,  sen- 
ator for  Me.,  born  in  Me. 

Haswell,  Cliarles  Haynes,  engineer,  b.  N.Y. 

Heyward,  Thomas,  patriot  of  S.  C,  A63. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  poet,  b.  in  Mass. 

Houghton,  Douglas,  naturalist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Hunter,  Robert  Jl.  T.,  senator  for  Va.,  b.  Va. 

Ingraham,  Joseph  H.,  autiior,  born  in  Me. 

Johnston,  Josejjh  E.,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  in  Va. 

Johnson,  Oliver,  editor,  abolitionist,  born. 

Jones,  James  C,  Gov.  Tenn.,  sen.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Kendrick,  Asahel  C,  scholar,  author,  b.  in  Vt. 

Kirkbride,  Tlios.  S.,  phy.  to  insane,  b.  in  I'a. 

Lewis,  Meriwether,  explorer,  A55. 

liincoln.  Abraham,  16th  President,  b.  Feb. 
12,  near  Hodgensviile,  Hardin  Co.,  Ky. 

Little,  George,  Capt.  in  Kevol'n  army,  ASS. 

Little,  R.  M.,  pres.  Ins.  Co.,  b.  Mass. 

Mackenzie,  Robt.  S.,  Brit.  Am.  journalist,  b. 

Mayer,  Branz,  lawyer,  hist'l  writer,  b.  inMd. 


McCormick,  Cryus  H.,  Inventor  of  reapers, 

born  in  Va. 
McGill,  Jolm  D.,  R.  C.  bp.  of  Va.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Mitcliel,  Ormsby  W.,  astronomer,  gen.,  b.  Ky. 
Paine,  Thomas,  patriot,  writer,  A72. 
Pike,  Albert,  poet,  born  in  Mass. 
Price,  Sterling,  Gov.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,b.  in  Va. 
Semmes,  Raphael,  Confederate  naval  officer, 

born  in  Md. 
Schenck,  Robert  C.,M.  C.  forO.,gen.,b.  in  O. 
Thompson,  ("ephas  Giovanni,  artist,  b.  Slass. 
Trumbull,  Jonathan,  Gov.,  sen.  for  Conn., 

A  69. 
Winthrop,  Robt.  C,  M.  C,  senator  for  Mass., 

born  in  Mass. 

1810*  * 

Aldridge,  Ira,  colored  actor,  born  in  Md. 

Allen,  Thomas,  cliaplain,  A77. 

Backus,  Jay  S.,  sec.  Bapt.  Home  Miss.  So.,  b. 

Barnum.  Phineas  T. ,  showman,  b.  in  Conn. 

Black,  Jeremiah  S.,  jurist,  secretary  of 
state,  born  in  Pa. 

Brooks,  Jamea,  journalist,  politician,  b.  Me. 

Brougham,  John,  actor,  born  in  Ireland. 

Brown.  Charles  Brockden,  novelist,  A39. 

Burritt,  Elihu,  linguist,  writer,  b.  in  Conn. 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord,  poet,  author,  b.  N.Y. 

Clarke,  James   Freeman,   Unit,   clergyman, 
author,  born  in  N.  II. 

Clay,  Cassius  M.,  minister  to  Rus.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Cooper,  James,  lawyer,  born  in  Md. 

Crosby,  Alpheus,  educationist,  born  In  N.  II. 

Doggett,  David  S.,  bp.  M.  E.  Ch.  South,  b. 

Du  Bois,  Wm.  Ewing,  numismatist,  b.  in  Pa. 

Eliet,  Charles,  Jr.,  engineer,  born  in  Pa. 

Fuller,  Sarah  Margaret,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Garlandj  Landon  C,  educator,  mathemati- 
cal writer,  born  in  Va. 

Gray,  Asa.  botanist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Green,  Samuel  S.,  educator,  born. 

Griffin,  Cyrus,  statesman,  judge,  A61. 

Hart,  Joel  T.,  sculptor,  born  in  Ky. 

Hart,  John  S.,  educationist,  author,  b.  in 
Mass. 

Humphreys,  Andrew  A.,  general,  b.  in  Pa. 

Jackson,  Jonathan,  of  Mass,  A67. 

Langstroth,  L.,  inventor  of  beehive,  dies. 

I^wrance,  John,  jurist,  statesman,  A60. 

Lincoln,  Benj.,  maj.-gen.  in  Revolution,  A77. 

Loomis,  Justin  R.,  educator,  author,  b.  N.Y. 

Lord,  John,  historical  lecturer,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Macanally,  David  Rice.  M.  E.  clergyman,  ed- 
itor, born  in  Tenn. 

Magoon,  Elias  L.,  Bapt.  clergyman,  author, 
born  in  N.  H. 

McCloBkey.  John,  first  American  cardinal, 
born  .Mar.  20,  in  N.Y. 

McKay,  Donald,  shipbuilder,  born. 

Morrill,  Justin  S.,  senator  for  Vt.,  b.  in  Vt. 

Notman,  John,  architect,  born  in  Scot. 

I'almer,  James  S.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Parker,  Theodore,  Unit,  cl.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Potter,  Hazard  Arnold,  physician,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Putnam,  Mary  Lowell,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Riggs,  Elias,  missionary,  linguist,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Sears,  Edmund  H.,  Unit,  clergyman,  author, 
born  in  Mass. 

Seymour.  Horatio.  Gov.  of  N.  Y.,b.inN.  Y. 

Stiarswood,  George,  jurist,  born  in  Pa. 

Skene,  Philip,  Brit,  officer  in  Am.,  A85. 

Spalding-.  Martin  John,  K.  C.  archbishop, 
born  in  Ky. 

Toombs,  Rob.,  sen.  for  Ga.,  Confed.  sec.  state, 
b.  Ga. 

Trautwine,  John  Cresson,  engineer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Turner,  Wm.  Wadden,  philologist,  b.  in  Eng. 

Tyler,  WilUam  Seymour,  scholar,  b.  in  Va. 

Van  Buren,  John,  politician,  born  in  N.Y. 

Washington,  Wm.  A.,  officer  in  Revol'n,  A58. 

Wood,  Alphonso,  botanist,  born  in  N.  H. 
1811*  * 

Asboth,  Alex.  S.,  brig.-gen.,  b.  Ln  Hungary. 

Bailey,  Jacob  Witman,  scientist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Baker,  Edward  Dickinson,  senator  for  Cal., 
born  in  Eng. 

Barnard,  Henry,  educator,  b.  in  Conn. 

Boggs,  Charles  R.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  N.J. 

Bouvier,  Hannah  M.,  writer  on  astronomy,  b. 

Bowen,  Francis,  prof.,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Campbell,  John  A.,  justice,  born  in  Ga. 

Chase,  Samuel,  jurist  of  Md.,  A70. 

Crawford,  Natlianiel  M.,  Bapt.  cl.,  b.  Ga. 

Dana,  Francis,  jurist  of  Mass.,  A68. 

Daviess,  Joseph  H.,  att'y-gen.  of  Ky.,  A37. 

Draper,  John  William,  chemist,  b.  in  Eng. 

Eaton,  William,  soldier,  consul,  A47. 

Emory,  William  H.,  major-general,  b.  in  Md. 

Foster,  Abbie  K.,  reformer,  born  in  Mass. 

Gilliss,  James  M.,  astronomer,  born  in  I).  C. 

Greeley.  Horace,  editor,  b.  Feb.  3,  in  N.  H. 

Greene,  George  Washington,  author,  b.  R.  I. 

Hall,  James,  geologist,  born  in  Mass. 

Hunt,  Ward,  justice,  S.  Ct.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

James.  Henry,  philosophical  writer,  b.  N.Y. 

Jenkins,  Thornton  A.,  U.  S.  navy,  b.  in  Va. 

Johnson,  James,  Gov.  of  (ia.,  born  in  N.C. 

Kennedy,  Antliony, senator  for  Va.,b. InMd. 


Kip,  William  I.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Cal.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Lapham,  Increase  A.,  scientist,  bom  in  N.Y. 
Loomis,  Elias,  physicist,  niath*n,  b.  in  Conn. 
Low,  Abiel  A.,  jihilanthropiat,  b.  in  Mass. 
Murdoch,  James  Edward,  actor,  bom  in  Pa 
Noyes,  John  H.,  communist  of  Oneida,  b.  Vt. 
Page,  Wm.,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat,  Jr.,  author,  A38. 
Parton,  Sara  P.   WUlis,   (Fanny  Fern),  b. 

in  Me. 
Peabody,  Andrew  P.,  prof.,  cl.,  b.  Mass. 
I'eck,  Jesse  Truesdell,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
PhilllpB,  VSTendell,  orator,  reformer,  born 

Nov.  29,  in  Mass. 
Pierce,  George  Foster,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Porter.  Noah,  psychologist,  b.  in  Conn. 
Pratt,  Orson,  Jlormon  leader,  born  in  N.Y. 
Simpson.  Matthew,  M.  K.  bp.,  orator,  bom 

June  20,  in  O. 
Stowe,   Harriet  Eliza  [Beecher],  author, 

born  in  Conn. 
Street,  Alfred  Bdlings,  poet,  born  in  N.Y. 
Sumner,  Charles,  senator  for  Mass.,  orator, 

born  in  jSlass. 
Thomas,  Jos.,  physician,  biographer,  b.  N.Y. 
Williams,  Wm.,  signer  of  Declaration,  A80. 
Winslow,  John  A.,  rear-admiral,  b.  in  N.  C. 

CHURCH. 

1809  May  3.    R.  /.    The  Kbode  Island 

Congregational  Conference  is  organized. 

June  8.  N.  H.  Tlie  General  Association 
(Congregational)  of  New  Hampshire  is 
organganized. 

June  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Nicolas  Lansing, 
president. 

Autumn.  Mass,  Samuel  J.  Mills  be- 
comes interested  in  the  natives  of  the 
Pacitic  Islands  by  the  simple  story  of 
Henry  Obookiah,  a  native  boy.  (He 
becomes  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  Missionary  Society.) 

*  *  New  York.  £]nglish  is  first  excliv 
sively  used  in  the  Lutheran  Church. 

*  *^V.  Y,  Organization  of  the  New  STork 
Bible  and  Common  Prayer-Book  So- 
ciety of  the  Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Drury  Lacy,  mod- 
erator. 

The  first  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Pres- 
byterians is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  first  (?)  church  Sunday-school 
is  formed  at  Pittsburg ;  the  transfer  of 
Sunday-schools  to  church  control  be- 
gins, and  schools  rapidly  increase. 

*  *  Vt.  The  General  Association  of  Ver- 
mont Congregationalists  is  allowed  del- 
egates in  the  (Presbyterian)  General 
Assembly. 

1810  Feb.  *  Kt/.  The  Ctimberland 
Presby^rian  Church  is  finally  organ- 
ized, as  a  separate  church,  because  of 
the  high  educational  standard  de- 
manded for  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 

June  29.  Mass.  The  plan  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  is 
devised  by  Samuel  Spring  and  Samuel 
Worcester,  and  is  adopted  by  the  Gen- 
eral Association  of  Congregational 
Churches,  at  Bradford. 

Sept.  5.  Conn.  The  American  Board 
of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions 
is  formally  constituted  at  Farmington. 

Sept.  10.  Pa.  The  Brush  Run  (Disciples) 
church  is  organized. 

*  *  Cojin.  Lyman  Beecher  is  installed 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Litchfield.    [Jle  remains  16  years.] 


UNITED    STATES.    1809,  Mar.  4-1811,  Nov.  18.  IIT 


*  *  Mass.  A  remarkable  missionary  move- 
ment begins. 

Four  students  of  An<lover  Theological 
Seminary  —  Messrs.  Milln,  Judson,  New- 
ell, and  Nott  —  meet  a  number  of  minis- 
ters in  the  parlors  of  Professor  Stuart,  to 
receive  a  reply  to  their  request  to  be  sent 
with  the  Gospel  to  the  heathen.  The  an- 
swer is,  "  Go  in  the  name  of  the  Lord, 
and  we  will  help  you." 

*  *  New  Eng.  Congregational  churches 
are  disrupted  by  the  withdrawal  of 
Unitarians. 

*  *  N.  IT,  The  General  Association  of 
Congregationalists  is  allowed  delegates 
in  the  (Presbyterian)  General  Assembly. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Protestant  episco- 
pal Tract  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Genesee  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  John  B.  llomeyn, 
moderator. 

*  *  Regulations  and  rules  are  adopted 
by  the  Roman  Catholic  bishops. 

2811  May  29.  N.  Y.  John  Henry  Ho- 
bart  (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  New  York,  and  A.  V.  Gris- 
wold,  presiding  bishop  of  the  Easton 
diocese,  are  consecrated. 

LETTERS. 

1809  Apr.  4.  Pa.  The  Legislature  di- 
rects that  the  poor  be  sent  to  the  most 
convenient  school,  and  their  tuition 
be  paid. 

*  *  A  History  of  New  York  by  IHedrich 
Knickerbocker^  by  Washington  Irving, 
appears. 

*  *  Solomon  Spaulding  writes  a  religious 
romance.  The  Manuscript  Found  (The 
Book  of  Mormon). 

1810  *  *  N.J.  Queen's  College  (Rut- 
gers) and  the  (Reformed)  Theological 
professorate  are  united  ;  Dr.  Livingston 
is  professor  and  president. 

*  *_11*  *  Phila.  The  Mirror  of  Taste 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1810   Jan.  15.   New  York.   Masquerades 

and  masked  balls  are  prohibited. 
Jan.  17.     Phila.     Masquerades    and 

masked  balls'  are  prohibited. 

*  *  U,  S.  A  total  of  1,191,363  slaves  is 
reported. 

*  *  La.  Zachary  Taylor  marries  Mar- 
garet Smith. 

STATE. 

Fourth  Administration,  Democratic- 
Republican. 

1809  Mar.  4.  D.  C.  James  Madison 
of  Va.  is  inaugurated  the  fourth  Presi- 
dent in  the  sixth  term  of  the  Presidency, 
and  George  Clinton  of  N.  Y.  continues 
Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  Robert  Smith  of  Md. 
(State),  Albert  Gallatin  of  Pa.  (Treas.), 
William  Eustis  of  Mass.  (War),  Paul 
Hamilton  of  S.  C.  (Navy),  Gideon 
Granger  of  Conn.  (Postmaster-General), 
Caesar  A.  Rodney  of  Del.  (Attorney- 
general). 


Mar.  15.  U.  S.  The  Embargo  is  re- 
moved, but  commercial  intercourse 
with  England  and  France  interdicted. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  Napoleon  ignores  his  prom- 
ise to  the  Americans  by  again  en- 
forcing the  obnoxious  decrees,  and 
declares  that  "  the  decrees  of  Berlin  and 
Milan  were  fundamental  laws  of  the 
Empire."  By  a  diplomatic  fiction  he 
has  succeeded  in  his  purpose  to  array 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
against  each  other  in  mutual  hostility. 

Apr.  23.  D.  C.  David  M.  Erskine,  Brit- 
ish minister,  pledges  the  Court  to  re- 
peal the  anti-neutral  decrees  by  June  10. 
Trade  will  then  be  resumed  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 
[The  announcement  of  the  agreement 
is  received  with  great  joy  by  the  country, 
as  an  assurance  of  peace.] 

May  22.  I),  a  The  11th  Congress 
meets  in  extra  session  [and  continues 
the  controversy  with  Great  Britain], 

May  *  Z>.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Joseph 
B.  Varnum  of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 

June  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  An- 
drew Gregg  of  X*a.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Jime28.  D.C.  11th  Congress:  the  first 
session  closes. 

Sept.  *  Gov.  "William  Henry  Harrison 
meets  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest,  and 
buys  the  title  to  3,000,000  acres  of  land. 

Nov.  8.  7).  C.  The  President  denies 
the  British  minister  farther  inter- 
course with  the  Cabinet,  because  his 
pledges  have  been  disavowed  by  the 
British  Government.  Erskine's  func- 
tions cease. 

Nov.  27.    B.C.    The  11th  Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-11  *  *  Conn.    John  Treadwell. 
-13  *  *  Ga     David  B.  Mitchell. 
-18*  *IlL(Ter.)  Ninian  Edwards. 
-10  *  *  Mass.    Christopher  Gore. 
-17  *  *  Miss.    David  Holmes. 

-10  *  *N.  II.    Jeremiah  Smith. 

15  *  *  Tenn.    Wm.  Blomit. 
-13  *  *  Vt.    Jonas  Galusha. 

*  *  Indiana  is  constituted  a  Territory. 
1810    Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National     debt 

«53,173,217.52. 
Feb,  28.     D.  C.     Congress  ;     Senate  : 

John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  Presi- 

dentp7'o  tempore.    [Reelected  Apr,  17.] 
Mar.  23.  Fr,  The  Kambouillet  Decree 

is  issued. 

Napoleon  decrees  that  all  American 
vessels  entering  French  ports  shall  be 
seized  and  condemned. 

May  1.  /).  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Macon's  No.  2  Act,  pledging  to  pro- 
hibit American  trade  with  the  other 
country  if  either  France  or  England 
shall  revoke  its  offensive  edicts. 

The  11th  Congress:  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  The  British  minister, 
Augustus  J.  Foster,  is  burned  in  effigy 
before  the  door  of  his  lodgings  in 
Albany. 


July  19.  Ger.  The  king  of  Prussia,  by 
decree,  forbids  American  vessels  enter- 
ing his  ports. 

Aug.  5.  France  revokes  some  of  its 
edicts — revocation  to  take  effect  Nov. 
1  —  as  to  American  vessels. 

Nov.  2,  D.  C.  President  Madison  pro- 
claims all  restrictions  removed  from 
the  commerce  of  France. 

Dec.  3.  I).  C.  The  11th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

*  *-ll*  *  New  York.  Jacob  Radcliff  is 
elected  the  49th  mayor. 

*  *   U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-12  *  *  Mass.    Elhridge  Gerry. 

-11  *  *  N.C.    Benj.  Smith. 
-12  *  *N.H.    John  Langdon. 
-12  *  *  O.    Jonathan  Meigs. 
-12  *  *  S.  C.    Henry  Middleton. 

1811  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
848,005,587. 

Feb.  2.  B.  C.  The  President  announces 
the  revival  of  the  Non-importation 
Act  against  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  23.  I),  a  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Pope  of  Ky.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  4.   I>,C.   The  11th  Congress  ends. 

Apr.  8.  N.  Y.  The  first  law  is  passed 
respecting  the  Erie  Canal. 

July  3.  Fla.  Tlie  Government  resolves 
to  occupy  West  Florida,  against  the  re- 
monstrance of  the  British  Government. 

Nov. 4.  B.C.  The  12th  Congress  opens. 

Nov.  *  B.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Henry 
Clay  of  Ky.  is  chosen  Speaker  ;  he  with 
John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  and  "Wil- 
liam H.  Crawford  of  Ga.  leads  the 
two  Houses. 

The  majority  force  Madison  to  declare 
war  against  Great  Britain  as  a  condition 
of  his  reelection.  New  England  is  re- 
luctant to  engage  in  war. 

Nov.  18,  Differences  are  settled  respect- 
ing the  attack  on  the  frigate  Chesa- 
peake; Great  Britain  makes  reparation. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1809  June  28.  ft.  The  first  steam- 
boat appears  on  Lake  Champlaln. 

1810  June  *  U.  S.  Third  Census  ;  17 
States:  5,863,073  white  ;  1,377,808  colored 
population  (186,446  free  colored,  1,191,363 
slaves);  total  population,  7,239,822.  In- 
crease, 36.38  per  cent.  Center  of  popula- 
tion, 40  miles  northwest  of  Washington  ; 
westward  movement  in  10  years,  36  miles. 

Oct.  6.  Pa.  A  mill  near  Philadelphia 
makes  the  first  cotton  print  goods 
printed  from  cylinders  (superseding 
block-printing). 

*  *  B.C.  The  first  agrictxltural  exhi- 
bition is  held  at  Georgetown. 

*  *  Ore.  Astoria  is  founded  by  the  Pa- 
cific Fur  Company,  John  Jacob  Astor 
president. 

*  *  Rags  are  first  imported  to  supply  180 
paper-mills. 

1811    May  19.     New  York.     A    great 

fire  consumes  100  buildings. 
Oct.  29.    Pa.    The  first  steamboat  on 

Western  waters  leaves  Pittsburg  for  New 

Orleans. 


118    1811,  Dec.  16-1812. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — MA  VY. 

1812  Jan.  27.  Maj.-Gen.  Henry 
Dearborn  is  appointed  (9th)  com- 
mander of  the  army. 

Apr.  11.  Va.  Four  British  barges 
are  taken  in  Hampton  Roads  by  the 
U.  S.  frigate  Constellation  and  revenue 
cutter  Jefferson ;  80  prisoners. 

Apr.  25.  Capt.  Cothell  of  the  privateer 
schooner  Surprise,  10  guns,  captures 
the  British  brig  Kntoiis,  12  guns,  laden 
with  coffee,  and  brings  her  into  port. 

THE  FIFTH  WAB. 
June  18-1815  Feb.  17.     The  War  of 
1812,  with  Great  Britain. 

[Two  generals  win  renown  :  Gen.  Wil- 
liam Henry  Harrison,  as  commander  of 
the  army  in  Canada,  and  Gen.  Andrew 
Jackson  as   a  fighter  of  Indians  in  the 
South  and  later  as  tlie  hero    at   New 
Orleans.    Men  enrolled,  85,000  regulars, 
471,622  militia  and  volunteers.] 
July  2.    The  American  embargo  expires 
by  its  own  limitation  ;  Capt.  David  Porter 
of  the  U.  S.  ship  Essex  sails  on  a  cruise 
against  the  British  ;  motto  on  his  flag, 
"Free  Trade  and  Sailors'  Eights." 
July  12.    'William  Hull,  governor   of 
Michigan,  crosses  the  Detroit  River  with 
1,500  men  to  capture  Fort  Maiden, 
but  fails  through  incompetence. 
Jtlly  17.    ^fich.    The  important  Ameri- 
can post  at   Mackinaw  is  surprised 
and  surrendered  to  the  British. 
Aug.  5.    Mich.    Maj.  Thomas  B.  Van 
Home,  with  200  Americans,  is  de- 
feated in  a  skirmish  with  GOO  Indians 
and  British  at  Brownstown. 
Aug.  7.    Mich.    Gen.  Hull  returns  from 

Canada  without  attempting  anything. 
Aug.  9.  Mich.  The  British,  with  In- 
dians (900)  under  Tecumseh,  are  defeated 
by  Col.  Miller  (600)  at  Maguaga,  near 
Brownstown. 
Aug.  13.  The  Essex,  Capt.  David  Porter, 
in  a  fight  of  eight  minutes,  forces  the 
British  sloop  Alert  to  strike  her  flag. 
Aug.  15.  III.  The  Indians  treacher- 
ously turn  on  the  retreating  garrison 
and  refugees,  near  Fort  Dearborn 
(Chicago),  and  murder  52  persons,  in- 
cluding 12  children ;  the  women  and 
other  prisoners  are  distributed  among 
the  savages. 
Aug.  16.  Mich.  Gen.  Hull,  with  2,500 
Americans,  surrenders  Detroit  to  Gen. 
Brock  with  1 ,300  British.  [The  surrender 
is  made  without  firing  a  gun,  and  is 
characterized  as  the  most  shameful  of 
any  in  the  history  of  the  country ;  and 
a  court-martial  decides  that  Hull  is  a 
patriot  and  yet  a  coward.] 
Aug.  19.  A  naval  battle  and  great 
American  victory  occurs  off  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts. 

Captain  Dacres  surrenders  the  British 
Bhip-of-war  Ouerriire  to  Capt.  Isaac  Hull 
of  the  frigate  Constitution,  after  receiv- 
ing a  terrific  liroadside.  Losses:  British, 
15  killed  and  63  wounded ;  American,  7 
killed  and  7  wounded. 
Oct.  i.  N.  Y.  A  British  force  under 
Lieat.-Ck>L  Lethbridge  embarks  in  25 
boats  and   two  gunboats,  to   capture 


Ogdensburg ;  they  are  driven  back  by 
(Jen.  Brown  without  effecting  a  landing. 

Oct.  8.  Capt.  Elliott  captures  two  British 
frigates  on  Lake  Erie. 

Oct.  13.  Can.  British  batteries  at 
Queenstown  are  captured  by  the 
Americans  ;  retaken  througli  disgraceful 
conduct  of  the  New  York  militia,  who 
refuse  to  leave  the  State  ;  2,200  Ameri- 
cans under  Van  Rensselaer  surrender  to 
2,500  British  under  Brock  ;  American 
loss,  99  killed,  900  wounded. 

Oct.  18.  Naval  battle  off  the  coast  of 
Virginia. 

Capt.  Jacob  Jones,  in  the  sloop-of-war 
Wasp,  18  guns,  after  an  engagement 
lasting  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  takes 
Capt.  Whinyates  with  the  British  brig 
Frolic  of  22  guns  ;  immediately  after  the 
capture,  the  British  seventy-four  gun 
ship  I'oictiers  arrives  and  captures  the 
Wasp  and  the  wreck  of  the  Frolic. 

Oct.  25.  Naval  battle  west  of  the  Ca- 
nary Isles ;  Commodore  Decatur,  with  the 
frigate  United  .'States,  of  44  guns,  attacks 
the  British  frigate  Macedonia,  of  49 
guns,  and  after  fighting  two  hours  the 
latter  surrenders,  with  a  loss  of  100 
killed  and  wounded. 

Nov.  23.  A',  r.  The  Northern  army, 
under  Gen.  Dearborn,  goes  into  winter 
quarters  at  Plattsburg,  Burlington,  and 
Greenbush. 

Dec.  12.  Capt.  Porter,  with  the  ship 
Essex,  captures  the  British  packet 
Kocton,  having  on  board  S55,000  in  specie. 

Dec.  29.  Naval  Battle  off  the  coast  of 
Brazil. 

Commodore  Bainbridge,  with  the  Con- 
stitution, captures  the  British  frigate 
Java  after  a  battle  of  2  hours,  in  which 
200  men  are  killed  or  wounded,  and 
every  mast  is  torn  out. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1811  Deo.  16.  An  earthquake  is  felt 
from  Pittsburg  and  Ohio  to  Sav.annah. 

♦  *  Mass.  Manufacture  of  chemicals 
is  begun  in  New  England  at  Salem. 

1812  Feb.  7.  Phila.  Anearthquake 
at  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere  for  30 
seconds. 

•  *  New  York.  The  City  Hall  is  com- 
pleted. 

English  workmen  commence  the 
manutacttire  of  pins  with  imported 
machines ;  price  one  dollar  a  paper. 

The  steamboat  Richmond  is  built. 

*  *  Fa.  The  first  rolling-mill  at  Pitts- 
burg is  erected. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Dead  Man  Revived  by  Totu-h  of 
Elisha's  Bones  is  painted  by  'Washing- 
ton Allston. 

•  *  Mass.  The  first  cotton-mill  at  Fall 
River  is  in  operation. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1819  •  * 

Abbot,  Samuel,  founder  of  Andover  Semi- 
nary, ASO. 

Alexander,  .John  Henry,  scientist,  b.  In  Ma. 

Appleton,  Thomas  (iold,  author,  1>.  in  Mass. 

Andrews,  Stephen  I'.,  lawyer,i»Titer,  b.  Mass. 

Ball,  Epli'm,  Inventor  of  "  Buckeye  "  mower, 
born  in  O. 


Bannister,  Henry,  theological  professor,  b. 
Barlow,  Joel,  statesman,  poet,  A56. 
Huckmlnster,  .J  oseph,  Cong,  clergyman,  A61. 
Clark,  Davis  Wasgatt,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  In  Me. 
Clark,  Thomas  JIarch,  P.  E.  bp.  of  K.  I.,  b. 

In  Mass. 
Clinton,  Oeorge,  4th  Vice-Pres.  of  U.  S.,  A73. 
Clinton,  James,  gen.  In  Kevol'n  War,  A76. 
Elliott,  Charles  L.,  portrait  painter,  b.  N.Y. 
Flint.  Austin,   physician,  medical  writer, 

born  In  Mass. 
Florena,  Thomas  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Ganiinel,  WUliam,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
C.ansevoort,  Peter,  officer  in  Kevolntlon,  A63. 
Caniner,  August  K.,  physician,  b.  in  Mass. 
(lilder,  William  H.,  cl.,  editor,  b.  in  Pliila. 
lialdernan,   Samuel  S.,  naturalist,   philolo- 
gist, born  in  Pa. 
Hawks,  Cicero  S.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Mo.,  b.  N.  C. 
HIU,  Joshua,  senator  for  Ga.,  born  in  S.  C. 
Hoe.  Richard   M..  inventor  of   prlntmg- 

press,  born  in  K.Y. 
KIngslev,  Calvin,  M.  E.  bp.,  born  In  N.Y. 
Marsliail,  Humphrey,  Confed.  gen.,  M.  C.  for 

Ky.,  born  In  Ky. 
Mayo,  Wm.   Starbnck,  novelist,  physician, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Osgood,  Frances  Sargent,  poet,  b.  in  JIass. 
Perkins,  Geo.  Rot>erts,  mathematician,  born 

In  N.Y. 
Prime.  Sam.  Irenaeus,  N.  1.  Observer,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Reynolds,  Wm.  M.,  P.  E.  clergyman,  author, 

born  in  Pa. 
Rogers,  John,  rear-admiral  tJ.  S.  N.,  born. 
Sargent,  Epes,  author,  born  in  aiass. 
Stephens.  Alex.  H..  Confed.  Vice-Pres.; 

sen.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Trail,  Russell  Thaoher,  hydropathist,  born  in 

Conn. 
Warren,  Wm.,  Jr.,  comedian,  bom  in  Pa. 
Waters,  Horace,  philanthropist,  born. 
Williams,  Sam.  Weils,  Chmese  scholar,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Wilson.  Henry,    Vice-Pres.;    senator   for 

Mass.,  horn  in  N.  H.,  Feb.  26. 


CHURCH. 

1811  *  *  Boston.  The  Evangelical 
Tract  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Conn.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets  in  New 
Haven ;  only  two  bishops  present. 

*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
in  America  is  declared  to  be  the  church 
formerly  known  as  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land in  America. 

*  •  Mass.  Organization  of  the  "  Salem 
Female  Cent  Society  "  (Baptist). 

*  » Mass.  The  General  Association  of 
Congregationalists  is  allowed  delegates 
to  the  Presbyterian  General  Assembly. 

*  *  N.Y.  The  Keligious  Tract  Society 
is  organized  at  Albany. 

*  *  Fhila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Ellphalet  Nott, 
moderator. 

1812  Feb.  6.  Mass.  Messrs.  Judson, 
Hall,  Newell,  Nott,  and  Rice  are  or- 
dained at  Salem  for  service  in  foreign 
missions  (Congregationalist). 

Feb.  19.  Mass.  Messrs.  Judson  and 
Newell,  with  their  wives,  sail  from  Sa- 
lem for  Calcutta ;  Bombay  being  selected 
as  the  first  mission  of  the  American 
Board. 

Feb.  22.  Phila.  Messrs.  HaU,  Kice, 
and  Nott,  with  Mrs.  Nott,  sail  for  Cal- 
cutta as  missionaries. 

May  1-22.  New  York.  The  sixth  (first 
delegated)  General  Conference  (Meth- 
odist Episcopal)  meets. 

Jvme  2.  Pa.  Thomas  and  Alexander 
Campbell  (Disciples  of  Christ)  are  im- 
mersed by  a  Baptist  minister. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1811,  Deo.  16-1812.     119 


t 


June  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Andrew  Flinn, 
moderator. 

June  12.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) approves  the  suggestion  of  the 
American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions  respecting  the  organi- 
zation for  cooperation  of  a  similar  board 
by  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

June  17.  India.  Missionaries  Judson 
and  Newell  and  their  wives  arrive  at 
Calcutta. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  Jacob  Sickles, 
president. 

Oct.  15.  5.  C.  Consecration  of  Theo. 
Behon  (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  for 
South  Carolina. 

*  *  Conn.  Organization  of  the  Female 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  New 
Haven.  (Contributes  $177.09  to  the 
American  Board.) 

*  *  La,  The  first  Baptist  church  is  organ- 
ized in  Louisiana  on  Bayou  Chico. 

*  *  N.  J.  Princeton  is  selected  by  the 
Presbyterians  as  the  location  for  a  theo- 
logical school ;  a  board  of  directors  is 
chosen,  and  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander 
is  elected  professor. 

LETTERS. 

1811*  *  Mass.  The  Amherst  College 
Iiibrary  is  founded  [47,000  vols.]. 

*  *  Neio  York.  Rev.  William  Harris  is 
elected  president  of  Columbia  College. 

*  *  New  Yffrk.  The  Literary  Miscellany 
appears. 

*  *  Phila,  Select  Views  of  Literature  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  -13  *  *  The  American  Review  of  His- 
tory and  Politics  appears. 

1812  *  *  Mass.  The  General  Repertory 
and  Review^  the  first  American  quar- 
terly, is  issued  at  Cambridge,  by  An- 
drews Norton. 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society 
Library  is  founded  at*  "Worcester 
[85,000  vols.]. 

*  *  N,  J.  The  Presbyterian  Theological 
Seminary  Iiibrary  is  founded  at  Prince- 
ton [50,000  vols.]. 

*  *  A^  y.  Hamilton  College  (Pres.)  is 
organized  at  Clinton. 

The  U.  S.  Military  Academy  Library 
is  founded  at  West  Point  [30,000  vols.]. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Library  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Science  is  founded  [35,000 
vols.]. 

*  *  Judgment :  A  Vision,  by  Hillhouse,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1812  May*  Neto  York.  The  (Meth. 
Epis.)  General  Conference  votes  down 
the  resolution,  "That  no  stationed  or 
local  jireacher  shaU  retail  spirituous 
or  malt  liquors,  without  forfeiting  his 
ministerial  character  among  us." 

July  27.  Md,  A  roob  in  Baltimore  at- 
tacks some  of  the  anti-war  party  and 
is  repulsed ;    2    are   killed   and   others 


wounded.  [Later  it  attacks  the  jail  and 
kills  General  Lingan  and  eleven  others.] 
Nov.  *  N.  If,  Daniel  "Webster  enters 
political  life  as  representative  in  Con- 
gress from  his  native  State. 

*  *  U.  S.  A.  A  giU  of  rum,  whisky,  or 
brandy  is  made  a  part  of  the  regular 
daily  ration  of  each  soldier. 

STATE. 

1811  *  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  an 
additional  army  of  25,000  men. 

*  *  New  York.  De  "Witt  Clinton,  is 
elected  the  50th  mayor. 

*  *  D.  C.  Joseph  Story  of  Mass.  and 
Gabriel  Duval  of  Md.  are  appointed 
Justices  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  has  its  first  abla- 
tion over  the  admission  of  a  slave  State 
on  the  application  of  Louisiana. 

It  results  in  the  plan  of  a  twin-birth 
of  States,  one  free  and  the  other  slave, 
after  the  admission  of  Louisiana  [which 
enters  the  Union  alone]. 

*  *  Phila.  The  charter  of  the  First 
National  Bank  expires.  It  fails  of 
renewal  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate. 

*  *  U,  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-13  *  *  Conn.    Roger  Griswold, 
-14*  *  Del.    Joseph  Haslett. 

-13  *  *  Ind.  Ter.    John  Gibson. 
-14  *  *N,C.    ^Vm.  Hawkins. 
-17  *  *R.  I,    William  Jones. 

Va.    James  Monroe. 
-12  *  *  Va.    George  W.  Smith. 

*  *  Ore.  Astoria  is  settled  as  a  trading- 
post. 

1812  Jan.l.  U.S.  The  National  debt 
$45,209,737. 

Feb.  2.  John  Henry,  an  Irish-American, 
exposes  a  conspiracy  of  the  British 
Ministry  and  the  Governor  of  Canada  to 
sow  discontent  in  New  England,  with  a 
view  to  its  secession  and  union  with 
Canada,  for  which  Henry  was  promised 
$5,000  per  annum. 

Mar.  9.  D,  C.  Congress :  The  British 
plot  to  dismember  the  Union  is  dis- 
closed. Its  exposure  solidifies  public 
sentiment  against  the  English  ;  Henry 
receives  $50,000  public  money  for  disclos- 
ing it,  and  immediately  sails  for  France. 

Mar.  24.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
"William  H.  Crawford  of  Ga.  is  elected 
President /?ro  tempore. 

Apr.  4.  n.  C.  A  third  Embargo  Act 
is  passed  by  Congress. 

It  is  a  retaliatory  measiire,  caused  by 
the  impressment  of  6,000  American  sea- 
men, and  it  lays  an  embargo  for  90  da^s 
on  all  British  vessels  within  the  juris- 
diction of  the  United  States. 

Apr.  30.  I).  C.  Congress  admits  IjOUI- 
siana  into  the  Union  as  the  18th  State. 

June  1.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a  war 
message  from  the  President. 

June  18.  I).  C.  Congress  declares 
war  against  England  and  votes  to  raise 
an  army  of  35,000  men.  Vote  —  Senate, 
19-13;  House,  79-49. 

June  19.  7).  C,  The  President  pro- 
claims   war    against    Great    Britain ; 


25,000  enlistments  for  the  regular  army, 
50,000  volunteers,  and  100,000  miliUa  are 
called  for. 

Causes  of  the  war :  impressment  of 
American  seamen,  seizure  of  Americans 
on  the  high  seas  while  sailing  under 
their  country's  flag  ;  offensive  action  of 
British  cruisers ;  Orders  in  Council 
affecting  the  rights  of  neutrals,  etc. 

*  *  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and 
Rhode  Island  oppose  the  war,  refuse 
to  furnish  the  levies  of  troops,  and 
threaten  to  secede. 

June  23.  Eng.  The  British  Government 
repeals  its  Orders  in  Council,  but  it  is 
too  late  to  stop  the  war. 

June  30.  Algeria.  The  Dey  of  Algiers 
is  forced  to  sign  a  treaty  of  peace,  re- 
leasing all  American  prisoners  and  relin- 
quishing all  claim  to  tribute. 

July  6.  n.r.  The  12th  Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 

July  *  The  Dey  of  Algiers  believes  the 
Americans  unable  to  defend  themselves 
against  Great  Britain,  so  commences  a 
piratical  warfare  on  their  shipping, 
and  also  extorts  a  large  sum  of  money 
from  Mr.  Lear,  the  American  consul,  as 
the  price  of  his  freedom. 

Nov.  2.  D.C.  The  12th  Congress ;  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  Seventh  Presidential  election.  The 
Democrat-Republicans  defeat  the  Feder- 
alists and  reelect  Madison. 

Dec.  26.  Great  Britain  proclaims  the 
blockade  of  the  Chesapeake  and  the 
Delaware. 

*  *  Pa.  The  State  capital  is  removed 
from  Lancaster  to  Harrisburg. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-16  *  *  Ky.    Isaac  Shelby. 

-16  *  *  la.    Wm.  C.  C.  Clayborne. 
-16  *  *  Mass.    Caleb  Strong. 
-13  *  *  N.H.    William  Plumer. 

N.  J.    Joseph  Bloomlield. 
-13  *  *  N.J.    Aaron  Ogden. 
-14  *  *  S.  C     Joseph  Alston. 
-14  *  *  Va.    James  Barbour. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1811  Dec.  26.  Va.  A  theater  at 
Richmond,  containing  about  600  people, 
btims,  and  75  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  31.  Mass.  At  Newburyport  200 
buildings  bum ;  loss,  $600,000. 

*  *  NeiD  York.  Five  steamboats  are  now 
running  between  New  York  and  Albany, 
and  one  between  New  York  and  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J,  (Philadelphia  route), 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  ferry-boat  propelled  by 
steam  runs  between  New  York  and  Ho- 
boken  ;  the  first  in  tlie  country. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  mails  pass  through  Long 
Island  weekly. 

1812  *  *  U,  S.  The  naval  victories  of 
Americans  over  the  greatest  of  naval 
powers   raise  intense  excitement. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  house  In  Rochester  is 
erected. 

*  *  O.  Columbus  is  laid  out  and  made 
the  capital  of  the  State. 


120 


1812-1813. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1812  *  *  Five  naval  duels  occur  during 
this  year,  in  which  the  American  frig- 
ates either  capture  or  sink  their  British 
adversaries. 

*  *  During  the  year  American  privateers 
capture  over  300  British  vessels. 

1813  Jan.  18.  Mich.  Frenchtown  is 
taken  from  an  invading  force  of  British 
and  Indians  by  Americans  under  Gen. 
Winchester,  who  encamp  in  the  town. 

Jan.  22.  Mich.  The  British  (1,500)  under 
Gen.  Proctor  retake  Frenchtown,  and 
Gen.  Winchester  and  his  800  troops  are 
made  prisoners  of  war ;  2G0  wounded 
Americans  are  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

Jan.  *  The  army  of  the  West  is  com- 
manded by  Gen.  "W.  H.  Harrison ;  the 
army  of  the  Center,  near  Niagara  River, 
by  Gen.  Dearborn,  and  the  army  of 
the  North,  near  Lake  Champlaiu,  by 
Gen.  Hampton. 

Feb.  1.  The  American  privateer  schooner 
Uazzard,  of  3  guns  and  38  men,  captures 
the  British  merchant  ship  Albion^  of  12 
guns  and  15  men. 

Feb.  4.  Va.  The  frigate  Constellation  is 
chased  into  Norfolk  by  a  British  squad- 
ron. 

Feb.  5.  Tlie  British  Admiral  Warren 
declares  Chesapeake  Bay  to  be  in  a 
state  of  blockade. 

Feb.  7.  Can.  Capt.  Forsyth,  with  200 
volunteers,  crosses  from  Morristown  to 
Elizabeth,  and  surprises  the  British ; 
he  takes  52  prisoners,  140  muskets,  with 
ammunition,  and  liberates  from  jail  16 
British  deserters. 

Feb,  22.  N.  Y.  Ogdensburg  is  taken 
by  the  British  under  Col.  McDonell. 

Feb.  23.  The  Albion  is  recaptured  by 
the  Britisli  cutter  Caledonia^  of  8  guns 
and  38  men. 

Feb.  24.  The  sloop-of-war  Hornet,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Lawrence,  attacks  and 
in  15  minutes  defeats  the  British  man- 
of-war  Peacock;  the  latter  soon  sinks. 

Feb.  26.  The  Hazard  captures  the 
British  frigate  Albion  and  the  cutter 
Caledonia. 

Mar.  10.  The  schooner  Adeline  sinks  the 
British  schooner  Lottery  in  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Mar.  11.  Tlie  privateer  schooner  Ge?jfr(7/ 
Armstrong,  18  guns,  escapes  from  a  Brit- 
ish frigate,  24  guns,  otf  Surinam  River, 
with  the  loss  of  6  killed  and  16  wounded. 

Mar.  14.  British  vessels  blockade  the 
Delaware  River. 

Mar.  16.  Del.  Capt.  Beresford,  of  the 
British  ship  Poictiers,  74  guns,  at  liCwia- 
ton,  demands  25  oxen,  vegetables,  etc. ; 
he  threatens  to  destroy  the  town ;  the 
people  refuse  his  demand. 

Mar.  26.  iV^.  Y.  American  batteries  at 
Black  Rock  silence  the  lower  battery  of 
the  British. 

Mar.  30  ±.  Afisg.  Gen.  Andrew  Jack- 
son's army  of  2,070  men  disbands,  by 
order  of  the  Government. 

Apr.  3.  ^fd,  Action  near  Urbana,  on  the 
Chesapeake,  between  17  British  barges 


and  4  American  vessels  ;  one  of  the  latter 
is  taken  by  the  British. 

Apr.  6.  Del.  Lewiston  is  bombarded 
for  about  20  hours,  with  little  damage, 
by  the  British  frigate  Btlvidere. 

Apr.  9.  Mass.  The  frigate  Chesapeake 
returns  from  her  cruise  to  Boston,  hav- 
ing captured  two  British  brigs,  one  ship, 
one  American  brig  with  a  British  license, 
and  a  schooner. 

Apr.  16.  Md.  Partof  the  British  squad- 
ron anchors  off  Patapsco  River,  in  sight 
of  Baltimore. 

Apr.  20.  O.  The  advance  of  the  British 
and  Indians  appears  at  Fort  Meigs. 

Apr.  27.  Can.  Americans  (1,700),  mider 
Gen.  Pike,  assault  and  capture  York 
(Toronto),  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada, 
with  property  valued  at  $500,000.  Brit- 
ish force  under  Sheatfe,  1,500;  American 
loss,  300. 

Apr.  28.  The  American  privateer  York- 
toien  captures  the  British  brig  Avert/, 
with  a  valuable  cargo,  and  brings  her 
into  port. 

Apr.  29.  British  ships  Montezuma  and 
Policy,  each  10  g\ms,  and  Georgiana,  6 
guns  and  4  swivels,  capture  the  frigate 
Essex  near  Albemarle  Island. 

British  Admiral  Cockbum  bums  the 

storehouses  of  Frenchtown  on  the  Ches- 
apeake Bay ;  he  also  burns  two  ships 
and  plunders  private  houses. 

May  1-5.  O.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  is 
besieged  at  Fort  Meigs  by  2,000  British 
and  savages  under  Gen.  Proctor  and 
Chief  Tecumseh ;  Gen.  Henry  Clay, 
with  1,200  Kentuckians,  reenforces  Har- 
rison.   American  loss,  800. 

May  3.  Md.  Havre  de  Grace  is  burned 
by  the  British  under  Admiral  Cockburn. 

May  9.  O.  Proctor  abandons  the  siege 
of  Fort  Meigs  after  the  desertion  of  his 
Indian  allies. 

May  27.  Can.  Fort  George,  near  the 
Niagara  River,  is  taken  from  Gen.  Vin- 
cent by  the  Americans  uiulerGen.  Dear- 
born ;  loss,  72  killed  and  woimded. 

A    British    squadron  appears  before 

Sackett's  Harbor. 

May  29.  N.  Y.  The  British  (1,000)  under 
Sir  George  Prevost  are  repulsed  in  an 
attack  on  Sackett*s  Harbor  by  (1,000) 
Americans  under  Gen.  »Tacob  Brown, 
who  lose  100  killed  and  wounded;  Brit- 
ish loss,  260  killed  and  wounded. 

May  30.  Tlie  privateer  Yankee  captures 
the  British  brig  Thames,  (Cargo  sold 
for  $180,000.) 

June  1.  Naval  battle  eastward  of  Cape 
Ann. 

Tlie  British  frigate  Shannon,  Capt. 
Broke,  defeats  and  raptures  the  frigate 
Chesapeake,  Capt.  Lawrence,  who  dies 
crying,  **  Don't  give  up  the  ship  I  "  Tlie 
action  lasts  only  fifteen  minutes. 

June  6.  Caji.  At  Burlington  Heights  the 
Americans  under  Gen.  Winder  repulse  an 
attack  of  the  British  under  Gen.  Vincent. 

July  8.  Can.  Outposts  of  Americans  at 
Fort  George  are  attacked  by  British 
and  Indians  ;  cruelties  of  the  Indians 
lead  to  the  employment  of  Indians  by 
Americans  in  retaliation. 


July  17.     Can.    British  and  Indians  at 

tack  an  outwork  at  Fort  George  and  are 

repulsed. 
July  21.    O.    Gen.  Proctor,  with  about 

4,000  troops,  again  besieges  Fort  Meigs 

[for  a  few  days  and  retires]. 

THE  SIXTH  WAR. 

July  27  -1814  Aug.  9.  "War  with 
Creek  Indians  concurrent  with  the 
fifth  war.    13,781  men  enrolled. 

July  31.  N.  Y.  Plattsburg  is  taken 
by  the  British  without  opposition. 

Aug.  2.  O.  Gen.  Proctor  (1,300)  assaults 
Fort  Stephenson  on  the  Lower  San- 
dusky River;  he  is  repulsed  by  Col, 
George  Croghan  (100)  and  retires. 

Aug.  14,  The  American  brig  ^r^rwg,  after 
a  successful  cruise,  is  captured  by  the 
British  brig  Pelican  of  about  equal  force. 

Aug.  30.  yila.  The  Creek  Indians  sur- 
prise Fort  Mims,  north  of  Mobile ;  a 
massacre  follows. 

Sept.  5.  Tlie  British  brig  Boxer  surren- 
ders to  the  American  brig  Enterprise, 
after  an  engagement  of  forty  minutes, 
off  the  coast  of  Maine  ;  the  commanders 
of  both  vessels  fall,  and  are  buried  side 
by  side. 

Sept.  10.  l!4'aval  Battle  and  American 
victory  on  Lake  Erie,  near  Put-in-Bay, 

Commodore  O.  H.  Perry,  who  had 
never  seen  a  naval  battle,  with  an  Amer- 
ican fleet  of  nine  vessels,  carrying  5t 
gims,  captures  the  British  fleet  of  6 
vessels,  carrying  63  guns,  under  Com- 
modore Barclay.  This  battle  gives  the 
Americans  control  of  the  lake. 

Sept.  27.  Gen.  "W.  H.  Harrison  in- 
vades Canada  from  Detroit. 

Oct.  5.  Can.  Gen.  Harrison,  with  2,500 
Americans,  defeats  Gen.  Proctor  with 
2,000  British,  on  the  River  Thames , 
Tecumseh,  the  Shawnee  chief,  is  slain. 
American  loss  50  killed  and  wounded. 

Nov.  3.  Ala.  Gep.  Coffee,  with  900 
men,  surrounds  a  body  of  Indians  at 
Tallushatches  and  kills  about  200  of 
them. 

Wov,  5.  Can.  A  force  of  7,000  Americans 
embarks  at  French  Creek  and  de- 
scends the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  take 
Montreal. 

Nov.  8.  Ala.  Battle  of  Talladega; 
Creek  Indians  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Jackson. 

Nov.  11.  Can.  Severe  skirmish  at  "Wil- 
liamsburg; the  Americans,  led  by  Gen- 
eral Brown,  lose  300,  and  the  British  200 
men. 

An  indecisive  action  at  Chrystler's 
Field ;  1,500  Americans  under  John  P. 
Boyd,  engage  2,000  British  under  Morri- 
son ;  reenforcements  not  arriving,  the 
expedition  against  Montreal  is  aban- 
doned^ 200  Americans  are  killed  or 
wounded. 

Nov.  29.  Ala.  Battle  of  Autosse;  the 
Creeks  defeated  by  Gen.  A.  Jackson,  the 
hero  of  this  war. 

Dec.  12.  Can.  On  the  api)roach  of  the 
British,  Gen.  McChire  abandons  Fort 
George  after  burning  Newark. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1812-1813. 


121 


J)ec.  19.  X.  y.  The  British  take  pos- 
session of  Fort  Niagara,  and  in-oeeed 
to  retaliate  for  the  burning  of  Newark, 
by  burning  Youngstown,  Lewiston, 
Manchester,  and  the  Indian  Tuscarora 
village. 

Dec.  30.  .V.  }'.  The  British  bum  Black 
Rock  and  Buffalo. 

*  *  Depredations  of  British  marines  and 
soldiers  in  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Bays  ;  Lewiston  is  bombar<le<l. 

ART  —  SCIEWCE  —  NATURE. 

1813  *  *  New  York,  The  first  stereo- 
typing is  done.    (See  p.  91.) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1813*    • 

Allen,  William  Henry,  naval  offlcer,  A29. 
liartol,   Cyrus  Augustus,   Unit,   clergyman, 

born  in  Ale. 
Beecher.  Henry  "Ward,  Cong,  clergyman, 

orator,  born  in  Conn.  June  24. 
lUair,  .Montgomery,  P.M.G.,  l>.  in  Ky. 
Hratlley,  Josepli  P.,  U.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  N.  .1. 
Cassin,  John,  ornithologist,  born  in  I'a. 
<'lyiner,  Oorge,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A74. 
<'raii(:li,  Christopher  P.,  artist,  poet,  b.  in  Va. 
Crawford,  Thomas,  sculptor,  horn  in  N.Y. 
Dana.  Janies  Dwl^ht,  geologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Doug-las,  Stephen  Arnold.  Sen.  for  HI., 

born  in  Vt. 
I>wight,  John  S.,  nuisical  critic,  b.  in  Alass. 
Franklin,  William,  (iov.  of  N.  J.,  A84. 
Fremont,  John  Charles,  explorer,  general 

V.  s.  A.,  born  in  (Ja. 
<;iles,  CIiann<;(_'y,  Swedenborgian  clergyman, 

born  in  Mass. 
Hamilton.  Frank,  surgeon,  born  in  Vt. 
Harmar,  Josiah,  general  V.  K.  A.,  A60. 
Healy,  (ieorge  Peter  A]ex.,painter.b.  Mass. 
Jarvis,  Abraliain,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Conn.,  vV74. 
Lawrence,  James,  naval  captain,  A32. 
Livingston,  Kobt.  K.,  minister  to  Fr.,  jurist, 

A66. 
liOsslng',  Benson  J.,  historian,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Otterbeln.  Philip  Wm..  (;er.  Atii.  f'der  of 

Church  of  United  Jiretliren  in  Clirist,  A87. 
Parsons,  Tlieopliilus,  jurist  of  Mass.,  A63. 
Peters,  Christian  Henry  F.,  astronomer,  born 

in  Ger. 
Pike,  Zebnlon  M.,  brig.-gen.,  explorer,  A34. 
Porter,  Andrew,  general  l".  S.  ,\.,  A70. 
Porter.  David  Dixon,  admiral,  b.  in  Pa. 
Randolpli,  K(innunl.  (iov.  of  Va.,  Am. 
Sedgwick,  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Conn. 
Sedgwick,   Theo.,   Gov.    of   Conn.,    M.  C, 

speaker,  A67. 
Stephens,  Anna  Sophia,  author,  b.  in  Conn. 
Stills,  Alfred,  pliys.,  medical  writer,  b.  in  Pa. 
Tecnmseh,  (Miief  of  the  .Sliawnees,  A43.  (?) 
Thurman.  Allen  G..  sen.  for  O.,  b.  W.  Va. 
Trumbull,  Lyman,  sen.  for  111.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Tuckerman,  Henry  Theo.,  art-critic,  born 

in  Mass. 
Whiting,  William,  lawyer,  Iiorn  in  Mass. 
Wilson,  Alex.,  .Scottish  urnithologist  in  Am., 

A47. 

CHURCH. 
1812  *  *  A^  r.     The  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Geneva  is  ftjrnied. 

*  *  New  I'orA.  The  New  York  Tract 
Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  A  religious  romance,  written  in 
imitation  of  Scripture  style,  by  Kev. 
Solomon  Spauldlng  appears  in  a  print- 
ing-office at  Pittsburg.  Book  of  Mor- 
mon (?) 

*  *The  Ohio  (Methodist  Kpiacopal)  Cnn- 
ference  is  formed. 

*  *  The  Baptists  commence  their  mis- 
sionary work  by  forwarding  to  the 
Engli.sh  Ilaptist  Society  ?4,G50  in  aid  of 
the  translation  of  the  Scriptures  into 
the  languages  of  India. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
begins  home  mission  work ;  I*>ish()i) 
Asbnry  solicits  funds  for  it. 


1813  June*  The  Union  American 
Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church  is  organ- 
ized. 

Oct.  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets;  James  S.  Cannon, 
president. 

*  *  The  first  legacy  for  missions  is  granted 
to  the  American  Board. 

The  sum  of  .'534.5.83  out  of  an  estate  of 
$500,  left  by  Sally  Thomas  of  (Jornisb, 
a  domestic,  \vli<)se  liighest  wages  were  50 
cents  a  week, 

*  *  Pkila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  Samuel  Batchford, 
moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  synods  of  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia 
are  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1812  *  *  The  Diverting  History  of  John 
Bull  and  Brother  Jonathan,  by  J.  K. 
Paulding,  appears. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Christian  Disciple  ap- 
pears. 

1813  Jan.  13.  N.  Y.  First  issue  of 
the  Albany  Argus. 

Mar.  3.  Boston.  First  issue  of  the  Bos- 
ton Daily  Advertiser,  the  first  success- 
ful daily  paper  in  this  city. 

*  *  Me.  A  charter  is  obtained  for  the 
Maine  I.,iterary  and  Theological  Institu- 
tion by  Baptists. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Analytical  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Demetria  in  written  by  Hillhouse. 

*  *  Six  adilitional  volumes  of  Ornithology , 
by  Wilson,  appear. 

*  *  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Language, 
without  Points,  by  Moses  Stuart,  appears. 

*  *  Sylphs  of  the  Seasons,  by  Washington 
Allaton,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1812  Jan.  0.  N.  J.  A  society  is  formed 
at  Trenton  for  f>rganizing  a  colony  of 
colored  people. 

Aug.  *  Ala.  The  Creek  Indians  mas- 
sacre 400  persons  at  Fort  Minis  ;  not 
a  woman  or  child  i.s  spared. 

*  *  Mich.  The  British  Gen.  Proctor  leaves 
the  wounded  Americans  at  Frenchtown 
to  the  merciless  brutalities  of  the  In- 
dians, who  use  the  scalp-knife,  toma- 
hawk, and  the  ttnch  to  destroy  many ; 
others  are  taken  into  captivity. 

*  *  J'a.  John  Tyler  marries  Letitia 
Christian. 

STATE. 

1813  Jan.  1.  r.  S.  National  debt 
$55,962,827. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  The  Government  orders 
all  alien  enemies  to  report  themselves 
to  the  marshals  of  the  districts  in  which 
they  reside. 

Feb,  12,  D,  C.  Congress  counts  the 
Electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President:  James  Madison, 
of  Va.  (Republican),  128;  De  Witt  Clin- 
ton, of  X.  V.  (Federalist),  8!).  For  Vice- 
President  :  Elbridge  Gerry  of  Mass. 
(Republican),  231 ;  Tared  Ingersoll  of  Pa. 
(Federalist),  86.     Vacancy,  1. 


Mar.  4.  U.C.  The  12th Congresseuds. 

Second  term  of  the  4ith  Adminis- 
tration; Democratic- Republican. 

James  Madison  of  Va.,  the  4th 
President,  enters  his  second  term  — 
the  seventh  term  of  the  Presidency ;  El- 
bridge Gerry  of  Mass.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet :  James  Monroe  of  Va. 
(State),  Albert  Gallatin  of  Pa.  (Treas- 
ury), John  Armstrong  of  Pa.  (War), 
Vt^illiam  Jones  of  Pa.  (Navy),  also 
"William  Pinkney  of  Md.  Attorney- 
General  for  a  time  [and  later  Kichard 
Rush  of  Pa.]. 
Mar.  20.  Great  Britain  proclaims  the 
whole  Atlantic  Coast  under  a  block- 
ade, with  the  exception  of  the  New 
England  (anti-war,  Federal)  States. 

May  24.    D.  C.    The   13th   Congress 

opens. 

Va.  lliomas  Jefferson  writes  indig- 
nantly of  Englisli  outrages. 

"ITiey  have  impressed  two  nephews 
of  General  Washington  returning  from 
Europe,  and  put  them  as  common  sea- 
men under  the  ordinary  discipline  of 
their  ships-of-war.*' 

Aug.  2,     />.  <\    The  13th  Congress: 

the  first  session  closes. 

Dec.  e.  D.  C.  The  13th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  -D.T.  Congress;  Senate :  Joseph  B. 
Vamum    of    Mass.    is    again    elected 

President  pro  tempore. 

Dec.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an 
Embargo  Act  (the  fourth)  against  all 
exports  whatever. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  establishes  a  system 
of  internal  revenue  from  direct  tax 
and  excise. 

*  *  U.  S,  Governors  inaugurated : 
-18  *  *  Con7i.  John  Cotton  Smith. 
-15*  *  Ga.    Peter  Early. 

-16*  */nrf.  (Ter.).    Thomas  Posey. 
-31  *  *  Mich.  (Ter.).    Lewis  Cass. 
-16  *  *  N.  If.    John  T.  Gilman. 
-15  *  *  N.  J.    Wm.  S.  Pennington. 
-15  *  *  yt.    Martin  Chittenden. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1812  *  *  Pa.  Nine  wagons  loaded  with 
anthracite  coal  are  hauled  106  miles  to 
Philadelphia ;  two  loads  are  sold  at  cost 
of  transportation,  and  seven  given  away, 
and  the  sale  is  denounced  as  a  fraud. 

*  *  The  first  steamboat  navigates  the 
Ohio. 

*  *  Phila.  A  steam-ferry  first  connects 
Philadelphia  aud  Camden. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  large  foreign  com- 
merce of  the  Eastern  States  is  wholly 
destroyed, 

1813  May  10.  A^  )'.  A  steam-ferry 
first  connects  Brooklyn  and  New  York. 

Nov.  22.  N.  H.  A  great  fire  occurs  at 
Portsmouth  ;  over  300  buildings  are  con- 
sumed. 

*  ♦  Ore.  Astoria  is  sold  to  the  North 
West  Company. 


122     1814,  Jan.  1-1815,  Apr.  6. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1814    Jan.  22.    Ala.    Battle  of  Emuc- 
fau;   the  Creeks  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Jackson. 

Feb.  5.  O.  Seventeen  British  oflBcers  are 
put  in  close  confinement  at  CliiUicotlie 
by  way  of  retaliation. 

Feb.  13  T-.  Gen.  Wilkinson  burns  his 
boats  in  Salmon  River,  and  breaks  up 
cantouraeut  at  French  Mills ;  Gen. 
Brown  goes  to  Sackett's  Harbor,  and 
Gen.  Macomb,  with  the  Army  of  the 
North,  marches  for  Plattsburg  through 
snow  three  feet  deep. 

Feb.21.  N.  y.  Col.Scottand2,000Brit- 
ish  arrive  at  French  Mills,  burn  the 
arsenal  at  Malone,  and  pillage  the  town. 

Mar.  4,  The  British  are  defeated  at 
liOngwood,  about  100  miles  from  De- 
troit, losing  80  men;  American  loss,  8 
men. 

Mar.  27.  Ala.  Gen.  Jackson  defeats 
the  Creek  Indians  atHorse-shoe ;  Jack- 
son's loss  91  killed,  Indian  loss  800. 

Mar.  28.  British  ship  Pkcebe  and  sloop-of- 
war  Cherub,  in  all  81  guns  and  500  men, 
capture  in  the  neutral  port  of  Valparaiso 
the  United  States  frigate  EaaeXf  62  guns, 
255  men,  Capt.  Porter. 

Mar.*  N.  Y.  The  Army  of  the  North 
leaves  Plattsburg  and  invades  Canada. 

Mar.  30.  Can.  Gen.  Wilkinson,  with 
4,000  Americans,  is  repulsed  at  lia  CoUe 
Mills  by  Gen.  Hancock  with  2,000  British 
and  falls  back  on  Plattsburg ;  American 
loss,  13  killed  and  123  wounded  ;  British, 
13  killed,  45  womided. 

Apr.  7.  Conn.  Saybrooke  is  surprised 
by  a  force  of  200  British  marines,  who 
burn  the  shipping,  spike  the  cannon, 
and  safely  retreat  to  their  ships. 

Apr.  14.  Europe.  Napoleon  having  ab- 
dicated, the  British  are  free  to  rein- 
force their  armies  in  America;  they 
aim  at  the  conquest  of  Louisiana. 

Apr.  21.  Com.  Bainbridge,  sloop  Frolic, 
is  taken  by  the  British  frigate  Orpheus. 

Apr.  29.  The  sloop-of-war  Peacock,  20 
guns,  160  men,  captures  the  British  brig 
Jtpervier,  18  guns  and  128  men,  with 
$118,000  on  board. 

May  *  Wis.  Prairie  du  Chien  is  taken 
by  an  American  force  of  200  men. 

June  28.  Near  the  British  Channel  the 
sloop  Wasp,  Capt.  Blakely,  captures  the 
British  brig  Reindeer,  Capt.  Manners. 

July  3.  Can.  Gens,  Brown,  Winfield 
Scott  and  Ripley  cross  the  Niagara 
River,  and  200  British  at  Fort  Erie  sur- 
render without  a  battle. 

July 5.  Can.  Battle  of  Chippewa. 
The  Americans  under  Gen,  Brown  de- 
feat the  British  under  Gen.  Riall,  in  a 
battle  south  of  the  Chippewa  River. 
Losses:  American,  338;  British,  500. 

July  11.  Me.  A  British  fleet  takes  East- 
port. 

July  20.  Tlie  privateer  General  Arm- 
strong arrives  at  New  York,  having 
captured  11  British  vessels. 


*  •  Can.    Large  reinforcements  arrive  for 

the  British.    Many  of  these  are  veterans 

who  served  under  Wellington  in  Spain. 
July  25.    Can.     Battle     of    Lundy's 

Xjane,  fought  at  night,  near  Niagara. 

[Both  sides  claim  the  victory.] 
Gen.  Brown  (2,600)  defeats  the  British 

(4,500)   under  Gen.   Drummond.     Gens. 

Brown  and  Scott  are  wounded.    Losses  ; 

British,  878,  Americans,  858. 

Aug.  4.  Can.  Gen.  Drummond,  with  a 
British  force,  besieges  Gen.  Gaines  at 
Fort  Erie. 

Mich.  Col.  Crogan  assaults  the  for- 
tifications of  Mackinaw,  in  the  North- 
west, and  is  repulsed. 

Aug.  9^.  Conn.  The  British,  under  Com- 
modore Hardy,  bombard  Stonington, 
and  make  several  ineffectual  attempts 
to  land. 

Ai2g.  15.  Can.  The  British  unsuccess- 
fully assault  Fort  £!rie,  and  lose  nearly 
1,000  men ;  American  loss,  84. 

Aug.  19.  Md.  A  British  fleet  in  the 
Chesapeake  ascends  the  Pawtuxet,  for  an 
advance  on  "Washington.  Gen.  Ross 
lands  5,000  British  soldiers  at  Benedict. 

Aug.  24.  Md.  Battle  of  Bladensburg, 
six  miles  from  Washington. 

Gen,  Winder  is  defeated ;  the  British 
march  on  Washington  and  burn  the 
Capitol,  and  ail  the  public  buildings, 
except  the  Patent  Ottice  and  the  jail. 

Aug.  29.    Va.  Alexandria  is  ransomed 

from  burning  by  the  payment  of  21  ships, 
1G,000  barrels  flour,  and  1,000  hogsheads 
of  tobacco. 

Aug.  *  Fla.  The  Spaniards  permit  a 
British  fleet  to  use  Pensacola,  to  fit 
out  an  expedition  against  Fort  Boyer,  at 
the  entrance  of  Mobile  Bay. 

Sept.  6.  N.  T.  Gen.  Macomb  retires 
with  the  Army  of  the  North  from  Platts- 
burg to  the  south  bank  of  the  Saranac 
River. 

Sept.  9.  K.  T.  Bold  attack  on  the  Brit- 
ish near  Plattsburg,  by  Capt.  McGlassin 
and  50  Americans. 

Sept.  11.  N.  V.  An  important  land  and 
naval  battle  at  Plattsburg. 

The  British,  under  Gen.  Prevost  and 
Admiral  Downie,  are  defeated  by  Gen. 
Macomb  and  Admiral  McDonough;  the 
British  retreat  with  a  loss  of  1,500. 

Sept.  12.  Md.  The  British  attack  Bal- 
timore ;  the  British  Gen.  Ross  is  killed, 
and  the  Americans  under  Gen.  Smith 
fall  back. 

Sept,  13.  Md.  The  British  squadron 
bombards  FortMcHenry,  near  Balti- 
more, from  sunrise  till  near  midnight. 

Sept.  14.  Md.  The  British  abandon  the 
expedition  against  Baltimore,  after  mak- 
ing demonstrations  of  attack. 

Sept.  15.  Ala.  Tlie  British  attack  Fort 
Boyer,  commanding  the  entrance  to 
Mobile  Bay,  and  are  repulsed. 

Sept.  17.  Can.  The  British  retire  from 
the  siege  of  Fort  Erie,  after  a  success- 
ful sortie  by  the  Americans,  and  the  ap- 
proach of  reinforcements. 

Oct.  29.  Ketv  York.  The  first  steam 
frigate,  the  Fulton,  is  launched. 


Nov.  5.  Can.  The  Americans  evacuate 
and  destroy  Fort  Erie,  and  retire  to  the 
American  sitleof  the  Niagara  liiver;  this 
ends  the  war  in  that  region. 

Nov.  6.  F/a.  Gen.  Jackson,  without 
authority,  at  the  head  of  3,000  men, 
appears  before  the  Spanish  town  of 
Pensacola  to  drive  out  the  British,  who 
blow  up  the  fort,  and  in  their  seven 
vessels  retire  from  the  Bay.  This  neu- 
tral (?)  port  is  no  longer  a  British  port 
of  outfit. 

Dec.  2.  La.  Gen.  Jackson  arrives  at 
New  Orleans  and  takes  command. 

Dec.  10.  La.  The  British  fleet  enters 
Lake  Borgne,  and  defeats  a  small  squad- 
ron under  Lieut.  Jones,  but  suffers 
severely  in  killed  and  wounded. 

Dec.  14.  La.  The  British  capture  a 
small  American  fleet ;  this  gives  them 
the  command  of  the  route  to  New 
Orleans,  but  they  fail  to  use  their 
opportunity. 

Dec.  15.    La.    Gen.   Jackson  declares 

martial  law  in  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  23.  La  Gen.  Jackson  attacks 
with  success  the  British  camp  of  2,400 
men,  nine  miles  below  New  Orleans, 
but  falls  back  to  his  intrenchments, 
within  4  miles  of  the  city.  Loss  on  each 
side,  about  200. 

Dec.  24.  Bel ff  turn.  The  war  ends— on 
paper  — by  the  signing  of  the  treaty  of 
Peace  at  Ghent.    (See  State.) 

Dec.  28.  La.  The  British,  under  Sir  E. 
Pakeuham,  attack  Gen.  Jackson,  and 
are  repulsed. 

1815  Jan.  1.  La.  The  British  again 
attack  Gen.  Jackson,  and  are  signally 
beaten. 

Jan.  4.  La.  Gen.  Jackson  is  reinforced 
by  2,250  Kentuckians,  mostly  unarmed. 

Jan.  6.  La.  The  English  are  reinforced 
at  New  Orleans,  and  have  an  army  vari- 
ously estimated  from  8,000  to  14,000. 

Jan.  8»  La.  Battle  of  New  Orleans. 
The  British  make  a  desperate  attack  on 
Gen.  Jackson,  who  is  protected  by 
breastworks  of  cotton  bales. 

They  are  repulsed,  with  small  loss 
to  the  Americans  —  8  killed  and  13 
wounded  ;  British  loss  about  700  killed 
and  1,400  wounded.  Sir  E.  Pakenham, 
their  commanding  general,  and  Gen. 
Gibbs,  second  in  commajid,  both  lose 
their  lives,  and  Gen.  Keane  is  disabled. 

Jan.  15.  Tlie  British  ship  Endymion 
captures  the  American  frigate  President, 

Jan.  18.  La.  The  British  retire  from 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  Commodore  Decatur  captures  an 
Algerian  frigate  and  brig,  and  sailing 
into  the  Bay  of  Tunis,  forces  the  Dey 
to  surrender  American  prisoners  and  re- 
linquish ail  claims  to  American  tribute. 

Feb.  5.  Tlie  privateer  brig  George  LittUf 
8  guns,  5S  men,  is  captured  by  the  British 
ship  Granicus. 

Feb.  11.  Ala.  Col.  Lawrence,  with  375 
men,  surrenders  Fort  Boyer,  Mobile, 
to  5,000  British,  with  a  large  fleet,  under 
Gen.  Lambert. 


UNITED  STATES.  1814,  Jan.  1-1815,  Apr.  6.     123 


Feb.  20.    Naval    Battle  off    Cape   St. 

Vincent. 

The  frigate  Constitution^  after  a  severe 
fight,  captures  the  British  brigs  Ci/ajie, 
3G  guns,  and  tlie  Levant,  18  guns. 

Mar.  4.  The  privateer  brig  'Aspasia,  3 
guns,  25  men,  is  captured  by  the  British 
brig  Volontaire. 

Mar.  8.  The  British  ship  Tiber,  Capt. 
Dacres,  captures  the  privateer  Leo,  Capt. 
Hemes,  with  seven  guns  and  93  men. 

Mar.  19.  U.  S.  Military  operations  on 
hind  entirely  cease. 

Mar.  24.  Naval  battle  oif  the  coast  of 
Brazil. 

In  22  minutes  the  brig  Hornet,  IG  guns, 
Capt.  Biddle,  captures  the  British  brig 
f'enr/nin,  18  guns  and  a  12-pound  car- 
nmaile,  having  132  men  under  Capt. 
Dickinson;  British  loss,  14  killed,  28 
wounded  ;  American  loss,  one  killed,  11 
woiuided. 

Apr.  6.  Eng.  American  prisoners  in 
Dartmoor  prison  are  fired  upon  by 
their  guard,  and  many  of  them  killed 
and  wounded ;  [the  Prince-regent  cen- 
sures the  officers.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1814  *  *  Boston.  The  Linnsean  Society 
is  organized.     [Disbanded.] 

*  *Ma8S.  The  first  power  cotton-mill  in 
the  United  States  is  erected  at  Waltham. 

*  *  N.  v.— Conn.  Carriages  are  first 
manufactured  at  Albany  and  New 
Haven. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1814*   * 

Adams,  Chaa.  Baker,  naturalist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Allen,  Ira,  one  of  the  founders  of  Vt.,  A63. 

Bailey,  James  Roosevelt,  K.C.  archbishop, 
born  Ana.  23  in  N.Y. 

Itaynan,Wni.,  surgeon,  anatomist  of  Va.,A65. 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, born  in  Mass. 

Bigelow,  Krastus  B.,  inventor,  b.  in  Mass. 

Brown,  Henry  Kirk,  sculptor,  born  in  Mass. 

Cliapin,  Edwin  H.,  Univ.  cL,  orator,  b,  N.Y. 

Clemens,  Jeremiah,  sen.  for  Ala.,  b.  in  Ala. 

Coke,  Thomas,  first  M.  E.  bp.,  A67. 

Colt,  8anmel.  inventor  of  revolver,  b.  Conn. 

Colton,  (Janiner  Q.,  physician,  tlentist,  b.Vt. 

Craik,  James,  physician,  surgeon,  A  83. 

Davenport,  Edward  L.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 

Deane,  Samuel,  (.'ong.  clergyman,  poet,  A71. 

Donaldson,  James  L.,  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  Md. 

Ellis,  (leo.  Edw.,  Unit,  clergyman,  writer, 
b.  in  Mass. 

Everts,  \Vm.  W.,  Bapt.  cl.,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Gay,  Syilney  Howard,  author,  bom  In  Mass. 

Gerry,  Elbridg-e.  patriot, Vice-Pr.  U.  8.,  A70. 

Gilman,  Nicholas,  senator  for  N.  H.,  AS2. 

Gregc,  Maxey,  Confed.  Brtg.-Uen.,b.  in  S.  C. 

Harris,  Samuel,  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  in  Me. 

Headley,  Joel  T.,  historical  writer,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Heatli,  William,  maj.-gen.  in  Kevol'n,  A77. 

Hooker,  Joseph,  gen.  U.  S.  A.,b.  in  Mass. 

Howe,  Sir  William,  gen.  at  Bunker  Hill,  A86. 

Hudson,  Henry  Norman,  essayist,  b.  in  Vt. 

Kirkwood,  Daniel,  mathematician,  b.  in  Md. 

Lang,  Louis,  painter,  born  in  Ger. 

Laphain,  Eldridge  G.,  M.  C.  for  N. Y.,  b.  N.Y. 

Maynard,  Horace,  P.  M.  general,  b.  in  Mass. 

McClintock,  Jolm,  M.  E.  clergyman,  author, 
born  in  Ire. 

Meek,  Alexander  B.,  editor,  bom  in  S.  C. 

Mell,  Patricrk  Hues,  Bapt.  clergyman,  b.  Ga. 

Miller,  Morris  S.,  brig. -gen.  U.S.  Vol.,b. 

Miner,  Alonzo  A.,  d.,  educator,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop.  historian,  b.  Mass. 

Otis,  Samuel  A.,  senator  for  Mass.,  A74. 

I'aine,  ltoi)ert  T.,  lawyer,  signer  of  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  A83. 

Prime,  Edward  D.  G.,  N.V.  Observer, b.'S.Y. 

Kobertson,  .lames,  pioneer  in  Tenn.,  A72. 

Robinson,  Win.  E.,  journalist,  editor,  b.  Ire. 

Rumford,  Benjamin  Thompson,  count, 
Brit,  officer,  pliilosopber,  A61. 

Stanton.  Edwin  McMasters.  sec.  of  war, 
born  in  O. 


Thompson,  Jerome,  j)aint«r,  born  in  Mass. 
Tilden,  Samuel  J.,  Gov.  of  N.  Y.,  lawyer, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Wilmot,  David,  sen.  for  Pa.,  born  in  Pa. 
Wyman,  Jeffries,  anatomist,  prof.,  b.  Mass. 
Yancey,WiUiam  L.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,b.  in  S.  C. 

CHURCH. 

1814  Apr.  11,  New  York.  A  woman's 
missionary  society  is  organized  in  the 
Fayette  Street  Baptist  Church. 

May  18.  Va.  R.  C.  Moore  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Kpiscopal)  bishop. 

Phila.    An  assembly  of  26  ministers 

and  7  laymen,  representing  11  different 
States  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  or- 
ganizes the  Triennial  Convention  of 
the  Baptist  Church,  in  the  interest  of 
foreign  mission  work. 

June  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
of  the  Reformed  Church  meets ;  John 
N.  Bradford,  president. 

Sept.  1.  Md.  James  Kemp  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  suffragan 
bishop. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Samuel  Inglis, 
moderator. 

*  *  O.—  Tenn.  The  Presbyterian  synods 
of  Ohio  and  Tennessee  are  formed. 

*  *  The  National  Foreig;n  Missionary 
Society  (Baptist)  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1814  Aug.  24.  D.  C.  The  British  bum 
the  National  Iiibrary  at  Washington. 

*  *  New  Y(yrk.  The  New  Y(yrk  Weekly 
Museum  appears. 

Sept.  13.  Md.  Francis  S.  Key  composes 
the  Star-spangled  Banner,  during  the 
bombardment  of  Fort  McHenry,  near 
Baltimore,  while  detained  on  board  a 
British  ship. 

*  *  The  first  religious  newspaper,  The 
Recorder,  is  issued  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

SOCIETY. 

1815  Jan.  23.      La.      Thanksgiving 

Day  is  observed    in    New  Orleans  for 
General  Jacltsou's  victory. 
Apr.  6.    Eng.    Massacre  of  64  Ameri- 
cans at  Dartmoor  Prison. 

STATE. 
1814    Jan.  1.     U.S.    National  debt 

$81,487,846. 

Jan,  19.  />.  C.  Congress;  House: 
Xiangdon  Cheves  of  S.  C.  is  elected 
Speaker.     [Re-elected  Nov.  25.] 

Apr.  14.  Congress  repeals  the  Em- 
bargo Act  of  December,  1813. 

Apr.  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

The  13th  Congress:  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 

Aug.  22.  Mass.  The  people  of  Nan- 
tucltet  declare  themselves  neutral  and 
imder  the  protection  of  England. 


Aug.  24.  B.  C.  The  President  and 
Cabinet  flee  from   "Washington  at 

the  approach  of  the  Britisli. 
Sept.  19.    D.  C.    The  13th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

Dec.  15.  Co7in.  Delegates  assemble 
from  the  New  England  States  and  orga- 
nize the  Hartford  Convention  as  an 
anti-war  movement,  and  also  to  oppose 
the  administration  of  President  Madison. 
It  urges  certain  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  and  a  defining  of  the  power 
of  the  General  Government  over  State 
troops,  but  accomplishes  nothing.  [The 
Democrats  allege  that  it  is  a  disloyal 
assembly.  Its  chief  effect  is  the  ruin 
of  the  Federal  party,  which  called  it ; 
no  political  preferments  await  its  mem- 
bers in  after  years.] 

Dec.  24.  Belgium.  Peace  comes  by  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent,  which  is  negotiated 
by  John  Q.  Adams,  Albert  Gallatin, 
Henry  Clay,  James  A.  Bayard,  and' 
Jonathan  Russell. 

The  treaty  provides  for  commissions  to 
run  boundaries,  which  previous  treaties 
had  provided  for,  but  it  settles  none  of 
the  questions  which  brought  on  the 
war ;  [yet  its  effect  was  essentially  that 
desired  by  the  Americans.] 

*  *  B.C.  Congress  orders  the  first  war- 
tax,  on  hats,  caps,  umbrellas,  leather' 
boots,  plate,  beer,  ale,  playing-cards, 
harness,  household  furniture,  and  gold 
and  silver  watches. 

*  *  B,C.  Henry  Clay  is  the  leader  of 
the  new  Democracy ;  the  Federalist 
party  has  been  nearly  annihilated  by  its 
unpopular  conduct  during  the  war. 

Dec.31.   U.S.  Internal revenue$I,662,084. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

Cat.    Jos^  Arguello  (Spanish). 
-17  *  *  Bel.    Daniel  Rodney. 
-17  *  *  N.a    William  Miller. 

O.    Othniel  Looker. 
-18  *  *  O.    Thomas  Worthington. 
-16  *  *  S.  a    David  R.  Williams. 
-16  *  *  Va.    Wilson  C.  Nicolas. 

1815    Jan.  1.     U.  S,    National   debt 

$99,833,660. 

Jan.  12.  U.  S.  A  National  fast-day  is 
observed. 

Jan.  15.  B.  C.  President  Madison  ve- 
toes the  bills  to  recharter  the  National 
Bank. 

Feb.  18.  B.C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
ratifies  the  Treaty  of  Ghent. 

Mar.  4.  B.C.  The  13th  Congress  ends. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814  Feb.  1.  New  rates  of  postage. 
Letters,  for40  miles,  12  cents;  between  40 
and  90  miles,  15  cents ;  between  90  and 
150  miles,  18J  cents  ;  between  150  and  300 
miles,  25  cents ;  between  300  and  500 
miles,  30  cents  ;  over  500  miles,  37i  cents ; 
double  letters  at  double  price. 

Apr.*  La.    New  Orleans  banks  suspend 

specie  payments. 
Aug.  *  Philadelphia    banks    suspend 

specie  payments.    (Also  banks  in  D.  C.) 
Sept.  *   U.S.    Nearly  all  other  banks  in 

the  country  suspend. 
Dec.  *  The  National  debt  is  increased  ^ 

by  the  war  of  1812  to 


124     1815,  Apr.  13-1817 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  SEVENTH   WAR. 

1815  May  19.  Xew  Vorfc.  An  expe- 
dition, consisting  of  nine  vessels,  under 
Commodore  Decatur,  sails  for  AJg^iers 
to  pimish  piracies,  war  having  been  de- 
clared by  the  United  States. 

June  17.  Decatiir,  after  a  fight  of  20 
minutes,  captures  the  principal  AJ- 
gerine  frigate  olf  Gibraltar. 

June  18.  Hostilities  cease  between  the 
United  States  and  England. 

June  19.  Decatur  captures  another 
Algerine  vessel. 

June  28.  Algeria.  The  American  squad- 
ron arrives  in  the  Bay  of  Algiers. 

June  30.  Algiers.  The  Americans  dic- 
tate terms  of  peace. 

June  *  D.  C.  Maj.-Gen.  Jacob  Brown 
is  appointed  (10th)  commander  of  the 
army. 

1816  May  8.  The  Washington  is  the 
first  ship-of-the-line ;  she  puts  to  sea  and 
carries  74  guns.  ^ 

THE  EIGHTH  WAR. 

1817  Nov.  20-18  Oct.  21.  The 
Seminole  Indian  War. 

[Troops  engaged:  1,000  regulars,  6,911 
militia  and  volunteers  ;  total,  7,911  men. 
Georgia  and  Alabama  are  the  seat  of  the 
var.] 
Dec.  26.  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson  is  or- 
dered to  take  the  field  against  the 
Seminole  and  Creek  Indians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1815*  *  Boston.  The  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society  is  founded. 

*  *  ]Mary  Brush  takes  out  a  patent  for  a 
corset,  the  second  patent  issued  to  a 
woman, 

*  *  Pa.  Iron-workers  have  begun  to  use 
anthracite  coal,  but  their  cold  blast 
causes  a  failure. 

1S16  *  *  -17  *  *  Pa.  The  first  rolling- 
mill  to  puddle  iron  and  roll  iron  bars  is 
built  on  Redstone  Creek. 

Apr.  30.*  Phila.  A  spot  on  the  sun 
is  visible  to  the  naked  eye  for  several 
days. 

1817  Jan.  7.  S.  C.  Two  shocks  of 
earthquake  occur  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  River  overfiows, 
causing  damage  to  the  extent  of  a  million 
dollars. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1816*  • 

Anthony,  Henry  B.,  Gov.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  born 

in  R.  1. 
Alsop,  Richard,  poet,  linguist,  A74. 
Appleton,  .John,  lawyer,  born  in  Jlass. 
Barnard,  .John  G.,  mil.  eng.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Mass. 
Barton,  Benjamin    Smith,  phys.,  botanist, 

A49. 
Bayard,  .lames  Assheton,  sen.  for  Del.,  A4ft. 
Beecher,  Charles,  Cong,  clergyman,  writer, 

born  in  Conn. 
Bonhain,  Milledge  L.,  Confed.  Gen.,  b.  8.  C. 
Bradford,  Alex.  WarfieUl,  jurist,  b.  In  N.Y. 
Brady,  .lames  T.,  lawyer  of  N.Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Brooks,  Krastus,  journalist,  politician,  b.  Me. 
Budington,  Win.  Ives,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Campbell,  Jat>ez  P.,  Afr.  M.E.  bp.,b.  InDel. 
<JarroU,  John  D,.  first  K.  C.  bp.,  A80. 


Cobb.  Howell. M.  C.  for  Ga.,  sec.  treas.,  b.  Ga. 
Copley.  John  S..  painter,  A78. 
Dana,  Kichanl  Henry,  Jr.,  lawyer,  b.  In  Mass. 
Davis,  David.  V.  S.  S,  Ct.,  born  in  III. 
Doolittle,  Jas.  K.,  senator  for  Wis.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Downing,    Andrew   J.,  ruralist  economist, 

born  in  X.Y. 
Dumont,  Ebeuezer,  brig.-gen.,M.  C.  forlnd., 

born  in  Ind. 
Farnham,  Kliza  W.,  philanthropist,  b,  N.Y. 
Flagg,  Kdinund,  journalist,  author,  b.  in  Me. 
Foster,  John  Wells,  geologist,  born  m  Mass. 
Fry,  William  H.,  editor,  born  m  I'a. 
Fulton.  Robert  steamboat-budder,  A50. 
Griswold,  Stanley,  senator,  A52. 
Halleck,   Henry  W..  niaj.-gen.,  military 

writer,  born  in  N.Y. 
Ilurlbut,  Stephen  A.,  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  H.  C. 
Kearny,  Philip,  maj.-gen.,  born  in  N.Y. 
I,ester,  Chas.  K.,  author,  born  in  Conn. 
Lyman,  Theodore  B.,  I*.  K.  bp.  of  N.  C.,  born 

in  Mass. 
Meade,  George  G..  maj.-gen.,  commander 

of  the  A  rmy  of  the  Potomac  at  Gettysburg, 

born  in  Spain. 
Mills,  Clarke,  srulptor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Murray,    John,    founder    of     Universalist 

Church  in  America,  A 74. 
Nadal,  B.  H.,  M.  K.  clergyman,  b.  in  Md. 
Nixon,  John,  general  in  Revolution,  A90. 
Pakenbam,  Sir  Krlward,  Brit,  gen.,  A37. 
Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart,  writer,  b.  in  Mass. 
Poland,  Luke  P.,  senator  for  Vt.,  b.  in  Vt. 
Provoost,  Samuel  P.  K.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,  A73. 
Ramsay,  Alex.,  sec.  of  war,  Gov.  of  Minn.,  b. 
Ramsay,  David,  physician,  historian,  A6*i, 
Robinson,  Kzekiel  (i.,  Bapt.  cl.,b.  in  Alass. 
Rodman,  Thomas  J.,    brig.-gen.,   inventor, 

born  in  Ind. 
Sevier,  John,  gov.  of  Tenn.,  A71. 
Shubrick,  John  T.,  naval  olflcer,  A37. 
±  Van  Amburg,  Isaac,  showman,  b.  m  N.Y. 
Warren,  John  C.,  physician,  A62. 
Wells,  Horace,  anesthetics,  born  in  Vt. 

1816*   » 

Allibone,  .'iamiiel  Austin,  author,  b.  in  Pa. 
Alston,  Joseph,  (;ov.  of  S.  C.,  A38. 
Asbury.  Francis,  first  Metli.  bp.,  A7I. 
Backus,  Azel,  Pres.  of  Hamilton  Coll..  A51. 
Banks,    Nathaniel    P.,  general,   M.    C.    for 

Mass.,  sjx'aker,  b.  In  Mass. 
Belmont.  August,  financier,  born  in  Ger. 
Brantly,  Wm.  T.,  Bapt.  clergyman,  b.  S.  C. 
Crane,  Wm.  C.,  Bapt.  cl.,  writer,  b.  in  Va. 
Cushman,  Charlotte  8.,  actress,  b.  in  Mass. 
Dexter,  Samuel,  jurist,  AS5. 
Donaldson,  Edward,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  b. 
I>uyckinck,  Evert  Augustus,  writer,  b.  N.Y. 
Early,  Jubal  A.,  Confederate  gen.,  b.  in  Va. 
Field,  Stephen  J.,  associate  justice  U.  S., 

born  in  Conn. 
Gerstacker,  Fried.,  novelist,  traveler,  b.  Ger. 
Godwin,  Parke,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 
Haven,  Joseph,  Cong,  cl.,  philo.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Hoar,  Ebenezer  Rockwood,  jurist,  statesman, 

born  in  Mass. 
Hooper,  Lucy,  poetess,  born  in  Mass. 
Howe,  Tmiothy  O.,  U.  S.  senator,  b.  in  Me. 
Huntington,  Daniel,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 
Jacobus,  Melanctbon  W.,  Pres.  theologian, 

author,  born  m  N.  J. 
Johnston,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  N.  C,  A89. 
Kernan,  Francis,  senator  for  N.Y.,b.  in  N.Y. 
Kimball,  Richard  Burleigh, author,  b.  inN.  II. 
Lear,  Tobias,  sec.  to  Wasliington,  A66. 
Leutze,  Emanuel,  painter,  born  in  iier. 
Lowell,  Robert  T.  S.,  P.  E.  el.,  b.  In  Mass. 
Meigs,  Montgomery  C,  Q.  M.  gen.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Miller,  Samuel  F.,  justice  S.  Ct.,born  m  Ky. 
Moore,  lienjauiin,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.Y.,  A68. 
Morris.  Gouverneur,  statesman,  A64. 
Proctor,  Joseph,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
Robinson,  Stuart,  Pres.  clergyman,  b.  in  Ire. 
Sawyer,  Philetus,  senator  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Vt. 
Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  poet,  born  in  Vt. 
SUliman,  Benj.,  Jr.,  physicist,  liorn  in  Conn. 
Spalding,  Solomon,  clergyman,  reputed  au- 
thor of  Book  of  Mormon,  A55. 
Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  reformer,  born 

in  N.Y. 
Strother,  David  Hunter,  artist,  writer,  b.  Va. 
Thomas.  George  Henry,  major-gen.,  born 

in  Va.,  July  31. 
Waite,  Morrison  K.,  chief  justice  S.  Ct.,  born 

in  Conn. 
Wilson,  William  Dexter,  scholar,  b.  In  N.  H. 


CHURCH. 

1815  June.  *  N.  Y.  The  General 
Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  meets 
at  Albany,  John  Schuremau,  president. 
[At  New  York  in  Sept.,  Jacob  Brodhead, 
president.] 


Nov.  19.  X.  J.  John  Croes  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Harmonists,  having  emi- 
grated from  Wurtemberg,  found  New 
Harmony.  They  hold  their  property  in 
common,  and  consider  marriage  a  civil 
contract. 

*  *  Ga.  The  American  Board  sends  Cyrus 
Kingsbury  as  missionary  to  the  Chero- 
kee Indians. 

*  *  Mass.  Open  rupture  and  hot  con- 
troversy separate  Trinitarian  and  Uni- 
tarian Congregational  is ts. 

*  *  Mass.  A  legacy  from  Mrs.  Norris  of 
Salem  is  realized  to  the  American  Board 
—  $30,000,  the  largest  yet  received. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Episcopalians  begin  mis- 
sion work  among  the  Oneida  Indians. 

*  *  Phita. »  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  William  Neill, 
moderator. 

1816  Mar.  24.  Va.  Bishop  Francis 
Asbury,  the  organizer  of  American 
Methodism,  preaches  his  last  sermon,  at 
Richmond. 

Apr.  14.  La.  The  first  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church  is  opened  at  New  Orleans. 

May  1-24.  Md.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held  at 
Baltimore. 

Enoch  George  and  Robert  R.  Morris 
are  ordained  Ijishops ;  the  Mississippi 
Conference  is  formed. 

May  8.  Xew  York.  The  American 
Bible  Society  is  organized  in  the  Re- 
formed Dutch  church,  in  Garden  Street. 

June.*  Xew  York.  The  General 
Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  meets  ; 
Jacob  Brodhead,  president. 

Oct.  *  The  Bangor  Theological  Sem- 
inary (Congregational)  is  opened. 

*  *  Episcopalians  form  a  Common 
Prayer- Book  and  a  Tract  Society. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church  practi- 
cally co-operates  with  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Unitarian  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Theological  Edu- 
cation is  organized. 

The  Divinity  School  of  Harvard  is 
established  by  Unitarians. 

The  Boston  Society  for  the  Moral 
and  Religious  Instruction  of  the 
Poor  is  organized. 

*  *  Xeio  York.  The  first  religious  meet- 
ing in  behalf  of  sailors  is  held  at  the 
corner  of  Front  Street  and  Old  Slip. 

*  *  X.  Y.  Lutherans  establish  a  theo- 
logical seminary  at  Hartwick. 

*-*  Cyrus  Kingsbury,  the  first  missionary 
of  the  American  Board  to  the  Indians, 
is  sent  to  the  Cherokees. 

*  *  O.  Tlie  Female  Charitable  Society 
of  Tallmadge  contributes  S20  to  the 
American  Board,  the  first  received  from 
west  of  the  Alleghanies,  save  one  dollar 
from  a  pastor's  pocket. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  James  Blythe, 
moderator.  It  organizes  the  Board  of 
Missions. 


UNITED    STATES.      1815,  Apr.  13-1817  *  *.     125 


*  *  Tract  societies  are  organized  in  Phila- 
delpMa,  Baltimore,  aiid  Hartford. 

*  *  Ricliard  Allen  is  elected  bishop  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

1817  Mar.  14.  New  York.  The  Ma- 
rine Bible  Society  for  supplying 
sailors  with  Bibles  is  organized. 

Apr.  2.  N.  C,  The  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) Diocese  of  North  Carolina  is  orga- 
nized. 

LETTERS. 

1815*  *  Pa.  Allegheny  CoUege(Meth. 
iCpis.)  is  organized  at  Meadville. 

*  *  The  North  American  Review  is  issued. 

*  *  Moral  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse,  hy 
Mrs.  Sigourney,  appears. 

*  *  Md.  The  Portico  appears  at  Balti- 
more. 

1816  *  •  N.  J.  Queen's  College  (Kutgers 
Reformed)  suspends  work  [till  1825]. 

»  *  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Harrisburg.    [53,000  vols.] 

*  *  O.    The  Appeal  is  issued.  (See  Society.) 

1817  •  *  Boston.  The  Methodist  Maga- 
zine appears  ;  it  is  the  first  Methodist 
periodical. 

*  *Ohio  State  Ijibrary  is  founded  at 
Columbus.     [51,439  vols.] 

Apr.  7.  Conn.  An  institution  for  deaf 
mutes  is  opened  at  Hartford  by  T.  H. 
Gallaudet,  with  seven  pupils. 

Apr.  21.  New  York.  The  New  York 
State  Library  is  established. 

Sept.  24.  A^.  Y.  Thirteen  Baptists  meet 
in  Hamilton  and  lay  the  foimdation  of 
[the  present]  Madison  University. 

SOCIETY. 

1815  Aug.  •  New  York.  The  first 
Peace  Society  in  the  world  is  founded. 

*  *  B.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  any  one 
establishing  a  still  in  the  Indian  country 
shall  be  fined  8500  and  forfeit  the  still. 

1816  *  *  New  York.  Authorities  forbid 
chimney-sweeps  to  cry  their  trade  in 
tile  streets. 

*  *  O.  The  Appeal  is  started  at  St.  Clairs- 
ville,  to  champion  the  anti -slavery 
cause. 

1817  Jan.  19.  N.  J.  Kiot  and  rebel- 
lion is  engaged  in  by  Princeton  students. 

Feb.  25.  Isaac  Koget,  a  merchant  in  high 
standing,  with  others,  is  convicted  of 
loading  the  lost  schooner  Ocean  with  97 
boxes  of  stone,  in  an  effort  to  defraud  the 
insurance  companies  of  $58,000. 

*  *  Ky.  Abraham  Iiincoln,  nine  years 
of  age,  removes  with  his  parents  to  In- 
diana, crossing  the  Ohio  on  a  raft. 

Dec.  28.  /).  C.  An  American  Colo- 
nization Society  is  formed  at  Washing- 
ton ;  object,  to  return  negroes  to  Africa  ; 
Henry  Clay  is  its  prime  mover. 

STATE. 

1815  Apr.  13.  N.  Y.  Bill  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Erie  Canal,  from 
Albany  on  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie, 
passes  the  Assembly.    Vote,  84-15. 

June  30.  Altiiers.  Commodore  Deca- 
tur negotiates  a  treaty. 


The  Dey  renounces  all  claims  to  tribute 
for  the  protection  of  American  com- 
merce from  pirates,  and  yields  the  right 
to  enslave  prisoners  of  war. 

Julys.  Eng.  A  commercial  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  England 
is  signed  at  London. 

Dec.  4.    The  14th  Congress  opens. 
Congress ;  House  :  Henry  Clay  of 
Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue  $4,678,059. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Ferguson  is  elected 
the  51st  mayor. 

*  *  -18  •  ♦  New  York.  Jacob  Badcliff 
is  elected  the  52d  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

Cal.     Pablo  V.  de  Sola  (Span.). 
-17  *  ♦  Ga.    David  B.  Mitchell. 
-17  *  *  N.  J.    Mahlon  Dickerson. 
-21  *  *  Tenn.    Joseph  M'Mlnn. 
-20  *  *  Vt.    Jonas  Galusha. 

1816  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$127,334,933. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Congress  charters  a 
second  national  bank  for  twenty 
years,  with  a  capital  of  $36,000,000. 

Apr.  27.  J).  C.  Congress  imposes  a 
protective  tariff  of  about  25  per  cent 
on  imported  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
and  specific  duties  on  iron.  The  South 
opposes,  and  the  North  favors  it.  Vote  : 
Senate,  2.')-7  ;  House,  88-.'>t. 

Apr.  30.  n.  C.  The  14th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  *  The  Government  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  Choctaw  and  Cherokee  Indians. 

Nov.  (?)  •  U.  S.  Eighth  Presidential 
election.  Democrat-Republicans  defeat 
the  Federalists  and  elect  James  Monroe. 

Deo.  2.  I).  C.  The  14th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Indi- 
ana into  the  Union  as  the  19th  State. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  necessity  of  protec- 
tion for  manufacturing  industries 
draws  New  England  toward  the  Repub- 
lican party. 

Dec.31.  (I.S.  Internal  Revenue  (5,121,- 
708. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-22  *  *  Ind.    Jonathan  .Jennings. 

Ky.    George  Madison. 
-20  *  *  Ky.    Gabriel  Slaughter. 
^20  •  •  La.    Jacques  Vlllfere. 
-23  *  *  Mass.    John  Brooks. 
-19  *  *  N.H.    William  Plumer. 
-18  *  *  S.  C.    Andrew  Pickens. 
-19  *  *  Va.    James  P.  Preston. 

1817  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$123,491,905. 

Phila.    The  New  Bank  of  the  United 

States  opens  at  Carpenter's  Hall. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  policy  of  internal  im- 
provements is  approved  by  the  Repub- 
licans and  opposed  by  the  Democrats. 

Feb.  12.  n.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  James  Monroe 
of  Va.  (Dem.-Rei>.),  IS? ;  Rufus  King  of 
N.  Y.  (Federalist),  34.  Vote  for  Vice- 
President:  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of 
N.  Y.  (Republican),  183  ;  JohnE.  How- 
ard of  Md.  (Federalist),  22 ;  James  Boss 
of  Pa.,  6;  John  Marshall  of  Va.,  4; 


Bobert  G.  Harper  of  Md.,  3.    Vacan- 
cies, 4. 
Mar.  4.  B.C.   The  14th  Congress  ends. 
Fifth  Administration;  Democratic- 
Republican. 
Mar.  4.    D.  C.    James  Monroe  of  Va. 
is  inaugurated  the  fifth  President,  in  the 
eighth  term  of  the  presidency.    Daniel 
D.  Tompkinsof  X.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 
The  Capitol  having  been  burned  by 
-    the  British,  the  inauguration  ceremonies 
take  place  in  Congress  Hall. 

Cabinet :  John  Q,.  Adams  of  Mass. 
(State),  Wm.  H.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
(Treas.),  John  C.  Calhotm  of  S.  C. 
(War),  Benj.  "W.  Crowninshield  of 
Mass.  (Navy),  and  Wm.  Wirt  of  Va. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Democratic-Republican 
party  is  dominant.  "  Era  of  good  feel- 
ing" in  polities;  party  distinctions  are 
nearly  obliterated. 

May  31+.  B.  C.  President  Monroe  per- 
sonally inspects  the  military  posts. 

Dec.  1.  B.  ('.  The  15th  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  10.  D.<\  Congress  admits  Missis- 
sippi into  the  Union  as  the  20th  State, 
after  dividing  the  Territory  ;  the  eastern 
portion  is  called  the  Territory  of  Ala- 
bama. 

Dec.  23.  B.  C.  Congress  abolishes  the 
internal  taxes.  [They  are  next  levied  in 
1861,  to  meet  the  expenses  of  another 
war.] 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Internal  revenue 
$2,678,100. 

*  *  [f.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-20*  *Bel.    John  Clarke. 

-19  *  *  Ga:    William  Rabun. 
-20  *  *  N.  C.    John  Branch. 
-29  *  *N.J.    Isaac  H.  Williamson. 
-22  *  *  N.  Y.    De  Witt  Clinton. 

Pa.    Wm.  Findlay. 
-21  *  *  li.  I.    Nehemiah  R.  Knight. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815  *  *  O.  Cincinnati  has  a  popula- 
tion of  11,600. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Fairmount  Water- works 
for  supplying  Philadelphia  are  com- 
pleted. [The  present  system  was  com- 
pleted in  1827.] 

1816  *  *  Md.  Baltimore  is  the  first 
city  lighted  by  gas. 

Nov.  25.    Phila.    A  theater  is  lighted 

by  gas. 
Dec.  2.     U.  S.    The  first  savings-bank 

is  opened  at  Philadelphia. 

*  *  New  York.  More  than  7,000  immi- 
grants arrive  this  year. 

*  *  N.  Y.—Pa.  Travelers  pass  from  New 
York  to  Philadelphia  between  sunrise 
and  sunset. 

1817  Mar.  4.  Pkila.  The  rechartered 
National  Bank  goes  into  operation, 
and  business,  long  languishing,  now  re- 
vives. 

July  4.  -V.  Y.  The  construction  of  the 
Erie  Canal  is  commenced  by  breaking 
ground  near  Rome. 

Aug.  2.  Mo.  A  steamboat  first  arrives 
at  St.  Louis. 


126     1817**-1819 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1818    Apr.  *  Florida  the  refuge  of  the 

Creeks,  is  invaded  by  Gen.  Jackson, 

without  express  authority. 
[Congress  refused  to  censure  him,  and 

Spain  accepted  money  for  Florida,  rather 

than  spend  it  in  a  doubtful  defense.] 
Apr.  7.    Fla.    Gen.  Jackson  captures  St. 

Marks,  a  Spanish  post. 
Apr.  30.    Fla.    He   hangs  Alexander 

Arbuthnot  and  an  Englishman  named 

Kobert  C.  Ambrister,  for  inciting  the 

Creeks  to  war. 
May  24.    i?;a.  He  takes  Pensacola  from 

the  Spaniards. 
May  27.    Fla.    He  reduces  the  Spanish 

fortress  of  the  Barancas  [and  sends  the 

authorities  and  troops  to  Havana]. 
May*  Ga.  —  Ala.   Gen.  Jackson  subdues 

the  Seminole  Indians.    [Cost  of  the  war, 

$40,000,000.] 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1817  *  •  John  Trumbull  receives  a  com- 
mission from  Congress  for  four  historical 
pictures  :  Declaration  of  Independence  ; 
Surrender  of  Burgoyne;  Surrender  of 
Comtcallis;  Resignation  of  Washington. 

1818  Aug.  13.  Mass.  Gelatinous  mat- 
ter falls  near  Amherst  soon  after  the 
passage  of  a  brilliant  meteor. 

*  *  Boston.    Handel's  iWcssiaA  is  produced. 

*  *  Adams  and  Dodge  are  said  to  have  in- 
vented a  sewing-machine. 

»  *  Boston.     The  Creation,  by  Haydn,  is 

produced. 
»  *  Mo.    N.   M.    Ludlow   gives    the   first 

dramatic  performance  in  St.  Louis. 

*  *  N.J.  Seth  Boyden,  by  an  experiment 
at  Newark,  produces  the  first  patent 
leather  made  in  this  country. 

*  *  N.Y.  A  large  part  of  Table  Rock,  at 
Niagara  Falls,  gives  way  and  drops. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History  is  inaugurated. 

*  *  Pa.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made 
at  Mauch  Chunk  to  use  anthracite  coal 
in  making  iron. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Science  is  founded. 

Jacob  Perkins  invents  engraving  on 
soft  steel,  which,  when  hardened,  will 
multiply  copper  plates  indeiinitely. 
1819  May  26.  Ga.  The  steamship 
Sai)a)»>»aA,  of  350  tons,  sails  from  Savan- 
nah for  Liverpool,  arriving  June  20  :  the 
first  steamship  to  cross  the  Atlantic. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1817*  • 

Barnes,  Joseph,  brig.-gen.,  surgeon,  b.  In  Pa. 
Bedell,  Gregory  T.,  V.  E.  bp.  of  O.,  b.  N.Y. 
Bigelow,  John,  author,  editor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Bowman,  Thomas,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Pa. 
Brae:^.  Braxton,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  in  N.  C. 
Byford,  Win.  Heath,  physician,  born  in  O. 
Camocnan,  John  M.,  surgeon,  born  in  Ga. 
Champney,  Benjamin,  painter,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Dallas,  Alex.  James,  sec.  of  treas.,  A,^8. 
Davis,  Henry  Winter,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  Md. 
Douglass,  Fred'k.  orator,  b.  a  slave  in  Md. 
Dupont,  Pierre  Sam.,  of  Del.,  economist,  .\78. 
Dwight,  Timothy,  Pres.  of  Yale  Col.,  A55. 
Ewell,  Richard  S.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  b.  D.C. 
Fairchlld,  James  H.,  Presb.  cl.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Fields,  James  Thomas,  editor,  b.  N.  H. 
Finley,Tlol)ert,  Presb. clergyman  of  N.  J.,  .\45. 
Forney.  John  "Weiss,  journalist,  b.  in  Pa. 
Frelinebuysen,  Frederick  T.,  senator  for 
N.  J.,  sec  of  state,  born  in  N.  J. 


Ooueh.  John  B..  temperance  orator, b.  Eng. 
Green,  Seth,  flsh  culturist,  born  in  N.Y. 
Hager.  David  Alljert,  geologist,  born  in  Vt. 
Hale,  Horatio,  ethnologist,  horn  in  N.  H. 
Harhaugb,  Henry,  author,  born  in  Pa. 
Harris,  Wm.  L., .  E.  blsliop,  born  in  O. 
Ilitclmock,  Roawell  Dwtght,  prof.,  b.  in  Me. 
Hollister,  Gideon  Hiram,  author,  born. 
Huntineton,  Samuel,  judge,  A42. 
Jones,  Wm.  .\.,  liltrarian,  i>orn  in  N.Y. 
Judson,  Emily  (Fanny  Forester), b.  in  N.Y. 
Lincoln,  John  L.,  edut^ator,  born  in  Mass. 
McKean,  Thomas,  patriot,  jurist,  A83. 
Meek,  Fielding  B.,  paleontologist,  b.  in  Ind. 
Neale,  Leonard,  R.  C.  hp.  o(  Baltimore,  A71. 
Odenheimer,  Wm.  H.,P.  E.bp.of  N.  J.,b.  Pa. 
Palmer,  Erastus  Dow,  sculptor,  b.  in  N.Y. 
I'aliuer,  John  McCauley,  sen.  for  111.,  h.  Ky. 
Pickens,  .\ndrew,  Revolutionary  gen.,  .\78. 
Pierrepont,  Edwards,  att'y-gen.,b.  in  Conn. 
Ricketts,  James  B.,  gen.  1'.  S.  A.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Riddle,  George  R.,  senator  for  Md.,  b.  in  Del. 
Robinson,  John  C,  major-general,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Rothermel,  Peter  F.,  painter,  born  in  Pa. 
Saulsbury,  Eli,  senator  for  Del.,  b.  in  Del. 
Thoreau,  Henry  D.,  naturalist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Wallace,  Horace  Binney,  lawyer,  b.  in  Pa. 

1818*  * 

Adams,  Abigail,  writer,  wife  of  Pres.,  A74. 
Aenew,  D.  Hayes,  phys.,  surgeon,  b.  Pa. 
Andrew,  John  Alliion,  gov.  of  Mass.,  h.  Me. 
Baker,  llarrielte  N.  Woods,  author,  b.  Mass. 
Barney,  Joshua,  commodore  l'.  S.  N.,  A59. 
Barry,  William  F.,  brevet  maj.-gen.,  b.  N.Y. 
Beauregard.  Pierre  Oustave  T..  Confed- 

enate  general,  born  in  La. 
Blackwell.  Lucy  Stone,  woman  suffragist, 

born  in  .Mass. 
Boutwell,  <;eo.  Sewall,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  sec. 

of  treas.,  born  in  Mass. 
Browne,  J.  Ross,  writer,  bom  in  Ire. 
Buell,  Don  Carlos,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  h.  O. 
Burr,  Enoch  Fitch,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Butler.  Benjamin  Franklin. lawyer,M.C., 

general,  born  in  N.  H. 
Clarke,  Geo.  Rogers,  gen.,  frontiersman,  A66. 
Corblt,  Wm.  P.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  b.  in  Pa. 
Coxe,  Arthur  C,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,poet,b.  N.  J. 
Cozzens,  Fred.  S.,  writer,  born  in  N.Y. 
Cuffee,  Paul,  phllantliropist,  A59. 
DaboU,  Nathan.teacher,  matliematician,  A68. 
Davis,  Noah,  jurist  of  N.Y.,  l)orn  in  N.  H. 
Denver,  James  W.,  Gov.  of  Kan.,  b.  in  Va. 
Dorsey,  John  Svng,  surgeon,  A3S. 
±  Eastman,  Mary  H.,  auttior,  born  in  Va. 
Ellet,  EUzabeth  F.,  autlior,  l)orn  in  N.Y. 
Evarts.  Wm.  Maxwell,  lawyer,  sec.   of 

state,  born  in  Masa 
Fay,  Jonas,  surgeon,  .\81. 
Fullerton,  Wm.,  lawyer,  jurist,  born. 
Catling,  Hicliard  J.,  inventor  of  gun,  b.  N.  C. 
Gorgas,  Josiah,  vice-chancellor,  born  in  Pa. 
Green,  Norvin,  pres.  of  tel.  CO.,  born  in  Ind. 
Hampton,  Wade,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  senator 

for  .s.  ('.,  gov.,  born  in  S.  C. 
Hanlee,  Wm.  J.,  Confed.  gen.,  born  in  Ga. 

Harris,  Caleb  F.,  book  collector,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Harris,  Isliam  G.,  sen.  for  Tenn.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Hartsliorne,  Edward,  phys.  of  Phila.,  b.  Pa. 
Hill,  Thomas,  Unit,  cl.,  pres.  of  Harvard 
ITniversitv,  born  in  N.  J. 

Horsford,  Eben  Norton,  chemist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Humphreys,  David,  soldier,  poet,  A65. 

Irwin,  Jared,  Gov.  of  Ga.,  A68. 

James,  Horace,  Cong,  clergyman,  born. 

Jarves,  James  J.,  traveler,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Kensctt,  John  P.,  painter,  born  in  Conn. 

LeClear,  Thomas,  portrait  painter,  b.  in  N.Y. 

LeConte,  John,  physicist,  born  in  Ga. 

Lee,  Henry,  general,  M.  C,  A62. 

Lee,  Henry,  Confed.  gen.  b. 

Loring,  William  W.,  Confed.,  Egyptian  gen- 
eral, born  in  N.C. 

MacDowell,  Irvin,  maj.-gen.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  in  O. 

Mivthews,  William,  author,  born  in  Me. 

MiUeilge,  Jolm,  gov.,  founder  of    Georgia 
University,  AGl. 

Mitchell.  Maria,  astronomer,  b.  in  Mass. 

Morgan,  Lewis  H.,  etlinologist,  b.  in  N.  J. 

O'Brien,  Jeremiah,  privateer  in  Revol  n,  A78. 

Ord,  Edward  O.  C,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Md. 

Paulding,  John,  a  captor  of  .\ndr«,  -\60. 

Pope,  Chas.  A.,  surgeon  of  Mo.,  b.  in  Ala. 

Prentiss,  Elizabeth,  religious  writer,  b.  In  Me. 

Reld,  Mayne,  Capt.,  novelist,  born  in  Ire. 

Renwick,  James,  architect,  born  in  N.Y. 

Revere,  Paul,  engraver,  patriot  of  Mass.,  A83. 

Rice,  Alex.  H.,  statesman,  scholar,  b.  Mass. 

Richardson,  Israel  B.,  major-gen.,  b.  in  Vt. 

Robinson,  Wm.  .S.,  editor,  writer,  b.  in  Ind. 

Saint  Clair,  Arthur,  general  U.  S.  A.,  A84. 

Shaw.  Henry  "W.  (/osAiliWini/Ji), humorist, 
writer,  born  in  Mass. 

Smith,  John  L.,  mineral., chemist,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Stevens,  Isaac  Ingalls.  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Wistar,  Caspar,  physician,  anatomist,  .\57. 

Worden,  John  L.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  N.  Y. 


CHURCH. 

1817  June'-iV.  r.  The  General  Sjmod 
(Reformed)  meets  at  Albany ;  C.  D. 
Westhrook,  president.  [At  Kingston  In 
Oct.] 

*  *  Conn.  The  American  Board  organizes 
a  foreign  mission  school  at  New 
Haven,  with  five  Hawaiian  lads,  among 
others,  as  its  first  pupils. 

*  •  Missions  are  established  among  the 
Choctaw  Indians  by  the  American 
Board. 

*  *  A".  J.  The  Theological  School  Build- 
ing at  Princeton  is  opened. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Philadelphia  Sunday 
and  Adult  School  Union  is  orga- 
nized. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  as- 
sembles. 

The  American  Baptist  Mission  Union 
modifies  its  constitution  so  as  to  include 
domestic  mission  work. 

The  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) meets  ;  James  Coe,  moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Tennessee  is  organized. 

1818  Jan.  *  O.  I'he  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) Diocese  of  Ohio  is  organized. 

June  5.  New  York.  The  Society  for 
Promoting  the  Gospel  among  Sea- 
men in  the  port  of  New  York  is  orga- 
nized. 

Jtme  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Wm.  Mc.Murray, 
president.  [In  August  it  meets  again  at 
Albany  ;  J.  M.  Bradford,  president.] 

Sept.  23.  Boston.  The  American  Board 
appoints  Pliny  Fisk  and  Levi  Parsons  the 
first  American  missionaries  to  the  Orient. 

Oct.  8.  S.  C.  Nathaniel  Bowen  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  South  Carolina. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Baptists  begin  work  among 
the  Cherokees.  The  General  Conference 
sends  a  missionary  to  the  Miamis,  Kicka- 
poos,  Pottawattamies,  and  Shawanoes. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Woman's  Missionary  So- 
ciety (Presbyterian)  is  formed  in  Derry. 

*  *  The  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church 
sends  evangelists  among  the  Chickasaws. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  J.  J.  Janeway, 
moderator.  It  forms  the  Board  of 
Missions.  Dr.  Ashbel  Green's  paper 
against  slavery  is  passed. 

1810  Feb.  11.  O.  Pliilander  Chase, 
the  first  western  bishop  (Protestant 
Episcopal),  is  consecrated. 

Apr.  5.  New  York.  The  Missionary 
Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  is  organized  at  the  preachers' 
meeting. 

Julys.  New  York.  A  woman's  Mis- 
sionary Society  is  formed  in  the  Wes- 
leyan  Seminary,  on  Forsyth  Street. 

*  *  O.  The  Joint  Synod  (Evangelical  Lu- 
theran) of  Ohio  is  organized. 

Oct.  23.  Hiram  Bingham,  Asa  Thurston, 
and  others  of  the  American  Board  sail 


UNITED   STATES. 


1817*  *-1819*  *.    127 


for  the  Sandwich  Islands  to  open  a 
missiou. 
Oct.  27.    Conn.    T.  C.  Brownell  is  conse- 
crated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  presiding 
bishop  for  Connecticut. 

LETTERS. 

1817  *  *  Conn.  The  Hartford  Times  is 
first  issued. 

Rev.  Jeremiah  Day  is  President  of 
Tale  College  [till  1846]. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Divinity  School  (Unit.) 
of  Harvard   University   is    established. 

*  »  Kew  York.  The  General  Theological 
Seminary  (Prot.  Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  American  Monthly  Magazine  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Register  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Thanatopsis,  by  AAT.  C.  Bryant, 
appears. 

*  •  Keep  Cool,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  •  Life  ami  Character  of  Patrick  Henry, 
by  William  Wirt,  appears. 

1818  *  *  Boston.  Christian  Examiner 
is  issued  quarterly  byChanning,  Dewey, 
Ware,  and  others. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  New  York  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Albany.    [128,529  vols.] 

*  *  The  American  Journal  of  Science  and 
Arts,  a  quarterly,  by  Benjamin  Silliman, 
is  issued. 

*  *  Early  European  Friends  of  Amemca, 
by  Julian  C.  Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  The  Battle  of  Niagara,  by  John  Neal, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Magazine  [later  the 
Methodist  Quarterly  Review]  appears. 

*  *  TAe  £acA«;oorf«man,  by  J.  K.Paulding, 
appears. 

*  *  Theology  Exptained  and  Defended  in 
One  Hundred  and  Seventy-three  Sermons, 
by  Timothy  Dwight,  appears. 

1819  Apr.  2.  il/rf.  The  American 
Farmer  is  first  issued  at  Baltimore  ;  it  is 
the  first  agricultviral  paper  in  the 
country. 

May  *  Baptists  begin  the  publication  of 
the  weekly  Christian  Watchman. 

*  *  Ky.  Center  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Danville. 

SOCIETY. 

1818  *  *  U.  S.  Great  ag;itation  of  the 
slavery  question  is  occasioned  by  the 
petition  of  Missouri  for  admission  to 
the  Union  as  a  slave  State. 

*  *  In  order  to  counteract  the  habitual 
use  of  ardent  spirits  among  the  people. 
Secretary  Calhoun  prohibits  the  use  of 
liquor  altogether  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 

1819  Apr.  26.  Md.  The  first  society 
of  Odd  Fellows  in  the  United  States  is 
instituted  as  Washington  Lodge  Xo.  1. 

*  *  Ga.    Expulsion  of  the  Cherokees. 

Greedy  white  men  want  their  land, 
and  a  great  body  of  Indians  are  "  per- 
suaded"  to  go  over  the  Mississippi.  The 
Cherokees,  the  Creeks,  the  Choctaws, 
and  the  Cliickasaws  are  "  greatly  agi- 
tated and  distressed  "  at  the  prospect  of 
a  removal  from  lands  guaranteed  to  them 
by  treaty  with  the  United  States. 


*  •  Ind.  Abraham  Ijincoln  (nearly  H 
years  old)  mourns  the  death  of  his 
mother. 

*  •  New  York.    Hatters  form  a  union. 

STATE. 

1818  Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 

8103,466,033. 

Mar.  18.  U.  S.  Congress  grants  pen- 
sions to  veterans  of  the  war  of  the 
Kevolution  who  are  in  needy  circum- 
stances. 

Mar.  31.  Z).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Congress  adopts  the 
United  States  flag ;  it  has  13  stars  on  a 
blue  canton,  and  13  stripes  alternate  red 
and  white  —  one  for  each  original  State. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  15th  Congress:  the 
first  session  closes. 

Sept.  1.    N.  Y.    Auburn  prison  is  opened. 

Oct.  20.  A  Convention  is  signed  with 
Great  Britain  respecting  boundaries 
and  the  fisheries. 

The  49th  parallel  of  north  latitude 
shall  be  established  as  the  boundary 
line  between  United  .States  and  British 
America  in  the  west,  and  the  joint  occu- 
pation of  Oregon  shall  take  place  for 
ten  years.  The  convention  of  1815  is 
renewed. 

Nov.  16.    D.  C.    The  16th  Congress : 

the  second  session  opens. 
Deo.  3.    D.  C.    Congress  admits  Illinois 

as  the  21st  State. 
Dec.  31.     U.  S.    Internal  revenue 

8955,270. 

*  *  17.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-27  *  *  Conn.    Oliver  Wolcott. 
-22  •  •  lit.    Shailrach  Bond. 

-25  *  *  Ind.    William  Hendricks. 
-22  *  *  O.    Ethan  A.  Brown. 
-20  *  *  S.  C.    Jbhn  Geddes. 

*  *  -21  *  *  New  York.  Cadwallader  D. 
Colden  is  elected  the  53d  mayor. 

1819  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
895,529,648. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress;  House :  vig- 
orous resistance  is  made  to  a  bill  in- 
troduced to  organize  the  Territory  of 
Missouri  into  a  State.  Of  the  22  States, 
11  are  free  and  11  are  slave  States. 

James  Tallmadge  of  N.  Y.  moves  the 
bill  be  so  amended  as  to  forbid  the 
further  introduction  of  slaves,  an<l 
grant  freedom  to  the  offspring  of 
slaves  at  25  years  of  age.  [Passed,  Feb. 
16.  Vote,  87-76.  It  is  defeated  in  the 
Senate.    Vote,  31-7.] 

Feb.  15.  n.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
James  Barbour  of  Va.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

Feb.  22.  n.  C.  Treaty  with  Spain. 
Spain  surrenders  all  claim  to  West  Flor- 
ida, and  cedes  F.ast  Florida.  The  United 
States  surrenders  all  claim  to  Texas,  and 
agrees  to  pay  an  indemnity  of  85.000.000 
to  satisfv  the  claims  of  American  citi- 
zens against  Spain. 

Mar.  4.  /;.  ('.  The  15th  Congress 
ends. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  President  Monroe  approves 
the  act  of  Congress,  by  which  all  Afri- 
cans recaptured  from  slavers  shall  be 
returned  to  Africa,  and  cared  for. 

June  19.    Maine  is  separated  from  Mass. 


Dec.  6.  D.  C.  The  16th  Congress 
opens.  House :  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  is 
reelected  Speaker.    Vote,  147-8. 

Dec.  14.  J).  C.  Alabama  is  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  the  22d  State. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Internal  revenue 
8220,593. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-20  ♦  *  Ala.    Wm.  W.  Bibb. 

-25  **  Ark.  (Ter.)    James  Miller. 

<ia.    Matthew  Talbot. 
-23  *  *  Ga.    John  Clarke. 
-21  *  *  Miss.    George  Poindexter. 
-23  *  *  N.  H.    Samuel  Bell. 
-22  »  *  la.    Thomas  M.  Randolph. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1817  *  *  Ala.   Montgomery  Is  founded. 

*  *A'.  Y.  The  Black  Ball  Line  (the 
first  line  of  packets)  of  4  ships  is  estab- 
lished, to  run  to  Liverpool. 

*  *  "Vermont  has  its  first  bank  at  Wind- 
sor, and  receives  a  bonus  from  the  insti- 
tution. 

»  *  U.  S.  Flour  sells  at  810  to  $15  a 
barrel. 

The  country  is  flooded  with  foreign 
goods  at  low  prices,  whicli  ruin  many 
manufacturing  establisliments  fostered 
by  high  prices  during  the  war. 

1818  Mar.  19.  Del.  A  powder-mill 
explodes  near  Wilmington  ;  35  persons 
are  killed. 

May 28.  N.  Y.  "Hie  Walk-in-the-Water, 
the  first  steamboat  on  Lake  Erie,  Is 
launched  at  Black  Rock. 

July  8.  New  York.  Gen.  Montgom- 
ery's remains  are  removed  from 
Canada,  and  deposited  with  military 
honors  in  the  mural  tomb  in  St.  Paul's 
churchyard. 

Aug.  23.  N.  Y.  The  first  steamboat 
trip  on  Lake  Erie  begins  at  Buffalo. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  center  foundation  of  the 
Capitol  at  Washington  is  laid. 

*  *  Md.  The  first  savings-bank  at  Bal- 
timore is  established. 

±  *  *  Shoe-pegs  are  Introduced. 

1819  Oct.  24.  N.Y.  The  Erie  Canal 
is  opened  from  Utica  to  Rome. 

Nov.  24.  N.  Y.  The  Champlain  Ca- 
nal is  declared  to  be  n.avigable. 

Dec.  *  Ind.  Fifteen  families  are  settled 
at  Indianapolis. 

*  *  Ky.  John  J.  Crittenden  resigns  his 
seat  in  the  Federal  Senate,  at  $900  a 
year,  "  to  get  bread  for  his  family." 

*  *  N.  C.  A  great  fire  occurs  at  Wil- 
mington; loss  over  81,000,000. 

*  *  N.  J.  Forest  fires  near  Springfield 
burn  3,000  acres  of  timber. 

*  *  Yellow  fever  prevails  in  Southern 
cities;  in  New  Orleans  there  are  1,200 
deaths ;  many  more  occur  in  Mobile, 
Savannah,  Charleston,  and  Baltimore. 

*  *  The  first  national  financial  crisis 
occurs. 

It  is  occasioned  by  extravagant  spec- 
ulations following  the  reorganization 
of  the  National  Bank;  82,000,000  are 
withdrawn  from  the  bank,  beyond  its 
securities ;  the  bank  barely  escapes 
insolvency. 


128 


1819 


1821  *  *. 


AMERICA : 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1820  Nov.  29.  j\Vht  Ym-L:  Edmund 
Kean  first  appears  in  America  in  liichard 
III.  at  the  Anthony  Street  Theater. 

*  *  Vt.  Carpenters' steel  squares  are  first 
manufactured,  at  Bennington. 

*  *  Jeremiah  is  painted  by  Washington 
Allston. 

±*  *  John     Frazee     executes     busts     In 

marble. 
±*  *  Hezekiah  Augur  practises  the  art  of 

sculpture. 

*  *  India-rubber  shoes  are  first  seen  in 
America. 

1821  Jan.*  N.  Y,  The  Hudson 
River  is  frozen  over,  and  loaded  sleighs 
cross  on  the  ice  from  Cortlandt  Street  to 
Jersey  City. 

July  13.  Va.  Junius  Brutus  Booth 
first  appears  in  America  in  Itichard  III. 
at  Kichmond. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1818*  * 

Abbott,  Ezra,  scholar,  born  In  Me. 

Alexander,  Barton  L.,  brig.-gen.,  bom. 

Appleton,  .Jesse,  Cong,  clergyman,  President 
of  Bowdoin,  A47. 

Armitage,  Thomas,  Bapt.  cl.,  born  in  Eng. 

Ball,  Thomas,  sculptor,  born  in  Mass. 

Barker,  Fordyce,  physician,  born  in  Me. 

Blackman,  (Jeorge  Curtis,  surgeon,  b.  Conn. 

Brannan.John  M.,  major-general,  b.  in  I>.  C. 

Canby,  Edward  U.  S.^  brig.-gen.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Crane,  Jonathan   T.,  W.  E.  cl.,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Dana,  Chas.  Anderson.  N.  Y.  Sun,\i.  N.  H. 

English,  Thomas  Dunn,  Ben  Boll,  b.  in  Pa. 

Evans,  Oliver,  inventor  of  engines,  A64.,Md. 

Fenton,  Keuben  E.,  senator,  Gov.  of  N.  Y., 
born  in  N.Y. 

Field,  Cyrus  West,  merchant  of  N.  Y., 
promoter  of  Atlantic  cable,  b.  Mass. 

ri8hburn,WiIliain,maj.-gen.of  Revorn,A59, 

Geary,  .John  W.,  brig.-gen.,  Gov.  of  l'a.,b.  Pa. 

Getty,  Ceo.  W.,  maj.-gen.  U.  .S.  A.,  b.  D.  C. 

Greenough,  liichard  S.,  sculptor,  b.  in  Mass. 

Hecker,  Isaac  Thomas,  Paulist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Hendricks.  Thomas  A.,  Vice-Pres.,  sen. 
for  Ind.,  b.  in  (». 

Hinuian,  Clark  T.,  founder  of  K.  W.  Univer- 
sity, born  in  N.Y. 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert,  poet,  b.  in  Mass. 

Howe.  Elias,  inv.  sewing-machine,  b.  Mass. 

Howe,  Julia  Wani,  i)oet,  born  in  N.Y. 

Hudson,  Freiieritrk,  journalist,  b.  hi  Mass. 

Huntington,  Frederi<*k  !>.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Cen- 
tral N.  Y.,  born  in  Mass. 

Jeffries,  John,  physician,  aeronaut,  A74.  ? 

Johnson,  Wm.  Sam.,  M.  C.  for  Conn.,  F.  R. 
S.,  A92. 

Kedney,  John  Steinfort,  p.  E.  cl.,b.  in  N.  J. 

Keener,  John  Christian,  M,  E.  S.  bp.,  b.  Md. 

Langdon,  John,  senator  for  K.  H.,  gov.,  A80. 

Lanman,  Charles,  author,  painter,  b.  Mich. 

Lesley,  John  Peter,  geologist,  born  in  Pa. 

Lowell.  James  Russell,  poet,  professor  in 
Harvard,mini8ter  to  England, born  in  Mass. 

Lyon,  Nathaniel,  general,  born  in  Conn. 

Melville,  Herman,  novelist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Morton.  Wm.  Thomas  Green,  dentist,  phy- 
sician, discoverer  of  the  use  of  ether  as  an 
anesthetic,  born  in  Mass. 

Mowatt,  Anna  Cora  (Ritchie),  actor,  b.  Fr. 

Painter,  Gamaliel,  Jurist,  founder  of  Middle- 
bury  College,  Vt.,  A6t). 

Parsons,  Thomas  Wm.,  poet,  b.  in  Boston. 

Perry.  Oliver  Hazard,  com.U.  S.  navy,  A34. 

Rodgers,  Christopher  It.  P.,  rear-admiral, 
born  in  N.Y. 

Rosecrans,  William  S.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
born  in  O. 

Schaff,  Pliilip,  Swiss-Am.  Pres.  cl.,  b.  Switz. 

Southworth,  Emma  1).  E.,  novelist,  b.  D.  C. 

Story,  Wm.  "Wetmore.  sculptor,  poet,  born 
in  Mass. 

Thompson,  Joseph  P.,  Cong.  cl.,au.,b.  in  Pa. 

Van  Santvoord,  t;eorge,  lawyer,  au.,b.  N.  J. 

"Warner.  Susan  (Elizabeth  Wetherel),  au- 
thor, horn  in  N.Y. 

Wbeeler.Wm.  A.. I9th  Vice-Pres.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy,  essayist,  critic,  born 

in  Mass. 
'Whitman,  Walt,  poet,  born  in  N.Y. 

Whitney,  Josiah  Dwight,  geologist,!).  Mass. 

Wilkinson.  Jemima,  religious  imi»ostor,  A6(j. 

Williamson,  Hugli,  physician,  scholar,  A84. 


1820*  * 

Anthony,  Susan  B.,  woman's  rights*  a^lvo- 
cate,  born  in  Mass. 

Blatchford,  Samuel,  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  b.  in  Ga. 

Boone.  Dan.,  explorer,  colonizer  of  Ky.,  A  ft."). 

Brigham,  Charles  H.,  Cong,  clergyman,  edu- 
cator, born  in  Mass. 

Brislerl,  Charles  A.,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 

Broderick,  David  C,  sen.  for  *;a.,  b.  1).  C 

Brooks,  William  T.  IL,  brig.-gen.  vol.,  b.  O. 

Brownell,  Henry  Howard,  author,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Burrill,  James,  atty.-gen.  of  K.  L,  A48. 

Cary,  Alice,  poet,  born  in  O. 

Chauvenet,  Wm.,  mathematician,  b.  in  Pa. 

Crawford,  Martin  J.,  diplomat,  b.  in  Ga. 

Davie,  Wm.  Richardson,  Gov.  of  N.  C,  A64. 

I>e  Bow,  James  I>.  B.,  statistician,  b.  .S.  C. 

Deems,  Charles  F.,  Meth.  Epis.  South  clergy- 
man, author,  born  in  JId.         * 

Decatur,    Stephen.    Jr..    Com.    V.  S.  N., 
killed  in  a  duel,  A4I. 

De  Vere,  Maximilian  Scheie,  philologist,  es- 
sayist, l>orn  in  Sweden. 

Devens,  Charles,  jurist,  born  in  Mass. 

Doubleday,  Abner,  gen.  of  vol.,  col.  U.  8.  A., 
born  in  N.Y. 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman,  poet,  A25. 

Eads,  James  B.,  engineer,^born  in  In<l. 

Ellicott,  Andrew,  astronomer,  A66. 

Foster,  Randolph  S..  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  O. 
<Jaston,  William,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  b.  in  Conn. 
Gayler,  Chas.,  journalist,  dramatist,  b.  N.Y. 
Greatorex,  Eliza,  artist,  born  in  Ire. 
Tiall,  Chas.  H.,  clergyman,  born  in  Ga. 
Harlan,  James,  senator  for  la.,  liorn  in  HI. 
Haven,  Erastus,  M.  E.  l)ishoi>,  b.  in  Boston. 
He  wit,  .\ugU8tine  Francis,  clergyman,  Paul- 
ist, born  in  Conn. 
Holmes,  George  F.,  educator,  b.  in  Guiana. 
Hopkins,  John  H.,  P.  E.  clergyman,  b.  Ire. 
Houghton,  George  F.,  jurist,  born  in  Vt. 
Hoyt,  Benjamin  T.,  educator,  born  in  Mass. 
Kane,  Elisha  Kent,  explorer,  born  in  Phila. 
Keene,  Laura,  actress,  born  in  Eng. 
Ketchum,  Winthrop  W.,  judge,  born  in  Pa. 
Le  Vert,  Ot^tavia  W.,  author,  born  in  Ga. 
Lincoln,  Levi,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  ATI. 
Lorflt,  Campbell,  chemist,  autlior,  b.  in  Mo. 
Nesmith,  Jas.  W.,  senator  for  Ore.,  b.  Can. 
Poore,  Benjamin  Perley,  journalist,  b.  Mass. 
Pursh,  Frederick,  botanist,  A  46. 
Raymond,  Henry  Jarvis,  journalist,  h.  N.Y. 
Reynolds,  John  Fulton,  gen.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  Pa, 
Root,  George  F.,  musical  composer,  b.  Mass. 
Rousseau,  Lovell  II.,  brig.-gen.  U.S.A.,  b.  Ky. 
Shedd,  Wm.  G.  T.,  Pres.  cl.,  au.,  b.  in  Mags. 
Sherman.  William  Tecumseh,  iSth  Gen- 
eral of  IT.  S.  A.,  born  in  O. 
Trumbull,  Benj.,  Cong,  cl.,  historian,  ASS. 
Vallandigham,  Clement  L.,M.  C.  forO.,b.  O. 
Wells,  Samuel  Roberts,  phrenologist,  b.  Ct. 
Wentworth,  Sir  John,  G«v.  of  N.  IL,  A83. 
West.  Benjamin,  painter  in  P^ng.,  A82. 
Wharton,  Francis,  jurist,  P.  E.  clergyman, 

born  in  Phila. 


CHURCH. 

1819  •  *  Md.  Dr.William  EUery  Chan- 
ning  preaches  at  Baltimore,  and  gives 
what  Is  called  the  Unitarian  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  and  becomes 
the  leader  of  his  church. 

*  *  The  Hamilton  Baptist  Missionary- 
Society  sends  a  missionary  to  the 
Oneidas. 

The  Ohio  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) appoints  James  B.  Finley  superin- 
tendent of  its  Indian  mission  among  the 
Wyandots. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  James  Holt  Rice, 
moderator. 

1820  May  1-27,  Md.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
meets  in  IJaltimore. 

May  3.  Me.  Tlie  Protestant  Episcopal 
diocese  of  Maine  is  organized. 

June  4.  New  York.  The  first  mariners' 
church  in  the  United  States  is  dedi- 
cated, in  Roosevelt  Street. 

June*  New  York,  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  James  S,  Cameron, 


president.       [In    Oct.    it    meets   at  Al- 
bany.] 
Oct.  22.    Lutherans  form  a  General 
Synod,  with  150  ministers  and  35,000 
communicants. 

*  *  Md.  —  Va.  Each  of  these  States  orga- 
nizes a  Lutheran  Synod. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  African  Methodist 
Spiscopal  Zion  Church  is  organized. 

Methodists  are  divided  respecting  the 
Episcopacy,  and  Methodist  Protestant 
Churches  are  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Ei)iscopal)  meets.  It  orga- 
nizes the  Domestic  and  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society. 

The  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) meets ;  John  McDowell,  mod- 
erator. 

Presbyterians  enter  a  Plan  of  Corre- 
spondence with  the  Reformed  Church. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting:  is 
held.  The  Meeting  decides  to  again 
restrict  its  Baptist  mission  work  to 
foreign  fields. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Charleston  is  established. 

*  *The  United  Synod,  South  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Tennessee,  is  orga- 
nized. 

*  *  A  mission  is  established  among  the 
Choctaws  by  the  American  Board. 

*  **rhe  United  Foreign  Missionary  Soci- 
ety commences  work  among  the  Osage 
Indians. 

*  *The  Southern  General  Synod  of 
Lutherans  organizes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Methodists  are  agitated  con- 
cerning the  election  of  presidinflf 
elders. 

1821  June  3.  Nev?  York.  The  Bethel 
Union  is  organized.     [It  soon  expires.] 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (lie- 
formed)  meets  at  Albany;  S.  S.  Wood- 
hull,  president. 

LETTERS. 
1819  *  *  N.  Y.    Auburn  Theological  Sem- 
inary (Pres.)  is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Western  University  of 
Pennsylvania  (non-sect.),  at  Pittsburg, 
is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  Maryville  College  (Pres.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Education 
begins  its  work. 

*  *  Fanny y  by  Fitz-Greene  Halleck,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Voyage  to  South  America,  by  Henry 
M.  Brackenridge,  appears. 

*  *  The  Sketch  Hook,  by  Washington. 
Irving,  appears. 

*  *  Tlie  American  Flag,  by  J.  li.  Drake, 
appears. 

*  *  View  of  tfie  Lead  Mines  of  Missouri,  hj 
Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  appears. 

*  *  The  State  Triumvirate :  A  Political 
Tale,  by  Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  Percys s  Masque,  by  James  A.  Hill- 
house,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1819 


-1821 


129 


1820  Mayl.  N.  Y.  The  Hamilton  Lil> 
erary  and  Theological  luBtitution  (Bapt.) 
is  opened. 

*  *  Ark.  The  Arkansas  Gazette,  at  Ar- 
kansas Village,  is  first  issued. 

*  » Me.  Colby  University  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Watorville. 

*  *N.Y.  The  Colgate  University 
(Bapt.)  is  organized  at  Hamilton  as  the 
Madison  University. 

*  *  Mass.  Jacob  Bigelow  and  others  start 
the  American  Pharmacopeia. 

The  Literary  and  Scientijic  Repository 
appears.    [Expires  in  1821.] 

The  Apprentice  library  is  founded. 
[(»,000  vols.] 

The  Mercantile  Ijibrary  Association's 
Library  is  fomided.    [207,128  vols.] 
»  •  Precaution,    by     James    Fenimore 
Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Juflith,  Esther  and  Other  Poems,  by 
Maria  Brooks,  appears. 

*  *  -44  *  *  The  Ladies^  Companion  ap- 
pears. 

1821  Apr.  20.  Boston.  The  Christian 
Register  (Unit.)  is  issued. 

SOCIETy. 

1820  Mar.  22.  Commodore  Barron 
kills  Commodore  Decatur  in  a  duel. 

May  5.  D.  C.  Congress  recognizes  the 
slave-trade  to  he  piracy,  and  prohibits 
citizens  from  engaging  in  it  under  pen- 
alty of  death. 

+  *  *  Miss.  A  lottery  is  established  at 
Natchez,  to  build  a  church. 

*  *  U.  S.    Total  slaves,  2,009,031. 

4-  *  *  Webster,  Calhoun,  and  Clay  with 
masterly  eloquence  denounce  agitators 
who  constantly  declare  the  iniquity  of 
the  slave  system. 

1821  •  *  Africa.  liiberia  is  secured  for 
the  colonization  scheme  of  the  American 
Colonization  Society,  and  a  new  town  is 
commenced,  called  Monrovia. 

*  *  Me.  The  selectmen  are  required  to 
post  lip,  in  all  places  where  liquor  is 
sold,  the  names  of  all  persons  reported 
to  be  drunkards  or  tipplers. 

STATE. 
1820   Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National  debt 

$91 ,015,50(1. 

Jan.  25.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Feb.  18.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  .Senate  :  The 
Missouri  Compromise  Bill  passes. 
Vote,  24-20. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
Missouri  Compromise  Bill  passes. 

It  ;tdmits  Missouri  as  a  slave  State,  but 
forever  prohibits  slavery  from  the  bal- 
ance of  the  territory  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, north  of  36° 30' north  latitude  — the 
latitiule  of  the  southern  border  of  Mis- 
souri.   Vote  :  House,  134-42. 

Mar.  3.  Z).  C.  Congress  admits  Maine 
into  the  Union  as  the  23d  State,  to  take 
effect  Mar.  15. 

Congress  limits  the  tenure  of  office 
of  Governmental  appointees  to  four 
years,  or  the  pleasure  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 


May  15.    D.  C.    The   16th   Congress: 

the  first  session  closes. 
Oct.  20.    Spain  ratifies  the  treaty  ceding 

Florida. 
Nov.  13.    B.C.    The  16th  Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 
Nov.  14.  JJ.  C.  Congress ;  House :  John 

W.  Taylor  of  N.  Y.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Nov.  ?*  U.S.  Ninth  Presidential  Elec- 
tion ;  Democratic-Kepublicans  elected. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Internal  revenue 
$106,2G0. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Missouri  Compromise 
quells  the  slavery  agitation  for  a 
time,  and  it  is  deemed  settled  forever. 

*  *  U.  S.  Old  issues  in  politics  are 
abandoned  ;  the  new  issues  are  protec- 
tion for  manufactures,  internal  improve- 
ments by  the  General  Government,  and 
the  recognition  of  the  South  American 
republics. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-21  *  »  Ala.    Thomas  Bibb. 

-21  ♦  *  JJel.    Jacob  Stout. 
-24  *  *  Ky.    John  Adair. 
-22  *  *  La.    Thos.  B.  Robertson. 
-21  *  •  Me.    William  King. 
-24  *  *  Mo.    Alexander  M'Nair. 
-21  *  *  .N^.  C.    Jesse  Franklin. 

*  *  Pa.    Joseph  Heister. 
-22  *  *  S.  C.    Thomas  Bennett. 
-23  *  *  rt.    Richard  Skinner. 

1821  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$89,987,427. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President,  eT.ames  Monroe  of 
Va.,  Republican,  231  ;  John  Q.  Adams  of 
Mass.,  Opposition,  1.  For  Vice-Presi- 
dent;  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y.,  Re- 
publican, 218  ;  Richard  Stockton  of  N.,J., 
8;  Daniel  Rodney  of  Del.,  4;  Robert  (i. 
Harper  of  Md.,  1 ;  Richard  Rush  of  Pa.,  1 . 
Vacancies,  3. 

Feb.  26.    n.  C.    Congress :  The  House 

votes  to  admit  Missouri  conditionally. 

Vote,  87-81. 
Feb.  27.    D.C.    Congress:  The  Senate 

votes  to  admit  Missouri  conditionally. 

Vote,  26-15. 
Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  16th  Congress  ends. 

The  2d  term  of  the  fifth  adminis- 
tration; Democratic-Republican. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  James  Monroe  of  Va., 
the  fifth  President,  enters  his  second 
term,  in  the  ninth  term  of  the  presi- 
dency. Daniel  D.  Tompkins  of  N.  Y. 
is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  John  Q,.  Adams  of  Mass. 
(State),  'Wra.  H.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
(Treas.),  John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C. 
(War),  Smith  Thompson  of  N.  Y. 
(Navy),  Wm.  Wirt  of  Va.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

July  1.  Spain  is  constrained  to  sur- 
render Florida  to  the  United  States. 

Aug.  10.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
Missotiri  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  24th  State,  amid  a  tempest  of  po- 
litical excitement,  occasioned  by  the 
existence  of  slavery  therein. 

Deo.  3.  I).  C.  The  17th  Congress 
opens. 


Congress;   House:   Philip  P.  Bar- 
bour of  Va.  is  elected  Speaker. 

*  *  _24  *  *  New  York.  Stephen  Allen  is 
elected  the  Mth  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-25  *  *  Ala.    Israel  Pickens. 

-22  *  *  Del.    John  Collins. 

-22  **  Fla.  (Ter.).    Andrew  Jackson. 

-22  *  *  Me.    W.  D.  Williamson. 

-25  *  *  Miss.    Walter  Leake. 

-24  *  *  N.  C.    Gabriel  Holmes. 

-24  •  *R.I.    WMlliam  C.  Gibbs. 

-27  *  *  Tenn.    William  Carroll. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1820  Jan.  11.  Ga.  One-half  of  Sa- 
vannah is  burned ;  loss,  $4,000,000. 

June*  {/.,S\  Fourth  census:  States,  23; 
whites,  7,862,106;  colored,  1,771,656  (free 
colored  233,634,  slaves  1,638,022) ;  total 
population,  9,633,822.  Increase,  33.06 
per  cent.  Center  of  population  16  miles 
north  of  Woodstock,  Md. ;  westward 
movement  in  10  years,  50  miles. 

June  20.  N.  Y.  A  Great  fire  occurs 
in  Troy;  120  of  the  best  buildings  are 
burned  ;  loss  nearly  $1,000,000. 

June  *  The  first  steamship  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  New  Orleans  com- 
mences its  trips. 

July  1.  A'.  Y.  Toll  is  first  collected  on 
the  Erie  Canal. 

July*  The  first  steamboat  on  Lake 
Michigan  arrives  at  Green  Bay,  with  200 
passengers  and  a  large  cargo. 

*  *  Summer.  Ga.  About  700  people  die 
of  yellowr  fever  in  Savannah ;  343 
houses  are  left  vacant  by  fugitive 
owners. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Anthracite  coal  begins 
to  find  a  market ;  365  tons  are  sold  dur- 
ing the  year. 

±  *  *  Conn.  The  whale  fishery  business 
commences  at  New  Ixuidon. 

*  *  Tenn.  —  Ark.  Memphis  is  laid  out; 
also  Little  Rock. 

*  »  Flour  has  fallen  from  $10  and  $17  a 
barrel  in  1817,  to  $5  or  $6  a  barrel ;  many 
manufactories  are  closed,  and  workmen 
are  idle. 

*  *  Md.—  W.  I'a.  Completion  of  tlie  great 
National  road  from  Cumberland  to 
Wheeling,  costing  $1,700,000  and  14  years 
of  labor  (connecting  tlie  Ohio  River  with 
the  seaports  ;  it  was  originally  intended 
to  continue  to  the  Mississippi). 

*  *  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other  aliens  in 
1820,  8,385. 

1821  Aug.  10.  A'.  Y.  The  remains  of 
Major  Andr6  are  exhumed,  and  placed 
on  board  of  a  British  frigate  for  inter- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Dec.  *  Phila.  Soles  are  made  of  1,073 
tons  of  anthracite  coal  during  the 
year. 

*  *  Mass.  Lowell  is  founded  by  the 
Merriraac  Manufacturing  Company. 

*  *  Tex.  Colonization  from  the  United 
States  begins. 

Deo.  31.  [I.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1821,  9,127. 


130     1821  *  *-1824,  May  22. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1822  *  *  A  small  naval  force  subdues  the 

pirates  of  the  Cuban  coast,  capturing 

more  than  20  vessels. 
1824  *  *  W.  I.     Commodore    David 

Porter  subdues  the  pirates. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1821  *  *  Christ  Ejected  is  painted  by 
William  Dunlap. 

*  *  Portrait  of  Thomas  Jefferson  is  paintt^d 
by  Thomas  Sully. 

1822  *  *  Charles  Mathews,  the  actor, 
first  appears  in  America. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  cotton  mill  is 
erected. 

X823  June*  New  York.  The  first 
steam-power  printing-press  is  set  up ; 
its  first  work  is  an  abridgment  of  Mur- 
ray's Grammar. 

*  •  O.  The  manufacture  of  wine  is 
commenced  in  Cincinnati. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1831  *  * 

Adler,  Georg  J,,  prof.,  author,  born  in  Ger. 

Allen,  Solomon,  Cong,  cl.,  major  in  Kev.,  A70. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Green,  historian,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Augur,  Christopher  C,  maj.-gen.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Avery,  WaitstUl,  atty.-gen.  of  Conn.,  A76. 

Balch,  (;eo.  B.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Bankhead,  John  P.,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  b.  S.  C. 

Bard,  Samuel,  physician,  A79. 

Beaumont,  John  (i.,  naval  officer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Blacliweli.  Elizabeth,  first  woman  in  U.  S. 
made  M.  I).,  born  in  Eng. 

Blair,  Francis  P.,  Jr.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Boudinot,  Elias,  patriot,  philanthropist,  A81. 

Breckinridge,  John  C,  Confed.  general,  14th 
Vice-President,  born  in  Ky. 

Calhoun,  Edmund  R.,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Chester,  Joseph  L.,  antiquary,  born  in  Conn. 

Coffin,  Charles  Carleton,  author,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Cooke,  Jay,  flnancier,  born  in  O. 

Copp^e,  Henry,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  editor,  au- 
thor, Pres.  Lehigh  Univ.,  born  in  Ga. 

De  Peyster,  John  W.,  military  critic,  b.  N.Y. 

Dexter,  Henry  Martyn,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Diaz,  Abby  Morton,  author,  l)ora  in  Mass. 

Dawson,  Ilenry  Barton,  historian,  b.  in  Eng. 

Eliot,  .Samuel,  educator,  b.  Boston. 

Febiger,  John,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  born  in  Pa. 

Floyd, \Vm., gen., sec  of  \var,Cont.Cong.,A87. 

Forrest,  Nathan  B.,  Confed,  gen.,  b.  Tenn. 

Garnett,  Itohert  Selilen,  Confed.  gen.,  b.Va. 

Hadley,  James,  pliilologist,  prof,  of  Greek, 
born  in  N.Y. 

Hall,  Charles  F.,  .\rctic  explorer,  b.  in  N.  H. 

Harris,  Tucker,  pliysician,  A74. 

Haven,  tiilbert,  M.  E.  bishop,  born  in  Mass. 

Hill,  Daniel  II.,  Confed.  Heut.-gen.,  b.  inS.  C. 

Irving,  William,  autlior,  A  55. 

Jordan,  Thomas,  Confed.  brig.-gen.,b.  inVa. 

Kneeland,  Samuel,  phys.,  naturalist,  b.  Mass. 

Leslie,  Frank  (Henry  Carter),  publisher, 
born  in  England. 

Lilly,  WiUiam,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  born  in  N.  Y. 

IjonsBtreet,  James.  U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  maj.- 
gen.,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Macleod,  Xavier  Donald,  inis.  writer,  b.  N.Y. 

O'Neill,  Cliarles,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Parker,  Foxhall,  com.  U.  S.  N.,born  in  N.Y. 

Ptielps,  Austin,  Cong,  clergyman,  b.  Mass. 

Richardson,  Win.  A.,  jurist,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Short,  Charles,  scholar,  born  in  Mass. 

Spalding,  Lyman,  pliysician,  autlior,  A46. 

Squier,  Ephraim  G.,  archseologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Storrs,  Richard  Salter,  Cong,  clergyman 
of  Brooklyn,  born  in  Mass. 

Taliaferro,  Benj.,  Revolutionary  officer,  .\71. 

Trumbull,  James  Hammond,  phUol.,b.Conn. 

Wayman,  Alex.W.,  bp.  Af.  .M.  E.  Ch.,  b.  Md. 

Welby,  Amelia  B.,  poet,  born  in  Md. 

White,  Iticliard  Grant,  autlior,  bom  in  N.Y. 

Youmans,  Edward  L.,  chemist,  ed.,  b.  N.Y. 

183a*  • 

Adams,  Wm.  Taylor  {Oliver  Optic)^  writer, 

born  in  Mass. 
Bancroft,  John  Chandler,  diplomatist,  born. 
Bartholomew,  Edward  S.,  sculptor,  b.  Conn. 
Burlingame,  Anson,  diplomatist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Cummins,   (>eorge    David,   Reformed    Epis. 

bishop,  born  in  Del. 
Dana,  Napoleon  J.  T.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Me. 
Darley,  Felix  O.  C,  artist,  born  in  Phila. 


Durant,  Henry  Fowle,  philan.,  bom  In  N.  H. 
Dwight,  Theo.  W.,  prof,  of  law,  ed.,  b.  N.Y. 
Field,  Henry  Martyn,  Cong,  cl.,  au.,  b.  Mass. 
Fowler,  Jos,  Smith,  sen,  for  111.,  born  in  O. 
Fuller,  George,  artist,  born  in  Mass. 
Frothingham,  Octavitis  B.,  I'nit.  cl.,b.  Mass. 
Galaudet,  T.,  P.  E.  cl.  (deaf  nmtes),  born. 
Garrard,  J.,  soldier  in  Rev., Gov.  of  Ky.,  A73. 
Garrettson,  Freeborn,  M.  E.  clergyman,  A70. 
Giljbs,  (Oliver  Wolcott,  chemist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Girarti,  Cliarles,  naturalist,  born  in  Fr. 
<iranger,  Gideon,  P.  M.  (;en.  I'.  S.,  A55. 
Grant,  Ulysnes  Simpson,  14th  (ien.  of  V.  S. 

A.,  18th  President  of  C.  S.,  b.  InO.,  Apr.  27. 
Hale,  Edward  Everett,  Unit,  clergyman, 

author,  born  in  Mass. 
Hayes,    Rutherford    Birchard.    brig.-gen. 

vols.,  Gov.O..  19th  President  of  U.  S.,  b.  u. 
Hewitt,  Abram  .S.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Holnian,  William  S.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Ind. 
Hough,  Franklin  Benj.,  wTiter,  b.  m  N.Y. 
Ingersoll,  Jared,  jurist,  of  Pa.,  A73. 
Johnson,  .Samuel,  I'nil.  rlergyman,  b.  Mass. 
Johnston,  Rich'dM.,  author,  educator,  b.  <;a. 
Judd,  Orange,  agricultural  editor,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Kane,  Thomas  L.,  lawyer,  born  in  Pa. 
Kasson,  John  .\dams,  M.  C.  tor  la.,  1>.  in  Vt. 
Lyon,  Caleb,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  born  in  N.Y'. 
Mitchell,  Donald  Grant,  autlior,  b.  in  Conn. 
Olmsted,  Fred.  L.,  landscape  gardener,  b.  Ct. 
Orr,  James  L.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C.,  gov.,  b.  S.  C. 
Osgood,  David,  t'ong.  cl..  Federalist,  A75. 
I'arton,  James,  biographer,  born  in  Eng. 
I'helps,  William  Franklin,  educator,  b.  N.Y. 
Flnkney,  William,  sen.  lor  Md.,  atty.-gen., 

minister  to  Eng.,  A58. 
Pope,  John,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Porter,  Fitz  John,  general,  born  m  N.  II. 
Porter,  Moses,  U.  S.  officer,  A  47. 
Pugli,  (Jeorge  E.,  sen.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 
Rand,  Isaac,  physician,  Ali). 
Read.  Thomas  Buchanan,  poet,  b.  In  Pa. 
Runkle,  John  I).,  astronomer,  born. 
Stark,  John,  general  in  Revolution,  A94. 
Stewart,  John,  Apostle  to  the  Wyandots,  d. 
Strong,  James,  scholar,  author,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Taylor,  Benjamin  Franklin,  p<«t,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Truxtun,  Thomas,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A67. 
Van  Dyke,  H.  J.,  Pres.  clergyman,  b.  in  Pa. 
Vasey,  George,  botanist,  born  in  Eng. 

1833*  • 

Alger,  William  Roun8eville,Vnit.  cl.,  b.  Mass. 

Badger,  Oscar  C,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  b.  Conn. 

Baird,  Spencer  FuUerton,  naturalist,  b.  Pa. 

Bartram,  William,  botanist,  A84. 

Beers,  W.  H.,  pres.  of  Insurance  Co.,  bom. 

Bereb,  Henry,  i)hilan.,  f'der  of  Society  for 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  b.  N.Y. 

Bloomtleld,  Jos.,  Revolutionary  officer,  A67. 

Boker,  George  Henry,  poet,  born  in  Pa. 

Bozman,  John  Leeds,  historian,  jurist,  A66. 

±  Buckner,  Simon  B.,  U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  gen., 
born  in  Ky. 

Chadbourne,  Paul  Ansel,  educator,  b.  Me. 

Clinton,  Jos.  J.,  Af.  M.  K.  bishop,  b.  Phila. 

Collyer,  Itobert,  Unit,  clergyman,  b.  in  Eng. 

Craven,  Braxton,  Pres.  Trinity  College,  N. 
C,  born  in  N.  C. 

Coliax.  Schuyler,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  Speaker, 
17th  Vice-Pres.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Cropsey,  Jasper  Frank,  artist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Davidson,  Margaret  Miller,  poetess,  b.  N.Y. 

Deane,  James,  missionary  to  Indians,  A75. 

Delano,  Cajjt.  Amasa,  traveler,  A(jO. 

Dent,  John  Herltert,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  A41. 

Derby,  George  H.,  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Dod,  Daniel,  meclianical  engineer,  A35. 

Duyckinck,  George  Long,  writer,  b.  In  N.Y. 

Eddy,  Thomas  AL,  M.  E.  cl.,  editor,  b.  in  O. 

Elliott,  Ezekiel  li.,  scientist,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Ferry,  Orris  Sanford,  sen.  for  Conn.,  brig.- 
gen.  volunteers,  born  in  Conn. 

Francis,  John  B.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  gov.,  A39. 

Franklin, Wdliam  B.,  U.  S.  A.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
vol.,  born  in  J'a. 

Gifford,  Sanford  Robinson,  painter,  b.  N.Y. 

Gilmore,  James  Roberts,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 

Hardin,  Martin  D.,  U.  S.  senator,  A43. 

Harris,  Thomas  Lake,  Spiritualist,  b.  Eng. 

Hart,  William,  landscape  painter,  b.  in  Scot. 

Hartshorne,  Henry,  physician,  born  in  Pa. 

Hawkins,  W.  G.,  P.  E.  clergyman,  b.  in  Md. 

Heckewelder,  John,  Moravian  mis'ry,  ,\80. 

Heilprin,  Michael,  scholar,  born  in  Poland. 

Higginson,  Thomas  Weutwortli,  au.,  b.  Mass. 

Hill,  Benjamin  H.,  sen.  for  Ga.,  born  in  Ga. 

Houghton,  Heiirv  Oscar,  publisher,  b.  in  Vt. 

Hubbard,  Joseph  S.,  astronomer,  b.  in  Conn, 

Hunton,  Eppa,  sen.  for  Va.,  born  in  Va. 

Joy,  Chas.  A.,  chemist,  born  in  N.Y. 

Krauth,  Chas.  P.,  Luth.  cl.,  author,  b.  Va. 

Lay,  Henry  C,  miss,  of  Southwest,  b.  Va. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph,  naturalist,  born  m  Ga. 

Leidy,  Joseph,  naturalist,  born  in  Phila. 

Lewis,  Dio,  physician,  lecturer,  b.  In  N.Y. 

Lippincott,  Sarah  J.,  autlior,  born  in  N.Y*. 

Mayo,  Amory  Dwight,  Unit,  cl.,  au.,  b.  Mass. 


MedUl,  Joseph,  editor,  born  in  Can. 

Meiggs,  R.  J.,  sen.  for  C,  governor,  A59. 

Milburn,  WiUiam  Henry,  Meth.  Epis.  clergy- 
man, chaplain,  born  in  Pa. 

Morton,  Oliver  Perry,  sen.  for  Ind., governor, 
born  in  Ind. 

Moore,  Zephaniah  Swift,  scholar,  A53. 

Newton,  John,  military  engineer,  b.  in  Va. 

Patterson,  James  W.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,b.  N.  H. 

Parkznan.  Francis,  historian,  b.  at  Boston. 

l'ealx>dy,  Nathaniel,  gen.,  .\H2. 

Perkins.  Charles  Callahan,  art  critic,  b.  Mass. 

Roger,  W.  C,  jurist,  born. 

Seiss,  Joseph  A.,  Luth.  clergyman,  b.  In  Md. 

Sherman,  John,  sen.  for  o.,  sec.  of  treas., 
born  in  O. 

Sickles,  Daniel  E.,  gen.  of  vols.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  born  in  N,  Y. 

Tweed,  "Wm.  M.,  "Tammany  Boss,"  em- 
bezzler, bom  in  N.  Y. 

Van  Dorn,  Earl,  Confed.  gen.,  born  in  Miss. 

Wood,  Thomas  Waterman,  painter,  b.  in  Vt. 

Wright,  Horatio  G.,  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  b.  Ct. 


CHURCH. 

1821  *  *  Md.  The  first  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutlieran)  meets  at  Fred- 
erick. 

*  *  The  Methodists  begin  work  among  the 
Creeks. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  (N.S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Genesee  is  formed. 

*  *  O.  The  Protestant  EpiscoiJal  Diocese 
of  Cincinnati  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  \Vm.  Hill, 
moderator. 

A  special  meeting  is  held  of  the 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  General  Con- 
vention. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Synod  of  this  State  com- 
mences mission  work  among  the  Chick- 
asaws. 

*  *  The  American  Board  has  250  contrib- 
uting societies  ;  many  of  them  composed 
exclusively  of  women. 

*  *  The  mission  for  the  Seneca  and  Tusca- 
rora  Indians  is  transferred  to  the  United 
Foreign  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Va.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Richmond  is  established. 

1822  June  *  New  York:  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets  ;  Philip  Mille- 
doler,  president. 

*  *  Mick.  Baptists  begin  work  among 
the  Ottawas. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  O.  Jennings, 
moderator. 

*  *  The  union  of  the  Presbyterians  and 
Reformed  Church  is  effected. 

*  *  The  Society  of  Friends  engages  in 
mission  work  among  the  Onondagas. 

*  *  The  Methodists  begin  work  among  the 
Cherokees, 

*  *  The  "Western  Missionary  Society 
commences  work  among  the  Maumees, 
or  Ottawas. 

*  *  O.  The  Wyandot  mission-house  is 
completed,  schools  prosper,  and  over 
2(X)  Indians  are  converts. 

*  *  Tlie  United  Domestic  Missionary 
Society  (undenominational)  is  founded. 

*  *  J).  C.  The  Triennial  Meeting  of 
Baptists  is  held  in  "Washington. 

1823  Feb.  24.  Ga.  The  Protestant 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  Georgia  is  orga- 
nized. 


UNITED    STATES.         1821  *  *-1824,  May  22.    131 


Peb.  •  li^.  r.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  P.  Milledoler, 
president.  [And  again  in  June,  Jesse 
Fonda,  president.] 

May  22.  N.  C.  John  S.  Ravenscroft 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop. 

Sept.  28.    It.    Iieo  XTT.  is  elected  pope. 

*  •  Md,    The  Jews  form  a  congregation. 

The  second  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Frederick. 

*  *  Jf.  r.  Joseph  Smith  [The  Mormon] 
announces  a  vision  at  Palmyra  of  the 
Angel  Moroni. 

*  *  The  New  England  Tract  Society 
changes  its  name  to  the  American 
Tract  Society. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
is  organized. 

*  *The  United  Domestic  Missionary 
Society  commences  worlc  among  the 
Mackinaws. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  John  Chester, 
moderator, 

A  Presbyterian  Society  for  the  Sup- 
port of  Heathen  Youth  is  organized. 
[Existed  until  1874.] 

*  *  The  General  Convention  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Baptist  missionaries  commence  work 
among  the  Creeks. 

*  *  Mrs.  Judson  having  returned  to 
America,  stirs  the  churches  to  mission- 
ary zeal.  [Her  influence  is  felt  for  40 
years.] 

1824  Feb.  20.  The  American  Bap- 
tist Publication  Society  is  formed. 
[Receipts  the  first  year,  S373.] 

LETTERS. 

1821  *  *  D.C.    Columbian  University 

(non-sect.),  of  Washington,  is  organized. 

*  *  Ky.  Gonzago  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
ia  organized. 

The  Kentucky  State  Library  ia 
founded  at  Frankfort.     [33,900  vols.] 

*  •  Mass.  Amherst  College  (Cong.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Auburn  Theological  Seminary 
(Presb.)  is  opened. 

*  *  Phi/a.    Atkinson's  Casket  appears. 

The  .Saturday  Magazine  appears. 
The  Mercantile  library  Company  Li- 
brary is  founded.    [152,741  vols.] 

*  •  The  .Spy,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  The  Dijinff  Raven,  by  Richard  H. 
Dana,  appears. 

*  *  Travels  in  New  England  and  New 
York,  by  Timothy  Dwight,  appears. 

*  •  The  Ages,  by  W.  C.  Brjrant,  appears. 

*  •  The  Idle  Man,  by  R.  H.  Bana,  appears. 

1822  *  *  New  York.  The  Albion  is  issued. 
The  Literary  Review  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Museum  of  Foreign  ZiterO' 
ture  appears.    [Expires  in  1839.] 

*  *  Va.  The  Virginia  State  Library  ia 
founded  at  Richmond.    [44.000  vols.] 

*  *  Ree's  Cyclopedia  is  republished  in  the 
United  States. 

*  *  A  New  England  Tale,  by  Catherine 
M.  Sedgwick,  appears. 


*  •  The  Aborigines  of  Amtrica,  by  Lydia 
H.  Sigourney,  appears. 

*  *  Prometheus,byJ,  G.Percival, appears. 

*  *  Seventy-six,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  •  Logan,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  *  Bracebrldge  Hall,  by  "Washington 
I^'ving,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  Trinity  College  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Hartford. 

1823  *  «  New  York.  The  New  York  Mir- 
ror appears. 

May  17.  The  New  York  Observer  is 
founded  by  Sidney  E.  and  Richard  C. 
Morse,  and  the  lirst  number  issued. 

*  *  Alexander  Campbell  establishes  the 
Christian  Baptist. 

*  *  The  Pioneers  and  The  Pilot,  by 
Cooper,  appear. 

±  *  *  Marco  Rozzaris,hy  Halleck,  appears. 

1824  Mar.  2.  Boston.  The  Boston 
Courier  is  first  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1821  *  »  S.  C.  The  city  council  of 
Charleston  prohibits  the  opening  of 
night  or  Sunday-schools  for  the  in- 
struction of  negro  slaves. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  anti-slavery  agitation 
becomes  violent.  [It  continues,  with 
more  or  leas  vehemence,  to  vex  the 
nation  for  forty  years,  till  "  every  yoke 
is  broken  "  by  the  bloody  hand  of  war.] 

1822+  *  *  W.  I.  Piracy  in  the  West 
Indies  having  become  common,  a  fleet 
sent  to  break  it  up  captures  more  than 
twenty  vessels. 

STATE. 

1822  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$93,&46,676. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  John 
Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress ;  the  House 
passes  a  bill  to  recognize  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Spanish  provinces  in 
South  America.     Vote  ;  167-1. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
a  territorial  government  in  Florida. 

Mar,  *  D.  C.  President  Monroe  gives  ut- 
terance to  the  famous  Monroe  Doc- 
trine.   (See  Dec.  2, 1823.) 

May  4.  D.  C.  The  President  communi- 
catea  to  Congress  his  objections  to  na- 
tional appropriations  for  internal  im- 
provements. [  1 1  arresta  public  attention 
and  legislative  action.] 

Mays.  B.C.  The  17th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Deo.  2.  T>.  C.  Congress :  the  second 
session  opens. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  recognizes  the  South 
American  Kepublics. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-23  *  *  Cal.    Pablo  V.  de  Sola  (Mei.). 
-23  *  *  Del.    Caleb  Rodney. 

-34*  *Ela.(Ter.)    William  P.  Duval. 
-26*  *  III.    Edward  Coles. 
-25  •  *  Ind.    William  Hendricka. 
-24  •  *  La.    H.  S.  Thibodeaux. 
-24  *  *N.  Y.    Joseph  Yatea. 
O.    Allen  Trimble. 


-26  *  *  0.  Jeremiah  Morrow. 
-24  *  *S.C.  John  L.  Wilson. 
-25  *  *  Va.    James  Pleasants. 

1823  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$90,875,877. 

Feb.  19.  Z>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Feb.  *  Tex.  Mexico  grants  Stephen  P. 
Austin  of  Va.,  founder  of  Texas,  a  grant 
of  territory  for  a  colony. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  17th  Congress 
ends. 

Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  18th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress ;  House :  Henry  Clay  of 
Ky.  ia  again  elected  Speaker. 

Deo.2.  D.  C.  Declaration  of  the 
Monroe  doctrine. 

It  is  enunciated  by  the  President  in  his 
message  to  Congress,  "That  the  Ameri- 
can Continents,  by  the  free  and  inde- 
pendent position  which  they  have  as- 
sumed and  maintained,  are  henceforth 
not  to  be  considered  as  subjects  for  future 
colonization  by  any  European  power;" 
he  also  declares  that  the  extension  of  the 
system  of  the  Holy  Alliance  to  these  con- 
tinents would  not  be  regarded  *'  in  any 
other  light  than  as  the  manifestation 
of  an  unfriendly  disposition  toward  the 
United  States." 

*  *  D.  C.  Smith  Thompson  of  N.  T. 
is  appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-25  •  •  Cal.    Luis  Arguello  (Mexican). 
-24  *  •  Del.    Joseph  Haslett. 

-27  •  »  Ga.    George  M.  Troup. 
-25  •  *  Mass.    Wm.  Eustis. 
-24  *  *  N.  H.    Levi  'Woodbury. 

Pa.    John  Andrew  Shulze. 
-26  *  *  rt.    C.  P.  Van  Ness. 

1824  Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 

890,269,777. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  a 
protective  tariff  bill  la  Introduced.  It 
is  opposed  by  the  South  and  New  Eng- 
land. 

May  22.  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  a 
new  tariff  which  ia  more  highly  pro- 
tective than  the  old  law.  Average  rate 
37  per  cent.  It  has  a  slender  majority 
in  its  favor ;  only  five  in  the  House  and 
four  in  the  Senate. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1822  •  *  Auttmin.  The  first  regular 
steamer  sails  between  New  York  and 
Norfolk,  Va. 

*  *  Boston  becomes  an  incorporated  city. 
Dec.  31.    U.  S.    Immigrants  and  other 

aliens  in  1822,  6,911. 

1823  Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  Tlie  first  boat 
passes  from  Rocheater  to  Albany  through 
the  Brie  Canal. 

+  *  *  Boston.  Gas  is  used.  The  first 
mayor  under  the  city  charter  ia  elected. 

*  *  Misis.  Natchez  is  scourged  with  yel- 
low fever;  most  of  the  citizens  flee. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  first  three-story  brick 
house  in  Brooklyn  is  erected  ;  the 
houses  are  first  numbered,  and  some  of 
the  streets  paved ;  population  about  7,000. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aUena  in  1823,  6,354. 


132    1824,  Apr.  19-1826,  Jan.  3. 


AMERICA; 


1 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1824  *  •  JVis.  The  Colorado  Beetle 
(potato-bug)  is  first  found  in  "Wisconsin  ; 
it  is  described  by  Tlioinas  Say,  and  named 
Doryphora  decemlineata. 

*  ♦  Mass.  The  manufacture  of  flannel 
by  water-power  is  commenced  at  Ames- 
bury. 

1825  June  17.  ^f(^ss.  The  venerable 
Marquis  de  Lafayette  lays  the  corner- 
stone of  Bunker  TTill  Monument ; 
Daniel  Webster  delivers  the  oration. 

Nov.  29.  Kew  York.  Rossini's  II  Bar- 
bier  is  produced  by  the  Manuel  Garcia 
Company,  including  Maria  Felicita  Ma- 
libran.  The  first  genuine  Italian  opera 
in  America. 

*  *  New  Yorh.  T>r.  Gram,  educated  in 
Denmark,  introduces  the  homeo- 
pathic practice  of  medicine. 

*  *  Phiia,  Queen's-ware  is  first  manu- 
factured, 

*  *  U.S.  Anthracite  coal  is  used  in 
dwellings  and  factories. 

*  •  Va.  A  small  observatory  is  erected 
by  Thomas  Jefferson  for  the  University 
of  Virginia. 

*  *  U.  S.  A  bottle  containing  acid  and 
cotton  surmounted  with  phosphorized 
pine  sticks  substitutes  the  tinder-box, 
flint,  and  steel,  in  starting  a  tire. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1834*  * 

Ashby,  Turner,  Confed.  gen.,  born  in  Va. 
Baird,  Absalom,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  born  in  Pa. 
Baker,  William  Mumford,  author,  b.  in  D.  C. 
Beard,  William  H.,  animal  painter,  b.  in  O. 
Bee,  Bernard  E.,  Confed.  gen.,  b.  in  8.  C. 
Beecher,  Thomas  K.,  Cong,  cl.,  born  in  Conn. 
Bonner.  Robert,  journalist  of  N.  Y.,  b.  Ire. 
Bradford,  .loseph  M.,  naval  officer,  b.  Tenn. 
Broome,  John  L.,  officer  U.  S.  JJ.,  b.  In  N.  Y. 
Burnside.  Ambrose  &..  maj.-gen.  of  vols., 

sen.  for  IM.,  gov.,  born  In  Iiid. 
Gary,  I'htebe,  poet^orn  in  O.  ? 
Colquitt,  Alfred  H..  sen.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Cooley,  Thomas  M.,  jurist,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Cox.  Samuel  Sullivan,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  O. 
Curtis,    George  WilUam,   author,   editor 

/larper'x  WVcX7y,  born  in  K.  1. 
Dayton,  Jonathan,  Revl'n,  patriot,  A64. 
Doremua,  Robert  Ogden,  chemist,  b.  H.Y. 
Dnncan, William  C,  Bap.  cl.,  editor,  b,  N.Y. 
Flenuning,  William,  M.  C,  A70. 
Fry,  Benj.  .'^t.  James,  M.  E.  cl.,  b.  In  Tenn. 
Gould,  Benjamin  A.,  Jr.^  astronomer,  born 

in  Alass. 
Graham,  Chas.  K..  officer  U.  S.  N.,  b.  N.Y. 
GroWjGalusha  Aaron,  M.C.  for  Pa.,  Speaker, 

born  in  Conn. 
Hancock,  Wlnfleld  Scott,  maj.-gen.  0.  S. 

A.,  born  in  I*a. 
Haven,  Harriet  M.,  reformer,  born. 
Howell,  I)avid,  judge,  A77. 
Hunt,  William  Morria,  painter,  born  in  Vt. 
Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan.  '*  Stonewall," 

U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  b.  Va.,  Jan.  21. 
Jeffers,  William,  U.  S.  N.,  born. 
Johnson.  £astinan,  painter,  born  In  Me. 
King,  Thomas  Starr,  Unit,  cl.,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Leland,  Charles  G.,  essayist,  humorist,  b.  Pa. 
Lewis,  Estelle  Anna  B.,  author,  born  in  Wd. 
Littlejohn,  Abram  N.,  P.  E.  bp.  b.  N.Y. 
Matthews,  SUnley,  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  O. 
Morgan,  Jo!m  T.,  sen.  for  Ala.,  born  in  Tenn. 
Ogden,  John,  foumler  Fiak  Univ.,  born. 
Oglesby,  Richard  J.,  gov.,  sen.  for  111.,  gen., 

born  in  K  y. 
Palmer,  Tunis,  army  officer,  born. 
Pleaaonton,  .\lfred,  brig.-gen.  vol.,  b.  I).  C. 
Putnam,  Bufua,  gen.,  pioneer  of  O.,  A 86. 
Quintard,  Chas.  T.,  P.  E.  bishop,  b.  Conn. 
Rodney,  Cwsar  A.,  atty.-gen.,  of  Pa.,  A42. 
Randall,  Charles  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born  in 

Mass. 
Seelye,  Julius  Hawley,  educator,  b.  Conn. 
Shea,  John  J),  (iilmafy,  srholar,  b.  N.Y. City. 
Sigel,  Franz,  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  b.  in  Ger. 
Stanford,  Leland,  sen.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Thompson,  Chas.,  pres.  of  Congress,  A99. 


Walker.  'William,  filibuster,  b.  in  Tenn. 
Whitney,  Adeline  J).  Train,  au.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Wight,Orlando  Williams,  author,  b.  N.Y. 
Winchell,  Alexander,  geologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Woods,  William  B.,  U.  S.  8.  Ct.,  b.  m  Ga. 
1826*  * 
Akers,  Benj.  Paul,  sculptor,  born  in  Me. 
.Andrews,  Edward  Gayer,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  N.Y. 
Baldwin,  Thomas,  Bapt.  cl.  in  Boston,  A72. 
Behlen,  James  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  In  N.Y, 
Berg,  Albert  W.,  composer,  organist,  born. 
liirney,  David  liell,  maj.-gen.  of  vol8.,b.  Ala. 
Black  well,    Antoinette    Brown,    Congrega- 
tional preacher,  phdanlhropist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Bliss,  Willard,  physician,  born. 
Boyd,  Andrew  K.  11.,  P.  E.  cl.,  born  in  Scot. 
Bristow,  Geo.  F.,  composer,  musician, b.  N.Y. 
Brooks,  John,  <;ov.  of  Mass.,  A73. 
Butler,  Wm.  Allen,  poet,  born  in  N.Y. 
Child,  Francis  James,  scholar,  b.  in  Boston. 
Cook,  John,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  born  in  HI. 
Curry,  Jabez  L.  M.,  Bapt.  clergyman,  b.  <^;a. 
Dalton,  John  Call,  physiologist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Davidson,  Lucretia  Maria,  poetess,  A17. 
£ustls,  William,  pliyait-ian,  M.  C,  Gov.  of 

Mass.,  sec.  of  war,  minister,  .\72. 
I>orr,  J  ulia  C.  R.,  author,  liorn  in  S.  C. 
Fanning,  David,  Tory  leader  in  Rev.,  A69. 
Fiske,  Pliny,  missionary  in  Palestine,  A33. 
Fischer,  Geo.  Jackson,  physician,  surgeon,  b. 
(Jear,  John  H.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.Y. 
George,  Wm.  S.,  journaliat,  editor,  born, 
(iillmore,  Quincy  A.,  gen.,  engineer,  b.  in  O. 
Gordon,  Geo.  Henry,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Mass. 
(lordon,  (iranger,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Green,  William  Henry,  I'res.  cl.,  b.  in  N.  J. 
(Juernsey,  Alfred  Hudson,  editor,  b.  in  Vt. 
Haigbt,  ilenry  Huntley,  Jurist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Harper,  Robert  F.,  lawyer,  statesman,  A60. 
Hill,  Ambrose  P.,  U.  S.  A.,    Confed.  maj.- 
gen,,  born  in  Va. 
Houk,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  0.,  born  in  Pa. 
Hull,  William,  gen.  in  war  of  1812,  A62. 
Hunt,  Thomas  Sterry,  chenust,  b.  in  Conn. 
Inness.  George,  landscape  painter,  b.  N.Y. 
Jewell,  Marshall,  Gov,  of  Conn.,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Lamar,  Lucius  Q.  C,  V.  S.  S.  Ct.,  b.  in  Miss. 
Lea,  Henry  C,  author,  born  in  Pa. 
Le  Conte,  John  L.,  entomologist,  b.  in  N.Y. 
Livingston,  John    H.,  father  of    Reformed 

Dutch  Church  in  Am.,  A79. 
Matidonough,  Thoa.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A42. 
March,  Francis  Andrew,  philologist, b.  Mass, 
Merrill,  Stephen  M.,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  O. 
Palmer,  John  Williamson,  editor,  b.  in  Md. 
Parker,  Edward  (J.,  journalist,  au.,  b.  Mass. 
Pickett,  Geo.  E., U.S.A., Confed.  gen.,b.  Va. 
Pinckney,  Charles  Cotesworth,  maj.-gen., 

minister  to  Fr.,  A79. 
Porcher,  Francis  Peyre,  physician,  h.  S.  C. 
Preston,  TIios.  Scott,  It.  C.  primate,  b.  Conn. 
Prime,  William  C,  editor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Rarey,  John  S.,  horse-tamer,  born  in  O. 
Reno,  Jesse  L.,  general,  born  in  W.  Va. 
Requier,  Augustus  J.,  jurist,  poet,  b.  S.  C. 
Rinebart,  William  H.,  sculptor,  born  in  .Md. 
Rogers,  Randolph,  sculptor,  born  in  N.Y. 
Schweinitz,    Ednmnd    Alex,    de,   Moravian 

bishop,  born  in  Pa. 
Bhays,  Daniel,  rebel  of  Mass.,  A85. 
Stevens,  Moses  T.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  Mass. 
Stoddard,  Richard  Henry,  poet,  b.  in  Mass. 
Summerlield,  John,  M.  E.  cl.,  orator,  A27. 
Taylor.  Bayard,  traveler,  poet,  born  in  I'a. 
Thomas,  Cyrus,  entomologist,  born  m  Tenn. 
Tompkins,  Daniel  D..  statesman,  M.  C.  for 

N.Y.,  6th  Vice-Pres.,  governor,  A51. 
Underwood,  Francis  Henry,  author,  b.  Mass. 
Weenis,  Mason  L.,  author,  born  in  Ya. 
Whitney,  Ell,  inventor  of  cotton  gin,  .\60. 
Wilkinson,  James,  general  U.  S.  A.,  A68. 

CHURCH. 

1824  May  1-28.  Md.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
held  in  Baltimore  ;  reports  from  the  An- 
nual Conferences  condenm  the  plan  for 
electing  presiding  elders. 

It  establishes  the  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Cherokee  Missions. 

It  organizes  the  Maine,  Illinois,  Pitts- 
burg, and  Holston  Conferences,  and  or- 
dains as  bishops  Joshua  Soule  and 
Elijah  Hedding. 

May  21.  Md.  A  Convention  of  Metho- 
dist Reformers  is  held  at  Baltimore. 

June  ♦  A7'«f  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Thomas  DeWitt, 
president. 


*  *  X.  Y.  The  Baptists  work  among  the 
Tuscaroras  and  Tonawandas  of  western 
New  York. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Sunday- 
school  Union  is  organized. 

*  *  The  General  Assembly  (Presby- 
terian) meets ;  Ashbel Green,  moderator. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  United  Synod,  South. 
(Evangelical  Lutheran),  of  South  Caro- 
lina, is  organized. 

1825  Feb.  *iV.  r.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  at  Albany  ;  T.  DeWitt, 
president.  [Also,  at  New  Brunswick,  in 
June,  Jacob  Broadhead,  president,  and 
again  in  Sept.] 

May  24.  Boston.  The  American  Uni- 
tarian Association  is  formed. 

*  *  There  are  95  Unitarians  and  310  Con- 
gregational churches. 

May  25.  Boston.  The  Unitarian  Mis- 
sionary Association  is  founded. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (P>angeli- 
cal  Lutheran)  meets  at  Frederick. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

*  *  Kew  York.  The  [present]  American 
Tract  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod  of 
the  Western  Reserve  is  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  S.  N.  Rowan,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  Pa.  A  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop  is 
first  seen  west  of  the  AUeghauies. 

The  Reformed  (German)  Church  estab- 
lishes a  theological  school  at  Carlisle. 

*  *  }Vis.  The  Episcopalians  open  an  In- 
dian mission  at  Green  Bay. 

LETTERS. 

1824  *  *  Boston.  The  Christian  Exam- 
iner is  issued. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Atlantic  Magazine  is 
issued  [and  afterwards  changed  to  the 
New  York  Monthly  Review'\. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Troy. 

*  *  O.  The  Miami  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Oxford. 

*  *  Va.  The  Union  Theological  Seminary 
(Presb.)  is  established. 

*  *  The  Mutual  Rights  (Meth.  Protestant) 
is  issued. 

*  *  John  Bull  in  America,  by  Paulding, 
appears. 

*  *  Tales  of  a  Traveller ^  by  Irving, 
appears. 

*  *  Reflections  on  the  Politics  of  Ancient 
Greece,  by  George  Bancroft,  appears. 

*  *  Uses  and  Various  Evidences  of  Re- 
vealed Religion^  by  Verplanck,  appears. 

1825  *  *  Conn.  The  Connecticut  Histori 
cal  Society  Ijbrary  is  founded  at  Hart- 
ford.    [20,000  vols.] 

*  *  La.  The  Centenary  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  established. 

*  *  Mass.  Newton  Theological  Institute 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Newton  Centre. 

*  *  .V.  J.  Q,ueen's  CoUege  (Reformed) 
is  revived,  and  called  Hutgers  College. 


UNITED    STATES.    1824,  Apr.  19-1826,  Jan.  3.   133 


*  •  New  York.  The  Sunday  Courier  Is  is- 
sued.   It  is  the  first  Sunday  newspaper. 

*  *  N.  Y,  Hobart  Free  College  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Geneva. 

*  *  O.  Franklin  College  (non-sect.),  at 
New  Athens,  is  organized. 

Kenyon  College  (Prot.  Epis.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Gambler. 

*  *  Va.  The  University  of  Virginia 
(non-sect.)  is  organized.  Its  Library 
[48,000  vols.]  is  founded. 

*  ♦  The  Biblicat  Repertory  and  Princeton 
Jlevieio,  founded  by  Hpdge,  appears. 

*  *  The  Religious  Messenger  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  issued.  [Later  merged  into  the  Chris- 
tian Advocate.] 

*  *  George  Guess  (or  Sequoyah),  a  half- 
breed  Cherokee  about  50  years  old,  in- 
vents the  Cherokee  alphabet. 

*  *  Zophiel'e ;  or  the  Bride  of  Seven,  by 
Maria  Brooks,  appears. 

*  *  The  Southern  Literary  Gazette  appears. 

*  ♦  Hadady  by  Hillhouse,  appears. 

*  *  -26  *  ♦  Observations  on  Cornine,  a 
Neto  Alkaloid,  by  Samuel  G.  Morton, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1824  Aug.  15.  New  York.  Lafay- 
ette, aged  and  gray,  revisits  America 
by  invitation  of  Congress ;  and  as  the 
nation's  guest,  he  is  received  with  tre- 
mendous enthusiasm  [in  all  his  tour  of 
6,000  miles  through  the  States]. 

*  *  Ind.  Robert  Dale  Owen  of  Scotland 
establishes  a  philanthropic  settlement, 
called  New  Harmony,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. 

*  *  Tenn.  James  K.  Polk  marries  Sarah 
Childress. 

1825  Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Gen.  Lafayette, 
"  the  Nation's  guest,*'  bids  farewell  to 
America,  and  sails  from  Washington  for 
France  in  an  American  frigate. 

Nov.  29.  N.  Y.  The  completion  of  the 
£rie  and  Champlain  canals  Is  cele- 
brated. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C,  Congress  votes  Lafay- 
ette $200,000  and  24,000  acres  of  fertile 
land  in  Florida,  as  a  reward  for  services 
and  remuneration  of  expenses,  incurred 
during  the  Revolution. 

*  *  Ind.  Abraham  Lincoln,  sixteen 
years  old,  is  working  a  ferry  on  the 
Ohio  for  six  dollars  a  month. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  Sunday  Courier  is 
issued,  but  soon  suspends  for  lack  of 
patronage. 

*  *  U.  S.  Working  people  begin  to  dis- 
cuss the  questions  of  shorter  hours, 
higher  wages,  and  greater  safety. 

*  *-30*  *The  Columbia  Charitable  As- 
sociation of  Shipwrights  and  Calkers 
organizes. 

1826  Jan.  3.  New  York.  Veterans  or- 
ganize the  Society  of  the  War  of 
1812. 

STATE. 

1824      Apr.    19.     D.    C.      Congress: 

House  :  The  "A.B.  Plot"  culminates. 

Charges  are  presented  against  William 

H.  Crawford,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 


I 


and  candidate  for  the  presidency,  which 
reflect  on  his  integrity;  they  are  made 
by  Ninian  Edwards,  ex-senator  for  Illi- 
nois, but  not  sustained. 

May  21.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Gaillard  of  S.  O.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

May  27.  Z).  C.  The  18th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Monroe  declines  to 
be  a  candidate  for  reelection. 

Deo.  10.  Congress ;  House :  Henry 
Clay  welcomes  Lafayette  in  an  address. 

*  *  U.  S.  Great  public  excitement  pre- 
vails in  the  election,  owing  to  the  number 
(4)  of  candidates ;  Adams  in  the  East, 
Crawford  in  the  South,  Jackson  and 
Clay  in  the  West. 

*  *  If.  S.  The  custom  of  making  nomi- 
nations for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent by  caucuses  of  members  of 
Congress  becomes  unpopular,  and  is 
abandoned. 

Nov.  (?)  »  U.  S.  The  10th  Presidential 
election;  coalition  candidates  are 
elected.  Popular  vote  for  President ; 
Andrew  Jackson  (Dem.-Eep.)of  Tenn., 
155,872;  John  Q.  Adams  (Opposition) 
of  Mass.,  105,321 ;  Henry  Clay  (Kep.)  of 
Ky.,  46,587;  'Wmiam  H.  Crawford 
(Rep.)  of  Ga.,  44,282. 

Tenn.    James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn.  is 

first  elected  to  Congress,  aged  29.  [He 
is  reelected  continuously  for  14  years.] 

Dec.  6.  D.C.  The  18th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Deo.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  votes  Lafay- 
ette remuneration.    (See  Society.) 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-27  *  ♦  Del.    Samuel  Paynter. 
-28  *  •  JCy.    Joseph  Desha. 

-28  *  *  La.    Henry  Johnson. 
-26  *  *  Mo.    Frederick  Bates. 
-27  *  *  N:  C.    Hutchins  G.  Burton. 
-27  *  *N.  If.    David  L.  Morrill. 
-28  *  •  X'.  r.    De  Witt  Clinton. 
-31  •  *  It.  T.    James  C.  Fenner. 
-26  •  *  S.  C.    Eichard  J.  Manning. 

1825    Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 

$83,788,432. 
Jan.  11.    /).  C.     Congress:  the  senate 

ratifies  a  boundary  treaty  with  Bussia. 

It  establishes  the  boundary  line  at  54°  40'. 
Feb.  12.     Ga.-Ala.     A  treaty  is  made 

\^  ith  the  Indians. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Adams  recommends 
internal  improvements,  but  Congress 
does  not  approve. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress  coiuits  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Andrew  Jackson 
of  Tenn.,  99  ;  John  Q.  Adams  of  ifass.,  84 ; 
Henry  Clay  of  Ky.,  37  ;  Wm.  H.  Craw- 
ford of  Ga.,  41.  Vote  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent: John  C.  Calhoun  (f>em.-Rep.)  of 
S.  C,  182  ;  Nathan  Sanford  of  N.  Y.,30; 
Nathaniel  Macon  of  N.  C.  24  :  Andrew 
Jackson  of  Tenn.  (Rep.),  13 ;  Martin  Van 
Buren  of  N.  Y.  (Rep.),  9;  Henry  Clay 
of  Ky.  (Rep.),  2. 

No  candidate  having  a  majority  of  the 
total  electoral  vote  (261),  the  House  of 
Representatives  elects  Adams  on  the 
first  ballot,  by  the  votes  of  13  States. 

Vote  of  the  House  of  Representatives  : 
Jackson,  99;  Adams,  84;  Crawford,  41 ; 


Clay,  37;    Calhoun  82,  and  78   for  all 
others. 

Mar.  4.     D.  C.     The    18th    Congress 

ends. 

Sixth  Administration ;  Coalition. 
Mar.  4.    V.  C.  John  Quincy  Adams  of 

Mass.  is  inaugurated  the  6th  President, 

in  the  10th  term  of  the  presidency.  John 

C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  Is  Vice-President. 
Cabinet :  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  (State), 

Richard  Bush  of  Pa.  (Treas.),  James 

Barbour   of    Va.   (War),   Samuel   Ii. 

Southard  of  N.  J.  (Navy),  William 

Wirt  of  Va.  (Atty.-Gen.),  John  Mc- 

Ijean  of  O.  (P.  M.-Gen.). 
Mar.  9.   £).  C.    Congress ;  Senate :  John 

Gaillard  of  S.  C.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore. 
Dec.  5.    D.  C.    The  19th  Congress 

opens. 
Deo.  *  House  :  John  W.  Taylor  of  N.  Y. 

is  elected  Speaker. 

*  *  Ga.  A  Controversy  conceminit 
Creek  (Indian)  lands  in  Georgia  oc- 
curs ;  the  State  ignores  the  Federal  au- 
thority ;  the  Indians  sell  their  lands,  and 
remove  to  the  West. 

*  *  A  treaty  of  commerce  is  made  with  the 
Republic  of  Colombia. 

*  •  The  opponents  of  President  Jackson's 
administration  become  known  as 
Whigs,  and  their  number  Increases 
rapidly. 

*  •-26*  *  New  York.  William  Paulding, 
the  55th  mayor,  is  elected. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-29  *  *  Ala.    John  Murphy. 

-29  *  *  Ark.(  Ter.)    George  Izzard. 
-31  *  •  Cal.    J.  M.  de  Echeandia  (Mex.). 
-31  *  *  Ind.    James  B.  Bay. 

Mass.    Marcus  Morton. 
-34  *  *  Mass.    Levi  Lincoln. 
-27  »  •  Miss.    David  Holmes. 
-27  •  •  ra.    John  Tyler. 
1826   Jan.  1.    U.  S.    National  debt 
(81,064,059. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1824  •  *  N.  r.  Steam  ferries  are  flrst 
run  between  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

*  •  New  York.  Anthracite  coal  is  first 
used. 

*  •  Summer.  La.  The  yellow  fever 
rages  in  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1824,  7,912. 

1825  Oct.  26.  A'.  Y.  The  great  Erie 
Canal,  3G3  miles  long,  is  completed, 
chiefly  through  the  influence  of  De  Witt 
Clinton.  It  costs  $7,500,000,  and  connects 
the  Great  Lakes  with  the  seaboard  at 
New  Y'ork.  The  Champlain  Canal  is 
also  completed. 

Nov.  2.  N.  Y.  The  opening  of  the 
Erie  Canal  is  celebrated  with  great 
ceremony  by  the  city  of  Albany. 

Nov.  4.  iVew  York.  The  flrst  boat  via 
the  Erie  Canal  arrives. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  Morris  Canal,  to  connect 
Newark  and  Phillipsburg,  is  commenced. 

*  •  N.  Y.  The  State  treasurer  has  paid 
nearly  $90,000  in  the  last  ten  years  for 
the  extermination  of  wolves. 


134     1826,  Jan.  10.-1828,  July  4.         AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1828    May  24.    Maj.-Gen.  Alexander 

Macoznb  is  appointed  (11th)  commander 

of  the  army. 
July  1.   N.Y.   Jefferson  Davis,  20  years 

of  age,  graduates  at  West  Point  Military 

Academy. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1826  June  23.  New  York.  Edwin 
Forrest  appears  as  Othello  at  the  Park 
Theater. 

Oct.  2.  New  York.  "W.  C.  Macready 
first  appears  in  America  as  Vxrginiua  at 
the  Park  Theater. 

*  *  Conn.  The  manufacture  of  axes 
and  other  edge-tools  is  commenced  at 
Hartford. 

*  •  Mass.  The  manufacture  of  palm-leaf 
hats  commences. 

*  *  NeAo  Y(yrk,  The  Academy  of  Design 
is  founded. 

*  *  N.  J.  Thomas  Seir  Cummings  of 
Hackensack  is  elected  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Pa.  The  manufacture  of  school- 
slates  is  commenced  in  this  country. 

*  *  Patrick  Lyon,  the  Blacksmiths  is 
painted  by  John  Neagle. 

*  *  JamesH.  Hackett,  amercliant,  turns 
to  the  stage,  and  becomes  the  foremost  of 
American  comedians. 

1827  *  *  Md.  The  manufacture  of  fire- 
brick is  commenced  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Capitol  at  Washington  is 
completed. 

*  *  Portrait  of  Jared  Sparks  is  painted  by 
Gilbert  Stuart. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1826*   • 
Adams.  John,  of  Mass.,   diplomatist^   2d 

Pres.  of  U.  S.,  dies  July  4,  A9I. 
Abbot,  .loel,  M.  ('.  for  Ca.,  A60. 
Blake,  William  1*.,  mineralogist,  b.  In  N.Y. 
lionil,  (ieorge  Phillips,  astronOTner,  b.  Mass. 
Bowles,  Samuel,  journalist,  born  in  Mass. 
Brat'e,  Charles  L.,  author,  philan.,  b.  Conn. 
Brarlen,  .lohn,  coll.  pres.  Nashville,  b.  N.Y. 
Brown,  Benj.  Gratz,  editor,  teacher,  born. 
Bufonl,  John,  U.  S.  N.,  born  in  Ky. 
Church,     Frederick.     Edwin,    landscape 

painter,  born  in  Conn. 
Crosby.  Howard.  Pres.  clergyman,  Greek 

scholar,  born  in  N.Y. 
Dale,  Kicbard,  (commodore,  A70. 
Daniels,  Charles,  M.  C,  born  in  N.Y. 
Dashiel,  Koliert  L.,  M.  K.  cL,  born  in  Md. 
Davis,   Andrew  J.,  clairvoyant,   writer    on 

spiritualism,  born  in  N.Y. 
Davis,  John,  M.  C,  born  in  111. 
De  Forest,  John  William,  author,  b.  Conn. 
Ewer,  Ferdinand  Cartwriglit,  P.  E.  clergy- 
man, author,  born  in  Mass. 
Foster,  Stephen  C,  ballad  composer,  b.  Pa. 
George,  James  Z.,  sen.  for  JVIiss.,  born  in  Ga. 
±  Gibbon,  John,  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Gregg,  John  I.,  brev.  brig.-gen.,  born  in  Pa. 
Hall,  Gordon,  first  Am.  miss,  in  Bombay,  .\44. 
Hawley,  Joseph  K.,  sen.  for  Conn,  born  N.  C. 
Hoar,  George  F.,  U.  S.  sen.  for  JIass.,  b.  Mass. 
Jefterson,  Thomas,  of  Va.,  minister  to  Fr., 

sec.  of  state.  3d  Pres.,  dies  July  4,  A83. 
Larconi,  Lucy,  author,  poet,  born  in  Mass. 
liOgan.  John  A.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  sen.  for 

111.,  candidate  for  Vice-Pres.,  b.  111.,  Feb.  9. 
IX)ng,  Aruiistead  L.,  C'onfed.  gen.,  b.  in  Va. 
MacClellan.  (3-eorg^e  Brinton.  Gen.  of  U.  S. 

A.,  Dem.  candidate  for  Pres.,  Gov.  of  N.  J., 

born  hi  Pa.,  Dec.  3. 
Mahone,  Win.,  Confed.  gen.,  sen.  for  Va.,  b. 

in  Va. 
Macconnel,  John  L.,  novelist,  born  in  111. 
Martin,  Luther,  lawyer,  A78. 
Mehan,  Thomas,  botanist,  born  !n  Eng. 
Morgan.  John  H.,  Confed.  guerrilla,  b.  Ky. 
Morgan,  William,  mechanic,  abducted,  A51. 


Morse,  Jedidiah,  geographer,  A(yi. 

Murray.  Lindley.  granmiarian,  AHI. 

Negley.  James  S.,  maj.^en.  vols.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Newii'ian,  John  P.,  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Oakes,  James,  brev.  brig.-gen.,  born  in  Pa. 

orton,  William,  pres.  W.  C.Tel.  Co.,b.  N.  Y. 

Gsborn,  Selleck,  editor,  litterateur,  A43. 

Paine,  Halbert  E.,  soldier,  born  in  O. 

Penny,  Virginia,  writer,  born  in  Ky. 

Quackeubos,  (ieorge  Payn,  educator,  b.  N.Y. 

Itansom,  Matt.  W.,  Confed. -gen.,  sen.   for 
N.  C,  b.  in  N.  C. 

Robinson,  Lucius  B.,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 

Seney.CJeorg'e  I.,  philanthropist,  b.  N.Y. 

Stockbrldge,  Francis  B.,  sen.  for  Mich.,  born 
in  Me. 
1887*  • 

Addison,  David,  author,  born. 

Atkinson,  Edward,  writer,  born  In  Mass. 

Hascom,  John,  author,  M.  E.  ol.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

iiates,  .Samuel  Penntman,  historian,  b.  Mass. 

Betts,  Beverly  K.,  P.  E.  (-lergyman,  b.  N.Y. 

Boyce,  Jas.  P.,  Bap.  ol.,  theologian,  b.  S.  C. 

Bradford,  William,  painter,  born  in  Mass. 

Broadus,  J.  A.,  Bap.  theol.  prof.,  born  in  Va. 

Cattell,  Wm.  *'.,  Pres.  Lafayette,  b.  N.  J. 

Cooke,  Josiah  Parsons,  chemist,  b.  in  Mags. 

Cooke,  Rose  Terry,  writer,  poet,  b.  in  Conn. 

Corcoran,  Michael,  brig.-gen.,  born  in  Ire. 

Cummins,  Maria  S.,  novelist,  liorn  In  Mass. 

Dlx.  Morgan.  P.  E.  clergyman,  b.  N.  Y.  City. 

Dooly,  John  Mitchell,  wit.  Jurist,  A55.  ? 

Emmit,  Thomas  A.,  lawyer  of  N.Y.,  A63. 

Ferry,  Thomas  W.,  U.  S.  sen.,  born  in  Mich. 

Fink,  Albert,  engineer,  born  in  Ger. 

Fisher,  (ieorge  I'ark,  prof,  in  Yale,  b.  Mass. 

Fry,  James  B.,  general,  born  in  III. 

Gaillard,  Edwin  S.,  pliys.,  educator,  b.  S.  C. 

Hendri<:ken,  Thos.  F..  K.  C.  bishop,  b.  Ire. 

Holcombe,  Wm.  F.,  surgeon,  prof.,  b.  Mass. 

Holley,  Horace,  Unit,  clergyman,  A4(i. 

Howard,  John  E.,  gen.,  sen.  for  Md.,gov.,A75. 

Hurlbut,  Wm.  Henry,  journalist,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Kinsr.  RufuB.   M.  Cont'l   Cong,  from  Me., 
sen.  for  N.Y.,  minister  to  Eng.,  A72. 

Latham,  Milton  .S.,  statesman,  born  in  O. 

Murphy,  John  McLeod,  naval  engineer,  born. 

Newhall,  Fales  H.,  prof.  Wesleyan  I'niv.,  b. 

Palmer,  Frank  W.,  editor,  born  in  Ind. 

Parke,  John  (1.,  mag. -gen.  of  vols.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Payson,  Edward,  Cong,  clergyman,  A44. 

Peale,  Chas.  Wilson,  painter,  naturalist,  A86. 

Pickens,  Israel,  senator,  dies. 

Pike,  Mary  H.  (ireene,  author,  born  in  Me. 

Piatt,  Orville  IL,  senator  for  Conn.,  born. 

Pratt,  Daniel  J.,  scholar,  writer,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Rains,  J.,  Confed.  gen.,  born. 

Robeson,  George  M.,  sec.  of  navy,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Rosecrans,  Sylvester  H.,  R.  C.  bishop,  b.  O. 

Schermerhorn,  Simon  J.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.Y. 

.Slocum,  Henry  Warner,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  law- 
yer, born  in  N.  Y. 

Stewart,  WUliam  M.,  sen.  for.  Nev.,  b.  N.Y. 

Terry,  Alfre<l  Howe, brig.-gen.  vols.,  b.  Conn. 

Tilghman,  Wm.,  jurist,  A71. 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend,  novelist,  born. 

Venable,  Charles  S.,  mathematician,  b.  Va. 

Voorhees,  Daniel  W.,  sen.  for  Ind.,  born  in  O. 

■Whitney,  "William  Dwight,  comparative 
philologist,  born  in  Mass. 

"Windom,  William,  sen.  for  Minn.,  sec.  of 
treas.,  born  In  O. 


CHURCH. 

1826  Jan.  10.  Me.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Congregational)  of  Maine  is  or- 
ganized. 

Mar.  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  Thomas  DeWitt, 
president.  [And  again  in  June,  John 
Ludlow,  president.] 

May  10.  Neio  York.  The  United  Do- 
mestic Missionary  Society  is  changed  to 
the  American  Home  Missionary  So- 
ciety at  New  York. 

Its  object  is  to  assist  congregations 
that  are  unable  to  support  the  Gospel 
ministry,  and  to  send  the  (Jospel  to  tha 
destitute  within  the  United  States. 

May  17.  Miss.  The  Protestant  Episco- 
pal Diocese  of  Mississippi  is  organized. 

•  *  Boston.  Lyman  Beecher  becomes 
pastor  of  the  Hanover  Street  church. 

*  *  Ind.  Both  the  (N.  S.  and  the  O.  S.) 
Presbyterian  Synods  of  Indiana  are 
organized. 


*  ♦  Mo.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
St.  Louis  is  erected. 

*  *  The  American  Board  receives  from  the 
United  Foreign  Missionary  Board  cer^ 
tain  Indian  missions. 

The  Osages  ;  the  Osages  of  Missouri  ; 
the  mixed  tribes  at  Mackinaw;  the  Ot- 
tawas  at  Maumee;  the  Senecas  at  Alle- 
gheny ;  Cattaraugas  and  Senecas,  and 
also  the  Tuscaroras,  in  New  York.  — Cy- 
clopedia of  Missions. 

*  *  New  York.  A  congregation  of  the 
African  Union  Methodist  Church  is 
formed. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  is 
held. 

*  *  O.  The  Universaliat  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

The  General  Assembly  (Presbyte- 
rian) meets  ;  Francis  McCauley,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  Tenn.  Tlie  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Syn- 
ods of  West  Tennessee  and  the  (O.  S.) 
Synod  of  Nashville  are  formed. 

*  *  The  American  Board  has  7  mission 
stations  among  the  Cherokee  Indians  of 
Georgia,  10  among  the  Choctaws  of  Mis- 
sissippi, and  one  among  the  Cherokees 
of  Arkansas. 

*  *  The  Baptists  commence  missions 
among  the  Ottawas;  also  among  the 
Choctaws. 

1827  Jime*  Phila.  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets ;  Cornelius  C. 
Cuyler,  president. 

Sept.  22.  N.Y.  Joseph  Smith  an- 
nounces the  discovery  of  the  Book  of 
Mormon,  written  on  plates  of  gold,  in 
Egyptian  (?)  characters.    (See  1812.) 

Oct.  25.  Pa.  H.  U.  Onderdonk  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  for  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  *  Md.  A  General  Convention  of 
Methodist  Reformers  is  held  at  Balti- 
more. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Unitarian  Sunday- 
school  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  first  Congregational  Church 
in  Michigan  is  formed. 

*  *  N.  JT.  A  General  Conference  of 
Free-will  Baptists  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Gettysburg. 

The  Church  of  Christ  (Disciples  of 
Christ)  is  organized, 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Francis  Ilcrron, 
moderator.  Congregational  delegates 
have  their  right  to  vote  taken  away. 

An  extensive  secession  divides  the 
Society  of  Friends  ;  the  names  Ortho- 
dox and  Hicksite  are  given  to  the 
two  branches. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Franciscan  missionariea. 
on  the  Rio  Grande  teach  a  great  number 
of  Indians  to  read  and  write. 

*  *  Va.  The  Dover  Association  (Baptist) 
decrees  exconjnumication  from  fellow- 
ship of  those  holding  the  views  of  Alex- 
ander Campbell. 


UNITED   STATES.     1826,  Jan.  10-1828,  July  4.  135 


»  *  The  Sunday-school  Union  (Metho- 
dist Episcopal)  is  formed. 
*  *  The  Metliodists  begin  worlt  among  the 
Choctaws  and  Chickasaws. 

Tlie  Synods  of  Georgia  and  South  Car- 
olina transfer  their  mission  among  the 
Chickasaws  to  the  American  Board. 
"  *  The  Baptists  begin  work  among  the 

Cbippewas. 
1828    Jan.  *  Md.   The  Associate  Metho- 
dist Reformers  meet  at  Baltimore. 
Apr.*  N.  Y.    The  General  Synod  (Ke- 
formed)  meets  at  Albany  ;  Cornelius  C. 
Cuyler,  president.     [And  again  in  June, 
Jacob  Schoonmaker,  president.] 
May  1-24.    Pa.    The  General  Confer- 
ence  (Metbo(iist    Episcopal)   meets    in 
Pittsburg ;   connection  with  the  Cana- 
dian Conference  is  practically  dissolved. 
May*  Pa.     A   memorial  of   grievances 
from  Methodist  Reformers  is  presented 
to    the   General    Conference   at   Pitts- 
burg ;  unsatisfactory  proposals  are  made. 
May  5.     Xew   York.     The  New  York 
American  Seaman's  Friend  Society 
is  organized. 

LETTERS. 
1826    Sept.  8.    New   York.    First  issue 

of  the  Christian  Advocate  (Meth.  Epis.). 
Oct.  25.     A'.   Y.      The    Rochester   Daily 

Advertiser  appears. 

*  *  Boston.    The  State  Library  of  Massa- 
chusetts is  founded.    [60,000  vols.] 

*  *  La.    The  Xew  Orleans  Dee  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1826  Feb.  13.  Boston.  The  "American 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Temper- 
ance," on  the  basis  of  abstinence  from 
strong  drink,  organizes. 

Apr.  4.  Henry  Clay  and  John  Ran- 
dolph fight  a  duel.  The  latter  had  stig- 
matized the  coalition  of  Adams  and 
Clay  as  a  union  of  "the  Puritan  and 
the  black-leg." 

Sept.  11.  N.Y.  The  alleged  abduction 
of  William  Morgan,  by  Freemasons 
for  revealing  secrets,  causes  intense 
and  widespread  excitement. 

*  *  N.  T.  MlUard  Fillmore  marries 
Abigail  Powers. 

1827*  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Johnson  mar- 
ries Eliza  McCardle. 

STATE. 
1826  Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  ap- 
points Richard  C.  Anderson  and  John 
Sargeant  as  delegates  to  the  General 
Congress  of  South  American  States, 
to  meet  in  Panama,  in  June. 

*  *  Phita.    The  [present]   system  of  the 
Fairmount  Water-works  is  completed. 
May  14.    N.  Y.  Sing  Sing  prison  is  com- 
menced. 

May  20.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Nathaniel  Macon  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

May  22.  D.  C.  The  19th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 


Mar.  4.  B.  C.  The  19th  Congress 
ends. 

Aug.  6.  Ore.  The  joint  occupation  of 
Oregon  by  American  and  British  sub- 
jects is  extended  indefinitely  by  a  treaty 
agreement. 

Sept.  29.  U.  S.  The  difference  exist- 
ing between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  respecting  boimdaries  is  re- 
ferred to  an  arbiter  for  settlement. 

Dec.  3.  J).  V.  The  20th  Congress 
opens. 

House:  Andrew  Stevenson  of  Va.  is 
elected  Speaker. 

»  *-29*  *  Aew  York.  William  Paulding 
is  elected  the  57th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-31  *  *  Conn.     Gideon  Tomlinson. 
-30  *  *  Del.    George  Poindexter. 
-29  *  •  Ga.    John  Forsyth. 
-29  ♦  *  Me.    Enoch  Lincoln. 
-31  *  *  Miss.    Gerard  C.  Brandon. 
-28  *  *  ^V.  C.    James  Iredell. 

*  N.  H.    Benjamin  Pierce. 

*  Tenn.    Sam  Houston. 

*  Va.    Wm.  B.  Giles. 
U.  s.    National  debt 


'  •  Md.    The  Maryland  State  Library  is    June  »  The  Panama  Congress    of  South 

founded  at  Annapolis.    [70,000  vols.] 
'  *  O.    Western  Reserve  College 


(Pres).  is  fovmded  at  Hudson 

The   Cincinnati    Commercial    Register 
appears. 

*  *  Va.    The  Richmond  Whig  appears. 

*  *  -30  *  *  Commentaries  on  American 
Law,  by  James  Kent,  appears. 

*  *  Lionel  Lincoln,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Merry  Tales  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  of 
Gotham,  by  Paulding,  appears. 

*  *  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

1827    May*  Kew  York.     The   Morning 

Enquirer  is  started. 
Sept.  1.     New  York.     The    Journal    of 

Commerce  issues  its  first  number ;  it  is 

hostile  to  slavery. 

*  *  III.  Shurtleff  College  is  founded  by 
Baptists  at  Upper  Alton. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Western  Tlieological  Semi- 
nary (Pres.)  is  established  in  Allegheny. 

*  •  Phila.  The  American  Quarterly  Re- 
view, by  Robert  Walsh,  is  published 
[till  1837]. 

*  *  The  Prairie,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Biography  of  the  Signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Imtependence,  by  John  San- 
derson, appears. 

*  *  The  Red  Rover,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  The  Buccaneer,  by  Richard  H.  Dana, 
appears. 

*  *  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the 
Hebrews,  by  Moses  Stuart,  appears. 

1828  Feb.  28.  III.  McKendree  Col- 
lege (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Lebanon. 


American  States  fails  to  meet  and  put 
the  Monroe  doctrine  into  practice. 
(See  Mar.  14, 1826.) 

July  4.  The  death  of  two  ex-Presidents, 
John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  on 
the  50th  anniversary  of  American  In- 
dependence, arrests  attention. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  The  Morgan  anti-Mason 
excitement  is  taken  into  politics,  and 
many  members  suffer  in  their  reputa- 
tion; among  them  is  De  Witt  Clinton. 
(See  Society.) 

Nov.  13.  A  convention  is  entered  by 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 
whereby  American  citizens  receive  in- 
demnification for  British  spoliations 
during  the  war  with  Napoleon. 

Dec. 4.  D.C.  The  19th Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  Tenn.  Seat  of  the  State  government 
is  changed  from  Murfreesboro  to  Nash- 
ville. 

*  *  -27  *  *  New  York.  Philip  Hone  is 
elected  the  56th  mayor. 

*  *  D.  C.  Robert  Trimble  of  Ky.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-30  •  *  /;/.    Ninian  Edwards. 

-32  *  *  Mo.    .John  Miller. 

-30  *  *  O.    Allen  Trimble. 

-28  *  *  S.  C.    John  Taylor. 

-28  *  •  Vt.    Ezra  Butler. 
1827    Jan.  1.     U.  S.    National  debt 

$73,987,357. 
Jan.  2.    Congress ;  Senate :  Nathaniel 

Macon  of  N.  C.  is  re-elected  President 

pro  tempore.     [Reelected  Mar.  2.] 


-29* 
-29* 
-30* 

1828    Jan.  1 
$67,475,043. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  Martin  Van  Buren  be- 
comes governor. 

May  15.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Samuel  Smith  of  Md.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

May  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  A  heavy 
protective  tariff  bill  passes,  by  which 
the  sliding  scale  is  advanced  from  33}  to 
an  average  of  40  to  45  per  cent.  It  com- 
mences a  serious  division  between  the 
North  and  the  South.  Called  "  the  tariif 
of  abominations."  (House:  Vote,  105-74.) 

May  26.  D.C.  The  20th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Intense  excitement,  surpass- 
ing that  of  previous  years,  attends  the 
Presidential  canvass. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1826  Oct.  7.  Mass.  A  railway  for 
horse-power,  3  miles  long,  is  completed 
at  Quincy,  for  conveying  granite  rock  to 
tide-water.  It  is  the  first  railroad  in 
the  United  States. 

*  *  Kerosene  is  first  used  for  illuminat- 
ing purposes. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1826, 10,837. 

1827  May*  Pa.  A  gravity  railroad 
for  transporting  coal  is  completed  at 
Mauch  Chunk  ;  the  empty  cars  are  to  be 
drawn  back  by  mules. 

*  *  Boston.  The  first  lithograph  estab- 
lishment is  completed ;  it  uses  imported 
materials. 

*  *  American  cotton  manufactures  are 
first  exported  to  any  considerable  extent. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1827, 18,875. 

1828  July  4.  Md.  The  comer-stone  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is 
laid  with  great  ceremony  at  Baltimore  ; 
the  rails  of  wood  are  covered  with  iron 
bars. 


136    1828,  Sept.  26-1830,  July. . 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1829  •  *  }f.y.    Bobert  E.  Lee,  22  years 
of  age,  graduates  at  West  Point. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1828  Sept.  26.  Mass.  A  monument  is 
erected  at  Charlestown  to  the  memory 
of  John  Howard. 

Oct.  *  N.  J.  The  Franklin  Institute  in 
Philadelphia  awards  Seth  Boyden  of 
Newark  a  premium  for  malleable  cast- 
ings. 

•  *  A'eMJ  York.  The  manufacture  of  var- 
nish for  commercial  use  is  commenced. 

•  *  jf.  Y.  The  Albany  Institute  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  •  Pa,  Damask  table-linen  is  first 
made  at  Pittsburg. 

Paper  is  first  made  of  straw  and 

hay  at  Meadville. 
»  *  William  Woodworth's  planing-ma- 

chine  is  Introduced. 
»  •  The  Garden  of  Eden  is   painted   by 

Thomas  Cole. 

*  •  The  Portrait  of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck  is 
painted  by  Henry  Inman. 

±  *  •  The  Chanting  Cherubs  is  executed 
by  Horatio  Greenough.  "  The  first  group 
executed  in  marble  by  an  American." 

*  »  Calvary  is  painted  by  William  Dunlap. 

1829  Mar.  27.  iVeio  York.  John  W. 
Kevere  explains  his  invention  of  gal- 
vanized iron  at  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History. 

•  *  Conn.  The  manufacture  of  sewing- 
silk  by  machinery  is  commenced  at 
Mansfield. 

•  *  Mass.  The  manufacture  of  pen- 
knives and  pocket-knives  is  com- 
menced in  this  country  at  Worcester. 

.The  Massachusetts  Horticultural  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

*  *  Kew  York.  Bricks  are  first  made  by 
machinery. 

*  *  R.  I.  Figured  muslin  Is  first  woven 
in  this  country  on  a  power-loom  at  Cen- 
tral Falls. 

•  *  U.S.  Friotionmatchesivreflrstused. 
1830    May  31.     Tenn.    A    destructive 

storm  prevails  ;  Carthage  is  laid  in  ruins. 

July  24.  Boston.  Tbe  mercury  at  noon 
stands  at  95° ;  at  sundown,  at  50*. 

July  *  N.  Y.  Terrific  rains  and  floods 
in  the  Champlaln  region;  mill-dams, 
iron-works,  bridges,  and  crops  are  de- 
stroyed. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 
isas*  • 

Ashmun,  .Tehndi,  philanthropist,  A34. 
Haird,  Chas.  W.,  ITesb.  cl.,  author,  b.  N.J. 
Bayard.  ThomaB  Francis,  sen.  forI>el.,8ec 

of  state,  minister  to  Eng.,  b.  Del.,  Oct.  2S. 
Beatty,  John,  l)riK.-gen.  V.  S.  vols.,  b.  in  O. 
Bennett,  Chas.  W.,  educator,  born  in  N.V. 
Krainard.  John  (1.  C.  poet,  editor,  A32. 
Brown,  Jacob,  ma]. -gen.  9th  com.  of  U.  S. 

Army,  A53. 
Camden,  Johnson  N.,  sen.  W.  Va.,  b.  W.  Va. 
Chamberlain,  Josluia,  maj. -gen.  vols.,  b.  Sle. 
±  Chesebro',  Caroline,  author,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Clinton.  De  "Witt,  gov.,  sen.  for  N.Y.,  A59. 
Coolt,  Clarence,  critic,  born  in  Mass. 
Cookman,  Alfred,  W.  E.  clergyman,  b.  N.  J. 
Crook.  Geo.,  niaj.-gen.  U.  .s.  A.,  born  in  O. 
Drake,  Francis  Samuel,  author,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Dwlght,  Timothy,  pres.  of  Yale,  b.  Conn. 
Kdmunds,  Geo.  F.,  sen.  for  Vt.,  b.  In  Vt. 


Few,  William,  senator  for  Ga.,  A80. 

Fisk,  Clinton  B.,  Prohibition  candidate  for 
Pres.,  philanthropist,  born  In  N.Y'. 

Fisk,  Sanmel,  clergyman,  capt.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Foster,  Charles,  Ciov.  of  O.,  born  in  O. 

Fulton,  Justin  D.,  Bapt.  cl.,  lecturer,  b.  U.  Y. 

George,  Enoch,  Jl.  E.  bishop,  A61. 

Oilman,  John  T.,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  A69. 

Grafe,  Albrecht,  naturalist,  born  In  Berlin. 

Gray,  Horace,  I'.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  Mass. 

Hammond.  WUllam  Alex.,  physician,  sur- 
geon, autlior,  born  in  Aid. 

Hart,  James  JlcUougal,  painter,  b.  In  Soot. 

Hoppin,  Augustus,  artist,  born  in  R.  I. 

.Macl'lierson,  Jas.  B.,  brig.-gen.  U.  8.  A.,  b.  O. 

McEntee,  .lervis,  painter,  born  in  N.Y. 

Marvin,  Francis,  M.  C,  born  In  N.Y. 

Myer,  AUiert  Joseph,  scientist,  born  In  N.Y'. 

Paddock,  Benjamin  H.,  1'.  E.  bp.,  b.  Conn. 

Finckney.  Thomas,  gen.  of  Itevolution, 
gov.  of  S.  C,  minister  to  Eng.,  ATS. 

Porter,  James  Lewis,  statesman,  born. 

Randall,  Samuel  J..  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  speaker, 
born  in  Pa. 

Savage,  John,  author,  born  in  Ire. 

Stuart.  Gilbert  Charles,  painter,  A73. 

Trowbridge, William  Petit,  engineer,  b.  Mich. 

VanWart,  Isaac,  a  captor  of  Andr^,  A68. 

Wells,  David  .Vmes,  economist,  born  in  O. 

Wilson,  James  K.,  sen.  for  la.,  born  In  O. 

Winthrop,  Theodore,  author,  born  in  Ct. 

Wurtz,  Henry,  chemist,  born  In  Pa. 

1889 ♦  •  ,    „ 

Allison,  William  B.,  sen.  for  la.,  born  in  O. 
Belknap,  W.  W.,  maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  sec.  of 

war,  born  in  lo. 
Brackett,  Albert  G.,  col.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  In  N.Y. 
Bridgman,  Laura,  blind  deaf-mute,  b.  N.  H. 
Childs.  George  Wm..  journalist,  b.  Md. 
Clark,  William  Travis,  editor,  born. 
Coke,  Richard,  sen.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Va. 
Conkllng.  Roscoe.  sen.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Crawford,  Samuel  W.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,b.  Pa. 
CuUom,  Shelby  .M.,  senator  for  III.,  b.  m  Ky. 
Dearborn,  Henry,  maj.-gen.,  sec.  of  war, 

8th  com.  U.S.A.,  minister  to  Portugal,  A78. 
Failey,  Noah  L.,  U.  S.  A.,  born. 
Goodell,  Wm.,  physician,  author,  b.  Malta. 
Gottschalk.  liOuls  Moreau.  pianist,  b.  La. 
Halplne,  Charles  O.,  journalist  (ifito  O'lii- 

ley),  born  in  Ire. 
HalBtead.  Murat.  jonrnalist  of  O.,  b.  In  O. 
Hanaford,  Phoebe  C,  author,  preacher,  born 

in  Mass. 
Hayden,  Ferdinand  V.,  geologist,  b.  Mass. 
Helper,  HInton  Rowan,  author,  b.  in  N.  C. 
Holyoke,  Edwd.  .\ug.,  phys.,  naturalist,  A 101. 
Jay.  John,  of  N.Y.,  Pres.  of  Continental 

Congress,  first  chief  jusUce,  sec.  of  foreign 

Jefterson,  Joseph,  actor,  born  In  Phlla. 

Jones,  John,  surgeon,  born. 

Kynett,  Alpha,  M.  E.  clergyman,  b.  In  Pa. 

Lansing,  John,  statesman.  Rev.  soldier,  A65. 

Lincoln,  Enoch,  Gov.  of  Me.,  poet,  historian, 
A41. 

Mason,  John  Mitchel,  Pres.  clergyman,  A69. 

Mitchell,  S.  Weir,  physiologist,  born  In  Pa. 

Piatt,  Donn,  journalist,  horn. 

Pickering.  Timothy,  colonel,  sec.  of  state, 
senator  for  Mass.,  A84. 

Bawson,  Albert  L., explorer,  journalist, b.V  t. 

Rogers.  John,  sculptor,  statuette  groups, 
born  in  Mass. 

Schurz,  Carl,  brig.-gen.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  sec.  Of 
Interior,  born  in  Ger.  ».  ,..  v 

Seymour,  (ieorge  Franklin,  P.  E.  bp.,b.  N.Y. 

Shreve,  Samuel  Henry,  engineer,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Smith,  Roswell,  founder  of  Century  Maga- 
zine, born. 

Snithson.  James  Lewis  Made,  founder 
of  Smithsonian  Institution,  A75. 

Taylor,  William  M.,  Pres.  cl.,  b.  in  Scot. 

Tnrpie,  David,  sen.  for  Ind.,  born  in  O. 

Van  Elton,  Ilendrik  D.  K.,  pamter,  b.  Hoi. 

Vezin,  Hermann,  actor,  horn  in  Pa. 

Walker,  Josejih  H.,  M.  C,  editor,  b.  Mass. 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Washington,  Bushrod,  V.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A70. 

CHURCH. 

1828  Aug.  14.  Boston  Meeting  of  Gen- 
eral Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem. 

Nov.  12.  Md.  A  General  Convention  of 
Methoilist  Reformers  meets  in  Balti- 
more, and  organizes  "The  Associated 
Methodist  Chtu^hes." 

*  •  Boston.  The  Boston  Seaman's 
Friend  Society  is  organized. 

•  »  Me.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  held. 


*  » Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets;  Ezra  Stiles  Ely, 
moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Tennessee  is  organized. 

*  *  Morris  Brown  is  elected  bishop  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

»  *  The  American  Board  starts  a  mission 
among  the  Stockbrldge  Indians. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  trans- 
fers its  mission  to  the  Ojlbwas  to  the 
Canadian  Conference. 

'  *  *  Missionary  Adoniram  Judson  gives 
$6,000  to  the  Baptist  Mission  Board. 

1829  Mar.  31.  It.  Pius  VHI.  is  elected 
pope. 

Jime  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  John  Knox,  presi- 
dent. 

Julys.  Ky.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
diocese  of  Kentucky  is  organized. 

July  22.  The  Brooklyn  Mission  and 
Tract  Society  Is  organized. 

Aug.  19.  Va.  William  Meade  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  is  consecrated  bishop  of 
Virginia. 

Oct.*  Elijah  C.  Bridgman  and  David 
Abeel  are  sent  out  by  the  American 
Seaman's  Friend  Society  to  labor  among 
seamen. 

*  *  Md.  The  first  Provincial  Council 
(Roman  Catholic)  of  Baltimore  is  con- 
vened by  Archbishop  James  Whitfield. 

The  Fifth  General  Synod   (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Hagerstown. 

*  *  Phila.  The  first  Methodist  Protestant 
church  in  this  city  is  formed  byseceders 
from  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

The    General    Assembly    (Presby- 
terian) meets ;  B.  H.  Elce,  moderator. 

The  General   Convention  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  meets. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  is 
held. 
»  » Presbyterians  form  the  Synods  of 
Utlca  (N.  S.),  Mississippi  (O-  S.),  South 
Alabama  (O.  S.),  and  Cincinnati  (N.  S. 
and  O.  S.). 

*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  sends 
out  its  first  foreign  missionaries  to 
Greece. 

1830  Jan.  25.  Ala.  Friends  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Mobile 
meet  preliminary  to  the  organization  of 
the  Diocese  of  Alabama. 

Apr.  6.  N.  Y.  The  first  Mormon 
church  Is  organized  by  Joseph  Smith  at 
Manchester,  Ontario  County. 

Jime  •  N.  J.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  New  Brunswick ;  W. 
Ellinge,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1828  *  •  Boston.    The  Ladies'  Magazine, 

the  first  periodical  for  women,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  A  Dictionary  of  the  English 
IJanguage ,  by  Noah  Webster,  appears 
at  New  Haven. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Bloomlngton. 

*  •  Me.  Baptists  start  the  Zion's  Advo- 
cate at  Portland. 


UNITED    STATES.  1828,  Sept.  26-1830,  July  *   137 


*  •  Mich.  The  Michigan  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Lansing.     [54,000  vols.] 

*  *  A'cw  York:  The  Quarterly  Review 
(Meth.  Epis.),  formerly  the  Methodist 
(Monthly)  Magazine^  is  flrst  issued. 

*  -New  York.  Courrier  des  t:tats-Unis  is 
founded  by  Charles  Laselle  and  others. 

*  *  O.  The  Western  Jleview  appears  at 
Cincinnati. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Southern  Agriculturist  ap- 
pears at  Charleston. 

The     Southern    Review     appears     at 
Charleston.    [Expires  183'J.] 

*  *  Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte^  by  W.  E.  Chan- 
ning,  appears. 

*  *  Rachel  Jyyer,  by  John  Neal,  appears. 

*  ♦  History  of  the  Life  and  Voyages  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  by  'Washington 
Irving*  appears. 

1829  Sept.  21.  Md.  The  flrst  public 
school  in  Baltimore  is  established. 

Oct  13.  Me.  The  first  daily  newspaper 
in  this  State  —  the  Daily  Courier  ^nit- 
pears. 

*  *  Ky.  The  flrst  public  school  in  this 
State  is  opened. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  IjOUis  University  is  orga- 
nized. 

*  ♦  New  York.  Noah's  New  York  Nation- 
al Advocate  appears. 

*  *  O.  Lane  Theological  Seminary  (Prep.) 
is  established  in  Cincinnati. 

*  *  -43  *  ♦  The  American  Quarterly  Re- 
gister appears. 

*  •  The  Offering  of  Sympathy,  by  Francis 
Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Al  Aaraaff,  Tamerlane,  and  Minor 
Poems,  by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

*  •  The  Conquest  of  Granada,  by  'Wash- 
ington Irving,  appears. 

*  *  M^.canique  Cileste,  is  translated  by 
Nathaniel  Bowditch,  with  copious 
commentaries. 

*  •  The  Wept  of  With4om-Wish,  by 
Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  The  Life  of  John  Ledyard,  by  Jared 
Sparks,  appears. 

1830  July  *  Boston.     The  Globe  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1829  Dec.  20.  Ga.  The  Legislature 
enacts  that  "  no  Indian  or  descendant 
of  an  Indian,  residing  within  the  Creek 
or  Cherokee  nations,  should  be  deemed 
a  competent  witness  to  any  suit  where 
a  white  man  is  a  defendant." 

*  *  Boston.  The  first  asylum  In  the 
United  States  for  the  blind  is  incor- 
porated. 

STATE. 

1828  Nov.  (?)  *  U.  S.  The  11th  Presi- 
dential election;  Democrats  elected. 
Popular  vote  for  President :  Andrew 
Jackson  of  Tenn.  (Democrat),  647,231 ; 
John  Q.  Adams  of  Mass.  (National  Re- 
publican), 509,007. 

Dec.  1.  n.  C.  The  20th  Congress^  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  N.  Y.  'Van  Buren  becomes  the  leader 
of  New  York  Democracy  [for  20  years]. 


*  *  I'.  S,  ITie  political  party  known  as 
the  Workingmen's  Organization  ap- 
pears in  the  principal  cities. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-32  *  *  Ky.    Thomas  Metcalfe. 
-29  *  *  La.     Peter  Derbigny. 

-30  *  •  N.  C.    John  Owen. 
-20  *  •  N.  Y.    Nathaniel  Pitcher. 
Martin  Van  Buren. 
-30  •  *  S.C.    Stephen  D.  Miller. 
-31  *  *  Vt.    Samuel  C.  Crafts. 

1829  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$58,421,413. 

Feb.  11.  n.  C.  Congress:  the  House 
counts  the  electoral  vote. 

■Vote  for  President :  Jackson,  178 ; 
Adams,  83.  Vote  for  Vice-President : 
John  C.  Calhoun  (I>emocrat)  of  S.  C, 
171 ;  Richard  Rush  ^National  Republi- 
can) of  Pa.,  83;  William  Smith  (Demo- 
crat) of  S.  C.,  7. 

Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  20th  Congress  ends. 
Seventh    Administration ;    Demo- 
cratic. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Andrew  Jackson  of 
Tenn.  is  inaugurated  the  seventh  Presi- 
dent, in  the  11th  term  of  the  Presidency. 
John  C.  Calhoun  of  S.  C.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet:  Martin  'Van  Buren  of 
N.  Y.  (State),  Samuel  D.  Ingham  of 
Pa.  (Treas.),  John  H.  Eaton  of  Tenn. 
(War),  John  Branch  of  N.  C.  (Navy), 
John  M'P.  Berrien  of  Ga.  (Atty.-Gen.), 
and  'William  T.  Barry  of  Ky.  (P.  M.- 
Gen.). 

"The  reign  of  Andrew  Jackson" 
begins.    [It  lasts  eight  years.] 

Mar.  0.  I).  C.  The  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral bec<ime8  a  recognized  member  of 
the  President's  cabinet. 

Mar.  28.  A  treaty  is  signed  with  Den- 
mark for  the  adjustment  of  indenmity 
claims. 

Apr.  14.  D.  c.  Congress:  the  House 
rejects  a  bill  for  building  a  national 
road,  exteniling  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  to 
New  Orleans,  La.    Vote,  88-105. 

Dec.  7.  I).  C.  The  21st  Congress 
opens. 

*  •  1).  C.  John  Mcljean  of  Ohio  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  D.  C.  Inaugtiration  of  the  Spoils 
System. 

The  President  makes  176  appointments 
of  political  adherents  to  oflice.  [X  total 
of  only  74  renmvals  of  office-holders 
mider  all  preceding  Presidents  ;  about 
lyo  by  Jackson  durmg  his  first  year]. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  workingmen's  ticket  ap- 
pears, and  an  assemblyman  is  elected 
by  it. 

*  *  The  high  tariff  acts  bring  protests 
from  the  merchants  of  Boston,  and  later 
from  the  Legislatures  of  South  Carolina, 
Virginia,  Alabama,  and  North  Carolina. 

From  this  period  begins  the  office-seek- 
ers* struggle  with  each  new  administra- 
tion. 

Dec.  *  President  Jackson  takes  strong 
ground  against  the  National  bank  in 
his  message  to  Congress. 

*  *  -33  *  *  New  York.  "Walter  Bowne  is 
elected  the  58th  mayor. 


*  *  If.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-31*  *  Ala.    Gabriel  Moore. 

-35  »  •  Ark.  (Ter.).    John  Pope. 
-31  *  *  Ga.    George  R.  Gilmer. 
-30  •  *  La.    A.  Bauvals. 
-30  ♦  *  Me.    Nathan  Cutler. 
-30  •  *  N.  H.    John  Bell. 
-32  *  *  N.J.    Peter  D.  Vroom. 

N.  Y.    Martin  Van  Buren. 
-33  *  •  N.  Y.    Enos  T.  Throop. 

Pa.    George  Wolf. 
-35  *  *  Tenn.    Wm.  Carroll. 

1830  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$48,S«5,406. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Hobert  "Y.  Hayne  makes  a  great 
speech  in  defense  of  State  rights. 

Jan.  27.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Daniel  'Webster  makes  his  great 
speech  for  the  IJnion  in  reply  to  Rob- 
ert Y.  Hayne  of  .South  Carolina,  who 
is  a  radical  upholder  of  State  rights. 

May  7.    D.  C.    A  treaty  with  Turkey  is 
made. 

May  ♦  D.  C.  President  Jackson  and 
John  C.  Calhoun  become  political  ene- 
mies. 

May  31.  />.  C.  The  2l8t  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1828  Nov.  15.  N.  Y.  The  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  Canal  is  completed. 

*  *  Mass.  The  first  steamboat  in  Boston 
harbor  —  the  Benjamin  Franklin  —  is 
used  as  an  excursion  boat. 

*  •  New  Eng.  The  flrst  boat  passes 
through  the  entire  length  of  the  Black- 
stone  Canal,  45  miles  long,  connect- 
ing Providence  and  Worcester. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1828,  27,382. 

1829  Apr.  3.  Ga.  A  great  fire  occurs 
in  Augusta  ;  300  buildings  are  burned. 

June  4.  The  steam  frigate  Fulton  blows 
up  ;  2C  persons  are  killed. 

July  4. 1'hila.  U.S.  Mintcornerstone  laid. 

Aug.  8.  Pa.  The  first  trip  of  a  loco- 
motive is  made  on  the  Carbondale  and 
Honesdale  Railroad. 

Oct.  17.  Del.  The  Delaware  and  Ches- 
apeake Canal  is  opened. 

Nov.  13.  N.  Y.  Sam  Patch  kills  him- 
self by  jumping  the  Genesee  Falls 
at  Rochester,  in  the  presence  of  a  great 
assembly. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1829,  22,620. 

*  *  Many  canals  are  completed,  including 
the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  (Me.),  the 
Farmington  (Conn.),  the  Oswego  (N. 
Y.),  and  the  Delaware  and  Hudson. 

1830  May  24.  Md.  The  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  has  24  miles  of 
track  opened  for  use. 

June*  U.S.  Fifth  Census:  States,  24; 
whites,  10,537,378;  colored,  2,328,642  (free 
colored  319,599,  slaves  2,009,043) ;  total 
population,  12,866,020.  Increase,  33.65 
percent.  Center  of  population  19  miles 
west  southwest  of  Moorefield,  W.  Va. ; 
westward  movement  in  10  years,  39 
miles. 


138     1830,  Aug.  3-1831. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  NINTH  WAR, 
1831    Apr.  21—1832.    Sept.  31.    Wis. 
The  Black  Hawk  Indian  War,  with 
the    Sac    and    Fox    Indians.      Men   en- 
rolled, 6,4G5. 

*  *  III.  Abraham  TiiTicoln  volunteers 
In  the  Black  Hawk  War,  and  is  chosen 
captain  of  his  company. 

•  *-32*  *  Wis.  Jeff  erson  Davis  serves 
In  the  Black  Hawk  War  as  brevet  2d 
lieutenant. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1830  Sept.  1.  Xew  York.  Charles 
John  Kean  commences  an  engagement 
at  the  Park  Theater. 

•  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Society  of  Natu- 
ral History  is  organized. 

Tlie  Ponrdrinier  machine,  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper,  is  first  made 
in  this  country  at  Windham ;  importa- 
tions of  it  nearly  cease. 

•  * Md.  The  first  locomotive  {Tom 
Thumb)  built  in  the  United  States  is 
constructed  by  Peter  Cooper,  at  the 
Canton  Iron  Works,  near  Baltimore  ;  a 
small  tractor  engine,  of  little  use. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Observatory  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity is  erected  at  New  Haven.  The 
first  telescope  in  this  country  is  set  up. 

*  *  Tomb  of  General  Brock  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Cole. 

1831  Feb.  12.  U.  S.  A  great  solar 
eclipse  (annular)  is  generally  visible. 

Dec.  *  Pa,  Dr.  F,  W.  Geisenhainer  ob- 
tains a  patent  for  the  application  of  a 
hot-air  blast  to  anthracite  coal  in  mak- 
ing iron ;  this  invention  begins  a  new 
era  in  producing  iron. 

»  *  Conn.  The  Groton  monument,  oppo- 
site New  London,  is  completed. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1830*  • 

Agnew,  Cornelius  Rea,  surgeon,  b.  In  N.Y, 
Arthur.  Chester  Alan.  20th  Vice-President, 

2l8t  rresident,  liorn  in  Vt. 
Bacon,  Leonarti  Woolsey,  Cong,  clergyman, 

autlior,  born  in  Conn. 
Bierstadt.  Albert,  painter,  born  in  der. 
Blaine.  James  Gillespie.  M.  C.  from  Me., 

speaker,  senator,  candidate  for  Pres.,  sec. 

of  state,  born  in  Pa.,  Jan.  31. 
Bowers,  Mrs.  I>.  P.,  actor,  born  in  Conn, 
Cobb.  Thomas  W..  senator  for  Ga.,  A  46. 
Coinpton,  Barnes,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 
Cooke,  Jolm  Ksten,  author,  poet,  b.  in  Va. 
Culberson,  David  B.,  M.  C.  for  Oa.,  b.  Cia. 
Dodge,  Mary  Abigail  (Oail  Hamilton),  b. 

in  Mass. 
Buncombe,  Parmelee  Dubois,  chemist,  born. 
(Jarraril,  Kenner,  In-ev.  brig.-gen.,  b.  in  O. 
Giles,  William  B.,  statesman,  A68. 
Godman,  .John  D.,  i)hysician,  naturalist,  A36. 
Hayne,  Hamilton,  poet,  born  in  S.  C. 
Hazen,  William  IJabcock,  soldier,  b.  in  Vt. 
Hobart,  .lolm  Henry,  P.  K.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,  A55. 
Hicks,  Ellas,  Quaker  preacher,  A82. 
Hosmer.  Harriet  Ooodhue,  sculptor  in  It., 

born  in  Mass. 
Howard. Oliver 0.,maj. -Ren. U.  S.  A.,b.  Me. 
Hoyt,  A.  M.,  Cov.  of  Pa.,  born. 
Johnson,  Samuel  Wni.,  chemist,  an.,  b.  N.Y. 
Jones,  John  1'.,  sen.  for  Isev.,  horn  in  Eng. 
Murray,  David,  educator,  born  in  N.Y. 
Keely,  Henry  A.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Me.,  h.  N.Y. 
Nordhoff,  Charles,  an.,  journalist,  b.  Ger. 
Orion,  James,  naturalist,  born  in  N.Y. 
Otis,  (Jeorge  A.,  surgeon,  born  in  Mass. 
Paddock,  Algernon  S.,  sen.  for  Neb.,  b.  N.Y. 
Perry,  Arthur  Latliam,  economist,  b.  N.  H. 
Pratt,  Charles,  pliilantliropist,  born  in  Mass. 
Pugh,  James  L.,  sen.  for  Ala.,  born  in  Ga. 


Red  Jacket,  chief  of  the  Senecaa,  A79. 
Rutgers,  Henry,  patriot,  philanthropist,  A85. 
Sothem.  Edward  Askew,  actor,  1).  Kng. 
Teller,  Henry  M.,  sen.  for  Col.,  born  in  N.Y. 
Terhune,  Mary  Virginia  {Marion  Jlarlajid)^ 

author,  born  in  Va. 
Trumbull,  Menry  Clay,  Cong.  cL,  b.  in  Conn. 
Tudor,  William,  author,  A5i. 
Vance,  Zebulon  B.,  sen.  for  N.  C,  b.  in  N.C. 
Vest,  George  (i.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  born  in  Ky. 
"Ward.  John  Quincy  A.,  sculptor,  b.  in  O. 
Warren,  Gouverneur  Kemble,  gen.,  b.  N.Y. 
Yenell,  George  Henry,  artist,  born  in  Md. 

1831 •  • 

Alibott,  Henry  L.,  engineer  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Mass. 

Allen,  Richard,  first  bp.  of  Afr.  M.  E.  Ch., 
A  71. 

Baker,  William,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,  born  In  Pa. 

Bartholow,  Uoberts,  physician,  born  in  Md. 

Barton,  William,  gen.  in  Kev'n  of  K.  1.,  A84. 

Boardman,  George  Dana,  mis.  to  India,  A30. 

Booth,  Mary  L.,  author,  editor  Harper's  Ba~ 
zary  born  in  N.Y. 

Breese,  Kidder  Iiandolph,capt.U.  S.  N.,b.  Pa. 

Burbridge,  Stephen  t;.,  gen.  of  vols.,  b.  Ky. 

Case,  .\ugu8tus  L.,  rear-adm.  C  S.  N.,b.  N.Y. 

I)e  Koven,  James,  P.  E.  cl.  of  N.Y.,  h.  Conn. 

Dinnan,  Jeremiah  Lewis,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  II.  I. 

Donnelly,  Ignatius,  M.  C,  author,  b.  Phila. 

Evarts,  Jeremiah,  editor,  A50. 

Fairchild,  Lucius,  hrig.-gen.  of  vols.,  born. 

Frye,  William  P.,  sen.  for  Me.,  born  in  Me. 

Garfield,  James  A.,  niaj.~gen.  of  vols.,  M. 
C.  forO.,  sen.,  20th  Pres.,  of  the  U.  S.,  b.  O. 

Gildersleeve,  Basil  l-anneau,  scliolar,  b.  S.  C. 

Gilman,  Daniel  Coit,  educator,  b.  In  Conn. 

Girard,  Stephen,  Franco- Am.  niercliant, 
founder  of  college,  Ayl. 

Godkin,  Edwin  Laurence,  journalist,  h.  Ire. 

Goodwin,  Wm.  Watson,  scholar,  b.  in  Mass. 

Grady,  Benjamin  F.,  M.  C.  for  N.  C.,  b,  N.  C. 

Hodge,  Casper  W.,  prof,  at  Princeton,  born. 

Hunter,  A.  J.,  M.  C.,  born  in  Ind. 

Jackson,  Helen  Hunt,  poet,  born  in  Mass. 

Livingston,  Henry  B.,  gen   in  Hev'n,  A81. 

Marsh.  Othniel  C,  paleontologist,  b.  N.Y. 

McCook,  Alex.  McI).,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  born. 

McLaren,  Edw.  W.,  P.  E.  bishop,  horn  in  O. 

Mitchill,  Sam.  Latham,  physician,  natural- 
ist, A  67. 

Monroe,  James,  sen.  for  Va.,  minister  to 
Fr.,  gov.  of  Va.,  sec.  of  state,  sec.  of  war, 
''Monroe  doctrine,"  5th  i'res.  U.  8.,  A73. 

Peffer.  William  A.,  sen.  for  Kan.,  born. 

Proctor,  Redfleld,  sec.  of  war,  born  in  Vt. 

Rawlins,  John  A.,  sec.  of  war,  born  in  111. 

Rockwell,  James  O.,  poet,  A24. 

Scbofield,  John  M.,  maj.-gen.,  17th  com- 
mander U.  S.  A.,  b.  In  N.Y. 

.Shell,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Sheridan,  Philip  Henry,  General,  I6th 
commander  of  U.  S.  Army,  born  in  N.Y. 

Stephenson,  Samuel  M.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  born 
in  Can. 

Thomas,  Theodore  G.,  physician,  b.  In  S.  C. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  printer,  journalist,  A82. 

TrumbuU,  John,  poet,  satirist,  A81. 

Walthall,  Edward  C,  sen.  for  Miss.,  b.  Va. 

Washburn,  Wm.  D.,  sen.  for  Minn.,  b.  Me. 


CHURCH. 

1830  Oct.  21.  N.  Y.  W.  M.  Stone 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  consecrated 
bishop  for  New  York. 

Oct.  *  Pa.  German  Reformed  Baptists 
meet  at  Harrisburg  and  form  The 
Church  of  God.  John  Winebrenner  is 
their  leader. 

Wov.  2.  Md,  A  General  Convention 
of  Anti-episcopal  Methodist  reform- 
ers meets  in  Baltimore,  and  a.s8uiues  the 
title  Methodist  Protestant  Church. 

*  *  Ala.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Alabama  is  organized. 

*  *  Ga.    Indian  Missions  are  successful. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  Chickasaws 
unite  with  the  church  connected  with 
the  mission.  One-fifth  of  the  Stock- 
bridges  are  church  members.  Three- 
fourths  of  all  the  church  members  of 
the  missions  of  the  American  Board  are 
Indians.  Half  the  Cherokees  can  read  ; 
and  they  have  eleven  churches,  also 
schools,  courts,  a  legislature,  and  strin- 
gent laws  against  intemperance. 


*  *  ///.  The  First  Congregational  church 
is  formed, 

*  *  Pa.  The  East  Pennsylvania  eldership- 
of  the  Church  of  God  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Ezra  Fisk,  mode- 
rator. 

*  *  The  Bible  Association  of  Friends  in 
America  is  organized. 

*  •  New  York.  A  Primitive  Methodist 
church  is  formed. 

*  *  O.  The  Mormons  organize  a  church 
at  Kirtland. 

*  *  Va.  The  United  Synod,  South 
(Evangelical  Lutheran),  of  Virginia,  is 
organized. 

*  *  Tlie  Methodists  begin  work  among  the 
emigrant  Creek  and  Cherokee  Indians. 

1831  Jan.  3.  Ala.  Tlie  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Convention  invites  Bishop  Brown- 
ell  to  take  charge  of  the  parishes  in  Ala- 
bama. 

Feb.  2.  It.  Gregory  XVI.  is  elected 
pope. 

*  *  Ga.  Opposition  is  made  to  mission- 
aries. 

Two  missionaries,  Revs.  Butler  and 
Worcester,  receive  notification  of  a  law 
of  Georgia,  requiring  all  white  men  on 
Cherokee  land  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  State  of  Georgia.  Remain- 
ing at  their  posts,  they  refuse  to  do  so, 
claiming  their  rights  under  the  Consti- 
tution, laws,  and  treaties  of  the  general 
Government.  —  Cyclopedia  of  Missions. 

Mar.  12.  Missionaries  to  the  Indians 
are  persecuted. 

The  Georgia  guard  arrest  three  of  the 
missionaries  to  the  Cherokee  Indians, 
and  take  them  before  the  County  Court, 
where  they  are  released  on  the  ground 
that  they  are  agents  of  the  general 
Government.  [The  President  of  the 
United  States  then  declared  them  not 
to  be  agents  of  the  general  Govenmient. 
Again  they  were  warned  to  leave,  and, 
refusing  to  do  so,  were,  with  a  Methodist 
minister,  Mr.  Trott,  and  a  Cherokee 
named  Proctor,  arrested.  Mr.  Trott  and 
Proctor  were  chained  by  the  neck  to  a 
wagon  and  made  to  march  in  this  way 
for  two  days.  After  eleven  days'  im- 
prisonment in  a  filthy  log  prison,  Mr. 
Worcester  and  Mr.  Butler  were  sen- 
tenced to  four  years'  imprisonment  at 
hard  labor.  The  court  of  Georgia  re- 
fused to  discharge  the  prisoners  when 
so  ordered  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.]  —  Cyclopedia  of  Mis- 
sions. 

June  •  New  York.  The  General  Sjmod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  John  Gasman,  presi- 
dent. [And  again  in  June  at  Albany ; 
John  Gasman,  president.] 

Sept.  22.  N.  C.  Levi  S.  Ives  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop. 

Oct.  *  Me.  Freewill  Baptists  hold  their 
Fifth  General  Conference  at  Wilton. 

*  *  III.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Illinois  is  formed. 

*  *  Md.  The  Sixth  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Fred- 
erick. 

LETTERS. 
1830  •  *  Ala.     Spring    Hill    College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  McCormick  Theological 
Seminary  (Pres.)  is  established. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1830,  Aug.  3-1831.     139 


*  *  III.  The  Illinois  Monthly  Magazine 
appears. 

»  *  III.  The  niinois  College  (Pres.  and 
Cong.)  is  organized  at  Jacksonville. 

*  •  Ky.  Georgetown  College  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Georgetown. 

*  •  Mississippi  College  (Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Clinton. 

*  *  Tlie  Christian  Infelligencer(Retonaed) 
appears. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Albany  Evening  Journal 
appears. 

*  *  Philadelphia  hag  a  penny  paper.  The 
Cent,  which  h.is  a  brief  existence. 

*  *  U.  ,S.  There  axe  852  newspapers 
in  the  United  States. 

*  •  The  Book  of  Mormon  is  translated  and 
published. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Horace,  translated  by 
Anthon,  appears. 

*  *  -39  *  *  The  Birds  of  America,  by 
Audubon,  appears.  [He  obtained  nu- 
merous subscribers  at  $1,000  per  copy.] 

1831  Jan.  1.  Boston.  The  Liberator 
(Abolition)  is  first  Issued  by  William 
Lloyd  Garrison. 

Jan.  7.  The  Methodist  Protestant  is  is- 
sued. 

Nov.  9.  Boston.  The  Daily  Morning 
Post  is  first  issued. 

*  •  Ala.  The  University  of  Alabama 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Tuscaloosa. 

»  *  Cmm.  The  'Wesleyan  University 
(Meth.  Epls.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Louisville  Journal  is  first 
issued. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  North  Carolina  State  Li- 
brary is  founded  at  Ealeigh.  [42,000 
vols.] 

»  *  New  York.  The  Spirit  of  the  Times, 
the  first  sporting  paper,  is  issued. 

The  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 

SOCIETY. 

1830*  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln,  21 
years  old,  becomes  a  resident  of  Illinois. 

*  *  Oa.  Half  the  Cherokee  Indians 
read ;  they  have  eleven  churches,  also 
schools,  courts,  a  legislature,  and  strin- 
gent laws  against  intemperance. 

1831  Jan.  1.  Boston.  William  Lloyd 
Garrison's  Liberator  puts  new  life  into 
the  anti-slavery  cause. 

It  advocates  the  immediate  and  uncon- 
ditional emancipation  of  tlie  negroes, 
and  hastens  the  organization  of  the 
abolition  party. 

Apr.  26.  N.  Y.  Imprisonment  for 
debt  is  abolished. 

Aug.  21.  Va.  A  negro  insurrection 
is  led  by  Nat  Turner. 

It  is  started  by  three  white  men  and 
four  slaves ;  they  secure  about  200  fol- 
lowers, who  desolate  the  country  ;  troops 
are  called  out  in  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  and  55  white  persons  are  killed 
before  the  insurrection  is  quelled. 

Sept.  24.  R.  I.  Four  persons  are  killed 
by  the  military  in  a  riot  at  Providence. 


STATE. 

1830  Deo.  6.  D.  C.  The  21st  Con- 
gress :  the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-33  *  »  Del.    David  Hazzard. 
-34*  *  111.    John  Eejmolds. 
La,    Jacques  Dupr^. 
-34  *  •  La.    Ajidr^  B.  Roman. 
-31*  *  Me.    Jonathan  D.  Hunton. 
-32  •  *  N.  C.    Montford  Stokes. 
-31**N.II.    Matthew  Harvey. 
-32  *  *  a    Duncan  M' Arthur. 
-32  *  *  S.  C.    James  Hamilton. 
-34  •  *  Va.    John  Floyd. 

1831  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$39,123,191. 

Mar.  1.  /).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Samuel  Smith  of  Md.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Later  L.  W. 
TazeweU  of  Va.] 

Mar.  4.  X>.  C.  The  21st  Congress 
ends. 

Apr.  5.  D.  C.  A  boundary  and  commer- 
cial treaty  is  made  with  Mexico. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  A  quarrel  occurs  in  the 
President's  cabinet,  and  many  changes 
are  made. 

Cabinet :  Edward  Livingston  of 
La.  (State),  Louis  McLane  of  Del. 
(Treas.),  Lewis  Cass  of  O.  (War),  Levi 
Woodbury  of  N.  H.  (Navy),  and  Boger 
B.  Taney  of  Md.  (Atty-Gen.). 

July  4.  A  convention  is  made  with 
Prance. 

In  a  mutual  settlement  of  claims, 
France  agrees  to  pay  the  United  States 
25,000,000  francs,  and  to  accept  1,300,000 
francs ;  these  sums  are  for  distribution 
to  claimants  in  either  country. 

Aug.  21  +.  Va.  The  Southampton 
negro  insurrection,  led  by  Nat  Turner, 
is  suppressed  in  48  hours. 

Sept.  26.  Md.  The  Anti-Masons  nomi- 
nate a  National  ticket  at  Baltimore ;  it  is 
supported  by  National  Ilepublicans. 

Oct.  5.  Phila.  A  free-trade  conven- 
tion opens. 

Oct.  26.  New  York.  A  high-tariff  con- 
vention opens. 

Dec.  5.   D.C.  The  22d  Congress  opens. 

Dec*  D.  C.  Ex-President  John  Q. 
Adams  enters  Congress  after  two  years 
of  retirement  from  office.  [He  here 
continues  for  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
a  period  of  17  years.] 

Dec.  12.  Md.  The  National  Eepubli- 
can  Party,  in  convention  at  Baltimore, 
nominates  Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  for  the 
presidency.  Leading  issue  —  high  tariff 
and  internal  improvements. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Common  Council  is 
divided  into  two  boards. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Benjamin  P.  Butler  of 
N.  T.  becomes  Attorney-General. 

*  *  tJ.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-35  •  *  Ala.    John  Gayle. 

-31  *  *  Cal.  Manuel  Victoria(Mexican). 

-33  *  »  Conn.    ,Iohn  S.  Peters. 

-35  *  •  Ga.    Wilson  Lumpkin. 

-37  *  *  Ind.    Noah  Noble. 

-34  *  •  Me.    Samuel  E.  Smith. 

-34*  *  Mich.  (Ter.).  George  B.  Porter. 


-33  *  *  Miss.    Abraham  M.  Scott. 
N.  H.    Joseph  M.  Harper. 
-34  *  *  N.  H.    Samuel  Dinsmoore, 
-33  »  *  R.I.    Lemuel  H.  Arnold. 
-35  *  *  rt.    Wm.  A.  Palmer. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1830  Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  The  first  vessel  via 
the  W^elland  Canal  arrives  at  Oswego. 

Aug.  12.  A',  r.  The  first  American 
railroad  is  completed;  it  connects  Al- 
bany and  Schenectady. 

*  *  Summer.  S.  C.  The  first  steam  rail- 
road for  the  transportation  of  both 
passengers  and  merchandise,  com- 
mences operations  over  six  miles  of  its 
tracks. 

It  connects  Charleston  with  Ham- 
burg, opposite  Savannah  ;  the  track  is 
built  upon  piles.  The  locomotive  was 
made  in  New  York. 

Oct.  5.  U.  S.  American  ports  are  re- 
opened to  British  commerce. 

*  *  New  York.  A  vehicle  with  the  word 
Onmibua  painted  on  both  sides  com- 
mences to  run  ;  many  suppose  the  name 
to  be  that  of  the  owner. 

*  *  II.  S.     The  nation  flourishes. 

A  most  remarkable  period  of  develop- 
ment in  wealth  and  natural  resources, 
with  intellectual  quickening,  begins 
throughout  the  Northern  and  Western 
States ;  the  labor  system  of  the  South 
retards  its  progress. 

1831  Apr.  23.  La.  The  first  rail- 
road in  this  State  is  opened  between 
New  Orleans  and  Lake  Pontchartrain  — 
^  miles  across  a  swamp. 

May  29.  N.  C.  Fayetteville  is  destroyed 
by  fire. 

July  4.  Md.  The  Baltimore  and  Sus- 
quehanna Bailroad  is  opened  for  six 
miles ;  it  uses  horse-power. 

N.Y.  Ex-President  James  Monroe,  fifth 
President  of  the  United  States,  dies  in 
New  York  City. 

Aug.  4.  Chicago  is  surveyed,  laid  out, 
and  the  map  recorded  on  this  date. 

Autumn.  Chicago.  Thefirst  sale  of  lots 
in  this  new  town  takes  place. 

Sept.  1.  N.Y.  The  Hudson  and  Mo- 
hawk Kailroad  is  opened  from  Albany 
to  Schenectady,  and  a  trip  of  16  miles  is 
made  in  40  minutes. 

Sept.  24.  Mass.  Mount  Aubtim  Cem- 
etery, near  Boston,  is  dedicated. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  Canal  boats  first  pass  from 
the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware  via  the 
Morris  Canal. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  for  1831,  22,633. 

*  *  The  Lexington  and  Ohio  Railroad 
is  commenced. 

*  *  N,  Y.  Commencement  of  the  Har- 
lem Kailroad,  also  the  Ithaca  and 
Oswego  road. 

*  •  Pa.  The  great  line  of  improvements 
connecting  Philadelphia  with  Pitts- 
burg, and  costing  the  State  more  than 
$12,000,000,  is  completed. 

There  are  82  miles  of  railroad,  includ- 
ing 36  miles  over  the  AUeghanles,  with 
inclined  planes  worked  by  stationary 
engines,  and  177  miles  of  canals. 


140     1831  *  *-1833,  Feb.  20. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1832  Feb.  6.  The  crew  of  the  United 
States  frigate  Potomac  attacks  Qualla 
Batto,  In  Sumatra,  killing  150  Malays, 
and  destroying  the  town ;  losing  two 
men  killed  and  14  wounded. 

Apr.  1.  War  arises  between  the  Winne- 
bago Indians  and  other  tribes. 

Aug.  2.  iris.  The  Indians,  led  by  Black 
Hawk,  are  subdued  by  an  expedition  un- 
der Gen.  Atkinson  at  Bad-axe  Kiver. 

*  •  S.  C.  The  Nullifiers  make  military 
preparations  to  resist  the  Government. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Jackson  orders  the 
available  army  and  a  ship-of-war  to 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1831  •  »  JV.  C.  The  University  of  North 
Carolina  has  its  first  observatory.  [It 
is  used  only  a  few  years.] 

*  *  N.  y.  Br.  Samuel  Guthrie  of  Sack- 
ett's  Harbor  discovers  chloroform; 
it  is  used  only  as  a  medicine. 

1832  Jan.*  ronn.  Chloroform  Is  first 
used  by  inhalation  at  New  Haven. 

Feb.  19.  O.  Tlie  Ohio  River,  at  Cin- 
cinnati, rises  63  feet  above  low-water 
mark ;  a  great  loss  of  property  occurs. 

July  13.  Minn.  Henry  B.  Schoolcraft 
discovers  the  source  of  the  Mississippi 
Kiver. 

July  16.  Xetc  York.  The  Eavel  family 
of  gymnasts  appear  at  the  Park  Theater. 

Sept.  17.  A'cto  York.  Charles  Kemble 
and  his  daugliter,  Famiy  Kemble, 
make  their  first  appearance. 

Oct.  •  N.  Y.  Hosiery  is  first  manufac- 
tured by  power  at  Cohoes. 

»  *  Portrait  of  Washington  is  painted  by 
Kembrandt  Peale. 

±  *  *  The  Course  of  Empire  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Cole. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS, 
lesa*  • 

Adams,  Hannah,  writer,  .\77. 

Baird,  Henry  Martin,  author,  born  In  Pa. 

Bancroft.  Hubert  Howe,  historian,  b.  O. 

Belknapp,  Geo.  E.,  eoniMer  navy,  b.  N.  H. 

Boniface,  George  C,  actor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Bowers,  Theo.  S.,  brig.-gen.  V.  S.  A.,  b.  Pa. 

Bristow,  Ben].  H.,  sec.  of  treas.,  born  In  Ky. 

Carroll,  Charles,  last  signer  of  Declaration 
of  Independence,  A95. 

Cesnola,  di,  Lugli  P.,  brig.-gen.,  antiquary, 
b.  in  It. 

Conway,  Moncure  Daniel,  Unit,  clergyman, 
author,  born  in  Va. 

Cornell,  Alonzo  B.,  Gov.  of  N.Y.,  b.  In  N.Y. 

De  Haas,  Maurice  F.,  painter,  b.  Rotterdam. 

Dlngley,  Nelson,  Jr.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  b.  Me. 

Earle,  I'liny,  Inventor,  of  It.  1.,  .\70. 

Eckford,  Henry,  shipbuilder,  AST. 

Egleston,  Thomas,  mining  engineer,  b.  N.Y. 

Fellows,  John  R.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

Freneau,  Philip,  poet  of  Revolution,  Journal- 
ist, A80. 

Qarland,  Augustus  Hill,  atty.-gen.,  bom 
in  Tenn. 

Gatsehet,  Albert  .Sam.,  philologist,  b.  Switz. 

Gibson,  Randall  L.,  sen.  for  La.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Gordon,  John  B.,  sen.  for  Ga.,  born  in  Oa. 

Hayes.  Isaac  I.,  arctic  explorer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Holley,  Alexander  L.,  metallurgist,  b.  Conn. 

Jackson,  Howell  F,.,  V.  S.  .S.  Ct.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Knapp,  Hermann,  surgeon  of  N.Y.,  b.  Ger. 

Lewis,  Morgan,  ma]. -gen.,  Jurist,  A90. 

Livingston,  Leonldas  K.,  M.  C.  forGa.,b.  Ga. 

McCormick,  Richard  C,  Jr.,  Gov.  of  Aril. 
Ter.,  born  in  N.Y. 

Mills.  Roger  Q.,  sen.  for  Tex.,  born  Ui  Ky. 

Mitchell,  Maggie,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 


AMERICA 


Ninde,  Wm.  X.,  M.  E.  bishop,  bom  In  N.Y. 

Osborne,  Thomas  O.,  general,  bom  in  O. 

Perry,  Wm.  .S.,  P.  E.  bishop  of  la.,  b.  R.  1. 

Phelps,  Benjamin  K.,  lawyer,  born. 

Poe,  Orlando  M.,  military  engineer,  b.  in  O. 

Hands,  Robert  C,  author.  Journalist,  A33. 

Shiras,  (;eorge,  Jr.,  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  Pa. 

Slimpson,  William,  naturalist,  bom  in  Mass. 

Studley,  John  B.,  actor,  born  In  Mass. 

Sumter,  Thomas,  Revolutionary  gen.,  A98. 

Talmaee,  Thomas  De  Witt.  Pres.  clergy- 
man, born  in  N.  J. 

Vincent,  John  H..  M.  E.  bishop,  b.  in  Ala. 

White,  Andrew  Dickson,  I'res.  Cornell  Univ., 
born  in  N.Y. 

Wood,  De  Volson,  engineer,  bom  in  N.Y. 


CHURCH. 

1831  •  *  III.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Illinois  is  organized. 

*  *  Me.  Father  Demilier  becomes  resi- 
dent missionary  to  the  Penobscot  In- 
dians, who  soon  exchange  log  cabins  for 
painted  cottages. 

*  *  O.  The  Mormons,  under  Joseph 
Smith,  remove  from  western  New  York 
to  Kirtland. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Mormons  found  Zion,  in 
Jackson  County. 

*  » J'hila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Nathan  S.  S.  Be- 
inan,  moderator. 

*  *  33  *  *  Baptist  missions  are  sustained 
among  the  Delaware  Indians,  also  begun 
among  the  Sliawanoes. 

»  *  The  American  Board  starts  a  mission 
for  the  Ojibwa  Indians. 

1832  Apr.  27,  28.  New  York.  The 
American  Baptist  Home  Missionary 
Society  is  organized. 

May  1-28.  rhita.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held. 

James  O.  Andrew  and  John  Emory  are 
ordained  bishops. 

The  Alabama,  Indiana,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  Troy  Conferences  are  orga- 
nized. 
Jime  *  ffew  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  Isaac  Ferris,  presi- 
dent.   [And  at  Albany  in  Oct.] 

The  Mission  Board  of  the  Re- 
formed (Dutch)  Church  in  America 
is  organized  by  the  election  of  the  Gen- 
eral Synod. 

The  Board  of  Education  of  the  Re- 
formed [Dutch]  Churcli  is  established. 
Sept.  10.  Mich.  The  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Diocese  of  Michigan  is  organized. 
Oct.  31.  Protestant  Episcopal  bishops 
are  consecrated.  John  H.  Hopkins  for 
Vermont,  Benjamin  B.  Smith  for  Ken- 
tucky (presiding  bishops),  Charles  P.  Mc- 
Ilvaine  for  Ohio,  and  George  W.  Doane 
for  New  Jersey. 

*  *  Conn.  A'.  H.  Pa.  The  Universalist 
State  Convention  is  organized. 

*  *  Ga.  The  American  Board  starts  a 
mission  among  the  Creeks. 

*  •  Me.  The  Freewill  Baptist  Foreig;n 
lAissionary  Society  is  organized  at 
North  Parsonsfield. 

»  *  Mo.  The  (N.  S.  and  the  O.  S.)  Presby- 
terian Synods  of  Missouri  are  organized. 

*  'New  York.  The  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  lield. 

The  General  Convention  (Protest- 
ant Episcopal)  meets. 


*  *  Phila.     The    General     Assembly 

(Presbyterian)     meets ;      James    Hoge, 
moderator. 

*  *  yt.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Vermont  is  organized.    (1790?) 

*  *  Richard  Waters  is  elected  bishop  of 
the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

LETTERS. 

1831  *  ♦  Me.  The  Maine  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Augusta.     [40,000  vols.] 

»  *  O.  St.  Xavier  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
of  Cincinnati  is  chartered. 

Denison  tJniversity  (Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Granville. 

»  *  S.  C.  Columbia  Theological  Seminary 
(Pres.)  is  established.    (1828  ?) 

*  *  Baptists  start  the  Baptist  Weekly 
Journal  [it  becomes  the  Journal  and 
Messenger], 

*  »  -35  *  *  Buckingham's  Xew  England 
Magazine  appears. 

»  *  The  Bravo,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  The  Dutchman's  Fireside,  hyVsivMing, 
appears. 

*  *  Legends  of  New  England,  by  Whittier, 
appears. 

*  *  -39  •  ♦  Ornithological  Biography,  by 
Audubon,  appears. 

*  *  The  Causes  and  Evils  of  Contentions 
Among  Christians,  by  Noah  Worcester, 
appears. 

1832  *  *  Cmn.  The  alumni  add  $100,000 
to  the  endowment  of  Yale  College. 

*  *  Ind.  Wabash  College  (Pres.  and 
Cong.)  is  founded  at  Crawfordsville. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  Xiouis  University  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded. 

*  •  O.  Baptists  found  the  Ladies'  Insti- 
tute at  Granville. 

Xiyman  Beecher  is  chosen  President 
of  Lane  Seminary,  near  Cincinnati. 

[He  holds  this  position  for  twenty 
years,  and  during  one-half  that  time 
adds  to  his  other  duties  the  pastorate  of 
the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cin- 
cinnati.] 

*  •  Pa.  Lafayette  College  (Pres.)  at 
Easton  is  organized. 

Pennsylvania  College  (Evang.  Luth.) 
of  Gettysburg  is  organized. 

St.  Charles  Borromeo  Seminary 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  Overbrook. 
»  *  Va.  Randolph-Macon  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  at  Ashland,  is  organized. 

*  *  Mass.  "My  Country,  'tis  of 
Thee,**  is  written  by  Samuel  Francis 
Smith,  a  Baptist  minister  of  Newton 
Centre. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Knickerbocker  Maga- 
zine is  established  by  C.  F.  Hoffman, 
later  by  L.  G.  Clark. 

*  »  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the  Bo- 
mans,  by  Moses  Stuart,  appears. 

The  New  York  Globe  is  issued  by  James 
Gordon  Bennett. 
»  *  The  Heidenmauer,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  Westward,  Ho!  by  Paulding,  appears. 

*  »  Moll  Pitcher,  by  Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Western  Christian  Advocate  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  authorized  by  the  General 
Conference. 


UNITED    STATES.        1831*  * -1833,  Feb.  20.    141 


*  *  The  Alhambra,  by  Irvins,  appears. 

*  *  The  Life  of  Gouvemeur  Morris,  by 
Jared  Sparks,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1831*  *  New  York.   Tbe  first  local  unions 
of  printers  are  formed. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Vigilance  Association  of 
Columbia  offers  a  reward  of  $1,000  for 
the  apprehension  of  any  persons  distrib- 
uting Garrison's  Liberator,  or  any  other 
publication  of  seditious  tendency. 

*  *  The  New  England  Association  of  Far- 
mers, Mechanics,  and  Worltingmen  is 
organized. 

1832  Jan.  1.  Afass.  The  first  Aboli- 
tion Society  on  the  basis  of  immediate 
and  unconditional  emancipation  is  or- 
ganized, with  12  meml>ers  ;  Arnold  Biif- 
fum  (a  Quiiker),  president. 

*  *  U.  S.  Soldiers  are  given  the  right  to 
draw  coiTee  and  sugar  instead  of  the 
spirit  ration. 

*  *  The  ten-hour  movement  among  the 
shipwrights  and  calkers  of  New  England 
cities  is  sustained  by  strikes, 

»  *  -33  *  *  Anti-slavery  Societies  are 
formed  by  Arthur  Tappan  and  others. 
They  are  moral  and  religious,  not 
political,  organizations :  persecution 
spreads,  instead  of  extinguishing,  the 
flre. 

STATE. 
1832    Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National    debt 

$24,322,235. 

Jan.  9.  B.C.  Congress  is  memorialized 
in  each  House  to  renew  the  charter 
of  the  National  Bank. 

Jan.  25.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
L.  Marey  of  N.  Y.,  declares,  "  To  the 
victors  belong  the  spoils."  [This 
saying  becomes  a  political  proverb.] 

May  31.  Md.  The  First  Democratic 
National  Convention,  assembled  at 
Baltimore,  nominates  (Jen.  Jackson  and 
Martin  Van  Buren.  It  adopts  the  *'  two- 
thirds  rule."  [It  succeeds  the  Republi- 
can or  Anti-Federalist  party.] 

June  11.  />.  ('■  Congress:  the  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Na- 
tional Bank.    Vote,  28-20. 

July  3.  D.  C.  Congress :  the  House 
passes  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Na- 
tional Bank.    Vote,  107-85. 

July  9.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
L.  "W.  Tazewell  of  Va.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July  10.  T>.  C.  President  Jackson 
vetoes  the  bill  to  recharter  the  Bank. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  new 
tariff  laws,  which  reduce  the  duties  on 
iron,  but  increase  tliem  on  woolens,  yet 
they  retain  the  protective  principle; 
South  Carolina,  inopposition,ai)proache8 
a  condition  of  rebellion. 

July  16.  D.  C.  The  22d  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Aug.  •  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  (23  years 
of  age)  zealously  siipports  the  cause  of 
Henry  Clay,  and  is  a  candidate  for  the 
Legislature. 

Oct.  14.  D.  C.  An  indemnity  treaty  is 
made  with  Naples. 


Nov.  (?)  *  U.  S.  12th  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Bemocrats  elected.  Popular  vote  : 
Andrew  Jackson  (Dem.)  of  Tenn., 
687,502  ;  Henry  Clay  (Nat.  Kep.)  of  Ky., 
630,189 ;  John  Floyd  (Ind.)  of  Va.  and 
WUIiam  'Wirt  of  Md.  (Anti-Mason), 
together  33,108. 
Nov.  19.  .V.  C.  A  State  Convention 
meets  at  Columbia  by  the  call  of  the 
Legislature  ;  Gov.  Hamilton,  president. 

Nov.  24.  S.  r.  The  State  Convention 
reports  a  nullification  ordinance,  de- 
claring the  tariff  laws  of  1828  and  1832  to 
be  unconstitutional,  "  and  are  null  and 
void,  and  no  law,  nor  binding  upon  this 
State."  It  threatens  to  secede  from  the 
Union  if  force  is  used. 

Deo.  3.    D.  r.    The  22d  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 
Congress ;   Senate  :  Hugh  L.  'White 
of  Tenn.  is  elected  President  pro  tem- 
pore. 

Dec.  10.  J).  C.  President  Jackson  Issues 
a  proclamation  against  nulliflers,  warn- 
ing and  threatening  them  with  trial  for 
treason,  setting  forth  tlie  National 
theory,  and  combating  the  States  rights 
doctrine. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  A  commercial  treaty 
is  made  with  Kussia. 

Dec.  20.  .S.  C.  The  Legislature  provides 
judicial  remedies  for  the  recovery  of 
goods  seized  or  held  for  the  payment  of 
duties  imposed  by  the  Act  of  Congress. 

Dec.  21.  S.  C.  Governor  Hamilton  is- 
sues a  proclamation,  warning  the  citi- 
zens of  the  State  not  to  be  diverted 
from  their  allegiance  by  the  anti- 
nullification  proclamation  of  President 
Jackson, 

Deo.  28.  D.  C.  John  C.  Calhoun  resigns 
the  office  of  Vice-President  because  of 
President  Jackson's  proclamation 
against  nulliflers. 

Deo.  *  S.  C.  Colonel  Hayne  (Senator)  is 
elected  governor,  and  J.  C.  Calhoun  is 
elected  Senator. 

Dec.  *  />.  C.  The  President's  message 
recommends  Congress  to  remove  the 
public  funds  from  the  National 
Bank  [it  refuses  by  a  decisive  vote ; 
the  President  removes  them  without 
the  sanction  of  Congress ;  Clay,  Web- 
ster, and  Calhoun  lead  the  opposition 
in  the  Senate  ;  the  House  sustains  the 
President]. 

*  *  S.  C.  President  Jackson  sends  a  part 
of  the  army  to  Charleston,  and  a  ship- 
of-war  to  collect  the  revenue. 

*  *  D.  C.  Franklin  Pierce,  28  years  old, 
is  elected  to  Congress  from  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-33  *  *  Cal.    Pio  Pico  (Mex.). 

-34  *  *  Ky.    .John  Breathitt. 
-36  *  *  Mo.    Daniel  Dunklin. 
-35  *  »  N.  r.    D.-ivid  L.  Swain. 
-33  *  *  K.  J.    Samuel  L.  Southard. 
-36  *  *  n.    Robert  Lucas. 
-34  *  *  .S'.  r.    Robert  Y.  Hayne. 
1833    Jan.  1.    U.  S.     National     debt 
$7,001,008. 


Jan.  16.  U.  C.  President  Jackson  issues 
his  anti-nullification  message,  which 
electrifies  the  country. 

Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  Introduc- 
tion of  Henry  Clay's  Compromise 
Tariff  Act,  which  aims  to  harmonize 
Congress.  It  provides  for  a  gradual  re- 
duction of  duties  until  1543,  when  they 
are  to  drop  to  20  per  cent. 

Feb.  13.  I).  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Jackson,  219  ;  Clay, 
49;  Floyd,  11 ;  'Wirt.  7.  Vote  for  Vice- 
President  :  M.  Van  Buren  (Dem.)  of  N. 
Y.,  189  ;  John  Sergeant  (Nat.  Rep.)  of 
Pa.,  49;  Henry  Lee  (Ind.)  of  Mass.,  11; 
Amos  Ellmaker  (Anti-Mason)  of  Pa.,  7  ; 
William  'Wilkins  (Dem.)  of  Pa.,  30. 

Feb.  16.  J},  a  Congress ;  Senate  :  In 
a  debate  with  John  C.  Calhoun,  Dan- 
iel "Webster  makes  a  speech  against 
the  right  of  nullification. 

Feb.  20.  D.  V.  Congress :  the  Senate 
passes  the  "  Force  Bill."    Vote,  32-1. 

It  authorizes  the  President  to  remove 
to  another  place  any  custom-house 
where  the  collection  of  the  revenue  is 
obstructed,  and  to  use  military  force, 
when  necessary,  to  secure  the  collection 
of  the  duties. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1831*  *  S.C.   Four-wheeled  trucks  are 
first  used  on  the  South  Carolina  railroad. 

*  *  Va.  The  first  railroad  in  Virginia  is 
opened  13  miles,  for  carrying  coal  to 
Manchester. 

*  *  Estimated  miles  of  completed  canals, 
1,343 ;  partly  completed,  1,800 ;  projected, 
408  more. 

1832  Apr.  9.  Tenn.  The  steamboat 
Jlrandywine  burns  near  Memphis;  125 
lives  Jire  lost. 

Jime  21.  Neto  Yorl:.  The  Asiatic  chol- 
era first  appears ;  it  spreads  rapidly 
and  with  appalling  resiilts. 

July  ♦  Cholera  appears  in  Philadelphia, 
Albany,  and  Rochester. 

July  10.  //(.  The  first  steamboat  ar- 
riving at  Chicago  brings  Gen.  Scott  and 
his  troops. 

Aug.  *  Mass.  The  Boston  and  "Worces- 
ter Railroad  is  commenced. 

Oct.  *  La.  Cholera  rages  in  New  Or- 
leans. 

Nov.  15.  /'a.  Philadelphia  and  Har- 
risburg  are  connected  by  rail. 

Nov.  *  New  York.  The  first  street  rail- 
road in  the  U.  S.  is  opened  between  the 
City  Hall  and  Fourteenth  Street. 

*  *  Chicago  is  yet  a  frontier  town. 

*  *  la.  The  first  house  in  Iowa  is  erected 
[near  Davenport]. 

*  *  .y.  J.  The  Paterson  and  Jersey 
City  Railroad  is  opened. 

*  *  iV.  I'.  The  Schenectady  and  Sara- 
toga Railroad  is  opened. 

*  •  Pa.  The  'West  Chester  Bailroad 
is  opened ;  also,  the  Philadelphia,  Ger- 
mantown,  and  Norristown  roads. 

**U..S.  "'Wild  Cat"  banks  issue 
currency  which  soon  becomes  worthless. 
A  commercial  panic  ensues. 

Dec.  31.  (J.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  received  in  15  months,  60,482. 


142     1833.  Feb.  26-1834,  Oct  20. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1833  *  *  Tex.      Teiaus    begin     a    war 

against  Mexico  for  independence. 

*  *  -35  *  *  Jefferson  Davis  serves  in  the 
war  against  tbe  Fawuee  ludians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1833  July  2.  .V.  >'.  The  first  public 
trial  of  reaping-machines  is  made  be- 
fore the  Hamilton  County  Agricultural 
Society;  Obed  liussey,  patentee. 

Nov.  13.  A  remarkable  display  of  znete- 
oric  stars  is  seen  over  a  large  part  of 
North  America. 

Nov.  18.  New  York.  The  first  theater 
for  operatic  purposes  in  the  United 
States  is  erected.     [A  failure.] 

*  *  Mass,  The  Essex  County  Natural 
History  Society  [Kssex  Institute]  ia 
organized. 

*  *  The  Court  of  Death,  by  Rembrandt 
Peale,  is  exhibited  at  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. 

*  *  Titian*s  Goblet  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Cole. 

*  •  Xew  York.  The  Mechanics*  Insti- 
tute is  formed, 

1834  Jan.  *  Mass.  The  first  American 
table  cutlery  is  made  at  Greenfield. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1833*  * 

Alcott,  Louisa  May,  author,  born  In  Pa. 
Ashmun,  John  Hooker,  jurist,  A  33. 
Balnbridge,  WilUam,  com.  U.  S.  N,,  A59. 
Benson,  Egbert,  jurist,  A87. 
Booth,  Edwin,  actor,  born  in  Md. 
Breckenridge,  James,  M.  C,  for  Va.,  A70. 
Bromley,  Isaac  H.,  editor,  born  in  Conn. 
Cameron,  J.  Donald,  sen.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
.    Cockrell,  Jer.  V.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  in  Mo. 
Coffee,  John,  general,  A51. 
Colburn,  Warren,  mathematician,  A40. 
Comfort,  Ceo.  b'isk,  educator,  born  in  N.T. 
Coombs,  WilUam  J.»  W.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Edwards,  Ninian,  senator  for  111.,  gov.,  A68. 
Evans,  Edward  P.,  scholar,  born  in  N.Y. 
Fish,  Nicholas,  Ueut.-col.  of  Rev.  war,  A75. 
Fletcher,  Loren,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  In  Me. 
Fuller.    HelTlUe    Weston,    chief   justice 

U.  S.  S,  Ct.,  born  in  Me. 
Goldbeck,  Anna  M.,  painter,  born. 
Gregg,  David  M.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  b.  Pa. 
Orosvenor,  Charles  H.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  Conn. 
Sarrlson.  Benjamia,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  sen. 

for  Ind.,  23d  President,  born  in  O. 
Harlan,  John  M.,  IT.  S.  S.  Ct.,  born  in  Ky. 
Hatch,  William  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Hepburn,  William  P.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  O. 
Herrick,  Stephen  S.,  J  un.,  physician,  b.  in  Vt. 
Hulick,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  In  O. 
InffersoU,  Robert  Oreen,  lawyer,  orator, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Lacroii,  John  C,  clergyman,  born. 
Locke,  David  It.  (Petroleum  V.  Nasby), 

humorous  and  satirical  writer,  b,  in  N.Y. 
Martin,  John,  sen.  for  Kan.,  born  in  Ky. 
McLean,  Alex.,  sec.  Bible  Society,  born. 
Mcpherson,  John  K.,  sen.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.Y. 
Neckere,  de,  Leo  K.,  R.  C.  bp.  of  N,  0.,  A33. 
Horthway,  Steplien  A.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  N.Y. 
Phillips,  Adelaide,  singer,  born  In  Eng. 
Piatt,  Thomas,  O.  sen.  for  N.Y.,  poUtician, 

born  in  N.Y. 
Porter,  Thomas,  officer  U.  S.  A.,  A99. 
Post,  Philip  S.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  born  in  N.Y. 
Quay,  Matthew  S.,  sen.  for  Pa.,  born  in  Pa. 
Randolph,  John,  orator,  sen.  for  Va.,  AtW. 
Redpath,  James,  journalist,  born  in  Eng. 
Rogers,  Fairman,  physicist,  born  in  Pa. 
Ruger,  Thomas  H.,  brig.-gen.,  born  in  N,  Y'. 
Stedman,  Edmund  Clarence,  poet,  b.  in  Conn. 
St.  John,  John  P.,  gov.  of  Kan.,  prohibition- 
ist, born  in  Ind. 
-Thompson,  Denraan,  actor,  born  in  Pa, 
Thompson,  Lautil,  sculptor,  b.  in  Ireland. 
Wheeler,  WiUiani  A.,  lexicograplier,  b.  Mass. 
Wolcott,    Oliver,  sec.   of    treas.,    gov.    of 

Conn.,  A73. 
Woodward,  Joseph  J.,  hlstologist,  b.  In  Pa. 


1834*    • 

Barlow,  Francis  Channing,  brig-gen.,  b.  N.Y. 
Bedell,  (iregory  Townsend,  P.  E.  cl.,  A41. 
Blackie,  George  S.,  physician,  born. 
Brinton,  tiarrison,  archeologist,  b.  in  Pa. 
Blair,  Henry  W.,  M.  C,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Blodgelt,  Kufus,  sen.  for  N.  J. 
Bowers,  William  W.,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  N.  Y. 
Browne,  Charles  Farrar  (Artemua  Ward), 

writer,  humorist,  born  in  Me. 
Brickner,  George  H.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  Ga. 
Call,  Wilkinson,  sen.  for  Fla.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Cockrell,  Francis  M.,  sen.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Mo. 
Condlct,  John,  surgeon,  A79. 
Cannon,  Marion,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  W.  Va. 
Crawford,  William  Harris,  sec.  of  treas., 

sen.  for  Va.,  A52. 
Depew,  Chauncey  M.,  orator,  M.  C.  for 

N.  Y.,  K.  R.  officer,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Dick,  James  T.,  artist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Dow,  Lorenzo,  eccentric  Meth.  preacher,  A57. 
Eaton,  Daniel  Cady,  prof,  in  Yale,  b.  In  Mich. 
Emmerlon,  James  A.,  genealogist,  b.  in  Mass. 
Eliot.  Charles  WilUam.  pres.  of  Harvard, 

born  in  Mass. 
Foss,  Cyrus  D.,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Gibbons.  James.  <!ardinal,  born  in  Md. 
Gorgas,  Ferd.,  editor,  born. 
Grimke,  Thomas  Smith,  scholar,  philan.,A48. 
Henderson.  Thos.  J.,  M.  C,  born  in  Tenn. 
Hilborn,  Samuel  G.,  M.  C,  born  in  Me. 
Hiscock,  David,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Httt,  Robert  R^  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  born  in  O. 
Hurst,  John  F.,  M.   E.  bp.,  chancellor  of 

Wash.  Univer.,  born  in  Md. 
Jones,  Galusha,  soldier  iu  Revolution,  A83. 
Langley,  Samuel  P.,  astronomer,  b.  in  Mass. 
McCook,  Edward  M.,  gov.  of  Col.,  b.  in  O. 
Owen,  Ellas  K.,  naval  commander,  born. 
Porter,  Ebenezer  D.,  pres.  Andover  Semi- 
nary, A  62. 
Porter,  George  B.,  statesman,  A44. 
Phillips,  Philip,  composer,  singer,  b.  N.Y. 
Powell,    John    W.,    ethnologist,    geologist, 

born  in  N.  Y. 
Ransom,    Thomas    Edward   G.,   brig.-gen., 

born  in  Vt. 
Sanders,  Wilbur  F.,  sen.  for  Mont.,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Say,  Thomas,  zoologist,  v\47. 
Schwelnitz,  von,  Lewis  David,  botanist,  A54. 
Updegraff,  Thomas,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Wirt,  WilUam,  lawyer,  author,  A62. 
Touns,  Charles   Auffustus,  astronomer, 

born  in  N.  II. 

CHURCH. 

1833  June  6.  Boston.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

J\ine  26.  Chicago.  The  first  Presby- 
terian Church  is  organized. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Schenectady;  Jacob 
J.  Janeway,  president. 

Aug.  16.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Oct.  19.  Chicago.  The  Baptists  orga- 
nize a  church. 

*  *  Massachusetts  amends  her  constitu- 
tion, making  contributions  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  ministry  voluntary  in- 
stead of  obligatory. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Diocese  of  Detroit  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  established. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutlieran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  William  Miller  of  East  White- 
hall lectures  on  the  End  of  the  World, 
which  he  predicts  will  occur  in  1843;  bis 
disciples  are  called  Millerites. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Methodists  begin  work 
among  the  Indians  in  Oregon. 

*  *  O.  The  Archbishopric  of  Cincinnati 
(Roman  Catholic)  is  created. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  William  A.  Mc- 
Dowell, moderator. 

*  *  A  secession  from  the  General  Synod 
of  the  Reformed  Pfesbyterian  Church 
occurs. 


The  division  is  caused  by  diverse  opin- 
ions respecting  the  civil  institutions  of 

the  country  ;  »onie  declaring  that  the 
Constitution  and  the  Government  are 
essentially  infidel  and  immoral. 

*  *  The  Mormons  are  opposed  and 
driven  from  the  settled  parts  of  the 
country,  because  of  their  teachings  and 
alleged  deceptions. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  mission-work 
among  the  Chippewas  at  Lac  Court 
d'Oreilles. 

*  *  The  Baptists  begin  work  among  the 
Otoe,  Omaha,  Delaware,  and  Stockbridge 
Indians. 

1834  Jan.  14.  Tevn.  James  H.  Otey 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  consecrated 
bishop  of  Tennessee. 

Feb.  6.  The  Bishop  White  Prayer- 
book  Society  is  organized. 

May  21.  .V.  Y.  The  General  Associa^ 
tion  (Congregational)  is  organized. 

Jime  *  ATew  York.  The  General  S3rnod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Sam.  A.  Van  Vran- 
ken,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1833  July  16.  New  York.  The  corner- 
stone of  New  York  University  is  laid. 

Sept.  8.  New  York.  The  Sun  is  first 
published;  a  penny  paper. 

Nov.  26.  III.  The  first  newspaper  of 
Chicago,  The  Democrat,  is  issued. 

Dec.  11.  JVis.  The  first  newspaper  in 
the  State,  The  Green  Bay  Intelligencer, 
is  issued. 

*  *  Boston.  The  New  England  Magazine 
Is  established  by  Buckingham. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Daily  Journal  is 
first  issued. 

*  *-34*  *  Boston.  T\xQ  Select  Journal  of 
Foreign  Periodical  Literature  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Wesleyan  University 
Iiibrary  ia  founded  at  Middletown. 
[35,000  vols.] 

*  *  Ga.  Mercer  University  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Macon. 

*  *  Ind.  Hanover  College  (Pres.)  Is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Mich.  Kalamazoo  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  * N.  C.  Wake  Forest  College  is 
chartered  by  Baptists  at  Wake  Forest. 

*  *  New  York.  Tbe  Journal  of  Commerce 
establishes  relays  of  horses  between  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  and  secures  news 
from  Washington  one  day  earlier  than 
other  papers.  [Later,  its  relays  are 
extended  to  Washington.] 

*  •-SS*  *  New  York.  The  American 
Mo7ithly  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  O.  St.  Xavier's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.),  Cincinnati,  is  founded. 

*  *  Pa.  Haverford  College  (Orthodox 
Friends)  is  organized  at  Haverford. 

*  *-36*  *The  JVestcrji  Monthly  Maga- 
zine supersedes  the  Illinois  Monthly 
Magazine. 

*  *  Atalantis :  A  Story  of  the  Sea,  by  W.  G. 
Simms,  appears. 

*  *  The  Doion-Easters,  by  John  Neal, 
appears. 


UNITED   STATES.  1833,  Feb.  26 -1834, -Aug.  12.  143 


*  *  Discourses  and  Addresses  on  Subjects 
of  American  History,  Art  and  Literature, 
by  Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  -40  *  ♦  The  Life  and  Writings  of 
George  Washington,  by  Jared  Sparks, 
appears. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  by  Joseph  Story, 
appears. 

*  *  An  Edition  of  the  Ilictd^  by  Cornelius 
C.  Felton,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  the  Alcestis  of  Euripi- 
des, by  Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  appears. 

*  *  A  translation  of  Malte-Brun's  Geog- 
raphy, by  J.  G.  Fercival,  appears. 

1834*  *  Conn.  Hartford  Theological 
Seminary  (Cong.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Ind.  Franklin  College  (Bapt.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Franklin. 

*  *  La.  Tulane  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  New  York.  The  New  -  Yorker  Staats- 
Zeitung  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Oberlin  College  (Cong.)  is 
founded  at  Oberlin. 

-*  *  Life  of  George   Washington,  by  J.  K. 

Paulding,  appears. 
^  *  Va.    The   Southern  Literary  Messen- 
ger, by  T.  W.  White,  is   published  at 
Bichmond. 

SOCIETY. 

1833  Feb.  26.  D.  C.  The  Congres- 
sional Temperance  Society,  under  a 
call  of  26  members  of  Congress,  is  or- 
ganized. 

Its  object :  "  By  example  and  kind 
moral  influence  to  discountenance  the 
use  of  ardent  spirit  and  tlie  traffic  in  it 
throughout  the  community." 

:May*  Phila.  The  first  National  Tem- 
perance Society  meets. 

"  The  traflic  in  ardent  spirits  as  a  drink 
is  morally  wrong,  and  ought  to  be  aban- 
doned throughout  the  world.'* 

•Oct.  2.  New  York.  An  anti-slavery 
society  is  organized ;  Arthur  Tappan, 
president. 

Dec.  6.  Phila.  The  American  Anti-Sla- 
very Society  is  formed;  Beriah  Gi-een, 
president. 
'  *  Ga.  The  first  local  option  law 
for  the  suppression  of  intemperance  is 
granted  by  the  Legislature  to  the  in- 
ferior courts  of  Liberty  and  Camden 
coimties. 

*  *  N.  Y.-Pa.  Laws  for  the  suppression 
of  lotteries  are  passed. 

*  *  -36  *  *  III.  Abraham  Xiincoln  is  a 
merchant,  drifting  into  bankruptcy. 

*  *  O.  James  A.  Garfield,  two  years  of 
age,  is  bereaved  of  his  father;  his  wid- 
owed mother  has  a  log  cabin  and  20 
acres  of  cleared  land. 

*  *  Philadelphia  has  a  Whig  barbecue, 
celebrating  its  victory  at  the  polls ; 
50,000  people  are  present. 

1834  Jan.  30.  Richard  Lawrence  at- 
tempts to  assassinate  President 
Jackson. 

Apr.  8-10.  New  York  City  has  an 
election  riot. 

It  is  between  Jackson  Democrats  and 
a   new    party  called   Whigs ;    political 


meetings  are  broken  up,  business  in 
Wall  Street  is  suspended,  and  citizens 
are  under  arms  all  night,  fearing  the 
banks  would  be  sacked. 

July  4.  New  York.  A  meeting  of  the 
American  Anti-Slavery  Society  is 
broken  up  by  a  mob. 

July  10-12.  N.  Y.  Abolition  riots  agi- 
tate New  York  ;  abolitionists  are  perse- 
cuted. 

The  house  of  Lewis  Tappan  is  sacked 
by  a  mob;  other  houses,  churches,  school- 
houses,  and  homes  of  colored  families 
are  also  assaulted. 

July  11.  N.  J.  Pro-slavery  violence 
and  persecution  are  rampant. 

A  mob  takes  a  colored  man  from  the 
pulpit,  to  which  he  has  been  invited  by 
the  minister,  and  conveys  him  to  jail, 
threatening  to  tear  down  the  jail  imless 
the  jailer  receives  him  ;  they  then  re- 
turn and  demolish  the  interior  of  the 
church. 

Aug.  11.  Mass.  Catholics  are  perse- 
cuted. 

A  Charlestown  mob  burns  the  Ursuline 
Convent,  driving  70  females  into  the 
night,  and  plundering  the  propertv,  it 
being  alleged  that  a  girl  is  confined 
there  against  her  will. 

Aug.  12.  Boston.  An  indignation 
meeting  is  held  in  Faneiiil  Hall,  be- 
cause of  the  Charlestown  outrage. 

STATE. 
1833    Feb.  26.    D.  C.    Congress :  The 
House  passes  the  Compromise  Tariff 
Bill.    Vote,  119-85. 

It  scales  down  all  duties  over  20  per 
cent  by  one-tenth  of  the  surplus  of  each 
year,  so  as  to  make  the  uniform  rate  of 
20  per  cent  in  the  year  1842. 

Mar.  1,  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Compromise  Tariff  Bill. 
Vote,  29-16.  Tlie  House  passes  the 
Force  Bill,  empowering  the  President 
to  execute  the  revenue  laws  in  South 
Carolina.    Vote,  149-48. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  President  Jackson  signs 
the  Tariff  and  Force  bills,  and  they 
become  laws. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  The  22d  Congress  ends. 
7th  Administration;  Democratic. 

Andrew  Jackson  of  Tenn.,  the  sev- 
enth President,  enters  his  second  term, 
the  12th  term  of  tlie  presidency.  Mar- 
tin Van  Buren  is  Vice-President. 

Mar.  15.  S.  C.  The  State  Convention, 
being  reconvened,  repeals  the  ordi- 
nance of  nullification  and  secession. 

Mar.  18.  S.  C.  The  State  Convention 
adopts  an  ordinance  declaring  null  the 
Force  Act  passed  by  Congress. 

Sept.  16.  N.Y.-N.J.  The  boundary 
between  New  York  and  New  Jersey  is 
settled. 

Sept.  23.  I).  C.  President  Jackson  or- 
ders the  •*  removal  of  deposits"  of 
the  United  States  Government  from  the 
United  States  Bank  to  certain  State 
banks  ("  Pet  Banks  "),  causing  great  agi- 
tation. [The  Senate  declared  tlie  act 
unconstitutional ;  the  funds  were  not 
removed  to  the  State  banks.] 

W.  J.  X>uane,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, refuses  to  remove  the  public  funds, 


is  dismissed  from  office  by  the  President, 
and  Koger  B.  Taney  of  Md.  succeeds 
him. 

Dec.  2.  B.C.  The  23d  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  26.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
resolution  censiiring  President  Jack- 
son is  introduced  by  Henry  Clay. 

*  *  U.  S.  Political  nominating  con- 
ventions take  the  place  of  caucuses  of 
the  State  Legislature. 

*  *  U.S.  The  political  machine,  under 
Jacksonian  favor,  rapidly  develops. 

Political  *'  workers  "  are  to  be  re- 
warded with  political  oilices,  and  politi- 
cal parties  are  to  be  held  together  by 
the  "  cohesive  power  of  public  plunder." 

*  *  New  York.  Gideon  Lee  is  elected  the 
59th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-35  *  *  Cal.    Jos^  Figueroa  (Mex.). 
-34  *  *  Conn.    Henry  W.  Edwards. 
-37  *  *  Del.    Caleb  P.  Bennett. 
-35  *  *  Miss.     Hiram  G.  Runnels. 

N.  J.  Elias  P.  Seeley. 
-36  *  *  A^  J.  Peter  D.  Vroom. 
-38  *  *  N.  Y.  Wm.  L.  Marey. 
-38  *  *  P.  I.    John  B.  Francis. 

1834  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$4,760,082.  [It  is  paid  off  during  the 
year.] 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Hugh  L.  White  of  Tenn.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Later  George 
Poindexter  of  iMiss.  is  elected.] 

Feb.  17.  D.  C.  An  indemnity  treaty  is 
made  with  Spain. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
adopts  Henry  Clay's  resolution  censur- 
ing the  President  for  the  removal  of 
Government  deposits.     Vote,  2&-20. 

Apr.  4.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House  re- 
solves that  the  National  Bank  shall 
not  be  rechartered,  and  forbids  the  re- 
moval of  deposits. 

June  3.  D.C.  Congress:  Joint  resolu- 
tions censuring  the  President  pass 
the  Senate.    Vote,  29-10. 

June  20.  D.C.  Congress;  House: 
John  Bell  of  Tenn.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Jime  30.  D.  C.  The  Indian  Territory 
is  set  apart  exclusively  for  Indians. 

The  23d  Congress :  the  flrst  session 

closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1833  Mar,  31.  D.  C.  The  Treasury 
Building  at  Washington  is  destroyed  by 
fire. 

June  1.  Ky.  Cholera  breaks  out  at 
Lexington. 

Sept.  *  N.  J.  The  Camden  and  Amboy 
Bailroad  is  opened  to  Bordentown. 

Oct.  8.  N.  J,  The  first  severe  rail- 
road accident  occurs  on  the  Amboy 
and  Bordentown  road ;  several  persons 
are  killed. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1833,  C8,GiO. 

1834  May  *  N.  J.  The  railroad  from 
Jersey  City  to  New  Brunswick  is 
opened. 

Boston.  Ice  is  first  exported  to  the 
East  Indies  [arriving  there  in  the  au- 
tumn]. 


144     1834,  Aug.  13  -1835 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  TENTH  WAK. 
1835     Dec.  23-43     Aug.  14.    The 
Florida  Indian  War. 

[Men   enrolletl,   11,169  regulars,  29,953 
militia  and  volunteers.    Total,  41,122.] 

Dec.  *  Ma.  The  Seminole  Indians  be- 
gin hostilities,  and  continue  the  struggle 
for  4  years.  [The  war  was  caused  by  the 
attempt  of  the  Government  to  remove 
the  Indians  beyond  the  Mississippi.] 

Dec.  28.  Fla.  The  Seminole  TndianB 
Burprise  a  detachment  of  117  men  un- 
der Major  Francis  L.  Dade,  and  kill  all 
but  one  man,  who  is  covered  by  the  dead. 
The  Seminoles,  led  by  Osceola,  —  a 
half-breed,  who  displays  great  talents 
and  audacity,— surprise  Gen.Thomp- 
son»  commanding  the  forces  near  Fort 
King,  riddle  his  body  with  15  bullets, 
and  escape. 

Dec.  31.  Fla.  Gen.  Duncan  L.  Clinch 
defeats  the  Seminoles  on  the  banks  of 
the  Withlacoochee. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1834  +  *  ♦  Conn.  Kettles  of  hammered 
brass  are  first  made  at  Wolcottville. 

*  *  D.  C.  Hiram  Powers  executes  the 
busts  of  the  President  and  others,  at 
Washington. 

*  •  Mass.  A  gun  is  rifled  at  South  Bos- 
ton—  the  first  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  Cyrus  Hall  McCormick  patents  his 
reaper  for  harvesting  grain  —  an  inven- 
tion which  nearly  equals  the  locomotive 
in  its  value  to  America. 

1835  Apr.  8.  Boston.  Charlotte 
Guahman  first  appears,  at  the  Tremont 
Theater. 

Nov.  17.    An  aurora  borealia  of  surpass- 

iug  grandeur  is  observed. 
Dec.  *  Xew  York.    The  Howe  Company 

manufacture  pins. 

*  •  Conn.  Samuel  Colt  patents  his 
revolving  pistol. 

*  *  A^.  Y.  Horseshoes  are  made  by 
machinery  at  Troy. 

*  *  Pa.  A  small  stack  is  erected  near 
Pottsville  for  making  iron  by  the  use 
of  anthracite  coal  and  the  hot  blast. 
Frederic  W.  Geisenhainer  ia  the  inventor 
and  pioneer. 

±  *  *  Phila.  The  manufacture  of  false 
teeth  from  minerals  is  commenced  by 
I).  W.  Stockton. 

*  *  Hosiery  goods  are  first  made  by  knit- 
ting a  circular  web. 

*  *  Audubon  publishes  bis  remarkable 
work  on  the  Birds  of  America,  which 
is  engraved  and  printed  in  four  huge 
folios  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  sold 
by  subscription  for  $800. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1835*  * 
Abbott.  layman.  Conn,  cl.,  editor,  b.  Mass. 
Adams,  Charles  Kendall,  author,  b.  in  Vt. 
Ames,  Adelhert,  niaj.-gen.,  sen.  for  Miss.,  b. 
Ilarker,  George  Frederic,  chemist,  b.  Mass. 
Barnardf  Charles,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
Bayard,  George  I).,  brig.-gen.,  b.  In  N.  Y. 
Bayard,  Truman  H.,  sculjitor,  born  in  Vt. 
Bland,  Richard  P.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  tn  Ky. 
Brooks,  PhlUlpB,  F.  E.  bishop,  b.  Dec.  13, 
In  Maes. 


Oaffery,  Donelson.  sen.  for  La.,  born  in  La. 

Challlu,  Paul  du,  traveler,  born  in  France. 

Caldwell,  .loseph,  Pres.  clergyman.  A52. 

Carlisle.  John  Q.,8ec.  of  trea8.,sen.  for  Ky., 
born  in  Ky. 

Chandler,  Wm.  K.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  b.  N.  IL 

Clarke,  John  S.,  actor,  born  in  Md. 

Clemens,  .Samuel  L.  (Mark  Twain),  hu- 
morist, author,  born  in  Mo. 

Cobb,  James  E.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  borntn  Ala. 

Curtis,  Newton  M.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Dana,  Nathan,  lawyer,  AH3. 

Dolph,  Joseph  N.,  sen.  for  Ore.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Draper,  John  Christopher,  scientist,  b.  in  Va. 

Duane,  William,  author  and  novelist,  AT-*). 

Dinsmoor,  Samuel,  gov.  of  N.  H.,  At>9. 

Kvans,  Augusta,  novelist,  born  in  Ga. 

Fallows,  Samuel,  Kef.  K.  bp.,  born  in  Eng. 

Findley,  James,  statesman,  AtiO. 

Fitch,  LeKoy,  U.  S.  N..  born  in  Ind. 

Foster,  Stephen,  v.l.  and  educator,  .\37. 

Frothingbam,  Ellen,  scholar,  b.  in  (ier. 

Fuller,  Timothy,  lawyer,  orator,  AS?. 

GarsHie,  William  P.,  honieoiiatbist.  born. 

Graham,  John  H.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  Ire. 

Gregg,  Andrew,  I'.  S.  senator,  A80. 

Ilallowell,  Richard  I'rice,  merchant,  b.  in  Pa. 

Hampton.  Wade,  of  S.  C,  brig.-gen.,  A8l. 

Harris,  Wm.  Torrey,  educationist,  b.  in  Conn. 

Iloaack,  Uavid,  physician,  author,  A66. 

Kilgore,  Buckley,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Ga. 

lender,  Louisa,  sculptor,  born  in  Mass. 

Lawson,  Thos.  G.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  honi  in  Ga. 

Lindsay,  William,  sen.  for  Ky.,  born  in  Ky. 

Lucas,  William  V.,  M.  C.  for  S.  1).,  b.  in  Ind. 

Marshall,  John,  chief  justice,  ASO. 

McCrary,  George  W.,  sec.  of  war,  b.  Ind. 

McKendree,  William,  M.  E.  bp.,  .\7fi. 

Mead,  Larkin  G.,  sculi)tor,  1).  in  N.  H. 

Mitchell,  .John  H.,  sen.  for  Ore.,  born  m  Pa. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  Mix,  statesman,  A92. 

Newcomb,  Simon,  astronomer,  b.  in  N.  S. 

Norton,  Andrews,  Unit,  cl.,  author,  A4.'). 

Gates,  William  ('.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  in  .Via. 

O'Rourke,  Patrick  IL,  colonel,  born  in  Ire. 

Osgood,  Helen  L.  G.,  army  nurse,  h.  in  Mass. 

Phillips,  Thomas  W.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  Pa. 

Pratt,  John  James,  poet,  born  In  Ind. 

Polk.  William,  patriot,  A76. 

Potter,  Henry  C,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Powers,  H.  Henry,  M.  C.  for  Vt.,  born  In  Vt. 

Roliertson,  Chas.  F.,  P.  E.  bp.,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Shepard,  Elliot  F.,  lawyer,  journalist,  born 
in  N.  Y. 

Spoflford,  Harriet  Prescott,  born  in  Me. 

Stone,  William  Leete,  Jr..  anthor,  b.  in  N.  Y'. 

Thomas,  Theodore,  musician,  b.  in  Ger. 

Wise,  George  I)..  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  in  Va. 

CHURCH. 

1834  Oct.  20.  Ja.  The  first  Baptist 
church  is  organized  at  Danville. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Benevolent  Frater- 
nity of  (Unitarian)  churches  in  Boston 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  American  Board  begins  mission- 
work  among  the  Dakota  and  Pawnee 
Indians. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Diocese  of  Vincennes  (Ro- 
man Catholic)  is  established. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Michigan  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Phitfp  Lindsley, 
moderator,  ' 

*  *  The  Mormon  Twelve  Apostles  are 
organized. 

1835  Mar.  8.  III.  The  Diocese  of  Illi- 
nois (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

June*  Phila.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets ;  Robert  Bronk,  presi- 
dent. 

June  11.  X.  y.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Sept.  25.  Jackson  Kemper  is  conse- 
crated first  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  the  Northwest. 

*  *Ala.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Alabama  is  organized. 


*  *  III.  Three  clergymen  organize 
a  (Protestant  Episcopal)  convention  in 
Illinois,  and  appoint  Philander  Chase 
to  the  episcopate  of  Illinois. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese  of 
(.'hicago  is  organized. 

*  *  A"".  J.  A  Society  for  the  Evangeli- 
zation of  the  World  is  organized  in 
the  First  Presbyterian  church  of  New- 
ark. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Twelve  city  missionaries 
are  employed  by  the  City  Tract  Society. 

*  *  Ore.  Tlie  American  Board  starts  a 
mission  among  the  Oregon  Indians*  also 
among  the  Abnakis  and  the  Sioux  or 
Dakota  Indians. 

*  •  Phila.    The   General    Convention 

(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

It  changes  the  organization  of  its  Mis- 
sionary Society  so  as  to  comprehend  all 
members  of  the  Church. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Ssmod  (Evan- 
gelical lAitheran)  meets  at  York. 

LETTERS. 
1834*  ♦  Vt.  Norwich  University  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *-44*  *  History  of  the  United  States, 
by  George  Bancroft,  appears. 

*  *  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  to  Itasra 
Lake,  by  H.  R.  Schoolcraft,  appears. 

*  *  JVritings  of  George  iFas  king  ton,  etc., 
by  Jared  Sparks,  appears. 

*  *  Calavar:  A  Pomance  of  Mexico,  by  U. 
M.  Bird,  appears. 

*  *  The  Yemaasee,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Guy  liivers,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  appears, 

*  *  Anatomical  Character,  Causes,  Symp- 
toms, and  Treatment  of  Pulmonary  Con- 
sumption, by  Morton,  appears. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  the  Conflict  of  Latex, 
by  Joseph  Story,  appears, 

1835  May  6.  New  Y<yrk.  The  New  York 
Herald  is  first  issued. 

Aug.  *-Sept,  *  "The  Moon  Hoax," 
by  Richard  Adams  Locke,  is  published 
in  the  Sun. 

"Great  Astronomical  Discoveries 
Lately  Made  by  Sir  John  Herschel  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope."  [The  article 
is  copied  by  the  most  sober  journals.] 

*  *  Boston.  The  Christian  Review^  a  Bap- 
tist quarterly,  is  issued. 

The  Culprit  Fay,  by  J.  R.  Drake*  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  New  York.  The  American  Monthly 
Magazine  is  published  [till  1S38]  — 
by  Herbert,  Hoffman,  and  Benjamin. 

*  *  O.  The  Young  Men's  Mercantile 
Library  is  founded  at  Cincinnati. 
[47,939  vols.] 

The    Oberlin    Theological    Seminary 
(Cong.)  is  opened. 
Tlie   Marietta    CoUege    (Pres.    and 
■  Cong.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Baptist  ifl  first  issued 
[later  called  The  Tennessee  Baptist,  and 
afterwards  Thr.  Baptist]. 

*  *  Va.  Southern  Literary  Messenger  ap- 
pears at  Richmond. 


UNITED    STATES.        1834,  Aug.  13-1835 


145 


*  ♦  Baptists  start  the  Baptist  Banner  [The 
Westet^i  Jiecorder]. 

*  *  The  hififlel,  by  R.  M.  Bird,  appears. 

*  *  Italian  Sketch  Book,  by  Tuckerman, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Monikins,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  •  Outre-Mer,  by  Longfellow,  appears. 

1  ♦  *  The  Partisan,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  ap- 
pears. 

►  •  Pencillings  by  the  Way,  by  "Willis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  •  Tonr  of  the  Prairies,  by  Washington 
Irving,  appears. 

•  *  Winter  in  the  West,  by  C.  F.  Hofifman, 
appears. 

►  *  An  edition  of  The  Antigone  of  Sopho- 
cles, by  Woolsey,  appears. 

•  *  Elements  of  Moral  Science,  by  Francis 
Waylaud,  appears. 

•  *  -39  *  *  The  first  series  of  The  Library 
of  American  Bioyraphy,  edited  by  Jared 
Sparks,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1834  Aug.  13+.   Phila.   An  anti-abo- 
lition riot  continues  three  nights;    54 
houses  occupied  by  colored  people  are 
assaulted,  and  some  of  them  wrecked. 

•  *  Conn.  A  mob  with  a  brass  band  inter- 
rupts a  lecturer  on  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very, and  marches  him  out  of  Norwich, 
to  the  tune  of  the  "  Kogue's  March." 

►  *  I).  C.  Congress  enacts  a  penalty  of 
$500  for  the  offense  of  selling  liquor  or 
wine  to  Indians  in  the  Indian  country ; 
setting  up  a  still,  $1,000  fine. 

^  *  />.  C.  President  Jackson  recommends 
Congress  to  pass  an  act  for  thesuppres- 
8ion  of  anti-slavery  literature. 

•  •  y,  H.  Franklin  Pierce  marries 
Jane  Means  Appleton. 

•  *  N.  Y.  A  convention  of  mechanics 
meets  at  Utica ;  it  protests  against  con- 
vict labor. 

•  *  Great  opposition  is  made  to  the 
anti-slavery  movement;  it  is  ridi- 
culed, scorned,  stormed  with  abuse  and 
violence,  but  augmented. 

The  Legislatures  of  several  Southern 
States  call  upon  the  Northern  States  to 
prohibit  the  printing  of  anti-slavery 
publications. 

•  *  N.  Y.  Delavan's  declaration  ar- 
rests attention. 

Edward  C  Delavan,  ex-wine  merchant 
of  Albany,  draws  up  the  following  decla- 
ration, and  secures  the  signatures  of 
Presidents  Jackson,  Madison,  John  Q, 
Adams,  Van  Buren,  Tyler,  Polk,  Taylor, 
Fillmore,  Pierce,  Buchanan,  Lincoln, 
and  Johnson. 

"  lieing  satisfied  from  observation  and  ex- 
perience, as  well  as  from  medical  testimonv, 
that  ardent  spirit,  as  a  drink,  is  not  only 
nee«ile88,  but  hurtful,  and  that  the  entire  dis- 
uae  of  it  would  tend  to  promote  the  health, 
the  virtue,  and  the  happiness  of  the  commu- 
nity, we  liereby  express  our  conviction  that 
should  the  citizens  of  the  I'nlted  States,  and 
especially  the  youn^  men,  discontinue  en- 
tirely the  use  of  it,  they  would  not  only  pro- 
mote their  own  personal  benefit,  but  the 
good  of  our  country  and  of  the  world." 

•  *  Pliila.  The  Presbyterian  General 
Assembly  declares  that  "The  traflac 
in  ardent  spirits,  to  be  used  as  a  drink 


by  any  people,  is,  in  our  judgment,  mor- 
ally wrong,  and  ought  to  be  viewed  as 
such  by  the  churches  of  Jesus  Christ 
universally." 

1835  June  30.  Ky.  Lieut.  Jefferson 
Davis  resigns  his  commission  in  the 
army,  and  soon  after  elopes  with  Sally 
Knox  Taylor,  daughter  of  Gen.  Zach- 
ary  Taylor. 

July  29.  S.  C.  A  mob  forces  the  post- 
office  at  Charleston,  and  rifles  the  mails 
to  destroy  anti-slavery  publications. 

Aug.  8.  Md.  A  riot  occurs  at  Balti- 
more, about  the  Bank  of  Maryland  ;  sev- 
eral persons  are  killed  or  wounded. 

Aug.  *  5.  C.  The  U.  S.  mail  is  opened 
and  anti-slavery  documents  are  removed 
and  burned  by  citizens  of  Charleston. 

*  *  New  York.  The  publication  of  the 
"Moon  Hoax"  in  the  New  York  Sun 
deceives  many  credulous  people.  (See 
Letters.) 

*  *  Opposition  to  friends  of  freedom. 

Churches  and  puldic  halls  are  as- 
saulted when  opened  for  anti-slavery 
speakers,  in  many  Northern  sections. 
Great  indignation  is  felt  in  the  South 
because  of  the  circulation  of  anti-slavery 
pamphlets  by  various  societies. 

STATE. 

1834  Nov.  *  ///.  Abraham  Lincoln  is 
elected  to  the  Legislature  as  a  member 
of  the  Assembly. 

Dec.  1.  B.C.  The  23d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  mayor  is  no  longer 
appointed  by  the  Common  Council,  but 
elected  by  the  voters  of  the  city. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  President  Jackson  recom- 
mends reprisals  on  French  com- 
merce, in  satisfaction  of  a  claim  of 
?5,000,000  against  France  long  overdue. 
[France  settles  the  claim ;  Portugal  is 
brought  to  terms  in  the  same  way.] 

*  * -37  *  *  Xt'tv  York.  Cornelius  \V. 
Lawrence  is  elected  the  60th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugiurated : 
-35  *  *  Conn.    Samuel  A.  Foote. 
-36*  *  Fla.    (Ter.).    John  H.  Eaton. 
-38  *  *  ///.    Joseph  Duncan. 

-36  •  *  Ky.    James  T.  Morehead. 

-38  *  *  La.    Edward  B.  White. 

-35  *  *  Mass.     John  Davis. 

-38  *  *  Me.    Robert  P.  Dunlap. 

-35*  *  Mich.  (Ter.).    Stevens  T.Mason. 

-36  •  *  N.  H.    William  Badger. 

-36  *  *  S.C.     George  McDuffie. 

-36  *  *  Va.     Littleton  W.  Tazewell. 

1835  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$37,513. 

Mar. 4.    D.  C.    Congress;  Senate:  John 

Tyler  of  Va.  is  elected  President  pro 

tempore. 
Congress  establishes  three  branch 

mints— New  Orleans,  Charlotte,  N.  C, 

and  Dahlonega,  Ga. 
Mar.  4.     D.  C.     The     23d     Congress 

ends. 
Oct.*  N.  Y.    Tlie  anti-monopolist  branch 

of  the  Democratic  party  is  called  Loco- 

focos  by  the  other  branch. 
Dec.  7.    />.  C.     The     24th     Congress 

opens. 


Congress;  House:  James  K.  Polk 

of  Teun.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  President  Jackson  recom- 
mends Congress  to  prohibit  the  circula- 
tion of  anti-slavery  papera  through 
the  mails. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  James  M.  "Wayne  of 
Ga.  is  appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  20.  Tex.  Texans  declare  their 
independence  of  Mexico,  and  Ameri- 
cans rally  to  help  them. 

Dec.  29.  Ga.  The  Seminoles  cede  all 
their  territory  east  of  the  Mississipi>i 
for  §5,000,000. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Revenue  in  1835,  from 
the  sales  of  public  lands,  $24,877,179. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-37  *  *  Ala.    Clement  C.  Clay. 

-36  *  *  Ark.  {Ter.).    Wm.  S.  Fulton. 
-38  *  *  Conn.    Henry  W.  Edwards. 
-37  *  *  Ga.    William  Schley. 
-36  *  *  Mass.    Samuel  Armstrong'. 
-40  *  *  Mich.     Stevens  T.  Mason. 
-37  *  *  Miss.    Charles  Lynch. 
-37  *  *  N.  O.    Richard  D.  Spaight. 

Pa.    Joseph  Ritner. 
-39  *  *  Tenn.    Newton  Cannon. 
-36*  *  Tex.    Henry  Smith  (Provisional 

President). 
-41  *  *  Vt.    Silas  A.  Jenison. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1834  Nov.  1.  N.J.  The  railroad  from 
New  Brunswick  to  Trenton  is  opened. 

*  *  Chicago  receives  one  mail  a  week ; 
it  is  carried  on  horseback  from  Niles, 
Mich. 

*  *  New  York.    Cholera  again  prevails. 

*  *  O.  T*he  Ohio  Canal  is  opened  for 
307  miles,  connecting  the  Ohio  River  with 
Lake  Erie. 

*  *  Va.  The  Petersburg  and  Roanoke 
Railroad  isoi)ened  — GOmiles  in  length. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  South  Carolina  Railroad 
is  opened   136  miles. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1834,  ^'5,305. 

*  *  Ore.    The  first  emigrants  arrive. 

1835  June  2.  Mass.  The  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad  is  opened. 

June  27.  Mass.  The  Boston  and  liOw- 
ell  Railroad  is  opened. 

July  6.  Mass.  The  Boston  and  Wor- 
cester Railroad  is  opened. 

Aug.  25.  Md.  The  Baltimore  and 
"Washington  Railroad  is  opened. 

Nov.  7 .  The  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road is  commenced. 

Dec.  9.  Boston.  The  President's  mes- 
sage arrives  from  Washington  in  'Jti 
hours  and  50  minutes. 

Dec.  16.  New  York  suffers  from  a 
great  fire. 

It  sweeps  over  30  acres,  destroying  520 
buildings  and  property  worth  ^18,000,000. 

Dec.  *  Chicago's  first  bank  is  opened. 
Dec.  31.     U.  S.     Immigrants   and  other 
aliens  in  1835,  45,374. 

*  *  Neto  Eng.  In  a  rage  for  silk  culture 
many  mulberry  trees  are  planted,  and 
fortunes  are  made  and  lost. 


146     1835  *  *-1837,  May  30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY -NAVY. 
1836    Feb.  29.    FUi.     Gen.  Gaines, 

with  1,000  men,  is  attacked  by  the  Semi- 
nole Indians  on  the  Witlilacoochee.  [Gen. 
Clinch  comes  to  his  relief.] 

Feb.  *  Fla.  Gen.  "Winfield  Scott  as- 
sumes command  of  the  army  in  the 
Indian  War. 

Mar,  6.  Fta.  Some  of  the  Seminole 
chiefs  come  to  Gen.  Jessup,  and  sign  a 
treaty  of  peace  [which  is  soon  brokenl. 

Apr.  21.  Tex.  Sam  Houston,  an  Ameri- 
can, at  the  head  of  800  Texans,  defeats 
Santa  Anna  at  San  Jacinto,  and  drives 
the  Mexicans  across  the  Rio  Grande ; 
Santa  Anna  is  taken  prisoner,  and  inde- 
pendence secured. 

THE  ELEVENTH  WAR. 

*  •  -37  *  *  The  Cherokee  Indian  dis- 
turbance. Men  enrolled,  9,4W  militia 
and  volunteers.  Caused  by  the  enforced 
removal  of  the  Indians  to  the  West. 

THE  TWELFTH  WAR. 
May  5-1837  Sept.  30.  The  Creek  In- 
dian "War.  Caused  by  the  unwilling- 
ness of  the  Indiana  to  surrender  their 
lauds  to  the  whites.  Men  enrolled,  935 
regulars,  and  12,483  volunteers  and  mi- 
litia.   Total,  13,418. 

THE  THIRTEENTH  WAR. 

*  •  -1839  *  *  Me.  The  Aroostook  dis- 
turbance, respecting  the  northeast  boun- 
dary of  the  U.  S.,  arises  among  the  people 
contiguous  to  the  territory  in  dispute. 
Men  enrolled,  1,500  militia  and  volun- 
teers. 

Oct.  *  Fla.  Gov.  Call  leads  2,000  men 
into  the  interior  of  the  State,  and  has  a 
fight  at  "Wahoo  Swamp  with  the  In- 
dians, and  a  second  engagement  a  few 
days  later,  without  decisive  results. 

Dec.  25.  Fla.  Col.  Zachary  Taylor's 
force  defeats  the  Indians  near  Big  Water 
Lake. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1836  Dec.  12.  New  Yfyrk.  MissEUen 
Tree  makes  her  first  appearance  at  the 
Park  Theater. 

*  *  Conn.  Felt  cloth  is  first  successfully 
manufactured  at  Norwalk. 

*  *  Eng.  Edwin  Forrest  appears  in 
Sparta^cus  at  the  Drury  Lane  Theater, 
London. 

*  *  Mass.  Williamstown  has  the  first  (con- 
tinuous) astronomical  observatory. 

*  ♦  Mich.  Fine-cut  chewing  tobacco 
is  first  manufactured  at  Centerville. 

*  *  Phila.  Wrought-iron  tubing  and  fit- 
tings are  first  made. 

*  *  U.  S.  Anthracite  coal  is  first  used 
on  steamboats  and  locomotives.    (1837  ?) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
X836*  * 

Aldrich,  Thos.  Bailey,  poet,  writer,  b.  N.  H. 
Austin,  Stephen  K.,  founder  of  Tex.,  dies. 
Avery,  John,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Banf^,  Frank  C,  actor,  horn  in  Va. 
Beardsley,  Lester  A.,  lieut.  U.  S.  N.,  born, 
liunce,  Francis  M.,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  born. 
Burr,  Aaron,  Vice-Vres.  U.  S.,  AGO. 
Brown,  Henry  II.,  U.  S.  Justice,  b.  in  Mich. 


Burton,  Asa.  Cong,  cl.,  coDtroversionalist, 
A  74. 

Butler,  Matthew  C,  sen.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Cannon,  Joseph  G.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  N.  C. 

<'liamiler,  Cbas.  F.,  chemist,  born  In  Mass. 

t'heney,  Charles  E..  Kef.  K.  bp..  h.  in  N.  Y. 

Crockett,  David,  backwoodsman,  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  A. 50. 

Pavies,  Henry  E.,  lawyer,  born  In  N.  Y. 

Eihnunds,  I'anl  C,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  In  Va. 

Fayne,  Frank  L.,  actor,  born  in  Ky. 

Flint,  Austin,  Jr..  physician,  medical  wri- 
ter, born  In  Mass. 

Funston,  Edward  H.,  Member  of  Congress, 
born  ui  Obio. 

Cladtlen,  Waabington,  cl.,  writer,  b.  in  Pa, 

Oould,  Jay,  financier,  born  in  N.  Y. 

C.rout,  William  W.,  M.  C.  for  Vt.,  b.  in  Can. 

Crubbs,  John  C,  editor,  born  In  Ore. 

Hackley,  Cbas.  E.,  sur^'eon,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Hale,  Eugene,  sen.  for  Me.,  horn  in  Me. 

Hansard,  .iobn  R.  O.,  author,  editor,  born. 

Henry,  William,  chemist,  A74. 

Hitchcock,  Cbas.  H.,  geologist,  b.  in  Mass. 

Hodge,  H.  Lenox,  surgeon,  b.  in  Pa. 

Homer,  Winalow,  artist,  born  in  Mass. 

House,  Edward  Howard,  author,  b.  Mass. 

Kenton,  Simon,  pioneer,  A  81. 

Kilpatrick,  Judson,  cavalry  general,  b.  N.  J. 

Livingston,  Edward,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.and  La., 
A  72. 

Leverett,  Frederick  Pen-ival,  scholar,  A33. 

Lowell,  John  F.,  of  Lowell  Inst.,  A37. 

Madison,  James.  M.  C.  for  Va.,  sec.  of 
state,  4tb  Pres.  of  U.  S.,  A85. 

Mayer,  Alfred  Marshall,  physicist,  b.  in  Mil. 

McCabe,  Charles  C,  chaplain,  M.  E.  cl.,h.  o. 

Messer,  Asa,  I'res.  of  Brown  I'niv.,  A67. 

Moon,  John  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  in  Mich. 

Morton,  Henry,  scholar,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Murphy,  Edward,  Jr.,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,b.  N.Y. 

Packartl,  Louis  K.,  phUologist,  born  in  Pa. 

Pleasants,  James,  sen.  for  Va.,  Gov.,  A67. 

Robson,  Stuart,  actor,  born  in  Md. 

SaCforii,  Henry  Truman,  astronomer,  b.  Vt. 

Shoup,  George  L.,  sen.  for  Ida.,  born  In  Pa. 

Springer,  William  M.,  M.  C.  for  HL,  b.  Ind. 

Townsend,  Luther  Tracy,  M.  E.  cl.,  b.  in  Me. 

Toy,  Crawford  Howell,  Hebraist,  b.  in  Va. 

Vedder,  Elihu,  painter,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Vaux,  Bobert,  philanthropist,  A50. 

Wheeler,  Joseph,  M,  C.  for  Ala.,  bom  in  Ga. 

Winter,  William,  poet,  critic,  b.  in  Mass. 

Wright,  Arthur  Williams,  physicist,  b.  Conn. 


CHURCH. 

1835  *  •  Pa.  The  General  Aasembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  in  Pittsburg;  AV.  AV. 
Phillips,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Church,  establishes 
its  first  mission  among  the  Indians. 

*  *  Va.  The  Eighth  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  held  at  Kichmond. 

1836  May  2.  O.  The  General  Con- 
ference CMethodist  Episcopal)  meets  in 
Cincinnati. 

Beverly  Waugh  and  Thomas  A.Morris 
are  consecrate<f  bishops. 

The  Arkansas,  Erie,  Liberia,  Michigan, 
New  Jersey,  and  North  Carolina  Con- 
ferences are  formed. 

May  13.  New  York.  The  Baptists  with- 
draw from  the  American  Bible  Society. 

June  16.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  N  v.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany  ;  Thomas  M. 
Strong,  president. 

July  7.  Mick.  Samuel  A.  McCoskry 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  consecrated 
bishop  of  Michigan. 

*  *  O.  The  Ohio  Eldership  of  the  Church 
of  God  is  organized. 

*  *  0.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  East  Ohio  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  in  Pittsburg ;  John 
Witherspoon,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church  sends  a 
missionary  to  the  Nez  Perces  Indians. 


•  *  Mission-work  is  undertaken  by  the 
Reformed  Presbyterian  Churcb. 

1837  May  *  Pkila.  The  General  As- 
sembly (Presbyterian)  meets ;  David 
Elliott,  moderator. 

May  23.  Phila.  The  Plan  of  Union 
with  Congregational  Churches  is  abro- 
gated on  constitutional  grounds  by  the 
Presbyterian  General  Assembly.  Vote, 
143-110. 

May  30.  Md.  The  German  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  is  organized  by 
tlie  Lutheran  Church  in  Hagerstown. 

May  *  Phila.  The  Old  School  party  ex- 
scind four  presbyteries  and  offend  the 
New  School  party;  Presbyterians  are 
greatly  agitated. 

May  *  Phila.  The  American  and  For- 
eign Bible  Society  is  organized  by 
Baptists. 

LETTERS. 

1836  Mar.  10.  Md.  The  Baltimore 
Transcript  is  issued  as  a  penny  pai>er. 

Mar.  25.  Phila.  The  Public  Ledger  is 
issued. 

June  20.  Neio  York.  The  New  York 
Express  is  issued. 

July  29.  O.  The  Philanthropist,  an  abo- 
lition newspaper  of  Cincinnati,  is  de- 
stroyed by  a  mob,  the  office  pillaged,  the 
types  scattered,  and  the  press  thrown 
into  the  river. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Yale  Lit&rary  Magazine 
appears. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  University 
(Disciples)  is  organized  at  Lexing- 
ton. 

Students  of  both  sexes  are  received. 

*  *  New  York.  Union  Theological  Semi- 
nary (Pres.)  is  organized  and  a  Library 
is  founded.  [50,000  vols.]  Tlie  Legisla- 
ture grants  a  charter,  two  years  later. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Alfred  University  (Seventh- 
day  Baptist)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Buffalo  liibrary  is  founded. 
[53,638  vols.] 

*•  *  Pa.  Franklin  and  Marshall  College 
(Reformed)  is  organized  at  Lancaster. 

The  Reformed  (German)  Church  estab- 
lishes a  college  at  Mercersburg. 

*  *  li.  I.  The  Providence  AthensBum 
Ijbrary  is  founded.    [44,502  vols.] 

*  *  Mogg  Megone,  by  J,  G.  "Whittier,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Astoria,  by  "Washington  Irving, 
appears. 

*  •  Inklings  of  Adventure,  by  N.  P.  Willis, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Poor  Rich  Man,  by  Catherine 
Maria  Sedgwick,  appears, 

*  *  Mellichampe,  by  W.  G.  Simms,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Nature,  by  K.  "W.  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Twenty-seven  Orations,  by  Sdward 
Everett,  appears. 

*  *  Commentaries  on  Equity  of  Jurispru^ 
dence,  by  Joseph  Story,  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  International  Law,  by 
Henry  Wheaton,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.      1835  *  *-1837,  May  30.     147 


1837    Jan.  25.    La.    The  New  Orleans 

Picayune  is  first  issued. 
Feb.  1.     Tlie    memorial    of    66    British 

authors,  praying  for  the  exclusive  right 

to  their  respective  writings,  is  presented 

to  Congress. 
Feb.  6.    Ga.     Emory   College   (Meth. 

Epis.)  is  chartered  [and  soon  organized]. 
May  17.     Md.     The    Baltimore   Sun 

appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1836  Jan.  11.  B.  C.  A  petition  is  pre- 
sented to  Congress  praying  that  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery  may  be  abolished 
in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

July  29.  O.  A  riot  breaks  out  in  Cin- 
cinnati ;  the  printing-press  of  James  G. 
Birney's  *'  Abolition  "  paper  is  destroyed. 

Aug. »  N.  r.  The  Second  National 
Temperance  Convention  is  held  at 
Saratoga. 

'  *  Boston.  The  Transcendental  Club 
is  formed. 

*  *  D.C.  The  right  of  petition  de- 
nied. 

The  House  of  Representatives  adopts 
as  a  rule,  "  that  all  petitions,  memorials, 
and  resolutions,"  relating  to  slavery 
*'  shall  be  laid  on  the  table,  and  no 
further  action  whatever  shall  be  had 
thereon."    (See  State.) 

*  *  Ga.~Ata.  Thousands  of  settlers  leave 
their  homes  through  fear  of  the  Indians. 

'  •  m.  Abraham  Lincoln,  27  years 
old,  begins  the  study  of  law. 

*  •  The  Ancient  Order  of  Hibemiana 
of  America  is  foxmded. 

1837  Feb.  13.  New  York.  A  riot  is 
occasioned  by  the  high  price  of  flour, 
and  hundreds  of  barrels  are  destroyed. 

Apr.  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  com- 
mences the  practice  of  law  in  Spring- 
field. > 

STATE.  ^ 

1836  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
S336,957. 

Feb.  5.  D.C.  Congress  ;HoaBe:  Henry 
L.  Pinokney  introduces  a  bill  providing 
that  all  memorials  praying  for  the 
aboUtion  of  slavery  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  be  referred  to  a  select  com- 
mittee, with  instructions  to  report  that 
Congress  has  no  power  to  interfere  with 
slavery  in  the  States,  and  that,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  House,  it  would  be  a  viola- 
tion of  public  faith  to  interfere  with  the 
institution  in  the  District.  [Adopted. 
Vote,  117-68.  Called  a  Gag-Law.] 
(Die.  of  Am.  Politics.) 

Mar.  2.  Texas  again  proclaims  her 
independence  of  Mexico,  and  adopts 
a  republican  form  of  government. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  select 
committee  reports  that  Congress  cannot 
constitutionally  interfere  with  slavery 
in  any  State,  and  it  ought  not  to  do  so ; 
it  recommends  that  all  petitions  and 
papers  relating  to  slavery  or  its  aboli- 
tion "  shall,  without  being  printed  or 
referred,  be  laid  upon  the  table."  Ap- 
proved.   Vote,  117-68. 

May  29.  Wisconsin  Territory,  is  orga- 
nized out  of  the  Northwest  Territory. 


June  16.  J).  C.  Congress  admits  Ar- 
kansas into  the  Union  as  the  25th  State. 

July  1.  IJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
■William  E.  King  of  Ala.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July 4.  J).  C.  The  24th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

July  11.  D.C.  The  President's  Specie 
Circular  is  issued,  ordering  payments 
to  be  made  to  the  Government  in  gold  or 
silver  [causing  the  contraction  of  the 
currency ;  a  scarcity  of  money  follows]. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  13th  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Democrats  elected.  Popular 
vote  ;  Martin  Van  Buren  (Dem.)  of 
N.  Y.,  761,549  ;  Wm.  Henry  HarrUon 
(Whig)  of  Ohio,  Hugh  L.  White  (Whig) 
of  Tenn.,  Daniel  W^ebster  (Whig)  of 
Mass.,  and  Willie  P.  Mangunx  (Whig) 
of  N.  C,  all  combined,  736,656. 

Nov.  *  ni.  Abraham  Lincoln  is  re- 
elected to  the  Legislature. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  24th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  Cal.  After  a  bloodless  revolution 
California  disclaims  all  dependence  on 
Mexico. 

*  *  D.C.  Roger  B.  Taney  of  Md.  is  ai)- 
pointed  Chief  Justice,  and  Philip  P. 
Barbour  of  Va.  Justice,  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Democratic  party  begins 
to  favor  the  annexation  of  Texas. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-40  *  *  Ark.    James  S.  Conway. 

Cal,    Nicolas  Gutierrez;   later, 
Mariana  Chico  ;  yet  later,  Nico- 
las Gutierrez  (Mexicans). 
-42  *  *  Cal.    Juan  B.  Alvarado  (Mex.). 
-39  *  •  Fla.    Richard  K.  Call. 
-37  •  *  Ky.    James  Clark. 
-40*  *  Mo.    Liburn  N,  Boggs. 
-40  *  *  Mass.    Edward  Everett. 
-39  •  *N.  H.    Isaac  Hill. 
-37  ♦  *  N.J.    Philemon  Dickerson. 
-38  *  *  O.    Joseph  Vance. 
-38  *  *  S.C.    Pierce  M.  Butler. 

Tex.    David  G.  Burnet  (Pres.). 
-38  ♦  •  Tex.    Sam  Houston  (President). 
-37  *  *  Va.    Windham  Robertson. 
-41  *  *  Wis.  (Ter.).    Henry  Dodge. 

1837  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$3,308,124. 

Jan.  16.  X>.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  It 
is  ordered  that  the  vote  of  censure 
condemning  President  Jackson's  policy 
respecting  the  National  Bank  be  ex- 
punged.   Vote,  M-ID. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Mich- 
igan into  the  Union  as  the  26th  State. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Wm.  K.  King  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [He  is  reelected 
March  7,  and  again  on  Oct.  13.] 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
Electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Van  Buren,  172 ; 
Harrison,  73:  White,  26;  Webster, 
14;  Mangum,  11.  Vote  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident :  R.  M.  Johnson  (Dem.)  of  Ky., 
147  ;  Francis  Granger  (Whig)  of  N.  Y., 
77;  JohnTyler(Whig)of  Va.  47;  WQ- 
liam  Smith  (Dem.)  of  Ala.,  23. 


[There  being  no  majority  for  Vice- 
President,  Richard  M.  Johnson  is 
elected  by  the  Senate,  against  F. 
Granger.    Vote,  33-16.] 

Mar.  3.  /).  C.  The  24th  Congress: 
the  second  session  closes. 

Eighth  Administration ;  Democratlo, 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Martin  Van  Buren  of 
N.  Y.  is  inaugurated  the  eighth  Presi- 
dent, in  the  13th  term  of  the  presidency. 
Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Ky.  is  Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet :  John  Forsyth  of  Ga.  (State), 
Levi  W^oodbury  of  N.  H.  (Treas.), 
Joel  R.  Poinsett  of  S.  C.  (War),  Mahlon 
Dickerson  of  N.  J.  (Navy),  Benj.  F. 
Butler  of  N.  Y.  (Atty.-Gen.),  Amos 
Kendall  of  Ky.  (P.  M.-Gen.). 

Mar.  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  has  his 
protest  against  the  pro-slavery  action 
of  the  majority  in  the  Legislature  en- 
tered on  the  journal  of  the  Assembly. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1835  •  *  The  national  debt  is  extin- 
guished by  duties  on  Imports  and  the 
sale  of  public  lands. 

Feb.  10.  Philadelphia  is  first  lighted 
with  gas. 

Mar.  29.  Phila.  The  United  States 
Bank  is  newly  incorporated  by  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania.  [Suspended  Feb.  6, 
1841.] 

Apr.  18.  N.  r.  The  Brooklyn  and 
Jamaica  Railroad  is  completed. 

May  15.  Ga.  Roanoke  is  burned  by 
Indians. 

July  10.  Pa.  It  is  discovered  that  lo- 
comotives can  make  ascents  without 
the  aid  of  stationary  engines  and  ropes. 

Aug.  1.  N.  r.  The  Utica  and  Sche- 
nectady Railroad  (78  miles)  is  opened. 

Dec.  15.  D.  C.  The  patent  office  and 
the  post-office  at  Washington  are 
burned. 

*  *  U.  S.  It  is  discovered  that  anthra- 
cite coal  is  superior  to  wood  for  loco- 
motive fuel.  Its  use  on  railroads, 
begins. 

Dec.  31.  U.  8.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1836,  76,a42. 

*  *  U.  S.  Great  financial  prosperity 
prevails  throughout  the  country. 

*  *  Pa.  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery,  near  Phil- 
adelphia, is  laid  out. 

1837  Mar.  4.  Chicago  is  incorpo- 
rated as  a  city  ;  population,  4,170. 

May  8.  The  steam-packet  Ben  Slierrod, 
while  racing  above  Fort  Adams  o:i  the 
Mississippi,  bums  at  night ;  203  lives 
are  lost. 

May  *  n.  S.  A  financial  panic  follows 
over  speculation  and  the  sudden  con- 
traction of  the  currency. 

Vast  issues  of  irredeemable  ("-wild 
cat ")  paper  money  are  accepted  in  busi- 
ness transactions. 

May  10±.  U.  S.  The  banks  of  aU  the 
large  cities  in  the  North  suspend 
specie  payments.  [Other  banks  soon 
follow.]  . 


148     1837,  June  1-1838  *  *. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1837  Oct,  23.  Fla.  Gen.  Jessup  se- 
cures as  prisoners  Osceola  and  other 
Indians  by  violating  a  flag  of  truce. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  *  Many  Americans  assist  the 
Canadians  in  their  revolt  for  independ- 
ence. 

Dec.  19.  Fla.  Col.  Taylor  leads  a  body 
of  troops  against  the  Seminoles. 

Dec.  25.  Fla.  Col.  Taylor  defeats  the 
Seminoles  at  Lake  Macaco. 

Dec.  29.  Canadians  attack  and  set  on 
tire  the  American  steamboat  Caroline^ 
and  send  her  over  the  Niagara  Falls  ; 
22  Americans  are  lost  with  her. 

•  *  Fla.  The  Seminole  Indian  war  contin- 
ues at  great  cost  and  with  small  results. 

1838  Apr.  *  Col.  Taylor  is  brevetted 
brigadier-general  for  his  services  against 
the  Seminoles. 

May  *  Ga,  The  State  troops  begin  to  take 
the  Cherokee  Indians  from  their 
houses  and  gather  them  into  camps 
preparatory  to  their  removal  beyond 
the  Mississippi. 

July*  Lieut.  Robert  E.  Lee  is  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain  U.  S.  A. 

Oct.  28.  Mo.  Mormons  at  Far  West  sur- 
render to  militia  under  Gen.  Atchison. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1837  *  *  Conn.  One-day  clocks  with 
brass  movements  are  invented,  and 
clock-making  is  revolutionized. 

•  *  Eng,  The  screw  is  introduced  in 
steam  navigation  by  John  Ericsson  and 
F.  P.  Smith  on  the  steamer  Thames. 

♦  *  Mass.  An  induction  coil  is  made 
by  G.  C.  Page  of  Salem. 

**  New  York.  SamuelF.  B.Morse  first 
publicly  exhibits  his  telegraph. 

♦  *  New  York.  Charlotte  Cushman  is 
engaged  at  the  Park  Theater. 

*  *  The  dynamometer  is  tiret  used  to 
determine  the  power  employed  in  driv- 
ing machinery. 

♦  •  A  remarkable  aurora  borealis  is  ob- 
served. 

•  *  The  Long  Story  is  painted  by  W.  S. 
Moiuit. 

1838  Apr.  20.  Tenn.  A  shower  of  me- 
teors is  observed. 

Aug.  19.  The  United  States  exploring 
expedition  of  six  vessels  ( Vincennes, 
Peacock,  Porpoise,  Relief,  Flying  Fish, 
and  Sea  Gull)  under  Lieutenant  Wilkes, 
U.  S.  N.,  sails  for  the  Antarctic  region. 

Sept.  18.  U.  S.  A  remarkable  eclipse  of 
the  sun  is  observed. 

*  *  Boston.  Regularly  set  elementary 
singing  lessons  are  given  in  a  number 
of  the  public  schools. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1887*   * 

Albaugh,  John  W.,  actor,  born  in  Md. 
Alden,  Timothy,  Cong,  cl.,  educator,  A66. 
Barwig,  Charles,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  In  Ger. 
Breckinridge,  W.  C.  1'.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  Ky. 


Brewer,  David  J.,  Justice  Supreme  Court, 

born  in  Kan. 
Buchanan,  Thos.  McKean,  LieuU-Com.,  U.  S. 

N.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Jiurroughs,  John,  author,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Burrows,  JuHus  C,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  Mtch. 
Casey,   Lyman  L.,  sen.  for  N.  Dak.,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Chanf  ran,  F.  S.,  actor,  born  in  I'a. 
Clancy,  John  M.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  in  Ire. 
Cleveland,  Grover.,   Gov.  of  N.  Y.,  22d 

and  24th  Pres.  of  U.  S.,  b.  in  N.  J. 
Cox,  Nicholas   N.,  M.  C.  for  Teun.,  born 

in  Tenn. 
Dolhear,  .\mo8  Emerson,  physicist,  b.  Conn. 
Draper,  Henry,  scientist^  born  in  Va. 
Eytinge,  Rose,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 
Fanning,  John  Thomas,  engineer,  b.  in  Conn. 
Fessenden,  Thos.  Green,  author,  journalist, 

A  66. 
Floyd,  John,  M.  C.  and  Gov.  for  Va.,  dies. 
Fowler,  Charles  Henry,  M.  E.  bp.,  b.  Can. 
Gallaudet,  Kdw.  M.,  Pres.  Deaf  Mute  Col- 
lege, born  in  Conn. 
Oilman,  Arthur,  philanthropist,  born. 
Gill,  Theodore  N.,  scientist,  naturalist,  born 

in  N.  Y. 
Hall,  Louisa  Jane,  poet,  A35. 
Harkness,  William,  prof.,  U.  S.  Navy,  born 

in  Scot. 
Hinsdale,  Burke  A.,  educator,  born  in  O. 
Holmes,  Abiel,  author,  A  74. 
Hopkins,  Albert  C,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  N.  Y. 
Howells,  'William  Dean,  author,  b.  in  O. 
Kent,  Joseph,  Gov.  of  Md.,  A58. 
Laphani,  Oscar,  M.  C.  for  It.  I.,  b.  in  K.  I. 
Lester,  Kufus  K.,  M.  C,  born  in  Ga. 
Long,  Eli,  general,  born. 
Loveloy.  Elijah  Parish,  abolitionist  of  III., 

A36. 
Macon,  Nathaniel,  speaker,  sen.  for  N.  C, 

A80. 
Manderson,  Charles  F.,  sen.  for  Neb.,  born 

in  Pa. 
McCook,  Robert  L.,  brig.-gen.,  horn  In  O. 
Mitchell,  David  B.,  (iov.  of  Ga.,  A5l. 
Moody,  Dwlgbt  Lyman,  Cong,  evangelist, 

born  in  iStass. 
Montgomery,  Alexander  B.,  M.  A.  for  Ky., 

born  in  Ky. 
Moran.  Thomas,  painter,  bom  in  Kng. 
Morphy,  Paul  C.,  champion  chess-player, 

born  in  La. 
New,  John  C,  sec.  of  treas.,  born  in  Ind. 
Newton,   Isaar,  naval  engineer  for  Tenn., 

born  in  N.  Y. 
Patterson,  Josiah,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  b.  Ala. 
Parker,  Francis  W.,  educator,  b.  in  N.  H. 
Physick,  Philip  Syng,  surgeon,  A69. 
Porter,    Horace,   mil.   sec.  to  Gen.   Grant, 

born. 
Reid,  "Whitelaw.  journalist,  b.  O. 
Wolverton,   Simon  P.,  M.  C.  for   Pa.,  born 

in  Pa. 
Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard,  naturalist,  born 

in  Boston. 
Shirlaw,  Walter,  painter,  born  in  Scot. 
Worcester,  Noah,  Cong,  cl.,  A79. 

1838*   * 

Abbe,  Cleveland,  meteorologist,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Baldwin,  Melviii  R.,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  Vt. 

Barrett,  Lawrence,  actor,  born  in  N.  J. 

Bird,  Frederick  M.,  P.  E.  cl.,  hymn  col- 
lector, born. 

Blackburn,  Joseph  C.  S.,  sen.  for  Ky.,  born 
in  Ky, 

Black  Hawk,  Indian  chief,  A7l. 

Bowditch,  Nathaniel,  mathematician,  A65. 

Clark,  William,  general  explorer  of  Rocky 
Mountains,  A  68. 

Cobb,  Seth  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  in  Va. 

Cogswell,  William,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born 
in  Mass. 

Cohen,  Jacob  Soils,  physician,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Cook.  Joseph.  Cong,  cl.,  lecturer,  b.  N.  Y. 

Daly.  Augustin,  dramatist,  born. 

Davidson,  Margaret  Miller,  poet,  A15. 

Davis,  Cushman  K.,  sen.  for  Minn.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Dodge,  Marv  Mapea,  author,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Eccleston,  James  C,  P.  E.  bp.  of  la.,  born. 

Farmer,  John,  genealojriat,  A49. 

Farrer,  Thomas  Charles,  painter,  b.  in  Eng. 

Flemming,  Walter  M.,  physician,  surgeon, 
born. 

Funk,  Benjamin  F.,  M.  C.  for  III.,  b.  III. 

Gilder,  William  Henry,  explorer,  b.  in  Pa. 

Gilmor,  Harry,  soldier,  author,  born  In  Mil. 


CHURCH. 

1837  June  1.  Phila.  The  General  As- 
sembly declares  the  Synod  of  the 
"Western  Reserve  to  be  no  part  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church. 


June  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
appoints  a  Presbyterian  Board  of 
Foreign  Missions. 

June  ♦  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  Isaac  N.  Wycoff, 
president. 

July  28.  Miss.  The  Roman  Catholic 
See  of  Natchez  is  erected. 

Aug.  *  N.  Y.  A  convention  of  aggrieved 
I*resbyterians  meets  at  Auburn. 

Dec.  10.  la.  Mathias  Loras  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  conserated  bishop  of  Du- 
buque. 

*  *  la.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Dubuque  is  established. 

*  *  la.  The  Presbyterians  open  a  mission- 
station  among  the  Iowa  Indians. 

*  *  la.  The  first  Congregational  church 
in  Iowa  is  organized  at  Green  Mountain. 

*  *  III.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  Seventh  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Hagers- 
town. 

*  *  .V.  I'.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Franckean  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Nashville  is  established. 

*  *  Wis.  The  first  Baptist  Church  in  the 
state  is  organized  in  Milwaukee. 

1838  Apr.  28.  La.  The  Protestant 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  Louisiana  is  or- 
ganized at  New  Orleans. 

June  14.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June.  *  K.  Y.  The  General  Synod  of  tlie 
Reformed  Church  meets  at  Albany  ; 
Benj.  C.  Taylor,  president. 

Sept.  29.  The  Missionary  Board  of  the 
Reformed  (German)  Lutheran  Church 
is  Organized. 

*  *  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  begin 
work  among  the  Nez  Perc^  ludiaus. 

Dec.  9.  Ark.  XjOonidas  Polk  is  conse- 
crated Protestant  Episcopal  missionary 
bishop. 

*  *Fla.,N.  Y.,La.  The  Protestant  Epis- 
copal dioceses  of  Florida,  Western  New 
York,  and  Louisiana  are  organized. 

*  *New  York.  The  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Ore.  Methodists  open  an  Indian  mis- 
sion at  Dalles. 

LETTERS. 

1837  June  5.  Ind.  Asbury  UniverBity 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Greencastlo 
[later  called  De  Pauw  University]. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Quarterly  Review 
is  established  by  O.  A.  Brownson. 

*  *  D.  C.  Tlie  Democratic  Review  is 
established. 

*  *Zll.  Knox  College  (Pres.  and  Cong.) 
is  founded  at  Galesburg. 

*  *  La.  St.  Charles  College  (Kom. 
Cath.)  is    organized  at   Grand  Coteau. 

*  *  Mich.  University  of  Michigan  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Ann  Arbor. 


UNITED    STATES.         1837,  June  1-1838*  *     149 


*  *  N.  C.  Davidson  College  (Presbyt*. 
rian  —  colored)  is  organized  at  Davidson. 

*  *  New  Tor!:.  The  New  York  Review,  a 
quarterly,  is  published  by  J.  G.  Cogswell. 

*  *  O.  Muskingum  College  (United 
Pres.)  is  organized  in  New  Concord. 

*  *  -40  *  *  Phila.  The  Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine appears. 

*  *  Va.  Emory  and  Henry  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at  Emory. 

*  *  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville,  by 
"Washington  Irving,  appears. 

*  •  liianca  Visconti,  by  N.  P.  Willis, 
appears. 

*  *  Briercliff,  by  G.  P.  Morris,  appears. 

*  *  Charcoal  Sketches^  by  Joseph  Neal, 
appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  The  Electra  of  Sophocles^ 
and  another  of  The  Prometheus  of  Ms- 
chylus,  by  Woolsey,  appear. 

*  *  lieign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  by 
Prescott,  appears. 

*  *  Tivice-told  Tales,  by  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Evidences  of  the  Genuineness  of  the 
Four  Gospels,  by  Andrews  Norton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  4  Elements  of  Political  Economy,  by 
Francis  Wayland,  appears. 

1838  *  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Quarterly 
Heriew  appears. 

*  *  /fometoard  Bounds '  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Little  Frenchman  and  Ifis  Water- 
Lots,  by  G.  P.  Morris,  appears. 

*  *  The  Narrative  of  Arthur  "Gordon  Pym^ 
by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1837  July  14.  li.  1.  A  horse-thief  is 
publicly  whipped  on  the  court-house 
parade  in  Providence.  [The  law  autho- 
rizing whipping  is  soon  after  repealed.] 

Nov.  7.  Ill-  A  pro-slavery  mob  at 
Alton  murders  Rev.  E.  P.  Lovejoy, 
the  editor  of  an  abolition  paper,  breaks 
his  press,  throws  it  into  the  river,  and 
fires  the  building. 

*  *  Boston.  Wendell  Phillips  makes 
his  ddbut  as  an  anti-slavery  advocate 
in  Faneuil  Hall;  he  champions  a  most 
unpopular  cause. 

1838  Feb.  24.  />.  C.  Congressman 
Wm.  J.  Graves  of  Kentucky  kills  Con- 
gressman Jonathan  Cilley  of  Maine  in 
a  duel. 

May  17.  Phila.  A  mob  opposed  to  anti- 
slavery  discussions  destroys  Pennsylva- 
nia Hall. 

Aug.  *  The  cruel  and  iniquitous  re- 
moval of  16,000  Cherokees  begins. 

**  Sick  and  well,  old  men  and  infants, 
mothers  and  mothers  to  be,"  were  forced 
to  march  on  through  the  colil  winter 
months.  The  auifering  was  terrible,  the 
death-rate  fearful.  Fifteen  deaths  a 
day  was  the  average,  and  4,r>00 — more 
than  on&-fourth  of  the  whole  nation  — 
perished  before  they  readied  their  West- 
ern home.  Yet  through  all  this  terrible 
ordeal  witnesses  testify  that  *'  the  de- 
portment of  the  Cherokees  was  worthy 
of  a  Christian  people." — Cyclopedia  of 
Missions. 


*  *  R,  I.~N.  H.  Rhode  Island  and  New- 
Hampshire  leave  the  license  of  the 
liquor  traffic  optional  with  the  towns. 

STATE. 

1837  Sept.  4.  D.  C.  The  25th  Con- 
gress opens  its  special  session  ;  it  assem- 
bles to  relieve  the  financial  distress  of 
the  country. 

House :  James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn.  is 
reelected  Speaker. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  attempts  to  relieve 
the  financial  distress  by  authorizing  the 
issue  of  Treasury  notes,  not  exceed- 
ing  $10,000,000. 

Oct.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  first  Sub- 
treasury  Bill  passes  the  Senate.  [It  is 
defeated  in  the  House.] 

Oct.  16.  I).  C.  The  25th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Dec.  4.  />.  C.  The  25th  Congress : 
the  second  session  opens. 

Dec.  21.  I).  C.  Congress;  House  :  An- 
other "gag-law**  is  passed,  on  mo- 
tion of  John  M.  Patton  of  Va.  Vote, 
122-74.  It  aims  to  suppress  debate  on 
the  slavery  question.    (See  1836,  Feb.  5.) 

*  *-38*  *  Ga.  The  Government  forcibly 
removes  the  Cherokee  Indians  be- 
yond the  Mississippi. 

«  *  -39  *  *  New  York.  Aaron  Clark  is 
elected  the  Gist  mayor. 

*  *  D.  C.  John  Catron  of  Tenn.  and 
John  McKinley  of  Ala.  are  apiK)inted 
Justices  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-41  *  *  Ala.    Arthur  P.  Bagby. 
-40  *  *  Del.    Cornelius  P.  Comegys. 
-39  *  ♦  Ga.    George  R.  Gilmer. 
-40  *  *  Ind.    David  Wallace. 

-41  *  *  Miss.    Alex.  G.  M'Nutt. 
-41  *  *  N.  C.    Edward  B.  Dudley. 
-43  *  *  ^V.  J.    Wm.  Pennington. 
-40  *  *  Va.    David  Campbell. 

1838  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  N&tioimL  debt 
$10,434,221. 

Jan.  5.  I).  C.  President  Van  Buren 
issues  a  proclamation  warning  Ameri- 
can citizens  not  to  aid  the  Canadian 
revolt.  [It  was  devised  by  disloyal  Eng- 
lishmen and  sympathizing  Americans.] 

Mar.  26.  £>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sub-treasury  Bill.  Vote, 
27-25.    [The  House  rejects  it.J 

Apr.  18,  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  enacts 
a  general  banking  law. 

June  *  />.  C.  Mr.  Dickerson,  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  resigns,  and  James  K. 
Paulding  of  N.  Y.  is  appointed  in  his 
place. 

June  12.  />.  C.  Congress  organizes 
Iowa  as  a  Territory. 

July  2.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  Wm. 
R.  King  is  reelected  President  pro 
tempore. 

July  9.  £>.  C.  The  25th  Congress : 
the  second  session  closes. 

Wov.  *  TIL  Abraham  loncoln  is  re- 
elected to  the  Assembly,  and  becomes 
leader  of  the  Whigs. 

Dec.  3.  I>.C.  The  25th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 


Dec.  8,  Pa.  After  a  four  days'  struggle 
the  militia  are  caUed  out  to  settle  the 
fight  in  the  Legislature,  which  is 
organized  by  two  opposing  bodies,  and 
the  Senate  is  expelled  by  a  mob. 

Dec.  11.  D.C.  Congress;  House:  A 
third  gag-law  is  passed.  Vote,  127-78. 
Charles  G.  Atherton  of  New  Hamp- 
shire introduces  resolutions  denying  the 
power  of  Congress  to  interfere  with 
slavery  in  the  States  or  District,  and 
providing  that  all  papers  or  memorials 
affecting  the  subject  of  slavery  *'  be 
laid  on  the  table  without  being  debated, 
printed,  or  referred."  [It  is  adopted 
against  the  opposition  of  Northern 
Whigs.] 

MISCELLAKEOUS. 

1837  June  1.  New  York.  The  mercantile 
failtires  for  two  months,  in  this  city, 
exceed  $100,000,000. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Bank  of  the  United 
States  suspends  specie  payments. 

July  19.    Md.    The  Baltimore  and 

Wilmington  road  is  opened. 
Oct.  9.    The  steamer  Home,  from    New 

York  to  Charleston,  is  wrecked  ;  100 lives 

are  lost. 
Oct.  26.    N.  Y.    The  Harlem   road   ia 

completed. 
New    York.     The    Harlem    Railroad 

Company  completes  the  city  tunnel. 
Nov.  10.    The  Providence  and  Ston- 

ington  road  is  opened. 
Dec.  27.    The  steamer  Black  Hawk,  on  the 

Red  River,  explodes  ;  50  lives  are  lost. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  Central  road, 
connecting  Detroit  and  Ypsilanti  (30 
miles),  is  opened. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Chenango  Canal  is  cora- 
pleted,connecting  the  Susquehanna  with 
the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica. 

*  *-42*  * Neio  York.  The  Croton 
aqueduct  is  completed. 

*  *  Fa.  The  road  from  Richmond  to 
Fredericksburg  is  completed. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1837,  79,340. 

1838  Apr.  8-23.  Steam  navigation 
across  the  Atlantic  is  established.  The 
Great  Western  steamship  first  sails  from 
Bristol  to  New  York  [arriving  in  15  days]. 
(Lossiug,  June.) 

Apr.  25.  O.  The  steamer  3foae//e  bursts 
her  boiler  near  Cincinnati ;  101  lives  are 
lost. 

Conn.     Wew  Haven   celebrates  its 

second  centennial. 

Apr.  27.  S.  C.  A  fire  at  Charleston  lays 
waste  145  acres,  and  destroys  1,158  build- 
ings ;  loss,  $3,000,000. 

May  16.  New  York  State  banks  re- 
sume specie  payments. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1838,  38,914. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Nashua  and  Iiowell 
road  is  opened. 

*  *  O.    The  Mad  River  road  is  opened. 

*  *  U.  S.  Business  languishes,  and  the 
Administration  becomes  unpopular. 

*  *  Va.  The  Richmond  and  Peters- 
burg road  is  opened. 


160 


1838**1840,  July  2. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1839  June  *  Fla.  The  governor  of  the 
Territory  offers  a  reward  of  $200  for 
every  ludian  killed  or  taken. 

■  *  J^la,  The  Seminole  chiefs  send  in 
their  submission  and  sign  a  treaty. 

•  •  JV:  r.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  of  Ohio  en- 
ters the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 

ART  — SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1838  *  *  Conn.  Solid-headed  pins  are 
first  made  by  the  Howe  Pin  Company 
at  Birmingham :  they  supersede  the 
spun-headed  pins. 

*  *  D.  C.  James  Smithson's  legacy  of 
$500,000  is  received  from  London  [it  es- 
tablishes the  Smithsonian  Institution  in 
1»46.] 

*  *  It.  The  statue  of  Sve  is  executed  by 
Hiram  Powers. 

♦  *  Afass.  Gold  thimbles  and  specta- 
cles are  first  manufactured  at  Long- 
meadow. 

*  *  O.  An  observatory  is  erected  for  the 
Western  College  at  Hudson. 

*  *  Phila.  The  High  School  Observatory 
is  erected. 

*  •  A  full-length  portrait  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria is  painted  by  Thomas  Sully. 

*  *  Zinc  is  first  manufactured  at  Wash- 
ington from  the  red  oxide  of  New  Jersey. 

1839  Feb.  *  Conn.  Charles  Goodyear 
obtains  his  first  patent-for  making  vul- 
canized india-rubber. 

•  *  It.  The  statue  of  The  Greek  Slave  is 
executed  by  Hiram  Powers. 

•  *  Mass.  The  first  power-looms  in  the 
world,  for  making  carpets,  are  set  up 
at  Lowell. 

♦  ♦  New  York.  Capt.  John  Ericsson 
arrives  from  England  with  the  first  suc- 
cessful screw  propeller. 

*  *  N.  ¥.  The  Observatory  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  is  erected  at 
West  Point. 

♦  *  The  Penny  Paper  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

•  *  Pa.  Anthracite  coal  is  first  snccess- 
fuUy  used  in  making  iron  at  Pottsville ; 
$5,000  are  presented  to  the  proprietor  of 
the  works  by  citizens. 

1840  Jan.  19.  The  Antarctic  Conti- 
nent is  discovered,  on  the  same  day,  by 
both  French  and  American  expeditions. 

May  7.  Miss.  A  destructive  tornado 
visits  Natchez,  killing  317  persons  and 
destroying  $1,500,000  of  property. 

May  25.  Xjake  Erie  rises  four  feet  in  a 
few  hours,  and  then  subsides,  without 
apparent  cause. 

May  27.  A  great  freshet  swells  the  Sa- 
vannah River  ;  35  feet  above  low  water. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1838  •  • 
House,  James  Alvord,  inventor,  b.  In  N.  T. 
Howe,  Lyman  11.,  medical  prof.,  born. 
Hyatt,  Alplieus,  naturalist,  born  in  D.  C. 
Irving,  Peter,  author,  A67. 
McAleer,  William,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  Ire. 
McCreary,  James   B.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  bora 

inKy. 
McMillan,  James,  sen.  for  Midi.,  b.  Can. 
Miller,  Warner,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Morse,  Edward  S.,  naturalist,  born  in  Me. 


Neil],  Robert,  M.  C.  for  Ark.,  born  in  Ark. 

Osceola,  chief  of  the  Seminoles,  A34. 

Palfrey,  Warwick,  editor,  A51. 

Pollard,  Edward  A.,  journalist,  b.  Va.[l828]. 

Rodgers,  John,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A67. 

Roe,  Edward  Payson,  novelist,  b.  in  N.Y. 

ticranton,  Joseph  A.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born  in 

Conn. 
Scudder,  Horace  Elisha,  author,  b.  in  Mass. 
Squire,  Watson  C.,8en.  for  Wash.,b.  H.  Y. 
Stevens,  John,  inventor  (steamboat),  A89. 
Strong,  Luther  M.,  M.  C  for  O.,  born  in  O. 
Watson,  James  Craig,  astronomer,  b.  Can. 
Wright,  George   Frederick,  geologist,  Cong. 

clergyman,  author,  born  in  H.  Y. 
1839*  • 
Adams,  Silas,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  bom  in  Ky. 
Ames,  Mary  Clemmer,  author,  born  In  N.Y. 
Armstrong.  Samuel  C,  gen.,  b.  in  Hawaii. 
Bancroft,  Aaron,  Unit,  cl.,  writer,  A84. 
Beard,  (ieorge  Miller,  phys.,  author,  b. 
Black,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  iU.,  b.  in  Miss. 
Booth,  John  Wilkes,  assassin,  born  in  Md. 
Boutelte,  Chas.  A.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  b.  In  Me. 
Bowen,  Nathaniel,  P.  E.  bp.  of  S.  C.,  Am. 
Broderick,  Case,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,  b.  In  Ind. 
lirown,  Jason  B.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,b.  in  Ind. 
Buel,  Jesse,  agricultural  writer,  A61. 
Brute,  Simon  G.,  R.  C.  bp,  of  Vincennes,  A60. 
Carey,  Matthew,  philan.,  publisher,  A79. 
Coleman,  Leighton,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Wis.,  born 

in  Pa. 
Custer,  Oeoree  A.,  gen.   cavalry  corps, 

born  in  O. 
Dunlap,  William,  painter,  historian,  A73. 
Everett,  William,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born  in 

Mass. 
Everett,  Charles  Carroll,  Unit,  clergyman, 

autlior,  born  in  Me. 
Fisk,  Wilbur,  Pres.  of  Wesleyan  University, 

A  47. 
Funk,  Isaac  K.,  Lnth.  cl.,  reformer,  editor 

of  Standard  Dictionary^  b.  in  O. 
Georg-e,  Henry,  econoniiat,  an.,  born  in  Pa. 
Gorman,  Arthur  I'.,  sen.  for  Md..  b.  in  Jld. 
Harte,  Francis  Bret,  author,  b.  in  i*.  Y. 
Hay,  John,  author,  born  in  111. 
Hayne,  Robert  Touner.  orator,  sen.   for 

S.  C,  A  48. 
Jones,  James  K.,  sen.  for  Ark.,b.  in  Miss. 
Leggett,  William,  author,  A37. 
Lundy,  Benjamin,  abolitionist  of  Md.,  A50. 
Mayo,  Frank,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
McArthur,  Duncan,  soldier,  Gov.  of  O.,  A67. 
Money,  Hernando  D.,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  born 

in  Miss. 
Mnrphy,  Joseph,  actor,  born  In  N.  Y. 
Niles,    Hezekiah,   journalist  at  Baltimore, 

A  62. 
Ofiden,  Aaron,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  A83. 
O'Kane,  James,  naval  commander,  born. 
Parker,  Isaac,  U.  S.  A.,  born. 
Packard,  Alpheus  S.,entomologi8t,b.  in  Me. 
Patterson,  Daniel  Todd,  U.  S.  Navy,  A63. 
Perkins,  George  C,  sen.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Me. 
Power,  Thomas  C,  sen.  for  Mont.,  b.  In  la. 
Reed,  Thomaa  B.,  M.  C.  for  Me.,  speaker, 

born  in  Me. 
Ripley,  Eleazer  Wheelock,  maj.-gen.,  AJiT. 
Schouler,  James,  lawyer,  historian,  boru  In 

Mass. 
Turner,  Henry  G.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.  C. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Stephen,  statesman,  "the 

Patroon"of  N.Y.,  A75. 


CHURCH. 

1838  •  *  III.  The  Mormons  are  driven 
out  of  Missouri ;  they  fotind  Nauvoo, 
and  number  about  12,000. 

*  *  Pa.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  Old  School  Presbyterians 
refuse  the  demands  of  the  New  School, 
and  the  General  Assembly  is  divided 
into  two  bodies.  New  School  and 
Old  School. 

The  New  School  Presbyterians  or- 
ganize a  General  Assembly,  and  elect 
Samuel  Fisher  moderator.  The  Old 
School  also  organize,  with  "William  S, 
Plumer  moderator. 

The  Old  School  Presbyterians  estab- 
lish a  Board  of  Publication. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  Universalist  State  Conyen- 
tion  is  organized. 


1839  May  9.    N.  Y.    Wm.  H.  de  Lancey 

is  consecrated  (Protestant  Kpiscopal) 
bishop  of  Western  New  York. 

Jxme  12.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  Phila.  The  General  Synod  of 
the  Heformed  Church  meets ;  George 
W.  Bethune,  president. 

July  *  N.  J.  Tlie  General  Synod  of  the 
Reformed  Church  meets  at  New 
Brunswick  ;  George  W.  Bethune,  presi- 
dent. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Missouri  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  9th  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Chambers- 
burg. 

*  *  Phila.  A  Woman's  Missionary  So- 
ciety of  the  Evangelical  German  Church 
is  organized. 

*  ♦  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets ;  Baxter  Dickin- 
son, moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (O.  S,  Presby- 
terian) meets  ;  J.  L.  Wilson,  moderator, 

*  *  The  Reformed  Dutch  Sabbath-School 
Union  is  formed. 

*  *  More  than  680  Xiadies*  Associations. 
having  nearly  3,000  local  agents  of  their 
own  membership,  collect  funds  for  the 
American  Board. 

1840  Mayl— Jtme3.  Md.  The  13th 
General  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) meets  in  Baltimore, 

The  East  Texa.s,  North  Ohio,  Provi- 
dence, and  Uock  River  conferences  are 
formed. 

June  3,  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Jime  *  Neto  York.  The  General  Synod  of 
the  Reformed  Church  meets ;  James 
Murphy,  president. 

June  21.  S.  C.  Christopher  Edwards 
Gladsden  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  bishop. 

LETTERS. 

1839    Jan.  *   Christliche  Apologete,  Wm. 

Nast,  editor,  is  first  published. 
July  3.    Mass.    The  first  normal  school 

in  America  is  opened  at  Lexington. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Hartford  Library  Associ- 
ation is  founded.     [34,500  vols.] 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Patent  Office  Iiibrary  ia 
founded.    [47,040  vols.] 

*  *  Ind.  Concordia  College  (Lutheran) 
is  organized  at  Fort  "Wayne. 

*  *  Md.  Baltimore  City  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Md.  The  Mercantile  Iiibrary  Associ- 
ation is  founded  at  Baltimore.  [30,000 
vols.] 

*  *  Mich.  St.  Philip's  College  (Rom, 
Cath.)  is  founded  near  Detroit. 

*  *  New  York.  Tlie  Evening  Express  is 
founded. 

The  Baptist  Advocate  is  started  [and 
is  later  called  the  Neio  York  Jiecorder 
and  afterward  the  Examiner], 


UNITED    STATES.         1838  ** -1840,  July  4.    151 


*  •  Wash.  The  first  prlntiiig-pre»8  west 
of  the  Rockies  is  set  up  at  Walla  Walla 
by  Presbyterian  missionaries, 

*  *  S.  C.  Erskine  College  (Asso.  Refd 
Pres.)  is  organized  at  Due  West. 

*  •  Va.    Keotor  College  (Bapt.)  is  f  ded. 

*  *  The  Adventures  of  Robin  /Jay,  by  U. 
M.  Uois,  appears. 

*  •  Dramas,  Discourses,  and  Other  Pieces, 
by  llillhouse,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Nary  of  the  United 
States,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Hyperion,  by  Longfellow,  appears. 

*  *  Voices  of  the  Night,  by  Longfellow, 
appears. 

*  » Crania  Americana,  by  Samuel  G. 
Morton,  appears. 

*  •  Spiritual  Improvejnent,  by  Ray  Palmer, 
appears. 

*  *  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Agency,  by 
Joseph  Story,  appears. 

*  •  Letters  from  Under  a  Bridge,  by  N.  P. 
Willis,  appears. 

1840    June  24.    Boston.    The  four  hun- 


a  silversmith.  They  were  induced  to 
change  their  habits  by  the  address  of  a 
temperance  lecturer.'  —  Cyclopedia  of 
Temperance. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  John  Q.  Adams 
pronounces  an  oration  before  the  His- 
torical Society  in  celebration  of  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  Washington's  in- 
auguration. 

STATE. 
1838*  *  D.C.  Benj.F.ButlerofX.Y.re- 
signs  the  office  of  Attorney-Cieneral,  and 
Felix  Grundy  of  Tenn.  succeeds  him. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-42  *  *  Conn.    Wm.  W.  Ellsworth. 
-41  •  ■»  la.  (Ter.).    Robert  Lucas. 
-42  »  *  III.    Tliomas  Carlin. 
-41  •  *  La.    Andr(5  B.  Roman. 
-30  *  *  Me.    Edward  Kent. 
-42  »  *  A".  }•.    William  H.  Seward. 
-40  *  *  O.    Wilson  Shannon. 
-39  *  *  n.  I.     William  Sprague, 
Patrick  Noble. 
Mirabeau  B.  Lamar  (Pres.). 
U.  S.    National    debt 


-40  *  *  .S'.  C. 
-40  *  *  Tex. 
1839    Jan.  1 
S3,573,»43. 


dredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of    Feb.  25.    D.C.    Congress;   Senate: 


the  art  of  printing  is  celebrated, 

SOCIETY. 

1838  *  *  U.  S.  In  the  army,  coffee  and 
sugar,  or  the  money  equivalent,  may  be 
d  rawn  by  each  soldier  instead  of  a  gill  of 
spirits. 

•  *  The  violence  of  fanatical  Mormons 
arrests  attention. 

1839  Jime  *  Fla.  The  governor  offers 
a  reward  of  $200  for  every  Indian  killed 
or  taken. 

July!.  Minn.  Sioux  Indians  m.issacre 
Chippewas  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  Abolitionists  organize  a 
political  party. 

A  number  of  abolitionists  meet  at 
Warsaw  and  organize  a  political  anti- 
slavery  party,  with  a  platform  consist- 
ing of  a  single  plank,  as  follows  : 

"  Resolved,  That  in  our  judgment 
every  consideration  of  duty  and  expedi- 
ency which  ought  to  control  the  action  of 
Christian  freemen  requires  of  the  abo- 
litionists of  the  United  States  to  orga- 
nize a  distinct  and  in<lepen(lent  political 
party,  embracing  all  the  necessarv  means 
lor  nominating  candidates  for  office  and 
sustaining  them  by  public  suffrage." 

•  •  Connecticut  leaves  the  license  of 
liquor  dealers  optional  with  the  towns. 

•  *  -39  •  *  The  Spanish  vessel  L'Ami- 
stad,  with  many  African  slaves  on 
board,  lands  them  on  the  American 
coast,  after  the  slaves  have  revolted  and 
killed  or  confined  the  Spaniards  to  ob- 
tain their  liberty. 

The  slaves  are  imprisoned  as  pirates 
and  the  case  is  taken  througli  the  State 
courts  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  ,  ,  -, 
United  States,  and  a  decision  given  jus-  Toyi  9"? 
tifying  the  uprising  and  discharging  the 
prisoners.  It  occasions  much  excite- 
ment. 

1840  Apr.  6.  Md.  The  'Washlng- 
tonian  movement  is  organized  as  a 
moral  suasion  movement. 

"  A  Baltimore  drinking-club  of  six  men 
—  W.  K.  Mitchell,  a  tailor,  J.  F.  Hoss,  a 
carpenter,  David  Anderson  and  George 
Steers,  bl.icksmiths.  James  McCurley,  a 
coachiitaker,  and  Archibald  Campbell, 


"Wm.   R.   King   of    Ala.   is  reelected 

President  pro  tempore. 
Mar.  3.     D.  C.     The   25th   Congress 

ends. 
Nov.  13.     Jf.  r.     A  convention  of  the 

Liberty  Party  is  held  at  Warsaw.    (See 

Society.) 
Dec.  2.     D.  C.     The    26th    Congress 

opens. 
Deo.  5.     D.  C.     Congress:    John   Q. 

Adams  restores  decorum  and  effects  an 

organization  of  the  House,  by  putting 

the  question  to  vote,  which  the  Speaker 

refuses  to  present. 
Dec.  6.     Pa.     The    'Whig    National 

Convention   (meeting  at    Harrisburg) 

nominates  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  of  O. 

for  President,  and  John  Tyler  of  Va. 

for   Vice-President.      Vote  :    Harrison, 

148;  Clay,  90;  Scott,  IG. 
Dec.  10.    D.  C.    Congress ;  House  :  R. 

M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.  is  elected  Speaker. 

*  *  111.    The  capital  is  changed  from  Van- 
dalia  to  Springfield. 

*  *  -41  *  *  New  York.      Ts.aac  L.   Varian 
is  elected  the  62d  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-41  •  *  Pla.  (Ter.).     Robert  R.  Reid. 
-43  *  *  6a.    Charles  J.  M'Donald. 
-40*  *  Ky.    Charles  A.  Wickliffe. 
-40  *  *  Me.    John  Fairfield. 
-42  •  *N.H.    John  Page. 

Pa.    David  R.  Porter. 
-43  *  *  R.  L    Samuel  W.  King. 
-41  *  *  Tenn.    James  K.  Polk. 

1840    Jan.  1.     U.  S.    National     debt 
$5,'250,S75. 

D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Independent  or  Sub- 
treasury  Bill,  requiring  the  National 
funds  to  be  kept  at  Washington,  and  in 
sub-treasuries  in  certain  cities,  where 
they  will  be  subject  to  the  order  of  the 
Treasurer,  instead  of  keeping  them  in 
banks.    Vote,  24-18. 

Apr.  1.    N.  r.    The  moderate  Abolition- 
ists found  the  Liberty  Party,  hold  a 


National  Convention  at  Albany,  and 
nominate  James  G.  Birney  of  N.  Y. 
for  President,  and  Thomas  Earle  of  Pa. 
for  Vice-President.  [It  is  the  first  na- 
tional anti-slavery  convention.  Birney 
declines  the  nomination.] 

May  5.  Md.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Baltimore 
and  unanimously  nominates  Martin 
Van  Buren  of  N.  Y.  for  President. 
The  Vice-President  is  left  for  the  States 
to  nominate. 

May  *  D.  C.  John  M.  Niles  of  Conn, 
succeeds  Amos  Kendall  of  Ky.  as  Post- 
master-General. 

June  30.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Sub-treasury  or  Inde- 
pendent Treasury  Bill.    Vote,  124-107. 

July  4.  D.C.  The  Independent  Treas- 
ury Bill,  having  passed  both  houses, 
becomes  a  law. 

UISCELLANEOUS. 

1839  Mar.  4.  U.S.  The  express  busi- 
ness is  first  organized  by  W.  F.  Ham- 
den  ;  he  makes  a  trip  from  Boston  to 
New  York  as  a  public  messenger. 

Apr.  11.  N.  Y.  Greenwood  Cemetery 
in  Brooklyn  is  incorporated  [lots  are  first 
sold  in  October]. 

May  31.  Neio  York.  Tlie  steamship 
Great  JVestem,  from  Bristol,  arrives  in 
13  days  and  8  hours,  the  quickest  voy- 
age ever  made. 

July  6.  Me.  A  large  portion  of  Eastport 
is  btmied. 

Sept.  6.  Neio  York.  A  great  fire  burns 
46  buildings  ;  loss,  $10,000,000. 

Sept.  0.  Ala.  Mobile  is  wasted  by  a  sec- 
ond great  fire. 

Oct.  1.  Mass.  The  Western  road  is 
opened  from  Worcester  to  Springfield. 

Oct.  10.    Pliila.     The   United    States 

Bank  fails,  after  speculating  in  cotton. 

[Many  banks,  chiefly  in  the  South  and 

^  est,  also  fail  ;  loss  of  the  Government 

on  deposits,  $2,000,000.] 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1839,  08,009. 

*  •  Md.  Green  Mount  Cemetery,  near 
Baltimore,  is  dedicated. 

*  •Mississippi  repudiates  $5,000,000 
of  its  State  bonds. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Syracuse  and  Utica, 
and  the  Sjrracuse  and  Auburn  roads 
are  opened. 

1840  Jan.  13.  The  steamboat  Lexing- 
ton is  burned  in  Long  Island  Sound  ; 
only  four  out  of  145  persons  escape. 

Feb.  12.  Conn.  The  Housatonic  road 
is  completed  from  Bridgeport  to  New 
Milford. 

*  •  Cat.  J.  A.  Sutter  starts  a  settle- 
ment (Sacramento). 

June  *  U.  S.  Sixth  Census  :  States,  26 ; 
whites,  14,195,805  ;  colored,  2,873,M8  (f ree 
colored  386,293,  slaves  2,487,366);  total 
population,  17,069,453.  Increase,  32.67 
per  cent.  Center  of  population,  16  miles 
south  of  Clarksburg,  W.  Va. ;  westward 
movement  in  10  years,  55  miles. 

July  1.  Mass.  The  New  Bedford  and 
Taunton  road  is  completed. 


152     1840,  Sept  17-1841,  Oct. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1840  Dec.  3-24.  Fla.  Gen.  W.  B. 
Armistead,  the  successor  of  Gen. 
Scott,  presses  the  war  with  the  Indiaus. 

Dec.  *  Fla.  Col.  Harney  penetrates  the 
Everglades  and  captures  40  Indians. 

1841  *  *  Maj.-Gen.  "Winfield  Scott  is 
appointed  (llth)  commander  of  the 
army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1840  July*  New  York.  John  Baldwin 
Buckstone  makes  his  first  appearance 
in  America,  at  the  Park  Theater. 

*  •  Jioston.  First  iron-front  building 
in  America  is  erected  on  Washington 
Street,  the  builder  guaranteeing  it. 

*  *  D,  C.  The  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Science  and  the  Useful  Arts  [National 
Society  of  Arts  and  Sciences]  is  estab- 
lished at  Washington. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Trinity  Church  is 
erected. 

A  movement  begins,  out  of  which 
develops  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

Gold  pens  are  first  manufactured  in 
this  country. 

John  William  Draper  at  the  New 
York  University  is  the  first  to  succeed 
in  making  daguerreotype  portraits  in 
America;  London  experts  ascribe  his 
success  to  brilliancy  of  the  climate. 

Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  obtains  his  first 
patent  on  the  telegraph. 

Fanny  Elssler,  the  dancer,  first  ajv 
pears  in  America,  at  the  Park  Theater  ; 
enthusiastic  reception. 

Daniel  Huntington  is  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 
*  *  Pkila.   "William  J.  Florence  (Ber- 
nard Conliu)  makes  his  first  appearance, 
at  the  National  Theater. 

*  *  The  statues  Jiuth,  Daniel,  and  others 
are  executed  by  Henry  K.  Brown. 

*  *  The  statue  Orpheus  is  executed  by 
Thomas  Crawford. 

1841  Jan.  25.  New  York.  A  slight 
earthquake  shock  is  felt. 

Mar.  *  The    grain  -  driU,    for    sowing 

grain,  is  patented. 
UTov.  *  A  meteoric  display  appears. 

*  *  Oil.  The  coast  is  explored  by  the 
United  States  expedition  under  Lieut. 
Charles  Wilkes. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1840*  • 

Abbott,  Jo.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  horn  in  Ala. 
Adair,  John,  gen.,  sen.  for  Kv.,  A83. 
Alexander,  Sydenham  li.,  M.  C.  for  N.  C, 

born  in  N.  C. 
Angus,  Samuel,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  dies. 
Bache,  Geo.  M.,  officer  IT.  S.  N.,  born. 
IJartlett,  W.  Francis,  brev.  maj.-geii.,  born 

In  ISIass. 
Bynum,  William  I).,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Ind. 
Chauncey,  Isaac,  coin.  U.  S.  N.,  A68. 
Colburn,  Zerah,  niatbematical  prodigy,  A  36. 
Cooper,  Ttiomas,  natural  philos.,  A81. 
Cope,  Edward  Drinker,  naturalist,  b.  Pa. 
Drayton,  Henry,  Journalist,  born. 
Finn,  Henry  J.,  comic  actor,  A55. 
Flint,  Timothy,  cl.,  novelist,  historian,  A60. 
FoUen,  Charles  Theodore  Christian,  Unit. 

cl.,  scholar,  A4d. 
Foote,  Joaiali  I.,  Pres.  cl.,  educator,  A44. 
Gillet,  Charles  W.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N. Y. 
Greene,  S.  Dana,  officer  U.  8.  N.,  b.  in  Md. 


Oifford,  Robert  Swain,  artist,  bom  in  Mass. 

(iray,  George,  sen.  for  Del.,  liorn  in  Del. 

Criffln,  Clkleroy  W.,  journaliat,  l)orn  in  Ky. 

Crifltli,  Walter  S.,  statesman,  born. 

Grundy,  Felix,  sen.  for  Tenn.,  atty.-gen., 
A63. 

Hague,  Arnold,  geologist,  born  in  Alass. 

Harter,  Michael  D.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  o. 

Heard,  John  T.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Mo. 

Henderson,  David  B.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  born  in 
Scot. 

Higgins,  .\nthony,  sen.  for  Del.,  b.  in  Del. 

Keene,  Thomas  W.,  actor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Kirkland,  John  Thornton,  Pres.  of  Harvard, 
A70. 

Maclure,  William,  Scottish  geol.  in  Am.,  A 77. 

Mahon,  Thaddeu8M.,M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Mellin,  Prentiss,  U.  S.  sen.,  A76. 

Morris,  (Jeorge  S.,  scholar,  philos.,  b.  In  Vt. 

Murray,  William  H.  H.,  Cong,  cl.,  b.  in  Conn. 

Nast,  TtaomEis,  artist,  born  in  Bavaria. 

O'Ferrall,  Charles T.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,b.  in  Va. 

Parrish,  Joseph,  phys.,  medical  writer,  A61. 

Perkins,  George  1>.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  K.Y. 

Raymond,  KossiterW.,  mining  engineer,  b.  (). 

Kedden,    Laura    C.     (Howard    Glyndon ), 
author,  horn. 

Ridpath,  Jolm  Clark,  historian,  b.  in  Ind. 

Roach,  William  N.,  sen.  born  in  D.  C. 

Ryan,  William,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  Ire. 

Sankey .  Ira  David,  evangelist  singer,  b.  Pa. 

Schuyler,  Kupene,  author,  born  in  N.Y. 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  S.,  geologist,  born  in  Ky. 

Stanley,  Henry  M.    (John   Rowlands),  ex- 
plorer of  Africa,  born  in  Wales. 

Thompson,  Alfred  Wordsworth, artist,  b.Mil. 

Vilas,  William  F.,  sen.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Vt. 

Wilson,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  O. 
1841*  * 

Aldrich,  Nelson  W.,sen.  for  R.  I.,b.  in  R.  I. 

Baker,  Henry  M.,  M.  C,  born  in  N.  H. 

Barbour,  Philip  P.,  lawyer,  judge,  A58. 

Barron,  Charles,  actor,  "born  in  Mass. 

Beltzhover,  Frank  K.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  Pa. 

Berry,  James  J.,  sen.  for  Ark.,  born  in  Ala. 

Bingham,  Henry  H.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Brawley,  WiUiam  H.,  M.  C.  forS.  C.,b.S.  C. 

Breckinridge,  John,  of  Ky,,  theologian,  A44. 

Brown,  Nicholas,  endowed  Brown  Univer- 
sity, AT3. 

Campbell,  Timothy  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  born 
in  Ire. 

Causey,  John  W.,  M.  C.  for  Del.,  b.  in  Del. 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord,  journalist,  A31. 

Coffeen,  Henry  A.,  M.  C.  for  Wyo.,  b.  in  O. 

Cookman,  (ieorge  G.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  A4I. 

Cummings,  Amos  J.,  II.  C  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

Kminons,  Samuel  F.,  geologist,  b.  in  Mass. 

KnnekinK,  John  J.,  artist,  born  in  O. 

Ewing,  Finis,  Cumber.  Cong,  cl.,  A68. 

Forsyth.  John,  sen.  for  Ga.,  sec.  of  state, 
A61. 

Feissenhainer,  Jacob  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J., 
born  in  N.  Y. 

Gresham,  Walter,  M.  0.  for  N.  Mex.,  b.  in  Va. 

Harris,  William  A.,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,  h.  in  Va. 

Harris,  Samuel  S.,  P.  K.  bp.of  Mich.,  b.  Ala. 

Harrison,  'William  H..  maj.-gen.  U.  8.  A., 
sen.  for  O.,  9th  Pres.  of  I'.  S.,  A68. 

Hayes,  Walter  I.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  Mich. 

HiUhonse,  James  A.,  poet,  AS2. 

Honeychurch,  Henry  CJ.,  U.  S.  N.,  b.  inW.  I. 

Hooper,  Lucy,  poet,  A25. 

Hull,  John  A.  T.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  born  in  O. 

Lacey,  John  F.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  b.  in  W.  Va. 

Ladd,  William,  peace  advocate,  A63. 

Leland,  John,  Bapt.  clergyman,  A87. 

Macomb,  Alexander,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A57. 

MaUory,  Stephen  A.,  M.  C.  for  Fla..  b.  S.  C. 

Marshall,  Humphrey,  historian,  dies. 

Mellen,  Grenville,  poet,  A43. 

Miller,  Joaquin,  poet,  born  in  O. 

ililner,  Thomas  A.,  founder  of  Yale  Med. 
Inst.,  A64. 

Moore,  Richard  Cham,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Va.,  A79. 

Mordaunt,  Frank,  actor,  born  in  Vt. 

Morse,  Elijah  J.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born  Ind. 

Outhwaite,  Joseph  H.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  <). 

Rauch,  Fred  A.,  theologian,  A3.^ 

Sargent,  Charles  S]>rague,  botanist,  b.  Mass. 

Savage,  Minot  Judson,  Cnit.  cl.,  born  in  Me. 

Sayers,  Joseph  I).,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  in  Miss. 

Stone,  William  J.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Waugh,  Daniel,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  born  in  Ind. 

Wood,  Horatio  C,  physi»Man,  author,  b.  Pa. 

Wright,  Ashley  B.,  M.  C.  lor  Mass.,  b.  Mass. 


CHURCH. 

1840  Sept.  17.  3/rf.  WiUiam  RoUingson 
Whlttingham  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  bishop. 

Oct.  *  Wis.  The  Congregational  Con- 
vention is  organized. 


IfoT.  6,  la.  The  General  Congregational 
Association  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Consolidated 
American  Baptist  Missionary  Con- 
vention is  formed. 

*  •  -44  *  *  Extensive  revivals  prevail. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  of  the 
Presbyterians  meets  ;  Wm,  M.  Englis  is 
moderator  of  the  Old  School  branch, 
and  Wm.  Wisner  of  the  New  School 
branch. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Texas  Union  Baptist  Asso- 
ciation is  formed. 

Kov.  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  of  the 
Reformed  Church  meets  at  Albany; 
James  Murphy,  president. 

*  *  The  Dominican  Missions  on  the  Pa- 
cific Coast  become  reduced  from  20,000 
to  G,000  Indians. 

1841  Feb.  28.  Ga.  Stephen  Elliot  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Georgia. 

May  13.  New  York.  The  American 
Bible  Society  celebrates  its  25th  anni- 
versary. 

June  2.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Jime  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  James 
Komeyn,  president.  [Meets  again  in 
New  York,  in  Sept.] 

LETTERS. 

1840  •  *  Boston.  The  I>ial  appears ; 
Kalph  Waldo  Emerson,  editor. 

*  *  New  York.    The  Arcturus  appears. 

*  *  New  York.  Hunt's  Merchants'  Mag<t- 
zine  appears. 

*  *  O.  St.  Xavier's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Va.  Richmond  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

The  (Protestant)    Methodist   Recorder 
is  first  issued. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Weekly  is  issued. 

*  *  Ttco  Years  Before  the  Mast,  by  Richard 
H.  Dana,  Jr.,  appears. 

*  *  Loiterings  of  Travel,  by  Willis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *A  Greek  Readier,  hyCorneUusC.Felton, 
appears. 

*  *  Greyslaer,  by  C.  F.  Hoffman,  appears. 

*  *  The  Pathfinder,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  The  poems  of  G.  P.  Morris  appear. 

*  ♦  Tales  of  the  Grotesque  and  Arabesque, 
by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

*  *  Audubon's  Birds  of  America  is  repro- 
duced in  seven  volumes  of  smaller  size 
than  the  original  work. 

*  *  History  of  Soutli  Carolina,  by  W.  G. 
Simms,  appears. 

*  *  Conn.  An  enlarged  edition  of  Web- 
ster's Dictionary  is  issued. 

1841  Mar.  2.  N.Y.  The  ^a^f/e,  the  first 
daily  paper  in  Brooklyn,  is  issued. 

Apr.  10.  New  York.  The  Tribune  is  Urst 
l)ubMshed,  Horace  Greeley,  editor.  [Sub- 
scribers, 600 ;  first  week  —  expenses, 
$525 ;  receipts.  $92.] 


UNITED    STATES.      1840,  Sept.  17-1841,  Oct. 


153 


SOCIETY. 

1840  *  *  President  Van  Buren  establishes 
the  ten-hour  system  at  the  United 
States  Navy  Yards. 

1841  July*  A',  r.  The  National 
Temperance  Convention  meets  at 
Saratoga. 

Sept.  4,  5.  O.  A  riot  against  abolition- 
ists and  negroes  occurs  at  Cincinnati. 

Bands  of  armed  men,  chiefly  Irishmen, 
patrol  the  streets  in  search  of  negroes  ; 
houses  and  churches  belonging  to  col- 
ored people  are  demolished. 

Oct.  *  Va.    Uprising  of  slaves. 

The  brig  Creole  sails  from  Richmond 
for  New  Orleans  with  195  slaves  on 
board ;  [near  the  Bahamas,  led  by  Madi- 
son Washington,  one  of  their  number, 
19  slaves  take  possession  of  the  ship ;  a 
slave-seller  is  killed,  and  the  captain, 
first  mate,  and  10  of  the  crew  wounded ; 
sailing  into  Nassau,  all  the  slaves  are 
free,  being  on  English  soil].   (See  State.) 

STATE. 

1840*  *  U.S.  Harrison's " Log-Cabin" 
and  *•  Hard-Cider  '*  campaign  begins. 

*  *  D.  C.  Van  Buren*s  Administration  is 
characterized  as  "successful  but  in- 
glorious." 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  ;  House  :  Another 
pro-slavery  "gag-law"  is  passed  as 
the  twenty-tirst  rule  of  the  House.  (See 
Dec.  11,  1838.) 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Whigs  are  greatly  in- 
censed at  the  nomination  of  the  aboli- 
tionist, Birney. 

July  20.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  R.  King  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

July  21.  D.  a  The  26th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

*  *  If.  S.  The  election  contest  is  noted 
for  its  intense  excitement  and  fierce 
controversies. 

Flour  is  advertised  at  $6  a  barrel  if 
Harrison  is  elected,  and  $3  if  Yan  Buren 
is  elected ;  the  whole  country  is  an 
arena  of  political  debate. 

Nov.  ? *  U.S.  Fourteenth  presiden- 
tial election:  a  political  revolution; 
the  Democratic  rule  of  40  years  is  broken 
by  the  election  of  Whigs. 

Popular  vote  :  William  Henry  Har- 
rison (Whig)  of  O.,  1,275,017 ;  Martin 
Van  Buren  (Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  1,128,702 ; 
James  G.  Bimey  (Liberty)  of  N.  Y., 
7,059. 

Dec. 7.  D.  a  The  26th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  D.  C.  Henry  D.  Gilpin  of  Pa.  suc- 
ceeds Felix  Grundy  as  Attorney-General. 

*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-44  »  *  Ark.    Archibald  Yell. 

-44  *  *  Del.    \Vm.  B.  Cooper. 
-43  *  *  I-nd.    Samuel  Bigger. 
-44  *  *  Ky.    Eobert  P.  Letcher. 
-41  *  *  Mass.    Marcus  Morton. 
-41  *  *  Me.    Edward  Kent. 
-41  *  •  Mich.    Wm.  Woodbridge. 
-44  *  *  Mo.    Tliomas  Eeynolds. 
-42  •  *  O.    Thomas  Corwin. 
^42  *  *  S.C.    John  P.  Eichardson. 

S.  C.    B.  K.  Hennegan. 
-41  *  *  Tex.    David  G.  Burnet  (Pres.). 
-41  *  »  Va.    Thomas  W.  Gilmer. 


1841  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
§13,594,480. 

Feb.  6.  N.  Y.  Indictment  of  Alexander 
McLeod  of  Canada,  charged  with 
murder  and  arson  in  the  destruction  of 
the  Carolina. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Harrison,  234 ; 
Van  Buren,  00.  Vote  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent :  John  Tyler  (Whig)  of  Va.,  234 ; 
R.M.Johnson  (Dem.)  of  Ky., 48;  L.  W. 
Tazewell  (Dem.)  of  Va.,  li  ;  James  K. 
Polk  (Dem.)  of  Tenu.,  1. 

Mar.  3.     D.  C.     Congress;   Senate: 
William  R.  King  ot  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  j9ro  tempore. 
The  26th  Congress  ends. 

Ninth  Administration ;  Whig. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  William  Henry  Har- 
rison of  O.  is  inaugurated  the  ninth 
President,  in  the  14th  term  of  the  presi- 
dency. John  Tyler  of  Va.  is  Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet:  Daniel  Webster  of  Mass. 
(State),  Thomas  Ewing  of  O.  (Treas.), 
John  Bell  of  Tenn.  (War),  George  E. 
Badger  of  N.  C.  (Navy),  Francis 
Granger  of  N.  Y.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  J.  J. 
Crittenden  of  Ky.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Apr.  4.  I).  C.  President  W.  H.  Har- 
rison dies,  after  being  in  office  one 
month. 

Tenth  Administration ;  Whig. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  The  Vice-Prdsident, 
John  Tyler,  becomes  the  tenth  Pres- 
ident by  the  decease  of  Mr.  Harrison. 

Apr.  6.  J).  C.  President  Tyler  takes 
the  oath  of  office. 

May  31.  D.  C.  The  27th  Congress 
assembles  in  special  session.  [The  .Sub- 
treasury  Bill  is  repealed,  and  the  general 
bankrupt  law  is  passed.] 

Congress;  Senate:  Samuel  li. 
Southard  of  N.  J.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Congress;  House:  John  White  of 
Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

June  *  D.  C.  President  Tyler  has  seri- 
ous disagreements  with  the  W^hig 
leaders,  both  in  his  Cabinet  and  in 
Congress,  respecting  the  establishment 
of  a  national  bank. 

July  27.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Fiscal  Bank  of  the  United  States. 

July  28.  n.  C.  Congress;  The  Banli 
BUI  passes  the  House.    Vote,  128-97. 

Aug.  16.  I).  C.  President  Tyler  vetoes 
the  Bank  BiU. 

President  Tyler  vetoes  the  Senate 
Bill  providing  for  the  establishment  of 
a  Fiscal  Bank,  distributed  over  the 
country  with  power  to  discount. 

Aug.  19.    Z).  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 
refuses  to  pass  the  Bank  Bill  over  the 
President's  veto.    Vote,  25-25. 
Congress  passes  a  Bankruptcy  Bill. 

Aug.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  A 
new  Fiscal  Bank  Bill  is  passed. 

Congress :  The  House  passes  another 
Bank  Bill.    Vote,  126-94. 


Sept.  3.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  second  Bank  Bill.  Vote, 
27-22. 

Sept.  6  ±.  Congress;  Senate  :  The  House 
Bill  for  a  Fiscal  Bank  is  passed. 

Sept.  9.  D.  C.  President  Tyler  vetoes 
the  bill  for  a  Fiscal  Corporation ;  the 
Whigs  are  indignant  [and  repudiate  the 
President  in  a  manifesto]. 

Sept.  11.  All  of  the  Cabinet  resign  ex- 
cept Daniel  Webster  (who  remains  for 
special  reasons),  because  of  President 
Tyler's  Democratic  policy  respecting  a 
national  bank ;  he  is  charged  with  be- 
traying the  trust  of  his  supporters  at  the 
polls. 

A  new  Cabinet  is  appointed  :  W"alter 
Forward  of  Pa.  (Treas.),  John  C. 
Spencer  of  N.  Y.  (War),  Abel  P.  Up- 
shur of  Va.  (Navy),  Charles  A.  W^iok- 
Uffe  of  Ky.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and  Hugh  S. 
liCgarS  of  S.  C.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Sept.  13.  S.  C.  The  27th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1840  Oct.  12.  JV.  r.  The  Acadia  ar- 
rives from  Liverpool,  making  the  pas- 
sage in  12  days  and  12  hours. 

*  *  Chicago  is  supplied  with  water 
by  a  private  corporation,  through  pipes 
made  of  logs. 

*  *  D.  C.-Pa.  The  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  is  completed  from  George- 
tovra,  D.  C,  to  Cumberland,  Pa.,  191 
miles,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000,000. 

*  *  -41  *  *  //;.  The  Mormons  lay  out  the 
city  of  Nauvoo  on  the  Mississippi,  and 
build  a  temple. 

*  *  jiV.  C.  Completion  of  the  Raleigh 
and  Gaston,  the  Wilmington  and  the 
Roanoke  roads. 

The  Cunard  line  of  steamers  is  es- 
tablished between  New  York  and  Liv- 
erpool. 

*  *  J'a.    Scranton  is  founded. 

*  *  The  National  revenue  is  nearly 
$20,(X)0,000 ;  population,  17,000,000; 
eleven-twelfths  of  the  people  live 
outside  of  the  larger  cities  and 
towns ;  2,818  miles  of  railway  have  pen- 
etrated the  country. 

*  *  Adams  Express  Company,  operat- 
ing between  Boston  and  New  York,  via 
Springfield,  is  founded. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1840,  84,006. 

1841  Mar.  11.  The  steamer  President, 
running  between  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool, sails  with  many  passengers  on 
hoard  [two  days  later  she  encountered 
a  terrific  storm,  and  her  fate  is  un- 
known]. 

Jxjlj  18.  Ore.  The  Peacock,  a  vessel  of 
the  ITnited  .States  exi)loring  expedition, 
is  wrecked  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia 
River. 

Aug.  9.  The  steamboat  Erie,  bound 
from  Buffalo  to  Chicago,  takes  fire, 
and  only  28  out  of  200  persons  are  saved. 

Aug.  20.  N.  Y.  A  destructive  explo- 
sion occurs  at  Syracuse,  and  26  lives  are 
lost. 


154     1841,  Oct.  11-1843,  June  30.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1843  June  30.  UlysseB  S.  Grant 
graduates  at  West  Point;  he  ranks 
number  21  in  a  class  of  39. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1841  *  *  Mass.  Slias  Howe,  a  mechanic 
of  Cambridge,  invents  the  first  practical 
se  wing-machine . 

•  *  The  Voyage,  of  Life  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Cole. 

*  *  Columbus  before  the  Council  of  Salcu- 
manca  is  painted  by  Smanuel  Xjeutze. 

1842  Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  appro- 
priates §30,000  to  aid  Prof.  Morse  in  es- 
tablishing the  first  telegraph  line  — 
between  Washington  and  Baltimore. 

July  14.  Wyo.  John  Charles  Fre- 
mont, with  Kit  Carson  and  28  Cana- 
dians and  Creoles  accustomed  to  prairie 
life,  arrives  at  Fort  Laramie,  on  an  ex- 
pedition to  explore  the  country  between 
Missouri  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

July  23.  Mass,  The  Bunker  Hill 
Monument  is  entirely  completed  (221 
feet  high). 

Aug.*  IVyo.  Fremont's  expedition  lo- 
cates the  South  Pass  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains [and  returns]. 

Sept.  21.  New  York.  George  Vander- 
hoff,  dramatic  reader,  makes  his  first 
appearance. 

Oct.  18.  New  York:  A  submarine  tele- 
graph  is  laid  between  Governor's  Island 
and  New  York  City — the  first  in  America. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  United  States  Naval  Ob- 
servatory is  founded  at  Washington,  by 
an  Act  of  Congress,  as  a  depot  for  charts 
and  instruments  for  the  Navy. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Philharmonic  Soci- 
ety gives  its  first  concert. 

*  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  Observatory  is 
erected. 

*  *  Pa.  John  A.  Roebling  manufactures 
wire  ropes  for  the  Allegheny  Portage 
Railroad. 

*  ♦  Sir  Walter  lialeigh's  Fareirell  to  His 
Wife  is  painted  by  Smanuel  Leutze. 

1843  Feb.  16.  JV.  r.  A  great  landslide 
occurs  at  Troy,  by  which  18  persons  are 
killed. 

May  25.  The  100th  anniversary  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
founded  by  Franklin,  is  observed. 

May  29.  Mo.  John  C.  Fremont  starts 
for  Oregon  and  California  on  his  second 
exploring  expedition. 

June  17.  Mass.  Bunker  TTill  Monu- 
ment is  dedicated ;  Daniel  Webster, 
surrounded  by  veterans  of  the  War  of 
the  Revolution  and  an  immense  multi- 
tude, delivers  the  oration. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1842*  * 
Bankhead,  John  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  Ala. 
Barbour,  Jamea,  sec.  of  war,  sen.  for  Va., 

A67. 
Black,  James  C.  C,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  born  in  Ky. 
Bussey,  Benjamin,  merchant,  philanthropist, 

dies. 
Channins.  ■WilUam  EUery,  Unit,  cl.,  A62. 
Coues,  Elliot,  naturalist,  born. 
Covert,  James  W.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 
Daniel,  John  W.,  sen.  for  Va.,  born  In  Va. 


Dickinson,    Anna    Elizabeth,    lecturer,    * 

born  in  Pa. 
Donne,  Maria  Dalle,  physician,  A66. 
Draper,  William  F.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  born 

in  Mass. 
Eaton,  Amos,  naturalist,  A66. 
England,  John,  K.  C.  bp.  of  S.  C,  A56. 
Epes,  James  P.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  born  in  Va. 
Ernst,  (Jswaki  H..  military  engineer,  b.  in  O. 
Fielder,  (.eorge  B.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  >'.  J. 
Flske,  John,  phil.,  historian,  born  m  Conn. 
Foord,  John,  editor,  born  m  Scot. 
Gibson,  Charles  H.,  sen.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Mil. 
Harris,  Thaddeus  Mason,  Cone.  cl.  of  Mass., 

A  74. 
Hammond,  Samuel,  statesman  of  S.  C,  A  85. 
Hopkinson,  Joseph,  jurist  [Jiaii  Columbia). 

A  72. 
Hutcbeson,  Jos.  C,  M.C.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Va. 
James.  Loins,  actor,  born  in  111. 
Kelloffs.  Clara  Louise,  singer,  b.  in  S.  C. 
Lanier,  Sidney,  poet,  born  in  Ua. 
Lincoln,  Robert  T.,  minister  to  Eng.,  b.  in  111. 
Kane,  Edward,  M.  C  for  O.,  born  m  O. 
Marsh,  James,  theologian,  scholar,  A48. 
McKeighan,   WiUiara  A.,   M.   C.  for  Neb., 

born  in  N.  J. 
Meyer,  Adolph,  M.  C.  for  Ia.,  born  in  Miss. 
Mitchell,  John  L.,  sen.  for  Wis.,  born  in  Wis. 
Miller,  rharles  Henry,  artist,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Paine,  Elijah,  sen.  for  Vt.,  scientist,  AM. 
Kartnesqiie,  Constantine  S.,  botanist,  A58. 
Raguet,  Conily,  political  economist,  A85. 
Simpson.  Jeremiah,  M.  C.  for  Kan.,b.  in  Ta. 
Southard,  Samuel  L.,  sec.  navy,  A56. 
Woodworth,  Samuel,  poet  (Oa&en  Bucket). 
A. 17. 


CHURCH. 

1841  Oct.  12.  Del.  Alfred  Lee  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Delaware. 

Oct.  16.  La.  Leonidas  Polk,  Protestant 
Episcopal  missionary  bishop,  is  trans- 
lated to  Louisiana. 

Oct.  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets ;  James  Romeyn, 
president. 

Nov.  30.  [Archbishop]  Peter  R.  Ken- 
rick  is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic) 
bishop  of  Brasa. 

*  *  Ark,  Presbyterians  send  a  missionary 
to  the  Creeks  of  Arkansas. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Society  for  the 
Moral  and  Religious  Instruction  of  the 
Poor  changes  its  name  to  the  City  Mis- 
sion Society, 

*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Sunday-School 
Union  is  dissolved,  and  its  work  trans- 
ferred to  the  City  Mission  Society. 

*  *  Ind.  The  (O.S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Northern  Indiana  is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  Baptist  Triennial  Meet- 
ing is  held  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  New  York  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Bible  and  Common 
Prayer  Book  (Protestant  Episcopal)  So- 
ciety is  incorporated. 

►  *  New  York.    The  Baptist  Tract  and 

Book  Society  is  organized. 
^  *  N.  Y.    The  American  Tract   Society 

introduces  the  system  of  colportage. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Itobt.  J.  Breck- 
inridge is  moderator  of  the  Old  School 
branch,  and  Ansel  Doan  Eddy  of  the 
New  School  branch. 

'  *  W.  Va.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Wheeling  is  organized. 

'  *  Six  hundred  Baptist  churches  are 
reported  among  the  Indians. 


*  The  Free-Communion  Baptist 
churches  unite  with  the  Freewill 
Baptists. 

*  *  Two  thousand  Nez  Perc6  Indians  have 
professed  conversion. 

1842  June  8.  Boston.  Meeting  of  the 
General  Convention  of  the  New  Jeru- 
salem. 

June  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed  Church)  meets;  James  B. 
Hardenburg,  president. 

Oct.  11.  Mich.  The  General  Congrega^ 
tional  Association  is  organized. 

Oct.  13.  Va.  John  Johns  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Virginia. 

Dec.  29,  Mass.  Manton  Eastburn  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

*  *  New  York.  The  First  German  Meth- 
odist Church  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (O. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  John  Todd 
Edgar,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Allegheny  and 
East  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  li  I.  The  Seventh  -  day  Baptist 
Missionary  Society  is  founded. 

*  *  The  United  Synod,  South  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran),  of  Southwest  Virgin- 
ia, is  organized. 

1843  Mar.  *  Dr.  'William  Patton  writes 
an  important  letter  advocating  a  closer 
union  of  the  denominations  of  Chris- 
tendom, and  outlining  an  organization. 

May  *  ir.  s.  "Wesleyan  Methodist 
Convention  secedes  from  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church. 

June  14.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1841  *  *  Ala.  Howard  College  (Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Marion  (Birmingham). 

*  *  Mich.  The  University  of  Michigan 
Library  is  foimded  at  Ann  Arbor. 
[78,000  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  University  of  Missouri  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Columbia. 

*  *  N.  Y.  St.  John's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  Fordham. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Northern  Christian  Advo- 
cate (Meth.  Epis.)  is  issued  at  Syracuse. 

*  *  W.Va.  Bethany  College  (Christian) 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  Lowell  Offering  appears. 

*  *  Graham's  Magazine  replaces  Atkin- 
so7i's  Casket,  and  is  the  foremost  Ameri- 
can magazine. 

*  *  Ballads  and  Other  Poems,  by  Ijong- 
fellow,  appears. 

*  *  The  Deerslayer,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Essays,  by  flmerson,  appears. 

*  *  Pocahontas,  by  Mrs.  Sigourney,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  Classical  Dictionary,  by  Charles 
Anthon,  appears. 

*  *  Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine,  Mount 
Sinai,  and  Arabia  Petrasa,  by  Edward 
Robinson,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1841,  Oct.  11-1843,  June  30.  155 


1842  Sept.*  O.  Cincinnati 'Wes- 
leyan  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded 
in  Cincinnati. 

*  »  Ind.  University  of  Notre  Dame 
(liom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 

*  *  La.  College  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized 
at  New  Orlean.s. 

*  *  Mich.  Baptists  start  The  Michigan 
Christian  Herald. 

*  *  O.  Itutherford  B.  Hayes  graduates  at 
Kenyon  College. 

*  *  O.  AWesleyan  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Delaware. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Southern  Quarterly  Review 
appears  at  Charleston. 

*  *  Tenn.  Cumberland  University 
(Cumberland  Pres.)  is  organized  at  Leb- 
anon. 

*  •  The  Masque  of  the  Gods,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Pleasant  Memories  of  Pleasant  Lands, 
by  Mrs.  Sigourney,  appears. 

*  *  yVing  ami  Wing,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  The  Oorgias  of  Plato,  by 
Theodore  D.  Woolsey,  appears. 

*  *  Conjectures  and  Researches  concern- 
ing the  Love,  Madness,  and  Imprisonment 
of  Torquato  Tasso,  by  Richard  Henry 
Wilde,  appears. 

*  *  Hints  on  the  Prophecies,  by  Moses 
Stuart,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1841*  »  D.  C.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
renders  a  decision  in  the  Prigg  case,  re- 
lating to  kidnaping  negroes  in  free 
States,  declaring  that  the  law  of  sla- 
very is  supreme  in  the  free  as  well  as 
in  the  slave  States. 

*  *  U.  S.  John  H.  W.  Hawkins  (Wash- 
ingtoniau)  reports  100,000  signers  of 
the  temperance  pledge. 

1842  Feb.  22.  III.  Abraham  Lincoln 
addresses  the  Washingtonian  Temper- 
ance Society  at  Springfield,  favoring 
total  abstinence  and  a  temperance  rev- 
olution. 

Aug.  1.  I'hila.  Colored  people  are 
aasaulted  by  a  proslavery  mob. 

While  celebrating  the  emancipation  of 
slaves  in  the  West  Indies,  the  colored 
people  are  attacked  by  a  mob ;  a  church 
is  burned,  houses  demolished,  and  blood 
shed. 

Aug.  2.  The  "Independent  Order  of 
Rechabites  '*  organize  for  the  promo- 
tion of  temperance. 

Sept.  29.  A',  v.  The  Sons  of  Temper- 
ance organize. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  John  B.  Gough,  25  years 
of  age,  signs  the  pledge  and  reforms  his 
habits. 

Uav,  *  111.  Abraham  Iiincoln  marries 
Mary  Todd  of  Lexington,  Ky. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Congressional  Temper- 
ance Society  is  reorganized  on  the 
basis  of  abstinence  from  all  intoxicat- 
ing drinks. 

*  *  U.  S.  By  treaty  with  Great  Britain 
the  United  States  agrees  to  assist  in  Bup- 
preasing  the  African  slave-trade,  by 


keeping  a  force  of  1 ,080  guns  patrolling 
the  coast. 

*  *  V.  S.  Charles  Dickens  makes  his 
first  visit. 

*  ♦  The  navy  ration  is  a  gill  of  spirits,  but 
persons  under  21  are  not  permitted  to 
draw  it ;  half  a  pint  of  wine  may  be 
given  instead.  Butter,  cheese,  raisins, 
dried  fruit,  pickles,  or  molasses  may  be 
substituted  ;  sailors  may  take  the  value 
of  the  ration  in  money. 

*  *  In  many  States  antislavery  meet- 
ings are  broken  up,  buildings  dam- 
aged, and  its  advocates  assaulted. 

1843  Mar.  20.  New  York.  Charles  G. 
Corliss  is  shot  dead  on  the  street  by  a 
woman,  who  escapes. 

STATE. 

1841  Dec. 6.  D.C.  The 27th  Congress : 

the  second  session  opens. 
Deo.  *  Dispute  with  England  respecting 
the  slaver  Creole. 

[The  American  vessel  Creole  was  con- 
veying a  cargo  of  slaves  to  New  Orleans. 
Tlie  slaves  killed  the  owner,  and  com- 
pelled the  seamen  to  sail  to  Nassau. 
where  the  governor  recognized  their 
freedom  against  the  protests  of  the 
American  consul.] 

*  *  -44  *  *  New  York.  Eobert  H.  Morris 
is  elected  the  63d  mayor. 

*  *  D.C.  Peter  V.  Daniel  of  Va.  is  ap- 
pointed a  Justice  of  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugiu-ated : 
-45  *  *  Ala.    Benj.  Fitzpatrick. 
-44*  *Fla.(Ter.).    Richard  K.  Call. 
-46  *  *  la.  { Ter.).    John  Chambers. 
-45  *  *  La.    Alex.  Mouton. 

-43  *  *  Mass.    John  Davis. 
-43  *  •  Me.    John  Fairfield. 
-42*  *  Mich.    J.  Wright  Gordon. 
-43  *  *  Miss.    Tilghnian  .M.  Tucker. 
-45  *  *  A'.  C.    John  M.  Morehead. 
-44  *  *  Tex.    Sam  Houston  (Pres.). 
-45  *  *  Tenn.    James  C.  Jones. 
-42  *  *  ya.    John  Rutherford. 
-43  •  •  Vt.    Charles  Paine. 
-44  »  •  fVis.  (Ter.).    James  D.  Doty. 

1842  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
.t2C,C01,2-26. 

Mar.  21.  I).  C.  Congress;  House: 
Joshua  R.  Giddings  of  O.  presents  reso- 
lutions adverse  to  slavery.  [He  is  cen- 
sured.   Vote,  125-60.] 

Mar.  31.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  resigns. 

May  3,4.  H.  I.  Two  rival  govern- 
ments are  organized:  The  Suffrage 
party,  led  by  Thomas  W.  Dorr,  and  the 
Jjaw  and  Order  party,  led  by  Samuel 
W.  King. 

May31.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
■W.  P.  Mang\un  of  N.  C.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

June  25.  II.  I.  Dorr's  Rebellion: 
Dorr  joins  others  of  his  party  under 
arms,  but  they  disperse  without  resist- 
ance when  troops  are  sent  against  them. 

July  16.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  restoring  a  modified  pro- 
tective tariff  to  increase  the  revenue  ; 
duties  average  33  per  cent. 

Aug.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
passes  the  Tariff  Bill. 


Aug.  9.  D.  C.  Lord  Ashburton  and 
Daniel  Webster  sign  the  'Washington 
Treaty. 

It  establishes  the  northeastern  boun- 
daries, and  those  extending  westward 
beyond  the  great  lakes;  i)rovide8  for  the 
suppression  of  the  African  slave-trade, 
and  makes  provision  for  the  extradition 
of  criminals. 
The  President  vetoes  the  Tariff  BUI. 

Aug.  18.  /).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  Tariff  BiU  which  omits  the 
offending  distribution  clause. 

Aug.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  Webster-Ashburton  Treaty. 
Vote,  39  to  9. 

Aug.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  changes  the 
beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  from  Jan. 
1  to  July  1,  to  take  effect  in  1843. 

Aug.  30.    D.  C.    Congress :    The  Senate 
adopts  the  Tariff  Bill. 
The  President  signs  the  Tariff  Bill. 

Aug.  31.  D.C.  The  27th  Congress: 
the  second  session  closes. 

Deo.  5.  D.  C.  The  27th  Congress :  the 
third  session  opens. 

*  *  U.  S.  Congress  passes  the  Copy- 
right BiU. 

*  *  (/.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-45  *  *  Cal.    Manual  Micliellorena. 
-44  *  *  Conn.    C.  F.  Cleveland. 
-46  *  *  III.    Thomas  Ford. 

-44  *  *  N.  H.    Henry  Hubbard. 

-44  •  *  A'.  Y.    Wni.  C.  Bouck. 

-44*  *  O.     Wilson  Shannon. 

-44  •  *  S.  C.    James  H.  Hammond. 

-43  *  •  Va.    John  M.  Gregory. 
1843    Jan.  1.     U.  S.     National  debt 

$20,001,226. 
Mar.  3.     D.  C.     Congress  repeals  the 

Bankruptcy  Act  of  1841. 
The  27th  Congress  ends. 
May  *  D.  C.    Daniel  Webster  resigns, 

and  Hugh  S.  LiegarS  of  S.  C.  succeeds 

him  as  (acting)  Secretary  of  State. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1841  Oct.  11.  Phila.  The  United 
States  Bank  fails. 

Deo.  31.     U.  S.     Immigrants  and  other 

aliens  in  1841,  80,289. 
»  *A^.  Y.     The  W^estem  Railroad  is 

completed  to  Greenbush. 

1842  Apr.  15.  Md.  The  steamer  Me- 
dora  explodes  her  boiler  at  Baltimore, 
killing  27  persons  and  injuring  40  others. 

Sept.  1.  N.  H.  The  Concord  and 
Nashua  road  is  opened. 

Oct.  14.  New  York.  The  Croton  ague- 
duct  (40  miles  long),  supplying  this  city 
with  water,  being  completed,  the  event 
is  celebrated.    (Cost  about  .?12,600,000.) 

*  *A^  Y.  The  railroad  from  Rochester 
to  Buffalo  is  opened,  thus  completing  a 
line  from  Boston  to  Lake  Erie. 

**  New  York.  The  Gulon  line  of  steam- 
ers is  established  between  New  York  and 
Liverpool. 

*  •  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  de- 
fault in  the  payment  of  interest  due  on 
their  State  debts. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1842, 104,665. 


156     1843,  June  *-1844,  Dec.  2. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1844  Feb.  28.  The  great  gun 
**  Peacemaker  "  explodes  ou  board 
the  war-steamer  Princeton.  Abel  P. 
Upshur,  Secretary  of  State,  and  Thomas 
W,  Gilmer,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  are 
both  among  the  killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE 

1843  July  11.  Frfimont's  exjwdition 
sights  Pike's  Peak. 

Aug.  13.  Fremont's  expedition  cross- 
es the  Rockies  at  South  Pass. 

Sept.*  l/tah.  Fr6niont*a  expedition 
visits  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Oct.  25.  Ore.  Fremont's  expedition 
reaches  the  Columbia  River. 

Nov.  25.  New  York.  Ole  Bull  makes 
his  first  appearance  in  America. 

*  *  Albert  Gallatin  is  painted  by  W.  H. 
Powell. 

*  *  The  Boy  Stealing  Milk  is  painted  by 
F.  W.  Edmonds. 

*  *  The  colossal  statue  of  Washington^ 
executed  by  Horatio  Greenough,  is  com- 
pleted. 

1844  Feb.  3.+  Continued  cold  weather. 

Long  Island  Sound  is  frozen  over  a  few 
miles  from  New  York,  and  a  canal  is  cut 
through  the  ice  iu  Boston  harbor  for  a 
British  steamer  to  reach  the  sea. 

May  27.  Morse's  telegraph  line  between 
Baltimore  and  Washington  is  brought 
into  practical  use. 

May  29.  Md.  Morse  telegraphs  the 
Democratic  nomination  from  Baltimore 
to  Washington. 

June  *  A  surpassing  rise  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  causes  an  immense  loss  of 
property. 

July  31.  Kan.  The  Fremont  expedi- 
tion returns  by  a  southerly  route. 

Oct.  18.  ^V.  Y.  Destructive  gale  at  Buf- 
falo ;  shipping  suffers,  and  more  than  50 
lives  are  lost. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1843*  * 

AMrich,  Lotiis,  actor,  born  in  mid-ocean. 

Allston.  Waehlnerton,  painter,  poet,  A64. 

Armstrone,  John.  sec.  of  war  ;  gen.,  A85. 

lirosius,  Marrjot,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  l>orn  m  Pa. 

Campbell,  Hartley,  dramatist,  born  In  Pa. 

Chainpney,  James  Wells,  genre  painter,  born 
in  Mass. 

Chickering,  Charles  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b. 
In  N.  Y. 

Chipman,  Nathaniel,  sen.  for  Vt.,  A91. 

Church,  Jolin  Adams,  mining  engineer,  born 
in  N.Y. 

Clarke,  Richard  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  in  Ala. 

CrowninshieUl,  com.  r.  S.  N.,  born  in  K.Y. 

('rowder,  Thomas,  geologist,  born. 

Farrer,  Henry,  jiainter,  born  in  Eng. 

(iriffis,  William  Elliot,  Kef.  cl.,  born  In  Pa. 

4Jri8\vold,  Alex.  V.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.  E.,  A77. 

(Juess,  (ieorge,  inventor  of  Cherokee  alpha- 
bet, A73. 

Hall,  Frederick,  prof,  of  chemistry,  A63. 

Hammond,  Thomas,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  born  in 
Mass. 

Hare,  Darhis  D.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Harlan,  Kichard,  naturalist,  autlior,  A47. 

Hermann,  Binger,  M.  C.  for  Ore.,  b.  In  Md. 

HiU.  David  B..  sen.  for  K.Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 

James,  Henry,  Jr.,  novelist,  t>orn  in  N.Y. 

Key,  Francis  Scott,  poet  {Star  Spangled 
Banner)^  A63. 

Leigh,  lienjamin,  sen.  for  Va.,  A62. 

Mackaye,  Steele,  artor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Morgan,  Charles  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  h.  in  N.Y. 

Page,  Charles  H.,  M.  C.  for  R.  I.,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Payne,  Sereno  E.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  In  N.Y. 

Porter^  David,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  of  Mass.,  A63. 

Preston,  James  P.,  statesman,  A^'a. 


Richardson,  James  D.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  bom 

in  Tenn. 
Riley,  Charles  V.,  entomologist,  b.  in  Eng, 
Roberts,   Robert  R.,  M.   E.  bp.  for  Liberia, 

A67. 
Stone,  Charles  W.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born   in 

Mass. 
Talbott,  J.  F.  C,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 
Thomas,  Henry  F.,  M.  C.  for  Mich,,  born  in 

Mich. 
Trowbridge,    John,   physicist  at    Harvard, 

born  in  Mass. 
Trumbull.  John,  painter,  of  Conn.,  A87. 
Ware,  Henry,  Jr.,  Unit,  theologian,  author, 

A  49. 
■Webster.  Noah,  author,  lexicographer,  of 

Conn.,  A85. 
"Wilson.   WilUam   L..  M.  C.   for  W.  Va., 

born  in  Va. 
1844  •   * 
Itiddle,  Nicholas,  financier,  pres.  U.  .S.  Bank, 

A5S. 
Biglow,  William,  teacher,  poet,  A71. 
lluiin,   lienjamin  H.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  born 

in  S.  C. 
Holies,  Lucius,  Bapt.  clergyman,  A65. 
Burdett,    Kobert   Jones,    humorist,  born 

in  Pa. 
Burgess,  John  W.,  Prof.  Col.  coll.,  b.  in  Tenn. 
Cable,  Oeoree  "W..  novelist,  born  in  La. 
Cadmus,  (.'ornelius  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  in 

N.J. 
Caruth,  Asher  G.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 
Comatock,  Anthony,  reformer,  born. 
Conn,  Charles  (:.,M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
l)e  .Vrmon<i,  David  A.,  M.C  for  Mo.,  born 

in  Pa. 
De  Long,  CJeorge  Wash.,  explorer,  horn  in 

N.Y. 
I)ui»onceau,  Peter  S.,  lawyer,  A84. 
Ezekiel,  Moses  Jacob,  sculptor,  b.  in  Va. 
Farlow,  WQliam  d.,  botanist,  born  in  Mass. 
Fulton,  Wm.  S.,  sen.  for  Ark.,  A49. 
Oaston,  William,  M.  C.  for  N.  C,  jurist,  A66. 
Gilder,    Richard    Watson,   ed.    of  Century^ 

born  in  N.  J. 
Greely,    Adolpiiug   Wash.,   Lieut.  U.  S.  N., 

explorer,  born  in  Mass. 
Hicks,  Josiah  D.,  y\.  ('.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Hudson,  Thomas  J.,  M.  C.  for  Kau.,  born  in 

Ind. 
Kerr,  John  L.,  senator,  A64. 
Lookwood,  Daniel  N.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  born 

in  N.  C. 
Lynch,  Tliomas,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Wis. 
Marsliall,  James   W.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  born 

in  Va. 
McDearmon,  James   C,  M,  C.   for  Tenn., 

born  in  Va. 
Moore,  (iabriel.  Gov.  of  Ala.,  dies. 
Morris,  Thos.,  sen.  for  Va.,  A6S. 
Parker,  Arthur  A.,  statesman,  A54. 
Pickler,  John  A.,  M.  C.  for  S.  1).,  b.  in  Ind. 
Pintard,  Jolm,  journalist,  AK.^. 
Porter,  .Mexander,  sen.  for  La.,  A58. 
Porter,  Peter  Buel,  gen.,  sec.  of  war,  A7I. 
Poulson,  Zacliariah,  editor,  A83. 
Ray,  George  \V.,  M.  C.  for  N.C.,  b.  in  N.C. 
Sanderson,  John,  litterateur,  A69. 
Sipe,  Wdliam  A.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born  in  Pa. 
Smith,  Joseph,  founder  of  Mormon  ism,  A  39. 
Stone,  William  L.,  liistorian,  A.'j2. 
Thaclier,  James,  physician,  author,  A90. 
Thompson,  Maurice,  poet,  born  in  Ind. 
Wadsworth,  James,  phdantliropist,  A76. 
Warren,  Francis  E.,  sen.  for  Wyo.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Wells,  Owen  A.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  N.C. 
Woomer,  Ephraim,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 


CHURCH. 

1843  June*  N.Y.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed  Church)  meets  at  Albany  ; 
Wm.  C.  Brownlee,  president. 

Aug.  11.  U.  1.  John  Prentiss  K.  Hen- 
shaw  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Rhode  Island. 

Oct.  *  The  second  coming  of  Christ, 
and  the  end  of  the  world,  are  pre- 
dicted by  the  ^Slillerites  for  this  date. 

*  *  Ark.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Little  Rock  is  established. 

*  •  Ind.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Northern  India  la  organized. 

*  *  III.  The(N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod  of 
Peoria  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  The  Congregational  Conference 
of  Illinois  is  organized. 


*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

*  *  Mo.  Peter  R.  Kenrick  is  appointed 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Pittsburg  is  established. 

*  *  Pa.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Western  Pennsylvania  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  A.«sembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Gardiner  Spring, 
moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (N.  S.  Presby- 
terian) meets ;  Ansel  Doan  Eddy,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Buffalo  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Seventh-day  Baptist  Tract  Soci- 
ety is  formed. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Mission  Committee  of 
the  Reformed  Presbyterian  (Cove- 
nanter) Church  is  organized. 

1844  May  1-June  10.  New  York.  The 
14th  General  Conference  (Methodist 
Episcopal)  is  held.  The  slavery  discus- 
sion is  prolonged,  and  intense  feeling 
prevails. 

The  Florida,  Iowa,  North  Indiana,  and 
Vermont  Conferences  are  formed. 

A  declaration  is  passed  favoring  the 
suspension  of  Bishop  J.  O.  Andrew, 
until  he  shall  manumit  the  slaves  that 
he  received  by  nmrriage.    Vote,  110-68. 

June*  TheMethodistEpiscopal Church 
is  divided  on  the  slavery  question,  and 
the  Southern  Methodists  secede.  [They 
organize  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South.]  (See  Church,  1845, 
May  1.) 

June  7.  New  York.  Leonldas  L.  Ham- 
line  and  Edmond  S.  Janes  are  ordained 
bishops  (Methodist  Episcopal). 

June  12.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  21.  III.  The  General  Congrega^ 
tional  Association  of  Illinois  is  orga- 
nized. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Poughkeepsie ;  Jacob 
Van  Vechten,  president. 

June  *  ///.  Joseph  Smith,  the  heiid  of 
the  Mormon  Church,  and  llyrum.  Lis 
brother,  when  in  prison,  charged  with 
treason,  are  shot  by  an  anti-Mormon 
mob. 

Oct.  20.  Carleton  Chase  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  N.  H.; 
Nicholas  H,  Cobbs,  of  Ala.;  Cicero  S. 
Hawkes,  of  Mo. 

Oct.  21.  Pa.  H.  U.  Onderdonk,  Bishop 
of  the  Diocese  of  Pennsylvania,  is  SUB- 
pended  from  the  ministry  for  intem- 
perance. 

Oct.  26.  William  Jones  Boone  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary 
bishop  for  China ;  Geo.  Washington 
Freeman,  for  Arkansas;  Horatio  South- 
gate,  for  Turkey. 

LETTERS. 

1843  *  *  Conn,  The  New  EiKjhmder,  a 
quarterly,  appears  at  New  Haveu. 


UNITED   STATES.     1843,  June  »-1844,  Dec.  2.  157 


*  •  C,a.    Southern  (Female)  College  is 

founded  at  La  Grange. 
>  ♦  Iowa  AVesleyan  University  (Jleth. 

Epis.)  is  organized  at  Mount  Pleasant. 
«  *  Mass.    College  of  the  Holy  Cross 

(Rom.  Oath.),  at  Worcester,  is  organized. 
'  *  Md.    New  Windsor  College  (Pres.) 

is  organized. 

'  *  Conquest  of  Mexico,  by  Prescott,  ap- 
pears. 


Dec.  4.     D.  C.     The    28th    Congress 

opens. 
*  *  D.  C.      Congress;   Senate:    W.  P. 

Mangmn  of  N.  C.  is  reelected  President 

pro  tempore.     House  :  John  "W.  Jones 

of  Va.  is  elected  Speaker. 
Deo.  •  D.  C.     President    Tyler    presses 

Great  Britain  to  a  settlement  of  the 


support;  it  is  characterized  as  Clay's 
death-warrant.  "  Far  from  having  any 
personal  objection  to  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  I  should  be  glad  to  see  it  without 
dishonor,  without  war,  and  with  the 
common  consent  of  the  Union." 
Aug. »/;.  c.  President  Tyler  an- 
nounces his  withdrawal  as  a  presi- 
dential candidate. 


*  *  The  Congregational  College  Society  is 
formed. 

*  *  The  Lh-eama  of  a  Day,  and  Other  Poems, 
by  J.  G.  Perciyal,  appears. 

*  •  The  Spanish  Student,  by  Longfellow, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Universalist  Quarterly  appears. 

*  •  Wyandotte,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1843  •  •  Oregon  passes  a  prohibitory 
law. 

*  "•  John  B.  Oough  decides  to  devote  his 
life  to  saving  drunkards ;  he  lectures 
for  75  cents  a  night. 

*  »  The  Independent  Order  of  B'nai 
B'rith  is  founded. 

1844  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  A  disgraceful 
encounter  occurs  on  the  floor  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  between  mem- 
bers Weller  and  Shriver. 

May  6-8,  Phila.  Fourteen  persons  are 
killed  and  40  wounded,  and  30  houses 
and  churches  burned,  in  a  race  riot 
between  "native  Americans"  and 
natives  of  Ireland. 

*  *  m.  Mormons  destroy  an  anti- 
Mormon  press  at  Nauvoo,  and  the  edi- 
tors ilee  for  their  lives. 

The  Mormons  resist  arrest,  and  the 
militia  is  ordered  out.  Joseph  Smith 
and  other  leaders  surrender  to  the  Gov- 
ernor on  his  promise  of  protection. 

June27.  III.  A  mob  kills  Joseph  Smith 
and  hia  brother  Hyrum,  in  the  jail  at 
Carthage,  where  they  were  held  for 
treason. 

June  •  III.  Brigham  Young  becomes 
president  of  the  Mormons. 

July  7.  Phila.  The  race-riot  is  re- 
newed ;  5,000  troops  are  called  out,  and 
40  or  50  persons  are  killed. 

Aug.  21.  N.  Y.  Outrages  by  •'  Anti- 
Renters"  of  Rensselaer  county  com- 
mence, in  resisting  land-rent  to  the  heirs 
and  assignees  of  the  Dutch  patroons. 

Dec*  N.  Y.  More  "Anti-Renters'" 
outrages  occur  in  Rensselaer  county. 

*  •  Boston.  The  first  effort  is  made  for 
cooperation  in  the  labor  movement, 

*  *  New  York.  The  Polka  dance  is  in- 
troduced, and  attracts  great  crowds  by 
its  novelty. 

STATE. 

1843  July  1.  U.  S.  National  debt 
$32,742,022. 

Atig.  30.  N.  Y.  The  National  Liberty 
Convention  at  Buffalo  nominates,  as 
presidential  candidates,  James  Q.  Birney 
of  Mich,  and  Thomas  Morris  of  Ohio. 

Nov.*  Tenn.  Andrew  Johnson  is 
elected  to  Congress. 


boundary  line  in  the  Northwest,  and    Aug.  30.    Convention  of  the  Liberty 

party,  which  renominates  James  G. 
Birney  of  Mich,  for  the  presidency,  and 
is  encouraged  by  the  alienated  friends 
of  Clay. 

Summer— Autvmm.  "  No  contest  for  the 
presidency,  either  before  or  since,  has 
been  conducted  with  such  intense  energy 
and  deep  feeling."  (J.  G.  Blaine.) 
Sept — Oct.  Candidate  Clay  writes  three 
explanatory  letters,  to  correct  the 
effect  of  the  July  letter. 
*  *  U.S.  "Fifty-four,  forty,  or  fight," 
becomes  a  Democratic  watchword  (54* 
40'  northwest  boundary  line). 

Both  parties  in  the  North  have  each 
an  anti-slavery  wing  and  a  pro-slavery 
wing, 
Nov.  *  U.  S.     Fifteenth    Presidential 
election;  Democrats  elected. 

Popular  Vote :  James  K.  Polk  (Dem.) 
of  Tenn.,  1,337,243  ;  Henry  Clay  (Whig) 
of  Ky.,  1,299,068;  James  G.  Birney 
(Liberty)  of  Mich.,  62,300. 

The  Abolition  vote  in  New  York, 
being  chiefly  a  defection  from  Henry 
Clay,  causes  his  defeat  for  the  presi- 
dency. 
Nov.  *  Miss.  The  name  of  Jefferson 
Davis  .appears  on  the  Polk  and  Dallas 
electoral  ticket. 
Deo.  2.  D.  C.  The  28th  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 


announces  American  claims. 
*  Miss.     Jefferson   Davis   begins  his 
political  career  as  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic State  Convention  held  at  Jackson. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugvirated : 
-48  •  *  Ind.    James  Whitcomb. 
-44  *  *  Mass.     Marcus  Morton. 
-44  *  *  Me.    Edward  Kavanagh. 
-45  *  *  Mich.    John  S.  Barry. 
-48  •  *  Miss.    Albert  G.  Brown. 
-44  *  *X.J.    Daniel  Haines. 
-45  *  *  H.  /.    James  Fenner. 
-46  •  *  ra.    James  M'Dowell. 
.  -44  *  *  rt.    John  Mattocks. 
1844    Jan.  8.    />.  C.    Congress  refunds 
the  fine  imposed  on  Gen.  Jackson  at 
New  Orleans  in  1814. 
Mar.  *  D.  C.    John  C.  Calhoun  is  ap- 
p^jinted  Secretary  of  State,  and  John 
Y.  Mason  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
Apr.  12.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Govern- 
ment enters  a  treaty  to  annex  Texas  [but 
the  Senate  rejects  it]. 

The  Democrats  favor,  the  Whigs  op- 
pose, in  view  of  the  war  involved.  [The 
issue  enters  the  following  National  elec- 
tion, the  pro-slavery  party  favoring  and 
the  anti-slavery  party  opposing.] 

Mayl.  Md.  The  Whig  National  Con- 
vention, in  session  at  Baltimore,  nomi- 
nates Henry  Clay  of  Ky.  and  Theo- 
dore Frelinghuysen  of  N.  J. 

May  27-29.  Md.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention,  in  session  at  Balti- 
more, nominates  James  K.  Polk  of 
Tenn.  and  Geo.  M.  Dallas  of  Pa. 

May  *  Md.  The  first  division  in  the 
Democratic  party  occurs  at  the  Na- 
tional Convention ;  the  South,  in  the 
interest  of  slavery,  enforces  the  two- 
thirds  (majority)  rule. 

The  Democratic  National  Convention 
adopts  an  aggressive  program  for  the 
annexation  of  Texas  and  reoocu- 
pation  of  Oregon,  which  has  popular 
favor. 

May  27,  28.  Md.  The  partisans  of 
Tyler  hold  a  convention  in  Baltimore, 
and  nominate  him  for  the  presidency. 

June  8.  D.  C.  Congress.  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  made  with  the  commis- 
sioners of  Texas. 

June  17.  n.  C.  The  28th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

June  *  H.  I.  Thomas  W.  Dorr  is  tried 
for  treason,  and  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life. 

JiUyl.    U.S.  National  debt $23,461,652. 

July  3.  n.  C.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
China,  permitting  trade  and  residence 
in  certain  ports. 

Aug  16+.  Henry  Clay  writes  Ms  Ala- 
bama letter. 

He  fatally  modifies  his  position  on  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  and  loses  Northern 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843  June*  Mo.  About  1,000  emi- 
grants leave  Westport  on  the  Missouri 
frontier  on  a  journey  of  2,000  miles 
to  Oregon. 

Aug.  27.  The  United  States  steam  fri- 
gate Missouri  is  destroyed  by  fire  at 
Gibraltar. 

Oct.  *  Ore.  The  great  emigrant  train 
from  Missouri  arrives  [many  others  fol- 
low.]   (See  1M3,  June  ».) 

*  •  Ga.  The  Georgia  road,  connecting 
Augusta  and  Atlanta,  191  miles  long,  is 
completed. 

*  •  Mass.  The  Boston  and  Maine  road 
is  opened. 

*  *  O.  The  Miami  Canal,  215  miles  long, 
connecting  the  Ohio  with  Lake  Erie,  is 
completed. 

Deo.  31.  17.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  received  in  nine  months,  52,496. 

1844  Jan.  2.  The  steamboat  Shepherd- 
ess strikes  a  snag,  about  midnight,  in 
the  Mississippi  near  St.  Louis ;  more 
than  40  persons  perish. 

Mar.  1.    Two  steamboats  collide  on  the 

Mississippi ;  80  lives  lost. 
Oct.  25.     The  tteamboat  lAicy   Walker, 

on  the  Ohio,  bursts  her  hollers,  killing 

about  60  persons. 


158     1844,  Dec.  3-1845 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1844  *  *  La.  Lieut.  U.  S.  Grant,  22  years 
old,  is  stationed  iu  Louisiana. 

1845  Nov.  *  Ttx.  Gen.  Taylor,  with 
an  army  of  4,000  men,  encamps  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Neuces  Kiver  to  watch, 
the  Mexicans. 

*  *  Md.  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  George 
Bancroft,  establishes  a  naval  school  at 
Annapolis  under  an  Act  of  Congress. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1844  *  *  New  York.  The  first  hydro- 
pathic establishment  in  the  United 
States  is  opened  at  63  Barclay  Street. 

*  *  The  Rattler  is  launched  —  the  first 
propeller  built  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  Columbus  at  the  Gate  of  La  Rabida  Mon- 
astery is  painted  by  Emanuel  Leutze. 

±  *  *  New  York.  The  equestrian  statue  of 
Washington  [now]  in  Union  Square  is 
executed  by  Henry  K.  Brown. 

1845  June  13.  New  York.  Mrs.  Anna 
Cora  Mowatt  first  appears. 

*  *  Pa.  Petroleum  is  obtained  while 
boring  for  salt  near  Tarentum,  above 
Pittsburg. 

*  *  The  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  is  formed. 

*  *  Machinery  is  invented  for  making  20 
yards  of  Brussels  carpet  per  day,  and 
matching  figures. 

*  *  Mr.  King  patents  an  incandescent 
electric  light. 

*  *  Jnkii  Knox  and  Mary  Stuart  is  painted 
by  Emanuel  Leutze. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1846*    * 

Arnold,  Marshall,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  In  Mo. 

Allen,  John  11.,  sen.  for  Wash.,  born. 

IJeasley,  Frederick,  P.  E.  cl.  of  Conn..  A68. 

Itrattoii,  Uobert  F.,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 

Brief.  Calvin  S.,  sen.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Brooks,  Maria  Cowen,  poet,  A50. 

Carey, -Joseph  M.,  sen.  for  Wye, born  in  Del. 

Carleton,  Will,  poet,  born  in  Mich. 

Childs,  Uobert  A.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.inN.  C. 

Codv,William  F.  (Buffalo  Bill),  actor,  b.  la. 

Coffin,  Cieorge  W.,  officer  U.  S.  N.,  born. 

Crisp.  Charles  F..  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  speaker, 
born  in  I'.ng. 

Crane,  William  H.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
•Crawford.  F.  Marion,  novelist,  born  in  Italy. 

Dalzell,  John,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  born  in  N.  Y. 

iJeForest,  K.  E.,  M.  C.  for  Conn.,  b.  in  Conn. 

Dockery,  Alexander  M.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  Mo. 

Elliott,  Jesse  Duncan,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A(j3. 

Ellis,  William  T.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Gardner,  John  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.  J. 

Germon,  Effie,  actor,  born  in  Ga. 

Gummere,  .lolin,  mathematician,  A6I. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  gen.,  sen.  for  Tenn.,7th 
President  of  U.  S.,  A78. 

McDowell,  Alex.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

McKaig,  William  M.,  M.  0.  for  Md.,  b.  Md. 

McMiUin,  Benton,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  b.  Ky. 

Paschal,  Thomas  M.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  La. 

Pendleton,  Geo.  C,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  Tenn. 

Perry,  Thomas  Sergeant,  author,  b.  in  K.  1. 

Reilly,  James  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Reyburn,  John  E.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  O. 

Rlchanis,  James  A.  D.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  Mass. 

Robbins,  Ashur,  sen.  for  Conn.,  A88. 

Russell,  Renjamin  E.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  b.  Fla. 

Sewall,  Thomas,  writer  and  lecturer,  A  59. 

Story,  Joseph.  Jurist 34  yrs.  Supreme  Court, 
A  66. 

Talbert,  W.  J.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  S.  C. 

Tarsney,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  b.  Mich. 

Thome,  Edwin  F.,  actor,  born  In  N.  Y. 

White,  Edward  D.,  sen.  for  La.,  justice  Su- 
preme Court,  born  in  La. 

CHURCH.' 
J.844   ♦  *  Chicago.    The  Roman  Catholic 
See  of  Chicago  is  erected. 


*  *  Conn.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Hartford  is  erected. 

*  *  ///.  The  Mormon  Temple  at  Nau- 
Too  is  finished  ;  Brigham  Young  becomes 
leader  of  the  Mormons  on  the  death  of 
Joseph  Smith. 

*  *  Ky.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Louisville  ; 
George  Junkin,  moderator.  It  organizes 
a  Church  Erection  Fund. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Five  Points  Mission 
is  organized  by  Methodist  women. 

*  *  Neto  York.  A  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Miami  is  orgauizetl. 

*  *  Ore.  The  First  Baptist  church  in 
Oregon  is  organized  at  Union. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention  (Pro- 
testant Episcopal)  meets. 

After  an  excited  discussion,  the  Con- 
vention votes  an  expression  of  confi- 
dence in  the  Liturgy,  officers,  and 
Articles  and  Canons  of  the  Church  as 
sutht'ient  exponents  of  the  sense  of  Holy 
Scripture,  and  affording  ample  means 
of  discipline  and  correction. 

*  *  Pa.  The  West  Pennsylvania  Elder- 
ship (Church  of  God)  is  organized. 

**  Phila.  The  Baptist  Triennial 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  JVis.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Milwaukee  is  established. 

*  *  Wm.  Paul  Quinn  Is  elected  bishop 
of  the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church, 

*  *  The  Methodist  Indian  Mission  Confer- 
ence is  organized. 

The  Church  being  divided  on  the  sla- 
very question,  the  Indian  Conference 
remains  with  the  Church  South. 

1845  Jan.  3.  N.  Y.  B.  T.  Onderdonk, 
bishop  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  New  York,  is  suspended  from 
the  ministry  on  the  charge  of  Immorality 
and  impurity. 

Feb.  23.  Pa.  Alonzo  Potter  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Pennsylvania. 

May  1.  Ky.  The  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  South  is  organized  as  a 
distinct  body  by  a  convention  at  Louis- 
ville. 

May  25.  New  York.  The  Swedish  Mis- 
sion, by  O.  G.  Hedtrom  of  the  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church,  is  begun  in  the 
Bethel  ship  John  Wesley. 

May  *  Ga.  A  convention  of  Southern 
Baptists  is  held  at  Augusta,  on  the  invi- 
tation of  the  foreign  missionary  society 
of  Virginia. 

The  secession  from  the  Northern  Bap- 
tists is  caused  by  the  slavery  agitation  ; 
377  delegates  are  present. 

May  *  R.  I.  The  Triennial  Conven- 
tion (Baptist)  is  held  at  Providence  ;  an 
amicable  division  of  Baptist  interest  is 
provided  for  with  the  Southern  Baptists. 

Jtme  11.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  N.  J.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed Church)  meets  at  New  Bruns- 
wick ;  M.  D.  Dwight,  president. 


Sept.  7.  Mo.  St.  Louis  has  the  first  He- 
brew 8ynaeog;ue  built  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

*  *  Ga,  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Georgia  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  J.  Tlie  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  liouifi  Conference,  Method- 
ist Episcopal  Church  South,  is  formed 
by  division. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Joint  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Buffalo  is  organized, 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ;  John 
M.  Krebs,  moderator. 

LETTERS. 

1844  *  *  Boston.      LittelVs    Living     Age  . 

appears. 

*  *  ±  The  revised  edition  of  Webster's 
Dictionary  becomes  a  standard. 

*  *  Mo.  St,  Vincent's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.),  at  Cape  Girardeau,  is  organized. 

*  *  Mass.  The  City  Library  is  founded 
at  Lowell.     [30,100  vols.] 

*  *Md,  The  Maryland  Historical  liibrary 
is  founded  at  Baltimore.     [20,000  vols.] 

*  *  New  York.  The  American  Review  is 
published  by  G.  H.  Colton. 

The  Churchman  is  founded. 
The  Eclectic  Magazine  appears. 
The    Ledger   is    founded    by   Robert 
Bonner. 

*  *  Ore.  Willamette  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Salem. 

*  *  The  Columbian  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  Afloat  and  Ashore,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  Essays,  by  Smerson,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  to  Young  Men,  by  Henry 
W^ard  Beecher,  appears. 

*  *  Legend  of  Brittany,  Prometheus,  and 
other  poems,  by  lK)weU,  appear. 

*  *  Peter  Ploddy,  by  Joseph  Neal,  appears, 

*  *  Woman  in  the  19th  Century,  by  Mar- 
garet Fuller  Ossoli,  appears. 

*  *  Crania  Egyptiaca,  by  Samuel  G.  Mor- 
ton, appears. 

*  *  Second  series  of  The  Library  of  Ameri- 
can Biography,  edited  by  Jared  Sparks, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Universalist  Quarterly  Review  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Theory  of  Morals,  by  Hildreth,  ap- 
pears. 

1845  *  *  Boston.  The  New  England  His- 
torical Genealogical  Society  liibrary  is 
founded.     [29,000  vols.] 

*  *  Md.  v.  S.  Naval  Academy  is  orga- 
nized at  Annapolis. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Neic-  Yorker  Zeitung 
is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Wittenberg  College  (Evan. 
Luth.)  is  organized  in  Springfield. 

*  *  The  American  Review  [American 
Whig  Review]  is  issued. 

*  •  The  ChaivrBearer,  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Dashes  at  Life  with  a  Free  Pencil,  by 
Willis,  appears. 

*  *  FashUm,  by  Mrs.  Mowatt,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.         1844,  Dec.  3-1845  *  *. 


•  *  Margaret :  A  Tale  of  the  Real  and  the 
Ideal,  by  Sylvester  Judd,  appears. 

•  *  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Europe,  by  Iiong- 
fellow,  appears. 

•  *  The  Raven,  by  E.  A.  Poe,  appears. 

•  *  A  translation  of  Berzelius  on  the  Blow- 
pipe, by  Josiah  D.  Whitney,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1844  *  *  John  Tyler  marries  his  second 
wife,  Julia  Gardiner. 

•  *  Abolitionists  are  divided ;  the  Gar- 
risoiiians  oppose  the  compromises  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  as 
**  an  agreement  with  hell  and  a  covenant 
with  death." 

1845  Aug.  '27.  ^V.  r.  "  Anti-Kent- 
ers"  of  Delaware  County,  disguised 
as  Indians,  resist  the  collection  of  rents, 
and  kill  the  sheriff;  Gov.  Wright  pro- 
claims an  insurrection. 

Oct.  12.  New  York.  The  first  Indus- 
trial Congress  in  the  United  States 
opens  its  session. 

Boston.    The  New  England  "Work- 

ingmen'a  Association  is  organized. 

»  *  D.  C.  The  right  of  petition  ia  re- 
newed by  Congress. 

John  Quincy  Adams  secures  the  re- 
scinding of  the  rule  of  Congress  refus- 
ing tlie  right  of  petition  on  the  slavery 
question. 

»  *  Miss.  Jefferson  Davis  marries  his 
second  wife,  Miss  Howell. 

•  *  The  Whigs  oppose  slavery. 

"  Southern  Whigs,  under  the  lead  of 
Henry  Clay,  had  been  tauglit  that  sla- 
very was  an  evil,  to  be  removed  in 
some  practical  way,  at  some  distant  pe- 
riod, but  not  to  be  interfered  with  in  the 
States  where  it  existed."    (Blaine.) 

•  '  The  Order  of  United  American  Me- 
chanics is  founded. 

•  *  John  B.  Gough  is  ensnared  by  a 
trick  of  his  enemies,  and  becomes  In- 
toxicated. 

STATE. 

1844  Dec.  3.  B.C.  Congress ;  House : 
John  Q.  Adams,  "The  old  man  elo- 
quent," the  cliampion  for  the  right  of 
petition,  at  length  carries  his  annual 
motion,  to  rescind  the  rule  forbid- 
ding the  reading  of  petitions  for  the 
restriction  of  slavery.    Vote,  108-88. 

•  *  D.  C.  Secretary  of  State  Calhoun 
practically  avows  that  Texas  must  be 
incorporated  in  the  Union. 

•  *  \.  Y.  Martin  Van  Buren  opposes 
the  annexation  of  Texas  in  the  press  — 
an  act  which  proves  fatal  to  his  politi- 
cal prospects  by  arousing  Southern  an- 
tagonism, 

Dec.  9-12.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  an- 
nexation of  Texas  is  introduced  in 
both  Houses. 

•  *  New  York.  James  Harper  is  elected 
the  64th  mayor. 

■*  *  [T.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
Ark.    Samuel  Adams. 
-48  •  ♦  Ark.    Thomas  S.  Drew. 
-46  *  *  Conn.    Koger  S.  Baldwin. 
-46  *  *  Del.    Thomas  Stockton. 
-46  *  *  Fia.  (.Ter.).    John  Branch. 


-48*  *  Ky.    William  Owsley. 
-47  *  *  Me.    Hugh  J.  Anderson. 
-48  *  *  Mo.    John  C.  Edwards. 
-46  *  *N.B.    John  H.  Steele. 
-48  *  *  N.J.    Charles  C.  Stratton. 
-46  *  *  N.  T.    Silas  Wright,  Jr. 
O.    Thomas  W.  Bartley. 
-46  *  *  O.    Mordecai  Bartley. 
-46  *  *  S.  C.    William  Aiken. 
-46  *  *  Tex.    Anson  Jones  (Pres.). 
-45  *  *  Wis.    Nathaniel  P.  Tallmadge. 
-46  •  *  Vt.    William  Slade. 

1845  Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  The 
Senate  ratifies  the  treaty  with  China, 
negotiated  by  Caleb  Cushing. 

Jan.  23.  B.C.  Congress  fixes  the  pres- 
idential elections  on  one  tiniform 
day  —  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  November.  Since  1792  elec- 
tions have  been  ordered  "  within  34  days 
preceding  the  first  Wednesday  in  De- 
cember." 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  A 
joint  resolution  for  the  annexation  of 
Texas  as  a  State  of  the  Union  is  ap- 
proved.   Vote,  120-98. 

Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Polk,  170 ;  Clay, 
105.  Vote  for  Vice-President;  George 
M.  Dallas  (Deni.)  of  Pa.,  170;  Theo. 
Frelinghuysen  (Whig)  of  N.  J.,  105; 
Thomas  Morris  (Liberty)  of  O.,  none. 

Feb.  27.  B.C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
amended  joint  resolution  for  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas  is  approved.    Vote,  27-25. 

Feb.  *  Ore.  Great  Britain  accepts  the 
forty-ninth  parallel  boundary  line ; 
it  Is  characterized  as  a  settlement  hon- 
orable to  both  countries. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses  unite 
for  the  first  time  in  passing  a  bill  over 
the  President's  veto ;  the  bill  relates 
to  steam-vessels  in  the  navy. 

Mar.  1.  B.  C.  The  President  signs  the 
bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas. 

Mar.  3.  B.  C.  Congress  admits  Florida 
into  the  Union  as  the  27th  State. 

Congress  reduces  the  rate  of  postage 
to  five  cents  for  300  miles,  and  ten  cents 
for  greater  distances. 
The  28th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  6.  B.  C.  The  Mexican  minister 
ai?ks  for  his  passport. 

Eleventh  Administration ;. Democratic. 
James  K.  Polk  of  Tenn.  is  inaugu- 
rated the  11th  President,  in  the  15th  term 
of  the  presidency.    George  M.  Dallas 
of  Pa.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet  :  James  Buchanan  of  Pa. 
(State),  Kobert  J.  Walker  of  Miss. 
(Treas.),  W^illiam  L.  Marcy  of  N.  T. 
(War),  George  Bancroft  of  Mass. 
(Navy),  Cave  Johnson  of  Tenn.  (P.  M.- 
Gen.),  and  John  Y.  Mason  of  Va. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

Jime  12.  The  Oregon  boundary  dis- 
pute is  settled  by  treaty. 

June  16.  Tex.  The  Texas  Congress 
approves  of  the  terms  of  annexation. 

June  27.  R.  I-  Thos.  W.  Dorr  is  re- 
leased from  imprisonment. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National debt$15,925,303. 


July  4.  Tex.  A  ratifying  convention  of 
citizens  votes  to  annex  Texas  to  the 
United  States. 

July  6.  Tex.  The  President  Is  requested 
to  occupy  the  ports  of  Texas,  and  to  send 
an  army  for  its  protection. 

Aug.  8.  B.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  David 
W^ilmot  of  Pa.  introduces  his  pro- 
viso. 

Oct.  13.  Tex.  The  people  ratify  the 
Constitution. 

Dee.  1.  B.C.  The  29th  Congress  opens. 

*  *  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W.  P. 
Mangum  of  N.  C.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore.  House :  John  W.  Davis 
of  Ind.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec, 8.  B.C.  Congress ;  House :  Jef- 
ferson Davis  enters  as  a  Representative 
from  Mississippi. 

Deo.  16.  B.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
votes  to  receive  Texas  into  the  Union. 
Vote  141-56. 

Dec.  22.  B.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas  carries. 
Vote,  31-13. 

Deo.  29.  B.C.  Congress  admits  Texas 
as  the  28th  State  of  the  Union.  (Slavery 
is  permitted.) 

Deo.  *  B.  C.  The  Federal  Government 
becomes  curiously  involved. 

One-half  the  States  are  always  to  be 
slave  States,  thereby  holding  tlie  dis- 
tinctive power  of  a  tie-vote  in  the  Sen- 
ate, and  thus  a  minority  may  dominate 
on  all  questions  tlie  greatly  preponderat- 
ing and  increasing  population  of  the 
North. 

*  *  B.C.  Samuel  Nelson  of  N.  Y.  and 
Levi  W^oodbury  of  N.  H.  are  appointed 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1844  Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and 
other  aliens  in  1844,  78,615. 

*  *  Mich.  Copper-mining  on  the  shores 
of  Lake  Michigan  begins. 

*  »  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  offers  his  inven- 
tion of  the  electric  telegraph  to  the 
Government  for  a  moderate  price  ;  it  is 
deemed  of  little  practical  value. 

1845  Jan.  8.  The  steamboat  Belle 
Zane  strikes  a  snag  in  the  Mississippi 
and  capsizes;  40  out  of  90  passengers 
are  drowned. 

Apr.  10.  Pa.  A  great  fire  at  Pittsburg 
burns  100  buildings  ;  loss,  $6,000,000. 

July  1.  La.  Tlie  steamboat  Marquette, 
at  New  Orleans,  explodes  all  her  boil- 
ers simultaneously,  killing  about  50 
people. 

July  19.  New  York.  A  fire  hums  302 
stores  and  dwelling-houses,  and  property 
worth  $6,000,000 ;  4  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens,  1845,  114,371. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Cave  Hill  Cemetery,  near 
Louisville,  is  incorporated. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Tlie  Mount  Hope  Cemetery, 
near  Hochester,  is  established. 

*  *  O.  Spring  Grove  Cemetery,  near  Cin- 
cinnati, is  incorporated. 

*  •  Pa.  The  Allegheny  Cemetery  is  es- 
tablished. 


160     1845**-1846 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1846  Mar.  28.  Tex.  The  American 
army  of  occupation  (3,500  men),  under 
<ien.  Taylor,  takes  post  on  the  Rio 
(Jrande,  opposite  Hatanioras.  (Lossing, 
Mar.  29.) 

Mar.  *  Cal.  Capt.  John  C.  Frgmont 
raises  tlie  American  standard  against 
the  Mexicans,  who  seek  to  drive  him 
from  the  country. 

THE  FOURTEENTH  WAR. 

Apr.  24.  — 1848  July  4.  "War  with 
Mexico.  Men  enrolled,  30,9M  regulars, 
and  73,776  militia  and  volunteers.  Total, 
112,230.    For  cause,  see  State. 

Apr.  26.  Tex.  First  hostilities  in  the 
war :  Capt.  Thornton  with  63  men  is 
attacked  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  above  Matamoras  ;  16  men  are 
killed  and  wounded  and  the  others  are 
captured. 

*  *  Gen.  Scott  plans  the  invasion  of  Mex- 
ico by  three  columns:  the  first,  through 
the  northern  provinces,  under  Gen.  S.  W. 
Kearny  ;  the  second,  from  the  seacoast 
to  the  City  of  Mexico,  under  his  own 
command  ;  and  the  third,  as  an  army 
of  occupation,  under  Gen.  Taylor. 

May  5,  6.  Tex.  The  Mexicans  bombard 
Fort  Brown  till  it  is  relieved  by  Gen. 
Taylor. 

May  8.     Tex.    Battle  of  Palo  Aito. 

Gen.  Taylor  with  2,300  men  defeats 
Gen.  Arista  with  6,000  men  in  a  battle 
of  five  hours'  duration.  Mexican  lo.ss 
about  100  men  ;  American  loss,  4  killed 
and  40  wounded. 

May  9.  Tex.  Battle  of  Resaca  de  la 
Falma. 

Gen.  Taylor  with  2,000  Americans 
routs  5,000  Mexicans,  who  flee  across  the 
liio  Grande.  American  loss,  120  killed 
and  wounded;  Mexican  loss,  500  killed 
and  wounded. 

May  *  -June  *  The  call  of  the  President 
for  50,000  volunteers  is  responded  to  by 
300,000,  who  tender  their  services. 

June  15.  Cat.  Gen.  FrSmont  captures 
Sonoma. 

JlUy  *  Cnl.  Commodore  Stockton  takes 
Ijos  Angeles. 

Aug.  18.  Gen.  Kearny  captures 
Santa  F6  ;  with  400  dragoons  [he  con- 
tinues his  march  to  the  Pacific  Coast]. 

Aug.  19 1.  Mex.  Commodore  Stock- 
ton blockades  the  Mexican  ports  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

Sept.  12.  Mex.  Col.  Jefferson  Davis 
charges  Fort  Teneria,  at  the  head  of  the 
1st  Regiment,  Mississippi  riflemen. 

Sept.  21-23.  Mex.  Battle  of  Mon- 
terey. 

This  fortified  town  is  stormed,  and  the 
10,000  Mexicans  under  Gen.  Ampudia 
are  driven  out  by  4,700  Americans. 
.American  loss,  120  killed,  368  wounded  ; 
.Mexicans  much  more.  An  armistice  of 
eight  weeks  follows,  to  permit  Mexico 
to  make  overtures  of  peace. 

Sept.  26.    New  York.     Stevenson's  Cali- 
fornia regiment  sails. 
Oct.  25.  Mex.  Commodore  M.  C.  Perry 

bombards  Tobasco. 


Not.  14.  Mex.  Commodore  David 
Conner  occupies  Tampico. 

Nov.  15.  Mex.  Gen.  Worth  captures 
the  town  of  Saltillo. 

Dec*  Mex.  Col.  A.  W.  Doniphan 
with  900  men  sets  out  on  a  march  of 
more  than  1,000  miles  through  the 
enemy's  country,  from  Santa  F6  to  Sal- 
tillo; one  of  the  most  brilliant  .achieve- 
ments of  the  war. 

Dec.  *  Cal.  The  Mexicans  make  a  fee- 
ble attempt  to  regain  California. 

Dec.  25.  Mex.  Col.  Doniphan  with 
450  volunteers  defeats  1,100  Mexicans 
under  Gen.  Ponce  de  Leon  at  Brazito. 
American  loss,  six  wounded  ;  Mexican 
loss,  63  killed  and  150  wounded. 

*  *  Mex.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  serves  under 
Gen.  Taylor  as  2d  lieutenant. 

*  *  Mex.  Col.  Jefferson  Davis  becomes 
one  of  the  idols  of  the  army. 

*  »  -48  *  *  Mex.  Capt.  Robert  E.  Lee 
serves  in  the  army  of  Gen.  Soott  as  cliief 
engineer. 

*  ■*  California  is  occupied  by  the  army  of 
the  United  States. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1846  Sept.  10.  Mass.  Elias  Howe, 
Jr.,  receives  a  patent  for  the  first  com- 
plete sewing-machine. 

Nov.  *  A  grand  display  of  meteors  is  ol)- 
served. 

*  *  D.C.  John  F.  E.  Prud'homme  of 
Georgetown  is  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

'*D.C.  The  Smithsonian  Institution, 
"  designed  for  the  increase  and  diffusion 
of  knowledge  among  men,"  is  estab- 
lished in  a  handsome  building  at  Wash- 
ington, by  means  of  ,a  legacy  of  $515,000, 
bequeathed  for  the  purpose  to  the  United 
States  Government  by  James  Smithson, 
an  Englishman. 

*  •  McCormiek's  reaping-machine  is 
perfected.    (See  1834.) 

*  *  Discovery  thatinhalationof  etherpre- 
ventspain  byChiis.  T.  Jackson  of  ISoston. 

*  •  Sleepy  Student  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

*  *  -49  *  *  Tlie  statue  of  Henry  Clay  is 
executed  by  Joel  T.  Hart. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1846*  • 

Armstrong,  Wm.  J.,  .S.  Pres.  cl.,  AJiO. 
Badger,  .Joseph,  missionary  in  O.,  AH9. 
Bean,  Tarleton  Hoffman,  ichtlivologist,  b.  Pa. 
Breckinridge. Clifton  II..  M.C.  for  Ark.,  b.  Ky. 
Buchanan.  Virginia,  actor,  born  in  O. 
l>en8on,  Williani  H.,  M.  C.  for  .\la.,  b.  .\la. 
Erdman,t*oiistantine  J.,  M.C.  for  F'a.,b.  I'a. 
Florent-p,  Mrs.  W.  J.,  actor,  Ijorn  in  N.  Y. 
Foote,  .Sam'l  A.,  sen.  and  (iov.  of  Conn.,  A66. 
Hawthorne,  Julian,  novelist,  born  in  Mass. 
Henderson,  John  S.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 
Holden,  Edward  S.,  astronomer,  born  in  Mo. 
Hopkins,  Albert  J.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  in  lU. 
Kribbs,  (leorge  K.,  M.  C,  born  in  Pa. 
Lorlng,  Frederick  W.,  author,  born  in  Mass. 
McKttrick.  M.  J.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  In  Mass. 
Millet,  Francis  Davis,  painter,  born  in  Mass. 
Morris.  Clara,  actor,  born  in  O. 
Pearson,  .Vlljcrt  J.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 
Pickering,  John,  philologist,  jurist,  A69.  ' 

Robinson,  John  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Smith,  (ieorge  W.,  M.  C.  for  III.,  born  in  O. 
Stone,  William  A.,  M.  C.  for  Pa., born  in  Pa.      ' 
Strait,  Thomas  J.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  in  8.  C.     , 
Tyler,  I),  (iardiner.  JI.  0.  for  Va,,  b.  in  N.  Y. 
Wadsworth,  Jas.  W.,  M.  C.  tor  N.  Y.,  b.  Pa. 


CHURCH. 

1845  *  *  O.  The  Missionary  Society  of 

the  Church  of  God  of  North  America 

is  formed  especially  for  home  mission 

work. 

*  *  The  Baptist  foreign  mission  work 
suffers  by  the  agitation  of  the  slavery 
question,  and  by  the  withdrawal  of 
the  Southern  churches  from  its  support. 

*  *  I'a.  The  Pittsburg  (Evangelical  Lu- 
theran) Synod  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Synod  of  the 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  meets. 

*  *The  Seventh-day  Baptists  divide 
into  five  associations. 

*  *  U.  S.  Tlie  discussion  of  the  slavery 
question  leads  to  a  division  of  the 
Baptist  Church,  into  Northern  and 
Southern  Baptists. 

1846  Mayl.  Va.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Eliiscopal  South) 
meets  in  its  first  session  at  Petersburg. 

The  Book  of  Discipline  is  revised,  and 
the  portions  relating  to  slavery  stricken 
out ;  commissioners  are  appointed  to 
settle  questions  of  property  with  tl'.r 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Wm.  Capei-s  and  Robert  Paine  lue 
ordained  bishops  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  South. 

The  Missouri,  Louisiana,  and  Louis- 
ville Conferences  are  organized. 
May  *  +  Dr.  Judson  visits  his  native  land 
for  the  first  time  since  his  departure  in 
1813. 

He  awakens  much  enthusiasm,  and 
sets  in  motion  the  tide  of  modern  prog- 
ress in  Baptist  missions. 

May*  The  Triennial  Convention  of 
the  Baptist  Cliurches  by  reorganiza- 
tion becomes  the  American  Baptist 
Missionary  Union. 

June  10.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  16.    II.    Pius  IX.  is  elected  pope. 

June  *  JV.  r.  The  General  Synod  (He- 
formed)  meets  at  Albany;  Wm.  II. 
Campbell,  president. 

*  *  III.  The  Mormons,  being  much  har- 
assed by  their  neighbors,  abandon  Nau- 
voo,  and  enter  the  Territory  of  Iowa  near 
Council  Bluffs.  [Later  they  remove  to 
Salt  Lake.] 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  Eldership  (Church 
of  God)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  T.  The  American  Missionary 
Association  is  formed  at  Albany  as  a 
general  missionary  society  with  anti- 
slavery  principles. 

The  Baptist  Triennial  Meeting  is 
held  at  Brooklyn. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Oregon  City  is  established. 

LETTERS. 

*  *  Harmony  of  the  Four  GospelSfin  Greek, 
by  Edward  Robinson,  appears. 

*  *  The  American  Whig  Review  appears. 

»  »-50*  *  The  Quadrupeds  of  North 
America^  by  Audubon,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1845**-1846**.   161 


1846  Oct.  20.  0.  Mount  Union  Col- 
lege (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  as  a  sem- 
inary. 

*  *  Conn.  Theodore  D.  "Woolsey  be- 
comes President  of  Yale  College. 

*  « Ind.  Fort  Wayne  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  La.  De  Bow's  Commercial  Review 
appears  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  -49  *  *  Mass.  Edward  Everett  is 
President  of  Harvard  University. 

*  *  .1/n.  The  St.  Louis  Mercantile  Library 
is  founded.    [62,261  vols.] 

SOCIETY. 

1846  Feb.*  III.  Partof  the  Mormons 
(1,600)  leave  Nauvoo,  cross  the  Missis- 
sippi on  the  ice,  and  with  ox-teams  move 
westward  till  they  settle  on  the  Great 
Prairie,  and  establish  a  town. 

Aug.  7.  Me.  The  Democrats  enact  a 
prohibitory  law  against  the  drink 
traffic. 

STATE. 

1845  *  *  Ore.  A  provisional  government 
is  formed. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-47  *  *  Ala.    Joshua  L.  Martin. 
-46  *  *  Cal.    Pio.  Pico  (Mexican). 
-49  *  *  Fla.    Wm.  D.  Moseley. 
-47  *  *  Ga.    Geo.  W.  Crawford. 
-50*  *  La.    Isaac  Johnson. 

-51  *  *  Mass.    George  N.  Briggs. 

-49  *  *  N.  C.    Wm.  A.  Graham. 

-49*  *  Ore.  G.  Abernethy  (Provisional). 

Pa.    Francis  R.  Shunk. 
-46  *  *  R.  I.    Charles  Jackson. 
-47  *  *  Tenn.    Aaron  V.  Brown. 
-48  *  *  Wis.  ( Ter.).    Henry  Dodge. 

1846  *  *  D.C.  Congress :  The  House 
votes  to  give  treaty  notice  to  Great 
Britain  that  the  joint  occupation  ol 
Oregon  must  cease.  Vote,  163-54. 
Public  apprehension  of  war  follows. 

Feb.  20.  Tex.  The  first  legislature 
meets  at  Austin. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
Bill  substitutes  that  of  the  House  on  the 
Oregouquestion,  and  is  adopted.  The 
line,  54°  40'  is  abandoned  by  the  Demo- 
crats for  the  49th  parallel.  [The  southern 
portion,  which  falls  to  the  United  States, 
retains  the  name  Oregon.] 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  The  war  spirit  against 
Mexico  rises  high  with  the  news  of  the 
small  conflict  in  Texas.  **  American 
blood  has  been  spilled  on  American 
soil  I" 

Apr.  26.  n.  C.  Congress  declares  War 
against  Mexico. 

May  11.  D.C.  PresidentPolk  sends  an 
aggressive  war  message  to  Congress, 
announcing  that  war  exists  by  the  act  of 
Mexico. 

May  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  A  bill  passes 
both  Houses  which  appropriates 
$10,000,000  for  the  war,  and  gives 
authority  to  call  out  .'iO.OOO  volunteers. 
(Vote  :  House,  142-14  ;  Senate,  40-2.) 


May  *  -Aug.  *  Cal.  Commodore  Stock- 
ton establishes  a  military  government 
in  Upper  California. 

June  1.  -A^  v.  A  convention  of  delegates 
meets  at  Albany  to  revise  the  Con- 
stitution. 

June  15.  Signing  of  the  Oregon 
Treaty. 

Both  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  having  claimed  the  territory  west 
of  the  Rockies  and  north  of  Mexico  to 
Alaska,  it  is  now  divided  between  them 
at  the  49th  parallel.  The  British  also 
secure  Vancouver's  Island  and  the  free 
navigation  of  the  Columbia  River. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National  debt  815,550,202. 

Julys.  2).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  for  a  lower  tariff.  Vote, 
114-95.    (See  July  28.) 

July  4.  Cal.  Captain  John  C.  Fre- 
mont and  his  companions  declare  the 
independence  of  California  after  de- 
feating superior  forces  of  Mexicans. 

July  9.  Cal.  Commodore  Sloat  hoists 
the  American  flag  at  Monterey. 

July  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
votes  to  modify  the  tariff,  cutting  out  its 
protection  features ;  average  rate  of 
duties,  25  per  cent.  Vote,  a  tie  till  the 
Vice-President  casts  a  vote. 

Aug.  3.  D.  C.  President  Polk  vetoes 
the  River  and  Harbor  Bill. 

Aug.  6.  T>.  C.  Congress  establishes  the 
■Warehouse  System,  reenaots  the  In- 
dependent Treasury  system,  and  au- 
thorizes "Wisconsin  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion and  organize  a  State  government. 

Aug.  7.  Me.  The  Democratic  Legisla- 
ture enacts  the  first  Maine  Prohib- 
itory Iiaw. 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  President  Polk  vetoes 
the  French  Spoliation  Indemnity  Bill 
for  the  benefit  of  claimants  who  had 
lost  property  by  French  seizures  in 
1807+. 

Congress ;  Senate :  D.  R.  Atchison  of 
Mo.  Is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Congress;  House:  The  Wilmot  Pro- 
viso is  approved.    Vote,  94-78. 

David  Wilmot,  .'J.3  years  of  age,  moves 
a  proviso  to  the  Two-million-dollar  Bill 
asked  by  the  President  to  arrange  peace 
with  Mexico,  declaririe  it  to  be  *'  an  ex- 
press and  fundamental  condition  to  the 
acquisition  of  any  territory  from  Mex- 
ico, that  neither  slavery  nor  involunt.lry 
servitude  shall  ever  exist  therein.'*  The 
consecration  of  American  territory  to 
freedom  becomes  a  rallying-cry ;  the 
battle  of  the  giants  follows,  long  and 
fierce. 

Aug.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Wilmot  Proviso  is  brought  up,  and 
John  Davis  of  Mass.  holds  the  floor  till 
the  session  expires,  to  defeat  action  on 
the  bill. 

The  29th  Congress :  the  first  session 
closes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Great  agitation  prevails  over 
the  Wilmot  Proviso. 

Aug.  ♦  California  is  in  the  undisputed 
military  possession  of  the  United 
States. 


Nov.  *  D.  ('.  Abraham  Xiincoln  is 
elected  to  Congress  from  Illinois,  the 
solitary  Whig  among  seven  Democrats. 

Dec.  1.  U.  S.  The  lower  tariff  law 
goes  into  effect. 

Dec.  7.  D.  C.  The  29th  Congress : 
the  second  session  opens. 

*  *  Congress ;  Senate  :  D.  K.  Atchison 
of  Mo.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Dec.  28.    D.  C.  Congress  admits  Iowa 
into  the  Union  as  the  29th  State. 

*  *  Ala.  The  capital  is  removed  from 
Tuscaloosa  to  Montgomery. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  ;  Jefferson 
Davis  resigns  his  seat  to  engage  in  the 
Mexican  war  as  colonel  of  volunteers. 

*  *  New  York.  Manhood  suffrage  is 
introduced. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Demo- 
crats lose  their  majority  while  con- 
ducting a  spirited  and  successful  war, 
owing  to  the  new  tariff  and  Northern 
suspicion  of  pro-slavery  issues  in  the 
war.    Polk's  party  stands  110  to  118. 

*  *  U.  S.  Eobert  C.  Grier  of  Pa.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

Cal.  (Ter.).    Com.  J.  D.  Sloat. 
-47  *  *  Cal.  (Ter.).    Com.  B.  F.  Stock- 
ton. 
-47  *  *  Conn.    Isaac  Toucey. 

Del.    Joseph  Maul. 

Del.    Wm.  Temple. 
-51  *  *  Del.    Wm.  Thorp. 

la.  (Ter.).    James  Clark, 
-50  *  *  la.    Ansel  Briggs. 
-53  *  *  III.    Augustus  C.  French. 
-47  *  *  Mich.    Alpheus  Felch. 
-47  *  *N.H.    Anthony  Colby. 
-49  *  *If.  r.    John  Young. 
-49  *  *  O.    William  Bebb. 
-47  *  *  B.  I.    Byron  Dyman. 
-48  •  *  S.  C.    David  Johnson. 
-47  •  •  Tex.    J.  P.  Henderson. 
-49  *  •  Va.    Wm.  Smith. 
-49  *  *  Vt.    Horace  Eaton. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1846  Apr.  +  *  N.J.  The  telegraph 
line  from  Philadelphia  to  Fort  Lee,  near 
New  York,  is  completed. 

June  5.  Pa.-Md.  The  telegraph  line 
from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore  is  com- 
pleted. 

June  27.  Boston  and  New  York  are  con- 
nected by  telegraph. 

July  3.  Boston  and  Buffalo  are  con- 
nected by  telegraph. 

July  13.  Mass.  A  fire  at  Nantucket 
burns  300  buildings,  valued  at  $800,000. 

Sept.  9.  New  York  and  Albany  are 
connected  by  telegraph. 

Sept.  *  Pa.  Harrisburg  and  Philadel- 
phia are  connected  by  telegraph. 

Dec.  8.  The  U.  S.  brig  Somers  is  capsized 
in  a  squall  olf  Vera  Cruz,  and  39  persons 
are  drowned. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1846, 154,416. 

•  *N.B.  The  lower  section  of  the  North- 
em  Bailroad  is  opened. 


I 


162     1846  *  *-1848,  Feb.  * 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1847  Jan.  8, 9.  Cal.  At  Son  Gabriel 
Gen.  Kearny  defeats  the  revolted  Cali- 
fornians. 

Jan.  24.  Mex.  Col.  Sterling  Price  de- 
feats 1,500  Indians  and  Mexicans  in  the 
Valley  of  Taos. 

Feb.  23.  Afex.  Battle  of  Buena  Vista. 
Santa  Anna  with  22,000  Mexicans  is 
defeated  by  Gen.  Taylor  with  4,750  Amer- 
icans ;  Mexican  loss,  nearly  2,000  men; 
American  loss,  746  killed,  wounded  and 
missing. 

Feb.  28.  CaL  Battle  of  Sacramento. 
Col.  Doniphan  with  924  men  defeats 
4,000  Mexicans  under  Gen.  Heredia,  los- 
ing but  1  killed  and  17  wounded.  Mexi- 
can loss,  600  killed  and  wounded  and  40 
prisoners. 

Mar.  9.  Mex.  Gen.  Scott  lands  at  Vera 
Cruz  with  about  12,000  men. 

Mar.  22.  Mex.  Commodore  Conner  bom- 
bards Vera  Cruz,  while  Gen.  Scott's  army 
joins  in  the  cannonade  [which  continues 
four  days]. 

Mar.  27.    Mex*    Gen.  Morales  agrees  to 

'  surrender  Vera  Cruz  to  the  Ameri- 
cans. American  loss,  SO  killed  and 
wounded ;  Mexican  loss,  2,000  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  5,000  prisoners  and 
600  cannon. 

Mar.  29.  Mex.  Mexicans  evacuate  Vera 
Cruz. 

Mar.  *  Col.  Jefferson  Bavis  is  coznpli- 
mented,  in  Gen.  Taylor's  despatch,  for 
brilliant  service  in  Mexico. 

Apr.  2,  Mex.  Alvarado  Is  surrendered 
to  Lieut.  Hunter. 

Apr.  18.  Mex.  Commodore  Perry  takes 
Tuspan. 
Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo. 
Gen.  Scott  with  8,.500  Americans  de- 
feats Santa  Anna  with  12,000  Mexicans, 
and  captures  his  papers  and  wooden 
leg.  Losses:  Mexican,  1,000  killed  and 
wounded  and  3,000  prisoners ;  American, 
431  men. 

Apr.  19.  Mex.  The  Americans  enter 
Jalapa. 

Apr,  22,  Mex.  Gen.  Worth  takes  the 
strong  castle  of  Perote  without  resist- 
ance. 

May  15.  Mex.  The  American  army  en- 
ters the  sacred  city  of  Puebla,  unop- 
posed by  its  80,000  inhabitants. 

July  6.  CaL  Commodore  Sloat  takes 
Monterey,  in  Southern  California. 

Aug.  20.  Mex.  Battles  of  Contreraa 
and  Churubusoo,  near  Mexico  City. 

At  Contreras  Gen.  Scott  with  4,000 
men  defeats  Gen.  Valencia  with  7,000 
Mexicans,  losing  but  60  killed  and 
wounded  ;  Mexican  loss,  2,000  killed  and 
wounded  and  1,000  prisoners. 

At  ChurubuBCO  Gen.  Scott  with  8,000 
men  defeats  Gen.  Santa  Anna  with  25,000 
Mexicans.  American  loss  in  both  en- 
gagements, 1,053  killed  and  wounded; 
Mexican  loss,  4,000  killed  and  wounded, 
and  3,000  prisoners,  including  8  generals. 

Aug.  21.  Mex.  The  Mexicans  pro- 
pose an  armistice. 

Sept.  7.  Mex.  Gen.  Scott  learns  that  the 
armistice  is  broken  by  the  Mexicans. 

Sept.  8.  Me.r.  Hostilities  are  renewed 
in  the  Battle  of  Molino  del  Rey, 


Gen.  Worth  with  3,500  Americans 
storms  the  fortifications,  and  drives  out 
14,000  Mexicans  under  Gen.  Alvarez, 
with  the  loss  of  787  killed  and  wounded  : 
Mexican  loss,  3,000  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners. 

Sept.  12,  13.  Mex.  Battle  of  Chapul- 
tepec,  near  Mexico  City. 

Gen.  Scott  with  7,200  men,  imder  Gens. 
Worth,  Quitman,  and  Pillow,  carries  the 
fortified  heights,  defeating  Gen.  Bravo 
and  25,000  Mexicans.  American  loss, 
832  men. 

Sept.  14.  Mexico  is  siurendered ;  Gen. 
Scott  marches  his  victorious  army  into 
the  city,  and  the  war  practically  ends. 

Sept.  *  U.  S.  Grant  is  promoted  to  be 
let  lieutenant,  for  meritorious  conduct 
at  Molino  del  K-ey  and  Chapultepec. 

Oct.  9.  Mex.  Gen.  Lane  with  500  men 
takes  the  city  of  Huamantla,  defeating 
Gen.  Santa  Anna  and  1,000  Mexicans, 
with  the  loss  of  34  killed  and  wounded. 

Oct.  12.  Mex.  Mexicans  have  besieged 
Col.  Childs  and  400  men,  besides  1,800 
sick  and  in  hospitals  at  Puebla,  for  28 
days,  when  reinforcements  appear,  and 
the  siege  is  raised. 

Oct.  20.  Mex.  The  frigate  Congress  and 
sloop  Portsmouth  bombard  tbe  port  of 
Guayamas. 

Dec.  8.  The  United  States  brig-of-war 
Somers  is  wrecked  and  part  of  her  crew 
drowned. 

1848  Feb.  18.  Mex.  Gen.Wm.  O.  But- 
ler succeeds  Gen.  Scott  in  command 
of  the  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1847  June  28.  III.  The  first  theater 
in  Chicago  is  opened. 

Oct.  1.    N.  H.    A  violent  tornado  visits 

Portsmouth. 
Oct.  19.    New  York.    The  comer-stone  of 

the  "Washington  Monument  is  laid. 

*  *  Asia.  The  Government  sends  an  expe- 
dition under  W.  F.  Lynch  to  the  River 
Jordan  for  the  advancement  of  geo- 
graphical science. 

*  *  Boston.  The  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Pa.  Zinc  mines  are  discovered  hi 
Lehigh  County. 

*  *  Utah.  Salt  Iiake  City  is  founded  by 
Mormons. 

*  *  The  power-loom  is  introduced. 

*  *  The  rotary  press  is  made  by  K.  Hoe 
and  Company. 

*  *  The  successful  use  of  anesthetics  is 
introduced. 

*  *  Pontine  Marshes  is  painted  by  J.  F. 
Cropsey. 

1848  Jan.  24.  CaL  Gold  is  first  dis- 
covered in  the  mill-race  of  Capt.  Sutter 
by  a  laborer  named.  Marshall. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847*    * 

Allen,  William  V.,  sen.  for  Neb.,  born  in  O. 
Allen,  John  M.»  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  h.  in  Miss. 
Uartlett,  Franklin,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  Mass. 
Binnev,  Amos,  naturalist,  A  44. 
Branch,  Win.  A.  B.,  M.  C,  for  N.  C,  b.  Ha. 
Bridgman,  Frederick  A.,  painter,  b.  in  Ala. 
Butler,  Pierce  M.,  <lov,  of  S.  C,  col.,  A4n. 
Capelmrt,  James,  M.  C.  for  W.  Va.,  born  in 
W.  Va. 


Catchings,  Thos-C,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  b.  Miss. 

Clay,  Henry,  Jr.,  offlcer,  lawyer,  A36. 

Crabtree,  Lotta,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Dixon,  Nathan  K.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  b.  in  R.  I. 

Dielman,  Frederick,  artist,  born  in  Ger. 

Edison.  Thomas  Alva,  electrician,  inven- 
tor, born  in  O. 

Edwards,  Henry  W.,  scholar,  senator,  A61. 

Everett,  Alex.  11.,  essayist,  diplomatist,  ed- 
itor, A55. 

Failey,  Harriet,  pliilanthropic  writer,  born. 

Faulkner,  Charles  J.,  sen.  for  W.  Va.,  bora 
in  W.  Va. 

Fawcett,  Edgar,  novelist,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Forman,  Wm.  s.,  M.  C.  for  lU.,  b.  in  Miss. 

Hardy,  Arthur  S.,  novelist,  born  in  Mass. 

Hart,  Charles  H.,  author,  born  in  Pa. 

Kent,  James,  au.,  chancellor  of  N.Y,,  A83. 

Layton,  Fernando  C,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  O. 

Loud,  Eugene  F.,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Mass. 

Martin.  Augustus  N.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Pa. 

Neal,  Joseph  Olay,  humorist.  A40. 

Pennyliacker,  Isaac,  I'.  S.  sen.  for  Va.,  A41. 

Storer,  Bellamy,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Tracey,  (Charles,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Williams,  Cus,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Wright,  Myron  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Wright,  Silas,  (;ov.,  sen.  for  N.  Y.,  AS2. 

Wever,  John  M.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  Mich. 

Whiting,  Justin  R.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  N.  Y. 

CHURCH. 

1846  *  *  Phila.  The  General  Assem- 
bly (N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Samuel 
Hanson  Cox,  moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (O.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  ;  Charles  Hodge,  mod- 
erator. 

*  *  The  Mormons  send  missionaries  to 
Oregon,  California,  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  and  also  to  Australia. 

*  *  The  Hanges  Norwegian  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  Synod  is  organized. 

1847  June  9.  New  York.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

June  *  Neio  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Reformed)  meets  ;  Abraham  Messier, 
president. 

July  24.  The  Mormon  pioneers,  hav- 
ing established  themselves  at  Great  Salt 
Lake,  are  now  joined  by  Brigham 
Young,  the  leader  of  the  church. 

Oct.  13.  New  York.  Two  hundred  Ger- 
man Catholics  secede  from  the  Homan 
Catholic  Church. 

Oct.  31.  Me.  George  Burgess  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Maine. 

Nov.  29.  Jfash.  Indians  massacre  the 
missionaries.  Dr.  Whitman,  his  wife, 
and  others,  at  Walla  Walla. 

*  *  Mo.  At  St.  Louis  a  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  is  established,  and  an  archbish- 
opric erected ;  the  latter  includes  the 
dioceses  of  Dubuque,  Nashville,  St. 
Paul,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee. 

*  *  Mo.  Peter  R.  Kenrick  is  promoted 
to  be  archbishop  of  St.  Louis. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  The  American  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion is  incorporated. 

The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
lESvangelical  Knowledg:e  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Roman  Catholic  dioceses  of  Al- 
bany, Bufifalo,  Galveston,  and  Cleveland 
are  established. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Wittenberg  is  orga- 
nized. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1846*  *-1848,  Feb. 


163 


*  *  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is 
held  ;it  Cincinnati. 

*  ♦  Ore.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Indian 
Mission  at  the  Dalles  is  transferred  to 
the  Reformed  Church. 

*  *  The  Synodical  Conference  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Missouri,  Ohio,  and 
other  States  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  (O.  S.  Presbyterian)  Synod 
of  Memphis  is  organizetl. 

*  *  ]'a.  The  General  Assembly  (c»,  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Richmond  ;  Jas. 
H.  Thornwell,  moderator. 

*  *  Vt.  The  Free  Baptist  Female  Mission 
Society  is  formed  in  Sutton.  [It  contin- 
ued in  operation  for  over  twenty  years.] 

*  *  Wis.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Milwaukee  is  organized. 


tETTERS. 


College 


1846  *  *  K.  J.       Burlington 

(Prot.  Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *  0.  Farmer's  College  (non-sect.),  at 
College  Hill,  is  organized. 

*  •  Pa.  Bucknell  University  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Lewisburg. 

*  *  Phila.  ■Worcester's  Dictionary  is 
published. 

*  *  Tex.  Baylor  University  (Bapt.),  at 
Independence,  is  organized. 

*  *  Wis.  Beloit  College  (Cong.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Beloit. 

*  *  The  Home  Journal  is  founded. 

*  *  Art^  Literature,  and  the  Dramas  by 
Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli,  appears. 

*  *  The  Belfry  of  Bruges,  and  Other  Poems  t 
by  liOngf  eUow,  appears. 

*  *  Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse,  by  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  •  The  Old  Continental^  by  Paulding, 
appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Shakespeare,  by  G.  C. 
Verplanck,  appears. 

*  *  Thoughts  on  the  Poets,  by  H.  T.  Tuck- 
erman,  appears. 

*  *  Views  Afoot,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  ap- 
pears. 

1847  *  *  Boston.  The  American  Messenger 
is  first  issued  by  the  American  Tract 
Society. 

*  *  Del.  St.  Mary's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  founded  at  Wilmington. 

*  *  Iowa  State  University  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Iowa  City. 

*  *  Iowa  College  (Cong.)  is  organized  at 
Grinuell. 

*  *  ///.  The  Chicago  Tribune  is  first 
issued. 

*  *  UlinoisFemaleiCollege(^Ieth,Epi8.) 
is  founded  in  Jacksonville. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Massachusetts  Qttarterly 
Review  appears. 

*  *  The  Springfield  liepublican  appears. 

*  *  Minn.  The  first  school  in  Minnesota 
is  established  at  St.  Paul. 

*  *N.H.  The  Boston  University,  School 
of  Theology  (Metli.  Epis.),  is  founded  at 
Concord. 

*  *  New  York.  The  St,  Francis  Xavier 
College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 


*  *  Tlie  Union  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  O.  Otterbein  University  (United 
Brethren),  at  Westerville,  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  Stryker's  American  Register,  a 
quarterly,  appears. 

*  *  fVis.  Lawrence  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Appleton. 

*  *  Evangeline,  by  Iiongfellow,  appears. 

*  *  Fresh  Gleanings,  by  Donald  Grant 
Mitchell,  appears. 

*  *  Conquest  of  Peru,  by  Prescott,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  The  Agamemnon  of  jEs- 
chylus,  by  C.  C.  Felton,  appears. 

*  *  An  edition  of  Panegyricus  of  IsocrateSt 
by  Felton,  appears. 

1848  Jan.  1.  Phila.  Girard  College 
is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1847  Mar.  25.  N.  Y.  An  anti-rent 
riot  occurs  in  Columbia  county. 

Dec.  *  K.  Y.    Rise  of  Spiritualism. 
Mysterious     rappings    begin    in     the 
home   of   John  D.  Fox   of   Hydeville; 
much  interest  is  awakened  in  *'  mani- 
festations." 

*  *  Mex.  The  Aztec  Club,  a  military 
organization  of  United  States  officers,  is 
formed  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
making  ten  hours  a  legal  day's  work. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Patriotic  Order  of  Sons 
of  America  is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Starving  Ireland  is  remem- 
bered by  Americans,  and  a  great  out- 
pouring of  gifts  occurs. 

STATE* 

1847  Jan.  14.  New  Mex.  Gov.  Bent 
and  five  other  Americans  are  killed 
In  an  uprising  of  Mexicans  against  the 
authority  of  the  United  States. 

Feb.  8.  Cal.  Col.  Fremont  proclaims 
the  annexation  of  California,  and 
assumes  the  office  of  governor. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Honse 
honors  the  first  appearance  during  the 
session  of  the  venerable  John  Quincy 
Adams,  by  rising  and  suspending  busi- 
ness to  welcome  him. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  The  29th  Congress 
ends. 

July  1.  U.  S.  National  debt  $38,826,- 
534. 

Oct.  •  The  Liberty  Party  Convention 
nominates  John  P.  Hale  of  N.  H.  for 
President,  and  George  "W.  Julian  of 
Ind.  for  Vice-President. 

Dec.6.  D.  C.  The  30th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress;  Senate:  D.  R.  Atchison 
of  Mo.  is  reelected  President  pro  tem- 
pore. House :  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
(\^Tiig)  of  Mass.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  •  D.  C.  Congress :  Abraham  lan- 
coln  and  Andrew  Johnson  enter  the 
House,  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas  and 
Jefferson  Davis  enter  the  Senate. 

*  *  -48  *  *  Kew  York  William  V.  Brady 
is  elected  the  65th  mayor. 


*  *  U.  S.    Politics  in  the  army. 

The  Government  is  anxious  to  make  a 
Democratic  hero  of  the  war,  and  recalls 
Gen.  Winfield  Scott  (Whig),  after  crip- 
pling Gen.  Zachary  Taylor  (Whig).  Three 
major-generals  and  seven  brigadier-gen- 
erals are  appointed,  —  not  one  of  them  a 
Whig,  or  acquainted  with  service  in  the 
field  or  at  West  Point.  [The  popular 
heroes  are  Whigs,  notwithstanding.] 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaug^urated : 
-49  *  *  Ala.    Reuben  Chapman. 

Cal.(Ttr.).    John  C.  Fremont. 
Gen.  S.  W.  Kearny. 
-49  •  *  Cal.    Col.  R.  B.  Maaon. 
-49  *  *  Conn.    Clark  Bissell. 
-51  ♦  *  Ga.    Geo.  W.  B.  Towns. 
-50  *  *  Me.     John  W.  Dana. 

Mich.    Wm.  L.  Greenly, 
-49  *  *  N.  H.    Jared  W.  Williams. 
-49  *  *  R.  I.    Elisha  Harris. 
-49  ♦  *  Tenn.    Neil  S.  Brown. 
-49  *  *  Tex.    George  T.  Wood. 
1848    Feb.  2.    The  Treaty  of  Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo  is  signed. 

Mexico  ce<le8  New  Mexico  and  Upper 
California  (5'22,J>55  square  miles),  and 
accepts  the  Rio  Granule  as  the  boundary  ; 
she  is  to  receive  $15,000,000  and  to  be 
released  from  tlie  payment  of  $3,500,000 
in  debts  due  American  citizens,  which 
the  Government  assumes. 

Feb.  *  Mexican  commissi  loners  ask  that 
the  ceded  territory  be  guaranteed  to 
freedom. 

Mr.  Trist,  the  American  commissioner, 
replies,  "  If  it  were  covered  a  foot  thick 
with  p\ire  gold,  on  the  single  condi- 
tion that  slavery  should  be  ^rever  ex- 
cluded," he  would  not  entertain  the 
offer  for  a  moment. 

California  becomes   a  part  of  the 

United  States  by  the  treaty  with  Mexico. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847  June  1.  Xew  York.  The  steamer 
Washington  sails,  the  tirstof  the  Collins 
(American)  line. 

July  5.  Chicago.  The  River  and  Har- 
bor Convention  assembles  for  pro- 
moting improvements. 

Nov.  19.  Mo.  A  collision  occurs  on  the 
Mississippi,  near  Cape  Girardeau ;  one 
boat  is  sunk,  and  50  persons  are  drowned. 

Nov.  21.  Wis.  The  steamer  Phcentx 
takes  fire  before  daylight  on  Lake 
Michigan,  near  Sheboygan  ;  160  lives  are 
lost. 

Dec.  29.  Kg.  The  steamboat  A.  N.  John- 
son explodes  her  boiler  on  the  Ohio 
above  Maysville,  and  kills  GO  persons. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens,  in  1S47,  234,968. 

*  *  Ind.  The  city  of  Indianapolis  is  char 
tered  (population  about  6,000). 

*  •  .V.  U.  The  entire  Northern  Rail- 
road  is  opened. 

*  *  1/  S.  Postage  stamps  are  first  used 
(7  years  later  than  in  England). 

*  *  Va.  Hollywood  Cemetery,  at  Rich 
mond,  is  opened, 

*  •  The  Hamburg- American  hne  of 
steamers  is  established  between  New 
York,  Southampton,  and  Hamburg 

1848  Jan.  8.  The  boilers  of  the  steamer 
Blue  Ridge  burst  on  the  Ohio,  and  kiU 
30  persons. 


164     1848^  Mar.  10-  1849,  June  30.      AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1848     June  12.     Hex.     The  American 
army  evaouateg  the  city  of  Mexico. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1848  July  4.  J)X'.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  'Washington  Monument,  at  Wash- 
ington, is  laid  by  President  Pollt. 

Nov.  25.  Col.  John  C.  Fremont  starts 
from  Fort  Pueblo  on  his  fourth  explor- 
ing expedition,  seeking  a  route  for  a 
highway  to  the  Pacific. 

•  *  Mass.  G.  P.  Bond  of  the  Harvard 
Observatory  discovers  Hyperion,  the 
seventh  satellite  of  Saturn. 

•  *  N.  Y.  S.  T.  Armstrong  of  Broolclyn 
first  applies  gutta-percha  for  coating 
telegraph  wires. 

•  •  A'ew  York.  W.  C.  Macready  appears 
at  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 

•  *  Gutta-percha  is  first  manufactured 
in  this  country. 

»  *  Storming  of  the  TeocaUi  is  painted  by 
Emanuel  Iieutze. 

±  ♦  *  Chromolithography,  a  method  of 
printing  from  stone  in  colors,  is  intro- 
duced. 

•  *  F.  S.  Chanf  rau  produces  his  play,  Mose, 
the  New  York  Fireman,  and  the  Bowery 
Boy. 

1849  Jon.  5.  O.  An  announcement  of 
the  invention  of  the  magnetic  clock 
by  Dr.  Loclce  is  made  by  Lieut.  Matthew 
F.  Maury. 

Mar.  *  +  La.  A  flood  prevails  at  New 
Orleans  ;  the  streets  are  ten  feet  under 
water ;  plantations  are  swept  by  irresist- 
ible currents  ;  damage,  $60,000,000. 

May  12.  La.  A  crevasse  made  in  the 
levee  causes  floods  in  New  Orleans. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1848*  » 

Adams.  John  Quincy.  minister  to  Berlin, 
sen.  for  Mass.,  prof,  in  Harvard,  minister 
to  Eng.,  sec.  of  state,  6lli  I'res.  of  U.  S., 
M.  C.  for  Mass.,  dies  Keb.  23,  A81. 

Astor.  John  Jacob,  financier,  founder  of 
Astor  Library,  .-\8.'>. 

Riddle,  James,  Commodore  II.  S.  N.,  A65. 

ISllss,  Porter  Cornelius,  editor,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

IJrooks,  William  Keith,  naturalist,  b.  inO. 

Iturljeelt,  Henry,  officer  of  tiie  Itev.,  A94. 

Claxton,  Kate,  actor,  bom  in  N.  Y. 

Cole,  Thomas,  painter,  A47. 

Crain,  William  II.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b.  Tex. 

Horsey,  James  Owen,  phyaioist,  born. 

Euloe,  Henj.  .\.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  b.  in  Tenn. 

Farnbain,  'hioiuas  .Jefferson,  traveler,  A44. 

Kitch,  Ashbel  I'..  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  N.  Y. 

<.;uthrie,  .Samuel,  chemist,  inventor,  dies. 

Hansbrough,  Henry  C,  sen.  for  N.  D.,  b.  111. 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler,  author,  born  in  <;a. 

Harrison,  James  .\ll>ert,  phi]anth.,b.  inMiss. 

Kearny,  Stephen  Watts,  maj.-gen.,  A64. 

MacKenzie,  Alex.  Slidell,  naval  ofllcer,  A45. 

Martin,  Henry  Newell,  biologist,  itorn  in  Tre. 

Mason,  Jeremiah,  lawyer,  sen.  for  N.  11.,  A80. 

Mereditli,  Elisha  E.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  in  Ala. 

Newlands,  V.  (1.,  M.  C.  for  Nev.,  b.  in  Miss. 

Olds,  (iaiualitl  .S.,  prof,  of  math.,  .\7I. 

Pettigrew,  Richard  I".,  sen.  for  S.  I>.,  b.  Vt. 

Russell,  Sol  Smith,  actor,  born  in  Mo. 

Snodgrass,  Henry  C,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  bom 
in  Tenn. 

Sperry,  Lewis,  M.  C.  for  Conn.,  b.  in  Conn. 

Wells,  Horace,  dentist,  introduces  anesthe- 
sia, A  3.3. 

Wheaton,  Henry,  jurist,  diplomatist,  .\63. 

Wheeler,  Hamilton  K.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  born 
in  N.  Y. 

Wolcott,  Edward  O.,  sen.  for  Col.,  b.  Mass. 


CHURCH. 

1848  May  1-June  1.  Pa.  The  15th 
General  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) is  held  at  Pittsburg. 

The  plan  of  separation  on  the  slavery 
question  is  declared  null  and  void. 

The  East  Maine,  New  York  East, 
and  Wisconsin  conferences,  and  the 
California  and  Oregon  Mission  confer- 
ences are  formed. 

June  10.  Va.  The  Second  Baptist 
Convention  (Southern)  is  held  at  Rich- 
mond. 

June  14.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Kingston;  Thos.  E. 
Vermilye,  president. 

July  13.  Ore.  The  Congregational  Asso- 
ciation of  Oregon  is  organized. 

Sept.  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Ee- 
formed)  meets  at  Brooklyn;  Thos.  E. 
Vermilye,  president. 

Oct.  10.  111.  An  incendiary  destroys 
the  Mormon  Temple  at  Nauvoo. 

*  *  The  Iowa  Eldership  (Church  of  God) 
is  organized. 

*  »  Ind.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Olive  Branch  is  orga- 
nized. 

•  •  Ind.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

♦  *  Md.  The  Ladies'  China  Mission- 
ary Society  of  Baltimore  is  formed  by 
Methodists. 

♦  *  Md.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Baltimore  ;  Alex. 
T.  McGill,  moderator. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets. 

*  »  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Troy. 

•  »  Tex.  The  Texas  State  Association  of 
Baptists  is  formed. 

•  •  Wis.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Evangelical  Liter- 
ature is  incorporated. 
»  *  Father  John  Bapst,  Jesuit,  becomes  a 
missionary  to  the  Indians  at  Oldtown. 

•  ♦  The  American  Missionary  Asso- 
ciation begins  work,  with  much  peril, 
in  the  South  among  both  whites  and 
blacks. 

1849  June  13.  Phila.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 
1848  •  ♦  Conn.     The  American    Church 
Review  appears  at  New  Haven. 

•  *  Mass.  The  scientific  department  of 
Harvard  University  is  established,  chief- 
ly by  Abbott  Lawrence. 

The  Essex  Institute  Library  is 
founded  at  Salem.    [34,800  vols.] 

*  *  Miss.  The  University  of  Missis- 
sippi (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Oxford. 

*  »  New  Yorl;.  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 


The  Journal  of  Commerce,  the  Courier 
and  Examiner,  the  Tribune,  the  Herald, 
the  Sun,  and  the  Express  unite  in  form- 
ing the  Associated  Press. 

*  •  N.  Y.  Chester  A.  Arthur  [Presi- 
dent] graduates  at  Union  College. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Geneva  College  (Eef. 
Pres.)  is  organized  at  Beaver  Falls. 

Augustinian  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  of 
St.  Thomas,  Villanova,  is  incorporated. 

*  ♦  0.  The  Ohio  Practical  Farmer  ap- 
pears at  Cleveland. 

»  *  Tenn.  Burritt  College  (Disciples)  is 
founded  at  Spencer. 

*  *  Tenn.  Union  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Murfreesboro. 

*  »  Wis.  The  University  of  'Wisconsin 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Madison. 

*  *  The  Biglow  Papers,  by  James  Bus- 
sell  LoweU,  appear. 

*  *  A  Fable  far  Critics,  by  LoweU,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Indian  Summer  Reverie,  by  Lowell, 
appears. 

*  •  Notes  on  the  Iroguoii,  by  H.  E.  School- 
craft, appears. 

*  •  Oak  Openings,  by  Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  New  Rnpe  of  the  Lock,  by  J.  G.  Saie, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Rosary,  by  E.  E.  Hale,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal,  by  Low- 
ell, appears. 

1849  Apr.  25.  Minn.  St.  Paul  has  its 
first  newspaper.  The  Pioneer. 

SOCIETY. 

1848  May*  Pa.  The  Methodist  Gen- 
eral Conference  at  Pittsburg  forbids 
members  buying,  selling,  or  drinking 
intoxicating  beverages. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  A  'Woman's  Bights 
Convention  at  Rochester  claims  suf- 
frage, preaching,  teaching,  and  property 
rights. 

Aug.  22.  Mo.  Lient.  U.  S.  Grant,  26 
years  of  age,  marries  Julia  T.  Dent  of 
St.  Louis. 

*  *  Miss.  Jefferson  Davis  declines,  on 
proslavery  grounds,  to  vote  for  his 
father-in-law.  General  Zachary  Taylor, 
the  Whig  candidate  for  the  presidency. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Century  Club  is 
formed.    (1847?). 

*  *  O.  James  A.  Garfield,  15  years  old, 
enters  the  employ  of  his  cousin ;  he 
drives  mules  along  the  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio  Canal. 

*  *  Ore.  The  prohibitory  liquor  law  is 
repealed. 

*  *  Utah.  Another  migration  of  Mor- 
mons brings  them  to  Salt  Lake. 

*  *  The  Unitarian  Society  for  the  Belief 
of  Aged  and  Destitute  Clergymen  is 
formed. 

*  *  Nearly  300,000  volunteers  offer 
to  enter  the  ranks  against  Mexico. 

1849  May  10.  New  York.  Astor 
Place  riot. 

Friends  of  Edwin  Forrest  decide  tli;it 
William  C.  Macready  shall  not  act  in  the 


J 


UNITED  STATES.  1848,  Mar.  10-1849,  June  30.  165 


fity.  Tlie  theater  is  assaulted,  militia 
.■ailed  out ;  '22  persons  are  kil!e<l,  and  30 
wounded.   Macready  escapes  in  disguise. 

June  30.  New  York.  Father  Mathew 
arrives  from  Ireland  :  is  welcomed  by 
the  City  Council,  and  addresses  are  pre- 
sented by  the  board  of  aldermen  and  the 
American  Temperance  Union. 


STATE. 

1848  Mar.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The 
Senate  adopts  the  treaty  made  with 
Mexico  by  the  commissioner,  with 
some  modifications. 

Apr.  12.  N.  r.  The  new  code  of  laws 
is  adopted. 

Apr.  13.  X>.  C.  Congress  by  resolution 
congrattilates  the  French  people  on 
the  formation  of  a  republic. 

*  *  iV.  y.  The  Democracy  sends  rival 
delegations  to  the  National  Convention 
at  Baltimore ;  the  Barnburners,  follow- 
ers of  Silas  Wright,  the  Hvinkers,  fol- 
lowers of  Wm.  L.  Marcy.  These  are  re- 
spectively the  antislavery  and  the  pro- 
slavery  wings  of  the  party. 

May  20.  il/ex.  The  United  States  com- 
missioners, A.  H.  Sevier  and  N.  Clifford, 
sign  articles  of  peace  at  Queretaro 
with  Signor  I)e  la  Kosa,  the  Mexican 
minister. 

May  22-26.  ^f(!.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Baltimore, 
and  nominates  Lewis  Cass  of  Midi,  for 
President,  and  "William  O.  Butler  of 
Ky.  for  Vice-President. 

The  Barnburners,  or  Free-Soil  Demo- 
crats, withdraw  from  the  Convention, 
because  of  its  proslavery  attitude. 

May  29.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Wis- 
consin into  the  Union  as  the  30th  State. 

June  7-9.  Pliila.  The  Whig  National 
Convention  meets,  and  nominates 
Zachary  Taylor  of  La.  for  President, 
and  Millard  Fillmore  of  N.  Y.  for 
Vice-President. 

The  Convention  rejects  a  resolution 
favorable  to  the  prohibition  of  slavery 
in  the  Territories,  and  several  Free-Soil 
Whigs  withdraw. 

June  22.  N.  T.  The  Barnburners 
assemble  a  Democratic  Convention 
at  Utica,  and  nominate  Martin  Van 
Buren  of  N.  Y.  for  the  presidency. 

July  1.    National  debt  $47,044,862. 

July  4.    n.  C.    Peace  with  Mexico  is 

proclaimed. 

Aug.  9, 10.  A'.  Y.  A  convention  of  the 
new  Free-Soil  Party  is  held. 

It  meets  at  Buffalo,  and  is  composed 
of  Barnburners,  antislavery  Whigs, 
and  Abolitionists.  Salmon  P.  Chase  is 
president.  Delegates  are  present  from 
all  the  Free  States;  also  from  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  and  the  District  of 
Columbia.  Martin  Van  Buren  is  nom- 
inated for  tlie  presidency,  and  Charles 
Francis  Adams  for  Vice-President.  (It 
is  tlie  germ  of  the  Republican  party.) 

Summer.  Ky.  Henry  Clay  is  enraged 
at  the  nomination  of  '*  Kough  and 
Ready  "  (Gen.  Taylor)  by  the  Whig  con- 
vention, and  withdraws  from  activity 
in  the  campaign. 


Aug.  14.  T>.  <:  The  30th  Congress  : 
the  lirst  session  closes. 

Congress  organizes  Oregon  as  a  Ter- 
ritory. 

Bummer.  N.  Y.  "William  H.  Seward, 
Thiu:low  "Weed,  and  Horace  Greeley 
dominate  the  politics  of  the  State. 

Sept.+  *  U.  S.  Gen.  Taylor's  canvass  is 
called  a  Star-and-Stripes  canvass. 

Nov.  7.  U.  S.  16th  presidential  elec- 
tion; Whigs  are  elected. 

Popular  vote:  Zachary  Taylor  (Whig) 
of  La.,  1,360,101 ;  Lewis  Cass  (Dem.)  of 
Mich.,  1,220,544 ;  Martin  Van  Buren 
(Free-Soil)  of  N.  Y.,  291,263. 

Nov.  *  Afass.  Conscience  "Whigs  re- 
fuse to  vote  for  Gen.  Taylor  (a  slave- 
holder), on  antislavery  grounds. 

Dec.  4.  D.  C.  The  30th  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  15.  A  postal  convention  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 
is  signed. 

*  *  o.C.  Congress :  The  House  declares 
it  expedient  and  constitutional  for 
the  General  Government  to  promote 
river  and  harbor  improvements. 
Vote,  112-53. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress :  Jefferson  Davis 
is  elected  senator  from  Mississippi. 

Dec.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very in  the  District  of  Colimabia. 
Vote,  98-87.  [It  afterward  reconsiders 
the  motion  and  then  postpones  action.] 

*  *  Cal.  The  discovery  of  gold  hastens 
emigration  [and  soon  disturbs  the 
political  equation  by  a  preponderating 
North  and  West  devoted  to  free  soil]. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Polk  authorizes  the 
United  States  minister  at  Madrid  to 
offer  Spain  $100,000,000  for  Cuba ; 
he  obtains  a  curt  refusal. 

*  *  New  York.  William  F.  Havemeyer 
is  elected  the  66th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-52  •  *  Ark.    John  S.  Roane. 

-49  *  *  Ind.    Paris  0.  Dunning. 
-50  *  *  Ky.    Jolm  J.  Crittenden. 
-53  *  *  Mo.    Austin  A.  King. 
-49  *  *  Mich.    Epaphroditus  Ransom. 
-50  *  *  Ml»s.    Joseph  W.  Matthews. 
-51*  ♦A'.  J.    Daniel  Haines. 

Pa.  Wm.  F.  Johnson. 
-50  *  *  S.C.  W.  B.  Seabrook. 
-51  *  *  Wis.    Nelson  Dewey. 

1849  Feb.  11.  The  electoral  vote  is 
counted. 

Vote  for  President:  Taylor,  163;  Cass, 
127  ;  Van  Buren,  0.  Vote  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent :  Millard  Fillmore  (Whig)  of  N.  Y., 
163  ;  William  O.  Butler  (Dem.)  of  Ky., 
127  :  Charles  F.  Adams  (Free-Soil)  of 
Mass.,  0. 

Mar.  3.    J),  r.    Congress  creates  the 
Department  of   the  Interior;  it  or- 
ganizes Minnesota  as  a  Territory. 
The  30th  Congress  ends. 

The  Twelfth  Administration;  Whig. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Zachary  Taylor  of  La. 
is  inaugurated  the  12th  President,  in 
the  16th  term  of  the  presidency.    Mil- 


lard Fillmore  of  New  York  is  Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet :  John  M.  Clayton  of  Del. 
(State),  "Wm.  M.  Meredith  of  Pa. 
(Treas.),  Geo.  "W.  Crawford  of  Ga. 
(War),  Wm.  B.  Preston  of  Va.  (Navy), 
Thomas  Ewing  of  O.  (Interior),  Jacob 
CoUamer  of  Vt.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and 
Reverdy  Johnson  of  Md.  (Atty.-Gen.). 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1848  May  10.  Mich.  A  great  fire 
occurs  in  Detroit. 

May  27.  The  steamer  Clarksville  bums 
on  the  Mississippi,  near  Ozark  Island ; 
more  than  30  lives  are  lost. 

June  29.  N.  Y.  The  Croton  aqueduct 
bridge  over  the  Harlem  River,  1,400  ft. 
long,  is  completed. 

Aug.  9.  III.  A  flue  of  the  steamer  Ed- 
ward Bates  collapses  on  the  Mississippi, 
near  Hamburg ;  53  persons  are  killed, 
and  404njured. 

Aug.  17.  N.  Y.  A  fire  bums  several 
hundred  buildings  at  Albany;  loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Aug.  22.  New  Eng.  A  train  of  cars 
runs  from  Springfield  to  Hartford,  26 
miles,  in  33  minutes. 

Aug,  24.  The  ship  Ocean  Monarch,  of 
Boston,  is  burned  near  Liverpool ;  170 
lives  are  lost. 

Sept.  9.  N.  Y.  A  fire  in  Brooklyn  burns 
300  buildings  ;  loss,  $1,500,000. 

Oct.  25.  Boston.  Cochituate  water  is 
introduced. 

Nov.  14.  JV.  Y.  The  first  public  lec- 
ture is  given  on  spirit-rappings  at 
Rochester. 

Nov.*  Cal.  A  great  emigration  to  Cali- 
fornia begins. 

Dec.  8.  Cal.  The  first  deposit  of  gold  is 
made  in  the  U.  S.  Mint. 

Dec.  16.  New  York.  The  Park  Theater 
is  burned. 

Deo.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
.  aliens,  in  1848,  226,527. 

»  *  III.  Tlie  canal  connecting  Lake  Michi- 
gan with  the  Illinois  River  is  completed. 

*  •Jlfos*.  Forest  Hills  Cemetery  is  es- 
tablished, near  Boston. 

*  •  Mo.    St.  Louis  is  lighted  with  gas. 

*  *  N.  T.  Calvary  Cemetery  (Roman 
Catholic),  near  New  York,  is  opened. 

Cypress  Hill  Cemetery,  near  New  York, 
is  dedicated. 
Brooklyn  is  lighted  with  gas. 

*  *ir.  To.  The  suspension  bridge  (1,010 
feet)  across  the  Ohio  at  Wheeling  is 
opened. 

*  *  Guano  is  first  introduced. 

1849  Jan.  9.  Cal.  The  first  regular 
banking-house  is  opened  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

May  17.    Mo.    A  fire  at  St.  Louis  burns 

23  steamboats  and  15  blocks  of  houses  ; 

loss  about  $3,000,000. 
June  26.    La.     The  great   crevaase  In 

the   levee  of   the  Mississippi   River  is 

stopped. 


166     1849,  June* -1850,  Sept.  30.        AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

THE  FIFTEENTH  WAK. 
1849  *  *  The    Apache,   Navajo,   and 
Utah  War.    Men  enrolled,  1,500  regu- 
lars, and  1,061  militia  and  volunteers; 
total,  2561. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 
1849  July  16.    Mass.   Frost  appears  at 

Pittsfield;  — the   mercury  stood   at   90* 

during  the  previous  day. 
Aug.  21.    Md.    A  National   Convention 

of  inventors  meets  at  Baltimore. 
Sept.  10.     Mass.     Edwin    Booth,    yet 

under  16  years  of  age,  makes  his  first 

appearance  on  the  stage,  in  Boston. 

*  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  [the  future 
President]  secures  letters  patent  on  the 
model  of  a  boat  for  lifting  vessels  over 
shoals. 

*  *  N.J.  A  process  for  the  condensation 
of  milk  is  invented  by  Gail  Borden  of 
Newark. 

*  *  New  York.  Jared  B.  Flagg  and  Fred- 
erick E.  Church  become  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  ♦  Utah.  The  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley- 
is  surveyed  by  order  of  the  United  States 
Government. 

*  *  Mount  }Vashi7igton  from  North  Con- 
way is  painted  by  J.  F.  Kensett. 

*  *  Thomas  Crawford  receives  a  com- 
mission from  the  State  of  Virginia  to 
execute  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of 
Washington. 

1850  May  24.  New  York.  Henry 
Grinnell's  Expedition  departs  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  in  the  Arc- 
tic Sea. 

It  sails  in  the  Advance  and  Rescue 
under  Lieut.  Edwin  T.  De  Haven  and 
Dr.  Elisha  Iv.  Kane.  [They  succeed  in 
entering  Baffin  Bay,  and  return  with 
their  vessels  in  October,  1851,  but  search 
in  vain  for  Sir  John  Franklin's  expe- 
dition.] 

Jtme  29.  N.  Y.  Part  of  Table  Rock  at 
Niagara  Falls  gives  way. 

Aug.  19.  New  York.  F.  B.  Conway 
makes  his  first  appearance  in  America,  at 
the  Broadway  Theater. 

Sept.  1.  New  York.  Arrival  of  Jenny 
liind,  the  "  Swedish  Nightingale."  She 
is  greeted  with  immense  enthusiasm. 

Sept.  11.  Nev)  York.  Jenny  Lind  first 
appears  on  the  American  stage,  at  Castle 
Garden,  before  7,000  persons  ;  first-night 
receipts,  $30,000 ;  $225  is  paid  for  the  first 
ticket  sold. 


Haugen,  Nils  P.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  born  in 

Norway. 
Jewett,  Sarah  Orne,  author,  born  In  Me. 
Johnston,  Alexander,  publicist,  author,  b. 

in  N.V. 
Jones,  William  A.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,b.  in  Va. 
Joy,  Charles  K.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  in  111. 
Lazarus,  Kinma,  poet,  A  38. 
Lyon,   Mary,    founder  of    Mount   Ilolyoke 

Seminary,  AM. 
Merrill,  Joseph,  M.  E.  cl.,  A64, 
Miller,  "William,  Advent  preacher,  A68. 
Poe,  Edg^ar  Allan,  poet, editor,  A40. 
PoDc,  James  K.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  speaker, 

<.;ov.  of  Tenn.,  11th  Pres.  U.  S.,  A54. 
Read,  Nathan,  inventor  of  nail-machine,  A90. 
Scbwatka,  Frederick,  Arctic  explorer,  born 

in  III. 
Tappan,  William  Binf;hani,  poet,  A55. 
Taylor,  Alfred  A.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn. 
Turpin,  Louis  W.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  Va. 
Worth.  Wm  J.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A,,  A45. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1849 •  * 

Abbott,  Benjamin,  educator,  A 87. 
Hlanchard,  Newton  C,  M.  C.  for  La.,  b.  La. 
Itoatner,  Charles  J.,  M.  C.  for  La.,  b.  in  La. 
Iturgess,  Neil,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
Hurnett,  Frances  Eliza  Hodgson,  novelist, 

born  in  Eng. 
Chase,  Wdliam  M.,  painter,  born  in  Ind. 
Chauncey,  Charles,  lawyer,  A72. 
Danenhower,  John  Wilson,  explorer,  born. 
Davenport.  Fanny,  actor,  born  in  Eng. 
Farrar,  Timothy,  scholar.  Judge,  A 102. 
Gaines,  Edmund  Pendleton,  of  Va.,  brig.- 

gen.  U.  S.  A.,  A72 
Gallatin.  Albert.  Swisg-Ameriran,  leader 

of  Kepublicans,  sen.  for  I'a.,  sec.  of  treas. 

A  88, 
Goodnight,  Isaac  11.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b,  Ky. 


CHURCH. 

1849  June  *  New  York.  The  General 
Synod  (Reformed)  meets  ;  George  H. 
Fisher,  president.  [Again,  at  Schenec- 
tady in  August ;  J.  Van  Veckten,  presi- 
dent.] 

Aug,  1,  Tex.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Texas  is  established. 

Sept.  21.  Cat.  Wm.  Taylor,  a  Metho- 
dist minister,  arrives  in  California,  and 
soon  begins  mission-work  by  street- 
preaching. 

Dec.  3.  The  trial  of  Bishop  G.  "W.  Doane 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  begins,  [He  sur- 
renders his  property  to  his  creditors, 
and  the  case  is  dismissed.] 

Dec.  16.  Ind.  George  Upfold  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Indiana. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg ;  Nich- 
olas Murray,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (N. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Philip  C.  Hay, 
moderator. 

The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is 
held. 

1850  Feb.  24.  Miss.  William  Mercer 
Green  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Mississippi. 

May*  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  is  held  at  Buffalo. 

May  23.  The  party  favoring  a  revision 
of  the  Bible  is  defeated  in  the  Baptist 
Annual  Meeting. 

May  *  Mo.  The  2d  General  Confer- 
ence (Metli.  Epis.  South)  meets  at  St. 
Louis. 

Jime  10.  New  York.  The  American 
Bible  Union  is  organized  by  Baptists, 
■who  have  seceded  from  the  American 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

June  12.  N.  Y.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  !N'ew  Jesusalem  meets. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Poughkeepsie ;  Jer. 
Searle,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1849  *  *  Oa.  Monroe  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Forsyth. 

*  *  Mo.  "William  JeweUCoUege(Bapt.) 
is  founded  at  Liberty. 

♦  *  New  York.  V  Eco  d' Italia  is  founded 
by  political  refugees. 


*  *  New  York.  The  Astor  Library  is 
founded  [260,611  vols.]  by  John  Jacob 
Astor,  by  the  gift  of  $400,000. 

*  *  Ohio  Central  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Iberia. 

*  *  O.  Oxford  CoUege  (Pres.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Oxford. 

*  *  Pa.  University  of  liCwisburg 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Lewisburg. 

*  *  Tenn.  Hiwassee  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Hiwassee. 

Carson-Newman  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Mossy  Creek. 

*  *  Wis.  Ijawrence  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  opened. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Wisconsin  State  Historical 
Society  liibrary  is  founded  at  Madison. 
[55,361  vols.] 

*  *  The  California  and  Oregon  Trail,  by 
Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Characteristics  of  Literature,  by  Tuck- 
er man,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Goldsmith,  by  Irving,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  Spanish  Literatitre,  by 
George  Ticknor,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  United  States,  by  Rich- 
ard Hildreth,  appears. 

*  *  Kavanaugh,  by*IiongfeUow,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  on  Subjects  Connected  with 
Literature  and  Life,  by  Edwin  P.  Whip- 
ple, appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  J.  T.  Fields,  appears. 

*  ♦  God  in  Christ,  by  Horace  Bushnell, 
appears. 

*  *  Lowell  Lectures  on  the  Application  of 
Metaphysical  and  Ethical  Science  to  the 
Evidences  of  Religion,'by  Boweu,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1849  Dec.  20.  D.  C.  President  Tyler 
gives  a  banquet  at  the  "White  House 
to  Father  Mathew ;  the  Senate  votes 
the  extraordinary  distinction  to  admit 
him  to  the  bar  of  the  Senate. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Elizabeth  Blackwell  receives 
the  first  degree  of  M.  D.  given  in  the 
United  States  to  a  woman. 

It  is  bestowed  by  the  Medical  School 
at  Geneva,  after  being  refused  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston. 

*  *  The  Bloomer  costume,  resembling  a 
Turkish  jacket  and  trousers,  is  intro- 
duced by  Mrs.  Ann  Bloomer. 

*  *  The  Fugitive-Slave  Law  is  vio- 
lated. 

People  of  the  North  give  great  offense 
to  the  people  of  the  South  by  helping 
men,  women  and  children  of  color  to 
secure  their  freedom,  Instead  of  assist- 
ing those  who  would  enslave  them,  un- 
der laws  forbidding  their  education,  and 
providing  no  defense  for  marriage,  etc. 

1850  Apr,  22.  Mass.  The  banns  of 
marriage  are  legally  published  for  the 
last  time  in  this  State. 

Apr.  25.  La.  General  Nareisso  Lopez 
sails  from  New  Orleans  with  300  fili- 
busters to  invade  Cuba. 

May  19.  Cuba.  Gen.  Lopez  lands  at 
Cardeuas  and  defeats  a  Spanish  force, 
but  soon  abandons  the  enterprise   for 


UNITED    STATES.  1849,  June  *-1850,  Sept.  30.    1G7 


lack  of  support  by  deserters  from  the 
Si>;iiii8h  army  and  by  the  Cubans. 

Sept.  20  ±.  New  York.  Jenny  Lind  be- 
stows $10,000  upon  several  worthy  c-liari- 
ties  of  the  city. 

STATE. 

1849   Julyl.  National  debt  $63,061 ,858. 

Sept.  1.  Cal.  A  convention  at  Monterey 
Yorms  a  State  constitution  for  Cali- 
fornia. 

Dee.  3.  D.  C.  The  Slst  Congress 
opens. 

The  Democrats  have  a  strong  majority 
in  the  Senate  ;  the  Free-Soilers  hold  the 
balance  of  power  between  the  Demo- 
crats and  Whigs. 

Deo.  »  D.C.  Congress  j  House  :  After  a 
struggle  of  three  weeks  Howell  Cobb 
(Dem.)  of  Ga.  is  elected  Speaker  on  the 
sixty-third  ballot. 

Dec.  *  T>.  C.  The  President  recommends 
that  California  be  received  into  the 
Union  (Free  State). 

Dec.  +  *  D.  C.  Congress :  Exciting 
debates  occur  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion; several  Southern  members 
threaten  secession  and  civil  war  if 
slavery  is  excluded  from  the  Territories. 

Dec.  *  Cal.  The  people  adopt  a  consti- 
tution by  a  popular  vote,  and  choose 
P.  H.  Burnett  as  the  first  governor. 

•  *  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate  is  emi- 
nent for  its  ability.  ["  At  no  time  in 
its.  history,  before  or  since,  has  its  mem- 
bership been  so  illustrious,  its  weight 
of  character  and  ability  so  great."  — 
Blaine.] 

•  '-SI*  *  New  York.  Caleb  S.  Wood- 
hull  is  elected  the  67th  mayor. 

•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-53  *  ♦  Ala.    Henry  W.  CoUier. 

Cal.  (Ter.).    Gen.  B.  Eiley. 
-51  *  *  Cal.    P.  H.  Burnett. 
-60  *  *  Conn.    Joseph  Trumbull. 
-53  *  *  Fla.    Thomas  Brown. 
-67  *  ♦  Tnd.    Joseph  A.  Wright. 
-63  *  *  .Ifirm.  (Ter.).    Alex.  Kamsey 
-61  *  *  N.  C.    Charles  Manley. 
-62  *  *  A'.  H.    Samuel  Dinsmore. 
-51  •  *  N.Y.    Hamilton  Fish. 
-60  *  *  O.    Seabury  Ford. 

Ore.  (Ter.).    Joseph  Lane. 
-63  *  *  Ore.  [Ter.).    John  P.  Gaines. 
-61  *  *  H.  I.    Henry  B.  Anthony. 
-61  •  •  Term.    Wm.  Trousdale. 
-63  *  *  Tex.    P.  Hansborough  Bell. 

•  -62  •  *  ra.    John  B.  Floyd. 
-60  *  ♦  rt.    Carlos  Cooli<ige. 

1850     Feb.  5,  6.     D.   C.     Congress; 

Senate:  Henry  Clay  introduces  a  bill 
for  compromising  the  slavery  contro- 
versy.   (See  Sept.  9.) 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Daniel  "Webster  delivers  his  memo- 
rable speech  against  his  antislavery 
friends,  who  regard  it  as  a  betrayal. 
Webster  asserts  that  the  South  has 
monopolized  three-fourths  of  the  places 
of  honor  and  emolument,  under  the 
Federal  Government,  ever  since  the 
Union  was  formed. 


Apr.  10.  The  Bui wer- Clayton  Treaty 
is  concluded. 

It  provides  that  neither  England  nor 
the  United  States  shall  obtain  exclusive 
control  over  the  Central  American  Inter- 
Ocean  Canal,  or  erect  any  fortification 
in  that  country. 

Congress;  Senate:  After  prolonged 
debate,  the  Compromise  Bill  is  referred 
to  a  Committee  of  13. 

May  6.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  'Wil- 
liam R.  King  of  Ala.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

June  3.  Tenn.  South  Carolina  and  Mis- 
sissippi legislatures  issue  a  call  for  a 
Southern  Congress,  to  frame  a  govern- 
ment for  a  *'  United  States  South." 
[A  disunion  assembly  meets  at  Nash- 
ville ;  it  is  thinly  attended,  and  treated 
with  ridicule]. 

July  1.   U.  S.  National  debt  $63,462,773. 

July  9.    B.  C.    President  Taylor  dies. 

July  10.  D.  C.  The  Vice-President, 
Millard  Fillmore  of  N.  Y.,  is  inaugu- 
rated the  13th  President. 

Thirteenth  Administration;  Whig. 

Cabinet :  Daniel  W^ebster  of  Mass. 
(State),  Thomas  Corwin  of  O.  (Treas.), 
Charles  M.  Comrad  of  La.  (War), 
Jas.  A.  Pearoe  of  Md.  (Interior),  Wm. 
A.  Graham  of  N.  C.  (Navy),  Nathan 
K.  Hall  of  N.  T.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and 
John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  (Atty-Gen.), 
[Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart  of  Va.  Interior]. 

July  *  D.  C.  President  Fillmore  favors 
compromise  measures  with  slavery. 

•  *  The  Democrats  of  the  South  are  di- 
vided into  Union  men  and  Southern 
Bights  men. 

Aug.  6  +.  D.  C.  Congress :  A  long 
and  exceedingly  violent  struggle 
occurs  in  connection  with  the  bill  to 
receive  the  Free  State  of  California 
without  its  being  paired  with  a  new 
Slave  State. 

Aug.  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Jefferson  Davis  and  others  vainly  at- 
tempt to  have  entered  on  the  journal 
their  protest  against  the  wrong  done 
to  the  slave-holding  States,  in  giving 
the  entire  Paciiic  Coast  to  freedom. 

Sept.  9.  New  Mexico  and  Utah  Terri- 
tories are  organized. 

— —  n.  C.  Henry  Clay's  compromise 
sectu'es  the  admission  of  California 
as  a  free  State. 

It  provides  for  the  payment  of  $10,000,- 
000  to  Texas  for  her  claim  to  New  Mexico, 
and  the  organization  of  Utah  and  New 
Mexico  Territories  without  any  commit- 
tal respecting  slavery,  for  the  prohibi- 
tion of  the  slave-trade  with  the  insti- 
tution undisturbed  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  the  execution  of  the 
Fugitive-Slave  Law.  It  is  opposed  by 
Senators  .Seward,  Wade,  Stevens  (of 
Pa.),  Fessenden,  and  others. 

Congress  admits  Cahf  omia  into  the 

Union  as  the  31st  State. 

Sept.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Fugitive-Slave  Bill.  Vote, 
109-9r>. 

It  imposes  a  fine  of  $1,000  and  6  months 
imprisonment  on  any  person  harboring 


a  fugitive  slave,  or  aiding  him  to  escape. 

It  terrorizes  about  20,000  fugitives  in  the 
North,  and  creates  great  indignation. 

Sept.  18.    D.C.    President  Fillmore  signs 

the  Fugitive-Slave  Law. 
Sept.  30.    D.  C.    The  31st   Congress.: 

the  first  session  closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1849  Aug.  17.  jV.  r.  A  fire  at  Albany 
burns  600  buildings,  besides  steamboats, 
etc.;  24  acres  are  wasted  ;  loss,  $3,000;000. 

Sept.  27.  N.  Y.  Owego  is  almost  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

Oct.  1.  N.Y.  The  Hudson  River  Eail- 
road  is  opened  to  Peekskill. 

Nov.  12.  The  ship  Caleb  Grimshaw 
bums  at  sea ;  339  passengers  are  res- 
cued, 60  perish  on  a  raft. 

Nov.  15.  La.  The  steamboat  Lo^d8iana 
explodes  at  New  Orleans,  killing  60 
persons. 

Dec.  29.  La.  A  great  crevasse  is  made 
in  the  levee,  40  miles  above  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  31.  K.  Y.  The  Hudson  River 
Railroad  is  opened  as  far  as  Pough- 
keepsie. 

IT.  S.      Immigrants    and    other 

aliens  in  1849,  297,024. 

Production  of  gold  for  1849,  $40,000,- 
000  ;  of  silver,  $50,000. 

*  *  Conn.  Evergreen  Cemetery,  at  New 
Haven,  is  dedicated. 

*  *  n.C.  Oak  Hill  Cemetery,  at  George- 
town, is  incorporated. 

*  *  Mo.  Belle  Fontaine  Cemetery  is  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  U.  S.  Cholera  prevails,  and  many 
deaths  occur.  In  New  York,  5,071  ;  St. 
Louis,  4,557;  Philadelphia,  1,022:  Buf- 
falo, 858 ;  Nashville,  805  ;  Chicago,  678  ; 
Boston,  611. 

*  *  Gold  dollars  are  first  coined. 

1850  Jan.  8.  N.  Y.  The  first  ship  en- 
ters the  dry-dock  at  Brooklyn. 

Feb.  4.  Kew  York.  Seventy-five  persons 
are  killed  by  a  street  explosion. 

Feb.  12.  Phila.  The  original  mann- 
scrlpt  of  Washington's  Farewell  Ad- 
dress is  sold  at  auction  for  $2,300. 

June  14.  Cal.  A  fire  in  San  Francisco 
consumes  300  buildings. 

June  17.  The  steamer  Griffith  on  Lake 
Erie  is  burned,  and  300  lives  are  lost. 

June  *  ['.  f>.  Seventh  Census :  States, 
31  ;  whites,  19,553,068 ;  colored,  3,638,808 
(free  colored  434,495,  slaves  3,204,313); 
total  population,  23,191,876.  Increase, 
35.86  per  cent.  Center  of  population,  23 
miles  southeast  of  Parkersburg,  W.  Va. ; 
westward  movement  in  10 years,  55  miles. 

July  9.  Phila.  A  fire  destroys  35  lives 
and  $1,000,000  in  property ;  100  persons 
are  also  injured. 

Aug.  24.  \.  H.  The  greater  part  of  the 
business  portion  of  Concord  is  destroyed 
by  fire. 


I 


168    1850,  Oct.  1-1851** 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1851    Aug.  *  -Sept.  *  Defeat  of  the  sec- 
ond tiUbtistering   expedition   against 
Cuba;  Gen.  Xjopez  and  480  men  made 
prisoners  by  the  Spaniards. 

Fifty-one  are  shot  by  the  Cuban  au- 
thorities ;  Ijopez  is  garroted,  and  the  rest 
are  sent  to  Spain  [where,  after  some 
negotiations,  they  are  liberated]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1850  Nov.  4.  New  York,  Signorina 
Teresa  Parodi  first  appears  in  America, 
at  the  Astor  Place  Opera  House. 

Nov.  11.  Aew  York.  Madame  Fonisi 
first  appears  in  America,  at  the  Broad- 
way Theater. 

*  *  Cal.  Wellingtonia  Gigantea,  the 
largest  tree  in  the  world,  is  discovered 
by  W.  Whitehead. 

*  *^fe.  The  Society  of  Natural  Hiatory 
is  organized  in  Portland. 

*  *  N.J.  Gail  Borden  invents  a  meat 
biscuit. 

*  *  Wis.  TlieMusik-Verein  is  established 
at  Milwaukee. 

*  *■  Washington  Crossing  the  Delaware  is 
painted  by  Smanuel  Leutze. 

*  *  A  colossal  statue,  The  Oenius  of  Amer- 
ica, is  executed  by  Thomas  Crawford. 

*  *  A  bronze  statue  of  Beethoven  is  exe- 
cuted by  Thomas  Crawford. 

1851  June  *  Floods  of  vast  extent  pre- 
vail in  the  upper  Missouri  and  in  the 
Mississippi ;  crops  cannot  be  planted. 

July  4.  D.  (\  The  corner-stone  of  the 
gi-eat  white  marble  wings  of  the  Federal 
Capitol  is  laid. 

Aug.  15.  Mo.  A  cyclone  destroys  prop- 
erty at  St.  Louis. 

Dec.  29.  AVm*  York.  Lola  Montez,  the 
dancer,  first  appears  in  the  United 
States,  at  the  Broadway  Theater. 


Sibley,  .Joseph  C,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  N.  Y. 

NoinerR,  I'eter  J.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  Wis. 

Taylor,  Zachary,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  12th 
I'res.  of  the  U.  S.,  Abe. 

Terry,  William  L.,  W.  C,  for  Ark.,  b.  N.  C. 

Troost,  lierard,  cliemist,  A74. 

Weadock,  Th.  A.  E.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  Ire. 

White,  William  J.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  Can. 

Williams,  James  K.,  M.  C,  for  lU.,  b.  111. 

Wilson,  John  L.,  M.  C.  for  Wash.,  b.  Ind. 
1851  *  * 

Alexander,  Archibald,  Tres.  cl.,  author,  A79. 

Audubon,  John  J.,  ornithologist,  A71. 

Itarron,  .lames,  of  Va.,  commodore,  A82. 

lieck,  Jolm  lirodhead,  physician,  A57. 

lielknap,  William  (J.,  brig-gen.,  A57. 

Boen,  lialdor  E.,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  Nor. 

Houvier,  John,  jurist,  author,  A64. 

liurnes,  Daniel  D.,  M.  C  for  Mo.,  b.  in  Mo. 

Chandler,  Abiel,  of   Mass.,   philanthropist, 
mercliant,  A74. 

Colton,  Walter,  elergynian,  WTiter,  A54. 

Cooper,  tJeorge  W.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  in  Ind. 

Cooper,  James  Fenlmore,  of  N.  Y.,  novel- 
ist, A  62. 

Daggett,  David,  sen.  for  Mass..  A87. 

DeKay,  James  E.,  naturalist,  A59. 

Dixey,  Henry  E.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 

Dubois,  Frederick  T.,  sen.  for  Ida.,  b.  in  111. 

tJallaudet,  Thomas  H.,  founder  of  deaf  and 
dumb  asyhim,  A64. 

Gillett,  Fred.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  Mass. 

Goode,  Ceorge  Hrown,  Ichthyologist,  b.  Ind, 

(Jraham,  Sylvester,  vegetarian  adv.,  A57. 

Ilainer,  Eugene  J.,  M.  C.  for  Neb.,  b.  Hun. 

Hill,  Isaac,  editor,  <iov.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  A63  ? 

IloUlen,  Oliver,  rouiposer.  dies. 

Homblower,  William  i*.,  jurist,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  zoologist,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Kyle,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  b.  in  Mich. 

Latimer,  Asburv  C,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  S.  C. 

McCall,  Sam'l  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  Pa. 

McCuUorh,  Philip  I).,  Jr.,  M.  C.  for  Ark., 
Iforii  in  Tenn. 

MrDannold,  John  J.,  M.  C,  for  111.,  b.  III. 

MoDuffle,  (;eorge.  Gov.,  sen.  for  S.  C,  A63? 

McDowell,  Ephraim,  surgeon,  A80. 

McHae.  Tiiomas  ('.,  M.  C.  for  Ark.,b.  Ark. 

Morton,  Sam'l  (J.,  naturalist, ethnologist, A. W. 

Olln.  Stephen,  M.  K.  clergyman,  A54. 

Paynter.  Thos.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  in  Ky. 

Ricliarrlson,  Charles  Francis,  author,  b.  Me. 

Smitli,  James,  Jr.,  sen.  for  N.  J.,  b.  in  N.  J. 

Van  Ness,  Cornelius  P.,  Gov.  of  Vt.,  minis- 
ter to  Spain,  A70. 

Warrington,  Lewis,  capt.  U.  S.  N.,  A69. 

Warner,  John  D.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.  Y. 

Washington,  Joseph  E.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn. 
born  in  Tenn. 

Woodbury,  liOTi,  Gov.  of  N.  H.,  sec.  of 
treas.,  justice  U.  3.  S.  Ct,  A69. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1850*   ♦ 

Adams,  Herbert  B.,  prof.,  author,  b.  Mass. 
Pabcock,  Jos.  W.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  Vt. 
liellamy,  Kd.,  au.  of  "  Looking  Backward,"  b. 
Bascom,    Henry   B.,  bp.    M.    E.   Church 

south.  A54. 
Bower,  Wm.  H.,  Member  of  Congress  for 

N.  C,  born  in  N.  C. 
Oalboun.  John  C.  sen.  for  8.  C,  leader  for 

free  tratle,  sec.  of  state,  nulUfier,  A68. 
Clark,  Champ,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  in  Ky. 
Cooper,  S.  B.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  born  in  Ky. 
Dinsmore,   Hugh  A.,  M.  C.  for  Ark.,  b.  Ark. 
Doolittle,  W.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Wash.,  b.  in  Pa. 
p:ili3,  William  U.,  M.  C.  for  Ore.,  b.  Ind. 
Elmore,  Franklin  IL,  sen.  for  S.  ('.,  A.'>4. 
Fuller,  Sarah   M.    (Countess  d'ossoli).  au- 
thor, A  40. 
Gibson,  William  Hamilton,  artist,  b.  Conn. 
(iorraan,  J.  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  b.  in  Mich. 
Ha^er,  A.  L.,  M.  C.  for  la.,  born  in  N.  Y. 
Hartsliorne,  Joseph,  physician,  surgeon,  ATI. 
Jones,  Jacob,  commodore,  V.  S.  \.,  ARC. 
Johnson,  Henrv  l'.,M.  C.  for  Ind.,  b.  Ind. 
Johnson,  Martin  N.,  M.  C.  for  N.  1).,  b.  Wis. 
Judson,  Adonlram,   Bapt.  missionary   in 

India,  A 62. 
Lotlge,  Henry  C.  sen.  for  Mass.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Maffit,  John  Newland,  M.  E.  cL,  ASS. 
McNagny,  William  F.,  M.  C.  for  Ind..  b.  O. 
Miller,  Samuel,  I'res.  cl.  of  N.  Y.,  A81. 
Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  Jewish   journalist   in 

N.  Y.,  AW. 
Osgood,  Frances  Sargent  Locke,  poet,  A39. 
Plumer,  William,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  A91. 
Prentiss,  Sergeant  Smitli,  M.  C.  for  Miss., 

orator,  A  42. 
Ilayner,  Isidor,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  in  Md. 
Richardson,  George    F.,  M.   C.   for  Mich., 

born  in  Mich. 


CHURCH. 

1850  *  *  Cal.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  California  is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  General  Assembly  (N. 
S. Presbyterian) meets  at  Detroit;  D.H. 
Biddle,  moderator. 

*  *  New  York  is  created  an  archi- 
episcopal  see  (Koman  Catholic) ;  the 
bishops  of  Albany,  Buffalo,  Boston,  and 
Hartford  are  suffragans  to  it. 

*  *  The  Koman  Catholic  dioceses  of 
Wheeling,  Nesqually,  Savannah,  Mon- 
terey and  Los  Angeles,  and  St.  Paul  are 
established.  Santa  F6  is  created  an 
archdiocese. 

*  *  New  Eng.  The  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion of  Ministers  at  Iiarge,  in  Xew 
England,  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ; 
Aaron  W.  Leland,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Convention  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  meets  in  Cincinnati. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati'; A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  in  Charleston. 

*  *  U.  S.    The  church  communicants 


number  3,529,988,  about  one  in  seven  of 
the  population. 

*  *  Henry  B.  Bascom  is  ordained  bishop 
of  the  M.  E.  Church  South. 

*  *  The  Evangelical  Lutheran  Synodical 
Conference  is  organized. 

1851  June  11.  Boston.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Albany ;  Alex  ll. 
Mann,  president. 

July  11.  John  Payne  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  Africa. 

Oct.  15.  Francis  Hughes  Hutledge  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Florida. 

Oct.  29.  Conn.  John  Williams  Is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  Connecticut. 

Dec.  29.  The  Boston  (undenominational) 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  the 
first  in  the  United  States,  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1850  *  *  Cal.  California  State  Library 
is  founded  at  Sacramento.     [53,000  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  Christian  College  (Disciples)  is 
founded  at  Columbia. 

Grand    Biver    College   (Bapt.)   is 
founded  at  Edinburg. 

*  *  New  York.  Harper's  New  Monthly 
Magazine  Is  founded. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  University  of  Rochester 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Capital  University  (Evang. 
Luth.),  of  Columbus,  is  organized. 

Heidelberg  CoUege  (Reformed),  at 
Tifl&n,  is  organized. 

*  Tex.  Austin  College  (Pres.),  at  Sher- 
man, is  organized. 

*  •  Utah.  University  of  Utah  (non- 
sect.),  of  Salt  Lake  City,  is  organized. 

*  *  The  International  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  A  Few  Thoughts  for  a  Young  Man,  by 
Horace  Mann,  appears. 

*  *  El  Dorado,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  on  Art,  and  Poems,  by  Wash- 
ington AUston,  appears. 

*  *  Mahomet  and  His  Successors^  by 
Washington  Irving,  appears. 

*  *  People  I  Have  Met,  by  Willis,  appears. 

*  *  Representative  Men,  by  Smerson, 
appears. 

*  *  Beveries  of  a  Bachelor,  by  Donald 
Grant  Mitchell  (Ik  Marvel),  appears. 

*  *  The  Scarlet  Letter,  by  Hawthorne, 
appears. 

*  *  Wai/s  of  the  Hour,  by  Cooper,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Wide,  Wide  U'orW,  by  Elizabeth  Weth- 
erell,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Indians  of  Connecticut^ 
by  J.  W.  d©  Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  Labor,  and  Other  Poems,  by 
Whittier,  appears. 

1851  Sept.  18.  New  Ycn-k.  The  Times 
is  founded  by  George  Jones  and  Henry 
J.  Raymond. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1850,  Oct.  1-1851 


169 


Oct.  10.  Cat.  The  California  Christian 
Advocate  (Meth.  Epia.)  ia  first  issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1850*  *  New  York.  The  Methodist  Home 
for  the  Aged  is  opened. 

•  *  Va.  In  this  State  there  are  83,000 
white  persons,  more  than  21  years  of 
age,  who  are  unable  to  read  or  write. 

•  *  U.  S.    Total  slaves,  3,2<M,313. 

•  *  -60  *  *  U.  S.  Nation!^  and  interna- 
tional trades-unions,  and  local  bodies 
generally  organized. 

+  *  *  IT.  S.  The  labor  agitation  chiefly 
relates  to  a  reduction  of  hours  by  legis- 
lative enactment,  hence  it  goes  into 
politics. 

1851  June  2.  Me.  Neal  Dow's  bill  be- 
comes the  Maine  Law  by  the  signature 
of  the  governor  ;  it  prohibits  the  manu- 
facture, sale,  and  use  of  intoxicating 
drinks,  with  certain  exceptions. 

Aug.  11.  Cuba.  Lopez  lands  another 
band  of  filibusters,  480  strong  [which  is 
soon  defeated,  and  he,  with  many  others, 
is  captured]. 

Aug.  21.  Cat.  A  reprieved  prisoner  is 
hanged  by  citizens. 

Aug.*  X.  Y.  The  National  Temper- 
ance Convention  meets  at  Saratoga. 

Sept.  1.  Cuba.  Gen.  Naroisoo  Lopez 
is  executed. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  A  riot  occurs  at  Christi- 
ana in  the  rescue  of  a  fugitive  slave; 
the  owner  is  killed,  his  son  mortally 
wounded,  and  the  sheriff  and  posse  are 
driven  away, 

Dec.  5.  If.  Y.  Gen.  Louis  Kossuth, 
the  Hungarian  patriot,  arrives  ;  a  mili- 
tary and  civic  procession  and  a  vast 
assembly  welcome  him  and  listen  to  his 
eloquent  address. 

Dec.  11.  iV.  Y.  The  City  Council  gives 
a  banquet  in  honor  of  Kossuth. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Kossuth  arrives  at 
Washington,  and  with  masterly  elo- 
quence pleads  for  his  oppressed  coun- 
trymen. 

•  »  Michigan  adopts  a  Constitution  which 
forbids  the  Legislature  to  enact  license 
laws. 

STATE. 

1850  Oct.  7.  jViss.  Disunion  meetingis 
are  held  in  Natchez  and  Yazoo  City ; 
disunion  resolutions  are  voted  down. 

Oct.  14.  Va.  A  convention  assembles  at 
Richmond  to  amend  the  Constitution. 

Oct.  22.  The  Chicago  City  Council  nul- 
Uflesthe  Fugitive-Slave  Law,  and  re- 
leases the  police  from  obedience  to  it. 
[It  afterward  reconsiders  its  action.] 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  3 1st  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

•  *  Congress  grant«  a  right  of  way  and 
donates  land  to  the  States  of  Illinois, 
Mississippi,  and  Alabama,  in  aid  of  a 
railroad  from  Chicago  to  Mobile. 

•  *  Dakota  is  first  settled. 

•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-53  *   *  Cmm.    Thos.  H.  Seymour. 
-54  *  *  la.    Stephen  Hempstead. 


-51  *  *  Ky.    John  L.  Helm. 

-54  *  •  la.    Joseph  Walker. 

-53  *  *  Me.    John  Hubbard. 

-51  •  *  Mich.    John  S.  Barry. 

-51  *  *  Miss.    John  A  Quitman. 

-53  *  *  O.    Reuben  Wood. 

-52  *  *  S.  C.    John  H.  Means. 

-54*  *  OToA.  (jTer.).    Brigham  Young. 

-52  »  *  F(.    Chas.  K.  Williams. 

1851  Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  author- 
izes the  President  to  send  a  Government 
vessel  to  the  Mediterranean  to  convey 
Gen.  Kossuth,  the  Hungarian  patriot, 
and  his  fellow  exiles  to  America. 

It  decides  that  Congress  expires  at 
noon  on  the  4th  day  of  March. 

Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  3lBt  Congress  ends. 

Apr.  25.  D.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
second  proclamation  against  flUbus- 
tering.  He  causes  the  Cleopatra,  about 
to  sail  for  Cuba,  laden  with  military 
stores,  to  be  seized. 

Julyl.   U.S.  National  debt  $68,304,796. 

Aug.  11.  Cuba.  Gen.  Lopez  lands  about 
500  filibusters.    (See  Army  and  Navy.) 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  Jefferson  Davis  resigns 
his  seat  in  the  Senate  to  become  a  Re- 
sistance or  State  Bights  candidate  for 
governor  of  Mississippi,  and  is  defeated 
by  H.  S.  Foote,  Unionist,  by  a  plurality 
of  1,009  votes. 

Dec.  1.   D.C.  The  32d  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Linn 
Boyd  of  Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Benjamin  F.  'Wade  of  Ohio  and 
Charles  Sumner  of  Massachusetts  en- 
ter the  Senate  ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
first  enters  the  House  from  Indiana. 

Dec.  24.  /).  C.  Fire  consumes  part  of 
the  Capitol  and  the  whole  of  the  Con- 
gressional Library. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Louis  Kossuth,  the 
Hungarian  patriot,  addresses  Congress 
with  great  eloquence. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims  neu- 
trality in  the  Mexican  revolutionary 
movement. 

*  *  D.  C.  Benj.  E.  Curtis  of  Mass.  is 
appointed  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inavigurated : 
-52  •  *  Cal.    John  M'Dougall. 
-55  •  *  Del.    Wm.  H.  Ross. 

-53  •  •  Ga.    Howell  Cobb. 

.55  •  •  Ky.    Lazarus  W.  Powell. 

-53  *  •  Mass.    George  S.  Boutwell. 

Miss.    John  G.  Guion. 
-52  *  *  Miss.    James  Whitfield. 
-55  *  *  y.  C.    David  S.  Keid. 
-54  *  *  N.  J.    George  F.  Fort. 
-52*  *  N.Mex.(,Ter.).  John  S.  Calhoun. 
-53*  *  }{.  Y.    Washington  Hunt. 
-52  *  •  R.  I.    Philip  Allen. 
-53  •  *  Tenn.    Wm.  B.  Campbell. 
-53  *  *  Wis.    Leonard  J.  Farwell. 

*  *  New  York.  Ambrose  C.  Kingsland 
is  elected  the  68th  mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850  Oct.  1.  N.Y.  —  Vt.  The  Whitehall 
and  Rutland  Railroad  is  opened. 

Deo.  13.  La.  The  steamboat  Anglo- 
Norman  bursts  her  boilers  at  New  Or- 
leans ;  nearly  100  persons  are  killed  or 
wounded. 


Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Railroads  in  use,  9,021 
miles. 

Immigrants  and  other  aliens,  in  15 
months,  369,980. 

*  *  Nashville  and  Lowell  are  both  lighted 
with  gas. 

*  *  Chicago  has  a  Board  of  Trade  ;  the 
city  is  lighted  with  gas. 

*  *  III.  The  Galena  and  Chicago 
Union  Railroad  is  completed  to  Elgin, 
42  miles ;  the  first  railroad  out  of 
Chicago. 

*  *  La.  Eight  steamboats  and  37  persons 
are  burned  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Forest  Lawn  Cemetery,  near 
Buffalo,  is  dedicated. 

U.  S.  Production  for  the  year:  Gold, 
860,000,000 ;  silver,  $.50,000,000.  Bushels 
of  grain :  corn,  592,071,104 ;  wheat, 
100,485,179;  oats,  146,584,179;  barley, 
6,167,015 ;  rye,  14,188,813 ;  buckwheat, 
8,956,912. 

1851  Jan.  1.  rhila.  The  City  of  Glat- 
gow  arrives,  the  first  of  a  line  of  steam- 
ers running  between  Philadelphia  and 
Liverpool. 

Jan.  27 .  The  steamer  John  Adams  strikes 
a  snag  in  the  Ohio  ;  123  lives  are  lost. 

Mar.  2.  An  explosion  on  the  steamer 
Oregon,  near  Island  No.  82,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, kills  60  persons. 

Mar.  12.  Cal.  A  fire  in  Nevada  City 
burns  about  200 buildings;  loss,  $1 ,300,000. 

Apr.  *  The  New  York  and  Lake  Erie 
Railroad  is  opened,  from  Dunkirk  to 
Piermont  on  the  Hudson. 

May  3.  Cal.  A  fire  at  San  Francisco 
burns  2,500  buildings  ;  loss,  $3,600,000. 

May  11.  Cal.  A  fire  rages  at  Stockton ; 
loss,  $1,500,000. 

May  14.  N.  Y.  President  Fillmore  is 
present  at  the  celebration  of  the  for- 
mal opening  of  the  New  York  and  Lake 
Erie  Railroad. 

May  •  The  Pacific,  of  the  Collins  line  of 
steamers,  breaks  the  record  by  crossing 
the  Atlantic  in  nine  days  and  nine- 
teen hours. 

June  22.  Cal.  Another  fire  at  San 
Francisco  burns  500  buildings  and 
$3,000,000  in  property. 

Aug.  22.  Eng.  The  yacht  America 
wins  the  "  Cup  of  All  Nations  "  at  the 
international  regatta  race  at  Cowes. 

Aug.  28.  Eng.  The  yacht  America 
beats  the  iron  yacht  Titania  in  a  race 
of  80  miles,  and  leaves  her  8  miles  astern. 

Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  The  Hudson  River 
Railroad  is  opened  between  New  York 
and  Albany. 

Nov.  27.  .^ei"  York.  A  catastrophe  in 
a  schoolhouse  occurs  because  of  a  panic 
on  an  alarm  of  fire  ;  the  banisters  give 
way,  and  43  scholars  are  killed. 

Dec.  24.  D.C.  A  part  of  the  Capitol  and 
the  whole  of  the  Library  of  Congress  are 
burned. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aUens  in  1861,  379,466. 


170     1851**-1852**. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1852  Sept.  3  —  55  Mar.  3.  Brev.- 
Col.  Eobert  E.  Lee  is  superintendent 
of  the  West  Point  Military  Academy. 

»  *  Ore.  First  Lieut.  Ulysses  S.  Grant 
serves  in  Oregon. 

ART — SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1851  *  *  McCormiclc,  the  inventor  of  reap- 
ing-machines, receives  a  gold  medal  from 
the  jurors  of  the  Exhibition  at  London. 

*  •  George  W.  Flagg  of  Nantucket,  Mass., 
Alfred  Jones  and  John  W.  Casifear  of 
New  York  City,  Jasper  F.  Cropsey  of 
Hastings-on-Hudson  and  T.  Addison 
Richards  are  elected  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

»  *  New  York.  The  Central  Park  is 
suggested  by  A.  J.  Downing,  a  practical 
artist  in  landscaping. 

•  *  N.C.  Birth  of  Millie-Christine,  the 
negro  twins. 

They  are  wholly  distinct  in  the  upper 
and  lower  parts  of  the  body,  but  one  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  spinal  column  and 
pelvis ;  they  have  four  legs  and  four 
arms. 

♦  *  Sketch  of  Mount  Washington  is  painted 
by  J.  F.  Rensett. 

*  ♦  Minn.  Frank  B.  Mayer  makes  valu- 
able studies  among  the  Dakota  Indians. 

♦  *  The  Rescue  is  executed  by  Horatio 
Greenough, 

1852  Jan.  20.  N.  Y.  The  East  Eiver 
is  frozen  over,  and  for  a  few  hours  many 
persons  cross  on  the  ice  from  Brooklyn 
to  New  York. 

Feb.  14.  Minn.  John  Kae,  the  Arctic 
explorer,  arrives  at  St.  Paul  after  a 
vain  search  for  relics  of  Sir  John 
Franklin. 

June  •  U.  S.  Sigmora  Marietta  Alboni, 
contralto  singer,  arrives. 

Aug.  10.  Me.  A  desolating  tornado,  40 
miles  long  and  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
wide,  visits  Hancock  county. 

•  *  Nov.  22.  An  earthquake  is  felt  in 
New  England. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
X853»  • 

.\psley,  Lewis  1).,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  in  Pa. 

Abbey,  Edwin  Austin,  artist,  born  in  I'a. 

Jtallou,  Hosea,  clergyman,  rounder  of  mod- 
ern Universalism,  .\81. 

Bretz,  Jonn  L.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  bom  in  Ind. 

Chase,  Philander,  P.  E.  bp.  of  O.,  A77. 

Clay.  Henry.  "  Kentucky's  favorite  son," 
orator,  M.  C,  sjieaker,  sen.,  sec.  of  state, 
leader  of  Wings,  A75. 

Downing,  Andrew  J.,  horticulturist,  land- 
scapist,  A37. 

Drake,  Daniel,  plivsician,  author,  A67. 

Gadsden,  Christ.  E.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  .S.  C,  A67. 

Grimstiaw,  Wm.,  author  of  school-books, 
A  72. 

Griscom,  John,  educator,  philan.,  A78. 

Hall,  Uriel  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  born  In  Mo. 

Hedding,  Elijah,  M.  E.  bp.,  .\72. 

Hopi)er,  Isaac  Tatem,  emancipationist,  A81. 

Ikirt,  George  P.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  O. 

Kingsiey,  .lames  Luce,  prof,  in  Yale,  A74. 

Lawrence,  Amos,  merchant,  patron  of  col- 
leges, A77. 

Londenslager,  H.  C,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.  J. 

Mattliews,  Brander,  author,  dram.,  b.  in  I.a. 

McGann,  Lawrence  E.,  M.  C.  for  III.,  b.  Ire. 

Morrow,  Jeremiah,  (;ov.,  sen.  for  O.,  .\87. 

Norton,  Andrews,  tbeolog.  in  Harvard,  A76. 

Payne,  John  Howard,  actor,  poet  {Home^ 
Sweet  Home)y  AfiO. 

Robertson,  .Saiii'l  M.,  Member  of  Congress 
for  Louisiana,  I),  in  La. 

Rusk,  Henry  Welles,  M.  C.  for  Md.,  b.  In  Md. 

Kussell,  Clias.  .\.,  .M.  C,  forConn.,b.  in  .Mass. 


Rantoul,  Robert,  Jr.,  sen.  for  Mass.,  A47. 
Rogers,  .lames  Blythe,  chemist,  A50. 
Reed,  Roland,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 
Sergeant,  John,  jun.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A73. 
Stuart.  Moaes.   philologist,  prof,   at  An- 

dover,  A  72. 
Taylor,  Arthur  H.,  M.  C.  for  Ind..  b.  in  Can. 
Vanderiyn,  John,  historical  i>ainter.  A76. 
Van  Rensselaer,  Solomon,  gen.,  M.  C.  for 

N.  Y.,  A  75. 
Van  Voorhis,  Henry  C,  M.  C.  for  O.,  b.  in  O. 
Wagner,  Irving  P.,  M.  ('.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Ware,  WiUiam,  novelist,  A55. 
Webster.  Daniel,  born  in  N.  H.,  lawyer, 

first  of  Am.  orators  and  statesmen,  M,  C. 

for  Mass.,  sen.,  sec.  of  state,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1851  *  *  Ind.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian 
Synod  of  Wabash  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Northern  Illinois  is  orga- 
nized. 

*  *  Mo.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  St.  Louis ;  Edw. 
P.  Humphrey,  moderator. 

*  *  Minn.  The  first  Congregational 
Church  is  formed  at  Minneapolis. 

*  *  N.Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Utica;   Albert 

•  Bains,  moderator. 

*  •  0.  The  annual  convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  •  Tex.  The  Texas  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

»  *  Tex.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Texas  is  organized. 

*  »  Wis.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Wisconsin  is  organized. 

1852  May*-Jtmel.  Boston.  The  Gen- 
eral Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
Is  held. 

Levi  Scott, Matthew  Simpson, Osmon 
C.  Baker,  and  Edward  R.  Ames  are  or- 
dained bishops. 

The  Cincinnati,  Kentucky,  Northwest 
Indiana,  Oregon,  Southeastern  Indiana, 
Southern  Illinois,  and  Wyoming  confer- 
ences are  formed. 

May  7.  O.  The  Western  Unitarian  Con- 
ference is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

June  9.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Jvme  24.  O.  The  Congregational  Asso- 
ciation of  Ohio  is  organized. 

June  30.  NewY(yrk.  The  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  is  established. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Williamsburg ;  Gus- 
tavus  Abeel,  president. 

Nov.  10.  New  York.  Jonathan  Mayhew 
Wainwright  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  provisional  bishop  of  New 
York. 

»  *  Ark.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Arkansas  is  organized. 

*  *  la.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod  of 
Iowa  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 
1851  *  *  Cat.      Santa    Clara    College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized. 

tTnlversity  of  the  Paoiflo  (Meth. 
Epls.)  is  founded  at  College  Park. 


*  *  III.  Northwestern  University 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  chartered  at  Evanston. 

Lombard  University  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Galesburg. 

*  » Ind.  HartsvUle  University  (United 
Bretb.)  is  organized. 

*  •  Mississippi  College  (Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Clinton. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Bordento_wn  Female  Col- 
lege is  opened. 

*  *  O.  UrbanaJIniversity  (New  Church) 
is  organized. 

*  •  Tenn.  The  Mary  Sharp  Female 
College  (Bapt.),  at  Winchester,  is  or- 
ganized. 

Bethel  College  (Cumb.  Pres.),  at  Mc- 
Kenzie,  is  organized. 

Brownsville  Female  College  (Bapt.) 
is  founded  at  Brownsville. 

*  *  The  Biblical  Repository  and  Biblio- 
thcca  Sacra  appears. 

*  *  Book  of  Romances,  Lyrics,  and  Songs, 
by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  The  Golden  Legend,  by  Longfellow, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiae, 
by  Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  The  House  of  Seven  Gables,  by  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Nile  Notes  of  a  Howadji,  by  G.  W. 
Curtis,  appears. 

*  *  Katherine  Walton,  by  W.  G.  Simms, 
appears. 

*  *  Constructive  Democracy,  by  Parke 
Godwin,  appears. 

1852  Mar.  20.  Uncle  Tom's  Catnn,  by 
H.  B.  Stowe,  appears  in  book  form. 

*  *Jrk.  Cane  Hill  College  (Cumber- 
land Pres.)  at  Boonsborough  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  Boston.  The  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register  appears. 

The  Public  Library  Is  founded,  hav- 
ing 10  branches.    [453,967  vols.] 

*  *  D.C.  The  United  States  Senate  Li- 
brary is  founded.    [30,000  vols.] 

*  *  la.  Burlington  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  IIowa4}i  in  Syria,  by  G.W.  Curtis, 
appears. 

*  *  Mass.  Tufts  College  (Univ.)  is  or- 
ganized at  College  Hill. 

*  *  New  York.  The  New  York  Quarterly 
Review  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1851  *  *  Cat.  A  Vigilance  Committee 
is  organized  to  suppress  crime  in  a  sum- 
mary manner  ;  in  so  doing  it  supersedes 
the  courts. 

La.    A  riot  in  New  Orleans  rises 

out  of  the  Cuban  expedition. 

*  •  Me.  The  Democrats  of  the  Legisla- 
ture strengthen  the  Maine  law  by  an 
enactment. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Independent  Order  of 
Good  Templars  is  organized  in  Central 
New  York. 

*  *  Ohio  votes  an  "  additional  section  " 
to  the  Constitution,  forbidding  the 
Legislature  to  enact  license  laws. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1851 


1852 


171 


•  •  Several  attempts  are  made  in  northern 
States  to  capture  fugitive  slaves  for 
their  owners,  which  create  intense  ex- 
citement. Some  of  the  fugitives  are  res- 
cued by  force  and  some  with  money. 

1852  Feb.  13.  New  York.  Horace 
Greeley  writes  in  the  Tribune :  "  What 
the  temperance  men  demand  is,  not  the 
regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic,  but 
its  destruction." 

Feb.  16.  O.  The  Homeopathic  Col- 
lege at  Cleveland  is  attacked  by  a  mob, 
in  consequence  of  the  robbing  of  graves 
for  anatomical  subjects. 

June  24.  J).  C.  The  first  National  Ag- 
ricultural Convention  convenes  at 
Washington  ;  Marshal  P.  Wilder,  presi- 
dent. 

July  16.  Xew  York.  Ijouis  Kossuth, 
the  Hungarian,  leaves  for  Liverpool 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Alexander 
Smith. 

July  20.  Xew  York.  The  obsequies  of 
Henry  Clay  are  celebrated  with  much 
pomp ;  business  is  suspended,  the  city 
shrouded,  and  flags  placed  at  half-mast. 

July  26.  Xeio  York.  Irishmen  attempt 
the  rescue  of  Thomas  Kaine  from  the 
United  .States  marshal ;  he  is  claimed 
by  England  as  a  fugitive  from  jus- 
tice. 

Aug.  •  The  Iione  Star  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

It  iR  for  the  extension  of  national  in- 
fluence in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and 
for  the  acquisition  of  Cuba  and  the 
Sandwich  Islands. 

Nov.  26.  Eng.  An  appeal  to  the  women 
of  America  against  slavery,  adopted  by 
the  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  other 
ladles,  bears  the  signatures  of  676,000 
Englishwomen. 

*  •  /((.  Abraham  Iiincoln  joins  the 
Sons  of  Temperance  in  Springfield. 

*  *  0.  Kutherford  B.  Hayes  marries 
Lucy  Ware  Webb. 

*  *  S.  I.  A  prohibitory  law  is  passed 
by  a  Democratic  legislature. 

*  *  The  American  Society  of  Civil  En- 
gineers is  organized. 

STATE. 

1852  June  1-5.  JIM.  The  Demooratio 
National  Convention  meets  in  Balti- 
more, and  on  the  forty-ninth  ballot  nomi- 
nates Franklin  Pierce  of  N.  H. — 
Lewis  Cass  of  Mich,  and  James  Bu- 
chanan of  Pa.  being  his  chief  competi- 
tors ;  'William  L.  Marcy  of  N.  Y.  and 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  are  promi- 
nent ;  William  E.  King  of  Ala.  is 
nominated  for  Vice-  President. 

June  16-21.  Md.  The  Whig  National 
Convention  meets  at  Baltimore,  and 
on  the  fifty-third  ballot  nominates  Gen. 
Winfield  Scott  of  N.  J. ;  MiUardFiU- 
more  of  N.  Y.  and  Daniel  W^ebster  of 
Mass.  are  prominent  candidates  ;  Wm. 
A.  Graham  of  N.  C.  is  chosen  for  Vice- 
President. 

Jtme  29.    D.  C.    Henry  Clay  dies. 

Julyl.  V.  S.  National  debt  $66,199,- 
Ml. 


Aug.  11.    Pa.    The  Free-Soil  Party 

meets  at  Pittsburg,  and  nominates 
John  P.  Hale  of  N.  H.  for  President,  and 
George  W.  Julian  of  Ind.  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident. 

Aug.  31.  J).  C.  The  32d  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Oct.  24.  Mass.  Daniel  Webster  dies, 
and  the  plans  of  his  friends  who  de- 
sired him  to  be  an  independent  candi- 
date for  the  presidency  fail. 

Nov.  2.  U.  S.  17th  presidential  elec- 
tion; Democrats  elected. 

Popularvote:  Franklin  Pierce 
(Dem.)  of  N.  H.,  1,601,474;  Winfield 
Scott  (Whig)  of  N.  J.,  1,380,576 ;  John  P. 
Hale  (Free  Dem.)  of  N.  H.,  156,149. 

Deo.  e.  75.  C.  The  32d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Deo.  20.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D.  E.  At- 
chisonof  Mo.  is  again  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

*  *^D.  C.  The  Government  has  a  dispute 
with  England  regarding  the  fisheries. 

*  *  The  Government  sends  an  expedition 
to  Japan  under  Commodore  Perry 
[who  negotiates  a  treaty]. 

*  •  f '.  S.  The  slavery  agitation  is  qui- 
eted by  the  compromise  pledges  of 
both  political  parties,  which  are  re- 
gai-ded  as  a  finality. 

*  *  U.  ,S.    Governors  inaug\u:ated : 
-60  •  *  Ark.    Elias  S.  Conway. 
-56  *  »  Cal.    John  Bigler. 

-53  •  »  .V.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Wm.  C.  Lane. 
-53  •  »  jl/icA.    Robert  McClelland. 
-54  •  •  Miss.    Henry  S.  Foote. 
-54  •  •  N.  H.    Noah  Martin. 

Pa.    Wm.  Bigler. 
-54  *  *  S.C.    John  L.  Manning. 
-56  *  *  Va.    Joseph  Johnson. 
-53  *  •  Vt.    Erastus  Fairbanks. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1851  *  *  la.  The  city  of  Davenport  is 
incorporated. 

*  *  La,  The  steamer  Brilliant  explodes 
on  the  Mississippi,  near  Bayou  Goula, 
killing  90  persons. 

*  *  Mass.  Woodland  Cemetery,  near 
Boston,  is  established. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Evergreen  Cemetery,  on 
Long  Island,  is  opened, 

*  •  O.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 
connecting  the  Ohio  River  at  Evansville 
with  Lake  Erie  at  Toledo  (467  miles),  is 
completed.  , 

*  •  Pa.  Woodlands  Cemetery,  near 
Philadelphia,  is  laid  out. 

*  *  The  rate  of  postage  is  reduced  : 
prepaid  letters,  three  cents  ;  unpaid,  five 
cents ;  and  double  rates  for  distances 
over  3,000  miles. 

1852  Feb.  1.  O.  The  State  House  at 
Columbus,  containing  valuable  papers, 
is  burned. 

Feb.  10.  D.  C.  New  York  friends  of 
Henry  Clay  present  him  with  a  gold 
medal  at  Washington. 

Mar.  31.  Boston.  Tremont  Temple  is 
burned. 


Apr.  2.  O.  An  explosion  on  the  steamer 
Redstone,  on  the  Ohio  near  Carrolton, 
kills  20  persons. 

Apr.  3.  Mo.  The  steamer  Glencoe  ex» 
plodes  her  boilers  at  St.  Louis,  killing 
83  persons. 

Apr.  9.  Mo.  The  steamer  Saliula  ex- 
plodes near  Lexington,  killing  100  per- 
sons. 

Apr.  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  Southern 
Railroad  is  completed  from  Monroe  to 
Chicago,  the  first  eastern  railroad 
entering  Chicago. 

May  21.  Mich.  The  Michigan  Cen- 
tral Eaih-oad  is  opened  from  Detroit  to 
Chicago. 

July  3.  Cal.  A  branch  mint  is  estab- 
lished by  Congress  at  San  Francisco. 

July  5.  La.  The  steamer  St.  James  ex- 
plodes on  Lake  Pontchartrain,near  New 
Orleans,  killing  40  persons. 

Jvay27.  W.  Y.  Great  public  excite- 
ment is  caused  by  the  burning  of  the 
steamboat  Henry  Clay,  while  racing  on 
the  Hudson,  near  Yonkers  ;  70  Uves  are 
lost. 

Aug.  20.  A  night  collision  occurs  on 
Lake  Erie  between  the  propeller  Ogdens- 
burg  and  the  steamer  Atlantic ;  100  per- 
sons, chiefly  Norwegians,  who  could  not 
understand  directions  for  safety,  are 
killed. 

Aug.  22.  A  flue  collapses  on  the 
steamer  Franklin,  on  the  Mississippi 
near  St.  Genevieve,  and  kills  32  persons. 

Sept.  4.  The  Hudson  River  steamboat 
Meindeer  explodes;  28  persons  are 
killed  and  20  injured. 

Oct.  3.  The  ship  Crescent  City  is  boarded 
by  the  Spanish  Government  at  Havana, 
and  not  allowed  to  land  her  mails  or 
passengers. 

Oct.  18.  III.  The  Chicago  and  Eock 
Island  Bailroad  is  opened  from  Chi- 
cago to  Joliet. 

Nov.  2.  Cal.  Three-fourths  of  Sacra- 
mento is  burned ;  loss,  2,500  buildings, 
several  lives,  and  $5,000,000.  Half  the 
inhabitants  are  without  shelter. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1852,  371,603. 

*  *  Boston.  A  system  of  telegraphic  fire- 
alarms  is  adopted. 

*  •  Chicago.  The  first  through  train 
from  the  East  arrives  via  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad. 

*  *  A'ew  York.  The  Anchor  T.inn  of 
steamers  for  Glasgow  is  established. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Bible  House  is 
erected  by  the  American  Bible  Society  ; 
cost  $300,000. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Lutheran  Cemetery,  near 
New  York,  is  established. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland,  Painesville, 
and  Ashtabula  Eailroad  is  opened. 

*  *  Ore.    About  10,000  emigrants  arrive. 

*  *  Ore.  Some  half-breed  Indians  dis- 
cover gold  in  a  sand-beach,  near  the 
Coquille  River. 

*  *  Tenn.  Elmwood  Cemetery,  near  Mem- 
phis, is  Incorporated. 


172    1852**-1853**. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1853    June  21.   Martin  Koszta,  a  Ilun- 

g.iricin-.\merican  at  Smyrna,  is  rescued 
in  a  Bumniary  manner  from  tlie  Austri- 
an autliorities  by  Capt.  Ingraham  of  tlie 
St,  Louis ;  excitement  follows  in  Europe 
and  America. 
July  5  i.  Ijeut.  U.  S.  Grant  is  raised  to 
the  rank  of  captain  U.  S.  A. 

July  14.  Japan.  Com.  M.  C.  Perry 
secures  an  interview  witli  the  Milcado, 
which  clianges  the  non-intercourse  pol- 
icy of  the  Japanese  Government. 

ART  —  SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1852*  *  Xewl'ork.  Louis  Lang  is  elected 
a  member  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

James  "W.  Wallack  takes  Brough- 
am's Lyceum,  and  calls  it  "Wallack's 
Theater. 

•  »  Pliila.  The  manufacture  of  galva- 
nized iron  is  introduced. 

•  *  Wellman'sself  top-card  ootton-strip- 
per  is  exhibited. 

•  *  The  lens  system  of  illuminating 
lighthouses  supersedes  retlectors. 

•  *  -54  •  *  Battle  of  Monmouth  is  painted 
by  Emanuel  Iieutze. 

•  *  Speculator  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

1853  Jan.  4.  Jfew  York.  Capt.  John 
Ericsson  exhibits  a  vessel  in  which 
caloric,  or  heat,  is  the  motive  power. 

It  sails  down  the  bay  at  the  rate  of  14 
miles  an  hour,  at  a  cost  of  80  per  cent 
less  than  steam. 

Jan.  10.  Xew  York.  Madam  Henrietta 
Sontag,  singer,  first  appears. 

Jan.  11.  The  caloric  ship  Ericsson 
makes  a  trial-trip  on  the  Potomac. 

Feb.  *  O.  The  first  successful  steam 
fire-engine  made  in  this  country  is 
completed  at  Cincinnati. 

May  31.  New  York.  The  Arctic  expe- 
dition in  the  Advance,  under  Dr.  Kane, 
sails  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  for  scientific  purposes ;  expenses 
borne  jointly  by  the  United  States  and 
Moses  H,  Grinnell. 

June  *  An  expedition  under  command  of 
Capt.  Ringgold  is  sent  out  to  explore 
routes  for  vessels  between  San  Francisco 
and  China ;  also  the  whaling-grounds  of 
the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  and  Bering  Strait. 

Sept.  9.  M.  y.  The  remnant  of  Table 
Bock  at  Niagara  Falls  drops  into  the 
abyss. 

Sept.  12.  fireenland.  Dr.  Kane's  ex- 
ploring expedition  is  frozen  in  near 
the  coast,  at  the  most  northerly  point 
ever  reached. 

Dec.  28.  A  great  snowstorm  begins  and 
continues  36  hours  ;  it  blockades  the  New 
England  roads. 

*  »  La.  The  New  Orleans  Association  of 
Science  is  org.anized. 

*  •  S.  r.  The  Elliot  Natural  History  So- 
ciety of  Charleston  is  organized. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1853*  » 

.\danis,  Clias.  liaker,  naturalist,  A  39. 
Alilrich,  J.  Kraiik,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  in  Wis. 
Appleton,  Samuel,  merchant,  philan.,  A87. 
liartholdt,  K.,  M.  ('.  for  Mo.,  b.  In  Cier. 
Heauiiiont,  William,  physiologist,  AHl. 
Beck,  Lewis  C,  clieiuist,  mineralogist,  A45. 
Hell,  Clias.  K.,  M.  ('.  for  Tex.,  b.  In  Tenn. 
Kurgess,  Tristain,  SI.  C.  for  K.  L,  A81. 
Chapman,  Natlianiel,  physician,  A73. 
ChickeriuK.  Jonas,  piano  manuf.,  A55. 
Chilton,  Horacp,  sf  n.  for  Tex.,  b.  in  Tex. 
Caldwell,  CharU-s.  jthysician,  author,  A81. 
Davey,  Itobert  C,  M.  C.  for  l.a.,  b.  In  La. 
Drew.  John,  actor,  born  in  I'a. 
Karrar,  John,  an.,  prof,  ntatheinatics,  A74. 
Greenleaf,  Simon,  jurist,  Harvard  prof.,  A70. 
Hauk,  Mijinie,  actor,  born  in  I^. 
Hendrix,  Jos.  ('.,  M.  C.  for  N.C.,  b.  in  Mo. 
Hitchcock,  Peter,  sen.  for  O.,  A73. 
Judd,  Sylvester,  I'nit.  cl.,  anthorj  A40. 
Kins,  vrmiam  Rufus,  13th  Vice-Pres.  of 

I'.  S.,  .M.  C,  sen.  for  Ala.,  minister  to  Fr., 

A  67. 
Maguire,  James  O.,  M.  C,  for  Cal.,  b.  Mass. 
McClearv,  .1.  T.,  M.  C.  for  Minn.,  b.  in  Can. 
Murray,"c.  W.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  In  S.  C. 
O'Neil,  Jos.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Paine,  Charles,  statesman,  A.54. 
Kitchie,  Byron  F.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  In  O. 
Tallmadge,  James,  jurist,  anti-slavery,  M. 

C.  for  N.C.,  A75. 
Tucker,  Henry  St.  C,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  In  Va. 
I'nderwood,  L.  M.,  hot.,  author,  b.  in  N.C. 
Walker,  Sears  Cook,  astronomer,  A4.^. 
White,  Stephen  M.,  sen.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Cal. 


CHURCH. 

1852  *  *  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  the  Pacific  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Congregationalists  of  Connecti- 
cut abrogate  the  "  Plan  of  Union  "  with 
Presbyterians. 

*  *  D.C.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Washington ; 
Wm.  Adams,  moderator.  It  appoints  a 
Committee  on  Publications. 

»  *  A^.  r.  The  third  American  General 
Congregational  Convention  is  held 
at  Albany,  consisting  of  a  pastor  and 
delegates  from  each  church.  It  ends 
the  "Plan  of  Union"  between  Congre- 
gationalists and  Presbyterians.  (First 
Convention  1G37,  second,  164C.) 

»  *  O.  The  Progressive  Friends  organize 
at  Salem. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  •  Pa.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Pittsburg. 

*  *  The  Baptists  sustain  work  among  the 
Pueblos  and  Navajos. 

*  *  S.C.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  Is  held  at  Charleston ; 
John  C.  Lord,  moderator. .  • 

*  *  Mission  work  among  the  Chinese 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  begun  by  Pres- 
byterians in  San  Francisco. 

*  *  The  American  Missionary  Association 
begins  its  Chinese  work  in  the  United 
States.  It  reports  21  missionaries  sta- 
tioned among  the  Indians  of  the  North- 
west. 

1853  Feb.  3.  Cal.  Tlie  California 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  holds  its  first  session. 

June  8.  Cliicnrjo.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 


June  *  Pliila.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets ;  Duncan  Kennedy, 
president. 

Aug.  17.  la.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Iowa  is  organized. 

*  •  Bishop  Ijevi  S.  Ives  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal), a  High  -  Churchman,  is  conse- 
crated by  the  Pope  at  Rome. 

Oct,  14.  Bishop  Levi  S.  Ives  (repudi- 
ating Protestantism)  is  deposed. 

Oct.  17.  Thomas  Frederick  Davis  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  South  Carolina,  and  Thomas  Atkin- 
son, bishop  of  North  Carolina. 

Oct.  28.  Cal.  William  Ingraham  Kip  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  California. 

Nov.  6.  Cal.  The  first  Presbyterian 
Chinese  Church  is  organized  in  San 
Francisco. 

*  ♦  The  Norwegian  (Evangelical  Luther- 
an) Synod  is  organized. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Roman  Catholic  Arch- 
diocese of  San  Francisco  is  erected. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buifalo  j  D.  H. 
Allen,  moderator. 

*  *  X.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Albany. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Congregational  Conference 
of  Oregon  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Progressive  Friends  or- 
ganize at  Chester. 

*  *  Pa.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Susquehanna  is  organized.  ,y 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  ;  John  C.  Yoiuig, 
moderator. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Winchester. 

*  *  Vt.  Louis  De  Goesbriand  is  conse- 
crated first  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Burlington. 

*  *  The  Missionary  Society  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Roman  Catholics  establish  the  dio- 
ceses of  Burlington,  Vt.,  Biooklyn,  N. 
Y.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Covington,  Ky. 

*  *The  American  Baptist  Historical 
Society  is  formed. 

LETTERS 

1852  *  *  O.  Antioch  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Yellow  Springs. 

Benjamin  Harrison  graduates  at  Miami 
University. 

*  » Pa.  The  'Westminster  College 
(United  Pres.)  is  organized  at  New 
Wilmington. 

*  •  Phila.  The  Presbyterian  Quarterly 
Review  appears. 

St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is 
organized. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Furman  University  (Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Greenville. 

»  •  Tenn.  The  Soule  College  (Female) 
is  fovmded  by  Baptists  at  Murfreesboro. 

*  *  The  Child's  Paper  is  issued  by  the 
American  Tract  Society. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1852 


1853 


173 


*  *  Sermons  on  Theism,  Atheism,  and 
Popular  Theology,  by  Theodore  Parker, 
appears. 

»  •  The  Blithedale  Romance,  by  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

»  •  Aylmere ;  or.  The  Bond  Man  of  Kent, 
by  K.  T.  Conrad,  appears. 

»  *Lotu»  Sating,  by  G.  W.  Curtis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Potiphar  Papers,  by  G.  W.  Curtis, 
appears. 

*  *  The  White  Slave,  by  Richard  Hil- 
dreth,  appears. 

*  *  Outlines  of  Moral  Science,  by  Archi- 
bald Alexander,  appears. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Congregational  Library 
is  founded. 

*  »  Cal.  The  Mercantile  Library  Asso- 
ciation library  is  founded  at  San 
Francisco.    [53,858  vols.] 

1853  *  •  Conn.  A  large  sum  is  added  to 
the  endowment  fund  of  Yale  College 
by  its  alumni, 

*  •  la.  Central  University  Is  fomided 
by  Baptists,  at  Pella. 

*  *Illinoi8  Wesleyan  tTnlversity 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Bloomington. 

*  *  Ky.  Danville  Theological  Seminary 
(Pres.)  is  established. 

*  *  La.  Mt.  Lebanon  University 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *Mass.  Rev.  James 'Walker  is  elected 
president  of  Harvard  University. 

The  Free  Public  Library  is  founded 
at  New  Bedford.    [48,600  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  The  Christian  University  (Disci- 
ples of  Christ)  is  founded  at  Canton. 

"Washington  University  (non  sect.) 
is  organized  at  St.  Louis. 

*  *N.C.  The  Rutherford  CoUege  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Kutherford. 

»  •  New  York.    The  Clipper  is  founded. 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper 
is  founded. 

Putnam's  Magazine  appears. 

The  first  committee  on  the  removal 
of  Columbia  College  is  appointed. 

Manhattan  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is 
organized. 

*  *  Pa.  Beaver  College  and  Musical 
Institute  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at 
Beaver. 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College 
(Reformed)  is  organized  at  Lancaster. 

*  »  Va.  Roanoke  College  (LutU.)  is 
organized  at  Salem. 

*  »  Wis.  Racine  College  (Prot.  Epis.)  is 
organized  at  Racine. 

*  *  Wis.  Bipon  CoHege  (non-«ect.)  is 
organized  at  Ripon. 

*  *  The  United  States  Review  appears. 

*  •  Alone,  by  Marion  Harland,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1853  May  31.  New  York.  Dr.  Kane's 
second  Arctic  exiwdition  sails  in  tlie 
Advatice  to  seeli  for  some  trace  of  Dr. 
Franklin. 


*  *  Siunmer.  Great  sums  of  money  are 
raised  in  the  Northern  States  lor  suf- 
ferers from  yellow  fever  in  the 
South. 

Oct.  12.  N.  v.  John  Morrisey  and 
"Yankee  Sullivan"  have  a  brutal 
encounter  in  the  prize  ring;  Morrisey 
wins. 

Oct.  17.  Cal.  Seventy-five  adventurers 
under  Col.  Wm.'Walker  sail  from  San 
Francisco  to  establish  a  proslavery  re- 
public in  Lower  California. 

Nov.  20.  Ca;.  John  Mitchel,  the  Irish 
exile,  having  escaped  from  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

Deo.  19.  New  York.  A  banquet  is  given 
to  John  Mitchel  by  citizens. 

»  •  -60  *  *  Cal.  Numerous  murders  oc- 
cur in  San  Francisco,  and  lynch  law  is 
applied  to  suppress  crime. 

*  *  O.  Benjamin  Harrison  marries  Caro- 
line Lavinia  Scott. 

±  *  *  Pa.  A  murderous  society  called 
the  Molly  Maguires  (originally  Buclt- 
shot),  is  formed  among  the  alien  miners. 

*  *  B.I.  The  prohibitory  law  is  de- 
clared unconstitutional. 

STATE. 

1853  Feb.  9.  Z).  C.  Congress  counts 
the  electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Pierce,  254  ;  Scott, 
42  ;  Hale,  0.  Vote  for  Vice-President : 
Wm.  R.  King  of  Ala.  (Dem.),  254 ;  Wm. 
A.  Graham  of  Ala.  (Whig),  42 ;  George 
■W.  Julian  of  Ind.  (Free  Dem.),  0. 

Mar.  4.   D.  C.  The  32d  Congress  ends. 

The  14th  Administration ;  Democratic. 

Mar.  4.  73.  C.  Franklin  Pierce  of  N.  H. 
is  inaugurated  the  14th  President,  in  the 
17th  term  of  the  presidency ;  Wm.  B. 
King  of  Ala.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  "William  L.  Marcy  of 
N.  Y.  (State),  James  Guthrie  of  Ky. 
(Treas.),  Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss. 
(War),  James  C.  Dobbin  of  N.  C. 
(Navy),  Robert  McClelland  of  Mich. 
(Interior),  James  Campbell  of  Pa. 
(P.  M.-Gen.),  Caleb  Cushing  of  Mass. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

June  7.  New  York.  Important  changes 
are  made  in  the  charter  of  New  York 
City,  restraining  the  municipal  ofllcers 
in  financial  matters. 

July  1.     U.S.    National  debt  $59,803,117. 

July  14.  Commodore  Perry  lands  in 
Japan,  and  delivers  a  letter  from 
President  Pierce  to  the  Imperial  com- 
missioners. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  33d  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D.  R. 
Atchison  of  Mo.  is  re-elected  President 
pro  tempore.  House :  Linn  Boyd  of 
Ky.  is  re-elected  Speaker. 

Deo.  30.  Mex.  The  Gadsden  Purchase 
is  made  by  treaty;  it  averts  war  and 
settles  the  Mexican  boundary  dispute. 

The  line  follows  the  Rio  Grande  from 
its  mouth  to  31°  20'  north  latitude,  thence 
due  west  to  the  lUth  meridian,  thence 


directly  to  a  point  on  the  Colorado 
River, '20  miles  below  the  Gila,  thence 
up  the  middle  of  the  Colorado  River  to 
the  California  line.  Area  acquired, 
45,000  square  miles ;  the  United  States 
is  to  pay  $10,000,000  for  the  territory 
ceded. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853    Feb.  16.     Cal.    The  steamer  In- 
dependence is  wrecked  oft  Lower  Cali- 
fornia ;     fire    follows ;     there    are    129 
deaths,  and  the  survivors  suffer  terribly 
on  the  barren  shore. 
Mar.  *  Four  surveying  parties,  seeking  a 
railroad  route  to  the  Pacific,  are  au- 
thorized  by   Congress,  and    $150,000  is 
appropriated  for  expenses. 
Apr.  11.    A  steam-pipe  bursts  on  the 
steamer  Jenny  lAnd,  when  on  her  way 
to  San  Francisco  ;  31  persons  are  killed. 
Apr.  20.    Tlie  steamer  Ocean  Wave  burns 
on  Lake  Ontario  ;  38  persons  are  killed. 
Apr.  23.    III.    A  collision  occurs  on  the 
Michigan  Central  and  Northern  Indiana 
railroads  near  Chicago ;  20  persons  are 
killed. 
May  6.    Conn.    A  train  on  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Road  enters  an  open 
drawbridge  into  the  Norwalk  River ; 
50  persons  are  killed. 
May  26.    La.    Yellow  fever  appears  in 

New  Orleans. 
July  14.    New  York.    The  Crystal  Pal- 
ace, containing  an  exhibition  of  goods 
from  all  nations,  is  opened  by  private 
enterprise  iu  the  presence  of  President 
Pierce  and  many  other  dignitaries. 
July  18.    Me.— Can.    The  railroad  from 
Portland  to  Montreal,  290  miles  long, 
is  opened. 
Sept.  4.     The   Galena    and    Chicago 
Union  Railroad,    121   miles   long,   is 
opened. 
Sept.  22.    California  has  its  first  tele- 
graph line,  from  San  Francisco  to  a 
point  8  miles  nearer  the  sea. 
Oct.  4.     Mass.     The   Great   Republic  is 
launched  at  East  Boston;  it  is  4,000 
tons  burden,  the  largest  merchant  ves- 
sel in  the  world. 
Oct.  11.    New  York.        The    Clearing 
House,  comprising  62  banks,  goes  into 
operation. 
Nov.  9.     The  "Washington  aqueduct 
enterprise    is    inaugurated ;    President 
Pierce  turns  the  first  turf. 
Nov.  •   A'.  J.    Tlie  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad  moves  its  eastern   terminus 
from  Piermont  to  Jersey  City. 
Deo.  10.    New  York.    Harper    Brothers' 
publishing  house  is  burned  out ;  loss, 
$1,000,000. 
Dec.  17.    iV.  r.    Tlie  Brooklyn  City  Kail- 
road  is  incorporated. 
Dec.  22.    New  York.    The  new  steamship 
San  Francisco  sails  from  port.    [She  is 
wrecked  in  a  gale,  and  200  lives  are 
lost.] 
Dec.  27.      New   York.      The     mammoth 

clipper  Great  Republic  is  burned. 
Dec.  31.     C.  S-    Immigrants   and   other 
aliens  in  1853,  368,615. 


174    1853*^-1854,  Aug.  10. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1854  July  13.  Capt.  Hollins  of  the  U. 
S.  sloop-of-war  Cyane  bombards  San 
Juan  de  Nicaragua,  in  revenge  for  an 

alleged  theft,  and  insults. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1854  Jan.  20.  O.  A  tornado  half  a 
mile  wide  nearly  destroys  the  town  of 
Brandon. 

Feb.  20.  The  most  violent  snow-storm 
for  23  years,  prevails  from  Washington 
northward. 

Mar.  18.  W.  1',  A  terrible  gale  at 
Albany  unroofs  50  houses  ;  many  chim- 
neys and  walls  are  blown  down. 

Mar.  20.  Ga.  Two  shocks  of  an  earth- 
quake are  felt  at  Macon. 

May  1.  Cmm.  A  great  flood  sweeps  the 
Connecticut  valley  ;  the  river  is  29^  ft. 
above  low-water  mark. 

June  23.  III.  A  prostrating  destructive 
cyclone  visits  Manteno. 

July  18.  III.  A  cyclone  visits  Daven- 
port ;  life  and  property  are  destroyed. 

Aug.  10.  A  tornado  obstructs  the  Pitts- 
burg and  Cleveland  Railroad. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1854*   * 
Aitken,  David  D.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  h.  Mich. 
Alderson,  J.  I).,  M.  C.  for  W.  Va.,  b.  in  W.  Va. 
Ashhurner,  Chas.  Albert,  geologist,  born. 
Atherton,  Alice,  actor,  tmrn  in  O. 
Bateniaii,  Isabel,  actor,  born  in  O. 
Bates,  .Joshua,  chaplain  of  senate,  A78. 
Bird,  Kol)ert  M.,  author,  editor,  A  51. 
Camineiti,  Anthony,  .M.  C.  forCal.,b.  in  Cal. 
Cockran,  W.  liourke,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  Ire. 
Cope,  Thos.  P.,  merchant,  dies  in  I'a. 
Davis,  John,  "  Honest  John  Davis,"  Gov., 

sen.  for  Mass.,  .\67. 
Ely,  Richard  Theo.,  politic,  economist,  born. 
Fitbian,  G.  W.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  I),  in  III. 
Gartland,  R.  C,  bp.  of  Savannah,  A49. 
Geary,  Thos.  J.,  M.  C.  for  Cal.,  b.  in  Mass. 
Goldzier,  Julius,  M.  C.  for  111.,  b.  in  Ans. 
Greenhow,  Robert,  historical  writer,  A54. 
Heiner,  Daniel  B.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  in  Pa. 
Hinman,  Clark  T.,  fd.  N'western  Uni.,  A35. 
Hoffman.  David,  lawyer,  author, of  Pa.,  A70. 
Irby,  John  L.  M.,  sen.  for  S.  C,  1>.  in  S.  C. 
Johnson,  Tom  L.,  M.  C.  for  O.,  born  in  Ky. 
Kyle,  James  H.,sen.  for  S.  Dak.,  born  in  O. 
Lewis,  Samuel,  educationist,  A  55. 
Perkins,  T.  H.,  philan.,  merchant,  A90. 
Price,  Andrew,  M.  C.  of  La.,  born  in  I,a. 
Reed,  Henry,  metaphysician,  author,  A  46. 
Ritchie,  Tbos.,  ed.  Richmond  Enquirer^  A76. 
Shaw,  Geo.  B.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
AVainwright,  Jon.  M.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  N.Y.,  A62. 
Williams,  John  S.,  M.  C.  for  Miss.,  b.  Tenn. 
Woodard,  Fred.  A.,  M.  C.  for  N.  C,  b.  in  N.C, 
Woods,  Leonard,  prof,  of  theology,  ABO. 

CHURCH. 

1853  *  •  III.  The  Illinois  eldership 
(Church  of  Grod)  is  organized. 

*  *  la.  Tlie  (X.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Iowa  is  organized. 

*  *  NeiD  York:  Tlie  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Xew  Yorl:  The  Five  Points  Mis- 
sion House  is  erected  on  the  site  of  an 
old  brewery. 

*  *  O.  The  annual  convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

1854  Jan.  8.  Thomas  F.  Scott  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  is  consecrated  mission- 
ary bishop  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

May  31.  la.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Iowa  first  assembles. 


May*  Ga.  The  3d  General  Confer- 
ence (Meth.  Epis.  South)  meets  at  Col- 
umbus. 

Jime  1.  N.  Y.  Emily  C.  Judson,  Bap- 
tist missionary,  dies  at  Hamilton. 

Jime  21.  Me.  The  tieneral  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Port- 
land. 

June  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Synod  (Re- 
formed) meets  at  Hudson  ;  Mancius  S. 
Hutton,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1853  *  *  The  Chapel  of  the  Hermits,  by 
Wliittier,  appears. 

*  *  Passion  Flowers,  by  J.  W.  Howe,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  .^  Health  Trip  to  the  Tropics,  by 
Willis,  appears. 

*  ♦  History  of  England,  by  E.  E.  Hale, 
appears. 

*  *  Mental  Portraits,  or  Studies  of  Char- 
acter, by  Tuckenuan,  appears. 

*  *  Powers  and  Ihities  of  Woman,  by 
Horace  Mann,  appears. 

*  *  Six  Months  in  Italy,  by  George  S. 
Hillard,  appears. 

*  *  Geology  of  the  Globe,  by  Edward 
Hitchcock,  appears. 

*  *  Theory  of  Politics,  by  Hildreth,  ap- 
pears. 

1854  Jan.  9.  Xew  York.  The  Astor 
library  ia  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1854  Jan.  17.  Pa.  Two  railroad  bridges 
and  crossings  at  Erie  are  destroyed  by  a 
mob  of  ■women,»who  are  afterward  es- 
corted with  banners  and  music. 

Jan.  18.  La.  JudahTourodiesatKew 
Orleans,  leaving  nearly  $2,000,000  to  pub- 
lic institutions. 

*  *  Co7in.  A  prohibitory  law  is  passed, 
yet  providing  for  town  agents  to  sell 
spirituous  liquors  for  sacramental, chem- 
ical, mechanical,  and  medicinal  uses. 

Mar.  6.  7>.  C.  A  block  of  marble,  sent 
by  the  Pope,  Pius  IX.,  for  the  "Wash- 
ington Monument,  is  destroyed  in  the 
night  by  unknown  persons. 

Apr.  *  Mass.  The  Legislature  incorpo- 
rates a  company  to  aid  emigrants  to 
settle  in  the  new  Territories  ;  especially 
in  Kansas. 

May  26.  Boston.  A  great  crowd  of  men 
make  ineffectual  attempts  to  rescue  An- 
thony Burns,  an  arrested  fugitive 
slave;  the  assistant  sheriff  is  killed. 

May*  Mass.  Indignation  meetings  are 
held,  and  buildings  draped  in  mourn- 
ing, on  the  return  of  Anthony  Rums  to 
slavery,  under  the  Fugitive-Slave  Law. 

June  3.  N.  Y.  A  riot  in  Brooklyn  is 
caused  by  opposition  to  street-preach- 
ing; quiet  is  restored  by  the  military 
after  many  are  killed  or  wounded. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  Opposers  of  street- 
preaching  create  a  riot  at  Buffalo. 

July  *  Conn.  The  Connecticut  Legisla- 
ture incorporates  an  •*  Emigrant  Aid 
Association." 


July 29.  Mo.  The  "Platte  County 
Defense  Association"  meets  at  Wes- 
ton, and  declares  its  readiness,  when 
called  upon  by  any  of  the  citizens  of 
Kansas,  to  remove  "  any  and  all  emi- 
grants who  go  there  under  the  auspices 
of  Northern  Emigrant  Aid  Societies." 

Aug.  3.  New  York.  Col.  Loring  of  Cali- 
fornia is  murdered  at  the  St.  Nicholas 
Hotel  by  Dr.  Graham  of  New  Orleans. 

STATE. 

1853  *  *  U.  S.  The  "  Know-Nothing  " 
Society  (American  party)  springs  up 
suddenly,  proclaims  its  principles,  [and 
soon  disappears] : 

The  Americans  shall  rule  America. 
Tlie  Union  of  the  States.  No  North,  no 
South,  no  East,  no  West.  No  sectarian 
interference  in  legislation  or  in  the 
administration  of  American  law.  Hos- 
tility to  the  assumptions  of  the  Pope, 
through  the  hierarchy  and  priesthood, 
in  a  I'epublic.  Thorough  retorm  in  the 
naturalization  laws.  Free  and  litieral 
educational  institutions  for  all  sects 
and  classes,  with  the  Bible  as  a  text- 
book. 

*  *  I).  C.  John  A.  Campbell  of  Ala.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  D.  C.  Jefferson  Davis,  Sec.  of  War, 
sends  out  various  expeditions  to  explore 
a  railway  route  from  the  Missouri  to 
the  Pacific. 

*  *  Mex.  Gen.  "Walker  lands  a  filibus- 
tering expedition  in  Lower  California  ; 
tHe  North  believes  it  is  done  in  the  in- 
terest of  slavery. 

*  *  U.S.   Great  political  quiet  prevails. 

Yet  the  South  is  deeply  disappointed 
with  the  political  results  of  the  Mexican 
war.  as  it  gives  the  Free  State  Cali- 
fornia and  a  majority  of  two  votes  in  the 
Senate  to  the  North. 

*  *  "Washington  Territory  is  created. 

*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-57  *  *  Ala.    John  A.  Winston. 
-57  *  *  fla.    James  E.  Broome. 
-57  *  *  Ga.    Herschell  V.  Johnson. 
-57  *  *  ///.    Joel  A.  Matteson. 
-54  *  *  Mass.    John  H.  Clifford. 
-55  *  *  Me.    W.  G.  Crosby. 

-54  *  *  Mich.    Andrew  Parsons. 
-67  *  *  Minn.    Willis  A.  Gorman. 
-57  *  *  Mo.     Sterling  Price. 

N.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Solon  Borland, 
-55  *  *  A^  Mex.  (Ter.).    David    Merri- 

wether. 
-55  *  *  JV.  Y.    Horatio  Seymour, 
-56  *  *  O.    William  Medill. 

Ore.  (Ter.).    Joseph  Lane. 
-54  *  *  Ore.  (Ter.).    George  L.  Curry, 
-54  *  *  R.  I.     Francis  M.  Dimond. 
-57  *  *  Tenn.    Andrew  Johnson. 
-57  *  *  TVr.    Edward  M.  Pease. 
-54  *  *  Vt.     John  S.  Robinson. 
-57  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    Isaac  I.  Stevens. 
-55  *  *  Wis.    Wm.  A.  Barstow. 

*  *  New  Y(yrk.  Jacob  A.  Westervelt  is 
elected  the  60th  mayor. 

1854  Jan.  18.  Mex.  "William  "Walker, 
the  filibuster,  in  the  interests  of  sla- 
very, proclaims  the  new  Republic  of 
Sonora,  formed  of  two  States,  Sonora 
and  Lower  California. 


UNITED   STATES.        1853  *  *-1854,  Aug.  10.    175 


Jan:b.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
slavery  agitation  is  reopened  by- 
Archibald  Dixon  of  Ky.  (Dern.),  wlio 
gives  notice  that  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise —  the  basis  of  harmony  —  is  to 
be  repealed,  and  new  States  will  be 
given  to  slavery. 

The  supreme  want  of  the  South  is  to 
gain  two  Senators  who  will  equalize  the 
vote  of  the  Senate. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  introduces 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  for  the  or- 
ganization of  two  new  territories,  and 
the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise. 

The  bill  permits  the  settlers  to  de- 
cide whether  the  State  to  be  organized 
shall  be  a  free  or  slave  State  ("  Squat- 
ter Sovereignty  "). 

Jan.  +  i).  C.  Congress:  Acrimonious 
debates  on  the  extension  of  slavery  en- 
gage the  Senate  for  four  months ;  great 
excitement  follows. 

Feb. 7.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  Doug- 
las of  111.  moves  an  argumentative 
amendment  to  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill. 

It  declares  the  restriction  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  inoperative  and  void, 
because  "  inconsistent  with  the  principle 
of  non-intervention  by  Congress  with 
slavery," 

Feb.  15.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
agrees  to  the  Douglas  Amendment. 

Mar.  3.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
prolongs  its  session  and  passes  the  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill,  at  fire  o'clock  in 
the  morning.    Vote,  37-14. 

Mar.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
refers  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  to  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole.    Vote,  110-95. 

Mar.  31.  Japan.  A  commercial  treaty 
with  the  United  States  is  negotiated 
and  signed  by  Commodore  Perry. 

Apr.  20.  />.  C.  President  Pierce  vetoes 
the  bill  of  Miss  Dix,  the  philanthro- 
pist, granting  ten  million  acres  of  public 
lands  to  be  distributed  among  the  States 
for  the  amelioration  of  the  indigent 
insane. 

Apr.  *  Mass.  The  Massachusetts  Emi- 
grant-Aid Company  is  organized,  with 
a  fixed  capital  limited  at  $5,000,000. 

It  proposes  to  make  Kansas  a  free 
State  by  colonizing  settlers  there  who 
oppose  slavery. 

May 22.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
has  its  last  great  battle  on  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Bill,  which  finally  passes. 
Vote,  3&-13. 

May  24.  Ijid.  Tlie  Democratic  State 
Convention  pledges  the  Democracy  to 
support  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. 

May  25.  /nrf.  Revolting  Democrats 
hold  a  Convention  at  Indianapolis,  and 
denounce  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill 
as  a  conspiracy  against  humanity,  and  a 
crime  against  God. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  as 
changed  by  the  House.    Vote,  35-13. 

May  30.  I).  C.  President  Pierce  signs 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  which  pro- 
vides for  the  orgiinization  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  Territories. 


1.  Ti\e  slavery  question  is  to  be  settled 
by  the  residents  (Squatter  Sovereignty). 
2.  The  Supreme  Court  is  to  determine 
the  title  to  slaves,  if  appeal  is  taken 
from  the  local  courts.  3.  The  Fugitive 
Slave  Laws  are  to  apply  to  the  Terri- 
tories. [The  utter  destruction  of  the 
"Whig  party  follows,  and  the  Republi- 
can party  rises.] 

June  5.  U.  S.  A  commercial  reci- 
procity treaty  with  Great  Britain  is 
signed. 

1.  It  provides  for  the  use  of  the  sea- 
fisheries  of  the  British  Provinces  by 
Americans,  by  enlarging  the  rights  ac- 
corded them  under  the  convention  of 
1818,  and  grants  to  British  subjects  fish- 
ery rights  along  the  coast  southward  to 
the  3&  north  latitude. 

2.  It  establishes  a  free  interchange 
between  the  Briti.sh  Provinces  and  the 
United  States  of  flour,  breadstuffs,  fruit, 
fish,  animals,  lumber,  and  manufactured 
articles. 

June  14.  D.  C.  Sec.  Marcy  notifies  the 
Danish  minister  that  forcible  resis- 
tance to  the  collection  of  Sound  dues 
will  not  be  made  for  one  year. 

July  1.     U.  S.    National  debt  $42,242,- 

222. 
July  6.    Mich.    A  State  Convention    is 
held  in  Detroit  of  all  anti-Nebraska 
citizens,  irrespective  of  former  afiilia- 
tions. 

The  convention  is  the  first  to  give 
the  name  Republican  to  the  fusion  of 
Whigs,  Free  Soilors,  many  Know-Noth- 
ings,  and  some  Democrats,  who  oppose 
the  extension  of  slavery. 

July  17.  Kan.  Tlie  first  party  of  emi- 
grants is  sent  out  by  the  Massachu- 
setts Emigrant  Aid  Society. 

Aug.  7.  D.  C.  The  33d  Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853  *  *Mass.  Railroads  having  made  the 
Middlesex  Canal  useless,  it  is  filled  up. 

*  *  Me.— Can. — A'.  H.  Opening  of  the  en- 
tire lines  of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Xiaw- 
rence,  from  Portland  to  Montreal,  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio,  and  of  the  Boston, 
Concord,  and  Montre^il  railroads. 

*  •  W.  y.  Consolidation  of  the  Albany 
and  Schenectady,  the  Utica  and  Sche- 
nectady, the  Syracuse  and  Utica,  the 
Auburn  and  Syracuse,  the  Auburn  and 
Rochester,  the  Tonawanda,  and  the  At- 
tica an<l  Buffalo  railroads,  all  together 
forming  the  New  York  Central, 

*  *  Yellow  fever  scourges  many  South- 
ern cities  ;  7,200  deaths  in  New  Orleans  ; 
Vicksburg  loses  one-sixth  of  its  inhab- 
itants. 

*  *  The  Government  sends  out  expeditions 
to  explore  a  route  from  the  Missouri  to 
the  Pacific,  for  the  Pacific  Railroad. 

1854  Jan.  17.  Can.  Detroit  and  Ni- 
agara Falls  are  connected  by  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Oreat  'Western  Bail- 
road  of  Canada. 

Feb.  1.  Passengers  first  ride  from  Buf- 
falo to  Erie  and  Chicago,  over  a  track 
of  uniform  gauge. 

Feb.  23.  A'ew  York.  The  Stonington 
steamer,  delayed  three  days  in  the 
ice,  finally  arrives  at  her  dock. 


Feb.  24.  N,  y.  Two  men  fall  from  the 
Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls,  and 
are  dashed  to  pieces. 

Feb.  28.  C«6a.  The  steamer  Jilack  }rar~ 
rior  is  seized  because  of  a  technical  error 
in  her  manifest,  which  certified  that  she 
had  no  cargo,  while  cotton  was  found. 

Feb.  *  Chicago.  The  water-works  are 
completed,  supplying  the  city  from  a 
crib,  built  in  the  lake  GOO  feet  from  the 
shore. 

Feb.  *  III.  The  Chicago  and  Rock 
Island  Railroad  is  completed  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi, 182  miles. 

Apr.i  *  N.  y.  Cyrus  W.  Field  secures 
from  the  I^egislature  of  Newfoundland 
the  exclusive  right  for  50  years  to  land 
a  marine  telegraph  cable. 

Apr.  11.  Ind.  One  of  the  college  build- 
ings of  the  Indiana  University,  at 
Bloomington,  with  2,700  volumes,  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

Apr.  15.  Cal.  The  steamboat  Secretary 
bursts  her  boiler  near  San  Francisco; 
50  persons  perish. 

Apr.  16.  J^.  r.  Tlie  ship  Powhatan, 
from  Havre  for  New  York,  is  wrecked 
in  a  gale  on  Long  Beach,  near  Egg  Har- 
bor ;  311  emigrants  and  the  crew  perish. 

Apr.  23.  New  York.  Fifteen  firemen 
perish  by  the  fall  of  a  burning  store  on 
Broadway. 

Apr.*  Cuba.  The  Spanish  Government 
remits  the  fine,  but  considers  the  seizure 
of  the  Black  Warrior  legal. 

May  8.  n:  Y.  The  Cable  Company 
is  organized. 

Cyrus  W.  Field,  Peter  Cooper,  Moses 
Taylor,  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  and  Chan- 
dler White  organize  the  New  York, 
Newfoundland,  and  London  Telegraph 
Company  to  lay  a  cable  from  America 
to  Europe. 

May  18.  Chicago.  Tlie  corner-stone  of 
the  Masonic  Temple,  on  Dearborn 
Street,  is  laid  with  impressive  cere- 
monies. 

May  31.  Del.  Three  wagon-loads  (11 ,250 
lbs.)  of  powder  explode  in  the  street 
at  Wilmington,  killing  several  persons. 

May  *  III.  U.  S.  Grant  engages  in  the 
leather  business  with  his  father  at 
Galena. 

June  5.  If.  /.  A  mad  elephant  does 
much  damage  near  Providence. 

June  14.    Mass.     A  fire   at  Worcester 

consumes    property    valued    at    about 

$500,000. 
July  3.    X.  y.    Street   cars  commence 

running  in  Brooklyn. 
July  4.    Md.    A    collision   occurs   near 

Baltimore,  on  the  Susquehanna  Koad ; 

30  persons  perish. 

July  5.  Phila.  The  National  Theater 
and  other  edifices  are  burned. 

July  30.  K.  J.  A  fire  in  Jersey  City 
burns  30  factories  and  other  buildings. 

Aug.  1.  La.  Yellow  fever  becomes 
epidemic  in  New  Orleans. 

Summer.  Over  900  deaths  occur  in  July, 
from  cholera,  in  Chicago,  and  650  deaths 
during  the  summer  in  Brooklyn. 


176     1854,  Aug.  4-1855,  Sept.  13.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1854  Sept.  28.  The  U.  S.  sloop-of-war 
Albany  sails  from  Aspinwall  [and  is 
never  heard  from  agaiu]. 

July  31.  Capt.  IT.  S.  Grant  resigns  his 
commission  in  the  United  States  army. 

1855  June  29.  Xicaragtia.  Gen.  'Wm. 
Walker,  with  his  "  filibusters,"  fights 
a  battle  at  Bivas,  and  defeats  the 
Nicaraguans. 

Sept.  3.  Aeb,  Gen.  Kearny  gains  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Sioux  Indians. 

ART  —  SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1854  Aug.  27.  Ky.  A  cyclone  at  Louis- 
ville demolishes  a  church  daring  ser- 
vice ;  25  persons  are  killed,  67  injured. 

Sept.  1.  The  asteroid  Suphrosyne  is 
discovered  by  James  Ferguson. 

Sept.  4.  New  York.  Operatic  perform- 
ances are  produced  at  Castle  Garden,  by 
Giulia  Grisi  and  Signor  Mario. 

Oct.  2.  Xew  York.  The  Academy  of 
Music  is  opened  with  the  opera  of 
Xorina. 

1855  Jan.  31.  Western  trains  are 
blockaded  with  snow  [there  is  no 
communication  between  St.  Louis  and 
Chicago  for  11  days]. 

Jan.  »  Minn.  The  first  bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  is  completed  at  Minneapolis. 

Mar.  8,  X.  Y.  Opening  of  the  railway 
Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls. 
Engineer,  John  A.  Koebling ;  height 
of  towers,  88  feet  and  78  feet ;  length,  800 
feet;  width,  24  feet;  height  above  the 
river,  250  feet ;  the  4  cables,  10  inches  In 
diameter,  contain  about  4,000  miles  of 
wire ;  ultimate  capacity  of  the  4  cables, 
12,400  tons  ;  total  weight  of  bridge,  800 
tons  ;  cost  of  construction,  $500,000. 

May  *  Arctic  Sea.  Dr.  Kane's  party 
abandons  the  Advance,  and  starts  home- 
ward in  open  boats. 

May  31.  X.  Y.  Lieut.  Hartstein,  with 
the  Arctic  and  Belease,  leaves  Brooklyn 
to  find  Dr.  Kane  in  the  Arctic  regions. 

Aug.  6.  Greenland.  The  boats  of  Dr. 
Kane's  expedition  arrive  at  the  Danish 
settlements,  having  sailed  1,300  miles  in 
81  days. 

Sept.  3.  New  York.  Mile.  Eachel  first 
appears  at  the  Metropolitan  Theater. 

Sept.  13.  Greenland.  Lieut.  Hartstein 
finds  Dr.  Kane  at  Lieveley. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1866  •  • 

Barnes,  Lyman  E.,  M.  C.  for  Wis.,  li.  In  Wis. 
Beck,  Theodore  Komeyn,  phys.,  author,  A64. 
Brown,  Tliompaon  S.,  military  engineer,  A48. 
Capers,  William,  bp.  M.  K.  C'h.  Sontli,  A65. 
Coliiultt,  Walter  T.,  sen.  for  (la.,  A56. 
Cone,  Spencer  H.,  Bapt.  cl.,  of  N.Y.,  A70. 
Downes,  .lolrn,  commodore  V.  S.  navy,  A69. 
Folsora,  J.  L.,  U.  S.  A.,  discoverer  of  gold  in 

Cal.,  A39. 
Hammond,  ,1.  T).,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  judge,  A77. 
Haworth,  .loseph  S.,  actor,  born  in  B.  I. 
Keni,  Omer  M.,  M.  C.  for  Neb.,  born  in  Ind. 
Kettell,  8amuei,  editor,  A55. 
Lawrence.  Abbott,  benefactor,  diplomatist, 

ASS. 
Sherman,  Jas.  S.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  b.  in  N.Y. 
.Spencer,  Jolm  Canneld,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  sec. 

of  war,  A  67. 
Sully,  Daniel,  actor,  born  in  Mich. 
Tawney,  James  A.,  51.  <".  for  .\Iiiiti.,b.  Pa. 
Woodlierry,  (Jeorge  Kdward,  author,  born 

in  .Mass. 


CHURCH. 

1854  Oct.  18.  la.  Henry  Washington 
Lee  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Iowa. 

Nov.  22.  N.  Y.  Horatio  Potter  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  provis- 
ional bistiop  of  New  York. 

Dec.  6.  Ji.  I.  Thomas  March  Clark  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Rhode  Island. 

*  *  la.  The  German  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  Kan.  A  Congregational  church  is  first 
established  in  Kansas  at  Lawrence. 

»  *  The  German  Eldership  (Churcli  of 
God)  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Md.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Baltimore  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buffalo ;  II.  A. 
Boardman,  moderator. 

*  *  J'a.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Allegheny  is  organized. 

*  *  Pliila.  The  General  Assembly 
(N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  T.  H. 
Skinner,  moderator. 

It  organizes  a  church  erection  fund, 
and  expresses  the  hope  that  the  day  is 
not  distant  when  a  prohibitory  law  shall 
be  univers.ally  adopted  and  enforced. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
assembles. 

*  *  JFis.  Missionary  Bishop  Jackson 
Kemper  (Protestant  Episcopal)  accepts 
the  bishopric  of  Wisconsin. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Reformed  Dutch 
Board  of  Publication  is  formed. 

*  *  Alexander  Duff,  the  Scotch  mis- 
sionary, visits  the  United  States  and 
arouses  missionary  zeal. 

*  *  John  Early,  Hubbard  H.  Kavanaugh, 
and  Geo.  F.  Pierce  are  ordained  bishops 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South. 

*  *  Pacific  Conference  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal South)  is  organized. 

1855  June  27.  Boston.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

Aug.  *  Kan.  The  General  Association 
(Congregational)  of  Kansas  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 
1854*  *///.  Eureka  College  (Disciples) 
is  founded  at  Eureka. 

*  *  Ind.  Moore's  Hill  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Moore's  Hill. 

*  *  Ky.  Bethel  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Eussellville. 

»  *  Minn.    Hamilton  University  (Meth. 

Epis.)  is  incorporated  at  Red  Wing. 
»  •  Pa.    Iiincoln  University  (non-sect.) 

is  organized  at  Oxford. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Gazette  of  Fashion  is 
founded  by  Frank  Leslie. 

*  *  A',  r.  Polytechnic  Institute  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Brooklyn. 


*  *  Mass.  James  A.  Garfield  enters  the 
junior  class  of  Williams  College. 

»  •  J'a.  Pittsburg  Female  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  S.  C.  Greenville  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

Wofford  College  (Meth.  Epis.  S.)  is 
organized  at  Spartanburg. 

*  •  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Quarterly 
lievieto  appears. 

*  »  ^  Journey  to  Central  Africa,  by  Bay- 
ard Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Despotism  in  America,  by  Hildreth 
(enlarged  edition),  appears. 

*  •  Famous  Persons  and  Places,  by  N.  P. 
Willis,  appears. 

»  *  Poems,  by  William  Winter,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  and  Parodies,  by  Phoebe  Cary, 
appears. 

*  *  Poems  of  the  Orient,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Virginia  Comedians,  by  J.  E. 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  ♦  Walden,  by  Henry  D.  Thoreau,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Intellectual  Philosophy,  by  Francis 
Wayland,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1854  Aug.  4.  A  savage  battle  is  fought 
between  the  Sioux  and  the  Chippewa 
Indians. 

Nov.  7.  N.Y.  Myron  H.  Clark  (Whig) 
is  elected  governor  on  a  prohibition 
platform. 

*  *  A  large  majority  of  the  people  of  the 
North  and  a  large  majority  of  the 
people  of  the  South  are  arrayed  against 
each  other  on  the  slavery  issue,  —  both 
men  and  women,  —  by  considerations  of 
interest,  pride,  and  conscience. 

*  *  Kan.  A  remarkable  emigration 
pours  into  Kansas  from  both  Northern 
and  Southern  States. 

It  aims  to  secure  the  political  organ- 
ization of  the  State  —  the  former  for 
freedom  and  the  latter  for  slavery.  Con- 
fusion and  violence,  approaching  an- 
archy, soon  prevail. 

*  *  N.  Y.  After  a  longand  bitter  struggle 
the  Legislature  charters  the  first  com- 
pany organized  to  establish  an  asyltun 
for  inebriates. 

*  «  Cal.  Forgeries  by  Henry  Meigs, 
amounting  to  $1,000,000,  are  discovered 
in  the  comptroller's  office  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

*  *  Capt.  U.  S.  Grant  resigns  his  commis- 
sion and  becomes  a  farmer  on  a  small 
place  in  Missouri. 

1855  Mar.*andApr.  •  A'an.  A  bloody- 
election  is  held. 

Apr.  21.  Chicago.  Tlie military  fs  called 
out  to  suppress  a  riot  occasioned  by  the 
agitation  of  the  license  question. 

May  10.  Ind.  A  mob  destroys  the  Biroli 
Creek  (Canal)  reservoir. 

June  2.    Me.    Riot  at  Portland. 

A  crowd  attempts  to  take  possession  of 
certain  liquors  held  by  the  city  ;  the 
military  is  called  out  by  Mayor  Neal 
Dow  ;  one  man  is  killed  and  many  others 
are  wounded. 


UNITED    STATES.    1854,  Aug.  4-1855,  Sept.  13.  1" 


July  12.  III.  A  mob  at  JonesviUe 
takes  a  prisoner  out  of  the  hands  of  the 
sheriff  and  hangs  him  to  a  tree. 

July  *  Kan.  The  proslavery  Legislature 
makes  it  a  felony  to  circulate  anti- 
Blavery  publications,  or  to  deny  the 
right  to  hold  shives  in  the  Territory. 

Aug.  6.  Ky.  A  riot  breaks  out  at 
XiOuisviUe  between  the  Americans 
(ICnow-Nothings)  and  foreigners;  several 
are  killed  on  both  sides. 

Aug.  7.  Mo.  A  bloody  riot  occurs  at  St. 
Louis  between  the  Irish  and  the  Ameri- 
can party. 

Wis.    A  Milwatikee  mob  seizes  a 

prisoner  named  Debar,  arrested  for 
murder,  and  kills  him,  without  interfer- 
ence from  two  companies  of  militia  that 
are  escorting  him  to  prison. 

STATE. 

1854  Aug.  *  Utah.  Col.  Steptoe,  U.S.A., 
is  appointed  governor  in  place  of  Brig- 
bam  Young,  who  refuses  to  recognize 
the  authority  of  the  Chief  Justice. 

Oct.  6.  Kan.  A.  H.  Reeder  (Dem.),  the 
first  governor,  arrives. 

Oct.  18.  Fr.  The  United  States  Minis- 
ters in  Council,  having  adjourned  from 
Ostend  to  Aix-la-Chapelle,  issue  the 
Ostend  Manifesto. 

Tliey  recommend  an  immediate  effort 
to  purchase  Cuba,  at  $120,000,000  as  a 
maximum  price.  If  Spain  refuses  to  ac- 
cept the  price,  it  is  suggested  that  it  may 
be  necessary  to  seize  tlie  island,  to  pre- 
serve the  internal  peace  and  tlie  Union 
of  the  American  Republic.  [The  move- 
ment is  fruitless  of  results.] 

Oct.  *  U.  S.  Efforts  are  made  to  secure 
the  annexation  of  the  Sandwich  Is- 
lands to  the  United  States,  by  negotiit- 
tion.  [The  death  of  the  king  of  the 
Islands  defeats  the  effort.] 

Oct.  *-Nov.  *  Antislavery  "Whigs  and 
antislavery  Democrats  coalesce  in 
the  North  by  attraction,  and  without  a 
common  name ;  the  Democratic  party  is 
defeated  in  most  of  the  Free-State  elec- 
tions. 

Oct.  *  III.  Abraham  Lincoln  chal- 
lenges Stephen  A.  Douglaa  to  a  joint 
debate  in  the  canvass  for  Congress. 

Nov.  29.  Kan.  Armed  political  in- 
truders from  Missouri  take  possession 
of  the  polls  and  elect  J.  W.  Whitfield 
as  a  pro-slavery  delegate  to  Congress. 
(1 ,729  illegal  votes  are  cast,  out  of  a  total 
of  2,781.) 

^Dec.4.    n.C.  The  33d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 
Congress;    Senate:   Ijewis   Cass  of 
Mich,  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
Dec.  5,    /».  C.   Congress ;  Senate :  Jesse 
D.  Bright  of  Lid.  is  electe<l  President 
pro  tempore, 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-55  *  *  Conn.    Henry  Dutton. 
-58  *  •  la.    James  W.  Grimes. 
•55  *  *  Kan.  (Ter.).    A.  H.  Reeder. 
-56  *  *  La.    Paul  O.  Hubert. 

1-65*  *  Mass.    Emory  Washburn. 
'     -68*  *  Miss.    JohnJ.  M'Rae. 


-55  *  *  Xeb.  ( Ter.).  T.  B.  Cuming. 
-65  *  *  iV.  11.  Nathaniel  B.  Baker. 
-57  *  *  A'.  J.    Rodman  M.  Price. 

Ore.  (Ter.).    John  W.  Davis. 
-57  *  *Ii.  I.    William  W.  Hoppiu. 
-56  *  *  S.  C.    James  H.  Adams. 
-57  *  *  Utah  (Ter.).  E.  J.Steptoe,U.S.A. 
-56  *  *  VL    Stephen  Royce. 

1855  Feb.  1.  Paraguay.  Tlie  United 
States  surveying  steamer  Wafer  Witch 
is  fired  upon  while  unlawfully  ascend- 
ing the  Paraguay  River. 

Feb.  10.  B.  C.  Congress  approves  an 
act  to  secure  the  rights  of  citizenship 
to  children  of  American  citizens  who 
are  born  in  foreign  countries. 

Feb.  15,  I).  C.  Congress  revives  the 
grade  of  lieutenant-general  by  brevet, 
in  the  army. 

Mar.  4.    D.C.   The  33d  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  inves- 
tigating committee  reports  that  the 
Kansas  elections  were  carried  by 
fraud. 

Mar.  30.  Kan.  An  election  is  held  at 
Lawrence,  to  choose  members  for  the 
Territorial  Legislature. 

Arme<l  political  bodies  of  Missouri- 
ans  take  jmssession  of  the  polls,  and 
elect  a  pro-slavery  Legislature.  Of  6,218 
votes  cast,  only  1,310  of  them  are  legal. 
((Jov.  Reeder  sets  tlie  election  aside  and 
orders  another.) 

May  22.  Kan.  Supplementary  elec- 
tions are  held,  by  order  of  the  Governor, 
and  the  Free-State  men  defeat  their  op- 
ponents. 

Jime  5.  I'hila.  The  American  (Kn<tw- 
Nothing)  National  Convention  con- 
venes ;  its  managers  decide  to  ignore 
the  slavery  question. 

June  11.  Kan.  Gov.  Reeder  is 
charged  with  irregularities  in  the 
purchase  of  Indian  lands. 

[He  is  removed  by  the  President,  July 
26;  John  L.Dawson  refuses  the  appoint- 
ment of  governor,  and  Daniel  Woodson 
becomes  acting  governor.] 

June  13.  O.  The  antislavery  branch 
of  the  American  party  (Know-Nothings) 
meet  at  Cincinnati  in  National  Con- 
vention. 

July  1.     U.  S.    National  debt  .9135,586,858. 

July  2.  Kan.  The  proslavery  liegis- 
lature  meets  at  Pawnee,  organizes,  ex- 
pels nine  Free-State  members  [and  ad- 
JDurns  to  Shawnee  Mission,  near  the 
^Missouri  State  line]. 

July  12.  Mo.  A  convention  of  the 
friends  of  slavery  is  held  at  Lexington. 

Aug.  14.  Kan.  The  Free-State  men 
hold  a  convention  at  Lawrence,  repu- 
diate the  Shawnee  Mission  Legislature 
as  spurious,  and  summon  a  second  con- 
vention for  Sept.  5,  at  Big  Springs. 

Sept.  7.  Kan.  Wilson  Shannon  (Dem.), 
appointed  governor  by  President  Pierce, 
assumes  office. 

Sept.  5.  Kan.  The  convention  at  Big 
Springs  nominates  ex-Gov.  Reeder 
as  the  Free-State  candidate  for  Con- 
gress. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1854  Aug.  13.  Ky.  A  powder  maga- 
zine containing  800  kegs  explodes  at 
Maysville,  destroying  13  houses. 

Aug.  25.  X.  Y.  A  fire  at  Troy  burns 
mure  than  100  buildings. 

Aug.  29.  X.  J.  A  railway  accident  oc- 
curs at  Burlington,  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia  ;  21  persons  are  killed. 

Sept.  27.  Tlie  steamer  Arctic  collides 
with  the  steamer  Vesta, oft  Cape  Race, 
and  323  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  28.  O.  A  fire  rages  at  Cleveland ; 
loss,  $2,000,000. 

Nov.  1.  ///.  Forty  persons  are  killed 
or  wounded  iu  a  disaster  on  the  Chi- 
cago and  Rock  Island  Railroad. 

Dec*  Xew  York.  Great  distress  prevails 
among  the  poor. 

Dec.  31.  Report  of  accidents  for  the 
year  :  193  railroad  accidents,  186  per- 
sons killed,  589  wounded  ;  also,  48  steam- 
boat accidents,  killing  587  persons,  and 
injuring  225  more. 

Immigrants  and  other  aliens  received 
in  1854,  427,833. 

*  *  D.C.  Congress  grants  a  right  of  way 
and  a  tract  of  land  200  feet  wide,  from 
the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  to  a  telegraph  company. 

*  *  ^".'7.  The  British  press  denounces 
the  bombardment  of  Greytown  by  the 
frigate  Cayne,  claiming  the  place  to  be 
under  British  protection.  (See  Army  — 
Navy,  p.  174.) 

*  *  111.  The  Illinois  Central  Railroad, 
704  miles  long,  is  completed. 

*  *  A''.  J.  The  Jersey  City  water-works 
are  completed,  taking  water  from  the 
Passaic  River. 

*  *  The  crinoline  skirt,  ascribed  to  the 
Empress  Eugenie,  and  worn  by  her  a  few 
months  before  the  birth  of  Prince  Napo- 
leon, becomes  fashionable  with  ladies. 

1855  Jan.  1.  X.  Y.  Brooklyn,  Wil- 
liamsburg, and  the  town  of  Bushwick 
are  consolidated. 

Feb.  22.  The  California  banks  s\is- 
pend  payment ;  a  panic  follows. 

Feb.  26.  Gen.  Jackson's  sword  is  pre- 
sented to  Congress  by  the  heirs  of  Gen. 
A  rmstrong. 

Mar.  *  X.  Y.  The  Niagara  Suspension 
Bridge,  two  miles  below  the  Falls,  is 
<;ompleted. 

Mar.  14.  X.  Y.  A  tr:iin  ('f  cars  first 
crosses  the  Suspension  Bridge  at  Ni- 
agara Falls. 

Mar.  19,  Va.  An  explosion  occurs  in 
the  Midlothian  coal-mines;  45  miners 
perish. 

Aug.  29.  X.  J.  A  train  on  the  Camden 
and  vVmboy  Railroad  is  derailed;  21 
persons  are  killed. 

Summer.  Ta.  Yellow  fever  ravages 
Norfolk  and  Portsmouth  with  great 
mortality  ;  citizens  become  refugees. 

Sept.  5.  The  steamer  Sierra  Xevada 
leaves  New  York  for  Nicaragua ;  chol* 
era  carries  oflF  95  passengers. 


178     1855,  Sept.  17-1856,  June  2.        AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1855*  *The  army  consists  of  ^,885,216 
men:  regulars,  11,G58;  militia,  1,873,558; 
navy,  72  vessels,  carrying  2,200  guns. 

1856  May  5-21.  Kati.  Lawrence  is  be- 
sieged by  invaders  from  Missouri  ;  it 
surrenders,  and  many  buildings  are 
burned. 

May  26.  Kan,  At  Pottawatomie  eigbt 
men  are  killed  in  a  figbt  with  invaders 
from  Missouri. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  Oct.  11.  NeioYork.  The  propeller 
Arctic  and  the  bark  Release  of  the  Arctic 
expedition  bring  back  Dr.  Kane  and  his 
entire  party,  except  three  who  had  died. 

*  *  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea,  by 
Lieut.  Matthew  F,  Maury,  appears. 

*  *  The  Recording  Angela  a  statue,  is  exe- 

cuted by  Larkin  G.  Mead. 

*  •  The  Pearl  Diver,  a  statue,  is  executed 
by  Benjamin  Paul  Akers. 

1856  Feb.  3.  Kan.  The  mercury  falls 
30*  below  zero. 

Feb.  10.  N.  T,  Very  cold  weather  pre- 
vails ;  people  cross  between  New  York 
and  Brooklyn  on  the  ice. 

Feb.  23.  O.  A  freshet  commences  in 
Ohio  ;  several  steamboats  are  destroyed. 

Mar.  17.  Neio  Tork.  Miss  Adelaide 
Phillips  first  appears  in  opera. 

Apr.  13.  Phila.  A  tornado  unroofs  150 
houses. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866*  • 

Barton,  William  V.  C,  botanist,  author,  A70. 
Berrien,  John   Mcpherson,  senator  for  Ga., 

atty.-Ren.,  A75. 
Bond,  Thos.  K.,  editor,  M.  E.  cl.,  A64. 
Borden,  .Simeon,  civil  engineer,  -\58. 
Brookshlre,  Elijah  V.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  bora 

in  Ind. 
Channing,  Edward  T.,  prof,  of  rhetoric  and 

oratory,  A 66. 
Olayton.  John  Middleton,  sen.  for  Del., 

•ec.  of  state,  A  60. 
Cooper,  Charles  M.,  M.  C.  for  Fla.,  b.  Ga. 
Crawford,  WUliam  T.,  M.  C.  for  'S.  C,  b.  In 

N.  C. 
l>awson,  William  C,  statesman,  judge,  ASS. 
Doughty,  Thotnas,  landscape  painter,  A63. 
Dowse,  Tlionias,  book  collector,  A84. 
Dunphy,  Edward  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.Y.,  bomin 

N.Y. 
Finney,  James  B.,  M.  E.  cl.,  writer,  A75. 
Gaul,  Gilbert  Si>encer,  painter,  born  in  K.Y. 
Gray,  Francis  Galley,  writer,  A66. 
Gray,  Henry  Peters,  painter,  A66. 
Haines,  Charles  D.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  bom  in 

N.Y. 
Harper,  William  Rainey,  educator,  born. 
Harris,  Thaddeus  Wni.,  entomologist,  A61. 
Hentz,  Caroline  Lee  Whiting,  author,  A56. 
Hines,  William  II.,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  b.  N.Y. 
Hooker,  Warren  B.,  M.  C.  for  N.T,,  born  in 

NY. 
Linton,  William  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mich.,  born  in 

Midi. 
Lee,  Henry,  actor,  born  in  New  York  City. 
McKeever,  Isaac,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  A63. 
Morris,  Charles,  commodore  U.  S.  N.,  A  72. 
Moses,  Charles  L.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Murdock,  James,  prof,  of  theologj',  A80. 
Percival,  .Fames  Gates,  poet,  A61. 
Plxlev,  Annie,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y.  City. 
Robbins,  Tliomas,  clergyman,  A79. 
Busk,  Thomas  J.,  senator  for  Tex.,  A54. 
Scanlan,  William  J.,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 
Htallings,  Jesae  F.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  b.  Ala. 
Stevens.  Robert  Llvirig-ston.  inventor  of 

improvements  in  steamers,  AGO. 
Sweet,  Willis.  M.  C.  for  Ida.,  born  in  Vt. 
Tate,  Farish  C.,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  b.  in  Ga. 
Wallace,  Horace  B.,  lawyer,  essayist,  A39. 
Warren,  John  C.  anatomist,  editor,  A78. 
Webber,  Clias.  W.,  naturalist,  autlior,  A37. 


CHURCH. 

1855  *  *  ///.  The  Baptist  Anntial 
Meeting  is  held  in  Chicago. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Congregational  Confer- 
ences of  Kansas  and  Minnesota  are 
organized. 

*  *  Mo.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  St,  Louis ;  Wm. 
C.  Wisner,  moderator.  It  provides  for 
ministerial  relief. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Onondaga  is  organized. 

*  *Tenn.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Nashville;  ls:i- 
than  L.  Rice,  moderator.  It  provides 
for  ministerial  relief. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Me.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Portland  is  established. 

*  *  0.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Dayton. 

*  *  The  Methodists  (South)  report  30  In- 
dian missions,  28  missionaries,  4,264 
members,  18  churches ;  expenditures, 
$12,176. 

*  *  The  Seventh-day  Baptist  Educa- 
tional Society  is  formed. 

*  *  The  General  Synods  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Central  Pennsylvania, 
Iowa,  and  North  Indiana  are  organized. 

*  *  The  United  Synod  South  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Mississippi  is  orga- 
nized. 

1856  May  l.-June  4.  Imh  The  Gen- 
eral Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal) 
is  held  at  Indianapolis. 

The  Central  Ohio,  Germany,  and 
Switzerland  (Mission),  Detroit,  Kansas, 
Minnesota,  Newark,  Upper  Iowa,  and 
West  Wisconsin  Conferences  areformed. 

June  *.  Phifa.  Tlie  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  "New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1855  Sept.  17-  Boston.  The  corner- 
stone of  the  Public  Library  is  laid  with 
impressive  ceremonies. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Pacific  Advocate  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  established. 

*  *  Ga.  New  Ebeuezer  CoUege  (Bapt.) 
is  founded  at  Cochran. 

*  *  III.  Abingdon  College  (Christian)  is 
organized  at  Abingdon. 

*  *  ni.  Eureka  College  pisciples)  is 
organized  at  Eureka. 

*  * ///.     Worthwestem  University 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Evanston. 

*  *///.  Almira  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Greenville. 

*  *  ///.  Hedding  CoUege  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Abingdon. 

*  *  Ind.  Butler  University  (Disciples) 
is  organized  at  Irvington. 

*  *  Iowa  Wesleyan  University  (Moth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Mt.  Pleasant. 

-^  *  La.  Homer  College  (:\Teth.  Epis.) 
is  chartered. 


*  *  Mich.  Kalamazoo  College  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Kalamazoo. 

Hillsdale  College  (Free  Bapt.)  is  orga- 
nized at  Hillsdale. 

*  *  Mo.  The  CoUege  of  Christian 
Brothers  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at 
St.  Louis. 

Westminster  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Fulton. 

*  *  .V.  C.  ThomaaviUe  Female  Col- 
lege (Bapt.)  is  organized  at  ThomaaviUe. 

*  *  .V.  r.  Elmira  CoUege  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Elmira. 

*  *  New  York.  Frank  Leslie's  Illustrirte 
Zeitung  is  founded. 

*  •  O.  The  Western  Methodist  Prottstant 
is  first  issued. 

*  *  Tex.  Baptist  Female  CoUege  is 
founded  at  Belton. 

*  *  Tex.  St.  Mary's  University  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Galveston, 

*  *  Fairy  Tales,  by  L.  M.  Alcott,  appears; 
also  FloiPer  Fables. 

*  *  Hiawatha,  by  Longfellow,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hidden  Path,  by  M.  Harland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Japan  as  it  Was  and  Is,  by  Hildreth, 
appears. 

*  *  Leaves  of  Grass,  by  Walt  Whitman, 
appears. 

*  •  The  New  Pastoral,  by  T.  B.  Read,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Reign  of  Philip  the  Second,  by 
WiUiam  H.  Prescott,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  P.  H.  Hayne,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  of  Nome  and  Travel,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Remember  Me,  by  Ray  Palmer,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Out  Doors  at  Idlewild,  by  Willis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Star  Papers,  by  Beecher,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Washington,  by  Irving,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1855  Sept.  26.  Phila.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  Masonic  Hall  is  laid;  4,000 
Masons  march  in  a  procession. 

*  *  Me.  The  prohibitory  law  is  re- 
enacted  by  a  Democratic  Legislature, 
and  its  penalties  increased. 

Oct.  8.  Nero  York.  Grand  jury  indict- 
ments are  found  against  several  city 
officials  for  corruption  and  malver- 
sation in  ofQce. 

"Winter.  New  York.  Many  associa- 
tions, soup-kitchens,  and  plans  for  visi- 
tation are  formed  to  reUeve  the  suffer 
ingpoor. 

*  *  B.I.  A  prohibitory  law  is  passed 
by  the  American  ( Kno w-Nothing ) 
party. 

*  •  Filibustering  is  maintained  by  G«xi. 
Walker  in  Nicaragua,  and  encouraged 
by  Southerners. 

1856  Apr.  10.  New  York.  A  company 
of  208  men  leaves  to  join  Gen.  Walker's 
filibusters  in  Nicaragua. 

Apr.  24.  Kan.  A  sheriff  is  shot  while 
twitting  in  his  tent. 


I 


UNITED   STATES.  1855,  Sept.  17-1856,  June  2.  179 


May  14.  Cat.  Serious  disturbauces  by 
criminals  are  checlEed  by  a  Vigilance 
Committee,  in  San  Francisco. 

James  P.  Casey,  editor  ()f  the  Sunday 
Times,  stioots  and  kills  James  King, 
editor  of  tlie  Sau  Fraitctsco  Jiulletln. 
[Thousands  of  luailing  citizens  arm  and 
organize  a  Vigilance  Committee,  whichi 
tries  and  executes  Casey ;  they  then 
suppress  the  bullies  and  desperadoes  in- 
festing the  city.] 

May  21.  Kan.  Ijawrencc  is  sacked 
by  border  ruffians.    (See  State.) 

May  22.  /).  C.  Preston  S.  Brooks,  M.  C. 
from  South  Carolina,  assaults  Senator 
Charles  Sumner,  of  Massachusetts, 
while  sitting  at  his  desk  in  the  Senate 
chamber.  He  fells  him  to  the  floor  with 
a  cane,  because  of  an  offensive  anti- 
slavery  speech  in  the  Senate.  [Mr.  Sum- 
ner ia  made  an  invalid  for  four  years.] 

STATE. 

1855  Sept.  19.  Kan.  The  defrauded 
Free-State  settlers  hold  a  third  conven- 
tion at  Topeka,  adopt  a  Free-State 
Constitution,  and  nominate  ex-Gov. 
Reader  (Kep.)  for  Congress. 

Oct.  1.  Kan.  The  proslavery  party, 
in  an  election  called  by  their  Legisla- 
ture, elect  John  W.  Whitfield  for  Con- 
gress ;  he  receives  more  votes  thnn  the 
census-tables  warrant. 

Oct.  3,  Kan.  The  proslavery  party  meet 
at  Leavenworth. 

Oct.  9.  Kan.  Ex-Gov.  Keeder  is  elected 
as  a  Free-State  Representative  in  Con- 
gress by  2,400  majority. 

Oct.  23.-NOV.  11.  Kan.  The  Free- 
Soil  party  declares  the  proslavery 
Legislature  to  have  been  elected  by 
fraud ;  assembling  at  Topeka,  it 
adopts  a  constitution  which  excludes 
all  negroes,  and  organizes  a  rival  gov- 
ernment, [Discord,  violence,  and  crime 
abound  for  one  year.  The  Kansas  ques- 
tion is  made  an  issue  in  national  poli- 
tics —  '*  Bleeding  Kansas  ! "] 

Sec.  3.  B.C.  The  34th  Congress  opens. 
Congress  ;  House  :  A  prolonged  and 
exciting  struggle  over  the  speakership 
ensues.  [Finally  (Feb.  2,  133  ballot)  N. 
P.  Banks  (Rep.)  of  Mass.  is  elected 
over  Wm.  Aiken  (Dem.)  of  S.  C.  by  a 
plurality  of  three  votes  —  every  vote  for 
Banks  coming  from  the  free  States.] 

Dec.  15.  Kan.  The  Topeka  (anti- 
slavery)  Constitution  is  accepted  by  a 
popular  vote.    Vote,  1,731-46. 

*  *  U.S.  Revenue  from  the  sale  of  pub- 
lic lands  in  1855,  $11,497,W9. 

*  *  U.  S.  Tlie  antislavery  party  becomes 
generally  knoAvn  as  the  Hepublican 
party  — the  'Whig  party  rapidly  dis- 
appears from  view. 

•  ♦The  United  States  decline  to  pay 
Sound  dues  to  the  Danish  Government, 
and  the  claim  is  settled  by  paying  a 
compensation. 

•  '-SS  ♦  *  Xem  York.  Fernando  Wood  is 
elected  the  70th  mayor. 

•  •  IK  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-57  *  »  Conn.    William  T.  Minor. 
-59  *  *  J)el.    Peter  F.  Cansey. 

Se*  *Kan.  {Tcr.).    Wilson  Shannon. 


-59  *  •  Ky.    Charles  S.  Moreliead. 
-58  *  *  Mass.    Henry  J.  Gardner. 
-58  ♦  *  Mich.    Kinsley  S.  Bingham. 
-59  *  »  A^  C.    Thomas  Bragg. 
-57  *  *  A',  if.    Ralph  MetcaU. 
-58  ♦  *  AeJ.  (Ter.).    Mark  W.  Izard. 
-57*  'A^.  r.    Myron  H.  Clark. 

Pa.    James  Pollock. 
-57.  •  *  JTis.    Coles  B.ashford. 

1856  Jan.  11.  1).  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate ;  Jesse  D.  Bright  of  Ind.  is  re- 
elected President  pro  tempore. 

Jan.  15.  Kan.  A  Territorial  election  is 
held,  a  Legislaturechosen,  and  Charles 
Robinson  (Rep.)  elected  governor  un- 
der the  Free-State  Constitution. 

Jan.  »  U.  S.  Deep  political  excite- 
ment and  solicitude  prevail,  both  in 
the  North  and  the  South. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  President  Pierce,  in  a 
special  message  to  Congress,  recognizes 
the  proslavery  XiCgislature  in  Kansas. 

Feb.  11.  I).  C.  The  President  by  proc- 
lamation orders  the  dispersion  of 
armed  invaders  of  Kansas. 

Feb.  22.  J'hila.  The  National  Con- 
vention of  the  American  party 
(Know -Nothings)  nominates  Millard 
Fillmore  of  N.  Y.  for  President,  and 
A.  J.  Donelson  of  Tenn.  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

It  virtually  approves  of  the  Fugitive- 
Slave  law  and  the  Kansas-Nebraska 
Act ;  it  professes  opposition  to  foreign 
influence  iu  national  legislation. 

Mar.  4.  Kaji.  The  Legislature  meets 
at  Topeka,  and  inaugurates  Gov.  Rob- 
inson ;  then  adjourns  till  July  4. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
appoints  a  committee  to  investigate 
the  Kansas  troubles. 

Apr.  6.  rtah.  The  Constitution  of  the 
proposed  Mormon  State  of  Deseret  is 
adopted  by  a  convention  held  at  Salt 
Lake  City. 

Apr.  14.  Kan.  The  Congressional 
Committee  begins  to  take  testimony 
respecting  the  political  situation. 

Apr.  *  Knn.  Colonel  Buford  arrives  with 
armed  men  from  Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  other  Southern  .States. 

May  5.  Kan.  The  grantl  jury  of  Doug- 
las County  finds  indictments  for 
treason  against  Reeder,  Robinson, 
and  Lane,  the  Free-State  leaders. 

May  14.  I).  C.  President  Pierce  re- 
ceives Father  Vijil,  Filibuster 
Walker's  "  minister  "  from  Nicaragua. 

May  20.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Charles  Sumner  of  Mass.  delivers  an 
elaborate  antislavery  philippic,  en- 
titled, !'  The  Crime  against  Kan- 
sas," in  which  lie  comments  severely 
on  Senator  Butler  of  .S.  C. 

May  21.  Kan.  Lawrence  is  sacked 
by  the  posse  of  the  U.  S.  marshal  after 
the  cannon  and  arms  of  the  residents 
have  been  surrendered,  under  pledges  of 
safety. 

May 22.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Charles  Sumner  is  brutally  assaulted 
with  a  cane  in  the  Senate  chamber. 
(See  Society.) 


May  26.  Kan.  A  political  fight  causes 
eight  deaths  at  Pottawatomie. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Diplomatic  relations 
with  Great  Britain  are  strained  be- 
cause of  diverse  interpretations  of  the 
Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty. 

May  29.  D.  C.  President  Pierce  informs 
Congress  tliat  he  has  ceased  to  hold 
diplomatic  correspondence  with  Mr. 
Crampton,  British  minister,  because 
of  his  attempting  to  enlist  citizens  of 
the  United  States  in  the  British 
service. 

May  *  Ken.  The  U.  S.  marshal  takes 
Col.  Buford's  volunteers  from  Ala- 
bama into  Government  pay,  and  arms 
them  to  drive  out  Northern  men. 

June  2.  Kan.  A  political  fight  occurs 
at  Palmyra  ;  Capt.  Pate  of  S.  C.  and  30 
men  are  captured  by  a  Free-State 
force.  [Civil  war  prevails  for  several 
months.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855  Sept.  *  Cholera  breaks  out  on  the 
Pacific  steamer  Uyicle  Sam;  111  deaths 
follow. 

Nov.  1.    Mo.    An  excursion  train  breaks 

through    a   bridge  100  miles    from  St. 

Louis ;  20  persons  are  killed  and  many 

are  wounded. 
Dec.  31.    U.  S.    Immigrants  and  other 

aliens  in  1855,  200,877. 

*  *  Kew  York.  Castle  Garden  ceases  to 
be  a  theater,  and  becomes  a  depot  for 
receiving  immigrants. 

*  *  Boston.  The  banks  establish  a  Clear- 
ing-house. 

*  *  AT.  J.  Fairmount  Cemetery,  near 
Newark,  is  incorporated. 

*  *  An  explosion  occurs  on  the  steamer 
Lexingtmi,  on  the  Ohio,  90  miles  below 
Louisville  ;  35  persons  perish. 

1856  Jan.  23.  The  steamer  Pacific 
leaves  Liverpool  for  New  York  with  186 
persons  on  board.  [Her  fate  is  un- 
known.] 

Feb.  17.  S.  C.  Charleston  is  almost  de- 
stroyed by  fire. 

Feb.  20.  The  packet-ship  John  Itutledge 
strikes  an  iceberg  and  foimders ;  only 
one  survives  out  of  15G  persons. 

Feb.  22.  Cal.  The  first  railroad  in 
the  State  is  opened,  from  Sacramento  to 
Folsom,  22J  miles  long. 

Feb.  26.  Ice  breaks  up  on  the  Missis- 
sippi and  wrecks  23  steamboats. 

Feb.  ♦  Spanish  coins  are  driven  out  of 
circulation  by  Congress,  and  the  coinage 
of  a  much  smaller  cent  is  provided  for. 

Mar.  15.  N.J.  The  ferry-boat  A'eio  Jer- 
sey takes  fire  near  Camden  and  becomes 
unmanageable  ;  50  persons  perish. 

Mar.  26.  Boston.  The  Boston  and  Cam- 
bridge Street  Railroad  is  opened. 

Apr.  7.  AVw  York.  The  steamship  Adri- 
atic is  launched ;  the  largest  vessel  of 
the  kind  yet  built. 

Apr.  11.  ///.  Locomotives  cross  the 
great  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at 
Bock  Island. 


180    1856,  June  2-1857,  Feb.  11.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY, 
1856    Aug.  29.    Kan.    A  band  of  pro- 
slavery  men,  under  Capt.  Raid,  defeats 
John   Brown  and    the  abolitionists   at 
Osawatomie. 

THE  SIXTEENTH  AVAR. 

*  •  1868  *  *  Fla.  The  Seminole  In- 
dian War.  Men  enrolled,  2,687.  Cause: 
the  removal  of  a  remnant  of  Indians  to 
the  West, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1856  July  4.  New  York.  A  statue  of 
Washington,  in  Union  Square,  is  un- 
veiled. 

Aug,  28.  N.  Y.  The  Dudley  Observa- 
tory, at  Albany,  is  inaugurated. 

Aug.  *  Last  Island,  a  summer  resort  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  submerged  in  a 
'fitorm,  the  houses  are  wrecked,  and  300 
persons  drowned. 

Autumn.  Destructive  gales  prevail  on 
the  Great  Lakes ;  49  wrecks  and  more 
than  200  deaths.  The  steamer  Supe- 
rior is  wrecked  near  Pictured  Rocks. 

*  *  Conn.  Condensed  milk  is  first  manu- 
factured  at  Litchtield. 

*  *  ///.  The  bridge  1,582  feet  long,  across 
the  Mississippi  at  Rock  Island,  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  K.  J.  The  first  experiments  in  pro- 
ducing steel  by  the  Bessemer  process 
are  tried  at  the  Phillipsburg  furnace. 

*  *  Capt.  Ericsson  patents  an  improved 
caloric  engine. 

*  *  Sorghum,  or  Chinese  sugar-cane,  is  in- 
troduced. 

*  *  Thirsty  Drover  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

1857  Jan.  23-25.  Severe  cold  prevails 
throughout  New  England, 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1857*   * 

Anderson,  Isaar,  West.  Pres.  pioneer  cl.,  A77. 

Bailey,  Jacob  Whitman,  microscopist,  A  46. 

Birney.  James  Q.,  philan.,  antialavery  edi- 
tor, of  O.,  A65. 

Blake,  John  L.,  P.  K.  cl.,  anther,  A69. 

Brenton,  Sam'l,  M.  E.  cl.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  A47. 

Itrown,  (ioold,  grammarian,  author,  A66. 

Butler,  Andrew  1'.,  senator  for  S.  C,  A61. 

Chevea,  Langdon,  senator  for  S.  C,  A81. 

Colton,  Calvin,  1*.  K.  cl.,  author,  A68. 

('rawforrt,  Thomas,  sculptor,  A44. 

Dillon,  Louise,  actor,  born  in  Ga. 

DurBorow,  Allan  C,  Jr.,  M.  C.  for  111.,  bom 
in  I'a. 

Gallinger,  Jacob  H.,  sen.  for  N.  H.,  1>.  Can. 

Oliddon,  George  Rohbins,  Egyptologist,  A48. 

Goodwin,  Nat  C,  actor,  born  in  Mass. 

Griswold,  Kufua  Wiluiot,  historical  writer, 
A  42. 

CHURCH. 

1856  *  *  The  Presbyterians  establish  a 
mission  among  the  Kickapoo  Indians. 

Oct.  23.  Minn.  The  General  Associa- 
tion (Congregational)  of  Slinnesota  is 
organized. 

*  •  III.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Chicago  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Assem- 
bly (N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  L.  P. 
Hickok,  moderator.  It  condemns  sla- 
very. 

»  *  New  York.  The  General  Assembly 
(O.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  Francis 
McFarland,  moderator. 


*  *  New  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  assembles. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Indian-School  Mission 
begins  practical  work. 

*  •  The  American  Missionary  Society 
reports  79  missionaries  in  the  foreign 
field. 

1857    Jan.  9.    lU.    The  Roman  Catholic 

Diocese    of   Quincy   is    transferred   to 

Alton. 

LETTERS. 
1856    Sept.  23.    N.  J.    The  Peter  Hert- 

zog  Theological  Hall  at  Rutgers  College 

is  dedicated. 

*  *  Ala.  Southern  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  chartered. 

*  *  Ja.  "Western  College  (U.  Brethren) 
is  organized  at  Toledo, 

*  *  ///.  Garrett  Biblical  Institute  (Meth, 
Epis.)  is  opened  at  Evanston. 

*  *  ///.  Monmouth  College  (United 
Pres.)  is  organized  at  Monmouth. 

*  *  Ky.  Daughters'  CoUege  (Disciples) 
is  founded  at  Harrodsburg. 

*  *  Mass.  James  A.  Garfield  graduates  at 
Williams  College.   ■ 

*  *  Mo.  Stephens  CoUege,  Female 
(Bapt.),  is  founded  at  Columbia. 

*  *  N.  C.  Raleigh  Christian  Advocate 
(Meth.  Epis.  South)  is  issued. 

*  *  S.  C.  Newberry  CoUege  (Lutheran) 
is  organized  at  Newberry. 

*  *N.  J.  Seton  HaU  CoUege  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  founded  at  South  Orange. 

*  *  New  York,  ffarper's  Weekly  is 
founded. 

*  *N.  r.  CoUege  of  Our  Lady  of 
Angels  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at 
Suspension  Bridge. 

St.    Lawrence    University    (Univ.) 
is  organized  at  Canton. 

*  *  O.  Baldwin  University  (Met h. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Berea. 

*  *  Wis.  St.  Francis  de  Sales  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  St.  Francis. 

*  *  Dred :  A  Tale  of  the  Dismal  Swamp,  by 
H,  B.  Stowe,  appears. 

*  ♦  -67  *  *  O.  Tlie  Public  Library  is 
founded  at  Cincinnati.    [158,136  vols.] 

*  *  The  Dutch  Republic jhy  J dhnJjothTOp 
Motley,  appears. 

*  *  English  Traits,  by  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Ifistory  of  the  United  States,  by  George 
Tucker,  appears. 

*  *  The  Last  of  the  Foresters,  by  J.  E. 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Married,  not  Mated,  by  Alice  Gary, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Poetry  of  the  Orient,  by  W.  R. 
Alger,  appears. 

*  *  Prue  and  1,  by  G.  W.  Curtis,  appears. 

*  *  Travels  in  Central  Africa,  by  Du 
Chaillu,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Fremont,  by  JoAin  Bigelow, 
api>ear8. 


SOCIETY. 

1856  June  5.  Cal.  San  Francisco  is 
declared  in  a  state  of  insurrection 
by  Gov.  Johnson.    (See  May.) 

July  8.  />.  C.  Preston  S.  Brooks  is 
indicted  for  assaulting  Charles  Sumner. 
[He  pays  the  fine  of  $300.] 

Aug.  18.  Cal.  The  VigUance  Com- 
mittee in  San  Francisco,  having  accom- 
plished its  ends,  disbands  after  a  pa- 
rade. 

Sept,  12.  Md.  A  riot  at  Baltimore  arises 
betvreen  two  bands  of  lawless  clubs,  the 
••  Rip  Raps  '*  and  the  **  Wampa- 
nags";  one  man  is  killed  and  20 
wounded. 

Oct.  8.  Md.  A  riot  at  Baltimore  arises 
between  the  *' Rip  Raps"  and  the 
New  Market  Fire  Company. 

Nov.  4.  Md.  A  riot  in  Baltimore  arises 
between  Democrats  and  Know-Noth- 
ings; 8  persons  are  killed  and  150 
wounded. 

Nov.  27,  Nicaragua.  Gen.  "Walker, 
with  his  third  company  of  adventurers, 
invades  Central  America  by  landing  at 
Punta  Arenas. 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  revival 
of  the  slave-trade  is  proposed  and  de- 
feated.   Vote,  183-58. 

*  ♦  Mass.  James  A.  Garfield  graduates 
at  Williams,  and  returns  to  Ohio. 

*  *Me.  Theprohibitory**  Maineljaw** 
is  repealed,  and  license  laws  enacted. 

*  *  .v.  r.  Charles  B.  Huntington  is  dis- 
covered to  be  a  forger  to  the  extent  of 
fifteen  or  twenty  miUions  of  dollars, 
mainly  used  as  collateral  security. 

1857  Jan.  30.  New  Ym-k.  Dr.  Harvey 
BurdeU  is  brutally  murdered  in  his 
own  house  in  Bond  Street,  a  fashionable 
quarter  of  the  city. 

[The  sensational  trial  of  Mrs.  Cunning- 
ham, his  landlady  (mistress)  follows ; 
she  escapes  the  penalty  of  her  crime  by 
an  irregularity  in  the  proceedings.] 

STATE. 

1856  June  2.  O.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  assembles  at  Cincin- 
nati; James  Buchanan  of  Pa.  is  unani- 
mously nominated  on  the  17th  ballot,  and 
John  C.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  is  nomi- 
nated for  the  vice-presidency.  Frank- 
lin Fierce,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and 
Xiewis  Cass  are  prominent  candidates. 

June  9.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Charles  E.  Stewart  of  Mich,  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore. 

June  17.  Phila.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  assembles ;  it 
denounces  "  those  twin  relics  of  bar- 
barism, polygamy  and  slavery";  John 
C.  Fremont  of  Cal.  and  WiUiam  L. 
Dayton  of  X.  J.  receive  the  presidential 
nominations  ;  John  McXjean  is  a  rival 
candidate  for  the  presidency,  while 
Abraham  Lincoln,  Charles  Sumner, 
N.  P.  Banks,  and  David  "WUmot  are 
urged  for  the  vice-presidency, 

June  24.  D.C.  President  Pierce  recog- 
nizes "Walker,  the  filibuster,  as  Presi- 
dent of  Nicaragua. 


I 


1 


UNITED    STATES.  1856,  June  2-1857,  Feb.  11.   181 


JuneSO.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  proposes  tlie  ai>- 
pointment  of  a  committee  of  five,  to 
set  things  in  order  in  Kansas. 

Julyl.    U.S.    National  debt  $31,972,537. 

July  3.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Douglas  Bill  for  a  com- 
mittee of  five  on  Kansas.  Vote,  33-12. 
The  House  votes  to  receive  Kansas 
into  the  Union  with  the  Free-Stato 
Constitution, 

July  4.  Kan,  The  State  Legislature 
assembles  at  Topeka,  and  is  dispersed 
by  U.  S.  troops. 

Julys.  D.  r.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  bill  to  admit  Kansas. 

July  *  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Investi- 
gating Committee  niaice  a  report  con- 
cerning Kansas  troubles  which  favors 
the  Free-State  men. 

Aug.  14.  Kan.  Free-State  men  capture 
a  fortified  post  near  Lecompton ;  Col. 
Titus  and  20  men  are  captured. 

Aug.  17.  Kan.  Gov.  Shannon  ex- 
changes the  cannon  talcen  at  Law- 
rence for  Col.  Titus  and  other  prisoners. 

Aug.  18.  J).  C.  The  34th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes, 

Aug.  21.  J).  C.  The  34th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

It  is  called  by  the  President  to  pass 
the  Army  Bill,  which  caused  a  great 
struggle  in  the  first  session. 

Aug.  25.  Kan.  Acting-Governor  Wood- 
son proclaims  the  Territory  to  be 
in  a  state  of  rebellion. 

Aug.  29.  Kan.  A  large  proslavery 
force  is  collected  at  hecomptou  and 
another  at  Santa  Fe  ;  Osawatomie  is  cap- 
tured ;  seven  men  Itilled,  many  wounded, 
seven  prisoners  talcen,  and  30  buildings 
burned.  Frederick  Brown,  a  son  of 
John  Brown,  is  among  the  killed. 

Aug.  30.  Kan.  David  R.  Atchison's 
(proslavery)  force,  being  threatened, 
withdraws  into  Missouri. 

D.   C.     Congress  passes  the  Army 

Bill    without    the    proviso    respecting 
Kansas. 

The  34th  Congress:  the  second  ses- 
sion closes.    (Ten  days.) 

Aug.*  D.C.  Congress:  The  House  adds 
a  provision  to  the  Army  Appropriation 
Bill,  that  Government  troops  shall  not 
be  employed  to  enforce  the  laws  passe<l 
by  the  Kansas  Territorial  Legislature. 
[The  Senate  disapproves,  and  the  bill 
fails  to  pass  during  the  session.] 

Sept.  1.  Kan.  In  a  municipal  election 
at  Leavenworth,  Missourians  (chiefly) 
kill  and  wound  several  Free-State 
men,  burn  their  houses,  and  force  about 
150  to  embark  for  St.  Louis. 

Sept.  3.  D.  C.  President  Pierce  appoints 
John  W.  Geary  to  be  military  g<»v- 
ernor  of  Kansas  Territory. 

Sept.  11.  Kan.  Gov.  Geary  arrives  at 
Lecompton  ;  he  releases  Robinson  and 
other  (Free-State)  prisoners  on  bail,  and 
proclaims  the  disbanding  of  all  hostile 
forces. 


Sept.  15:t.  Kan.  Three  regiments  of 
Missourians  with  cannon  proceed  to 
attack  Lawrence;  Gov.  Geary  with 
United  States  troops  interposes,  axid 
they  retire. 

Sept.  17.  Md,  The  last  Whig  Na- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Baltimore, 
and  adopts  the  nominees  of  the  Ameri- 
can jiarty. 

Nov.  4.  The  18th  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Democrats  elected. 

Popular  Vote :  James  Buchanan 
(Dem.)  of  Pa.,  1,838,169;  John  C.  Fre- 
mont (Rep.)  of  Cal..  1,341,204;  Millard 
Fillmore  (American)  of  N,  Y.,  874,538. 

Illinois  refuses  to  support  its  *  *  Xiittle 

Giant,"  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  an<l 
elects  Lyman  Trumbtill,  a  Free-Soil 
senator. 

Dec.  1.  D.C.  The34th  Congress:  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  15+.  Kan.  Lecompton,  a  parti- 
san Judge,  is  removed  on  demand  of  the 
governor,  and  James  C.  Harrison  of  Ky. 
is  appointed  in  lus  place. 

Dec.  30i.  Kan.  Gov.  Geary  reports  to 
the  President  that  peace  and  order 
prevail  in  the  Territory. 

*  *  ^fe.  Democrats  repeal  the  Prohibitory 
law. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-58  *  *  Cal.    J.  Neely  Johnson. 

-67  *  *  Kan:  {Ter.).    John  W.  Geary. 

-60  •  *  La.    R.  C.  Wicklitfe. 

-57  ♦  *  Me.    Samuel  Wells. 

-60  *  *  O.    Salmon  P.  Chase. 

-58  *  *  S.  C.     Robert  F.  \V.  Alston. 

-60  ♦  *  J'rt,    Henry  A.  Wi.se. 

-58  *  *  Vt.    Ryland  Fletcher. 

1857  Jan.  6.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
James  M.  Mason  of  Va.  is  elected 
President  _pro  tempore. 

Kan .  The  Topeka  Free-State  Legis- 
lature organizes  ;  the  Federal  marslial 
arrests  its  leading  members  as  revolu- 
tionists. 

Jan.  7.  Kan.  Both  houses  being  without 
a  majority,  the  Legislature  adjourns  till 
June. 

Jan.  *  Utah.  The  Mormon  digni- 
taries revolt,  and  drive  officers  of 
the  Federal  Government  out  of  the 
Territory. 

Jan.  12.  Kan.  The  proslavery  Territo- 
rial Legislature  (declared  illegal)  meets 
at  Lecompton,  and  provides  for  a  con- 
vention to  frame  a  State  Constitution. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  modifies  the 
Polk  Tariff  of  1846,  to  diminish  the 
revenue ;  the  average  rate  on  duties 
is  reduced  20  per  cent. 

Jan.  *  Kan.  Gov.  Geary  resigns  be- 
cause the  Federal  Senate  refuses  to 
confirm  the  appointment  of  Judge  Har- 
rison, and  thereby  restores  Judge  Le- 
compton to  office. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Buchanan,  174; 
Fremont,  114 ;  Fillmore,  8.  Vote  for 
Vice-President:  J.  C.  Breckinridge  of 
Ky.  (Dem.),  174;  Wm.  L.  Dayton  of 
N.  J.  (Rep.),  114;  A.  J.  Donelson  of 
Teuu.  (American),  8. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1856  July  7.  PHJa.  Between  20  and 
30  persons  are  drowned  by  the  giving 
way  of  a  wharf  on  Reed  Street. 

July  16.  Pa.  Two  trains  come  together 
at  full  speed  at  Campbell ;  five  cars  are 
shivered  and  set  on  fire ;  60  persons 
are  crushed  or  burned,  78  wounded. 

July  17.  The  steamer  Northern  Indiana 
takes  fire  on  Lake  Erie;  40  persons 
perish, 

July  26.  The  steamboat  Empire  State 
explodes  her  boilers  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  killing  and  wounding  several 
persons. 

July  27.  N.  Y.  Tlie  steamer  John  Jay 
is  b\n:ned  on  Lake  George ;  several 
persons  perish. 

July  29.  Boston .  A  fire  renders  80  fami- 
lies homeless  ;  9  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  21.  Conn.  The  Charter  Oak  at 
Hartford  is  blown  down ;  a  dirge  is 
played  at  noon,  and  the  bells  are  tolled 
at  sundown. 

Mass.    The  submarine  cable  is  laid 

to  the  main  land. 

Oct.  *  Boston.  An  industrial  exhibi- 
tion is  opened. 

Nov.  2.  The  French  steamer  Le  Lj/onais 
collides  with  a  sailing  vessel  on  the 
Atlantic ;  both  founder,  and  only  16 
persons  out  of  132  from  the  steamer 
are  saved. 

Nov.  8.  X.  Y.  A  fire  at  Syracuse  burns 
100  buildings. 

Dec.  12.  The  Besolute,  of  the  Franklin 
expedition,  is  presented  to  Queen  Vic- 
toria. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1856,  195,857. 

•  *  Chicago.  The  first  wooden  pavement 
is  laid  on  Wells  Street. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Hoosac  Tunnel,  imder 
Hoosac  Mountain,  is  begun.  [Completed 
in  1873,  four  and  three-fourths  miles 
long.] 

•  •  New  York.  The  Inman  line  of 
steamers,  rimning  to  Liverpool,  is  estab- 
lished. 

♦  *  The  Ocean  Wave,  carrying  emigrants 
from  Rotterdam  to  New  York,  collides 
with  a  British  vessel ;  77  persons  perish, 

*  *  First  passage  of  a  vessel  through  the 
Great  Lakes  and  WeUand  Canal  to 
Europe. 

♦  *  Grants  of  land  are  made  in  Florida, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Michi- 
gan, and  Wisconsin,  to  aid  in  construct- 
ing railroads  in  those  States. 

*  *  The  Chicago,  Burlington,  and 
Quincy  Railroad,  connecting  Chicago 
with  the  Mississippi,  is  completed  ;  also 
the  Chicago  and  Fort  Wayne,  the 
Iowa  extension  of  the  Chicago  and 
Kock  Island,  and  the  Penobscot  and 
Kennebec. 

1857  Jan.  5,  6.  A  large  American  ves- 
sel —  Northern  Belle  —  is  wrecked  near 
Broadstairs,  England. 

[The  Government  sent  21  silver  medals 
and  $1,350  to  be  distributed  among  the 
boatmen  of  the  place  who  saved  the 
crew.] 


182    1857,  Mar.  4-1858,  Max.  4.         AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1857  May  *  -June  *  Rebellion  breaks 

out  in  Utah;  G,000  troops  are  sent  to 

support  the  new  governor. 
July  *  Kan.    Disturbances  are  quelled  by 

the  United  States  Government  actively 

aiding  the  proslavery  party  (Bleeding 

Kansas). 
Nov.*  Utah.    Col. A. S.  Johnston's  army 

goes   into  winter-quarters  about  100 

miles  from  Salt  Lake  City. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1857  Aug.  21.  Wis.  A  cyclone  destroys 
property  in  Woodland. 

Oct.  4.  The  asteroid  Virginia  is  dis- 
covered by  Janu'S  Ferguson. 

*  *  Xeio  York-.  A  j^ranite  shaft,  in  honor 
of  Maj.-Gen.  'Worth,  U.  S.  A.,  is  un- 
veiled. 

*  •  New  York.  Work  is  l)egun  on  Central 
Park. 

±  *  *  Mass.  'Watohes  are  successfully 
made  by  machinery. 

*  *  Backwoods  of  America  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *  High  Banks  on  the  (lenesee  River  is 
painted  by  J.  F.  Kensett. 

*  *  The  statue  Vermont  is  executed  by 
L.  G.  Mead. 

*  *  The  statue  Indian  Hunter  is  first 
sketched  out  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1867  *  « 

Hamilton,  James,  senator  for  S.  C,  A7I. 

Hubbard,  Henry,  senator,  A73. 

Herndon,  Wm.  L.,  of  Va.,  naval  olflcer.  A44. 

Kane.  Ellsha  Kent,  Arctic  explorer,  au- 
thor, A37. 

MacLane.  Louis,  sen.  for  Del.,  min.  to 
£ng.,  sec.  of  trcas,  A71. 

Marcy.  William  Learned,  sen.  for  N.  Y., 
Gov.,  sec.  of  state,  A7I. 

Martinet,  Sadie,  actor,  born  in  N.  Y. 

Meiklejolm,  (Jeo.  I).,  M.  C.  for  Nel>.,  b.Wis. 

Mercer,  David  H.,  M.  O.  for  Nel>.,  h.  in  la. 

Mitchell,  Elislia,  prof.  N.  C.  Univ.,  A6-I. 

Pence,  Lafe,  M.  V.  for  Col.,  born  in  Ind. 

Redfleld,  William  C,  mcteorolojilsl,  A68. 

Stevenson,  Andrew,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  minister 
to  Eng.,  A73. 

Thursby,  Kminaj  actor,  born  in  N.Y. 

Toomey,  Michael,  geologist,  A52. 

CHURCH. 

1857  May  3.  Miss.  Wm.  H.  Elder  is 
consecrated  (Uomaji  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Natchez. 

June  10.  O.  Tlie  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Cin- 
cinnati. 

*  *  Cat.  The  (N.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  California  is  organized. 

*  *  HI.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Southern  Illinois  is 
organized. 

*  » Ind.  The  South  Indiana  Eldership 
(Church  of  God)  is  organized. 

»  *  Ind.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Fort  Wayne  is  established. 

*  *  Ky.  The  General  Assembly  (0.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Lexington  ;  C. 
Van  Kensselaer,  moderator. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 


*  *  Mont.  The  Presbyterians  (South) 
start  a  mission  among  the  Blackfeet 
Indians. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Di- 
ocese of  Minnesota  is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Koman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Marquette  is  established.   (Also  in  18(!5.) 

*  *  0.  Tlie  -Vnnual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  District  of  Ohio  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  Is  org.anlzed. 

*  *  Neb.-Cal.  The  Congregational  Con- 
ferences of  Nebraska  and  California 
are  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cleveland ;  S. 
W.  Fisher,  moderator.  Resolutions  are 
adopted  opposing  slavery. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Reading. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Christiau  Indians  build  the 
town  of  Nain,  near  Bethlehem.  (School- 
houses,  chapels,  and  mills  are  soon 
erected.) 

*  ♦  The  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  is  now  called  The 
Trustees  of  the  Board  of  Domestic 
Missions. 

*  *  U.S.  A  great  religious  awakening 
prevails. 

*  *  The  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church  with- 
draws from  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  to 
form  a  Missionary  Society  in  the  Re- 
formed Church. 

*  *  The  South  Indiana  and  Texas,  Ar- 
kansas and  Indian  Territory  EldershlpB 
(Church  of  God)  are  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1857  May  •  Xew  York.  Columbia  Col- 
lege is  removed  to  a  new  site  on  49th 
Street. 

*  •  Ala.  Alabama  Female  College  is 
founded  by  Baptists  at  Tuscaloosa. 

*  *  Boston.   The  Atlantic. Monthly  appears. 

*  *  Ga.  Bowdon  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Bowdon. 

*  *  la.  Amity  College  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  College  Springs. 

Oct.  *  III.  Chicago  Theological  Semi- 
nary (Cong.)  is  opened. 

*  *  la.  Cornell  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Jit.  Vernon. 

*  *  la.  Upper  Iowa  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Fayette. 

*  *  Kan.  Highland  University  (Pres.) 
is  organized  at  Highland. 

*  * Kau.  Baker  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Baldwin. 

St.  Benedict's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Atchison. 
»  *  Ky.    Uminence  College  (Christian) 
is  organized  at  Eminence. 

*  »  Ind.  Eock  Hill  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Eiiicott  City. 

*  *  ///.  The  Northwestern  University 
Library  is  founded  at  Evanston,  [25,000 
vols.] 


*  •  A'.   Y.      The    Brooklyn    library    is 

founded.    [83,888  vols.] 

*  *  Mo.  Central  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Fayette. 

*  *  JV.  C.  Davenport  Female  College 
nieth.  Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  Hillsborough  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Hillsborough. 

*  •  Pennsylvania  State  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  .State  College, 

*  *  -58  *  *  .S.  C.  liussetl '«  Magazine  ap- 
pears at  Charleston. 

*  *  Banner  of  Light  (Spiritualist)  is  first 
Issued. 

*  ♦  The  Historical  Magazine  appears. 

*  *  The  Bay  Path,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  .Moss  Side,  by  Marion  Harland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Oriental  Acquaintance,  by  J.  W.  De 
Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  Sylvia,  or  the  Lost  Shepherd,  by  T.  B. 
Read,  appears. 

*  ♦  Travels  in  Greece  and  Bussia,  by  B. 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Words  for  the  Hour,  by  Julia  W. 
Howe,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1857  Apr.  29.+  Md.  A  strike  begins 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  ; 
later  the  troops  are  called  out  to  sup- 
press interference  of  strikers  with  the 
trains  ;  many  are  killed  and  wounded. 

Jtme  16.  New  York.  A  riot  breaks  out 
in  connection  with  the  police  department 
and  offices,  which  are  claimed  by  two  sets 
of  officials ;  Mayor  Fernando  Wood 
is  arrested  for  assault  and  battery. 

June  *  D.C.  A  riot  in  'Washington 
occurs  between  Irish  and  Americans. 

July  4.  New  York.  Another  riot  occurs. 

It  grows  out  of  the  struggle  between 

the  mayor  and  the  new  board  of  police 

commissioners ;  six  men  are  killed,  100 

woiuided. 

Sept.  18,  UtoA.  At  Mountain  Meadow 
120  men,  women,  and  children  are  mas- 
sacred by  Mormons  and  Indians,  while 
emigrating  westward ;  only  a  few  chil- 
dren are  spared. 

Nov.  24.  Gen.  Walke.'  lands  another 
filibustering  expedition  in  Nicaragua. 

*  *  N.  Y.  William  H.  Armstrong,  G.  W. 
P.  of  the  Grand  Division  of  the  Sons  of 
Temperance,  secures  the  unanimous 
indorsement  of  the  Grand  Division  to  a 
solieme  for  a  constitutional  amend- 
ment, prohibiting  the  liquor  trafiJc. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Society  of  the  War  of  1812 
is  formed. 

STATE. 

1857  Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  34th  Con- 
gress ends. 

The  15th  Administration ;  Democratic. 
James  Buchanan  of  Pa.  is  inaugu- 
rated the   15th  President,  in  the  18th 
term  of  the  presidency.    J.  C.  Breck- 
inridge of  Ky.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet :  Ijewis  Cassof  Mich.  (State), 
Howell  Cobb  of  Ga.(Treas.),  JohnB. 


UNITED    STATES.    1857,  Mar.  4-1858,  Mar.  4.  183 


Floyd  of  Va.  (War),  Isaac  Toucey  of 
Conn.  (Navy),  Jacob  Thompson  of 
Miss.  (Interior),  Aaron  V.  Brown  of 
Tenu.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  and  Jeremiah  S. 
Black  of  Pa.  (Atty.-Gen.)- 

Gongrress ;  Senate  :  James  M.  Mason 
of  Va.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 

Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  begins  his 
second  term  in  the  Senate. 
Mar.  6.  D.  C.  The  Dred  Scott  decis- 
ion is  rendered  by  Chief  Justice  Taney, 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Vote,  7-2.  (Case  of  Bred  Scott, 
who  is  claimed  as  a  slave,  in  a  free 
State.) 

It  decides  that  neither  negro  slaves 
nor  their  descendants,  whether  slave  or 
free,  could  become  citizens  under  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States;  that 
it  is  unconstitutional  for  Congres.s  to 
decree  freedom  to  any  Territory.  The 
dictum  of  the  Court  declares  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  to  be  unconstitu- 
tional. [It  is  received  at  the  South  with 
delight  and  at  the  North  with  indig- 
nation.] 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  T. 
J.  Husk  of  Texas  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

Mar.  18.  H.  C.  Lord  Napier,  the 
British  envoy,  arrives. 

May  *  Ka7i.  Robert  J.  "Walker,  the 
new  governor,  arrives. 

June  15.  Kan.  Delegates  to  the  State 
Convention  are  chosen ;  Free-State 
men  ignore  the  call  as  illegal ;  only  2,000 
out  of  10,000  votes  are  cast. 

June  16.  New  York.  The  new  Metro- 
politan Police  liaw  is  resisted  by 
Mayor  Fernando  Wood,  and  a  serious 
collision  occurs  between  the  old  and 
the  new  police  forces.    (See  Society.) 

June  17.  An  additional  treaty  with 
Japan,  negotiated  by  Townsend  Harris, 
is  signed. 

Jtily  1.    U.  S.  National  debt  $28,699,831. 

July  2.  X.  Y.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
decides  that  the  Metropolitan  Police 
Xiaw  is  constitutional,  and  that  the 
old  police  force  must  accept  its  decision 
and  disband. 

Sept.  7.  Kan.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Lecompton.  [Adjourns 
till  Oct.] 

Sept.  15.  Utah.  Brigham  Young  for- 
bids a  U.  S.  force  to  enter  Utah,  and 
calls  out  his  troops.  [The  President  re- 
moves Governor  Young.] 

Oct.  5.  Kan.  The  Territorial  election 
is  won  by  Free-State  men  (7,600-3,700). 

A  fraudulent  attempt  is  made  to 
change  the  result  by  using  1,624  names 
from  a  Cincinnati  directory  as  the  roll 
of  voters  at  Oxford,  a  place  having 
eleven  houses. 

Nov.  7.  Kan.  The  illegal  Constitu- 
tional Convention  meets,  and  pro- 
vides a  constitution  which  prohibits  the 
Legislature  from  making  autislavery 
laws. 

Dec.  7.  D.  C.  The  35th  Congress 
opens.       • 

D.  C.  Cong:ress;  Senate:  Benj. 
Fitzpatrick  of  Ala.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore.    House :  James  Xj.  Orr  of 


S.  C.  is  elected  Speaker;  he  receiving 
128  votes  to  84  for  Galusha  A.  Grow 
of  Pa. 
Dec.  9.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  111.  opposes 
the  Lecompton  Constitution. 

Dec.  15,  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Repre- 
sentatives first  occupy  their  commo- 
dious new  chamber. 

Dec.  21.  Kan.  An  election  is  held  on 
the  Constitution. 

All  ballots  are  marked  "  Constitution 
with  slavery,"  or  **  Constitution  with 
no  slavery  ;  "  but  no  provision  made  Ut 
vote  a^aiustthe Constitution  as  a  whole. 
The  Missouri  border  counties  (1,000  votes 
by  the  census),  cast  6,143  votes  for  the 
Constitution  and  569  votes  against  it, 
Free-State  men  not  voting.  It  is  nomi- 
nally adopted,  with  slavery. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  government  of  many 
cities  is  dominated  by  the  disorderly 
and  lawless  element  of  the  population. 

The  '*  Plug  Uglies"  rule  in  Baltimore, 
and  visit  Washington  to  decide  the 
charter  election ;  the  roughs  of  New 
York,  who  are  called  "  Dead  Rabbits," 
control  Fernando  Wood,  the  mayor ; 
New  Orleans  is  ruled  by  the  same  class 
till  a  vigilance  committee  forces  a  noto- 
rious mayor  to  resign. 

*  *  U.S.  The  Republican  party  is 
pledged  to  resist  the  extension  of  sla- 
very into  free  territory ;    it  controls  11 

States,  and  contests  others. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Whig  Legislature,  in  de- 
spair of  local  self-government,  begins  to 
interfere  -vriih.  the  government  of 
New  York  City. 

The  governnr  is  directed  to  appoint 
a  commission  to  construct  Central 
Park,  and  another  commission  to  con- 
trol the  police  force. 

The  commissioners  transfer  the  police 
department  of  New  York  from  the  mu- 
nicipal authorities  to  those  of  the  State, 
and  four  counties  are  united  in  a  police 
district. 

*  *  The  Dred  Scott  decision  reacts  in 
favor  of  the  Republicans  in  the  North. 

*  *  Tenn.  Andrew  Johnson  is  elected 
a  United  States  Senator. 

*  *  Utah.  Rebellion  of  the  Mormons ; 
Brigham  Young  and  many  other  Mor- 
mon dignitaries  are  indicted  for  treason. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-61  *  *  Ala.    Andrew  B.  Moore. 
-58  •  •  Cmin.    Alex.  H.  HoUey. 
-61*  *  Fla.    Madison  S.  Perry. 
-65  *  *  Ga.    Joseph  E.  Brown. 
-61  *  *  ///.    Wm.  H.  Bissell. 

-61  *  *  Ind.    Ashbel  P.  Willard. 
-58*  *Kan.{Ter.).    Robert  J.  Walker. 

Afe.     Hannibal  Hamlin. 
-58  *  *  Me.    Joseph  H.  Williams. 
-58*  *  Minn.    Samuel  Medary. 

Mo.    Truston  Polk. 

Mo.    Hancock  Jackson. 
-61  *  •  Mo.    R.  M.  Stewart. 
-59  *  ♦  X.  H.    William  Hale. 
-60  *  *  K.  J.    Wm.  A.  Newell. 
-61  *  *  K.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Abraham  Ben- 
cher. 
-59  *  *  X.  Y.    John  A.  King. 
-59  *  *  n.  I.    Elisha  Dyer. 
-59  *  *  Tex.    H.  G.  Runnels. 
-61  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    Alford  Cummings. 

ifaafi.  (Ter.).    J.  P.  Anderson. 


-61*  *  fFasA. (Ter.).  Fayette  M'Mulleu. 
-61  *  *  IVis.    Alex.  W.  Randall. 

1858  Jan.  4.  Ka7i.  An  election  of 
State  officers  is  held  under  the  Con- 
stitution ;  also,  by  act  of  Legislature, 
the  Lecompton  Constitution  itself 
is  submitted  to  the  popular  vote  ;  it  is 
rejected  by  10,266  votes. 

Feb.  2.  D.  a  President  Buchanan's 
message  to  Congress  declares,  "Kan- 
sas is  at  this  moment  as  much  a  slave 
State  as  South  Carolina." 

liar.  4.  £>.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  Sen- 
ators from  the  South  indulge  in  extrava- 
gant predictions. 

J.  H.  Hammond  of  S.  C.  declares 
in  the  Senate:  *' Without  firing  a  gun, 
without  drawing  a  sword,  should  the 
North  make  war  on  us  ...  no  cotton 
.  .  .  [would  be]  furnished  for  three 
years.  .  .  .  England  would  topple 
headlong,  and  carry  the  whole  civilized 
world  with  her.  .  .  .  No  power  on 
earth  dares  to  make  war  on  cotton. 
Cotton  is  king." 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1857  Apr.  15.  The  Milwaukee  and 
Prairie  du  Chien  Kailroad  is  opened. 

May  1.  jr.  Va.  The  Parkersbtu'g 
branch  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road is  completed. 

May  *  The  Memphis  and  Charleston 
Kailroad  is  opened. 

June  25.  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Kail- 
road  purchases  of  the  State  its  line  of 
canals  and  railroads,  353  miles  long,  for 
$7,500,000. 

June  *  Baltimore  and  St.  Iiouis  are 
directly  connected  by  rail. 

Aug.  5.  The  laying  of  the  Atlantic 
cable  commences  at  Valentiain  Ireland. 
The  vessels  employed  are  the  Niagara 
and  Susquehanna,  and  the  British  ves- 
sels Leopard  and  Agamemno7i.  After 
sailing  a  few  miles  the  Atlantic  cable 
breaks,  but  is  soon  repaired. 

Aug.  11.  Eng.  The  cable  breaks  after 
300  miles  have  been  paid  out  [the  vessels 
soon  return  to  Plymouth]. 

Aug.  24.  O.  The  failure  of  the  Ohio 
Life  and  Trust  Company  is  reported ; 
liabilities  about  $7,000,000..  [This  fail- 
ure is  the  precursor  of  the  panic] 

Sept.  12.  The  large  steamer  Central 
America  is  wrecked  by  agale  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico ;  152  out  of  526  persons  are 
saved  by  drifting  GOO  miles  on  rafts ; 
$2,500,000  are  sunk. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1857,  246,945. 

*  *XewYork.  The  winners  of  the  Ajner- 
ica  cup  present  it  to  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club  for  a  perpetual  Interna- 
tional Challenge  Cup. 

The  North  German  Lloyd  line  of 
steamers,  running  to  Southampton  and 
Bremen,  is  established. 

*  *  The  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Kailroad 
is  completed. 

*  *  The  road  between  Detroit  and  Tole- 
do is  completed. 

*  *  Va.  The  Virginia  Central  Rail- 
road, connecting  Richmond  and  Jack- 
son's River,  195  miles,  is  completed. 


184     1858,  Mar.  13-1859,  Sept,  16.        AMERICA  ; 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1858  May.  *  The  war  with  the  Seminoles 
has  lasted  seven  years,  cost  the  Govern- 
ment about  $10,000,000,  and  the  loss  of 
1,466  lives. 

June  *  Utah,  The  Government  sends  an 
army  against  the  Jlormons  ;  a  compro- 
mise is  entered  into,  and  peace  estab- 
lished by  Governor  Cummings. 

*  *  An  American  vessel  in  the  Paraguay 
Kiver  is  fired  upon  by  a  garrison ;  the 
U.  S.  Government  demands  an  apology. 

1859  June  25.  China.  Commodore  Tatt- 
nall assists  tlie  English  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  Chinese  on  tlie  river 
Peiho. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1858  June  12.  III.  The  levee  above 
Cairo  yields  to  the  flood,  and  the  town 
is  submerged. 

Sept.  11.  The  asteroid  Pandora  is  dis- 
covered by  George  Mary  Searle. 

*  *  Col.  Gold  is  found  at  Pike's  Peak  ; 
silver  is  also  discovered  in  Nevada.  It 
is  the  first  discovery  of  pure  silver 
metal  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  yew  York.  William  Hart  and  Arthur 
F.  Tait  are  elected  members  of  tbe  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Sew  York.  MUe.  Ficcolomini  makes 
her  first  appearance. 

*  *  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of  St. 
Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  is 
laid,  with  impressive  ceremojiies. 

*  *  Great  floods  prevail  in  the  Southwest 
[and  later  in  the  Upper  Mississippi ;  loss, 
$30,000,000]. 

*  *  St.  Agnes  is  painted  by  Rothermel. 

*  *  Bargaining  is  painted  by  F.  W. 
Edmonds. 

1859  July  1.  +  Mo.  Prof.  Wise  and 
three  others  ascend  in  a  balloon  at  St. 
Louis,  and  travel  1150  miles  in  19  hours 
and  15  minutes  ;  they  descend,  in  an  ex- 
hausted condition,  in  Jefferson  County, 
New  York. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1868*  * 

Andrews,  Ethan  A,,  author  Lat.-Eng.  lexi- 
con, A71. 

Augur,  Hezekiah.  sculptor,  inventor  of  carv- 
Ing-niacliine,  A67. 

Bartlioloinew,  Edward  S.,  of  Conn.,  sculp- 
tor, A3«. 

Benton,  ThomaB  Hart.  sen.  for  Mo,,  his- 
torian, A76. 

Berry,  L.  W.,  college  pres.,  A43. 

Cayvan,  Georgia,  actor,  born  in  Me. 

Cleaveland,  Parker,  mineralogist,  chemist, 
A78. 

Comstock,  John  L.,  au.  of  school-books,  A69. 

Cooic,  Clarence,  art-rritic,  journalist,  A71. 

Conrad,  Uol)ert  T.,  judge,  poet,  A48. 

Dauvrey,  Helen,  a(_-tor,  burn  in  O. 

I>eaiie,  .lames,  physician,  geologist,  A57. 

DolUver,  .lonathan  P.,M.('.for  hi.,b.\V.Va. 

Dreher,  Virginia,  actor,  born  in  Ky. 

Duer,  William  Alex.,  pres.  of  Columbia  eol- 
lege,  jurist,  A78. 

Ellsler,  Effle,  actor,  born  in  Pa. 

Ellsworth,  Henry  L.,  com.  of  patents,  ACT. 

Forest!,  E.  Felice,  prof.  Columbia  coll.,  Ati5. 

Gadsden,  James,  of  S.  C,  minister  to  Mex. 
A77. 

Oilman,  Samuel,  Pnit.  cl,,  author,  A67. 

Hanpt,  raul,  prof,  in  Harvard,  A75. 

Hare,  Robert,  physicist.  A77. 

Hawkins,  .lohn  lienry  \V.,  temperance  advo- 
cate ("  Washingtonian  "),  A59. 

Herbert,  Henry  William  (Frank  Forester), 
author,  A81, 

Hunt,  Freeman,  author,  editor,  A54. 


Jay,  Wm.,  judge,  anti-slavery  philan.,  A69. 
Jones,  Anson,  last  president  of  Tex.,  A60. 
Leslie,  Eliza,  author,  A71. 
Peck,  John  Mason,  IJapt.  cl.,  author,  A69. 
Perry,     Matthew     Calbraith,     commodore 

U.  S.  N..  A64. 
Porter,  William  T.,  editor,  A52. 
Quitman,  John  A.,  gen.,  Gov.  of  Miss.,  M.C., 

A59. 
Ulricli,  Charles  Frederick,  painter,  b.  N.Y. 
Williams,  Eleazer,  clergyman,  reputed  son  of 

Louis  XVl.  and  Marie  Antoinette,  V  A71. 
1859*   * 
Aleott,  Wm.  A.,  physician,  educator,  A61. 
Alexander,  James  W.,  Pres.  cl.,  prof.,  A55. 
Anderson,  Mary,  actor,  born  in  Cal. 
Bailey,  Gamaliel,  editor  Natioiutl  Era,  A52. 
Belcher,  Joseph,  Bapt.  clergyman,  A65. 
Bond,  William  C,  astronomer,  A7U. 
Brown.    John,    abohtionist,     a ntl -slavery 

martjT. 
Bush,  George,  Sweden borgian  editor,  A^Z. 
Burnap,  George  W.,  l^nit.  cl.,  author,  A57. 
Carnahan,  Janies  1).,  Pres.  clergyman,  prof. 

at  Princeton,  A84. 
Choato.  Rufus,  lawyer,  orator,  senator  for 

Mass.,  A60. 
Cornish,  Johnston,  M.  C.  for  N.  J.,  b.  N.  J. 
Cousins,  Kobert  G.,  M.  ('.  for  Ia.,b.  la. 
Doane,  Geo.  W.,  P.  E.  bishop  of  J^.  J.,  A60. 
Davis,  John  W.,  statesman,  ABO. 
Frost,  John,  teacher,  writer,  A59. 
Gayle,  John,  lawyer,  jurist,  A67. 
Gould,  Benj.  Apthorp,  teacher,  classical  edi- 
tor, A72. 
Irving'.  Washington,  of  N.Y.,  author,  A76. 
James,  John  Angell,  Cong,  cl.,  author,  A74. 
Jones,  James  C,  Gov.  sen.  for  Term.,  A50. 
Leslie,  Chas.  K.,  painter  in  Kng.,  AfiS. 
Mann.  Horace,  educationist, of  Mas8.,A63. 
Mason,  John  Y..  of  Va.,8ec.  of  navy,atty.- 

gen.,  minister  to  France,  A60. 
Mutcher,  Howard,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,b.  Pa. 
Nott,  Abner  Kingman,  Bapt.  cl.,  A25. 
Nuttall,Thomas,  botanist,  A73. 
Olmsted,  Dentsou,  astronomer,  geologist,  A6S. 
Prescott,  ■William  Hickling,  historian,  A63. 
Richards,  John,  clergyman,  editor,  A62. 
Robbins,  Gaston  A.,  M.  C.  for  Ala.,  born  in 

Ala. 
Sedgwick,  Theodore,  lawyer,  author  of  legal 

works,  .\48. 
Tnlly,  William,  physician,  author,  A74. 
Turner,  Wm.  Wadden,  oriental  scholar,  A49. 
Walsh,  Robert,  author,  ed.  National  Gazette^ 

A76. 

CHURCH. 

1858  Mar.  13.  Ind.  The  General 
Association  (Congregational)  is  organ- 
ized. 

May  1.  Tenn.  The  4th.  General  Con- 
ference (Meth.  Epis.  South)  meets  at 
Nashville. 

May  26.  Pa.  The  Associate  and  As- 
sociate Reformed  Churches  (Presby- 
terian) are  united  at  Pittsburg  in  one 
church,  styled  The  United  Presbyte- 
rian Church  of  North  America. 

June  9.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Aug.  25.  Pa.  Samuel  Bowman  is- con- 
secrated (Protestarft  Episcopal)  assist- 
ant bishop  of  Pennsylvania. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Assembly 
(N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets;  M.  L.  P. 
Thompson,  moderator. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Congregational  Conference 
of  Indiana  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Triennial  Convention  (Congre- 
gational) of  the  Northwest  is  formed. 

*  *  la.  The  (0.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Southern  Iowa  is  organized. 

*  *  La.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  New  Orleans ; 
Wm.  A.  Scott,  moderator. 

*  *  Mo.  The  (O.  S.)  Presbyterian  Synod 
of  Upper  Missouri  is  organized. 

*  *  0.  llie  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 


*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pitts- 
burg ;  J.  T.  Pressy,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet* 
ing  assembles. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  celebrate  the  re- 
union of  the  "Old  Sides**  and  the 
"New  Sides.** 

*  ♦  The  Baptist  churches  among  the  In- 
dians are  reported  to  number  about  1500. 

*  *  Francis  Burns,  colored,  is  ordained 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  missionary  bishop 
for  Liberia. 

*  *  A  body  of  antislavery  Methodists  se- 
cede from  the  Methodist  Protestant 
Church  because  of  slavery,  and  they 
organize  tlie  Methodist  Protestant 
Church  of  the  Northwestern  States 
[later,  the  Methodist  Church]. 

*  *  The  Local  Preachers'  National  Asso- 
ciation (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organ- 
ized. 

1859  Jime  8.  Phila.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1858*  *  Conn.  The  Watklnson  Library 
of  Reference  is  founded  at  Hartford. 
[34,899  vols.] 

*  *  Ky.  The  Southern  Baptist  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  is  founded  at  Louisville. 

*  *  K.  C.  Judson  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Henderson. 

*  *  O.  Mount  Union  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Alliance. 

*  *  Xature  and  the  Supernatural,  by  Hor- 
ace Bushnell,  appears. 

*  *  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table,  by  O. 
W.  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Bitter-Sweet,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  by 
Xiongfellow,  appears. 

*  *  European  Acquaintance,  by  J.  'W.  Do 
Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  System  of  Mineralogy ,  by  James  D. 
Dana,  appears. 

*  *  Timothy  Titcomb's  Letters  to  Young 
People,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  appears. 

1859*  *  Cal.  St.  Ignatius  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

*  *  la.  Griswold  College  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Davenport. 

*  *  Itid.  Earlham  College  (Friends)  is 
organized  at  Richmond. 

*  *  Mich.  Adrian  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Mich.  OUvet  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Olivet. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Free  Public  Iiibrary  is 
founded  at  Worcester.     [61,20i  vols.] 

*  ♦  Mo.  Iia  Grange  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

SOCIETY. 
1858  J\me26.  Utah.  Col.  A.  S.  John- 
ston's army  finds  Salt  Xiake  City  de- 
serted by  30,000  Mormon  citizens,  who 
have  departed  southward  on  its  approach 
iis  a  posse  comitatus. 


UNITED   STATES.     1858,  Mar.  13-1859,  Sept  16.  185 


Aug.  5.±  O.  The  succesefvl  laying  of 
the  Atlantic  cable  is  celebrated  with 
cannon-firing,  bell-ringing,  and  general 
jubilation, 

Aug.  26.  S.C.  Lieut.Moflatof  theU.S. 
Navy  seizes  the  American  slave-ship 
Ecfto  [and  brings  her  to  Charleston]. 

Sept.  1.  N.  y.  A  mob  on  Staten  Island 
destroys  the  quarantine  hospitals. 
[Troops  are  sent  and  the  people  declared 
in  rebellion.] 

Oct.  29.  X.  Y.  John  Morrissey  de- 
feats John  Heenan  in  a  revolting 
prize-fight ;  they  fight  11  rounds  in  22 
minutes. 

Dec.  6.  *  Ala.  Gen.  'Walker  sails  with 
another  filibustering  expedition.  [It  is 
wrecked  soon  afterward.] 

•  »  O.  James  A.  Qarfleld  marries  Lu- 
cretia  Rudolph. 

•  *  To.  Mount  Vernon  is  purchased  by 
the  **  Ladies*  Mount  Vernon  Associa- 
tion "  for  8200,000. 

1859  Feb.  26.  D.C.  Daniel  E.  Sickles, 
M.  C.  for  New  York,  is  acquitted  for  kill- 
ing Philip  Barton  Key,  the  seducer  of 
hiSTife. 

STATE. 

1858  Mar.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie 
Senate  passes  the  Ijecompton  Bill,  to 
admit  Kansas  as  a  State,  under  the  Le- 
compton  Constitution.    Vote,  33-25. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Benj.  Fitzpatriek  of  Ala.  is  electeil 
President  pro  tempore. 

Apr.  1.  D.  V.  Congress:  The  House  re- 
jects the  Lecompton  Bill  in  favor  of 
the  Crittenden-Montgomery  substitute. 

May  4.  Fla.  The  last  of  the  Seminole 
Indians  are  removed  from  Florida. 

May  11.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Min- 
nesota into  the  Union  as  the  32d  State. 

May  +  *  *  The  relations  of  the  Republic 
with  England  are  somewhat  strained  by 
her  persistence  in  the  right  to  search 
American  vessels  in  the  West  Indies, 
in  suppressing  the  slave-trade. 

June  13.  U.  S.  A  treaty  with  China 
is  signed  at  Tien-Tsin. 

Jime  14.  J).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Benj.  Fitzpatrick  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

The  35th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National  debt  $44,911,881. 

Aug.  3.  Kan.  An  election  ordered  by 
Congress  again  decides  the  fate  of  the 
constitution;  it  is  rejected  by  a  ma- 
jority of  9,500. 

Aug.  21.-Oct.  15.  III.  Abraham 
Tiincoln  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
rival  candidates  for  Congress,  hold  joint 
disctissions  in  their  electioneering  can- 
vass. 

Nov.  25.  Vt.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
"  Personal  Liberty  Bill,"  to  secure 
freedom  to  all  persons  within  the  State, 
especially  to  prevent  the  operation  of 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Act. 


Dec.  6.    D.  C.     The   35th    Congress: 

the  second  session  opens. 
»  •  Colorado  is  first  settled. 

*  *  B.  C.  Nathan  Clifford  of  Me.  is 
appointed  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

*  *  Xew  Fork.  Daniel  N.  Tiemann  is 
elected  the  71st  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugtu-ated : 
-60  •  *  Cal.    John  B.  Weller. 
-66  *  *  Conn.    W.  A.  Buckingham. 
-60  *  *  la.    Kalph  P.  Lowe. 

Kan.  ( Ter.).    James  W.  Denver. 
-59  •  *  Kan.  ( Ter.).    Samuel  Medary 
-61  *  *  Mass.    Nathaniel  P.  Banks. 
-61  *  *  Me.    Lot  M.  Morrill. 
-60*  •^Vi«H.    Henry  H.  Sibley. 
-60**  Miss.    William  M' Willie. 

iVc6.  (Ter.).  Wm.  A.Richardson. 
-59*  *  ^eb.  (Ter.).    Sterling  Morton. 

Pa.    Wm.  F.  Packer. 
-60  •  •  S.  C.    Wm.  H.  Gist. 
-60  •  *  n.    Hiland  Hall. 

1859  Jan.  4.  I).  C.  The  Senate  first 
occupies  its  new  chamber  in  the  north 
wing  of  the  Capitol.  The  Supreme 
Court  occupies  the  old  chamber. 

Jan.  *  Kan.  The  Territorial  Legislature 
orders  that  the  question  of  calling  an- 
other convention  to  prepare  a  con- 
stitution shall  be  decided  by  a  popular 
vote. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senator Slidell 
of  La,  presents  a  bill  which  proposes  to 
place  $30,000,000  in  the  hands  of  the 
President  for  the  purchase  of  Cuba. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Ore- 
gon into  the  Union  as  the  33d  State ;  the 
domain  not  included  in  the  State  is 
added  to  the  Territory  of  Washington  ; 
President  Buchanan  signs  the  bill. 

Feb.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senator  Sli- 
dell withdraws  the  Cuba  bill. 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress :  The  President, 
by  special  message,  saves  the  public 
credit  from  the  dishonor  of  an  empty 
treasury.  Congress  authorizes  the  issue 
of  $20,000,000  in  treasury  notes. 

Mar.  4.  D.C.   The  35th  Congressends. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Joseph  Holt  of  Ky.  is 
appointed  Postmaster-General,  succeed- 
ing Aaron  V.  Brown  of  Tenn. 

Mar.  *  Kan.  A  new  convention,  to 
frame  a  constitution,  is  ordered  by  a 
popular  vote  ;  majority,  3,881. 

May  16.  Ore.  The  Legislature  meets  in 
special  session  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
pleting the  organization  of  the  State 
government. 

June  25.  n.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
Benj.  Fitzpatrick  of  Ala.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Julyl.    U.S.  National  debt  $58,496,837. 

July  5.  Kan.  A  State  Convention  meets 
at  Wyandotte.  [It  prepares  an  anti- 
slavery  constitution,  and  restricts  the 
suffrage  to  "  white  male  persons."] 

July  27.  Pacific  Coast.  Gen.  •  Harney 
sends  a  military  force  to  San  Juan 
Island,  near  Vancouver's  Island,  in  the 
interests  of  American  pioneer  settlers. 


July  *  China.  Gen.  "Ward,  the  United 
States  envoy,  is  not  permitted  to  see 
the  emperor,  after  going  to  Pekin. 

Aug.*  W.  Ta.  The  Knights  of  the 
Golden  Circle  meet  at  White  Sulphur 
Springs ;  they  are  organized  for  the 
chief  purpose  of  extending  the  area  of 
slavery  by  conquering  Central  America. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1858  May  11.  M.Y.  A  disaster  occurs 
on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  St 
Utica  ;  8  persons  are  killed,  30  wounded. 

Junes.  The  steamer  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Mississippi,  bursts  its  boilers  ;  10 
lives  are  lost. 

June  26.  Two  steamers  commence  to  lay 
the  Atlantic  cable  in  mid-ocean ;  the 
cable  parts  when  five  miles  are  laid. 

JiHy  29.  The  third  attempt  to  lay  the 
Atlantic  cable  commences  in  mid-ocean. 

Aug.  5.  The  Atlantic  cable  is  success- 
fully laid  between  :N'ewfoundland  and 
Ireland. 

Aug.  16.  Queen  Victoria  and  President 
Buchanau  send  the  first  messages  by 
the  Atlantic  cable. 

Sept.  13.  Tlie  steamer  .4«5^ria  is  btirned 
at  sea  ;  539  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  5.  Xew  York.  The  Crystal  Palace, 
with  its  contents,  is  burned ;  loss  more 
than  $1,000,000. 

Oct.  9.  Mo.  The  first  overland  mall 
arrives  at  St.  Louis,  23  days  and  4  hours 
from  San  Francisco.    (Pony  express.) 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  Aqueduct  water  is  intro- 
duced Into  Brooklyn. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  and  other 
aliens  in  1858,  119,501. 

*  *  Col.  The  first  colony  of  miners  in 
Colorado  is  established  on  Clear  Creek, 
in  Gilpin  County. 

*  *  D.C.  The  New  Patent  Oflice  Building 
at  Washington  is  completed. 

*  *  Ji.  I.  Swan  Point  Cemetery  near 
Providence  is  incorporated. 

1859  Feb.  27.  The  steamer  Princess, 
for  New  Orleans,  bursts  her  boilers,  and 
25  persons  are  killed  and  35  wounded. 

Apr.  27,  28.  The  ship  Pomona  is  wrecked 
on  Blackwater  Bank  ;  of  419  persons  on 
board,  only  24  are  saved. 

June,  5.  O.  The  wheat  crop  throughout 
most  of  the  State  is  destroyed  by  frost. 

June  27.  Ind.  A  disaster  occurs  on 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  near 
South  Bend  ;  38  persons  are  killed  and 
50  wounded. 

June  30.  N.  Y.  Emile  G.  Blondln 
crosses  the  chasm  at  Niagara  Falls  on 
a  tight  rope. 

Aug.  26.  Pa.  E.  L.  Drake  bores  through 
the  rock  at  Titusville,  and  at  the  depth 
of  71  feet  strikes  oil  (petroleum),  which 
rises  near  the  surface  ;  it  is  the  first  oil 
well. 

Sept.  16.  Mo.  The  first  overland  maU 
(Pony  express)  for  the  Pacific  coast 
leaves  St.  Louis.  [It  arrives  at  San 
Francisco  Oct.  10.] 


186     1859,  Oct.  4-1860,  June  16.  AMERICA : 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1859  Oct.  16  f,  JF,  Va.  John  Brown 
makes  a  raid  into  Virginia  to  free  the 
slaves. 

With  17  white  men  and  5  negroes  lie 
surprises  and  captures  the  United  States 
arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

Oct,  17.  W.Va.  The  militia  and  Federal 
trooi)a  besiege  John  Brown. 

Oct.  18.  jr.  Va.  The  armory  is  captured 
by  Col.  R.  K.  Lee  with  1,500  troops  ;  12  of 
Brown's  men  are  killed  ;  Brown  and  4 
men  are  taken  prisoners. 

1860  Jan.  *  U.  S.  The  militia  of  the 
various  States  nmnbers  3,070,987. 

The  United  States  Navy  numbers  93 
vessels  of  all  kinds. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1859     Nov.  24.    Xew    York.    Adelina 
Patti    makes    her  flrst    appearance   in 
America. 

*  *  The  French  Government  voluntarily 
presents  Samuel  P.  B.  Morse  wiiU 
$80,000  for  his  invaluable  services  iu 
introducing  the  telegraph. 

*  *  Photo- lithography  is  introduced  in 
preparing  maps. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Charles  F.  Blauvelt  of 
Maryland,  and  James  M.  Hart  of  Xew 
York,  are  elected  members  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Design. 

*  * -YeiP  York.  A  bronze  bust  of  Schiller 
is  unveiled  in  Central  Park. 

*  *  Adirondacks  is  painted  by  J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  KaaterskUl  Clove  is  painted  by  S.  U. 
Gifford. 

*  *  The  group  The  Checker  Players  is 
executed  by  John  Rogers. 

*  *  Star  of  Empire  is  painted  by  Eman- 
uel XiCutze. 

*  *  Venus  is  painted  by  Thomas  Page. 
1860    Mar.  29.     Conn.  Charles  F.  Hall 

sails  from  New  London  in  the  ship  George 
Henry  for  the  Arctic  regions  to  search 
for  tidings  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 
June  3.  /{f.-fa.  A  terrible  tornado, 
moving  at  the  rate  of  from  70  to  90  miles 
an  hour,  devastates  the  country  along 
its  path,  and  causes  150  deaths. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1860*  * 

Alexander,  .Joseph  A.,  tlieologian,  orientalist 
at  Princeton,  A5I. 

Archer,  Hell,  actor,  born  in  Pa, 

Brett,  Philip  M.,  Ref'd.  clefRvman,  A43. 

Bryan,  Win.  J.,  M.  C.  for  Neb.,  born  in  111. 

Cnrtls,  Charles,  M.  C.  of  Kan.,  born  in  Kan. 

Dent,  Dennis,  maj.-gen.  r.  S.  A.,  dies. 

Drake,  Benjamin,  M.  E.  clergyman,  A(iO. 

Erwin,  Alex.  U.,  clergyman  M.  E.  (^Ii.  South, 
A40. 

Espy,  .lames  P.,  meteorologist,  author,  AT-^). 

Fraser,  (Charles,  painter,  writer,  A7H. 

Goodrich,  Chauncey,  clergyman,  editor  Web- 
ster's Dictionary,  A70. 

Goodrich,  Sam.  G.  (Peter  Parley).  au..A67. 

Houk,  John  C,  M.  C.  for  Tenn.,  h.  in  Tenn. 

Gray,  Alonzo,  author,  educator,  A52. 
'  Jesnp,  Thomas  .Sidney,  maj.-gen.,  A72. 

Magner,  Thomas  F.,  M.  C,  for  N.Y.,  b.  N.Y. 

McLaurln,  John  L.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C,  b.  S.  C. 

Miles,  Kichard  P.,  R.  C.  l)p,  of  Nashville,  A69. 

Neumann,  John  N.,  B.C.  bp.  In  PhIla.,A49. 

Owen,  David  Dale,  geologist,  A53. 

Paulding,   James    Kirke,    novelist,   sec.   of 
navy,  A81. 

Parker.  Theodore.  Unit,  cl.,  author,  A50. 

Peale,  Uembrandt,  portrait  painter,  A82. 

Preston.  Win.  C,  sen.  for  S.  C,  A66. 

BuaseU,  Lilian,  actor,  born  in  Iowa, 


Van  Bensselaer,  Cortland,  Pres.  cl.,  A52. 
"Wallter.  William.  Illibuster,  A36. 
Watson,  John  F.,  antiquary, historical  writer, 

A3t). 
Wluebrenner,  John,  Ger.  Kef'd.  cl.,  A63. 

CHURCH. 

1859  Oct.  13.  Alexander  Gregg  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Texas,  Win.  Henry  Odeuheiraer  of  New 
Jersey,  Gregory  Thurston  Bedell  (assist- 
ant) of  Ohio,  and  Henry  Benjamin  Whip- 
ple of  Minnesota. 

Oct.  23.  Ark.  Henry  Champlin  Lay  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Arkansas. 

*  *  Del.  The  General  Assembly  (N,  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Wilmington  ;  11. 
W.  Patterson,  moderator, 

*  *  ///.  The  Illinois  Conference  (Free 
JSIethodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ind.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Indianapolis ; 
Wm.  L.  Breckinridge,  moderator. 

*  *  Kan.-O.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
dioceses  of  Kansas  and  Southern  Ohio 
are  organized. 

*  *  Xeio  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  assembles. 

'  *XtwY<>rk.  St.  Patrick's  magnificent 
cathedral  (Koman  Catholic)  is  erected. 

*  *  A'.  Y.  The  Genesee  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  O,  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xenia;  Peter 
Bullions,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  The  Society  for  the  Increase  of  the 
Ministry  (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  in- 
corporated. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  American  Board  -with- 
draws from  the  Choctaw  Indians, 
becau.se  of  complications  respecting 
slavery. 

*  *  Va.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets  iu  Rich- 
mond. 

*  *  The  American  Missionary  Association 
abandons  its  work  among  the  Indiana 
of  the  Northwest. 

*  *  The  Choctaw  Indians  are  declared 
a  Christian  people. 

*  *  A  Church  Antislavery  Society  is 
instituted  for  the  purpose  of  convincing 
American  churches  and  ministers  that 
slavery  is  a  sin,  and  inducing  them  to 
take  the  lead  in  the  work  of  its  abolition, 

1860  Feb.  15.  Joseph  Cruikshank 
Talbot  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) missionary  bishop  of  the  North- 
west. 

May  1-Jtme  4.  X.  Y.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
hehl  at  Buffalo. 

May  *  The  Nebraska  Conference  is  organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

1859*  *  N.C.  North  Carolina  College 
(Evan.  Lutheran)  is  organized  at  Mt. 
Pleasant. 


Trinity  College  (Meth,  Epis.  S.)  Is  or- 
ganized a  i- Durham. 

*  ♦  New  York.  Audubon's  Birds  of  Amer- 
ica is  republished  in  the  form  of  the 
original  edition. 

*  *  N.  Y.  St.  Bonaventura  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  Allegany. 

*  *  O.  Willoughby  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Avolio,  by  P.  H.  Hayne,  appears. 

*  *  Beulah,  by  A.  J.  E.  Wilson,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  New  England  during  the 
Stu<irt  JJynasty,  by  J.  G.  Palfrey,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Home  Ballads  and  Poems,  by  Whittler, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  Thoughts,  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  appears,  and  Notes  from  Plym- 
outh Pulpit. 

*  *  The  Minister's  Wooing,  by  H.  B. 
.Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Money  King,  by  J.  G.  Saxe,  appears. 

*  *  Seacliff,  by  J.  W.  De  Forrest,  appears. 

*  *  Sicily,  a  Pilgrimage,  by  Tuckerman, 
appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  United  States,  by  J.  H. 
Patton,  appears. 

*  *  A  quarto  edition  of  Webster*8  Diction' 
ary,  revised  by  C.  A.  Goodrich,  appears. 

*  *  The  Diamond  Wedding,  by  Edmimd 
Clarence  Stedman,  appears. 

1860  Jime*  Neic  York,  The  World 
is  founded. 

*  *  ni.  Wheaton  College  (Cong.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Wheaton. 

Augustana  College  (Lutheran)  is  or- 
ganized at  Rock  Island. 

*  *  Ky.  Cecilian  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Louisiana  State  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Baton  Rouge. 

*  *  .V.  r.  St.  Stephen's  College  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Aunadale. 

*  *  Ore.  McMinnville  College  (Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  McMinnville. 

*  *  The  National  Quarterly  Review  ap- 
pears in  New  York. 

*  *  Conduct  in  Life,  by  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Intuitions  of  the  Mind,  by  James 
McCosh,  appears. 

*  *  The  Marble  Faun,  by  Hawthorne,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Mother  Goose  for  Grown  Folks,  by  A. 
D.  T.  Whitney,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1859  Oct.  16.  Va.  John  Brown  at- 
tempts a  raid  to  free  the  slaves  by 
inciting  a  general  uprising. 

Brown  and  22  armed  men  seize  the 
arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and  hold  it  as 
a  place  of  refuge  for  uprising  slaves. 
Twelve  insurgents  and  seven  citizens 
and  soldiers,  mcluding  the  mayor,  are 
killed.    (See  Army,  State.) 

Dec.  2.  Va.  John  Brown,  who  aimed 
to  be  the  emancipator  of  the  slaves  of 
America,  is  hanged  by  the  authorities 
of  the  State  as  an  insurrectionist. 


UNITED    STATES.      1859,0ct.4-1860,  June  16.  187 


Dee.  16,  Va.  John  Brown's  compan- 
ions, Cook,  Coppoc,  Copeland,  and  Green 

are  executed. 

*  *  Cul.  Senator  Broderick  and  Judge 
Terry  fight  a  duel ;  Broderick  is  killed 
on  the  first  fire ;  cause,  political  antag- 
onism. [Great  excitement  throughout 
the  country.  This  tragedy  reacts  in 
favor  of  the  Republicans.] 

*  *  ///.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  raoTes  to 
Galena,  and  engages  in  the  leather  trade. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Athenaeum  Club  la 
founded. 

1860  Mar.  16.  Va.  Stevens  and  Haz- 
lett,  the  last  of  the  John  Brown  insur- 
gents, are  executed. 

May  17.  D.  C.  The  Japanese  embassy 
is  received  by  President  Buchanan. 

June  1.  U.  S.  Total  pensioners,  11,585 
(165  Kevolutionary  veterans);  total  an- 
nual payment,  $1,183,141. 

*  *U'.S.  Total  number  of  slaves,  4,002,996. 
June  16.    Phila.    The  Japanese  embassy 

is  received  as  the  guests  of  the  city. 

STATE. 

1859  Oct.  4.  Kan.  The  antislavery 
constitution  is  approved  by  about 
4,900  majority  at  a  general  election. 

Oct.  16.  Va.  John  Brown,  of  Kansas, 
seizes  Harper's  Ferry.    (See  Society.) 

Nov.  2.  John  Brown  is  tried  at  Charles- 
town  and  convicted  of  "  treason,  conspir- 
acy, and  murder  in  the  first  degree;" 
he  is  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 

Dec.  2.  U.  S.  A  profound  sensation 
is  caused  by  the  hanging  of  John  Brown 
in  Virginia. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  36th  Congress 
opens. 

Political  classification :  Senate,  38 
Democrats  out  of  66  members ;  House, 
1 13  Republicans,  93  Administration  Dem- 
ocrats, 8  Anti-Lecompton  Democrats, 
and  23  (Southern)  Americans.  (Tribune 
Almanac.) 

Congress :  the  Senate  appoints  a  com- 
mittee of  five  (Mason,  Davis,  Fitch, 
CoUamer,  and  Doolittle),  to  investigate 
the  raid  of  John  Brown.  [It  is  alleged 
that  they  aim  to  fasten  the  responsibil- 
ity of  Brown's  raid  on  the  Republican 
party.] 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  A  long 
contest  ensues  between  the  Republicans 
and  Democrats  over  the  speakersbip. 
(See  Feb.  1,  1860.) 

Dec.  * -61  Mar.  */).  a  Jefferson 
Davis  is  the  Democratic  leader  in  the 
Senate. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-63  *  *  Del,    Wm.  Burton. 

-61  *  *  Kan,  (Ter.).    Fred.  P.  Stanton. 
-61  *  *  Ky,    Beriah  H.  Magoffin. 
-60  *  *  Mich.     Moses  Wisner. 
-61  *  *  Neb.  (Ter.).     Samuel  W.  Black. 
-61  *  *  N.  a    John  W.  Ellis. 
-61  *  *  N.H.    Ichabod  Goodwin. 
-63  *  *  N.  Y.     Edwin  D.  Morgan. 
-62  *  *  Ore.    John  Whittaker. 


-60  *  *  R.  I.    Thomas  G.  Turner. 
-61  *  *  Tex.    Sam  Houston. 

1860  Jan.  30.  I).  C.  Congress; 
House :  John  Sherman  of  O.  with- 
draws on  the  40tb  ballot  as  a  (Rep.) 
candidate  for  Speaker. 

Feb,  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  After 
a  struggle  of  eight  weeks,  "Wm.  Pen- 
nington of  N.  J.  is  elected  the  first 
Republican  Speaker. 

Feb.  2.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Jef- 
ferson Davis  of  Miss,  introduces  seven 
proslavery  resolutions  [which  the  Sen- 
ate adopts  after  three  months  of  debate]. 
Some  of  them  are  propositions  tbat  have 
been  voted  down  by  the  Southern  De- 
mocracy in  National  Convention. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
adopts  the  Covode  resolution  for  a 
committee  to  investigate  the  conduct  of 
the  President. 

Mar.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  Preemption  BiU  for  the  third 
time ;  it  provides  for  giving  laud  to 
actual  settlers  at  a  nominal  price,  or 
free  of  cost.  Vote,  115-65.  All  the  nays 
but  one  come  from  the  slave  States. 

Mar.  13.  N.  Y.  The  Senate  approves 
a  joint  temperance  resolution  provid- 
ing for  a  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment.    Vote,  30-6. 

Mar,  27.  Cal.  The  Japanese  embassy 
arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

It  includes  two  ambassadors,  two  asso- 
ciates, ten  oflScials,  two  interpreters,  two 
physicians,  and  53  servants. 

Mar.  28.  J).  C.  President  Buchanan 
resents  a  proposed  inquiry  relative 
to  his  acts. 

Apr,  23.  S.  C.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional  Convention  assembles  at 
Charleston,  and  divides  on  the  sla- 
very issue. 

The  South  demands  explicit  assertion 
of  the  right  of  citizens  to  establish 
slavery  in  the  Territories,  and  to  be 
protected  in  that  right  by  Federal 
authority ;  the  Douglas  men  refuse  to 
indorse  these  demands.    Vote,  165-138. 

Apr.  30.  S.  C.  The  Democratic  Conven- 
tion substitutes  the  Minority  (Con- 
servative) Report  on  the  platform  for 
tbat  of  the  majority. 

May  3.  S.  C.  The  Democracy  is  dis- 
rupted. 

Southern  Democrats  secede  from  the 
Convention  because  a  radical  prosla- 
very platform  is  refused.  [The  remain- 
ing members,  hampered  by  the  two-thirds 
rulej  ballots?  times,  but  fail  to  make  a 
nomination,  and  adjourn  to  meet  in 
Baltimore,  on  June  18.] 

May  9.  M<1.  The  Constitutional 
Union  Party  (chiefly  members  of  the 
late  American  party)  meets  at  Balti- 
more, and  nominates  John  Bell  of 
Tenn.  and  Edward  Everett  of  Mass.  for 
presidential  offices.  Vote;  Bell,  138; 
Houston  of  Tex.,  69. 

May  10.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  substitute  for  the  Preemption 
Bill.  Vote,  44-8.  [The  House  refuses 
to  concur.]  The  House  passes  the 
Morrill  Tariff  BiU,  to  Increase  the 


revenue  by  increasing  the  scale  of  du- 
ties.   (See  Mar.  2,  1861.) 

May  14.     D.  C.     The  Japanese  em- 


May  16.  Chicago.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  meets. 

May  18.  Chicago.  The  Convention  votes  : 
1st  ballot:  Wm.  H.  Seward,  173i;  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  102  ;  Simon  Cameron,  50^  ; 

scattering, .  2d  ballot :  Seward,  184^  ; 

Lincoln,  181.  3d  ballot:  Lincoln,  STA; 
Seward,  110^ ;  Wm,  L.  Dayton,  1 ;  John 
McLean,  J. 

Abraham  T  tin  coin  of  111.  and  Han- 
nibal Hamlin  of  Me.  are  luianimously 
nominated  for  presidential  offices. 

May*  Wash.  Boundary  disputes  are 
renewed  at  San  Juan;  Gen.  Harney 
is  recalled. 

June  7.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  to  admit  Kansas  as  a  State 
of  the  Union.     [It  fails  in  the  Senate.] 

June  11.  Va.  The  Southern  seceding 
Democra;t8  meet  at  Richmond,  and 
adjourn  till  the  close  of  the  Baltimore 
Convention.    (See  May  3.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859  Dec.  21.     U.  S.    Immigrants  and 

other  aliens  in  1859,  118.616. 

*  *  III.  Rose  Hill  Cemetery,  near  Chi- 
cago, is  established. 

*  *  Ill.-Md.  Tbe  first  street  cars  are  riui 
in  Chicago  and  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Neb.  The  Colorado  potato-beetle 
appears. 

It  feeds  on  potato  plants,  and  gradually 
proceeds  eastward  through  Nebraska, 
Iowa,  Illinois,  Ohio,  to  the  New  England 
States. 

*  *  The  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and 
Indiana,  and  the  Fort  Wayne  and  Chi- 
cago Roads,  consolidate,  and  form  the 
Pittsburg,  Fort  "Wayne  and  Chicago 
Railroad  Company,  connecting  Pitts- 
burg and  Chicago  by  a  continuous  line 
471  miles  long. 

1860  Jan.  10.  Mass.  The  Pemberton 
Cotton  Mill  at  Lawrence  collapses  while 
in  operation  ;  the  wreck  takes  fire  ;  117 
persons  are  known  to  be  dead,  and  80 
missing. 

Jan.  *  A  railway  line  is  completed  from 
Maine  to  Louisiana  by  the  opening  of 
the  Mississippi  Central,  and  61  miles 
between  Lynchburg  and  Alexandria, 
on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Koad. 

Feb.  2.  New  York.  A  fire  destroys  much 
property  and  50  lives. 

Feb.  19.  The  emigrant  vessel  Luna  is 
wrecked  on  rocks  off  Barfleur  ;  100  lives 
are  lost. 


188        1860,  June  18-Dec.  31. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1860  Nov.  15.  New  York.  Maj.  Rob- 
ert Anderson  of  Ky,  is  ordered  to 
take  command  of  Federal  forts  aiid 
forces  in  Charleston  Harbor. 

Nov-  21.  S.  C.  JSffaj.  Anderson  as- 
sumes command  at  Fort  Moultrie. 

Nov.  28.  Va.  The  steam  sloop-of-war 
Brooklyn,  carrying  28  guns,  unexpect- 
edly returns  from  Panama,  and  arrives 
at  Norfolk, 

Dec.  26.  S.C.  Maj.  Anderson,  U.  S.  A., 
evacuates  Fort  Moultrie  and  occupies 
Fort  Sumter  in  Charleston  Harbor. 

Dec.  27.  S.  C.  The  State  authorities 
seize  Castle  Pinckney  and  Fort  Moul- 
trie. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Gen.  Scott  communi- 
cates directly  with  the  President,  and 
asks  permission  to  send  250  recruits  to 
Fort  Sumter  without  the  knowledge  of 
the  "War  Department. 

Dec.  31.  S.  C.  State  troops  take  pos- 
session of  the  IT.  S.  arsenal  at  Charles- 
ton, and  sapplant  the  U.  S.  flag  with  the 
Palmetto  flag. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 

1860  July  6.  Boston.  Dr.  Isaac  I. 
Hayes  sails  in  the  schooner  United 
States  to  make  researches  in  the  polar 
regions. 

July  20.  A  remarkable  meteor  passes 
over  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode 
Island. 

Sept.  10.  O.  The  statue  of  Com. 
Perry  is  unveiled  at  Cleveland,  on  the 
47th  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie. 

Sept.  15.  The  asteroid  Echo  is  discov- 
ered by  J.  Ferguson. 

Sept.  16.  The  asteroid  Axtemis  is  dis- 
covered by  J.  C.  Watson. 

CHURCH. 

1860  June  20.  Chicago,  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

Sept.  12.  Mass.  The  Congregational 
Conference  of  Massachusetts  is  organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

I860  *  *  History  of  the  United  Nether- 
lands, by  John  Lotbrop  Motley,  appears 
in  part. 

*  *  The  Poems  of  Henry  Timrod  appears. 

*  *  The  Poems  of  Rose  Terry,  by  R.  T. 
Cooke,  appears. 

»  *  Poems  Lyric  and  Idyllic,  by  E.  C. 
Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Fireside  Companion 
is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1860  Jxine  19.  III.  Abraham  Tiin- 
coln,  the  President-elect,  declines  a 
request  to  furnish  liquors  to  tlie  Na- 
tional Committee  sent  to  inform  him  of 
his  nomination  to  the  presidency  ;  he 
returns  unopened  the  hampers  of  wines 
and  liquors  given  to  him. 


June  *  La.  William  "Walker  sails  for 
Honduras,  on  another  filibustering  ex- 
pedition.   [He  is  captured  and  shot.] 

June  *  New  York.  The  Japanese  em- 
bassy is  received  with  great  honor. 

July  6.  N.  J.  Jacob  S.  Harden  is 
hanged  at  Belvidere  for  the  murder 
of  his  wife. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  Albert  W.  Hicks  is 
lianged  on  Bedloe's  Island  for  a  triple 
murder  on  the  oyster-sloop  Edvnn  A. 
Johnson. 

Sept.  20.  Mich.  The  tour  of  the 
Prince  of  "Wales  begins  at  Detroit. 

Oct.  3-7.    /).  C.    The  Prince  of  "Wales 

is  the  guest  of  the  President. 
Oct.  11.     Netp    York.     The  Prince  of 
"Wales  is  received  with  a  grand  xoili- 
tary  and  civic  display. 

STATE. 

1860  June  18.  Md.  The  Democratic 
National  Convention  reassembles  at 
Baltimore ;  Southern  members  fail  in 
their  proslavery  demands  and  another 
secession  occurs. 

The  seceders  from  the  Baltimore  Con- 
vention hold  a  convention,  and  (June 
23)  nominate  John  C.  Breckinridge 
of  Ky.  and  Joseph  Xiane  of  Ore. 

June  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Pre- 
emption BiU,  as  amended  by  the  Sen- 
ate, passes  both  Houses  with  large 
majorities. 

June  22.  Md.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  of 
111.  and  Herschel  V.  Johnson  of  Ga. 
are  nominated  for  presidential  offices  by 
the  Democratic  National  Convention. 

June  23.  D.  C.  President  Buchanan 
vetoes  the  Preemption  Bill. 

Jtme25.  D.  ('.  The  36th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

June  26,  Va.  The  Richmond  Con- 
vention of  seceding  Democrats  reas- 
sembles, and  ratifies  the  nomination  of 
Breckinridge  and  ILane. 

July  1.    U.  S.    National  debt  $64,&42,287. 

Aug.  30.  Miss.  The  governor  declares 
himself  ready  to  '*  dare  all  and  hazard 
all,  rather  than  to  see  Mississippi  a 
dependent  province  of  a  Black  Repub- 
lican government." 

Sept.  8.  J).  C.  Secretary  Cobb  nego- 
tiates $10,000,000,  5  per  cent  ten 
year  bonds  at  from  par  to  1.45  per  cent 
premium.  [Only  $7,022,000  of  the  money 
was  paid  in.] 

Sept.  *  S.  C.  Several  influential  gentle- 
men meet  at  Charleston,  and  organize 
the  secret  society  called  "The  1860 
Association." 

It  is  organized  *'  to  influence  public 
sentiment,  and  to  resist  Northern  and 
Federal  aggression,**  and  improve  the 
military  defenses  of  the  slave  States. 
[A  secret  league  of  Southern  governors 
follows,  with  a  firm  union  of  public  men 
at  Washington,  D.C.] 

Oct.  ♦  U.  S.  Republicans  organize  Wide 
Awake  clubs  ;  they  parade  with  torches 
and  cannon. 


Tlie  {)olitical  canvass,  with  four  candi- 
dates in  the  field  for  the  presidency,  is 
highly  exciting. 

South  Carolina  communicates  to 
other  States  proposals  for  secession. 

Oct.  12.  S.  C.  Gov.  Gist  proclaims  the 
convening  of  the  IjCgislature  in  extra 
session,  "to  appoint  electors  of  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President ;  and,  if  advisa- 
ble, to  take  action  for  the  safety  and 
protection  of  the  State.** 

Oct.  23.  Cat.  Edward  D.  Baker  makes 
a  speech  concerning  the  rights  of  free- 
dom, in  the  American  Theater  at  San 
Francisco. 

Oct.  29.  New  York.  The  veteran  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Winfield  Scott,  general-in-chlef  of 
the  army,  counsels  the  President  to 
make  preparation  for  secession  and 
hostilities  by  increasing  garrisons  at 
national  forts. 

Oct.  *  The  pivotal  States  give  decisive 
Republican  majorities,  which  fore- 
shadow the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln. 

Majority  for  governor  in  Pennsylvania 
is  32,000;  in  Indiana  nearly  10,000;  and 
for  Congressmen  in  Ohio  27,000. 

Nov.  5.  S.C.  The  Legislature  meets  in 
extra  session ;  the  governor's  message 
advocates  secession  and  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  militia. 

Nov.  6,  U.  S.  10th  Presidential  elec- 
tion; the  first  Republican  victory. 

Popular  vote :  Abraham  Lincoln  of 
111.  (RepJ,  1,866,352 ;  Stephen  A.  Douglas 
of  111.  (Dem.),  1,375,157;  J.  C.  Breckin- 
ridge of  Ky.  (Dem.),  &45,763;  John  Bell 
of  Tenn.  (Union),  589,581. 

All  the  Republican  electors  are  chosen 
in'17  free  States,  besides  four  of  the  seven 
elected  in  New  Jersey ;  15  slave  States 
are  divided  between  three  candidates. 

Nov.  7.  5.  C.  Intense  excitement  fol- 
lows the  election  at  Charleston,  and 
through  all  the  slave  States ;  exultation 
abounds  in  the  antislavery  States. 

Nov.  9.-11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The^Sen- 
ators  from  South  Carolina  resign  their 
seats. 

Nov.  13.  S.  C.  The  Legislature  calls  a 
convention  to  consider  the  question  of 
secession  from  the  Union.  [It  resolves 
to  raise  10,000  volunteers.] 

Nov.  14.  Ga.  Alexander  H.  Stephens 
delivers  a  union  speech  before  the 
Legislature,  which  creates  a  marked 
sensation. 

Nov.  17.  S.  C.  A  grand  mass  meeting 
is  held  at  Charleston,  and  enthusiastic 
addresses  are  made  to  "  citizens  of  the 
Southern  Republic." 

Nov.  18.  Ga.  The  Legislature  votes 
$1,000,000  to  arm  the  State. 

Nov.  20.  D.  C.  The  Administration 
adopts  a  non-coercive  policy  towards 
the  seceding  States  ;  it  is  expressed  in 
the  opinion  rendered  by  the  Attorney- 
General. 

Nov.  26.  Miss,  The  Legislature  is 
convened. 

It  meets  to  consider"  the  propriety  and 
necessity  of  providing  surer  and  better 
safeguards  for  the  lives,  liberties,  and 
property  of  her  citizens  than  have  been 
found  in  Black  Eepublican  oaths." 


UNITED    STATES.        1860,  June  18 -Dec.  31. 


189 


S.  C.  The  Iiegislatnire  meets  in  reg- 
ular annual  session. 

K"ov.  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  adopts  a 
joint  resolution  directing  the  appoint- 
ment of  commissioners  to  the  several 
slareholding  States,  to  secure  united 
action  in  a  secession  movement. 

Bee.  3.   I).  C.    The  36th  Congress :  the 

second  session  opens. 

President  Buchanan  recommends  Con- 
gress to  conciliate  the  South  by  making 
certain  concessions ;  and  he  reminds 
the  South  *'that  no  single  act  has  ever 
passed  Congress  impairing  in  the  slight- 
est degree  its  rights  to  property  in 
slaves,"  and  admits  that  "the  sword 
is  not  placed  in  the  hands  of  Congress 
to  preserve  it  [the  Union]  by  force." 

Dec.  4.  7).  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
Alexander  K.  Bouteler  of  Va.  intro- 
duces a  resolution  for  the  appointment 
of  a  Special  Committee  fof  Thirty- 
three]  to  consider  the  condition  of  the 
country. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
L.  W.  Powell  of  Ky.  introduces  a  resolu- 
tion for  the  appointment  of  a  Special 
Committee  [of  Thirteen]  to  concert 
measures  of  compromise  or  pacification. 
House :  the  Speaker  announces  the 
Committee  of  Thirty-three ;  Thomas 
Corwin  of  O.,  chairman. 

Iklembers :  T.  Corwin  of  O.,  J.  S.  IVIill- 
Bon  of  Va.,  C.  F.  Adams  of  Mass.,  W. 
Winslow  of  N.  C,  J.  Humphrey  of  N.  Y., 
W.  W.  Boyce  of  S.  C,  J.  H.  Campbell  of 
Pa.,  P.  E.  Love  of  Ga.,  O.  S.  Ferry  of 
Conn.,  H.  W.  Davis  of  Md.,  C.  Robinson 
of  R.  I.,  W.  G.  Whiteley  of  Del.,  M.  W. 
Tappan  of  N,  H.,  J.  L.  N.  Stratton  of 
N.  J.,  F.  M.  Bristow  of  Ky.,  J.  S.  Morrill 
of  Vt.,  T.  A.  R.  Nelson  of  Tenn.,  W. 
McK.  Dunn  of  Ind.,  M.  Taylor  of  La., 
R.  Davis  of  Miss.,  W.  Kellogg  of  III., 
G.  S.  Houston  of  Ala.,  F.  H.  Morse  of 
Me.,  J.  S.  Phelps  of  Mo.,  A.  Rast  of  Ark., 
W.  A.  Howard  of  Mich.,  G.  S.  Hawkins 
of  Fla.,  A.  J.  Hamilton  of  Tex.,  C.  C. 
Washburne  of  Wis.,  S.  R.  Curtis  of  la., 
J.  C.  Birch  of  Colo.,  W.  Windom  of  Minn., 
and  L.  Stout  of  Ore. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Secretary  Cobb  resigns 
the  office  of  Treasurer,  and  joins  the  Se- 
cession movement. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  makes  a 
speech,  and  declares  that  the  Union  had 
cost  "little  time,  little  money,  and  no 
blood." 

Dec.  12.  B.C.  PhiHpF.  Thomas  of  Md. 
is  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Dec.  13.  D.  C.  The  House  Committee 
of  Thirty-three  passes  a  resolution 
declaring  "  any  reasonable,  proper,  and 
constitutional  remedies  and  effectual 
guarantees  of  their  [Southern]  peculiar 
rights  and  interests  should  be  promptly 
and  cheerfully  given."    Vote,  22-8. 

Dec.  14.    J),  a    Gen.  Cass,  Secretary 

of  State,  resigns  his  office,  because  the 
President  declines  to  reenforce  Maj. 
Anderson. 

The  President  by  proclamation  ap- 
points the  fourth  of  January  prox.  to  be 
observed  as  a  day  of  humiliation,  fast- 
ing, and  prayer,  because  of  the  *'  dan- 


gerous and  distracted  condition  of  the 
country." 

About  one-half  of  the  Senators  and 
Representatives  from  eight  Southern 
States  unite  in  issuing  an  address  to 
their  constituents,  urging  the  seces- 
sion of  separate  States  for  the  purpose 
of  organizing  a  Southern  Confederacy ; 
it  is  the  official  beginning  of  the 
Confederacy. 

Dec.  17.  />.  C.  Jeremiah  S.  Black  of 
Pa.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  State. 

Congress  authorizes  a  loan  of 
$10,000,000, 

S.  C,    A  State  Convention  assembles 

at  Columbia,  by  the  call  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  adjourns  to  Charleston  to 
escape  an  epidemic  of  smallpox. 

Dec.  17.  S.  a  F.  W.  Pickens  is  in- 
augurated governor. 

The  President  writes  Gov.  Pickens  that 
he  has  sent  Caleb  Cushing  to  South 
Carolina  to  avert  if  possible  the  seced- 
ing of  the  State. 

Dec.  18,  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
orders  the  appointment  of  the  Special 
Committee  of  Thirteen.  John  J. 
Crittenden  of  Ky.  introduces  a  plan  of 
concession.    (Schouler,  Dee.  22.) 

It  proposes  to  restore  the  Missouri 
Compromise  line  by  constitutional 
amendment,  and  to  run  the  line  to  the 
Pacific ;  to  admit  Territories  as  States, 
with  or  without  slavery,  as  their  consti- 
tutions shall  determine;  to  guarantee 
slavery  in  the  slave  States  against  aboli- 
tion by  Congress ;  to  restrain  interfer- 
ence by  the  Federal  Government  with 
the  interstate  transportation  of  slaves ; 
to  recompense  the  value  of  fugitive 
slaves  lost  to  their  owners  by  mob  vio- 
lence ;  and  urges  the  Northern  States 
to  repeal  personal  liberty  bills  wher- 
ever enacted.  [It  is  not  accepted  by 
Congress.] 

The  secession  of  States  begins. 

Dec.  20.  South  Carolina  secedes  by 
the  ordinance  of  a  special  convention. 

±  S.  C.  The  State  Convention  des- 
patches three  special  conunissioners, 
Robert  W.  Barnwell,  James  H.  Adams, 
and  James  L.  Orr,  to  Washington,  to 
negotiate  for  the  division  of  Federal 
property,  and  a  surrender  to  South  Car- 
olina of  the  forts  in  Charleston  Harbor. 

D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate  Com- 
mittee of  Thirteen  is  appointed  to 
devise  compromise  measures  for  the 
restoration  of  peace. 

Members :  Lazarus  W.  Powell  and 
John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.,  R.  M.  T. 
Hunter  of  Va.,  William  H.  Seward  of 
N.  Y.,  Robert  Toombs  of  Ga.,  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  of  111.,  Jacob  Collamer  of 
Vt.,  Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss.,  Benjamin 
F.  Wade  of  O.,  William  Bigler  of  Pa., 
Henry  M.  Rice  of  Minn.,  James  R.  Doo- 
littleof  Wis.,  and  James  W.  Grimes  of 
la. 

The  request  of  Gov.  Pickens  that 
Fort  Sumter  be  surrendered  to  the 
State  is  delivered  to  President  Bu- 
chanan by  a  special  messeuger.  He 
replies  that  he  has  no  authority  to 
surrender  any  of  the  forts  or  public 
property  in  South  Carolina  to  the  State. 


Dec.  21.  S.  a  Gov.  Pickens  with- 
draws his  request  of  the  20th  inst.  by 
advice  of  his  friends. 

Dec.  24.  S.  C.  The  State  Convention 
makes  a  "declaration  of  independ- 
ence." 

Z>.  C.    Congress ;  House  :  Members 

from  South  Carolina  withdraw. 

Secretary  Floyd  orders  78  guns  to 
be  shipped  from  Pennsylvania  to  New- 
port, near  Galveston,  Tex.,  and  46  guns 
to  Balize,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

Dec.  26.  IJ.  C.  The  commisraoners 
from  South  Carolina  arrive. 

Dec.  28.  D.  C.  President  Buchanan  re- 
ceives the  three  commissioners  as  pri- 
vate gentlemen. 

Secretary  Thomas  obtains  bids  for  less 
than  half  of  the  $5,000,000  in  Treasury 
notes  he  had  advertised,  and  the  Gov- 
ernment is  reduced  to  desperate  straits. 
[Bankers  in  New  York  save  the  na- 
tional credit  by  making  a  combination 
purchase  of  $1,500,000.] 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  J.  B.  Floyd  of  Va.  re- 
signs his  office  as  Secretary  of  War.  [Ho 
is  succeeded  by  Joseph  Holt,  Dec.  31.] 

The  three  commissioners  write  Pres- 
ident Buchanan  that  he  must  disapprove 
of  Maj.  Anderson's  occupancy  of  Sum- 
ter before  they  can  negotiate  with  him. 

Dec.  30.  D.  C.  Secretary  Black  succeeds 
in  changing  the  President's  vaciUat- 
ing  policy;  he  refuses  to  see  the 
conmiissioners  from  South  Carolina. 

Dec.  31.  7J.  C.  The  President  informs 
the  three  commissioners  that  Fort 
Sumter  will  be  defended  to  the  last 
extremity. 

Congress;  Senate:  The  Committee 
of  Thirteen  on  compromises  reports 
that  it  is  *'  not  able  to  agree  upon  any 
general  plan  of  adjustment." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1860    June*   U.S.    Eighth    census: 

States,  33;  whites,  26,022,537,  colored, 
4,441,830;  (free  colored,  488,070,  slaves, 
3,953,760;  Indians  omitted ;  total  popula- 
tion, 31,443,321.  Increase  35.58  per  cent. 
The  center  of  population  is  20  miles 
south  of  Chillicothe ;  the  westward 
movement  in  10  years  is  81  miles, 

Jtme  28.  New  Y(yrJ:.  The  Great  Eastern 
arrives ;  the  largest  vessel  ever  btiilt, 

Sept.  8.  The  steamer  Lady  Elgin  collides 
with  the  schooner  Augusta  on  Lake 
Michigan,  and  goes  down ;  of  835  persons 
on  board,  287  are  lost. 

*  * ///.  Oakridge  Cemetery,  near 
Springfield,  is  consecrated. 

*  *  Mass.  Newton  Cemetery,  near 
Boston,  Is  established. 

*  *  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1860.  Produc- 
tion :  Gold,  $4G,000,000 ;  Silver,  $150,000 ; 
Bushels  of  Grain  — Indian  Corn,  838,- 
795,742  ;  Wheat,  173,104,924 ;  Oats,  172,043,- 
185;  Barley,  15.825,898;  Rye,  21,101,380; 
Buckwheat,  17,571,818  ;  bales  of  Cotton, 
4,669,770. 

Currency  in  circulation,  $435,407,252 ; 
per  capita,  $13.85.  Immigrants,  150,273. 
Miles  of  railroad,  30,635. 


190    I860  *  *-1861,  Feb.  13. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1860  »  *  The  United  States  Army  is 
scattered  in  remote  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, vast  military  stores  are  lodged  in 
Southern  arsenals  by  direction  of  Secre- 
tary Floyd,  a  sympathizer  with  seces- 
sion ;  the  navy  is  chiefly  absent  on 
foreign  stations. 

1861  Jan.  1-4.  Ala.  The  governor  seizes 
Mount  Vernon  Arsenal  and  Forts 
Morgan  and  Gaines  at  Mobile. 

Jan.  2.  .S.  C.  State  troops  seize  Fort 
Johnson,  guarding  the  harlx>r  of 
Charleston. 

Jan.  3.  Ga.  Gov.  Browu  seizes  Forts 
Pulaski  and  Jackson  near  Savannah. 

Jan.  5.  Xew  York.  The  Stnrofthe  West 
Bails  with  reenforcemeuts  and  supplies 
for  Maj.  Anderson. 

Jan.  7.  Fta.  The  .State  troops  seize 
Fort  Marion  and  Fort  Augustine. 

Jan.  9.  S.  C.  The  first  shot  is  fired  in 
the  Civil  "War ;  when  the  Star  of  the 
West  is  approaching  Fort  Sumter,  she  is 
attacked  by  the  batteries  of  Fort  Moul- 
trie, and  compelled  to  retire. 

Maj.  Anderson  demands  of  Gov. 
Pickens  an  explanation  of  the  hostile 
act  against  the  U.  S.  flag. 

n.    C.     Plans   for   the   defense  of 

"Washington    are    presented   by    Col. 
Charles  P.  Stone,  and  adopted. 

Jan.  9,  10.  X.  C.  State  troops  and  citi- 
zens occupy  Forts  Caswell  and  John- 
ston, without  authority. 

Jan.  9-11.  Fla.  Lieut.  Slemmer  trans- 
fers his  command  from  Forts  Barran- 
cas and  McHae  to  the  strong  defenses 
of  Fort  Pickens,  Santa  Kosa  Island. 

Jan.  10.  /vO.  State  troops  seize  the  Baton 
Kouge  barracks  and  U.  S.  arsenal. 

Miss.  The  State  seizes  U.  S.  forts  and 

properties. 

Jan.  11.  S.r.  Gov.  Pickens  demands 
the  surrender  of  Port  Sumter.  Maj. 
Anderson  refuses. 

Jan.  12.  Fta.  A  force  of  volunteers, 
under  authority  of  the  governor,  de- 
mands of  Commodore  Armstrong  the 
surrender  of  the  Pensacola  navy 
yards;  they  are  given  up,  with  two 
deserted  forts. 

Miss.       The     Confederates      fortify 

Vicksburg. 

A',  c.    Forts  Caswell  and   Johnston 

are  restored,  by  order  of  Gov.  Kills. 

Jan.  14.  Fla.  Fort  Taylor  at  Key  West 
is  garrisoned  by  Federal  troops. 

Jan  151  La.  Fort  Jackson  and  Fort 
St.  Philip  are  seized. 

Jan.  20.  Miss.  Confederates  take  pos- 
session of  the  unfinished  fort  on  Ship 
Island. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  President  Buchanan 
refuses  to  pledge  the  government  to 
extend  the  truce  at  Charleston  till  Feb- 
ruary 15th. 

Jan.  24.  Ga.  State  troops  demand  and 
occupy  the  V.  R.  arsenal  at  Augusta. 


Jan.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  orders 
the  expedition  sent  to  Pensacola,  not 
to  land  the  troops,  t»n  the  assurance 
that  Fort  Pickens  will  not  be  attacked 
by  seceders.    (Fort  Pickens  truce.) 

Jan.  i  *  Mo.  The  secessionists  organize 
"Minute  Men"  for  the  purpose  of 
capturing  the  V .  S.  arsenal  at  St,  Louis  ; 
the  Union  men  organize  the  Home 
Guards  for  its  defence. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
fuses to  surrender  Fort  Sumter  on  the 
demand  of  the  Confederates. 

Feb.  8.  Ark.  The  State  seizes  the 
U.  S.  arsenal  at  Little  Rock. 

Feb.  12.  Ark.  The  State  seizes  the 
U.  S.  ordnance  stores  at  Napoleon. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1860  *  *  Boston.  A  15-in.  Rodman  gun, 
weighing  40,000  pounds,  is  cast  by  the 
South  Boston  Iron  Company. 

*  »  jl/rf.  Baltimore  acquires  693  acres  for 
Druid  HiU  Park. 

*  *  Nevj  York.  Clara  Louise  Kellogg 
makes  her  debut  in  Jiicjoletto  at  the 
Academy  of  Music. 

*  *  A'ew  York.  A  time  ball  connected 
by  telegraph  with  the  Dudley  Observa- 
tory, at  Albany,  is  placed  on  the  Custom 
Hotise. 

•  *  Xew  York.  Eastman  Johnson  and -Al- 
bert Bierstadt  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

♦  *  X.  Y.  Prof.  Henry  Draper's  observa- 
tory is  erected  at  Hiistings. 

•  *  The  Spencer  repeating  rifle  is  pat- 
ented. 

•  *  Flight  into  Egypt  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Moran. 

•  *  Bay  of  NetB  York  is  painted  by  G.  L. 
Brown. 

1861  Jan.  5.  A'.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Art 
Association  is  established. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 
isao. 

July  1.    Goodyear.  Charles,  inventor  or 

hard  rubber,  A63. 
1861. 

Jan.  4.     Kent,  William,  jurlstof  N.T.,  A59. 

Jan.  10.    Hackley,  diaries  W.,  P.  E.  cl., 
lirof.,  A52. 

Jan.  24.     Letcher,  Hobert  P.,  (iov.  Ky.  A73. 

Jan.  11.    Cobbs,  Nicholas  H.,  P.  E.  bp.  of 
Ala.,  A65. 

Jan.  20.    Lowell,   Charles,  Unit.  cL,  au- 
thor, A  79. 

Jan.  28.     Reid,  Sam.  C,  U.  8.  N.,  designer 
r.  S.  flag,  A7». 

Feb.  8.     Francis,  .lotin  W.,  physician,  wri- 
ter, A72. 

CHURCH. 
I860  *  •  J/icA.,  .tfinn.      The    Synodical 
Conference  (Evangelical  Lutheran)  of 
Minnesota  and  Michigan  is  organized. 

•  •A'.  }'.  The  General  Assembly  (O.S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Rochester ;  John 
W.  Yeomans,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg;  T.  A 
Mills,  moderator. 

»  •  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is 
held  at  Cincinnati. 

»  *  O.  ITie  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 


*  *  Phila,  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  Joseph 
Clokey,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Susquehanna  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Episcopalians  open  a  mission 
among  the  Sioux  Indians. 

*  •  The  American  Board  withdraws  its 
mission  from  the  Cherokee  IiKliaus, 
its  proper  work  being  done,  and  the 
Indians  Christianized. 

*  •  Ga.  The  Augustana  Synod  (Evangel- 
ical Lutheran)  is  organized. 

1861  Jan.  15.  New  York.  The  Wo- 
men's Union  Missionary  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

SOCIETY. 

1860  *  *  Cal.  The  Institution  for  the 
Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  is  opened  at 
Berkeley. 

STATE. 

1 860  •  *  The  commissioners  send  a  let- 
ter to  the  President,  which  he  declines 
to  receive ;  he  considers  them  disrespect- 
ful and  violent,  and  their  assertions  un- 
founded. 

*  *  U.  S.  There  are  thirty-three  States 
in  the  Union,  18  free  and  15  slave  ;  this 
gives  the  control  of  the  government  to 
free  States. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress :  A  treaty  with 
Mexico,  negotiated  by  Louis  McLane, 
is  rejected  by  the  Senate. 

*  »  Xew  York.  Fernando  Wood  is  re- 
elected the  72d  mayor. 

*  *  f '.•  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-64  *  ♦  Ark.    Henry  M.  Rector. 

Cal.    M.  S.  Latham. 
-62  •  •  Cal.    John  G.  Downey. 
-62  »  *  La.    Thomas  O.  Moore. 
-64  *  *  la.    Samuel  J.  Kirkwood. 
-64  *  *  Minn.    Alex.  Ramsey. 
-62  •  •  Miss.    John  J.  Pettus. 
-63  »  *  N.J.    Charles  S.  Olden. 
-62  *  *  O.    Wm.  Dennison. 
-61  •  *  R.  f.    Wm.  Sprague 
-62  *  *  S.  C.    Francis  W.  Pickens. 
-64  *  *  Va.    John  Letcher. 
-61  *  *  Vt.    Erastus  Fairbanks. 

1861  Jan.  1.  Ala.  A  State  Conven- 
tion meets,  and  on  the  same  day  resolves 
that  *'  Alabama  cannot  and  will  not  sub- 
mit to  the  administration  of  Lincoln 
and  Hamlin." 

U.  s.     Nominal    balance    in    the 

Treasury,  $2,233,220. 

Jan.  2.  /J.  C.  President  Bnchanan  de- 
cides to  reenf  orce  Fort  Sumter. 

Jan.  3.  D.C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  introduces 
resolutions  for  taking  a  vote  of  the 
people  for  the  settlement  of  dissen- 
sions. 

Commissioners  from  South  Carolina 
demand  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter; President  Buchanan  refuses. 

Del.     The  proposal  of  the  Omiinis- 

sioner  to  join  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy is  rejected  by  the  Legislature  — 


I 


UNITED    STATES.       1860  *  *-1861,  Feb.  13.    191 


unanimously  by  the  Assembly,  and  by 
a  majority  of  the  Senate. 

Fla.   A  State  Convention  assembles. 

Ga.     Gov.  Brown  orders  the  seizure 

of  Fort  Pulaski. 

Jan.  5.  Fla.  The  governor  seizes  the 
U.  S.  arsenal  at  Apalachicola. 

New  York.    Mayor  Wood  recommends 

the  secession  of  the  city  to  the  Common 
Council. 

— —  D.  C.  Senators  from  seven  Southern 
States  hold  a  caucus. 

They  resolve  to  assume  temporarily 
the  political  and  military  control  of  the 
South,  to  advise  the  callmg  of  a  conven- 
tion of  seceders  at  Montgomery,  aiming 
to  force  the  Border  States  from  a  posi- 
tion of  neutrality  ;  they  also  decide  to 
retain  their  seats  in  the  Senate,  to  pre- 
vent inimical  measures  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Jan.  7.  D.  a  Congress ;  Senate  :  Rob- 
ert Toombs  of  Ga.  denounces  Abra- 
ham Xiincoln  as  "  an  enemy  of  the 
human  race,  deserving  the  execration  of 
mankind." 

Ala,    A  State  Convention  assembles. 

—^Miss.    A  State  Convention  assembles. 

Va.  The  Iieg:islature  meets  in  spe- 
cial session  to  consider  "the  condition 
of  public  affairs.'*  [South  Carolina  and 
Mississippi  have  already  threatened  to 
close  their  markets  against  the  sale 
of  slaves  from  the  border  States  as  a 
means  of  coercion.] 

Congress  receives  a  patriotic  message 
from  President  Buchanan. 

Jan.  8.  I).  C.  Jacob  Thompson  of  Miss., 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  retires  from 
the  Cabinet,  and  becomes  an  active  Se- 
cessionist. 

Philip  F.  Thomas  of  Md.,  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  resigns  after  serving 
only  one  month. 

Fla.  The  governor  orders  the  sei- 
zure of  the  Navy  Yard  and  the  unoccu- 
pied forts  at  Pensacola. 

Jan,  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  committee  of  five  is  appointed,  \Vm. 
A.  Howard  of  Mich,  chairman ;  it  is 
to  inquire  "whether  any  officer  of  the 
United  States  has  been  or  is  now  treat- 
ing with  any  person  or  persons  concern- 
ing the  surrender  of  forts,"  or  pledging 
not  to  send  reenforcements  to  forts  in 
Charleston  harbor. 

Mississippi,  the  second  State,  se- 
cedes by  ordinance  of  a  State  Conven- 
tion.   Vote,  &lr-15. 

S.  C.  The  relief  expedition  from  New 

York  approaches  Charleston  bar  in  the 
night,  and  waits  for  the  coming  day. 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  speaks  in 
justification  of  secession. 

Florida,  the  third  State,  secedes  by 

ordinance  of  a  State  convention.    Vote, 

Jan.  11.  Alabama,  the  fourth  State, 
secedes  by  ordinance  of  a  State  conven- 
tion.   Vote,  61-39. 

n.  a  John  A.  Dix  of  N.  Y.  is  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  [In 
his  orders  to  revenue  officers,  ho  says : 


*'  If  any  man  attempts  to  haul  down  the 
American  flag,  shoot  him  on  the  spot ! "] 

Jan.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
Committee  of  Thirty-three  on  com- 
promise make  a  majority  report  and 
seven  minority  reports. 

The  majority  report  humiliates  the 
Xorth  without  appeasing  the  South;  by 
it  the  Northern  representatives  abandon, 
without  a  protest,  nearly  all  they  have 
struggled  for  in  seven  years. 

Jan.  16.  I).  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
kills  the  Crittenden  Bill  by  adopting 
the  Clark  substitute,  stating  that  **  the 
Constitution  needs  to  be  obeyed  rather 
than  amended,"  and  declaring  a  disso- 
lution of  the  Union  illusory  and  de- 
structive. Vote,  25-23.  Six  Southern 
Senators  refuse  to  vote,  and  so  defeat 
the  original  bill. 

Ga.    A  State  Convention  assembles. 

Jan.  18.  J/o.  The  Legislature  calls  a 
State  Convention  to  act  upon  secession ; 
it  provides  that  no  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion shall  be  valid  unless  ratified  by  the 
people.  [Meets  Feb.  28 ;  Sterling  Price, 
President.] 

Jan.  19.  Georgia,  the  fifth  State,  se- 
cedes by  ordinance  of  a  State  Conven- 
tion.   Vote,  208-89. 

Miss.  The  Legislature  adopts  the  re- 
port of  a  committee,  making  provisions 
for  the  organization  of  a  Southern 
Confederacy,  and  the  establishment 
of  a  provisional  government. 

Va.    The  Legislature  resolves   to 

unite  with  the  other  States  of  the  Union 
in  sending  commissioners  to  Washing- 
ton on  February  4th  to  "adjust  the 
present  unhappy  controversies." 

Jan.  21.  B.  C.  Congress:  Senators 
from  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi 
withdraw,  after  each  has  made  a  final 
speech  of  defiance ;  the  bill  passes  ad- 
mitting Kansaa  under  the  Wyandotte 
constitution. 

Tex.    A  State  Convention  meets  at 

Austin. 

Jan.  23.  La.  A  State  Convention  as- 
sembles. 

Jan.  24,  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
Jefferson  Davis  of  Miss,  defends  State 
Sovereignty  in  a  speech,  and  withdraws. 
Ex-President  Tyler  of  Va.  asks  the 
President  to  give  his  pledge  that  there 
will  be  no  hostilities  during  the  session 
of  a  peace  convention;  but  he  refuses 
to  do  so. 

Jan.  26.  Xiouisiana,  the  sixth  State,  se- 
cedes by  ordinance  of  a  State  Conven- 
tion ;  vote,  113-17.  The  motion  to  submit 
the  question  to  a  popular  vote  is  over- 
whelmingly defeated. 

W.  C.    The  House  unanimously  passes 

resolutions  declaring  that  the  State  will 
go  with  the  slave  States  if  reconcilia- 
tion between  the  North  and  South  fails, 

Jan,  28.  JD.  C.  Senator  Iverson  of  Ga. 
withdraws  and  joins  the  Secessionists. 

Jan.  29,  Kansas  is  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  34th  State.  (Moore,  Jan. 
30.) 


Jan,  31.  D.  C.  Col.  Hayne,  commis- 
sioner from  South  Carolina,  demands 
the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter  by 
President  Buchanan. 

Feb.  1.  Texas,  the  seventh  State,  se- 
cedes by  act  of  a  convention,  subject  to 
an  approving  vote  of  the  people.  Vote, 
166-7. 

Feb.  4.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress is  organized,  at  Montgomery,  by 
delegates  from  six  States ;  HoweU 
Cobb  is  chairman. 

D.  C.  A  peace  convention  assem- 
bles at  Washington,  by  request  of  the 
Legislature  of  Virginia;  delegates  ap- 
pear from  14  free  States  and  seven 
slave  States;  ex-President  John  Ty- 
ler of  Va.  is  elected  president. 

Congress :  Senators  John  Slidell 
and  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  both  of  La., 
make  speeches  and  retire. 

Va.    The  people  elect  members  of  a 

State  Convention. 

Feb.  6.  />.  C.  Secretary  Holt  replies  to 
Commissioner  Hayne,  and  denies  the 
right  of  eminent  domain  respecting 
Fort  Sumter. 

Feb.  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  issue 
of  $25,000,000  of  10-20  year  bonds  at 
6  per  cent  is  authorized. 

Ala.    The  Confederate  Congress 

adopts  a  provisional  Constitution,  re- 
sembling that  of  the  United  States,  under 
the  style  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
America. 

Feb.  9.  Ala.  The  Provisional  Con- 
gress of  six  States  elects  Jefferson 
Davis  of  Miss.  President  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  and  Alex.  H,  Ste- 
phens of  Ga.  Vice-President  for  the 
term  of  six  years. 

Cabinet  of  Jefferson  Davis :  Robert 
Toombs  of  (ia.  (Sec.  State),  C.  G.  Mem- 
minger  of  S.  C.  <Sec.  Treas.),  L.  P. 
Walker  of  Ala.  (Sec.  War),  S.  R.  Mal- 
lory  of  Fla.  (Sec.  Navy),  J.  H.  Reagan 
of  Tex.  (P.  M.-Gen.),  J.  P.  Benjamin 
of  La.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Tenn.    A  general  election  gives  a 

majority  of  12,000  votes  against  holding 
a  convention  desired  by  Secessionists. 

Feb.  11.  III.  Abraham  Iiincoln  makes 
a  tender  address  to  his  neighbors,  who 
throng  the  depot  at  Springfield,  on  his 
departure  for  Washington. 

[He  travels  slowly,  and  is  welcomed  at 
all  towns  and  cities.] 

Feb.  12.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress assumes  charge  of  all  ques- 
tions arising  between  the  seceded  States 
and  the  Federal  Government. 

Feb.  13,  B.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President  :  Lincoln,  180  ; 
Douglas,  12;  Breckinridge,  72;  Bell,  39. 
Vote  for  Vice-President:  Hannibal 
Hamlin  of  Me.  (Rep.).  180;  Joseph  Lane 
of  Ore.  (Dem.),  72 ;  Edward  Everett  of 
Mass.  (Union),  39 ;  H.  V.  Johnson  of  Ga. 
(Dem.),  12. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1861    Jan.  1.    New  Tork.    Price  of  cot- 
ton is  llj  cents  a  pound.  [It  rapidly  ad- 
vances.] 


192    1861,  Feb.  13-Apr.  17. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  Feb.  16.  Ttx.  Gen.  Twiggs  sur- 
renders the  military  posts,  containiug 
$1,300,000  worth  of  stores  and  $65,000  in 
specie,  to  the  State  authorities. 

Feb.  19.  Mo.  By  Gen.  Scott's  orders, 
Gen.  Harney  concentrates  a  force  of 
nearly  500  regulars  and  recruits  for  the 
defense  of  the  military  depot  at  St. 
Louis,  containing  60,000  stand  of  im- 
proved arms,  1,500,000  ball  cartridges, 
90,000  pounds  of  powder,  besides  field- 
pieces,  siege-guns,  and  other  military 
supplies. 

Tex.    Col.  A.    C.    Waite,    appointed 

Jan.  28,  arrives  to  supersede  Gen. 
Twiggs  at  San  Antonio,  and  finds  an 
agreement  made  to  withdraw  the  Fed- 
eral troops  and  surrender  the  valuable 
United  States  property. 

Mar.  1.  Gen.  David  E.  Twiggs  Is  dis- 
missed from  the  U.  S.  Army  as  a  traitor, 
having  surrendered  U.  S.  forces  and 
property  in  Texas  to  Secessionists. 

Mar.  3.  S.  C.  Gen.  Beauregard  assumes 
command  of  the  Confederates  at 
Charleston. 

Mar.  5.  Tex.  At  Brownsville  Texan 
troops  occupy  Fort  Brown, 

Mar.  9.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Secre- 
tary of  War  makes  a  requisition  on  the 
States  for  11,000  volunteers. 

Mar.  11.  Ala.  Brig.-Gen.  Bragg  iis- 
sumes  command  of  the  Confederate 
forces. 

Mar.  12.  />.  C.  Gen.  Scott  sends  orders 
to  Capt.  Vogdes  to  reenforoe  Fort 
Pickens. 

Mar.  *  Jefferson  Davis  prepares  for  war 
and  asks  for  100,000  Confederate  soldiers. 

Mar.  ♦  The  Regular  Array  of  the  United 
States  consists  of  one  major-general, 
four  brigadier-generals,  and  16,000  offi- 
cers and  men. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Lieut.-Col.  Kobert  E.  Lee 
is  appointed  colonel  of  the  1st  Cavalry, 
U.  S.  A. 

THE  SEVENTEENTH  W.\R. 

1861  ♦  *  The  Great  Civil  Wax.  [Men 
enrolled  in  the  Federal  Army,  2,772,408  ; 
in  the  Confederate  Army,  600,000(?).] 

Apr.  6.  New  York.  An  expedition  pre- 
pared by  Capt.  Meigs  sails  for  Fort 
Pickens. 

Apr.  7.  S.  C.  Gen.  Beauregard  denies 
Maj.  Anderson  any  further  communi- 
cations with  Charleston  for  purposes  of 
supply. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  The  Government  notifies 
Gov.  Pickens  of  its  purpose  to  reenforca 
Fort  Sumter. 

Apr.  10.  New  York.  An  expedition, 
prepared  by  Capt.  Fox,  led  by  the  Pow- 
hatan, Lieut.  D.  D.  Porter,  sails  for 
Fort  Sumter. 

Apr.  11.  ,S.  C.  Maj.  Anderson  is  sum- 
moned to  surrender  Fort  Sumter.  He 
refuses,  yet  informs  Gen.  Beauregard 
that  his  ^irovisious  will  be  exhausted  by 
the  15th  inst. 


Apr.  12.  S.  C.  The  Confederates 
open  fire  on  Fort  Sumter  at  4.40  a.m.  ; 
Maj.  Anderson  makes  a  vigorous  reply. 

Apr.  14.  .S.  r.  Maj.  Anderson  evacu- 
ates Fort  Sumter  after  a  furious  cannon- 
ade of  ;t4  hours,  liis  supply  of  provisions 
being  exhausted  [and  the  fleet  arriving 
too  late  to  relieve  him]. 

Strength  of  the  Federal  garrison  :  9 
commissioned  officers,  68  non-commis- 
sioned officers  and  privates,  8  musicians, 
and  43  non-combatant  laborers ;  total 
128  men. 

Apr.  15.  President  Lincoln  calls  for 
75,000  volunteers  to  serve  for  three 
months. 

Apr.  16.  Mass.  The  militia  compa- 
nies, responding  to  the  President's 
call,  march  into  the  city  of  Boston. 

N.  C.    The  Confederates  again  seize 

Forts  Caswell  and  Johnston. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1861    Apr.  9.    Theasteroid  Mala  is  dis- 
covered by  H.  P.  Tuttle. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1861. 

Mar.  S5.    Gibbs,  Josiah  Willard,  prof,  in 
Yale,  philologist,  ATI. 

Mar.  36.    Kobbins,  Koyal,  Cong,  cl.,  histo- 
rian, A73. 

Mar.  30.    Shaw,  Lemuel,  of  Mass.,  jurist, 
A80. 

Apr.  3.    HnmjiJirey,  Heman,  Cong,  cl.,  Pres. 
of  Amherst,  AS2. 

Apr.  4.    Mac  Lean,  John,  M.  C.  forO.,  U.  S. 
S.  Ct.,  A76. 

Apr.  lO.    Tucker,  George,  M.  C.  for  Va., 
liistortan,  AS6. 

Apr.  11.    Huckinghani,  Joseph  T.,  ed.  Bos- 
ton Courier,  A82. 

Apr.  12.    Frelinehuysen,  Theodore,  sen. 
for  >'.  J.,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1861  Apr.  4.  Neb.  Tlie  Nebraska  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  first  as- 
sembles. 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Mar.  •  D.  C.  Three  Territories 
have  recently  been  organized  on  the 
basis  of  non-intervention  respecting 
slavery. 

"It  is  a  singular  fact  that  on  the  eve 
of  the  utter  destruction  of  the  institu- 
tion of  slavery,  its  legal  status  was 
stronger  than  ever  before  in  the  history 
of  the  Government,  and  the  area  over 
which  it  might  lawfully  spread  was 
far  larger  than  at  any  previous  period." 
(Blaine.) 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  At  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent for  volunteers,  meetings  are  held, 
work  is  suspended,  and  the  whole  peo- 
ple surrender  to  a  patriotic  ardor 
never  before  witnessed,  while  they  has- 
ten the  forwarding  of  troops  to  Wash- 
ington. 

Apr.  1.  General  discontent  with  the 
Government  prevails  :  it  is  too  radical 
for  the  Conservatives  and  too  conserva- 
tive for  the  Radicals. 

Apr.  5.  iV^.  Y.  The  Assembly  approves 
the  joint  resolution  providing  for  a  con- 
stitutional Prohibitory  Amendment. 
Vote,  69-33. 

Apr.  8.  Mr.  Seward's  reply  to  the  Com- 
missioners from  the  South  is  published  ; 
as  it  signifies  resistance,  it  enrages 
the  Southern  people. 


Apr.  15.  Conn.  A  woman  of  Bridgeport 
organizes  a  society  for  the  relief  and 
comfort  of  soldiers. 

Mass.  Miss  Almena  Bates  of  Charles- 
town  organizes  a  movement  for  the  re- 
lief and  comfort  of  soldiers.  [The 
.Sanitary  Commission  is  evolved  from 
this  beginning.] 

STATE. 

1861  Feb.  13  Fa.  The  State  Con- 
vention meets. 

[The  Administration  at  Washington 
makes  a  great  effort  to  save  the  State 
from  seceding.] 
Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Rep- 
resentative Branch  of  N.  C.  objects  to 
bringing  seven  companies  of  artillery 
and  one  of  sappers  and  miners  for  the 
protection  of  Washington  as  "  im- 
politic, offensive,  and  destructive  of 
civil  liberty."  [Southerners  are  seizing 
forts  and  stores.] 
Feb.  18.  Ala.  Inauguration  of  Jeff er- 
son  Davis  at  Montgomery,  as  President 
of  the  Confederate  States  of  America. 
Feb.  20.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Mor- 
rill Tariff  Bill  passes  the  Senate. 
Vote,  25-14. 

West  Virginia  maintains  a  loyal 
sentiment. 
Feb.  22.  Pa.  President-elect  Lincoln 
abandons  his  public  journey,  and  makes 
a  secret  and  hasty  departure  in  the 
night  from  Harrisburg  for  Washington. 
Feb.  23.  I).  C.  Abraham  Lincoln, 
President-elect,  reaches  Washington 
In  safety,  amid  many  rumors  of  peril. 

Tf.r.    The  people  ratify  the  ordinance 

of  secession.  Vote,  34,794-11,235. 
Feb.  26.  D.C.  The  Peace  Convention 
agrees  upon  a  "  plan  of  aiijustment," 
which,  by  a  bare  majority,  makes  sla- 
very national  rather  than  sectional,  and 
adjourns.  Vote,  9  States  for  the  plan,  8 
against  it. 

It  makes  proposals  to  Congress  for 
the  amendment  of  the  Constitution : 
1.  Prohibiting  slavery  in  the  Territories 
north  of  lat.  36°  30',  while  tolerating  it 
in  the  States,  and  forbidding  antisla- 
very  legislation.  2.  Prohibiting  future 
acquisitions  of  territory,  without  the 
approval  of  a  majority  of  the  Senators 
of  both  slave  and  free  States.  3.  Pro- 
hibiting Congress  from  interfering  with 
slavery  in  the  States  or  national  terri- 
tory, and  from  taxing  slaves  at  a  higher 
rate  than  land.  4.  Prohibiting  the  for- 
eign slave-trade.  6.  Providing  for  the 
payment  by  Congress  for  slaves  who  are 
lost  by  the  interference  of  mobs.  [All 
are  imacceptable.] 

Congress  passes  a  bill  admitting  mer- 
chandise to  the  mail,  and  authorizing  the 
Postmaster-General  to  furnish  stamped 
letter-sheets.  Also  an  act  providing 
for  a  dally  mail  delivery  In  New  York 
City  and  vicinity. 
Feb.  28.  r>.  C.  Congress  authorizes  a 
loan  of  $28,000,000.  It  organizes  the 
Territory  of  Colorado. 

The  House  approves  a  13th  Consti- 
tutional Amendment,  providing  that 
the  Constitution  shall  never  be  so 
amended  as  to  give  Congress  the  power 


UNITED    STATES. 


1861,  Feb.  13-Apr.  17.    193 


r 


to  abolisli  slavery  or  interfere  with  the 
institution.  Vote,  133-65.  [Adopted  by 
the  Senate,  March  2.    Vote,  24-12.] 

Mo.    A  State  Convention,  having 

a  majority  for  Union,  meets  at  Jefferson 
City. 

Feb.  *  Ala.  The  Confederate  Government 
sends  Martin  J.  Crawford  of  Georgia, 
and  John  Forsyth  of  Alabama  [later 
A.  B.  Roman],  as  Commissioners  to 
'Washington,  to  insist  on  the  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  independence  of  the 
Confederate  States. 

Feb.  *  Chicago.  The  city  charter  is 
amended. 

Mar.  1.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment assumes  control  of  military 
affairs  at  Charleston. 

Mar.  2.  I).  C.  Congress  organizes 
Dakota  and  Nevada  as  Territories. 

Congress  enacts  the  Morrill  Tariff, 
which  is  largely  protective  ;  the  change 
from  low  duties  to  high  duties  marks 
an  era  in  the  history  of  the  nation.  [It 
goes  into  operation  April  1.] 

The  Senate  defeats  the  Crittenden 
Compromise  Bill.  Vote,  25-'23 ;  it  re- 
jects the  amendments  to  the  Constitu- 
tion proposed  by  the  Peace  Conference  ; 
vote,  7-28 ;  it  passes  a  bill  for  a  13th 
Constitutional  Amendment,  to  make 
slavery  perpetual.    Vote,  24-11. 

"  No  amendment  shall  be  made  to  the 
Constitution  which  will  authorize  or 
give  Congress  the  power  to  abolish,  or 
interfere,  within  any  State,  with  the 
domestic  institutions  thereof,  including 
that  of  persons  held  to  labor  or  service 
by  said  State." 

— ■  1).  C.    The  36th  Congress  ends. 

The  16th  Administration:  First 
Republican. 

Mar.  4.  I).  C.  Abraham  Lincoln  of 
111.  is  inaugurated  the  16th  President, 
in  the  19th  term  of  the  presidency. 
Hannibal  Hamlin  of  Me.  is  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet :  Wm.  H.  Seward  of  N.  Y. 
(State),  S.  P.  Chase  of  O.  (Treas.),  S. 
Cameron  of  Pa.  (War);  G.  Welles  of 
Conn.  (Navy),  C.  B.  Smith  of  Ind.  (In- 
terior), E.  Bates  of  Mo.  (Atty.-Gen.), 
and  Montgomery  Blair  of  Md.  (P.  M  - 
Gen.). 

—  Tex.  The  State  is  declared  by  procla- 
mation to  be  out  of  the  Union. 

Mar.  *  Texas  is  represented  in  both  the 
United  States  and  the  Confederate  Con- 
gresses for  a  short  time. 

Mar.  6.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress authorizes  an  army  of  100,000  to 
be  raised. 

Tex.  Gov.  Houston  refuses  to  ap- 
prove the  secession  of  the  State,  as  the 
convention  was  elected  to  submit  the 
question  to  the  vote  of  the  people. 

Mar.  11.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment prohibits  the  importation  of 
slaves  from  the  United  States  as  a 
coercive  measure,  affecting  the  border 
States,  especially  Virginia. 

The  Confederate  Congress  adopts  a 
permanent  Constitution. 


1).  C.     John    Forsyth  of   Ala.,  and 

Martin  J.  Crawford  of  Ga.,  Commis- 
sioners from  the  Confederate  States, 
begin  to  negotiate  for  a  peaceable 
separation.  ' 

Mar.  *  Ala.  Commissioners  are  ap- 
pointed to  go  to  England,  France,  Rus- 
sia, and  Belgium  in  the  interests  of  the 
Confederacy  ;  and  others  to  go  to  Wash- 
ington, D.C. 

Mar.  15.  D.  C.  Secretary  Seward  in- 
forms the  Confederate  Commissioners 
that  he  is  not  authorized  to  recognize 
them  as  diplomatic  agents  ;  that  he  only 
communicates  with  foreign  govern- 
ments. 

The  Cabinet  disfavors  the  resupplying 
of  Fort  Sumter.  Vote,  five  to  evacu- 
ate, two  to  resupply.  [The  vote  is  after- 
ward reversed.] 

Ala.    The    Confederate    Congress 

recommends  the  States  to  cede  the 
forts,  arsenals,  dockyards,  etc.,  within 
their  limits,  to  the  Confederation. 

Mar.  *  Ala.  The  Confederacy  provides 
for  revenue,  to  be  collected  from 
trains  and  vessels  bringing  goods  into 
the  Confederacy. 

Mar.  16.  Ala.  The  first  Confederate 
Provisional  Congress  at  Montgomery 
closes. 

Tex.  The  State  Convention  de- 
clares the  office  of  governor  to  be  va- 
cant, because  Gov.  Houston  refuses  to 
take  the  oflficial  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  Confederate  States. 

Mar.  22.  La.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  Confederate  Constitution. 

Mar.  23.  Tex.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  Confederate  Constitution.  Vote, 
68-2. 

Mar.  26.  Xan.  The  first  State  Ijegis- 
lature  meets  at  Lawrence. 

Miss.     A  State    Convention   ratifies 

the  Constitution  of  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy. 

Mar,  *  Mo.  At  an  adjourned  meeting  of 
the  State  Convention  held  at  St.  Louis, 
the  committee  report  against  secession. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  The  Cabinet  again  vote 
on  the  question  of  resupplying  Fort 
Sumter,  and  the  majority  favors  the 
attempt. 

Mar.  *  President  Lincoln's  inaugural 
message  announces  a  change  of  ad- 
ministrative policy;  instead  of  con- 
cession to  the  secessionists,  he  proposes 
conciliation,  conservation,  and  res- 
toration. 

Apr.  1.  U.  S.  The  Morrill  tariff  be- 
comes operative. 

Secretary  Seward  indirectly  informs 
the  Confederates  through  Judge  Camp- 
bell that,  "  The  President  may  desire 
to  supply  Fort  Sumter,  but  will  not 
do  so  without  giving  notice  to  Gov. 
Pickens." 

Apr.  4.  Va.  The  State  Convention  re- 
jects an  ordinance  of  secession  (vote, 
89-4.';) ;  but  appoints  three  commis- 
sioners to  inquire  the  President's  policy 
toward  the  Confederacy. 


Apr.  5.  IJ.  C.  The  Government  is  in- 
formed by  Maj.  Anderson  that  he  has 
bread  for  only  28  days,  and  he  must  be 
provisioned  and  reenforced,  or  Fort 
Sumter  be  summarily  abandoned. 

Apr.  7.  II.  C.  The  Confederate  Com- 
missioners demand  a  reply  to  their  offi- 
<Mal  note  of  March  12,  under  a  threat  to 
close  their  mission.  / 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  The  Federal  Govern- 
ment makes  its  reply  to  the  Confed- 
erate commissioners  —  dated  March  15. 

S.  C.  The  Federal  Government  noti- 
fies Gov.  Pickens  that  it  intends  to  sup- 
ply Fort  Sumter. 

A  State  Convention  called  by  the 
Legislature  revises  the  Constitution, 
which  becomes  operative  without  the 
ratification  of  the  people. 

Apr.  11.  Z).  C.  The  Treasury,  with 
the  cooperation  of  the  New  York  Ch.im- 
ber  of  Commerce,  sells  $5,000,000 
notes  at  par. 

The  Virginia  Commissioners  present 
their  credentials  at  Washington. 

Del.    The   Legislature  declares    the 

State  to  be  loyal  to  the  Union. 

Pa.    The  Legislature  takes  the  first 

official  step  in  the  loyal  States  for 
the  defense  of  the  Union,  by  appro- 
priatmg  $500,000  for  a  reorganization  of 
the  State  militia,  in  advance  of  the  first 
overt  act. 

Apr.  14.  S.  C.  The  Stars  and  Stripes 
are  struck  at  Fort  Sumter ;  patriotism 
is  fired  in  the  North. 

Apr.  ♦  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  issues  a 
communication  for  use  in  Virginia, 
aiming  to  save  that  State  to  the  Union ; 
he  informs  its  Commissioners  that  he 
will  not  acknowledge  the  Confederate 
States. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  sum- 
mons Congress  to  meet  on  July  4,  in 
e.xtra  session,  and  by  proclamation  calls 
on  the  States  to  furnish  75,000  volim- 
teers,  to  serve  three  months. 

Ky.    Gov.  Beriah   Magoffin   refuses 

to  honor  the  call  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  troops. 

"  Kentucky  will  furnish  no  troops  for 
the  wicked  purpose  of  subduing  her 
sister  Southern  States." 

JV.  C.  Tlie  governor  refuses  to  fur- 
nish the  quota  of  troops  demanded. 

Apr.  16.  Ala.  The  Confederacy  calls 
on  the  governors  of  the  seven  States  to 
send  32,000  troops  into  the  field. 

Va.    The  Governor  refuses  to  honor 

the  President's  call  for  troops. 

Apr.  17.  Virginia,  the  eighth  State, 
passes  an  ordinance  of  secession.  Vote, 
88-55.  The  western  counties  remain 
loyal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1861    Apr.  1.    New  York.    Tlie  price  of 

cotton  is  12§  cents. 
Apr.  4.    Cal.     The   first  pony  express 

leaves  Sacramento  for  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
•  *  The  price  of  petroleum  goes  up  to 

$19.25  per  barrel  —  the  highest  price  ever 

reached. 


I 


194     1861,  Apr.  17 -May  25. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  Apr.  17.  Ala.  Jefferson  Davis,  by 
proelainatiou,  invites  applications  for 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  under 
which  privateers  may  be  sent  out. 

Fla.  Fort  Fickens  is  further  re- 
enforced  by  200  men  from  the  transport 
Atlantic,  under  Capt.  Meigs.  [200  men 
land  from  the  Illinois  on  the  19th.  The 
fort  is  effectively  protected.] 

Mass.     The     6th     Massachusetts 

Regiment  starts  for  Washington. 

Phila.    A  detachment  of  500  men 

leave  for  "Washington. 

Va.    Vessels  are   sunk    in   Norfolk 

harhor,  by  order  of  the  governor. 

Apr.  18.  D.  C.  A  few  companies  of 
Pennsylvania  miiitig.  arrive  in 
'Washington. 

Robert  E.  liee  is  unofficially  offered 
the  command  of  the  Union  Army  by 
Frank  B.  Blair,  Sr.  [Sec.  Cameron  says 
he  accepted  the  offer  ;  Sec.  Montgomery 
Blair  says  he  was  undecided  what  to  do  ; 
Gen.  Lee  says  he  declined  it.] 

. —  Ind.  The  1st  Regiment  from  In- 
diana leaves  for  Washington. 

Va.    The  U.  S.  arsenal  at  Harper's 

Ferry  is  fired  to  prevent  its  falling 
into  the  bands  of  the  Confederates,  and 
15,000  stand  of  arms  are  destroyed. 

Gen.  W.  B.  Taliaferro  is  given  com- 
mand of  the  State  troops  at  Norfolk. 

O.    Two  regiments  are  organized  at 

Columbus,  and  sent  to  Washington  with- 
out uniforms  or  arms. 

Apr.  19.  Md.  A  secession  mob  in  Bal- 
timore fire  on  the  Massachusetts  6th 
Regiment  while  hastening  to  the  de- 
fense of  Washington ;  this  is  the  first 
blood  shed  in  the  war. 

D.  C.    The  Confederate  iwrts  are 

proclaimed  under  blockade. 

NeiD  York.    The  7th  Regiment,  Col. 

Lefferts,  starts  for  Washington. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  President  relieves 
Gren.  W.  S.  Harney  at  St.  Louis,  and 
Capt.  Nathaniel  Xiyon  is  directed  to 
raise  four  regiments  of  Missouri  Volun- 
teers. 

Mo.  State  troops  seize  and  gar- 
rison the  U.  S.  arsenal  at  Xdberty,  by 
order  of  Gov.  Jackson. 

Va.    Nine  ships   of   war  and   naval 

stores  in  the  navy  yard  near  Nor- 
folk are  burned  by  Com.  Paulding, 
to  prevent  their  falling  into  the  bands 
of  the  Confederates. 

CoL    Robert  E.  Lee  resigns   his 

commission  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 

Apr.  22.  N.  a  The  U.  S.  arsenal  at 
Fayetteville  is  surrendered  to  the  State 
authorities. 

Va.  The  governor  and  State  Con- 
vention appoint  Robert  E.  Lee  to  the 
chief  command  of  the  State  troops. 

Apr.  23.  111.  Gov.  Yates  sends  a  force 
of  volunteers,  who  occupy  the  important 
position  at  Cairo. 


—  Va.    Gen.  Lee  assumes  command. 

His  resignation  not  having  been  ac- 
cepted in  Washington,  he  is  legally  an 
officer  in  both  armies. 

Apr.  24  ±.  La.  The  State  raises  6,000 
Confederate  troops. 

Apr.  25.  Tex.  At  Saltiria,  Col.  Van- 
Dorn  captures  450  Federal  troops. 

Mo.    By    a    secret    movement    21,000 

stand  of  arms  and  110,000  cartridges  are 
removed  from  the  arsenal  at  St.  Louis 
and  shipped  en  route  for  Springfield,  111. 

Apr.  27.  n.C.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  is 
assigned  to  command  the  department  of 
Annapolis. 

li'.  C,  Va.   The  ports  are  proclaimed 

to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade. 

Apr.  29.  Ala.  Jefferson  Davis  proposes 
in  his  message  to  add  100,000  men  to 
the  82,000  already  in  the  Confederate 
service. 

Apr.  *  n.  C.  Washington  is  fortified 
against  an  attack  by  Confederates. 

Apr.  *  ///.  U.  S.  Grant  returns  to  army 
life  by  tendering  Ms  services  to  Gov. 
Yates,  and  is  appointed  to  command 
camps  Yates,  Grant,  and  Douglas. 

Apr.  *  li.  I.  The  young  Gov.  "William 
Sprague  puts  on  a  soldier's  uniform, 
and  leads  the  State  troops  to  the  defense 
of  the  Federal  Capital. 

May  3.  D.C.  President  Lincoln  calls  for 
42,034  volunteers  for  three  years ; 
also  for  23,714  regulars  and  18,000  sea- 
men. 

The  military  Department  of  the  Ohio 
is  created;  Gen.  George  B.  McClel- 
lan,  commander,  with  headquarters  at 
Cincinnati. 

N.  J.    Four  regiments  of  volunteers 

under  Gen.  Theodore  Runyon  leave  for 
the  seat  of  war. 

May  4.  Md.  The  Relay  House  on  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is  seized 
by  a  force  under  Gen.  Butler. 

May  6.  Va.  Gen.  Robert  E.  Iice  is 
given  supreme  command  of  Confederate 
forces  in  Virginia. 

May  7.  Tenn.  A  military  league  is 
entered  into  with  the  Confederacy, 

May  8.  Mo.  Cannon  and  several  him- 
dred  muskets,  furnished  by  the  Con- 
federacy, are  landed  at  St.  Louis  from 
a  New  Orleans  steamer. 

May  9.  Md.  Federal  troops  again  pass 
through  Baltimore  to  Washington. 

May  10,  Mo.  Capt.  Lyon  with  a  Federal 
force  makes  a  sudden  move  on  Camp 
Jackson,  in  the  suburbs  of  St.  Louis, 
and  compels  its  unconditional  surrender. 

May  11.  Mo.  Gen.  Harney  returns 
from  Washington  and  resiunes  com- 
mand at  St.  Louis. 

S.  C.  Charleston  Harbor  is  block- 
aded by  the  U.  S.  frigate  Niagara. 

May  13.  Md.  Baltimore  is  occupied 
by  Gen.  Butler  with  900  Federals. 

S.  C.  The  IT.  S.  frigate  Niagara  cap- 
tures the  English  ship  General  Park- 
hill  off  Charleston  Harbor. 


May  14.  I).  C.  Capt.  George  B.  Mc- 
Clellan  <Major-General  of  the  Ohio 
Militia)  is  appointed  a  major-general  in 
the  U.  S.  A. 

May  17.  D.  C.  William  T.  Sherman 
and  Ulysses  S.  Grant  are  appointed 

brigadier-generals  of  volunteers.  [Com- 
missions are  dated  back  to  this  date, 
Sherman's  from  Aug.  3,  Grant's  from 
Aug.  7.] 

May  18.  The  Government  initiates  the 
movement  for  creating  an  armament 
on  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers. 

May  19.  Va.  The  armed  schooner  Star 
attacks  a  Confederate  battery  at  Sew- 
eU's  Point,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Eliz- 
abeth River,  and  is  driven  back  by 
its  fire;  this  is  the  first  offensive  opera- 
tion by  the  Federal  Navy. 

May  22.      Va.     Gen.    Butler    assumes 

command  at  Fortress  Monroe. 

May  24,  I).  C.  Federals  advance  from 
Washington,  and  occupy  Arlington 
Heights  and  Alexandria.  Col.  Elmer 
Ellsworth  of  the  New  York  Zouaves  is 
killed. 

May  25.  N.  H.  The  first  regiment  of 
New  Hampshire  volunteers  leaves  Con- 
cord for  the  war. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1861. 

Apr.  34.  Barnard,  Daniel  D.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A64. 

May  15.  Derby,  George  H.,  soldier,  au- 
thor, ASS. 

May  31.    Akers,  Benj.  P,,  sculptor,  A36. 

May  34.  Ellsworth,  Elmer  E.,  col.  of  Zou- 
aves, A24, 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Apr.  18.  Md.  Secessionists  raise 
a  flag  and  salute  it  with  artillery  on 
Federal  Hill,  Baltimore ;  loyal  citizens 
quickly  seize  the  cannon  and  haul  down 

the  flag. 

Apr.  20.  O.  The  Soldiers'  Aid  Soci- 
ety of  Northern  Ohio  is  formed, 

Apr.  29.  New  York.  The  Woman's  Cen- 
tral Association  of  Belief  is  organized 
for  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers. 

Apr.  *  The  Confederates,  supposing  half 
of  the  North  would  oppose  subjugation, 
are  greatly  surprised  at  the  effect  of 
the  tiring  on  Fort  Sumter. 

It  unites  the  people,  and  arouses  their 
patriotism.  President  Lincoln's  Ad- 
ministration suddenly  becomes  popular. 
All  divisions  are  healed. 


STATE. 

1861  Apr.  17.  Va.  Governor  Letcher 
issues  a  proclamation,  recognizing  the 
Confederacy,  and  calling  for  military 
preparations  to  be  made. 

Ala.  Jefferson  Davis  issues  a  proc- 
lamation counteracting  that  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln. 

Mo.    The  governor  refuses  to  furnish 

the  quota  of  troops  called  for  by  the 
President. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1861,  Apr,  17 -May  25.    195 


Apr.  18,  Ky.  A  union  meeting  is  held  at 
Louisville,  which  decides  that  Kentucky 
shall  be  maintained  a  neutral  State, 
and  adhere  to  the  Federal  Government 
until  the  latter  becomes  the  aggressor. 

Apr.  19.  J).  C.  The  ports  of  the  seced- 
ing States  are  proclaimed  to  be  under 
blockade. 

The  Government  orders  the  marshals 
of  the  large  cities  to  seize  all  tele- 
grams that  have  accumulated  for  six 
months  ;  the  seizure  to  be  made  simul- 
taneously, on  the  20th,  at  three  r.  m.  ; 
the  object  in  view  is  to  obtain  evidence 
of  a  conspiracy  implicating  Northern 
politicians. 

Apr.  20.  n.  C.  A  committee  from  Bal- 
timore informs  the  President  that 
troops  cannot  march  through  that 
city  without  fighting  their  way ;  ap- 
proaching troops  are  ordered  to  march 
around  the  city.  [Later  it  is  demanded 
that  Federal  troops  be  ordered  not  to 
cross  the  territory  of  Maryland.] 

Mo.  Missourians  seize  the  U.  S.  ar- 
senal at  Liberty. 

N.  a     The  State   seizes    the   U.  S. 

branch  mint  at  Charlotte. 

New  York.    A  war-meeting  held  in 

Union  Square  is  attended  by  more  than 
100,000  people. 

Apr.  22.  Md,  Gov.  Hicks  writes  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  urging  a  truce,  and  sug- 
gesting that  liord  Lyons  be  requested 
to  act  as  mediator  between  the  North 
and  the  South. 

Apr.  23.  Ark.  The  governor  refuses  to 
furnish  the  quota  of  troops  required. 

Va.     The  State   Convention  sends 

commissioners  to  treat  with  the  Confed- 
eracy. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens,  the  pleni- 
potentiary of  the  Confederacy,  enters  a 
formal  military  league  with  certain 
members  of  the  State  Convention,  mak- 
ing Virginia  an  immediate  member  of 
the  Southern  Confederacy, 

Apr.  25,  Va.  The  commissioners  sign  a 
compact  with  the  Confederacy.  Gover- 
nor Letcher  proclaims  Virginia  a  Con- 
federate State,  subject  to  the  ratification 
of  the  people. 

Apr.  27.  />.  C.  President  Lincoln  di- 
rects Gen.  Scott  to  suspend  the  privi- 
lege of  habeas  corpus  if  necessary. 

The  blockade  is  extended  by  procla- 
mation to  North  Carolina  and  Virginia. 

Apr.  29.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  assembles  in  spe- 
cial session,  to  meet  the  emergency  at 
Charleston,  occasioned  by  the  attempt 
to  reenforce  Major  Anderson. 

Md.    The   secession   ordinance  is 

rejected  by  the  House  of  Delegates. 
Vote,  5a-13. 

Tenn.      Gov.    Harris    seizes    $75,000 

worth  of  bonds  and  $5,000  in  cash  that 
are  in  the  keeping  of  the  U.  S.  collector 
at  Nashville. 

j       Apr.  30.    jV.  J.    The  Legislature  makes 
j  an  appropriation  of  $2,000,000  for  mili- 

tary piirposes,  and  provides  for  an  an- 
nual tax  of  $100,000  in  addition. 


Pa.  Gov.  Curtin  convenes  .the  Legis- 
lature in  extra  session  to  make  military 
preparations  for  the  coming  war. 

Apr.*  Tenn.  Gov.  Harris  refuses  to  honor 
President  Lincoln's  call  for  troops. 

Apr.  *  Va.  By  a  proviso  the  secession 
ordinance  is  not  to  take  effect  until 
ratified  by  a  vote  of  the  people,  on  the 
30th  of  May. 

May  1.  Te7in.  The  Legislature  author- 
izes the  governor  to  enter  a  military 
league  with  the  Confederacy,  by 
which  the  entire  military  power  of  the 
State  will  be  subject  to  Confederate 
authority. 

May  1±.  John  A,  Campbell  of  Ga.,  an 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
resigns  [and  joins  the  Confederacy]. 

May  3,  V.  C.  President  Lincoln,  on 
official  authority  alone,  calls  for  addi- 
tional volunteers.    (See  Army.) 

The  President  directs  military  com- 
manders to  suspend  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  in  certain  cases. 

May  4.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  in- 
forms foreign  governments  that  he 
intends  to  maintain  the  Union  by  force 
if  necessary. 

Ky.    A  large  majority  of  the  delegates 

chosen  to  attend  the  Border  State  Con- 
vention are  opposed  to  secession. 

May  6.  Arkansas,  the  ninth  State,  se- 
cedes from  the  Union  by  ordinance  of 
a  convention.    Vote  69-1. 

Ala.    The  Confederate  Congress 

meets  in  special  session. 

Va.    The  State  becomes  a  member  of 

the  Confederacy. 

May  7.  Ala.  Virginia  is  admitted  to 
representation  in  the  Confederate  Con- 
gress. 

Tenn.  Gov.  Harris  announces  a  mili- 
tary league  between  Tennessee  and  the 
Southern  Confederacy. 

May  8.  D.  C.  The  direct  donations 
made  by  men  of  wealth,  within  the 
last  three  weeks,  for  the  support  of  the 
Government,  are  estimated  at  $23,000,000. 

May  9.  Ala.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress passes  an  act  recognizing  the 
existence  of  war  between  the  United 
States  ajid  the  Confederate  States. 

It  autliorizes  Jefferson  Davis  to  use 
the  whole  land  and  naval  force  of  the 
Confederacy,  and  to  commission  priva- 
teers. 

May  10.  />.  C.  Thev/ritof  habeas  corpus 
is  suspended  in  Key  West,  Tortugas,  and 
Santa  Rosa. 

May  11.  Ky.  It  is  agreed  by  arbitration 
of  the  Union  men  and  the  Breckinridge 
men  that  the  State  shall  aid  neither 
North  nor  South,  but  maintain  an  armed 
neutrality. 

May  13.  W.  Va.  At  Wheeling,  6,000 
loyal  citizens  from  25  counties  pledge 
their  support  to  the  Union. 

Eng.    The  Confederate  States  are 

recognized  as  belligerents  by  Great 
Britain  in  a  proclamation  of  neutrality. 

May  14.  D.  C.  The  mails  are  ordered 
to  be  withdrawn  from  many  Southern 
routes. 


Mass.  An  extra  session  of  the  Legis- 
lature is  held,  and  an  act  is  passed  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  Union  and  the 
Constitution  ;  the  Union  Fund  is  created, 
and  the  issue  of  $3,000,000  in  scrip 
authorized. 

May  16.  Va.  Virginians  are  notified  by 
Senator  Mason,  ten  days  in  advance  of 
the  submission  election,  that  they  must 
vote  for  secession,  or  retaining  their 
Union  sentiments,  "they  must  leave 
the  State." 

Ky.    The  House  of  Representatives 

resolves  to  maintain  the  neutrality  of 
the  State. 

•  *  The  great  leader  of  the  Democracy, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  pursues  a  pa- 
triotic course  in  aid  of  President  Lin- 
coln ;  no  partisan  word  is  spoken  :  only 
the  safety  and  honor  of  the  Government 
are  considered  by  him. 

May  20.  Ky.  Gov.  Magoffin  proclaims 
Kentucky  a  neutral  State, 

jV.  C.    An  ordinance  of  secession  is 

passed  by  the  State  Convention  ;  it  both 
revises  the  State  Constitution  and  adopts 
the  Confederate  Constitution. 

North    Carolina,    the    10th    State, 

secedes  by  ordinance  of  a  State  Con- 
vention ;  it  is  passed  by  a  unanimous 
vote. 

May  21.  The  Confederacy  confiscates 
the  property  and  estates  of  aliens. 

it  affixes  a  fine  of  $5,000  and  imprison- 
ment to  those  who  withhold  informs^ 
tion  of  such  property.  [The  total  amount 
confiscated  is  estimated  at  $200,000,000.] 

Ala.    The  Confederate  Provisional 

Congress  adjourns,  to  meet  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  on  the  20th  of  July. 

May  23.  Va.  The  people  confirm  the 
ordinance  of  secession  by  a  popular 
vote  of  125,950-20,373. 

May  25.  Md.  John  Merryman  is  ar- 
rested in  Baltimore,  and  confined  in 
Fort  McHenry,  for  raising  companies  to 
join  the  secessionists. 

[Chief  Justice  Taney  issues  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  (which  is  ignored),  and 
declares  that  the  President  cannot  sus- 
pend the  privilege  of  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus,  or  allow  a  military  officer  to  do 
so.] 

Mass.  Gov.  Andrew  issues  a  call  ask- 
ing for  additional  troops,  [The  next 
day  3,100  report  at  his  headquarters  on 
the  Boston  Common.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  Apr.  18.  Kan.  The  steamboat  A'ew 
Sam  Gaty,  flying  the  Confederate  flag, 
arrives  at  Leavenworth  ;  the  captain  is 
forced  to  substitute  the  Union  flag. 

Apr.  20.  n.  C.  The  railroad  authori- 
ties propose  to  Gen.  Scott  a  new  route 
for  troops  to  reach  the  Capital  and  avoid 
Baltimore. 

They  propose  passage  by  rail  to  Perry- 
ville,  Md.,  thence  by  water  to  Annapolis, 
thence  by  rail  to  Washington,  and  if  the 
railroad  be  destroyed,  by  wagon-roads. 

May  9.  III.  Boats  loaded  with  provis- 
ions for  the  Confederates  are  stopped 
at  Cairo. 


190     1861,  May  27-July  25. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1861  May  30.  W.  Va.  The  Federals 
euter  Grafton. 

I£ay31.  Va.  Gen.  Beauregard  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Confederate 
forces  in  Virginia. 

May  *  Va.  Gen.  Butler  refuses  to  return 
to  their  owners  three  refugee  slaves  at 
Fortress  Monroe ;  he  holds  them  as  con- 
traband of  war. 

June  2.  B.C.  The  privateer  SaT^annaiz 
escapes  from  Charleston  Harbor.  [It  is 
captured  on  June  3  by  the  Federal  brig- 
of-war  Perry.'] 

June  3.  W.  Va.  At  Phllippi,  Federals 
under  Cols.  Kelley  and  Lander  lose 
two  killed,  two  wounded,  and  two  miss- 
ing ;  Confederates,  under  Col.  Porter- 
field,  lose  16  killed  and  26  missing,  and 
retreat. 

June  5.  Va.  Gen.  Beauregard  calls  on 
the  Virginians  by  proclamation  to  rise 
and  expel  the  Federals  from  their  State. 

June  8.  Va.  The  Virginia  State  troops 
are  transferred  to  the  Confederacy. 

June  10.  Va.  At  Big  Bethel,  Federals 
under  Brig.-Gen.  Peirce  are  repulsed, 
losing  14  killed,  49  wounded,  and  five 
missing ;  Confederates,  under  Col.  J. 
Magruder,  lose  one  killed  and  four 
wounded. 

June  12.  Mo.  Gov.  Jackson  calls  for 
50,000  militia  to  defend  the  State 
against  the  Federal  forces,  and  also  an- 
nounces his  loyalty  to  the  United  States. 

June  14.  Va.  Confederates  evacuate 
Harper's  Perry. 

June  15.  Boston.  The  Massachusetts 
1st  —  the  first  regiment  to  respond  to  the 
call  for  three  years'  troops — leaves  for 
Washington. 

Mo.    Gen.  Xiyon  with  an  expedition 

from  St.  Louis  occupies  Jefferson 
City,  without  resistance. 

June  16.  Va.  Federals  occupy  Harper's 
Perry. 

Md.     At  Seneca  Mills,   Federals, 

under  Maj.  Everett,  attack  the  Confed- 
erates, who  lose  three  killed, 

June  17.  III.  V.  S.  Grant  returns  to 
army  life,  and  is  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  2l8t  Kegiment  of  Illinois  Volun- 
teers. 

Mo.    Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,  having 

raised  a  Union  army,  defeats  the  State 
troops  under  Gen.  Price  at  Boonville. 
Federal  loss,  14  killed,  49  wounded,  and 
6  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss  about  40 
killed  and  wounded,  and  many  prisoners. 

W.  Va.    Federals  under  Gen.  Eobert 

C.  Schenck  are  surprised  by  the  Confed- 
erates under  Col.  Gregg  at  Vienna, 
and  lose  five  killed,  six  wounded,  and  13 
prisoners. 

June  18.  Uo.  Battle  near  'Warsaw ; 
Federals,  under  Capt.  Cook,  lose  25 
killed,  52  wounded,  and  28  prisoners; 
Confederates,  luider  Gov.  Jackson,  lose 
46  killed  and  wounded. 

Va.  Gen.  Patterson,  with  about  23,000 

men,  rccrosses  the  Potomac,  and  falls 
back  on  Hagerstown,  Md. 


June  24.  Ky.  Gen.  S.  B.  Buckner,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  State  Guards, 
orders  six  companies  to  Columbus  to 
maintain  the  neutrality  of  Kentucky. 

July  1.  La.  The  privateer  Sumter,  un- 
der Capt.  Semmes,  runs  the  blockade  at 
New  Orleans  [and  preys  on  Union  mer- 
chantmen for  seven  months]. 

D.  C.    John  Charles  Frfimont  is 

commissioned  major-general. 

U.  S.    The  official  army  list  includes 

14,108  regulars,  109,480  volunteers  ;  pres- 
ent for  duty,  183,588. 

July  2.  JV.  Va.  At  Martinsburg,  Feder- 
als, under  Col.  Abercrombie,  lose  three 
killed,  10  wounded  ;  Confederates,  un- 
der Gen.  Jackson,  lose  30  killed  and 
wounded,  ^  missing. 

Gen.  Patterson  with  a  Federal  force 
crosses  the  Potomac  at  Williamsport. 

Summer.  James  B.  Bads  creates  a 
gunboat  fleet  of  13  guns  each,  heavily 
plated  with  iron  at  the  bows. 

July  3.  D.  C.  Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont  is 
appointed  to  command  the  Western 
Department. 

July  4.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
ports as  in  commission  82  war  vessels, 
carrying  1,100  guns. 

*  *  W.  Va.  AtHarper's  Ferry,  the  9th 
N.  Y.  Regiment  loses  two  killed  and 
three  wounded ;  Confederates  lose  two 
killed. 

July  4  ±.  Jefferson  Davis  appoints  Gen. 
Leonidas  Polk  to  command  the  mili- 
tary Department  of  the  Lower  Missis- 
sippi ;  headquarters  at  Memphis. 

July  5.  Mo.  Battle  of  Carthage:  1,100 
Federals  under  Col.  Franz  Sigel,  attack 
a  superior  force  under  Gov.  Jackson, 
Gens.  Price,  Rains,  and  Parsons ;  Fed- 
erals are  successful  at  first,  but  finally 
forced  to  retreat.  Federal  loss,  13 
killed,  31  wounded ;  Confederate  loss, 
200  killed  and  wounded,  and  250  pris- 
eners. 

July  6.  W.  Va.  At  Middle  Fork 
Bridge,  the  3d  Ohio  loses  one  killed, 
three  wounded  ;  Confederates  lose  seven 
killed  and  wounded. 

July  0.  W.  Va.  At  Laurel  Hill,  Cols. 
McCook  and  Andrews  defeat  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Garnett.  Federal 
loss,  one  killed  and  three  wounded. 

July  11.  W.Va.  Battle  of  Rich  Moun- 
tain: Rosecrans,  of  Gen.  McClelliui's 
command,  defeats  the  Confederates  un- 
der Col.  Pegram.  Federal  loss,  11  killed 
and  35  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  150 
killed  and  wounded. 

July  12.  fT.  Va.  At  Beverly,  Col. 
Pegram  surrenders  600  Confederates  to 
Gen.  McClellan. 

At  Barbourville,  Col.  Woodruff  de- 
feats the  Confederates,  who  lose  12 
killed  ;  Federal  loss,  one  killed. 

July  13.  W.  Va.  Battle  of  Carrick's 
Fotd:  Gen.  McClellan  and  Gen.  Morris 
defeat  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Garnett.  Federal  loss,  13  killed  and  40 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  150  killed 
and  wounded,  and  800  prisoners ;  Gen. 
Garnett  is  among  the  killed. 


July  14.  TV.  Va.  Gen.  Patterson  cau- 
tiously advances,  and  occupies  Bunker 
TTill  with  a  force  of  18,000  to  22,000  men ; 
Gen.  Johnston  is  nine  miles  away  with 
12,000  men. 

July  16.  Va.  Gen,  McDowell  begins  his 
advance  upon  Manassas;  total  com- 
mand, 34,320  men  ;  his  marching  colunm 
less  than  28,000  men  with  49  guns. 

July  17.  }V.  Va.  Gen.  Patterson  prac- 
tically retreats  from  Bimker  HiU  to 
Charleston. 

At  Scarytown  three  Federal  colo- 
nels, two  captains,  and  seven  men  are 
captured  by  the  Confederates. 

July  18.  W.  Va.  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston 
eludes  Gen.  Patterson  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley,  hastens  with  9,000  men  to 
reenforce  Gen.  Beauregard,  in  time  to 
defeat  Gen.  McDowell  at  Bull  Run  on 
the  2Ist. 

Mo.    At  Kansas  City  Ma].  Vanhorn 

defeats  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss, 
one  killed ;  Confederate  loss,  20  killed 
and  wounded. 

D.  C.    Mr.  Lowe   makes    a   balloon 

ascension,  at  Washington,  for  military 
information. 

J'o.    Battle  at  Blackburn's  Ford, 

near  Centerville.  Gen.  Tyler  loses  83 
killed  and  wounded  ;  the  repulsed  Con- 
federates lose  68  killed  and  wounded. 

Gen.  McDowell's  advance  reaches 
Centerville,  to  find  the  Confederates 
retired  to  Manassas  Junction,  an  im- 
portant railroad  center. 

July  21.  Va.  First  Battle  of  Btill 
Run:  Confederates  under  Gens.  Beau- 
regard and  Johnston  defeat  the 
Federals  under  G«n.  McDowell. 

The  Federal  army  becomes  panic- 
stricken,  and  retreats  toward  Washing- 
ton in  a  disorderly  rout.  Federals  lose 
481  killed,  1,011  wounded,  1,421  missing, 
besides  28  guns  and  5,000  small  arms. 
Confederate  loss,  387  killed,  and  1,682 
wounded. 

July  22.  W.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  is 
relieved  of  his  command  and  ordered  to 
Washington  ;  Gen.  W.  S.  Rosecrans  is 
his  successor. 

Mo.  Gen.  Sweeney  encounters  Con- 
federates at  Forsyth,  losing  two 
wounded ;  Confederates  lose  five  killed 
and  10  wounded. 

July  25.  Mo.  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont 
takes  command  of  the  Western  Depart- 
ment of  the  Federal  army. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1861  May  29.  The  asteroid  Feronia 
is  discovered  by  Peters  and  Safiford. 

July  1.  Jf.J.  Steel  guns  are  first  man- 
ufactured at  Trenton. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1861. 

Junes.  Douglas.  Stephen  Arnold,  M.C., 
sen.  for  111.,  dem.  candidate  for  Pres.  (Pop- 
ular Sovereignty),  A48. 

June  5.    Garland,  John,  Col.,  I .  S.  A.,  A69. 

June  10.  Winthrop,  Theodore,  author, 
inaj.  of  vols.,  k.  at  Big  Bethel,  A33. 

July  13.  Garnett,  Roliert  S.,  V.  S.  A.,  Con- 
fed,  brig.-gen.,  A42. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1861,  May  27- July  25.  19't 


CHURCH. 

1861  May  *  PhUa.  The  General  As- 
sembly (O.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets ;  J, 
Chester  Backus,  moderator. 

Only  13  Commissioners  are  present 
from  the  seceding  States  ;  it  approves 
patriotic  resolutions.  (Vote,  15G-Gti.)  The 
Southern  Commissioners  are  offended 
and  withdraw.  [The  resolutions  become 
the  alleged  reasons  for  the  organization 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the  Con- 
federate States.] 


SOCIETY. 

1861  May  »  Phila.  The  volunteers 
refreshment  saloon  Is  opened  in  a 
cooper-shop,  on  Otsego  Street.  [It  feeds 
600,000  soldiers  who  pass  through  the 
city  during  the  war.] 

June  9.  D.  C.  A  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
War. 

Members :  Rev.  Henry  W.  Bellows, 
D.D.,  Prof.  A.  D.  Bache,  Jeffries  Wy- 
man,  M.D.,  W.  H.  Van  Buren,  M.I)., 
R.  C.  Wood,  Surgeon-General ;  and  two 
army  officers,  G.  W.  CuUum  and  Alex- 
ander Shiras. 

June  13.  D.  C.  The  United  States  Sani- 
tary Commission  organizes  and  takes 
its  name. 

Fast-day  is  observed  In  the  Confeder- 
ate States. 

July  4.  President  Ijinooln's  message 
inspires  public  patriotism. 

•  *  Va.  The  holiday  illusion  respect- 
ing the  war  is  dispelled  at  Bull  Kun. 
A  great  lesson  is  taught  the  North. 

July  21.  General  gloom  prevails  in  the 
Northern  States  over  the  disastrous  de- 
feat at  Bull  Run  [followed  by  increased 
determination  to  preserve  the  Union]. 


STATE. 

1861  May  27.  Va.  Gen.  Benj.  F.  Butler 
of  Mass.  is  the  first  to  declare  fugitive 
slaves  contraband  of  war. 

May  30.  D.  C.  The  Treastiry  acquires 
$7,310,000  by  sale  of  bonds  at  rates  from 
85  to  93  per  cent,  and  $1,684,000  by  Treas- 
ury notes  at  par. 

May  *  Mass.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
amendment  to  the  Union  Fund  by 
which  the  governor  is  authorized  to 
issue  scrip  to  the  amount  of  $7,000,000, 
to  be  loaned  to  the  U.  S.  Government. 

May  *   Utah.    Gov.  Cununings  resigns. 

June  1.  Postal  communications  with 
seceding  States  are  prohibited. 

Ala.    The  Confederacy  removes  its 

capital  to  Richmond,  Va. 

June  3.  Chicoffo.  The  loyal  Democrats 
mourn  the  death  of  their  leader, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas. 

Ky.    A  Border  State  Convention 

is  held  at  Frankfort. 

It  commends  neutrality  to  Kentucky, 
and  urges  the  Federal  Government  to 
satisfy  the  slave  States  that  slave  prop- 
erty shall  not  be  interfered  with. 

June  6.  S.  C.  Gov.  Pickens  proclaims 
that  citizens  will  be  guilty  of  treason  if 
they  remit  money  to  pay  creditors  in 
the  North. 


June  8.  Tenn.  Tennessee,  the  11th 
State,  secedes  by  the  vote  of  the  people. 

U.  S.    The  aggregate  of  subscriptions 

for  carrying  on  the  war  amounts  to 
$32,000,000. 

June  10.  Fr.  Napoleon  TH.  proclaims 
neutrality  in  the  American  conflict. 

June  11.  ir.  Va.  A  loyal  State  Con- 
vention at  'Wheeling  declares  the 
offices  of  the  State  of  Virginia  are  made 
vacant  by  disloyalty,  and  proceeds  to 
fill  them  and  to  form  a  regular  State 
government. 

June  12,  Mo.  The  governor  by  procla- 
mation calls  for  50,000  militia  to  re- 
pel invasion,  and  then  flees  South. 

June  IS.  Tex.  Gov.  Clark  proclaims  the 
payment  of  debts  to  people  at  war  with 
the  Confederates  to  be  an  act  of  treason. 

June  19.  IT.  Va.  The  convention  at 
Wheeling  passes  an  ordinance  to  reor- 
ganize the  State  of  Virginia  on  a  loyal 
basis. 

June  20.  Ky.  In  a  special  election  for 
ten  members  of  Congress,  nine  Union 
men  are  chosen. 

U.    S.   Passports  from  the  Secretary 

of  State  are  required  of  persons  enter- 
ing the  South. 

Tenn.     A    Union    Convention    is 

held  at  Greenville,  and  grievances  are 
declared. 

IT.    Va.     The    convention    elects 

Francis  H.  Pierpont  governor. 

June  21.  Tenn.  A  Union  Convention 
at  Greenville,  in  East  Tennessee,  opposes 
the  secession  movement. 

June  24.  Tenn.  Gov.  Harris  by  procla- 
mation declares  the  State  out  of  the 
Union.  (Vote  of  the  people,  1M,913  for 
47,238  against.) 

June  27.  Del.  A  Peace  Convention 
is  held  at  Dover ;  it  condemns  the  war 
and  favors  a  peaceful  separation. 

June  30.  Statistics  for  1861.  Bevenue: 
customs,  $39,582,126 ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $870,659 ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold,  $33,631;  miscellaneous 
items,  $1,023,515.  Total  revenue,  $41,,W!),- 
930.  Expenditures:  War  Department. 
$22,981,150;  Navy  Department,  $12,420,- 
888;  Indians,  $2,841,358;  8,636  pensions. 
$1,036,064;  interest,  $4,000,174;  other 
civil  and  miscellaneous  items,  $23,267.- 
010.  Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $66,- 
546,615.  Excess  of  expenditure  over 
revenue,  $25,036,714.  Public  debt,  $90,- 
580,873.  Exports,  $219,653,833  ;  imports, 
$289,310,542. 

July  2.     Z).  C.     The    habeas   corpus   is 

further  extended  by  the  President. 
W.  Va.    The  first  Legislature  or- 
ganizes at  Wheeling. 
July  4.      D.  C.     The   37th   Congress 
opens  in  special  session.    Galusha  A. 
Grow  of  Pa.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Andrew  Johnson  is  the  only  Senator 
present  from  any  of  the  11  seceding 
States,  and  there  are  only  two  members 
in  the  House  from  those  States. 

John  J.  Crittenden  of  Ky.  is  an  emi- 
nent accession  to  the  House. 

President  Iiincoln's  message  states 
his  policy. 

"To  hold  the  public  places  and  prop- 
erty not  already  wrested  from  the  Gov- 


ernment, to  collect  the  revenue —relying 
for  the  rest  on  time,  discussion,  and  the 
ballot-box." 

President  Lincoln  asks  for  $400,- 
000,000  and  400,000  men. 

The  Treasurer  asks  Congress  to  pro- 
vide resources  for  the  fiscal  year, 
amounting  to  $318,519,581,  and  suggests 
that  $80,000,000  be  raised  by  taxation 
and  $240,000,000  by  loans. 

Julys.  D.  C.  The  President's  authority 
to  declare  martial  law  and  issue  writs  of 
habeas  corpus  is  sustained  by  Atty.-Gen. 
Bates. 

July  6.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  sends  a 
threat  of  retaliation  on  Union  pris- 
oners, if  13  persons  captured  on  the 
privateer  Savannah  are  executed. 

July  8.  J).  C.  The  Government  pro- 
hibits telegraph  communication  with 
respect  to  the  army,  unless  the  consent 
of  the  commanding  general  has  been 
obtained. 

July  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  first  great  'War-Iioan  Bill 
after  a  debate  in  committee  of  the  whole 
for  one  hour,  and  on  the  next  day  after 
its  introduction.    Vote,  105-5. 

July  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
expels  Mason  and  Hunter  of  Va.,  Cling- 
man  and  Bragg  of  N.  C,  Chestnut  of 
S.  C,  Nicholson  of  Tenn.,  Sebastian  and 
Mitchell  of  Ark.,  Hemphill  and  Wigfall 
of  Tex.  All  had  vacated  their  seats. 
Vote,  32-10. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  J  Senate :  Two 
Senators,  who  have  been  elected  by  the 
loyal  people  of  the  western  counties 
of  Virginia,  are  sworn  into  ofiice. 

July  17.  D.  C.  The  Loan  Act  becomes 
a  law. 

The  Treasury  may  offer  $250,000,000 
bonds  at  7  per  cent,  running  20  years,  or 
notes  at  7^  per  cent  interest,  payable 
after  three  years.  By  a  separate  sec- 
tion $100,000,000  may  be  offered  abroad. 

July  18.  Z).  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
Solomon  Foot  of  Vt.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

July  20.  Va.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  opens  its  third  ses- 
sion at  Richmond. 

Jefferson  Davis  delivers  his  second 
inaugural  address  to  the  Confederate 
Congress  at  Richmond, 

July  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Crittenden  Besolution,  de- 
fining the  object  of  the  war.  [July  25, 
it  is  adopted  by  the  Senate.] 

July  22-25.  Va.  Congress  passes  acts 
authorizing  the  raising  of  an  army  of 
a  million  men. 

UISCELLANEOnS. 

1861  June  1.  The  Confederate  dol- 
lar is  valued  at  90  cents. 

July  1.  Cal.  The  first  daily  overland 
mail  route  from  Missouri  to  San  Fran- 
cisco is  established. 

New  York.    Price  of  cotton,  14f  cents. 

July  18.  Kan.  The  first  overland  coach 
arrives  from  San  Francisco,  having  mad* 
the  trip  in  17  days. 


198     1861,  July25-0ct.4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  July  25.  Va.  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks 
supersedes  Geu.  Kobert  Patterson  as 
commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Shen- 
andoah. 

July  27.  D.  C.  Gen.  Geo.  B.  McClellan 
assumes  command  of  the  Department 
of  'Washington  and  Northeastern 
Virginia. 

His  force  consists  of  50,000  infantry, 
about  1,000  cavalry,  650  artillerymen, 
with  nine  imperfect  field  batteries  of 
thirty  pieces. 

July  *  The  Confederate  army  is  offi- 
cinlly  declared  to  number  210,000  men; 
400,000  more  are  authorized  by  the  Con- 
federate Congress. 

Aug.  2.  Mo.  Battle  of  Ihig  Spring : 
Gen,  Lyon  loses  nine  killed,  30  wounded; 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Bains,  lose  40 
killed  and  40  wounded. 

If,  Mex.   Maj.  Isaac  Lynde  surrenders 

Fort  Fillmore  and  a  force  of  700  Fed- 
erals to  Col.  John  K.  Baylor. 

Aug.  5.  Aid.  At  Point  of  Hocks,  Con- 
federates lose  three  killed,  two  wounded, 
and  seven  prisoners. 

Mo,    At  Athens,  Col.  Moore  loses  10 

killed  and  wuiindetl ;  Confederates  lose 
23  killed,  60  wounded. 

Aug.  7.  Col.  U,  S.  Grant  is  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers.  (His  commission  is  dated 
back  to  May  17.) 

Aug.  10.  Mo.  Battle  of  Wilson's 
Creek :  The  Federals  luider  Gens.  Lyon 
and  Sigel  have  a  desperate  fight  with 
the  Confederates  under  Gens.  Price  and 
McCuUoch  [and  fall  back  to  Springfield]. 
Federal  loss,  223  killed,  721  wounded, 
and  292  missing.  Confederate  loss,  265 
killed,  SOO  wounded,  and  30  missing. 
Gen.  Lyon  is  killed. 

Aug.  13.    W.  Va.   Near  Grafton,  Capt. 

Dayton  routs  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
21  killed  and  wounded. 

Aug.  16.     Va.     Gen.   John  E.  Wool 

takes  command  at  Fortress  Monroe. 
Aug.  19.    I),  a    Henry  W^.  Halleck  is 

cummissioned  major-general. 

Mo.    At  Charleston,  Col.  Dougherty 

and  Lieut. -Col.  Kansom  defeat  the 
Confederates  under  Col,  Hunter ;  Fed- 
eral loss,  one  killed  and  six  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  20  killed  and  wounded, 
and  17  prisoners. 

Aug.  20.  Va.  Gen.  George  B,  Mc- 
Clellan assumes  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  and  proceeds  to  reor- 
griniz©  it.  (He  fortifies  Washington 
until  32  forts  protect  it.) 

Aug.  26.  TV.  Va.  At  Cross  Lanes, 
Federals,  under  Col.  Tyler,  are  defeated, 
and  lose  15  killed,  40  wounded,  and  30 
prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss  unknown. 

Va.     The    Hatteras    expedition, 

commanded  by  Flag-of&cer  Silas  H. 
Stringham  and  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  leaves 
Fortress  Monroe ;  it  comprises  five  war 
vessels,  two  transports,  and  a  tug,  with 
a  force  of  800  men. 

Aug.  28,  29.  K.  a  The  Hatteras  ex- 
pedition bombards  Forts  Hatteras  and 
Clark  at  the  Inlet  till  they  surrender. 
Federals  lose  one  killed,  two  wounded  ; 
Confederates  lose  12  or  15  killed,  35 
wounded,  and  750  prisoners. 


Aug.  29.  Mo.  At  Iiexington  Federals 
lose  five  or  six  wounded  ;  Confederates, 
under  Col.  Reed,  lose  eight  killed,  sev- 
eral wounded. 

Aug.  31.  Mo.  Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont 
proclaims  martial  law  in  Missouri,  and 
military  emancipation  to  slaves  of 
secessionists. 

Aug.  *  Ky.  Gen.  "Wm.  Nelson  organizes 
Camp  Dick  Robinson  in  Garrard  County, 
for  mustering  Union  soldiers, 

Sept.  1.  Mo.  At  Bennett's  Mills,  Fed- 
erals lose  three  killed,  six  wounded. 

Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  assumes  command 
of  Southeastern  Missouri. 

Va.    At  Boone  Court  House,  the 

Federal  loss,  six  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  30. 

Sept.  4.  Ky.  The  Confederates  are  the 
first  to  violate  the  neutrality  of  the 
Border  States;  they  send  Gen.  Polk 
to  occupy  a  section  of  Kentucky  border- 
ing the  Mississippi. 

Columbus,  "  the  Gibraltar  of  the 
West,"  is  occupied  by  Gen.  Pillow  with 
6,000  men,  who  cross  the  river  from 
Madrid. 

Mo.    A  gunboat  reconnaissance  is 

sent  out  under  Gen.  Grant,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  [which  discovers  the  Con- 
federate occupation  of  Kentucky], 

Sept,  5.  III.  The  Grant  expedition, 
consisting  of  two  gunboats,  1,800  men, 
with  16  cannon  for  batteries,  leaves  Cairo 
for  Paducah,  Kentucky. 

Sept,  6.  Ky.  A  Union  force  under  Gen. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  enters  Kentucky  and 
occupies  Paducah. 

Sept.  10.  W.  Va.  Battle  of  Camifex 
Ferry  :  Gen.  Rosecrans  defeats  Con- 
federate Gen.  John  B.  Floyd  with  a  loss 
of  16  killed,  102  wounded;  Confederate 
loss  small. 

Ky.  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas  is  as- 
signed to  a  command  in  East  Kentucky. 

The  Confederacy  appoints  Gen.  A.  S. 

Johnston  to  command  the  Department 
of  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  and  parts  of 
Mississippi,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas, and  the  Indian  Territory. 

Sept.  10  +  .  Ky.  Cumberland  Pord  is 
occupied  by  six  regiments  of  Confeder- 
ates under  Brig.-Gen.  Zollicoffer,  which 
enter  the  State  through  Cumberland 
Gap  from  Tennessee. 

Sept.  12.  Mo.  At  Black  Eiver,  Maj. 
Gavitt  encounters  Confederates  under 
Col.  Talbot,  who  lose  five  killed  and  four 
prisoners. 

Sept.  12-14.  W.  Va.  Battle  of  Cheat 
Mountain  :  Gen.  Reynolds  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Lee.  Federal 
loss,  13  killed,  20  wounded,  and  60  prison- 
ers ;  Confederate  loss,  100  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  20  prisoners. 

Sept.  13,  Mo.  At  Boonville,  Federals 
under  Capt.  Eppstein  lose  one  killed 
and  four  wounded ;  Confederates  lose 
12  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Sept.*  W.  Va.  The  Confederates  send 
Gens.  John  B.  Floyd  and  Henry  A  Wise 
to  regain  West  Virginia. 

Sept.  14.  Mo.  At  Kansas  City,  Con- 
federates lose  seven  killed  and  six 
prisoners. 

Sept.  17.  Mo.  At  Morristown  Con- 
federates lose  seven  killed,  and  100 
horses  captured  with  tents  andsupplies. 


Battle  at  Blue  Mills  Landing : 
Lieut.-Col.  Scott  encounters  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Atchison  ;  Fed- 
eral loss,  100  killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  18.  Ky.  Bowling  Green  is  occu- 
pied by  Confederates  under  Geu.  Buck- 
ner  ;  a  part  of  his  command  advances 
to  Mumfordville.  This  Invasion  of 
Kentucky  is  proclaimed  to  be  a  meas- 
ure of  defense  against  an  alleged  inva- 
sion proposed  by  the  Federals. 

Sept.  18-20.  Mo.  Battle  of  Lexing- 
ton: Gen.  Price  besieges  the  Federals 
under  Col.  Mulligan,  who  surrenders 
after  the  exhaustion  of  his  supplies. 
Federal  loss,  42  killed,  108  wounded, 
and  1,624  prisoners;  Confederate  loss, 
25  killed,  75  wounded.  *'  Mulligan*s 
Surrender." 

Sept.  19.  Ky.  Lexington  is  occupied 
by  the  Union  Home  Guard  under  Col.  T. 
E.  Bramlette. 

Sept.  21.  Mo.  Battle  of  Papinsville : 
Gen.  Lane  loses  17  killed  and  40  wounded; 
Confederates  lose  40  killed,  22  wounded, 
and  100  prisoners,  also  all  their  tents 
and  supplies. 

Ky.  Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel,  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Ohio,  assumes  command. 

Sept.  23.  W.  Va.  At  Mechanic's  Gap 
the  Federals  lose  three  killed  and  10 
wounded ;  the  defeated  Confederates 
lose  15  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Sept.  24.  Count  de  Paris  and  Ihic  de 
Chartres  enter  the  Federal  service  as 
aids  to  Gen.  McClellan. 

Sept.  25.  W.  Va.  At  Chapmansville, 
Col.  Pratt  encounters  the  Confederates 
under  Col.  Davis ;  Federal  loss,  four 
killed  and  eight  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  20  killed,  50  wounded,  and  47  prison- 
ers ;  Col.  Davis  is  among  the  killed. 

Mo.    At  Osceola,  Col.  Montgomery 

loses  one  killed  and  four  wounded ;  the 
Confederates  lose  10  killed. 

Sept.  26.    Ky.    At  Lucas  Bend,   the 

routed  Confederates  lose  four  killed 
and  five  prisoners. 

Mo.    Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  takes 

the  field. 

Oct.  1±,  Va.  The  Confederates  be- 
fore Washington  begin  to  fall  back, 

Oct.  3.     W.  Va.    Battle  of  Greenbrier: 

Gen.  Reynolds  encounters  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Gen.  H.  R.  Jackson  in  an 
indecisive  battle.  Federal  loss,  eight 
killed  and  32  wounded ;  Confederate  loss, 
100  killed,  95  wounded,  and  13  prisoners. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1661. 

Aug:.  3.  Bowman,  Samuel,  asst,  P.  £.  bp. 
of  Pa.,A61. 

Aug.  10.  Lyon,  Nathaniel,  gen.  U.  S.Vols,, 
k.  at  Wilson's  Creek,  A43. 

Aug-.  13.  Reese,  David  M.,  physician,  au- 
thor, A61. 

Sept.  12.  Briggs.  Oeo.  H..  Gov.  of  Mass., 
M.  C,  A65. 

CHURCH. 

1861  Sept.  26.  U.  S.  Past-day  is  ob- 
served in  the  Northern  States,  by  procla- 
mation of  the  President. 


LETTERS. 
1861  •  *  Cal.    Pacific  College,  South- 
ern (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at  Santa 
Rosa. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1861,  July  25 -Oct.  4.  199 


*  *  Boston.    The  Boston  Review  appears. 

*  *  la.  Norwegian  Lutheran  Univer- 
sity is  organized  at  Decorah. 

*  *  III.  Northwestern  College  (Evan- 
gelical Ass'n)  is  organized  at  Napierville. 

*  •  III.  St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Teutopolis. 

*  *  La.  Jefferson  College  (Rom.  Catli.) 
is  organized  in  St.  James  parish. 

*  ♦  Mich.  Albion  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Albion. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  World  absorbs  the 
Courier  and  Enquirer. 

*  *  New  York.  Bellevue  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College  is  opened. 

*  ♦  New  York.  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  is  opened. 

*  •  .V,  Y.  St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Buffalo. 

Vasaar  College  is  founded  at  Pough- 
keepsie  by  Matthew  Vassar,  by  the  gift 
of  $408,000,  for  the  higher  education  of 
women. 

*  *  Wash.  Washington  Univor sit y 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Seattle, 

*  *  The  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  by  E.  C.  Sted- 
man,  appears. 

*  *  Cecil  Dreeme,  by  Theodore  'Winthrop, 
appears. 

*  *  Elsie  Venner,  by  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Exploration  and  Adventures  in  Equa- 
torial Africa,  by  Paul  B,  du  Chaillu, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Genius  of  SolitudCj  by  Alger,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Aug.  5.  President  Lincoln  signs 
an  act  of  Congress  forbidding  the  selling 
or  giving  intoxicating  drinks  to  sol- 
diers. 

Aug.  12.  Me.  A  mob  entirely  destroys 
the  office  of  the  Democrat,  a  secession 
newspaper  at  Bangor. 

Sept.  12.  Mo.  Two  slaves  of  Thomas 
L.  Snead,  a  secessionist  of  St.  Louis,  are 
manumitted  by  Gen.  Fremont. 

STATE, 

1861  JulySli.  Mo.  A  loyal  conven- 
tion deposes  the  governor  and  otlier 
fugitive  State  officers ;  Hamilton  R. 
(Jamble  is  appointed  provisional  gover- 
nor. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  Gen. 
Baker  of  Ore.  makes  a  speech,  in  whioli 
he  characterizes  the  utterances  of 
Senator  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  as 
"  words  of  brilliant,  polished  treason." 

J'a.    Citizens  who  hold  office  under 

the  Federal  Government  are  declared 
chargeable  with  treason  against  the 
State. 

Aug.  2.  i>.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
confiscating  all  the  slaves  employed 
by  the  Confederates  for  military  pur- 
poses. 

Aug.  3.  Mo.  Joint  protection  is  offered 
by  Gov.  Gamble  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment to  those  in  arms  who  peaceably 
return  to  their  homes. 


Aug.  5.  D.  C.  The  Morrill  Tariff  is 
increased  with  an  extended  schedule, 
and  radically  changes  the  policy  of 
revenue. 

The  average  imports  on  dutiable  ar- 
ticles are  raised  from  19  to  36  per  cent, 
and  on  total  importations  from  15  to  28 
per  cent. 

Congress  passes  a  supplemental  Loan 
Act,  permitting  the  Treasurer  to  issue 
6  per  cent  treasury  notes,  running  20 
years,  and  allowing  holders  of  seven- 
thirties  to  exchange  their  notes  for  such 
bonds ;  limit,  $50,000,000. 

It  enacts  a  direct  tax  of  $20,000,000  to 
be  levied  annually  upon  the  States. 

The     Cabinet     disagree ;     Secretary 

Welles  contends  for  the  closing  of 
Southern  ports  in  preference  to  a 
blockade. 

Mo.  A  declaration  of  State  inde- 
pendence is  issued  by  Gov.  Jackson  at 
New  Madrid,  on  his  return  from  Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Aug.  6.  I).  C.  Congress  confiscates 
the  property,  including  slaves,  of  ene- 
mies of  the  United  States. 

The  37th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

It  has  appropriated  $207,000,000  for  the 
Army,  $56,000,000  for  the  Navy,  and 
passed  in  all  76  public  acts,  72  of  which 
relate  to  the  war. 

Aug.  13.  IJ.  C.  The  British  Govern- 
ment opens  official  communication 
with  the  Confederate  Government, 
through  Consul  Bunch,  relative  to  pri- 
vateering. [Secretary  Seward  demands 
his  removal ;  England  refuses.] 

Aug.  14.  Va.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress warns  all  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  14  years  old  and  upwards,  to  re- 
move from  the  Confederate  States 
within  40  days. 

Aug.  16,  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  seceding  States  in  a  condition  of 
insurrection,  and  forbids  all  commer- 
cial intercourse  with  them. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  banks  promptly  sub- 
scribe for  $50,000,000  loan,  and  receive 
seven-thirties.  [Afterwards  they  fur- 
nish $50,000,000  more.] 

Aug.  20.  W.  Va.  The  convention  at 
Wheeling  adopts  an  ordinance  for  a 
new  State. 

Aug.  22.  Va.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  at  Richmond  closes 
its  third  session, 

Aug.  30.  Mo.  Gen.  Fremont  declares 
the  State  under  martial  law. 

Aug.  *  Missouri  decides  to  be  neutral 
during  t*lie  war  [but  the  State  becomes 
the  center  of  a  great  conflict  between  the 
two  armies]. 

Sept.  2.  Ky.  The  Legislature  meets,  and 
proceeds  to  arm  the  State  against  in- 
vasion by  either  the  Federals  or  the 
Confederates. 

Sept.  4.  Ky.  Confederates  are  the  first 
to  violate  the  neutrality  of  Kentucky  by 
an  armed  invasion. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  re- 
vokes Oen.  Fremont's  emancipation 
order. 


Ky.  A  resolution  passes  the  Legisla- 
ture ordering  the  Confederate  troops 
to  leave  the  State  ;  the  Federals  are  not 
included  in  the  order. 

Sept.  12.  Ky.  A  resolution  of  the  Legis- 
lature requires  the  governor  to  call  out 
the  State  troops  to  expel  the  Confeder- 
ate invaders. 

Gen.  Buckner  issues  an  address  from 
Russellville  calling  upon  the  people  of 
Kentucky  to  rise  in  armed  resistance 
against  the  usurpations  of  Abraham 
Lincoln. 

Sept.  13.  Ky.  Gov.  Magoffin,  by  direc- 
tion of  the  Union  Legislature,  issues  a 
proclamation. 

It  announces  that  "  Kentucky  expects 
Confederate  orTennessee  troops  to  with- 
draw from  the  State  unconditionally." 
[Jefferson  Davis  replies  that  they  will  be 
withdrawn  if  the  Federal  army  will  also 
be  excluded.  The  Legislature  rejects 
the  condition  proposed.] 

Sept.  16.  Ky.  Gov.  Magoffin  protests 
against  the  entrance  of  either  Federal 
or  Confederate  armies  into  Kentucky, 
as  it  is  a  neutral  State. 

D.  C.    Congress;   House:    A  bill  is 

read  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
the  District  of  Columbia. 

Sept.  17.  Md.  Many  members  of  the 
l^egislature  being  under  arrest  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  no  meeting  is  held. 

Sept.  21.  D.  C.  John  C.  Breckinridge 
leaves  the  Senate  [and  joins  the  Con- 
federacy]. 

Sept.  24.  Ky.  The  House  passes  a  bill 
for  raising  a  force  of  40,000  men  to  repel 
the  Confederates.  It  provides  that 
they  shall  be  mustered  into  the  Federal 
army. 

Sept.  *  Ky.  The  Legislature  requests 
Gen.  Robert  Anderson  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter fame  to  take  command  of  the  State 
troops  ;  the  resolution  is  passed  over  the 
governor's  veto. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  July*  Mass.  The  contractors  aban- 
don work  in  the  Hoosac  Tunnel. 

July  *  The  Emperor  of  Russia  sends 
to  the  United  States  Government  ex- 
pressions of  good-will — saying  he  hopes 
the  Union  will  not  be  dissolved. 

Aug.  16.  Intercourse  between  the 
North  and  the  South  is  restricted  to 
persons  bearing  passes. 

Aug.  *  Pa.  Great  excitement  prevails 
in  the  valley  of  Oil  Creek,  where  a  single 
flowing  well  yields  3,000  barrels  of  pe- 
troleum oil  in  a  day. 

Sept.  18.  La.  The  banks  of  New  Or- 
leans suspend  specie  payments. 

Sept.  *  The  telegraph  line  between 
Denver,  Colo.,  and  Sacramento,  Cal., 
is  completed. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  cotton,  21  ^ 
cents. 

Oct.  4.  Va.  Aeronaut  La  Montaine 
makes  an  ascension  in  the  service  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  passes  over  the 
Confederate  lines,  and  later  descends  in 
Maryland. 


200    1861,  Oct.  8-Dec.  19. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1861  Oct.  8.  Ky,  At  Hillsborough : 
Lieut.  Sadler  encounters  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Capt.  HoUiday.  Federal 
loss,  three  killed  and  three  wounded  , 
Confederate  loss,  11  killed,  29  wounded, 
and  22  prisoners. 

Gen.  "W".  T,  Sherman  supersedes 
Gen.  Robert  Anderson. 

Fla,    Fort  Pickens  is  attacked  by 

Confederates. 

Oct.  9.  Fla.  At  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Col.  Wilson  encounters  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Anderson ;  Federal  loss.  13 
killed,  29  wounded,  and  24  prisoners  ; 
Confederate  loss,  11  killed,  29  wounded, 
and  22  prisoners. 

Oct.  11.  La.  New  Orleans  is  placed  un- 
der Confederate  martial  law. 

Oct.  12.  La.  The  Confederate  ram 
Manassas  strikes  the  Federal  steamship 
Jiichmond,  under  Capt.  John  Pope,  while 
coaling  at  New  Orleans. 

Mo.    At  Cameron  in  Kay  County, 

Maj.  James  loses  one  killed  and  four 
wounded;  routed  Confederates  lose 
eight  killed  and  live  prisoners. 

S  C.     The  Confederate  envoys  run 

the  blockade  in  the  night  at  Charleston. 
(See  Trent  affair,  Nov.  8.) 

Oct.  13.  Mo.  Near  r>ebanon,  Maj. 
Wright  defeats  the  Confederates  imder 
Capts  Lowell  antl  Wright.  Feiieral  loss, 
one  killed ;  Confederate  loss,  62  killed 
and  wounded  and  30  prisoners. 

At  Beckwith's  Farm,  Lieut.  Tufts 
loses  two  killed,  five  wounded,  and  three 
missing ;  Confederates  lose  12  killed  and 
wounded. 

Oct.  15.  D.  C.  Gen,  McClellan  has 
an  army  of  150,000  under  his  imme- 
diate cominand- 

Mo.    At  Big  River  Bridge,  Federals 

defeat  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Thompson  and  burn  the  bridge.  Fed- 
eral loss,  one  killed  and  six  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  five  killed  and  four 
wounded. 

Oct.  16.    Mo.    At  Ironton,  Mai.  Gavitt 

defeats    the   Confederates  under   Gen. 

Thompson.      Federal    loss,    11    killed ; 

Confederate  loss,  36  killed  and  wounded. 

The  Federals  occupy  Xjexington. 

Oct.  19.  Mo.  At  Big  Hurricane  Creek, 

Col.  Morgan  defeats  the  Confederates. 
Federal  loss,  14  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  14  killed  and  eight  prisoners. 

At  Fredericktown,  the  Confeder- 
ates, under  Gen.  Thompson  and  Col. 
Lowe,  are  defeated,  and  lose  80  prison- 
ers and  four  heavy  guns.  Ccd  Lowe  is 
killed  ;  Federal  loss,  seven  killed  and  60 
wouudea . 

Oct.  21.     Va.   Battle  of  Ball's  Bluff  on 

the  Potomac  :  Col.  Baker  crosses  the 
river  in  force  to  reconnoiter ;  is  at- 
tacked by  the  Confederates  under  Col. 
Evans,  defeated,  and  among  the  killed. 

Federals  lose  49  killed,  158  wounded, 
714  missing ;  Confederates,  under  Col. 
Evans,  lose  33  killed,  115  wounded  and 
prisoners. 

Oct.  22.  Mo.  At  Buffalo  Mills.  Con- 
federates lose  20  killed  and  60  prisoners. 

Oct.  23.  Mo.  At  "West  Liberty,  Con- 
federates lose  10  killed,  five  wounded, 
and  six  prisoners. 

Ky.   At  Hodgesville,  Lieut.  Grayson 

loses  three  wounded  ;  Confederates  lose 
three  killed  and  five  wounded. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  The  President  orders 
that  Gen.  Fremont  surrender  his  com- 
mand to  Gen.  Hunter. 


Oct.  25.  Mo.  Battle  of  Springfield: 
Maj.  Zagonyi  is  routed  by  the  Confeder- 
ates and  loses  15  killed,  27  wounded,  and 
10  missing ;  Confederate  loss,  106  killed 
and  27  missing. 

Oct.  26.  W.  Va.  At  Romney,  Gen. 
Kelley  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Col.  McDonald.  Federal  loss,  two  killed 
and  14  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  20 
killed,  15  wounded ;  McDonald  and  500 
men  are  made  prisoners. 

Oct.  27.  />■  C.  Gen.  McClellan  reports 
the  strength  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac at  168,318,  with  147,695  present 
for  duty,  and  more  en  route. 

Mo.     At   Plattsburg,   Confederates 

lose  eight  killed  and  12  wounded. 

Oct.  29,  Va.  The  Port  Boyal  expedi- 
tion sails  from  Fortress  Monroe  under 
Capt.  Samuel  F.  Dupont,  and  Gen. 
Thomas  W.  Sherman. 

It  comprises  one  frigate,  14  gunboats, 
34  steam  transports,  and  26  sailing  ves- 
sels, and  10,000  troops,  or  about  22,000, 
including  the  crews  of  the  vessels. 

Oct.  30,  Gen.  McClellan  reports  Gen. 
Johnston's  army  as  numbering  150,000 
men  ;  Gen.  Johnston  reports  an  effective 
total  of  41,000  men. 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  liieut.-Gen.  Winfield 
Scott  resigns  the  command  of  the 
Army. 

Oct.  *  S.  C.  The  Confederate  steamer 
Nashville  runs  the  blockade  at 
Charleston.  [She  returns  with  a  cargo 
worth  $3,000,000.] 

Oct.  *  Tenn.  The  Union  men  in  East 
Tennessee  burn  many  railroad  bridges 
to  delay  the  movement  of  Confederate 
troops.  By  order  of  Jefferson  Davis, 
Union  men  charged  with  bridge  burn- 
ing are  hanged,  prisons  are  filled  with 
suspects,  and  a  reign  of  terror  prevails. 

Nov,  1,  D.  C.  Gen,  George  B.  Mc- 
Clellan is  appointed  (13th)  Commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Army  of  the  United 
States. 

Nov.  2.  Gen.  Fremont  surrenders  his 
command  to  Gen.  Hunter,  who  is  sent 
to  supersede  him, 

Mo.  At  Platte  City,  Maj.  Joseph  en- 
counters Confederates  under  Silas  Gor- 
don ;  they  lose  13  killed  and  woimdod, 
and  30  prisoners. 

Nov.  6,  ///.  Gen.  Grant  sends  an  ex- 
pedition—  3,000  men  and  two  gunboats 
—  from  Cairo  down  the  river, 

Nov,  7.  Mo.  Battleof  Belmont:  Gens. 
Grant  and  JlcClernand  defeat  the  Con 
federates  under  Gen.  Polk,  but  are 
finally  driven  back  to  their  boats.  Fed- 
eral loss,  79  killed,  289  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  105  killed,  419  Vounded, 
and  235  prisoners. 

Nov.  8.  Ky.  At  Piketon,  Gen.  Nelson 
defeats  the  Confederates ;  Federal  loss, 
Fix  killed  and  24  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  400  killed  and  wounded. 

S.  C.    Battle  of  Port  Koyal:  The 

Port  Boyal  expedition  (at  Hilton 
Head)  bombards  Forts  "Walker  and 
Beauregard  till  the  Confederates  are 
driven  out,  and  the  Federals  gain  pos- 
session. Federal  loss,  eight  killed  and 
23  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  11  killed 
and  48  wounded,  and  42  guns. 


Capt.    Charles   Wilkes,   of    the    San 

Jacinto,  overhauls  the  British  mail 
steamer  Treitt  from  Havana,  and 
forcibly  removes  James  M.  Mason  and 
John  Slidell,  the  Confederate  envoys  to 
Great  Britain  and  France.  [He  conveys 
them  to  Boston.]    (See  State.) 

Nov.  9.  I).  C.  The  Department  of  Mis- 
souri is  organized,  and  the  Department 
of  the  Ohio  is  extended  to  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee. 

J'a.  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  re- 
organizes the  Confederate  Army  of 
Virginia. 

Nov.  10.  W.  Va.  At  New  River,  Fed- 
erals lose  eight  killed,  and  10  wotmded. 

At  Guyandotte.  Col.  K.  V.  Whaley 
loses  eight  killed,  12  wounded,  and  45 

prisoners. 

Nov.  11.  Mo.  AtKansas,  Col.  Anthony 
encounters  Confederates,  loses  ei^ht 
killed  and  eight  woimded,  and  with- 
draws. 

Nov.  12.  IV.  Va.  At  Bomney,  Feder- 
als lose  two  killed;  Confederates  lose  12 
prisoners. 

Nov.  14.  W.  Va.  At  McCoy's  Mill. 
Gen.  Benham  encounters  Confederate 
Gen.  Floyd,  who  loses  15  killed. 

Nov.  18.  Mo.  Gen.  HaUeck  takes  com- 
mand of  the  "Westem  Department. 

Nov.  20.  Mo.  Gen.  HaUeck  issues 
Order  No.  3,  forbidding  the  admission  of 
fugitive  slaves  into  Federal  camps. 

J'a.     Gen.     McClellan    reviews    the 

Army  of  the  Potomac,  70,000  strong. 

Nov.  22.  Fla.  At  Fort  Pickens,  Fed- 
erals lose  two  killed  and  14  wounded. 

Nov.  19.  Boston.  The  San  Jacinto  ar- 
rives with  the  Confederate  Commission- 
ers, Mason  and  Slldell,  on  board,  for 
incarceration  in  Fort  Warren. 

Va.  At  liancaster.  Col.  Moore  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Lieut.-Col. 
Blanton.  Federal  loss,  one  killed  and 
two  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  13 
killed,  many  wounded  and  some  pris- 
oners. 

Nov.  26.  Va.  At  Drane8ville,Col.  Bay- 
ard loses  two  wounded ;  Confederates 
lose  two  killed  and  four  prisoners. 

Nov.  29.  Mo.  At  Black  "Walnut 
Creek,  Maj.  Hough  loses  six  wounded  : 
Confederates  lose  17  killed  and  live 
prisoners.    Maj.  Hough  is  wounded. 

Nov,  *  The  blockade  of  the  Southern 
ports  hecojues  effective. 

Dec.  3.  Mo.  At  Salem,  Maj.  Bo  wen  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Cols.  Free- 
man and  Turner.  Federal  loss,  15  killed 
and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss  un- 
known. 

D.  C.    The  Secretary  of  War  reports 

the  army  strength  to  be  660,971 ,  including 
610,637  volunteers ;  it  comprises  550,000 
infantry,  6,000  cavalry,  and  25,000  artil- 
lery. 

ITie  Secretary  of  the  Navy  reports  264 
war-vessels,  carrying  2,557  guns  and 
22,000  men. 

Dec.  4.  Mo.  At  Dunksburg,  the  Con- 
federates, under  Capts.  Young  and 
Wheatly,  lose  seven  killed  and  10 
wounded. 

Va.    At  Vienna,  Federals  lose  46 ; 

Confederate  loss  not  reported. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1861,  Oct.  8 -Dec.  19.    201 


Dec.  4.    Ky.   At  "Whippoorwill  Bridge 

Fe^rals  lose  Icmr  wounded ;  Coufeder- 
ateT lose  six  killed  and  wounded  aud  11 
prisouers. 

Dec.  5.  Ky.  At  Brownsville  the  Fed- 
eral Home  Guards  lose  three  killed  aud 
five  wounded. 

Dec.  7.  jr.  Va.  At  Dam  Number  6 
Confederates  are  defeated,  losing  two 
killed. 

Mo.     At  Olatbe  Federals  lose  two 

killed  ;    Confederates  lose  three  killed 

and  fire  wounded. 
Dec.  11.    Mo.    At  Bertrand  Lieut.-Col. 

Rhodes  loses  one  killed ;  Confederates 

lose  16  prisouers. 

Dec.  13.  W.  Va.  At  Camp  Alleghany 
Brig.-Gen.  Milroy  loses  21  killed,  107 
wounded,  and  10  missing  ;  Confederates 
under  Col.  E.  Johnson  lose  20  killed  and 
96  wounded. 

Dec.  19.  Mo.  At  Milford  Col.  Davis 
defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose  1,300 
prisoners,  besides  wagons  and  stores. 
Federal  loss,  two  killed  and  eight 
wounded. 

At   Shawnee   Motind  the  Federals 
under  Gen.  Pope  take  150  prisouers. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1861  Nov.  *  -Dec.  *  Cal,  Disastrous 
floods  prevail  during  four  weeks  of 
rain ;  mills,  dams,  and  houses  are  swept 
away.    Loss,  $10,000. 

Dec.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Society  of  Natural 
Sciences  is  organized  in  Buffalo. 

*  ♦  The  Gatling  gun  is  first  patented. 
±*  *  John  S.  Rarey  attracts  attention 

by  his  skill  in  horse-training. 

CHURCH. 

1861  Nov.  14.  A  special  convention  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
results  in  the  organization  of  the  XT.  S. 
Christian  Commission  for  service  with 
the  armies, 

Dec.  4.  Ga.  The  Southern  Presbyteri- 
ans meet  at  Augusta.  They  proceed  to 
form  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
Confederate  States  of  America,  and 
appoint  a  committee  on  Foreign  Missions . 

LETTERS. 

1861  *  *  History  of  France,  by  Parke 
Godwin,  appears. 

*  *  Lectures  oti  the  English  Language,  by 
G.  P.  Marsh,  appears. 

*  *  Life  in  the  Iron  Mills,  by  Rebecca  H. 
Davis,  appears. 

*  •  The  Magic  Marriage,  by  Charles  Gay- 
ler,  appears. 

*  *  The  Man  Withcmt  a  C&wntry^  by  E.  E. 
Hale,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1861  Nov.  *  Partisan  elections  are 
practically  obliterated. 

Nov.  *  There  is  great  rejoicing  in  the 
North  over  the  seizure  of  Mason  and 
Slidell,  the  Confederate  Commission- 
ers.   (See  Army—  Navy.) 

Dec.  14.  Phila.  Christ  Church  Hos- 
pital Is  completed.    (Begtm  in  1856.) 


STATE. 

1861  Oct.  12.  S.C.  James  M.Mason  and 
John  Slidell,  Confederate  Commis- 
sioners to  European  courts,  sail  from 
Charleston  Harbor  in  the  Confederate 
steamer  Theodore  [and  go  to  Havana]. 

N.  C.    A  convention  is  held  in  Hyde 

County ;  it  aids  the  Union  movement  by 
declaring  the  independence  of  the  State 
government.    [It  is  soon  suppressed.] 

Oct.  16.  Mo.  Each  civil  officer  is  re- 
quired by  the  State  Convention  at  Jef- 
ferson City  to  subscribe  to  an  oath 
within  60  days  to  support  the  Constitu- 
tion. 

Oct.  17.  Eng.  Lord  John  Kussell  pro- 
poses a  somewhat  peremptory  summons 
to  the  conflicting  governments  in  the 
United  States  that  they  abandon  their 
strife.  [Lord  Palmerston  does  not  ap- 
prove.] 

Oct.  21.  Mo.  A  special  session  of  the 
Legislature,  called  by  Gov.  Jackson, 
meets  at  Neosho. 

Oct.  24.  W,  Va.  The  ordinance  for  form- 
ing a  new  State  is  approved  by  a  vote 
of  the  people. 

Oct.  28.  Mo.  An  act  of  secession  is 
passed  by  the  Legislature  in  session  at 
Neosho. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  The  Government  has  in- 
carcerated 174  persons  in  Fort  Lafay- 
ette during  the  past  four  months, 

Nov.  5.  California  ceases  to  be  a  Demo- 
cratic State,  and  elects  Leland  Stanford 
(Rep.)  for  governor. 

Kan.    A  vote  is  cast  for  locating  the 

State  capital:  Vote,  —  Topeka,  7,990; 
Lawrence,  5,291 ;  other  cities,  1,184. 

Nov.  6.  A  general  election  is  held  in 
the  Confederate  States  imder  the  per- 
manent Constitution ;  Jefferson  Davis 
of  Miss,  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens 
of  Ga.  are  elected  to  the  highest  offices 
for  six  years. 

Nov.  8.  Mason  and  SHdeU  are  seized. 
(See  Army  and  Navy.) 

[The  Confederate  Commissioners  are 
given  up,  thus  establishing  a  principle 
in  international  law  for  which  the 
United  States  had  invariably  con- 
tended.] 

Nov.  9.  Ala,  The  Confederate  Congress 
admits  Kentucky  into  the  Confederacy. 

Nov.  18.  N.  C.  A  Union  Convention 
meets  and  declares  the  State  offices 
vacant;  it  elects  M.  N.  Taylor  pro- 
visional governor. 

Ky.     A   Sovereignty    Convention 

(Confederate)  is  held  at  Russellville, 
Logan  County ;  65  counties  are  repre- 
sented. 

It  passes  an  ordinance  of  secession, 
and  elects  George  W.  Johnson  provis- 
ional governor,  and  Bowling  Green  for 
the  capital. 

Va.    The  Confederate  Provisional 

CongresSf  at  Richmond, opens  its  fourth 

session, 
Nov.  19.    Boston.    Mason   and  SUdell 

arrive  here  on  board  the  San  Jacinto. 
Nov.  24.    Mass.    Mason  and  Slidell  are 

imprisoned  at  Fort  Warren. 


Nov,  25.  Nev.  Carson  City  is  chosen 
by  the  Legislature  as  the  capital. 

Nov.  26.  jr.  Va.  A  convention  meets 
at  "Wheeling  to  form  a  State  constitu- 
tion. 

Nov.  *  If.  S.  The  strife  between  Re- 
publicans and  Democrats  intensifies. 

Nov.  30.  7).  C.  England  orders  Ijord 
Lyons,  the  British  minister,  to  leave 
the  country  if  Mason  and  Slidell  are 
not  released  within  seven  days. 

Ky.    An  ordinance  of  secession  is 

passed    by    an     unauthorized    "  Sover- 
eignty Convention."    (Lossing,  Oct.  29.) 

Pec.  2.  D.  C.  The  37th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 

Dec.  *  L>.  C.  Congress ;  House  ;  Ga- 
lusha  A.  Growof  l*a.  is  elected  Speaker. 
Vote,  99-CO. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  Lyman  Trum- 
bull of  111.  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
confiscation  of  the  property  of  reb- 
els, and  giving  freedom  to  the  persons 
they  hold  in  slavery. 

Congress  gives  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
Capt.  Wilkes  of  the  Sa7i  Jacinto.  (See 
Army,  Nov.  8.) 

Congress:  The  House  requests  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  Ball's  Bluff  disas- 
ter. **  A  blunder  so  gross  that  all  men 
can  see  it."    (Roscoe  Conkling.) 

Dec.  3.  Congress;  House:  An  open 
division  begins  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion, by  the  rejection  of  W.  S.  Holman's 
resolution  to  reaffirm  the  Crittenden 
resolution  of  July  22.    Vote,  71-65. 

Dec.  4i.  D.  C.  Secretary  Chase  recom- 
mends a  National  banking  system, 
which  shall  give  the  nation  entire  con- 
trol of  the  currency,  and  abolish  State 
banks. 

Congress:  The  Senate  expels  John 
C.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  for  treason. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  the  is- 
sue of  $10,000,000  in  bonds,  and 
$2,000,000  in  Treasury  notes. 

Dee.  9.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
resolves  that  a  joint  committee  of  the 
two  Houses  (Senate  3,  House  4),  be  ap- 
pointed that  shall  inquire  into  the  con- 
duct of  the  war,  with  necessary  power. 
Vote,  33-3.  (The  House  concurs  on  Dec. 
10.) 

Dec.  14.  Ky.  The  Confederate  Legis- 
lature meets  within  the  Confederate 
lines  and  elects  10  delegates  to  represent 
the  State  in  the  Confederate  Congress. 

Dec.  16.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  A 
bill  is  introduced  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  Oct.  25.  West.  The  Pacific  Tele- 
graph line  between  St.  Louis  and  San 
Francisco  is  completed. 

Nov.  14.  N.  H.  Much  of  the  business 
part  of  Concord  is  burned. 

Dec.  1.  Southern  States.  The  Confed- 
erate dollar  is  worth  80  cents.  [Dec.  15 
it  drops  to  75  cents.] 

Dec.  11.  S.  C.  A  great  Are  in  Charles- 
ton causes  a  loss  of  S5,000,000. 


202    1861,  Dec.  20-1862,  Feb.  6. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1861  Deo.  20.     Jo.    At  DranesviUe 

Uen.  Ord  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Uen.  Stuart.  Federal  loss,  seven  killed, 
61  wounded,  and  three  prisoners ;  Con- 
federate loss,  70  killed,  143  wounded, 
and  44  prisoners. 

Mo.  At  Hudson  Maj.  McKee  de- 
feats the  Confederates,  who  lose  10 
killed  aud  17  prisoners. 

Deo.  21.  S.  C.  The  Federals  sink  17 
old  hulks  to  blockade  the  channel  of 
Charleston  Harbor. 

Dec.  22.  Vn.  At  Newport  News  and 
New  Market  Bridge  Maj.  Schoepf  loses 
six  wounded  j  Confederates  lose  10 
killed. 

Dec.  23.  Mo.  Maj  .-Gen.  Halleck  pro- 
claims St.  Louis  under  martial  law. 

Dec.  25.  X>.  C.  Brig.-Gen.  Samuel  K. 
Curtis  is  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Federal  forces  in  Southwest  Mis- 
souri. 

Dec.  27.  S.  C.  The  Confederate  priva- 
teer Isabel  escapes  from  Charleston 
Harbor, 

Dec.  28.  Mo.  At  Mount  Zion  Col. 
John  Glover  loses  three  killed  and  46 
wounde<i ;  Confederates  lose  25  killed, 
150  wounded,  and  40  prisoners. 

Dec.  31.  Miss.  A  Federal  naval  force 
under  Capt.  Melancthon  Smith  captures 
the  town  of  Biloxi. 

Dec.  *  Gen.  Eobert  E.  Lee  Is  put  in 
command  of  the  Confederate  coast 
defenses  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

*  *  La.  The  Federal  sloop-of-war  Brook- 
lyn blockades  the  port  of  New  Orleans. 

•  ♦  Henry  M.  Stanley  enlists  in  the 
Confederate  Army. 

1862  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  Federal 
Army  consists  of  19,871  regulars,  507,333 
volunteers.    Present  for  duty,  527,204. 

•  *  The  war  greatly  increases  in  mag- 
nitude and  intensity. 

Jan.  3.    Va.    Big  Bethel  is  occupied  by 
a  Federal  force. 
Confederates  evacuate  Nashville. 

*  *  S.  C.  At  Port  Koyal  Ferry  Gen. 
Stevens  loses  three  killed  and  11 
wounded  ;  Confederates  retreat  with  the 
loss  of  six  killed  and  12  wounded. 

Jan.  4.  W.  Va.  At  Bath  Federals  re- 
tire,losing  threekilled  and  30  prisoners ; 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Jackson,  lose 
seven  killed. 

At  Huntersville  Maj.  "Webster  cap- 
tures $50,000  worth  of  Confederate  army 
stores  ;  two  Confederates  are  killed  and 
seven  wounded. 

Jan.  5 .  D.C.  Gen.  Stone  is  apparently 
exonerated,  before  a  Congressional 
Committee,  from  all  responsibility  in 
the  Ball's  Bluff  disaster. 

Jan.  7.  W.  Va.  At  Blue  Gap  Federal 
Col.  Dunning  captures  three  cannon  ; 
Confederate  loss,  16  killed  and  20 
prisoners. 

Thirty  miles  east  of  Sutton  Col.  H. 
Anisansel  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  22  killed  and  wounded. 

—  N.  C.  Gen.  A.  E.  Bumside  is  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  North  Carolina. 

Jan.  8.  Mo.  At  Silver  Creek  Maj.  Tor- 
rence  loses  three  men  killed  and  10 
wounded  ;  the  Confederates,  under  Col. 
Poindexter,  lose  12  killed,  22  wounded, 
15  prisoners,  and  retreat. 


W.  J'a.     At  Komney  Confederates 

lose  15  killed,  several  wounded,  and  20 
prisoners. 

Jan.  9.  Ky.  Gen.  Grant,  with  the  co- 
operation of  Flag-officer  Andrew  H. 
Foote,  leaves  Cairo,  and  begins  a 
movement  up  the  Tennessee  River,  on 
Fort  Henry  [and  returns]. 

Jan.  10.  Ky.  After  a  struggle.  Col. 
James  A.  Garfield  defeats  Confederate 
Col.  Humphrey  Marshall  at  the  battle 
of  Middle  Creek  on  the  Big  Sandy 
River.  Federal  loss,  two  killed  and  25 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  40  killed, 
many  wounded.  [Marshall  leaves  Ken- 
tucky.] 

Jan.  11.  Va.  The  Hatteras  Expedi- 
tion of  20  war  vessels,  and  an  army  of 
12,829  men,  under  Gen.  Bumside  and 
Flag-officer  Goldsborough,  sails  from 
Fort  Monroe. 

Jan.  13.  A\  C.  Burnside's  expedition 
to  Roanoke  Island  arrives  at  Hatteras 
Inlet. 

Jan.  17.  Fla.  Cedar  Keys  is  captured 
by  the  Federals. 

Jan.  19.  Xy.  Battle  of  MiU  Springs : 
Gen.  Thomas  defeats  the  Confeder.ites 
under  Gen.  ZoUicoffer,  who  is  killed. 

Federal  loss,  38killed  and  194  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  ]90killed,  lOOwounded, 

89  prisoners,  1,200  horses  and  mules,  100 
wagons,  aud  10  guns. 

Jan.  23.  S.  C.  A  stone  fleet  is  simk 
by  the  Federals,  to  obstruct  the  channels 
of  Charleston  Harbor. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  The  President  issues 
an  order,  in  which  he  commands  a  gen- 
eral advance  against  the  Confederates 
on  the  22d  of  February. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  The  War  Department 
directs  Gen.  McClellan  to  arrest  Gen. 
Stone,  who  commanded  at  Ball's  Bluff, 
on  charges  too  indefinite  to  be  frameiJ. 
[He  is  confined  in  Fort  Lafayette  six 
months,  and  then  restored  to  duty  with- 
out reparation  or  trial.] 

Jan.  30.  N.  Y.  The  Monitor,  the  first 
turreted  war-vessel,  is  launched. 

Jan.  *  Mo.  Gen.  Price  begins  a  guerrilla 
uprising  against  the  Federals ;  roads 
are  destroyed,  bridges  are  burned,  and 
outrages  committed. 

Feb.  2.  III.  A  formidable  land  and 
naval  exiredition  under  Gen.  Grant  and 
Capt.  A.  II.  Foote  leaves  Cairo. 

Feb.  2-4.  III.  Gen.  Grant  and  Flag- 
officer  Foote  begin  a  movement  against 
Fort  Henry  with  seven  gunboats  and 
15,000  men  on  transports. 

Feb.  3.  Ena.  The  Confederate  steamer 
Nashville  is  ordered  to  leave  South- 
ampton. 

Feb.  6.  Tenn.  Capt.  Foote  takes  Fort 
Henry  on  the  Cumberland  River  ;  Gen. 
Tilghman  and  his  staff  are  among  the 

90  prisoners  ;  the  land  forces  are  com- 
manded by  Gen.  Grant.  Federal  loss, 
40  killed  and  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  five  killed,  10  wounded,  83  prison- 
ers, 20  guns,  and  a  large  amount  of 
stores. 

N.  C.    The  Burnside  Expedition, 

having  crossed  a  difflcvilt  bar,  now  ad- 
vances to  Roanoke  Island. 


ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

*  *  The  Henry  rifle,  firing  15  shotff  bo- 
fore  reloading,  is  patented. 

*  *  JVcw  York.  W.  Stanley  Haseltine  of 
Rome,  Italy,  Aaron  D.  Shattuck  of 
Granby.  Conn.,  William  L.  Sonntag, 
Worthingtou  Whittredge,  Henry  A. 
Loop,  and  David  Johnson  of  New  York, 
are  elected  members  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Useful  metals  are  discovered  in  Michi- 
gan, gold  in  Snake  River,  Oregon,  and 
coal  near  Denver,  Colorado. 

*  *  Laramie  Peak  is  painted  by  Albert 
Biers  tadt. 

*  *  The  group  The  Picket-guard  is  exe- 
cuted by  John  Rogers. 

*  '•'  A  bronze  statuette.  The  Freedman,  is 
executed  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward. 

1862  Jan.  31.  Mass.  A  star  [now 
known  as  the  Companion  of  Sirius]  is 
discovered  by  A.  Clarke  at  Cambridge. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1861. 
Dec.  SI.    Turner,  Samuel   H.,  P.  E.  cl., 

theologian,  critic,  ATI. 

•  •  Bradford.  Wni.  H.,  Pres.  cl.,  editor,  A61. 

•  *  Farnham,  Ralph,  rev.  soldier,  A95. 

•  *  Hartman,  Charles  S.,  M.  C.  for  Mont., 
born  in  Ind. 

1883. 

Jan.  3.  Blunt,  Edmund  March,  nautical 
writer,  A92. 

Jan.  10.  Colt.  Samuel,  inventor  of  revol- 
ver, A48. 

Jan.  18.  Tyler,  John,  Gov.  of  Va.,  sen., 
Vice-Pres.,  lOtli  Pres.  of  U.  S.,  mem.  Con- 
federate conR.,  A72. 

Jan.  19.  ZoUlooiler.  Felix  K..  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  Confederate  brig.-gen.,  k.  at  Mill 
Springs,  A  50. 

CHURCH.  • 

1861  *  ♦  Ca.  The  Southern  General 
Synod  (Evangelical  Lutheran)  secedes 
on  the  slavery  question. 

»  *  III.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ;  R. 
D.  Harper,  moderator. 

*  •  A^.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Brooklyn. 

»  *  A'.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Syracuse ;  J.  B. 
Condit,  moderator. 

»  »  0.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Va.  The  American  Missionary  So- 
ciety opens  its  flrst  day-school  for 
freedmen  at  Hampton  Roads. 

*  'The  New  School  Presbyterians 
withdraw  from  the  American  Home 
Missionary  Society,  and  organize  the 
Presbyterian  Committee  of  Home 
Missions. 

»  ♦The  United  Synod  South  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  of  Holston  is  organized. 

1862  Jan.  2.  Pa.  Wm.  Bacon  Stevens 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Pennsylvania. 

SOCIETY. 
1861    Deo.'*  D.C.    "  I,abor  is  the  su- 
perior of  capital,  and  deserves  much 
the  higher  consideration."    (President's 
Message.) 


UNITED    STATES.    1861,  Dec.  20-1862,  Feb.  6.   203 


•  *  D.  C.  Congress  begins  to  develop 
an  opposition  to  slavery,  by  declaring 
that  all  slaves  employed  in  military  or 
naval  service  shall  be  made  free  bysuch 
act. 

Dec*  Boston.  The  New  England 
■Women's  Auxiliary  Association  is 
organized  for  the  benefit  of  the  soldiers. 

•  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  Branch  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  is  organized. 

•  *  Tex.  The  State  Iiunatic  Asylum  at 
Austin  is  opened. 

•  *U.  S.  Army:  Gens.  Butler,  McClel- 
lan,  and  Banks  issue  orders  exclud- 
ing all  liquors  from  their  respective 
commands. 

•  •  Suspected  secessionists  in  the  North 
are  forced  to  speak  for  the  loyal  cause, 
and  ultra  Southern  newspapers  are  com- 
pelled to  display  the  National  flag. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  navy  ration  is  made  a 
gill  of  spirits,  with  the  right  to  draw 
half  a  pint  of  wine,  or  provisions,  or 
money  instead. 

•  *  A  gill  of  whisky  daily  is  allowed  by 
Congress  to  each  man  in  the  navy  in 
cases  of  excessive  fatigue  and  exposure. 

•  *  -65  *  •  The  eight-hour  movement 
obtains  great  headway  during  the  pros- 
perous times  of  the  war. 

STATE. 

1861  Dec. 20.  B.C.  Congress:  The 
committee  on  the  conduct  of  the  war 
elect  Benj.  F.  Wade  of  O.  chairman  ; 
members,  Chandler  of  Mich.,  Johnson 
of  Tenn.,  Gooch  of  Mass.,  Covode  of  Pa., 
Julian  of  Ind.,  and  Odell  of  N.Y. 

Dec.  21.  D.  C.  The  Cabinet  decides 
that  troops  shall  not  pass  through 
Baltimore,  if  they  are  not  interrupted 
when  in  transit  remote  from  the  city  of 
Baltimore.  Virginia  is  in  arms  south 
of  Washington,  and  Maryland  to  the 
north. 

Dec.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  increases  the 
duties  on  tea,  coffee,  and  sugar,  a^  a 
war  measure. 

Dec.  25.  Mo.  Martial  law  is  extended 
to  all  railroads  in  the  State. 

Dec.  30.  n.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  E. 
G  Spaulding  of  N.  Y.  introduces  the 
original  Legal-tender  Bill. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  The  term  of  enlistment  is 
changed  from  one  to  three  years,  and  a 
bounty  of  $50  is  offered. 

•  •  Colo.  The  first  Legislature  meets  at 
Denver. 

•  *  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House  meets 
with  much  obstruction,  opposition, 
and  criticism  from  some  of  its  mem 
bers,  chiefly  C,  L.  Vallandigham  of  O. 
and  H.  C.  Burnett  of  Ky. ;  the  Senate  is 
vexed  with  J.  C  Breckinridge  of  Ky. 
until  his  departure  southward. 

•  *  D.  C.  The  President  accedes  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  which 
abolish  privateering,  and  define  the 
rights  of  neutrals;  but  England  and 
France  stipulate  that  this  action  shall 
liave  no  bearing  on  "  the  internal  differ 


ences  in  the  United  States."    [The  con- 
dition is  unaccepted.] 

*  *  D.V.  Noah  H.  Swayne  of  O.  is  ap- 
pointed Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court. 

Dec.  *  Mil.  The  Legislature  appropri- 
ates $7,000  to  be  distributed  by  the 
Governor  of  Massachusetts  among  the 
families  of  those  killed  in  the  Baltimore 
riot. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Legislature  establishes  the 
Metropolitan  police  force  of  St.  Louis. 

*  *  New  York.  C.  Godfrey  Gunther  is 
elected  the  74th  mayor. 

*  ♦  Tlie  16  eminent  and  able  governors  of 
the  Northern  States  become  popularly 
known  as  *•  "War  Governors." 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-63  *  *  Ala.    John  G.  Shorter. 
-63  *  *  Dak.  (Ter.).    Wm.  Jayne. 
-65  *  *  Fla.    John  Milton. 

-65  *  •  III.    Kichard  Yates. 
-67  *  •  Ind.    Oliver  P.  Morton. 

Kan.  (Ter.)    George  M.  Bebee. 

Kan.    Charles  Robinson. 
-65  *  *  Kan.    Thomas  Carney. 
-63  *  *  Ky.    James  F.  Robinson. 
-66  *  *  Mass.    John  A.  Andrew. 
-63  •  *  Me.    Israel  Washburn,  Jr. 
-64  *  »  Mich.     Austin  Blair. 

Mo.    Claiborne  F.  Jackson. 
-64  *  *  Mo.    Hamilton  R.  Gamble. 
-ee*  *  Neb.  (Ter.).    Alvan  Saunders. 
-62*  *N.  C.    H.T.Clark. 
-63  *  *  N.  H.    Nathaniel  S.  Berry. 
-64  •  •  Nev.  (Ter.).    James  W.  Nye. 
-65*  *  N.Mex.(Ter.).   Henry  Connolly. 

Pa.    Andrew  G.  Curtin. 
-62  *  *  R.  I.    John  K.  Bartlett. 

Tex.    Edward  Clark. 
-63  *  *  Tex.    Francis  R.  Lubbock. 
-64  *  *  J7.  (Ter.).    Stephen  S.  Harding 
-63  *  *  Vt.     Frederick  Holbrook. 

Wash.  (Ter.).    R.  D.  Gohlson. 

Wash.  (Ter.).    Wm.  H.  Wallace. 
-67  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    Wm.  Pickering. 

W.  Fa.    Francis  H.  Pierpont. 
-62  *  *  Wis.    Louis  P.  Harvey. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law  de- 
claring the  property  of  volunteers  free 
from  execution  for  debt  during  their 
time  of  service. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the 
acceptance  of  ten  regiments  beyond 
the  number  required  from  the  State, 
and  votes  $500,000  to  support  them. 

*  *  17.  The  Legislature  repeals  the  Per- 
sonal Liberty  Bill  of  1858,  as  opposed 
to  the  Federal  Constitution. 

1862    Jan.  1.     D.  C.    The  Government 
surrenders  Mason  and  Slldell  on  the 
demand  of  the  British  ministry.    [They 
sail  for  Europe.] 
It  suspends  specie  payments. 

Jan.  7.  III.  A  convention  meets  to 
form  a  new  constitution  ;  it  ratifies  the 
13th  Amendment,  assumes  legislative 
power,  and  frames  a  Constitution. 

Jan.  11.  D.  C.  Simon  Cameron  of  Pa. 
resigns  the  office  of  Secretary  of  War, 
and  Bdwin  M.  Stanton  of  O.  takes  his 
place. 

Jan.15.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected  President 


pro  tempore.  Jesse  D.  Bright  of  Ind.  is 
expelled  from  the  Senate  for  disloyal 
utterances. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Legal-tender  Bill  is  reported  by  its 
author,  Mr.  Spaulding,  of  N.Y. 

Utah.  A  second  Territorial  Conven- 
tion meets  at  Salt  Lake  City,  to  frame 
a  constitution  for  the  State  of  Deseret. 

Jan.  25.  Va.  Henry  S.  Foote  of  Miss. 
offers  peace  resolutions  in  the  Confeder- 
ate Congress  at  Richmond. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  issues 
*'  General  War  Order  Number  1,"  com- 
manding a  general  advance  to  be  made 
against  the  Confederates  on  Feb.  22. 

Jan.  *  I).  C.  The  Federal  Government  is 
in  "a  three-fold  contest  —  a  military 
one  with  the  Confederacy  :  a  diplomatic 
and  moral  one  with  the  governments  of 
England  and  France ;  and  a  financial 
one  with  the  money  power  of  Europe." 
(Blaine.) 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  An  offer  of  mediation  by 
France  is  presented  by  the  French  min- 
ister at  Washington. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Mr. 
Morrill  of  Vt.  expresses  the  sanguine 
feeling  of  the  public  by  ridiculing  the 
suggestion  that  the  war  is  to  be  pro- 
longed until  July  1 ,  1863 ;  he  pre- 
dicts peace  by  July  30,  next  ensuing. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Legal-tender  Bill  passes.  Vote,  93-59 ; 
yeas  are  all  Republican.  •'  It  was  the 
most  momentous  financial  step  ever 
taken  by  Congress."    (Blaine.) 

Sec.    Seward    declines    the   proffered 
mediation  of  France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861  Dec.  21.  Eng.  There  is  a  great 
excitement  in  England  over  the  reported 
attempt  of  the  Federals  to  destroy  the 
harbor  of  Charleston  by  sinking  17  old 
hulks,  in  blockading  the  port. 

Dec.  30.  The  banks  of  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Boston  suspend  specie 
payments,  owing  to  the  depositors 
withdrawing  gold  to  sell  at  a  premium. 
[Resumed  18  years  later.] 

Deo.  31.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  1861, 
89,724. 

*  * //(.  Graceland  Cemetery,  near 
Chicago,  is  incorporated. 

*  *  Md.  After  two  failures  a  submarine 
cable  is  successfully  laid  between  Bal- 
timore-and  Fortress  Monroe. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Produce  Exchange 
is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Letters  addressed  to  the 
Confederate  States  are  sent  to  the 
dead-letter  office. 

1862  Jan.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  cot- 
ton, 35i  cents. 

Conn.    New  Haven  is  supplied  with 

water  from  Mill  River. 

Jan.  •  U.  S.  Petroleum  reaches  the  low- 
est price  — 10  cents  per  barrel  for  crude 
oil. 

Feb.  1.  Southern  States.  The  Confed- 
erate dollar  is  worth  60  cents. 


204    1863,  Feb.  7-Apr.  L 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1862    Feb.  7.    ■N'-  C.     The  irar  vessels 
engage  the  shore  batteries  on  Koanoke 
Island ;  the  army  lands. 

Va.    At  Fairfaoc  Court  House  Col. 

Friedman  loses  two  wounded ;  Confed- 
erates lose  one  killed,  12  prisoners. 

Feb.  8.  iV.  C.  Com.  L.  M.  Goldsborough 
and  Gen.  Burnside  take  Koanoke  Is- 
land, losing  37  killed,  214  wounded ; 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Wise,  lose  23 
killed,  58  wounded,  2,700  prisoners,  also 
six  forts,  40  guns,  and  3,000  small  arms. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Capt.  David  G.  Far- 
ragut  is  appointed  to  the  West  Gulf 
Blockading  Squadron. 

—  Va.  Gen.  Stone  is  relieved  of  his 
command,  placed  under  arrest,  and  im- 
prisoned.   (See  Jan.  5.) 

Kan.    Martial  law  Is  proclaimed. 

Feb.  10.  N.  C.  Commander  Rowan  takes 
Elizabeth  City,  and  destroys  four  Con- 
federate gunboats  ;  three  escape. 

Va.    At  Linn   Creek   Capt.  Smith 

loses  one  killed  and  one  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  eight  killed,  seven 
wounded,  and  17  prisoners. 

The  Confederate  Government  orders 
all  Union  prisoners  to  be  released. 

ir.  Va.    Gen.  Banks'  army  crosses 

the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and 
advances  on  Charlestown. 
Feb.  13,  14.  Tenn.  Gen.  Grant  invests 
Fort  Donelaon,  and  the  Confederates 
repulse  an  assault  on  one  of  their  bat- 
teries by  Gen.  MeClernand's  division ; 
Flag-offlcer  Foote  arrives  in  the  eve- 
ning with  six  gunboats;  Federal  reen- 
forcements  also  arrive, 
(Feb.  14.)  Gen.  Grant,  with 30,000 men, 
attacks  Fort  Donelson ;  fierce  artillery 
duels  follow,  and  desperate  sorties  are 
made  by  the  Confederates. 

Capt.  Foote  bombards  Fort  Donel- 
son with  six  gunboats,  two  of  which  are 
disabled.  Foote  is  wounded. 
(Feb.  15.)  Confederates  attempt  to 
break  through  Grant's  lines  at  Fort 
Donelson  and  are  repulsed  ;  by  a  gen- 
eral assault  Grant  drives  them  to  their 
inner  works. 
(Feb.  16.)  Gens.  Floyd  and  Pillow,  hav- 
ing departed  in  the  night.  Gen.  Buok- 
ner  surrenders  Fort  Donelson  to 
Gen.  Grant. 

Federal  loss,  510  killed.  2,152  wounded, 
224  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  2,000 
killed  and  wounded,  13,829  prisoners, 
and  40  guns. 
Feb.  14.  Va.  At  Blooming  Gap  Gen. 
Lander  loses  seven  killed  ;  Confederates, 
under  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson,  lose  13  killed, 
20  wounded,  and  65  prisoners,  Including 
17  officers. 

Ky.  AtFlatliiokFordCol.  Munday 

encounters  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
four  killed,  four  wounded,  and  three 
captured. 
Feb.  16.  /).  C.  Gen.  TT.  S.  Grant  is  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  major-general  for 
his  brilliant  services  at  Fort  Donelson. 

+  The  North  is  electrified  with  the 

report  of  Gen.  Grant's  victory.  He 
becomes  the  hero  of  the  war  in  a  day, 
and  is  called  "  Unccmditimial  Surren- 
der," "  United  States,"  and  "  Uncle  Sam  " 
Grant,  instead  of  UlyiMt  S.  Grant. 


Feb.  17.  Ark.  At  Sugar  Creek  the 
Federals  repel  a  Conlederate  charge, 
losing  13  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  18.  Gen.  Halleck  announces  that 
Gen.  Curtis  has  driven  Gen.  Price  from 
Missouri. 

Mo.     At    Independence    Federals 

lose  one  killed  and  three  wounded  ;  Con- 
federates under  Quantrell  and  Parker 
lose  three  killed. 

Feb.  21.  N.  Mex.  At  Valverde  (Fort 
Craig)  Col.  Canby  loses  68  killed,  100 
wounded,  35  missing  ;  Confederate  loss, 
240  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  22.  Ky.  At  Pound  Gap  Col. 
James  A.  Garfield  surprises  a  Confeder- 
ate camp;  several  prisoners  are  cap- 
tured, 

Tenn.     Martial  law  is  proclaimed 

in  West  Tennessee. 

Va.    The  President's  order  of  Jan.  27 

for  a  general  advance  of  the  army  is 
not  obeyed. 

Feb.  24.  Ark.  Fayetteville  is  captured 
by  the  Federals,  after  being  fired  by  the 
Confederates. 

Feb.  25.  Tenn,  Gen.  Nelson's  division 
of  Gen.  (jrant's  array  lands  and  occu- 
pies Nashville ;  Gen.  Buell,  by  forced 
marches,  arrives  opposite  the  city  at 
nearly  the  same  time. 

Feb.  28.  N.  C.  The  Confederate  steamer 
Nashville  runs  the  blockade  at  Beaufort. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Gen.  W.  S.  Eoaeorans 
is  appointed  major-general. 

Ga.    Brunswick  is  captured  by  the 

Federals. 

Ky.    The  Confederates  evacuate  the 

stronghold  at  Columbus,  because  of 
the  surrender  of  Fort  Donelson.  [Their 
forces  concentrate  100  miles  below  Cairo 
at  Island  Number  10.] 

Mar.  3.  Mo.  Gen.  Fope,  with  10,000 
Federals  [soon  increased  to  20,000  men] 
appears  before  New  Madrid,  and  be- 
gins a  siege. 

Va.     Gen.    McClellan    directs    Gen. 

Halleck,  his  accuser,  to  arrest  Gen. 
Grant  if  the  good  of  the  service  re- 
quires it. 

Gen.  Grant,  having  left  his  command 
without  permission,  is  ordered  to  yield 
command  to  Gen.  C.  F.  Smith,  and  re- 
main  at  Fort  Henry. 

Mar.  4.  Tenn.  At  Pittsburg  Landing 
Federals  lose  five  killed  and  five 
wounded ;  Confederates  lose  20  killed, 
200  wounded. 

Mar.  5.  A'ew  York.  John  Ericsson's  tur- 
reted  ironclad  Monitor  is  completed, 
and  delivered  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  trial. 

. Gen.  Beauregard  assumes  command 

of  the  Confederate  Army  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. 
Mar.  6.    2few  York.     John  Ericsson's 
turreted  ironclad.  Monitor,  sails  for 
Fort  Monroe. 
Mar.  7,  8.    Ark.    Battle  of  Pea  Bidge, 
or  Elkhom:  Gens.  Curtis,  Sigel,  As- 
both,  and  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  with  10,500,  de- 
feat 16,202   Confederates    under    Gens. 
Van  Dorn,  Price,  McCulloch,  and  Pike. 
Federal  loss,  203  killed.  980  wounded, 
and  201  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss  1,100 
to  1,300.     Gens.  McCulloch,  Mcintosh, 
and  Slack  are  among  the  killed. 


Mar.  7.  Va.  At  'Winchester  Capt. 
Cole  has  three  wounded ;  Confederates 
lose  six  killed  and  five  wounded. 

Gen.  Johnston  begins  the  evacuation 
of  Manassas,  in  anticipation  of  a  Fed- 
eral advance. 

Ga.  —  Fla.    Fort  Church  and  St.  Mary 

(Ga.)  and  Fernandina  (Fla.)  are  taken 
by  the  Dupont  expedition. 

Mar.  8.  I).  C.  The  President  issues  Gen- 
eral War  Order  No.  2;  he  orders  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  to  be  divided 
into  four  corps  :  — 

Generals  :  Irvin  McDowell  is  to  com- 
mand the  1st  corps  ;  E.  V.  Sumner,  the 
2d ;  S.  P.  Heintzelman,  the  3d :  E.  D. 
Keyes,  the  4th  ;  Gen.  J.  S.  Wadsworth 
is  to  command  the  defense  of  Washing- 
ton, and  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  a  6th  corps 
soon  to  be  formed. 

President  Lincoln  issues  General 
■War  Order  No.  3. 

He  commands  that  no  change  shall  be 
made  in  the  base  of  operations  without 
providing  for  the  security  of  Washing- 
ton, and  that  an  immediate  attempt  be 
made  to  capture  Confederate  batteries 
on  the  Potomac. 

Va.  At  Hampton  Boads  the  Fed- 
eral frigate  Vumberland  is  sunk  by  the 
Confederate  ironclad  Merrimac,  and 
the  Congress  is  burned. 

Great  anxiety  pervades  the  North, 
concerning  the  safety  of  its  great  cities, 
because  of  the  apparently  invincible 
Merrimac. 

Mar.  9.  Va.  At  Hampton  Eoads  the 
turret  ironclad  battery  Monitor  ar- 
rives in  the  nick  of  time,  and  in  a 
nearly  harmless  duel  of  five  hours  de- 
feats the  Merrimac,  which  retires  to 
Norfolk. 

Mar.  10.  New  Mexico  is  occupied  by 
Confederate  troops  from  Texas. 

Va.   Gen.  MoClellan's  great  army 

of  nearly  200,000  men  crosses  the  Poto- 
mac in  an  advance  toward  Richmond. 
[They  find  Manassas  evacuated.] 

Tenn.  The  Tennessee  Kiver  ex- 
pedition under  Gen.  Smith  lands  at 
Savannah- 
Mar.  11.  D.  C.  The  departments  of 
Kansas  and  Missouri  are  united  in  one 
under  Gen.  Halleck. 

The  Mountain  Department  is  formed 
in  Western  \irginia  ;  Gen.  Fremont, 
commander. 

The  Department  of  the  Mississippi  is 
formed  ;  Gen.  Halleck,  commander. 

All  commanders  are  to  report  directly 
to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Fta.    St.  Augtistine  is  surrendered 

to  the  Federals  without  a  struggle. 

Va      McCiellan's   advance  occupies 

Centerville. 

Gen.  McClellan  is  relieved  of  the  com- 
mand of  other  departments,  and  assumes 
personal  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  com- 
mands the  Mountain  Department,  in 
[West]  Virginia. 

Mar.  12.  Fla.  Jacksonville  is  surren- 
dered to  Capt.  Samuel  F.  Dupont. 

Mar.  13.  Mo.  Gen.  Henry  W.  Hal- 
leck assumes  command  of  the  three 
Western  departments. 

Gen.  Pope  occupies  New  Madrid, 
on  the  Mississippi ;   the  Confederates 


UNITED   STATES. 


1862,  Feb.  7-Apr.l.     205 


retire,  losing  100  killed,  $100,000  worth 
of  stores,  and  25  guns. 
Gen.  Pope  captures  Point  Pleasant. 

j'a.  Gen.  Banks  occupies  "Winches- 
ter witli  a  Federal  army. 

Gen.  McClellan  proposes  a  change  of 
base  near  Fort  Monroe.  [The  President 
approves.] 

All  persons  in  the  Federal  service  are 

forbidden  to  return  fugitive  slaves  to 
Confederate  owners. 

Mar.  14.  N.C.  New  Berne  is  captured 
from  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Branch,  by  Gen.  Burnside,  after  a  battle 
of  four  hours  ;  Gens.  Foster,  Reno,  and 
Parke  support  Burnside.  Federal  loss, 
91  killed,  4G6  wounded :  Confederate  loss, 
W  killed,  101  wounded,  and  413  prisoners, 
with  six  forts  mounting  64  guns. 

Ky.     At  Cumberland  Mountains 

Cols.  Carter  and  Keigwin  defeat  Con- 
federates, who  lose  three  killed,  six 
wounded,  18  prisoners. 

Tenn.  Gen.  Smith  provides  19  steam- 
boats as  transports,  and  orders  Gen. 
Sherman  to  ascend  the  Tennessee 
River  towards  East  Port,  and  destroy 
railroads  and  bridges. 

Mar.  15-18.  Tenn.  Flag-officer  Foote 
bombards  Island  Number  10,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  with  a  gunboat  fleet. 

Mar.  ♦  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  changes 
his  plan,  and  determines  to  approach 
Richmond  by  marching  up  the  penin- 
sula from  YorktowB. 

Mar.  17.  Tetm.  Gen.  Grant  resumes 
general  command  in  person,  with  three 
divisions  at  Savannah  and  two  at  Pitts- 
burg Landing. 

Va.    The   Army  of  the  Potomac 

begins  to  embark  for  Yorktown,  in  chan- 
ging its  base. 

Mar.  21.  N.  C.  Washington  is  occupied 
by  the  Federals. 

The  Departments  of  the  Gulf  and 
the  South  are  created. 

Mar. *  Va.  Federal  Gen.  Banks 
moves  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley  in 
force. 

Mar.  22.  Mo.  At  Independence  the 
Confederates  iinder  Quantrell  are  de- 
feated. Federal  loss,  one  killed ;  Con- 
federate loss  seven  killed,  11  wounded. 

Mar.  22,  23.  Va.  At  "Winchester 
(Kernstown)  Gen.  Shields  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Thomas  J. 
Jackson,  who  retreat  in  disorder  [and 
are  pursued  to  Harrisonburg].  Federal 
loss,  103  killed,  440  wounded,  and  24 
prisoners.  Confederate  loss,  691  killed 
and  wounded. 

Mar.  23 it.  Tenn.  Gens.  Johnston  and 
Beauregard  unite  their  armies  at  or 
near  Corinth. 

Mar.  26.  Mo.  At  Hxmiansville  Confed- 
erates lose  15  killed  and  many  wounded. 

. Col.  Near  Denver  City,  50  Confeder- 
ate cavalrymen  are  captured. 

Mar.  28.  N.  Mex.  At  Vallis  Ranch 
(Apache  Cafion)  Col.  Slough  loses  20 
killed,  54  wounded,  and  35  prisoners  ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  lose  80  killed, 
100  wounded,  and  93  prisoners. 

Mar.  29.  Mo.  At  "Warrensburg  Capt. 
Thompson  defeats  the  Confederates 
under  Col.  Parker.  Federal  loss,  two 
killed  ;  Confederate  los.s,  15  killed  and 
25  prisoners. 


Mar.  *  Mo.  Col.  J.  "W.  Bissell  connects 
the  river  and  a  bayou  below  Island  Num- 
ber 10,  by  cutting  a  path  for  boats  through 
a  forest. 

Mar.  *  Va.  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  re- 
turns from  the  inspection  of  the  sea- 
coast  defenses,  and  resumes  command 
of  the  Confederates  in  Virginia. 

*  ♦  The  Army  is  reorganized. 

Gen.  Halleck  is  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  West,  Gen.  Hunter  to  that 
of  the  South,  Gen.  Butler  to  that  of  the 
Gulf,  Gen.  Fremont  to  the  Mountain 
Department  of  Western  Virginia  and 
Eastern  Tennessee,  Gen,  Banks  to  the 
Shenandoah,  Gen.  McDowell  to  the 
Rappahannock,  and  Gen,  McClellan  to 
the  Department  of  the  Potomac, 

Mar.  31.  Tenn.  At  Union  City  a  Con- 
federate camp  with  extensive  stores  is 
captured. 

Apr.  1.  N.  C.  Gen,  Burnside  takea 
Beaufort. 

Ark.  At  Putnam's  Ferry  Confeder- 
ates are  defeated,  and  stores  captured. 

Va.      At    Woodstock   Gen.     Banks 

drives  back  the  Confederates. 

Apr.  1-7.  Ky.  Island  Number  10,  in 
the  Mississippi  River,  near  the  north- 
west corner  of  Tennessee,  is  besieged 
and  captured  by  Flag-officer  Foote  and 
Gen,  Pope.  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Mackall  lose  17  killed  and  many 
wounded,  together  with  6,300  prisoners, 
and  70  guns.  This  victory  opens  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  Federals. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

lees. 

Feb.  20.  Appleton,  Wm.,  Boston  mer- 
chant, phUan.,  A76. 

Feb.  26.  Kelton,  ComellDS  C, prea.  of  Har- 
vard, AM. 

Mar.  1.  Lander,  Fred.  W.,  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.,  A 40. 

Mar.  7.  McCnlloch,  Ben,  Confed.  brig,- 
gen.,  k.  at  Battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  A5I. 

Mar.  14.  Meade,  William,  P.  K.  bp,,  an- 
thor,  A73, 

Mar.  18.  Whpaton,  >'&thaniel  S.,  P.  E. 
clergyman,  A70. 

CHURCH. 

1862  Mar.  6.  Ala.  Richard  Hooker 
Wilmer  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Alabama. 


SOCIETy. 

1862  Feb.  21.  Nev)  York.  Nathaniel 
P.  Gordon,  convicted  of  engaging  in  the 
slave-trade,  is  hanged  [the  first  execu- 
tion in  the  United  States  for  this  offense 
in  40  years]. 

Feb.  22.  D,  C.  The  Capitol  is  Illumi- 
nated in  celebration  of  recent  victo- 
ries ;  many  believe  the  war  is  near 
its  close. 

Mar.  6.  I>.  C.  Th©  President,  In  his 
message,  requests  Congress,  to  provide 
a  scheme  for  the  gradual  emancipa- 
tion of  slaves  in  the  border  States,  with 
compensation. 

Mar.  9.  5.  C.  About  60  teachers  arrive 
from  the  North  to  Instruct  and  care  for 
the  f  reedmen. 

STATE. 
1862    Feb.  8,    D.  C.    The  Government 
prohibits  the  circulation  of  the  Chicago 
Times. 


Feb.  12.  X).  C,  Congress:  The  limit 
of  demand  notes  is  raised  to  $60,000,000, 
of  which  $10,000,000  are  to  be  of  less 
denomination  than  $5,  and  in  addition 
to  issues  previously  authorized. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Xjegal-tender  Bill  passes,  with  an 
amendment  providing  for  the  payment 
of  the  debt  in  coin.    Vote,  30-7. 

Feb.  17.  Va.  The  Confederate  Pro- 
visional Congress  at  Kichmond  closes 
its  last  session. 

Feb.  18.  Va.  The  First  Confederate 
Congress  meets  at  Kiclimoud. 

Feb.  20.  Tenn.  The  Secessionists  re- 
move the  capital  to  Memphis^ 

Feb.  22.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  is  in- 
augurated President  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States,  at  Richmond,  under  the  per- 
manent Constitution, 

Feb.  23.  I).  C.  The  President  appoints 
Andrew  Johnson  military  governor  of 
Tennessee. 

Feb.  25.  JJ.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Legal-tender  Act,  as  reported  by  the 
conferees  of  both  Houses,  and  it  be- 
comes a  law. 

Treasury  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$500,000,000  are  to  be  issued  at  6  per 
cent  interest,  redeemable  at  the  pleas- 
ure of  the  Government  after  five  years, 
and  payable  in  20  years;  also  $150,000,000 
in  notes  witliout  interest,  none  less  than 
$5,  and  one-third  of  these  in  lieu  of  the 
same  amount  under  the  act  of  July  17, 
1861  :  all  to  be  exempt  from  taxation,  a 
legal  tender  for  all  debts,  public  and 
private,  except  duties  on  imports  and 
interest  on  the  public  debt.  The  notes 
are  nicknamed  '*  greenbacks." 

Mar.  3.  Utah.  The  people  ratify  the 
Constitution. 

Mar.  *  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  An- 
drew Johnson  resigns  Iiis  seat  at  the 
request  of  President  Lincoln,  to  become 
military  governor  of  Tennessee. 

Mar.  6,  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a  mes- 
sage from  President  Lincoln. 

He  recommends  the  adoption  of  a  joint 
resolution  declaring  that  *'  the  United 
States  ought  to  cooperate  in  any  State 
which  may  adopt  gradual  abolishment 
of  slavery,  giving  to  such  State  pecu- 
niary aid,  to  be  used  in  its  discretion,  to 
compensate  for  the  inconveniences,  pub- 
lic and  private,  produced  by  such  change 
of  system."  [It  is  opposed  by  members 
from  the  border  States.] 

Mar.  7.  X>.  C.  Congress  authorizes  cer- 
tificates of  indebtedness  to  be  issued 
for  creditors  whose  claims  have  been 
audited,  bearing  G  jier  cent  interest. 

Mar.  13.  />.  C.  Tlie  President  approves 
the  Act  forbidding  military  officers  from 
returning  fugitive  slaves  to  their  owners. 

Mar.  17,  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
the  Treasury  to  buy  bon<l8  or  notes  at 
discretion ;  demand  notes  are  made 
legal  tender. 

Mar.  31.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Feb.  21.  D.C.  Bereavement  visits 
the  Wliite  House  :  "Tad"  (Thomas)  Lin- 
coln, the  President's  youngest  son,  dies. 

Apr.  1.  New  York,  Price  of  cotton,  28 
cents. 


206     1862,  Apr.  2 -May  15. 

ARMY  — NAVY, 

1862  Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Gen.  Wadsworth 
reports  that  he  has  but  19,000  meu  to 
defend  "Washington,  and  eight  regi- 
ments are  soon  to  leave,  while  a  force 
of  55,000  is  needed. 

Va.    Gen.   George   B.  McClellan 

arrives  at  Fort  llonroe  and  begins  the 
campaign  against  Kiohmond.  He  re- 
ports [Apr.  3]  58,000  men  ready  to  move, 
and  100  guns,  besides  the  entire  division 
of  artillery. 

Apr.  3.  Va.  A  great  Federal  Army, 
under  Gen.  McClellan,  leaves  Fortress 
Monroe  for  an  advance  on  Yorktown. 

Gen.  Magruder,  with  10,000  Confeder- 
ates, holds  the  place  [and  checks  Gen. 
McClellan's  advance  for  one  week,  when 
Gen.  Joseph  K.  Johnston  arrives  with 
the  main  army,  and  holds  him  back  for 
three  weeks  longer]. 

Apr.  4.  Mo.  A  canal  12  miles  long 
is  completed,  to  send  the  gimboats  below 
Island  Number  10. 


AMERICA: 


surrenders  on  the  11th  ;  48  guns  and  385 

prisoners  are  captured.] 
Apr.  11.    Miss.    Gen.  HaUeck  arrives 

before  Corinth,  and,  as  superior  officer, 

supersedes  Gen.  Grant. 
Ala.     Gen.  O.  M.  Mitchel  surprises 

Huntsville,  takes  200  prisoners,  and  16 

locomotives. 
He  seizes  100  miles  of  railroad,  and 

interrupts  Confederate  communications 

between    the    West    and    the    Atlantic 

Coast. 

Ga.    Gen.  Hunter  captures  Fort 

Pulaski,  commanding  the  Savannah 
Kiver,  with  360  prisoners,  47  guns,  and 
40,000  pounds  of  powder.  This  victory 
cuts  off  Confederate  commerce,  and 
permits  an  effective  blockade.  Federals 
lose  two  men. 

Va.    At  Yorktown  Federals  lose  20 

killed  and  wouoided. 

The  repaired  Merrimac  reapi)ears  in 
Hampton  Koads,  but  no  action  takes 
place. 


Commander  Henry  Walke  with   the    Apr.  13.     Va.     Gen.   McClellan  reports 


gunboat  Carondtlet  safely  riins  past 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Island 
Number  10  in  the  night  to  New  Miulrid. 
[The  Pittsburg  follows  on  the  night  of 
Apr.  6.] 

Fta.       Apalachicola  is  surrendered 

to  the  Federals. 

Miss.    Pass   Christian,  on   the   Gulf 

Coast,  is  taken  by  the  Federals. 

Va.  A  Federal  force  occupies  Thor- 
oughfare Gap. 

Gen.  McDowell's  corps  is  detached 
from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  an<l  the 
Department  of  the  Rappahannock  is 
formed,  McDowell  commander. 

Apr.  5.  Va.  The  siege  of  Yorktown 
is  begun  by  Gen.  McCIelliin ;  Confed- 
erates lose  three  killed,  22  wounded. 

Apr.  6,  7.  Term.  Great  Battle  of  Shi- 
loh,  or  Kttsbtirg  Iianding.  Gen. 
Grant,  with  about  33,000  men,  assisted 
by  Gens.  Sherman  and  Thomas,  defeats 
40,955  Confederjites  under  Gens.  A.  S. 
Johnston,  Beauregard,  Polk,  and  Har- 
dee.   Gen.  Johnston  is  killed. 

Federal  lo,>is  in  Grant's  army,  1,513 
killed,  6,001  wounded,  and  2,8;i0  prison- 
ers; in  Buell's  army,  241  killed,  1,807 
wounded,  and  55  prisoners ;  Confederate 
loss,  1,728  killed,  8,012  wounded,  and  959 
prisoners. 

Apr.  7.  Tenn.  Gen.  Buell's  army, 
20,000  strong,  arrives  at  Pittsburg 
Landing,  after  the  battle;  the  united 
armies  drive  the  Confederates  from  the 
field. 

Island   Number  10  is  forced  to 

surrender  to  Flag-officer  Foote  with- 
out a  battle;  Gen.  Pope  pursues  the 
fleeing  garrison,  and  takes  6,000  to  7,000 
Confederate  prisoners. 

Apr.  9±.  Gen.  McClellan  has  a  con- 
troversy with  the  President  and  the 
Secretary  of  War. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Franklin's  division  of 
McDowell's  corps  is  ordered  to  join  Gen. 
McClellan. 

Go.    The  Federals  under  Gen.  Q.  A. 

Gillmore  open  fire  on  Fort  Pulaski  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  Kiver.    [It 


the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as  number- 
ing 100,970  men. 

Apr.  15.  Ark.  Confederates  cut  the 
levee  near  Fort  Wright,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  an  immense  amount  of  prop- 
erty is  destroyed. 

Tenn.     Gen.    Halleek    orders   Gen. 

Pope  to  transfer  his  successful  troops 
to  join  the  army  on  the  Tennessee  River. 

Apr.  16.  Va.  At  Iice's  Mills  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan loses  35  killed,  120  wounded, 
and  nine  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  20 
killed,  76  wounded,  and  50  prisoners. 

Apr.  17.  S.  C.  A  skirmish  occurs  on 
Edisto  Island  ;  the  Confederates  are  put 
to  flight. 

Tenn.  At  Woodson's  Gap  the  Con- 
federates capture  475  Fe<!eral  refugees  ; 
killed  and  wounded,  GO. 

7a  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Confederate 
troops  at  Yorktown  with  an  army  in- 
creiised  to  about  53,000  men. 

Apr.  18.  Va.  (Jen.  McDowell  begins  a 
movement  upon  Fredericksburg. 

Ark.    Tlie  Federal  fleet  of  gnnboats 

and  mortars  makes  an  ineffective  at- 
tack on  Fort  Wright,  on  the  Mississippi 
Kiver. 

La.    Flag-officer  Farragut,  with  17 

men-of-war,  and  Captain  Porter,  with 
a  mort.ir  flotilla  of  19  schooners  and  six 
armed  steamships  for  guard  and  towing 
service,  appear  below  Forts  Jackson 
and  St.  Philip,  both  having  about  115 
guns.  15  Confederate  gunboats  and  one 
iron-plated  ram  lie  above  the  forts, 
guarding  the  approach  to  New  Orleans. 
The  Federal  navy  bombards  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  75  miles  be- 
low New  Orleans  [and  continues  the  at- 
tack five  days]. 

Apr.  19.  N.  C.  At  Camden,  or  South 
Mills,  Federals  under  Gen.  Reno  lose 
14  killed,  99  wounded,  and  14  prisoners  ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  lose  70  killed 
and  wounded. 

Apr.  21.  X.  Mex.  The  Federals  regain 
Santa  F6. 

Va.     The  Confederate    Congress   at 

Richmond  is  broken  up  and  dispersed 
by  the  nearness  of  the  armies. 


Apr.  22.  Tenn.  The  chief  part  of  Gen. 
Pope's  army  joins  Gen.  HaUeck  at 
Pittsburg  Landing. 

Apr.  24.  La.  Parragut's  fleet  forces 
a  passage  of  the  batteries  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, below  New  Orleans,  after  a 
long  bombardment. 

His  fleet  in  two  columns  passes  Forts 
Jackson  and  St.  Philip  in  the  darkness ; 
13  out  of  17  vessels  make  the  passage 
in  safety,  losing  only  24  killed  and  86 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  12  killed, 
40  wounded. 

K.  C.     Gen.    Burnside    takes    Fort 

Macon.  Federals  lose  one  killed  and 
1 1  wounded ;  Confederates  lose  seven 
killed,  18  wounded,  450  prisoners,  and  20 
guns. 

Va.    The  destruction  of  the  Dismal 

Swamp  Canal  is  completed. 

Apr.  25.  X.  Mex.  Santa  F^  is  evacu- 
ated by  the  invading  Teians. 

La.  Gen.  Mansfield  Lovell  with- 
draws the  Confederate  forces  from 
New  Orleans,  after  firing  an  immense 
amount  of  property.  [Planters  proceed 
to  burn  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  cot- 
ton, by  order  of  the  Confederacy.] 

New  Orleans  is  surrendered  to  Adm. 
Farragut  without  opposition. 

Mo.    At  Neosho  Confederates  lose  30 

killed  and  wounded,  and  62  prisoners. 

Apr.  26.  La.  The  army  under  Gen. 
Butler  invests  Ports  Jackson  and 
St.  Philip,  cutting  olf  retreat,  supply, 
and  reenforcements. 

Apr.  27.  La.  Federals  raise  a  flag  over 
the  U.  S.  mint  at  New  Orleans;  four 
men,  led  by  William  B.  Mumford,  cut 
the  halyards  and  dash  away  with  the 
U.  S.  flag. 

Apr.  28.  La.  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip  are  surrendered  to  Com.  Porter. 

Tenn.     Gen.  Halleck's  army  of  108,000 

men  is  reorganized  as  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee. 

Apr.  29.  La.  At  New  Orleans  Far- 
ragut sends  marines  with  howitzers,  to 
lower  Confederate  flags  and  raise  the 
stars  and  Stripes  on  the  public  buildings. 

Apr.  30.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  reports 
a  force  of  112,392  ready  for  duty. 

May  1.  Tenn.  At  Pulaski  200  Federals 
are  captured. 

Va.    The  Confederates  determine  to 

evacuate  Norfolk. 

May  3.  Miss.  At  Farmington  Confed- 
erates are  defeated,  losing  eight  killed. 

May  4.  Va.  Gen.  McCleUan  begins  an 
advance  on  Richmond. 

The  Confederates  burn  their  gunboats 
on  the  York  Kiver. 

At  West  Point  the  Confederates  are 
defeated. 

The  Confederates  evacuate  York- 
town,  after  a  siege  of  30  days,  by  Gen. 
McClellan  ;  they  leave  71  spiked  guns 
in  the  fortifications. 

Tenn.    At  Lebanon  the  Confederates 

are  defeated  with  the  loss  of  105  men. 

A  naval  fight  occurs  near  Memphis 
lietween  the  Confederate  ram  Mallory 
and  the  Federal  gunboat  Cincinnati; 
both  vessels  are  sunk. 
May  5,  .-irk.  The  Confederates  make  an 
ineffectual  attack  with  eight  giuiboats 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862,  Apr.  2 -May  15.    207 


on  the  Union  fleet  at  Fort  "Wright,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  are  driven  off 
with  the  loss  of  three  of  their  vessels. 

Va.   Battle  of  "Williamsburg :  Gen. 

Hooker  attacks  the  rear-guard  of  Gen. 
Johnston's  retreating  army ;  Gens. 
Heintzelman  and  Hancock  also  have  an 
engagement.  McClellan's  advance  under 
Gen.  Sumner  drives  hack  the  Confeder- 
ate rear-guard  under  Gen.  Longstreet. 
Federal  loss,  456  killed,  1,400  wounded, 
and  623  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  700 
killed,  1,000  wounded,  and  300  prisoners. 

May  6.  Va.  Gen.  Johnston's  army 
retreats  toward  Richmond,  leaving  its 
wounded  on  the  field  of  battle  at  Wil- 
liamsburg. 

May  7.  Va.  Gen.  Franklin  lands  a  Union 
force  at  "West  Point,  on  the  York 
River,  and  defeats  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Whiting,  Federal  loss,  47 
killed,  110  wounded,  and  46  prisoners; 
Confederate  loss,  eight  killed  and  32 
wounded. 

May  8.  Miss.  At  Corinth  the  Federal 
cavalry,  under  Mai.  Arlington,  is  de- 
feated by  the  Confederates.  Maj.  Ar- 
lington is  killed. 

Va.  At  Somerville  Heights  Feder- 
als under  Col.  Foster  are  defeated, 
losing  29  men,  and  then  retreat. 

AtMcDowell  Gens.  Schenck  and  Jlil- 
roy  are  defeated  by  Confederate  Gens. 
Jackson  and  Johnson  ;  Federals  lose  30 
kille<l  and  200  wounded ;  Confederates 
lose  71  killed  and  390  wounded.  Gen. 
Edward  Johnson  is  killed. 

The  Merrimac  again  appears  in  Hamp- 
ton Roads,  and  then  retires  without 
action. 

Gen.  *•  Stonewall"  Jackson  begins 
his  second  [and  famous]  campaign  in 
the  Shenandoah  "Valley. 

May  9.  Ala.  The  Federals,  under  Capt. 
Connet,  lose  five  killed,  the  Confederates 
13  killed,  in  a  skirmish  12  miles  from 
Athens. 

Fla.    Confederates  evacuate  Pensa- 

cola. 

Miss.    At  Farmington   Gen.   Pope 

loses  five  killed ;  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Van  Dorn  lose  many  more. 

S.  C.   Gen.  Hunter  issues  an  order  for 

the  military  emancipation  of  slaves, 
as  the  department  is  under  martial  law. 

Com.  Foote  resigns   his   command 

because  of  a  wound,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Capt.  Charles  H.  Davis. 

Va.     The  Iron-clad  battery  Monitor 

makes  an  attack  on  Sewell's  Point. 

May  10.    Fla.   Pensacola  is  occupied  by 

Federal  troops. 

—  Tenn.  The  Confederate  flotilla  of 
eight  gunboats  attacks  the  Federal  fleet 
before  Fort  Pillow,  but  is  repulsed. 

—  Va.  Norfolk  is  occupied  by  Gen. 
Wool  and  a  Federal  detachment  from 
Fortress  Monroe,  without  resistance. 

Gen.  Huger  destroys  the  Gosport 
Navy  "yard,  valued  at  $10,000,000,  to 
prevent  its  possession  by  the  Federals. 

Gen,  McClellan  appeals  to  the  War 
Department  for  more  men ;  he  reports 
100,000  men  present  for  duty. 


May  11,  Va.  The  Merrimac  is  fired 
t)y  Com.  Tattnall,  near  Norfolk,  to  pre- 
vent her  falling  into  the  bands  of  the 
Federals  ;  she  soon  blows  up. 

May  12.  Miss,  The  Confederates  from 
New  Orleans  begin  to  erect  the  de- 
fenses of  "Vicksburg. 

May  13.      Tenn.     At  ■  Monterey   Gen. 

Smith  loses  two  killed ;  Confederates 
lose  10  killed. 

Miss.  Natchez  is  surrendered  to  Fed- 
eral gunboats. 

S.    C.      The    Confederate    steamer 

Planter  is  run  out  of  Charleston  by 
Robert  Smalls,  a  negro;  he  delivers 
her  up  to  the  Federals.  [Later  the  ex- 
slave  becomes  a  M,  C.  for  South  Caro- 
lina.] 

May  13.  +  Va.  The  Confederate  army 
is  gradually  concentrated  around 
Richmond. 

May  14.  J^.  C.  At  Trenton  Bridge 
Col.  Amory  defeats  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  12  killed. 

Va.     Gen.    McClellan    appeals   for 

more  men,  apprehending  a  battle  with 
double  his  number  of  men. 

May  16.  La.  Gen.  Butler  publishes 
Order  No.  15 ;  it  gives  great  offense. 

"  As  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  United 
States  have  been  subject  to  repeated  in- 
sults from  the  women  (calling  them- 
selves ladies)  of  New  Orleans,  ...  it  is 
ordered  that  hereafter  when  any  female 
shall,  by  word  or  gesture,  or  movement, 
insult  or  show  contempt  for  any  officer 
or  soldier,  .  .  .  she  shall  be  held  and  re- 
garded as  a  woman  of  the  town  plying 
her  trade." 

Va.    Gen.  Johnston  orders  his  army 

to  cross  the  Chickahominy  River ;  it 
encamps  three  miles  from  Richmond. 

Apprehending  an  immediate  attack, 
by  Federals,  many  families  are  sent  out 
of  Richmond  for  safety  ;  the  archives  of 
the  government  are  also  sent  away. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 

1862  Apr.  7.  New  York.  The  asteroid 
Clytia  is  discovered  by  H.  P,  Tuttle. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

Apr,  6.  Johnston,  Albert  Sidney,  col. 
V.  S.  A.,  Confed.  brig.-gen.,  kiUed  at  Shl- 
loh,  A59. 

O'Brien,  Fitz-James,  lleut  of  vols.,  wri- 
ter, poet,  A  34. 

Apr.  10.  Wallace,  William  H.  L.,  brig,- 
gen.  vols.,  killed  at  Shiloh,  A41. 

Apr.  35.  Smith, Charles  F,,maj.-gen.  vols., 
A  55. 

Apr.  S7.  Bethunfe,  George  W.,  theologian, 
I>oet,  A57. 

Apr.  30.  Carabreling,  Churchill  C,  M.  C. 
for  N.y.,  minister  to  Russia,  A76. 

Hay  3.  bangs,  r^athan,  ed.,  author,  M.  £. 
cl.,  A84. 

May  6.  Thorean,  Henry  !>.,  naturalist,  ge- 
ologist, author,  A45. 

May  14.    Iiigersoll,  Charles  J.,  M.  C.  for 

.    Pa.,  author,  A80. 

CHURCH. 

1862  Apr.  *  La.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  falls  to  meet 
at  New  Orleans  because  of  the  war. 

SOCIETY, 

1862  Apr.  11.  D.C.  Congress  abolishes 
slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

*  *  Pa.  Tlie  •*  Molly  Maguires,"  a 
secret   and   murderous   society   among 


the  miners,  attracts  attention  [and  for 
14  years  its  members  commit  acts  of 
violence  and  murder  in  Carbon,  Schuyl- 
kill, and  other  mining  counties]. 
Apr.  21.  i>.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  appointment  of  a  special  corps  of 
eight  sanitary  inspectors. 

STATE. 

1862     Apr.  3.    Z>.  C.    Congress :    The 

Senate  passes  an  Act  for  the  immediate 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  with  remuneration 
for  loyal  owners.     Vote,   29-14. 

IV.  Va.     The  new  Constitution  is 

approved  by  a  vote  of  the  people.  Vote, 
18,862-514. 

Apr.  7.  I).  C.  The  United  States  enters 
into  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain  for  the 
suppression  of  the  slave-trade. 

Apr.  11.  X».  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  abolish  slavery  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.    Vote,  92-38. 

Apr.  14,  Tenn.  The  Union  sentiment 
in  Sast  Tennessee  is  remarkably 
strong,  and  becomes  elsewhere  mani- 
fest. 

The  Legislature  and  State  officials  fled 
at  the  approach  of  the  Union  army,  but 
the  city  council  at  Nashville  ordered  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  to  be  displayed  on 
the  public  buildings. 

Apr.  16.  Va.  The  Confederate  Congress 
at  Richmond  passes  a  conscription  act 
on  the  recommendation  of  Jefferson 
Davis. 

n.  C.    The  President  signs  the  bill  to 

abolish  slaveiTr  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, and  it  becomes  a  law. 

Apr.  22.  Va.  The  first  Confederate 
Congress  closes  its  first  session. 

Apr.  *  La.  Opelousas  becomes  the  Con- 
federate capital. 

May  2.  Md.  The  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  is  first  suspended  in  the  case 
of  John  Merryman,  a  prisoner  in  Fort 
McHenry. 

D.C.    Congress; Senate :E.B.Wash- 

burne  of  111.  defends  Gen,  Grant 
against  the  criticisms  and  aspersions 
that  follow  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 

May  4,  Tenn.  Leading  citizens  issue  a 
call  for  a  reorganization  of  the  State 
government  on  a  legal  basis. 

May  6.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Pacific  Kailroad  Bill,  Vote 
79-49. 

May  13.  W.  Va.  The  Legislature  of 
Virginia  at  Wheeling  formally  approves 
the  formation  of  a  new  State  from 
the  western  counties. 

May  15,  D.  C.  Congress  establishes 
the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1862  Apr.  12,  New  York.  Gold  is  first 
quoted  at  a  premium. 

May  10.  N.  Y.  A  fire  in  Troy  burns  G71 
buildings,  including  the  Union  Kailroad 
Depot  and  several  churches;  seven  lives 
are  lost,  and  $3,000,000  in  property. 


208    1862,  May  15. -June*. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  May  15.  Va.  The  Monitor  and 
several  gunboats  under  Capt.  John 
Kodgers  attempt  to  force  their  way  up 
the  James  Kiver,  but  are  repulsed  by 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Fort  Dar- 
ling on  Drewry's  Bluff,  losing  13  killed 
and  14  wounded. 

£jig.     The  steamer  Alabama,  of  9J0 

tons,  with  engines  of  300  horse-power, 
is  launched  at  Birkenhead  for  the  Con- 
federates as  a  privateer. 

May  16.     A'.  C.     Near  Trenton   Maj 


AMERICA 


Fitzsimmons  loses  five  prisoners ;  Con- 
federates lose  six  killed  and  many 
wounded. 

Va.    Gen.  McClellan  establishes  his 

depot  at  White  House,  on  the  Pa- 
munkey  River. 

May  17.  Va.  A  naval  expedition  as- 
cends the  Pamunkey  River,  and  burns 
Confederate  gunboats. 

Afiss.    At  Corinth   Federals   under 

Oen.  Halleck  lose  10  killed  and  31 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  12  killed 
and  many  wounded. 

May  18.  Va.  Suffolk,  near  Norfolk,  is 
occupied  by  Federal  troops. 

Ark.     Near   Searcy   Gen.   Osterhaus 

encounters  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
about  100  men. 

. Miss.     Gen.  Grant  invests  Vioks- 

burg  with  communications  open  via 
the  Yazoo. 

Commander  Samuel  P.  Lee  of  Farra- 
gut's  fleet  demands  the  surrender  of 
Vicksburg,  and  is  refused  by  Gen. 
M.  L.  Smith,  who  commands  10,000  Con- 
federates in  its  defense. 

ir.   Va,     At  Princeton    Gen.   Cox 

encounters  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Humphrey  Marshall,  who  loses  about 
100  men. 

May  19.  X.  C.  At  New  Berne  Feder- 
als lose  five  killed ;  Confederates,  11. 

B.  C.  President  Lincoln  counter- 
mands Gen.  Hunter's  order  for  niili- 
tary  emancipation.  • 

La.     At  New  Orleans  the  Recorder 

and  Chief  of  Police  are  arrested  by  or- 
der of  Gen.  Butler,  and  sent  to  Fort 
Jackson. 

May  20.  Miss.  Flag-officer  Farragut 
arrives  at  Vicksburg ;  his  guns  cannot 
reach  the  batteries  on  the  Bluffs. 

fV.  Va.     At    Moorefleld    Federals 

under  Col.  Downey  lose  five  killed ;  Con- 
federates lose  four  killed  and  12  pris- 
oners. 

May  21.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan's  ad- 
vance reaches  the  Chickahominy  River. 

Miss.    Near  Corinth  Col.  Sedgwick 

loses  25  killed. 

May  22.  If.  Va.  At  Lewisbvirg  Col. 
Crook  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Heth;  Federal  loss,  10  killed  and 
•  40  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  50  killed, 
60  wounded,  100  prisoners,  also  four  can- 
non and  many  arms. 

May  23.  Va.  At  Front  Koyal  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Ewell  drive  back  Col. 
Keuly,  who  is  captured  with  700  men. 

On  the  Chickahominy  River  Federals 
lose  one  killed  and  six  wounded ;  Con- 
federates lose  15  wounded  and  31  pris- 
oners. 

May  24.  Va.  At  New  Bridge  the  4th 
Michigan  loses  10  killed  ;  theStli  Louisi- 
ana loses  60  killed  and  wounded,  besides 
37  prisoners. 


D.  i '.    The  President  orders  Gen.  Mc- 

DowelTs  corps  to  return  from  the  ad- 
vance on  Richmond  to  the  defense  of 
Washington,  and  to  aid  in  the  cap- 
ture o^  Gen.  Jackson  in  the  Shenan- 
doah \'alley.  [This  proves  unfortunate, 
as  it  paralyzes  the  main  army.] 

May  25.  1'a.  Battle  near  Win- 
chester ;  Gen.  Banks  with  7,000  Federals 
is  defeated  by  Gen.  Jackson,  whose  en- 
tire force  numbers  20,000  men.  [Banks 
makes  a  rapid  and  masterly  retreat  to 
2ilartinsburg,  pursued  by  "  Stonewall  " 
Jackson.]  Federal  loss,  38  killed,  155 
womided,  and  711  missing  ;  Confederate 
loss  not  given. 

D.  C.     Alarm    prevails    for    the 

safety  of  W^ashington ;  governors  of 
loyal  States  are  telegraphed  to  forward 
militia  and  volunteers  at  once. 

May  26.  Va.  Near  Winchester  Col. 
Cluseret  loses  seven  wounded;  Confed- 
erates, under  Gen.  Jackson,  lose  25 
prisoners,  killed  and  wounded  unknown. 

May  27.     Va.    Gen.  MoCleUan  takes 

Hanover  Court-House,  IC  miles  north 

of  Richmond. 
Federal     loss,    five    killed    and    326 

wounded     and     missing;     Confederate 

loss,  about  250  killed  and  wounded,  and 

610  prisoners. 
La.    A  Federal  force  occupies  Baton 

Bouge. 
Miss.    At  Corinth  Col.  Purcell  loses 

25  killed   and   wounded ;   Confederates 

leave  30  killed  on  the  field. 
May  29.    .S.  C.    At  Pocotaligo  Federals 

lose    11    killed  ;    Confederates    lose    20 

killed  and  wounded. 
Tenn.    Gen.  Beauregard  evacuates 

Corinth  without  a  battle,  and  retires  to 

Baldwin  and  Okolona. 
IP'.  Va.    "  Stonewall "  Jackson  begins 

his  [famous]  retreat  from  the  Potomac 

River  up  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
May  30.    Miss.    Gen.  Halleck's  army  of 

120,000  men  advances  on  Corinth,  after 

waiting  six  weeks,  and  finds  it  deserted 

by  Gen.  Beauregard ;  Gen.  Pope  is  sent 
in  pursuit,  and  takes  a  few  prisoners. 

Va.    At  Front  Koyal  Federals  lose 

eight  killed  and  five  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  20  killed  and  wounded,  and 
156  prisoners. 

May  31.  N.  C.  Near  Washington 
Federals  lose  two  wounded ;  defeated 
Confederates  lose  11  killed. 

Va.    The  returns  of  the  Army  of  the 

Potomac  show  an  aggregate  of  127,166 
officers  and  men ;  98,008  are  present  for 
duty  with  280  guns. 

May  31.-June  1.  Co.  Battle  of  Fair 
Oaks,  or  Seven  Pines ;  Gen  George  B. 
McClellan  repulses  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Jolmston. 

The  Confederates  under  Gen.  Daniel 
H  Hill  attack  the  Federal  advance 
under  Gen.  Casey.  In  the  absence  of 
Gen.  McClellan,  there  is  no  supreme 
authority  on  the  field  ;  Gens.  Heintzel- 
man  and  Kearny  fall  hack  till  reeuforced 
by  Gen.  Sumner,  when  the  Confeder- 
ates, pressed  bv  Gen.  Hooker,  withdraw 
to  Richmond,  "five  miles  distant.  Gen. 
Johnston  is  wounded. 

Forces  present:  Federal,  51,643;  Con- 
federate, 39,000  —  of  which  only  about  20,- 
000  were  engaged  on  each  side. 


Losses 


Federal,  790  killed,  3,594  wounded,  and 
647  missing;  Confederate,  980  killed,  4,749 
wounded,  405  missing. 

(June  1.)  The  battle  is  renewed,  and 
the  Federals  recover  lost  ground  at 
Seven  Pines;  Gen.  G.  W.  Smith  suc- 
ceeds Gen.  Johnston  until  the  battle 
ends,  at  two  o'clock,  when  Gen.  Robert 
E.  Ijce  assumes  command  and  with- 
draws his  army  in  the  night ;  Federal 
loss,  in  two  days,  5031 ;  Confederate  loss, 
6134. 

May  •-June*  La.  Gen.  Butler  excites 
great  indignation  among  the  Secession- 
ists of  New  Orleans  by  his  strict  mili- 
tary discipline. 

June  1.  Va  Gen.  Fremont's  belated  ad- 
vance enters  Strasburg  as  Gen.  Stone- 
wall Jackson's  rear-guard  retires,  his 
army  escaping  the  three  armies  sent  to 
capture  it. 

June  2.  D.  C.  Gen.  Wool  is  transferred 
to  the  Department  of  Maryland,  and 
Gen.  Dix  is  ordered  to  Fortress  Monroe. 

June  3.  .S.  C.  Federal  troops  land  on 
James  Island. 

Va.    Gen.  Kobert  B.  Leo  assumes 

command  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Vir- 
ginia, now  engaged  in  defending  Rich- 
mond, the  capital  of  the  Confederacy. 
June  4.    jV.  C.    A  skirmish  takes  place  at 
Trentor's  Creek. 

S.  C.     A    skirmish    takes   place   on 

James  Island. 

Tenn.  At  Fort  Pillow  Federals  lose 

one  killed  and  three  wounded;  Con- 
federates lose  160  killed,  400  prisoners, 
and  are  forced  to  evacuate  the  fort. 

Near  Jasper  Gen.  Negley  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Adams,  who 
loses  12  killed  and  wounded,  and  25  pris- 
oners. 

Va.    At  New  Bridge,  near  Richmond, 

the  Confederates  are  defeated  in  an 
artillery  battle. 
June  6.  Tenn.  Battle  of  Memphis ; 
the  Federal  fleet  under  Commodore 
Davis  takes  possession  of  Memphis, 
after  a  flght  lasting  20  minutes  with 
eight  Confederate  gunboats,  seven  of 
which  are  destroyed.  Federal  loss,  one 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  80  killed  and 
wounded. 
June  7.  La.  William  B.  Mumford  is 
hanged  by  order  of  Gen.  Butler  for 
taking  down  the  Federal  flag  on  the 
U.  S.  mint  at  New  Orleans  after  the  sur- 
render of  the  city. 
Jvme  8.  Va.  Battle  of  Cross  Keys, 
in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  ;  Gen. 
Fremont  overtakes  "  Stonewall  "  Jack- 
son's rear-guard,  and  an  indecisive  flght 
occurs. 

Federal  loss,  125  killed  and  BOO  wound- 
ed ;  Confederate  loss,  600  killed  and 
wounded. 
June  9.  Va.  At  Port  Bepublic,  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley,  "  Stonewall "  Jack- 
son attacks  Gen.  Shields's  division,  and 
drives  it  back  upon  the  main  body. 

Federal  loss,  67  killed,  361  wounded, 
and  574  missing;  Confederate  loss,  1,000 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 
June  10.  S.  C.  At  James  Island  Fed- 
erals lose  one  killed  and  13  wounded; 
Confederates  leave  15  killed  and  two 
wounded  on  the  field. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1862,  May  15 -June 


209 


June  12.  Ark.  Gen.  Curtis  moves  against 
the  Confederates  at  Little  Rock. 

Near  Village  Creek  Col.  Brackett 
defeats  the  Confederates ;  Federal  loss, 
13  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  28  men. 

*  *  Plundering  guerrilla  banda  overrun 
Kentucky,  Teniiessee,  and  Missouri ; 
tbey  greatly  afflict  the  Union  people. 

June  13.  Va.  Gen.  McCall's  division  of 
JIcDowell's  army,  10,000  strong,  reen- 
forces  Gen.  McClellan,  thus  enlarging 
his  army  to  156,838  men,  with  127,327 
present. 

Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart's  Confederate  cav- 
alry, 1,200  strong,  start  on  a  raid  to  pass 
around  Gen,  McCleUan*s  army. 

June  14.  S.  C.  On  James  Island  the 
Federals  lose  three  killed  and  19  wound- 
ed ;  Confederates  lose  17  killed  and 
eight  wounded. 

June  15.  Va.  Gen.  Stuart's  Confeder- 
ate cavalry  completes  its  passage  around 
the  Federal  army  and  enters  Richmond. 

June  16.  S.  C.  At  Secesaionville,  on 
James  Island,  Gen.  Benham  is  defeated 
by  Confederates  under  Col.  Lamar. 
Federal  loss,  85  killed,  472  wounded, 
128  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  40  killed 
and  100  wounded. 

June  17-    Ark.    At  St.  Charles,  on  the 

White  River,  the  Confederate  batteries 
are  captured  by  the  Federal  gunboats. 

June  18.  Ark.  Near  Smithville  Maj. 
Zeley  loses  three  killed  and  four 
wounded;  Confederate  Capt.  Jones  loses 
four  wounded  and  15  prisoners. 

Tenn.  Gen.  Morgan  seizes  the  Con- 
federate works  at  Cumberland  Gap, 
the  gateway  between  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

June  20.    Va.    Gen.  McClellan  reports 
his  force  to  be  105,445  men,  exclusive 
of  Gen.  Dix's  force.    [Gen.  Webb  gives  • 
Gen.  Lee's  force  as  80,762  men.] 

June  25  ±.  Miss.  Flag-officer  Farragut 
again  arrives  at  Vicksburg,  accom- 
panied by  Admiral  Porter  with  16  mor- 
tar boats  and  3,000  Federal  troops  under 
Gen.  Thomas  Williams. 

June  25.-July  1.  Va.  The  Seven 
Days'  Battles  are  fought  on  the  Chicka- 
hominy,  near  Richmond ;  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan makes  a  "  masterly  retreat " 
and  change  of  base. 

Federal  generals  under  McClellan : 
Sumner,  Hooker,  Heintzelman,  Keyes, 
Porter,  Franklin,  and  McCall ;  Confed- 
erate generals  under  Lee  :  Jackson, 
Longstreet,  A.  P.  Hill,  D.  H.  Hill,  Ma- 
gruder,  linger,  and  Holmes. 

Total  Federal  losses  during  the  Seven 
Days'  battles,  1.582  killed,  7,709  wounded, 
and  5,958  missing ;  total,  15,249.  Con- 
federate loss,  17,583  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners. 

(June  25.)  Gen.  Lee  attacks  McCleUan's 
army  at  Oak  Grove ;  Hooker's  division 
bears  the  brunt,  and  Confederates  are 
repulsed.    Federal  loss,  61  men. 

Gen.  McClellan  pushes  forward  his 
pickets  from  the  vicinity  of  Seven  Pines 
to  within  four  miles  of  Richmond,  —  his 
nearest  approach. 

(June  26.)  Battle  of  Mechanicsville 
(Ellison's  Mill);  Gens.  A.  P.  Hill,  D.  H. 
Hill,  and  Longstreet,  in  strong  force, 
attack  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Porter, 
and  are  repulsed. 

At  Beaver  Dam  Creek  the  attack  of 
the    Confederates    under   Gens.   Long- 


street,  D.  H.  Hill,  and  A.  P.  HiU  is 
terribly  repulsed  by  Gen,  McCall's  di- 
vision of  Fitz-John  Porter's  corps.  Fed- 
eral force  5,000,  loss  250;  Confederate 
force  10,000,  loss  nearly  2,000 ;  Gen. 
Porter  urges  an  advance  into  Richmond. 

Gen.    *'  Stonewall  "    Jackson's    force 
joins  the  Confederates  at  Richmond. 
(June  27.)    Battles  of  the  Chickahom- 
iny,  Gaines*  Mill. 

Gen.  Porter  is  attacked  by  Gens.  Hill, 
Longstreet,  and  Jackson,  while  covering 
the  retreat  of  the  army.  The  Confeder- 
ates are  successful  for  a  time,  and  then 
are  driven  back.    Federal  loss,  4,000  men. 

(June  28.)  The  retreat  of  McClellan's 
army  from  the  Cliickahominy  to  the 
James  River  continues;  but  little  fight- 
ing occurs. 

Gen.  McClellan  informs  his  corps 
commanders  of  his  intended  change  of 
base  to  the  James  River,  and  the  move- 
ment at  once  begins. 

(June  29.)  Battle  of  Savage's  Station 
and  White  Oak  Swamp ;  Lee  attacks 
the  Federal  rear-guard  under  Gen. 
Sumner. 

Gens.  Sedgwick,  Richardson,  Heintzel- 
man,  and  Smith  of  Franklin's  corps  repel 
a  Confederate  attack  under  Magrud^r. 
Federals  leave  2,500  wounded  men  at 
Savage's  Station. 

(June  30.)  Battle  of  Frayser's  Farm, 
or  Glendale:  Gen.  Franklin  holds 
Stonewall  Jackson  in  check  at  White 
Oak  Swamp,  while  Gen.  Lee  makes  an 
obstinate  but  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
break  the  line  of  McClellan's  retreat. 

(July  1.)  Battle  of  Malvern  HiU  (Crew's 
Farm).  The  Confederates,  under  Gens. 
D.  H.  Hill,  Magruder,  and  Armistead, 
attempt  to  carry  Malvern  Hill  by  storm, 
and  are  repulsed  by  McClellan's  army, 
led  by  Gens.  Porter,  Morell,  and  Couch. 

June  26.  Miss.  The  Confederates  de- 
stroy their  gunboats  on  the  Yazoo  River. 

June  27.  Ark.  I'he  Federals  begin  to  cut 
a  canal  to  change  the  course  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi opposite  Vicksburg. 

Miss.    Farragut's  mortar-sloops  begin 

tbe  bombardment  of  the  Confederate 
batteries  at  Vicksburg. 

June  28,  Miss.  Vicksburg  batteries  are 
attacked  by  the  Federal  fleet ;  most  of 
the  vessels  pass  up  the  river  with  small 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Jtine  30.  Conn.  A  new  and  bril- 
liant comet  is  discovered  by  observers 
at  New  Haven. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1862. 

May  26.  Babbitt,  Isaac,  inventor  of  anti- 
friction metal,  A63. 

June  6.  Ashby,  Turner,  Confed.  hrig.-gen., 
k.  at  Cross  Keys,  A38.  . 

June  21.  Ellet,  Charles,  Jr.  (first  iron 
bridge),  engineer,  A52. 


CHURCH. 
1862    June  11.    Boston.     The  General 
Convention     of    the    New     Jerusalem 
meets. 


LETTERS. 
1862  *  *  Colo.    The  University  of  Den- 
ver (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  /).  C.  Congress  passes  an  Agricul- 
tural College  Act,  granting  to  eacb 
state  30,000  acres  of  land,  by  which  each 
Senator  and  Representative  is  to  endow 
a  college. 

*  *  la.  Oskaloosa  CoUege  (Disciples)  is 
organized'at  Oskaloosa. 

*  *  Kan.  Lane  University  (United 
Breth.)  is  organized  at  Lecompton. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  June  7.  B.  C.  A  treaty  is  en- 
tered with  Great  Britain  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  slave-trade. 

June  13-16.  Utah.  The  Mormon  apos- 
tates, called  Morrisites,  defy  the 
sheriff  for  three  days,  when  summoned 
to  surrender  under  an  indictment  for 
resisting  the  execution  of  the  laws. 

June  14.  Pa.  F.  W.  S.  Langdon  is 
killed  by  "  Molly  Maguires  "  near 
Audenreid. 

STATE. 

1862  May  16.  N.  C.  Edward  Stanley 
arrives  at  New  Berne,  bearing  a  com- 
mission as  temporary  governor  over  that 
portion  of  the  State  still  under  Federal 
authority. 

May  20.  D.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Homestead  Act.  He  appoints  Ed- 
ward Stanley  military  governor  of 
North  Carolina. 

May  24.  Tenn.  Unionists  hold  a  meet- 
ing at  Mnrfreesboro. 

June  5.  D.  C.  Congress  recognizes  the 
independence  of  Haiti  and  Inberia, 
and  provides  for  the  establishment  of 
diplomatic  relations. 

June  10.  D.  C.  Tlie  President  appoints 
Col.  G.  H.  Shipley  military  governor 
of  XiOtiisiana. 

June  19.  />.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
excluding  slavery  forever  from  the 
Territories  of  the  United  States. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  Solomon  Foot 
of  Vt.  is  reelected  President  jtro  tempore. 

Jime20.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Pacific  Railroad  Bill, 
Vote,  35-5. 

Jime  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1862.  Rev- 
enue: customs,  $49,056,398;  direct  tax, 
jl,795,331i ;  sales  of  public  lands,  5!870,659 ; 
premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $68,400  ;  miscellaneous  items,  $915,- 
122;  total  revenue,  $51,987,465. 

Expenditures :  War  Departnjent,  $394,- 
368,407  ;  Navy  Department,  $42,668,277 ; 
Indians,  $2,273,223  :  8,159  pensions,  $853,- 
095 ;  other  civil  and  miscellaneous  items, 
$21,408,491;  interest  on  the  public  debt, 
$13,190,324 ;  total  ordinary  expenses, 
$474,761,819.  Excess  of  expenditure 
over  receipts,  $422,774,363.  Public  debt, 
$524,176,412.  Exports,  $190,670,601;  im- 
ports, $189,356,677. 

June  *  D.  C.  The  Government  pays 
about  $2,000,000  a  day  for  the  prose- 
cution of  the  war. 

June*  HI.  The  new  Constitution  is 
rejected  by  the  votes  of  the  people. 


210     1862,  July  l-Aug.  18. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1862  Jvdyl.  Miss.    The  gunboat  flo- 
tilla, under  Commodore  Davis,  unites 
above  VMcksburg  with  the  Federal  fleet 
from  New  Orleans. 

Mo.     At  Booneville   the   Federals 

lose  41  killed :  the  Confederates  lose  65 
killed. 

D.  C.      The   President   calls   for 

300,000  more  volunteers. 

Jtily2.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  has 
failed  in  his  advance  on  Richmond ;  he 
retires  down  the  James  River  to  Har- 
rison's Landing,  where  he  is  protected 
by  gunboats. 

Summer.  Eng.  The  privateer  Flor- 
ida sails  out  of  Liverpool  harbor,  where 
she  has  been  fitted  out  for  the  Confed- 
erates. 

July  6.  Ark.  A  skirmish  takes  place  at 
Duvall's  Bluff ;  the  Confederates  lose  all 
their  provisions  and  camp  equipage. 

July  7.  Arh.  At  Bayou  Cache  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated. 

Julys.  JV^  C.  A  Federal  expedition 
leaves  Plymouth  to  ascend  the  Roanoake 
River. 

Ky.    Gten.  John  H.  Morgan  begins 

his  flrst  cavalry  raid  with  900  men,  [He 
captures  17  towns  in  Kentucky.] 

July  9.  N'.  C.  At  Hamilton  the  Federals 
capture  batteries,  steamers,  schooners, 
and  supplies. 

July  11.  D.C.  Oen.  H.  W.  Halleok 
is  appointed  (14th)  commander-in-chief 
of  all  the  Federal  land  forces. 

Ark.     Federal    troops    under    Gen. 

Washburn  occupy  Helena. 

July  13.    Tenn.    At  Murf reesboro 

Confederate  cavalry  captures  the  Fed- 
eral force.  Federal  loss,  33  killed,  62 
wounded,  and  800  missiug ;  Confederate 
loss,  50  killed  and  100  wounded. 

July  14.  Ark.  At  Fayetteville  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated. 

July  15.   Mits.    The  Confederate  ram 

Arkansas  engages  a  part  of  the  flotilla 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  River,  runs 
through  it,  and  ascends  the  Mississippi 
to  Vicksburg. 

Ind.  Ter.     Gen.  Blunt  enconnters 

Confederates,  and  loses  200  killed  and 
wounded. 

July  16.  U.  S.  Officers  of  the  Kavy  are 
graded  in  nine  ranks. 

July  17.  Ky.  At  Cynthlana  Morgan  and 
his  guerrillas  attack  the  Home  Guards 
under  Lieut. -Col.  Lindrum.  Federal 
loss,  13  killed  and  34  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  ^  killed  and  78  wounded. 

Va.     Gen.    John    Pope    assumes 

command  of  the  Army  of  Virginia;  it 
includes  all  the  Federal  forces  in  this 
State,  except  those  under  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan. 

July  20.  Ky.  Confederate  guerrillas  are 
defeated  between  Mount  Sterling  and 
Owensvllle,  losing  cannon  and  horses. 

Miss.  The  river  falling  fast,  Flag- 
officer  Farragut  hastens  to  run  past 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Vicks- 
burg, and  proceed  to  New  Orleans. 

July  22.  Miss.  The  Confederates  repel 
an  attack  on  the  ram  Arkansas  near 
Vicksburg. 


D.  C.  President  Lincoln  orders  mili- 
tary commanders  to  seize  and  use 
property,  real  or  personal,  for  military 
uses  and  to  employ  negroes  as  laborers. 

July  23.  Mo.  At  Florida  Maj.  Caldwell 
is  defeated  by  a  Confederate  force  under 
Col.  Porter,  with  a  loss  of  26  men. 

Va.    Gen.  Pope  is  ordered  to  arrest 

all  disloyal  citizens  withiu  his  lines. 

July  24.  Ala.  Near  Decatur  Capt. 
Harman  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  10  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Va.     Gen.    Halleck,  as    General-in- 

chief  of  all  the  armies,  orders  a  change 
of  base  to  Acquia  Creek.  [Gen.  Mo- 
Clellan  argues  against  it.] 

July  25.  Va.  Near  Orange  Court 
House  Federal  Gen.  Gibson  loses  5  killed, 
and  12  wounded  and  prisoners. 

Gen.  Halleck  arrives  at  Gen.  McClel- 
lan's  camp. 

July  28.  Mo.  At  Moore's  Mills,  near 
Fulton,  Federals  defeat  Cols.  Porter  and 
Cobb.  Federal  loss,  10  killed  and  30 
wounded ;  Confederates  leave  on  the 
field  62  killed  and  100  wounded. 

Miss,     Gen.    Van   Dom  assumes 

command  of  the  Confederates  at 
Vicksburg. 

Eng.  The  Alabama  sails  as  a  Con- 
federate privateer  from  Birkenhead 
one  day  before  the  English  Government 
telegraphs  to  detain  her.  [See  Alabama 
Claims.] 

July  29.  Ky.  The  Home  Guards  drive 
the  Confederates  from  Mount  Sterling. 

Tenn.    At  Brownsville  Capt.  Dollin 

loses  four  killed  and  six  wounded  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  10  killed  and  wounded, 
and  11  prisoners. 

Va.    Gen.  Pope  assumes  command 

in  the  field  of  the  Army  of  Virginia. 

July  30.  Ky.  At  Paris  Morgan's  guer- 
rillas are  driven  out  by  the  Federals. 

La.    Gen.  J.  W.  Phelps,  having  raised 

five  companies  of  negro  recruits  near 
New  Orleans,  makes  requisitions  for 
arms  and  camp  equipage.  [Phelps,  being 
refused,  resigns.] 

July  *  K.  C.  Gen.  Bumside  is  recalled 
to  reenforee  Gen.  McClellan  on  the 
James  River. 

July  *  Ark.  The  canal  to  cut  off  Vicks- 
burg is  abandoned  as  a  failure;  Gen. 
Williams'  force  returns  to  Baton  Rouge. 

Aug.  1.  Miss.  Farragut's  fleet  suspends 
the  bombardment  of  Vicksburg, 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  land  forces. 

Va.    The    Confederate    Government 

issues  a  retaliatory  order  declaring 
that  Gen.  Pope  and  his  officers,  if  cap- 
tured, are  not  entitled  to  the  considera- 
tion of  prisoners  of  war. 

Gen.  Pope  had  issued  orders  for  the 
destruction  of  Confederate  property  and 
the  harsh  treatment  of  civilians, 

Afo.  At  Newark  the  Federals  are  de- 
feated, losing  70  prisoners.    [Confeder- 

-  ates  are  defeated  the  next  day.] 

Aug.  *-Oct.  ♦  J/iss.      The    Vicksburg 

defenses  are  greatly  strengthened. 
Aug.  2.     Va.    Orange  Court  House  is 

taken  by  Gen.  Crawford,  of  Pope's  army; 

Federal  loss,  four  killed  and  12  wounded. 
Aug.  3.      Va.     Gen    Hooker  drives  the 

Confederates  from  Malvern  Hill. 


Aug.  4.  D.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
call  for  300,000  more  men ;  they  are 
to  serve  nine  mouths.    (See  State.) 

Aug.  5.  La.  At  Baton  Rouge  the  Con- 
federates under  Maj. -Gen.  John  C. 
Breckinridge  unsuccessfully  attack  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  Williams,  who  is 
killed.  Confederate  loss,  400  killed,  660 
wounded,  and  many  prisoners. 

Va.    Malvern  Hill  is  reoccupied  by 

the  Federals. 

Aug.  6.  La.  The  Confederate  ram 
Arkansas  is  fired  and  blown  up  by  her 
officers,  near  Baton  Rouge. 

Kan.    Gen.  J.  H.  Lane  enlists  negro 

troops  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  without 
authorization  by  the  government. 

Mo.  At  Kirksville  Col.  McNeil  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Col.  Por- 
ter. Federal  loss,  28  killed  and  CO 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  180  killed 
and  500  wounded. 

■ Va.    Near  Mattapony  River  Gens. 

Gibbons  and  Cutter  lose  72  prisoners, 
who  are  taken  by  Confederate  Gen. 
Stuart. 

Aug.  7.  Tenn.  At  Port  FUlmore 
Col.  Canby  defeats  the  Confederates  un- 
der Col.  Sibley. 

Aug.  8.  N.  Mex.  Near  Fort  Fillmore  the 
Confederates  are  defeated. 

Aug.  9.  Va.  Battle  of  Cedar  Moim- 
tain ;  General  Banks  is  defeated  by 
Stonewall  Jackson  ;  desperate  fighting 
alone  saves  the  Federals  from  a  com- 
plete rout.  Federal  loss,  450  killed,  660 
wounded,  and  290  prisoners  ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  1,367  men. 

Aug.  10.  Va.  Gen.  McClellan  reports 
an  aggregate  of  113,000  men  present  for 
duty. 

Aug.  11.  Ark.  East  of  Helena  Con- 
federate Gen.  Thompson  loses  700  pris- 
oners. 

At  Clarendon  Gen.  Hovey  takes  600 
Confederates  prisoners. 

Mo.    Independence  is  surrendered  to 

the  Confederates. 

At  Compton's  Perry  Col.  Guitar  de- 
feats Confederate  Gen.  Poindexter,  who 
loses  100  killed  and  wounded,  besides  200 
prisoners. 

Tenn.    At  Kinderhook  Col.  McGowan 

defeats  the  Confederate  Gen.  II.  H.  An- 
derson, who  loses  seven  killed  and  ^ 
woimded. 

Aug.  12.  Tenn.  At  Gallatin  Col.  Miller 
is  defeated  by  the  Confederate  raiders, 
imder  Col.  J.  H.  Morgan,  who  loses  six 
killed  and  many  wounded. 

Mo.  At  Yellow  Creek,  Clinton  County, 

the  Confederates  are  defeated. 

*  *  Va.  Stonewall  Jackson  makes  a  raid 
down  the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah. 

Aug.  *  Va.  The  Federals  ravage  the 
Shenandoah  valley. 

Aug.  14.  Va.  Under  orders  of  Gen. 
Halleck,  the  army  of  Gen.  McClellan 
begins  to  change  its  base  from  Harri- 
son's Landing  to  the  Rappahannock. 

Aug.  15.  Tenn.  At  Merriwether's 
Landing  Col.  T.  W.  Harris  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Capt.  Barfield. 

Va.    Near  the  Rapidan,  Gen.  Pope 

with  50,000  men  is  confronted  by  Gen. 
Lee's  army,  80,000  strong,  and  falls  back 
across  the  Rappahannock. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862,  July  1-Aug.  18.    211 


Aug.  16.  Mo.  At  Iione  Jack  Maj. 
Foster  has  60  killed  and  100  wounded ; 
Ooufederate  Col.  Coffee  loses  110  men. 

La,    Federal  troops  evacuate  Baton 

Bouge  by  order  of  Gen.  Butler. 

Va.  Gen.  Lee  orders  Gen.  Long- 
street's  corps  to  the  Rapidan,  together 
with  Gen.  Jackson's  divisions  and  Gen. 
.Stuart's  cavalry  corps. 

Aug.  17.  Minn.  The  Great  Sioux  War. 
It  is  caused  by  a  new  breach  of  promise 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, by  the  spirit  of  war  wafted  from 
the  Southern  Kebelliou,  and  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  native  sorcerers,  who  have 
convinced  their  people  that  the  Indian 
gods  are  superior  to  the  white  man's 
Deity.  The  Sioux  Indians  massacre  COO 
people  and  destroy  millions  of  dollars 
worth  of  property  at  Acton  in  Meeker 
County  ;  Gen.  Sibley  is  sent  with  troops, 
and  defeats  them  in  two  battles. 

Va.    Gen.  McClellan'sarmy leaves 

its  camp  near  Harrison's  Bar  for  Ao- 
quia  Creek. 

Aug.  18.  Mo.  A  cavalry  expedition  is 
sent  against  the  Confederates  at  Spring- 
field. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1862  July  18.  N.  Y.,  —  Mass.  "  Comet 
II.,  1862  "  is  discovered  by  Thomas 
Simons  at  the  Dudley  Observatory  at 
Albany ;  also  on  the  same  evening,  by 
H.  P.  Tuttle  at  Cambridge. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS, 
ises. 
July  24.    Van  Buren,  Martin,    sen.  for 

N.  Y.,  Gov.,  sec.  of  state,  Vice-Pres.,  8th 

Pres.  of  U.  ,S.,  (Dem.)  FreesoU  candidate 

for  Pres.,  A80. 
Aug.  6.    McCook,     Robert    L.,    brig.-Ren. 

vols.,  A35. 
Aug.  9.  Plummer,  .Joseph  B.,  author,  brig.- 

gen.  vols.,  A 42. 

LETTERS. 
1862  •  •  Ky.     Cedar  Valley    Seminary 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Clinton. 

*  *N.Y.     The   Long   Island    Historical 
Society  Library  is  founded.  [75,000  vols.] 

*  *  O.    The  State  University  is  founded. 

*  •  Pa.    An  Agricultural  College  is  estab- 
lished at  Bellefonte. 

*  •  Wash.    Holy  Angel's  College  (Rom. 
Oath.)  is  organized  at  Vancouver  City. 

*  •  .Esthetics,  by  J.  Bascom,  appears. 

*  *  Artemut  Ward;  Hit  Book,  by  Charles 
F.  Browne,  appears. 


Congress  enacts  the  Internal  Rev- 
enue Iiaw  [this  creates  the  Bureau  of 
Internal  Revenue ;  almost  everything 
outside  of  the  grave  is  taxed]. 

An  average  tax  of  three  per  cent  is 
placed  on  manufactured  articles;  dis- 
tilled spirits,  20  cents  a  gallon :  ales,  etc., 
$1  a  barrel ;  occupations  are  licensed  at 
from  $5  to  $200;  stamps,  from  three 
cents  to  $1,  are  required  on  bills  of  ex- 
change, and  $1  to  820  on  conveyances ; 
three  per  cent  on  incomes  over  $600  up 
to  $10,000,  and  five  per  cent  on  greater 
incomes. 

It  enacts  a  bill  for  the  punishment  of 
polygamy  in  the  Territories. 
July  2.     I),  c.     Congress    passes    the 
"  Iron-clad  Oath"  of  Office  Bill. 

A  candidate  for  office  must  swear  that    y   i 
he  has  never  given  aid  or  encouragement    ''  "^^ 


to  the  enemies  of  the  United  States,  or 
accepted  office  under  any  government 
hostile  thereto. 

President  Lincoln  approves  the  Pa- 
oiflo  Bajlroad  Bill. 

It  grants  subsidies  In  bonds,  as  first 
liens  on  the  road.  First  section,  $16,000 
per  mile  ;  second  (Rockies),  $48,000 ;  third, 
$32,000;  fourth  (Sierra  Nevada  Range). 
$48,000;  fifth  (California),  $32,000.  [After- 
ward it  makes  more  liberal  subsidies, 
and  includes  a  land  grant.] 

Attorney-General  Bates  gives  an  opin- 
ion sustaining  the  legality  of  the  acts  of 
the  Government  in  suspending  the 
writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

July  4.  Pa.  The  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention declares,  "  this  is  a  govern- 
ment of  white  men,  and  was  estab- 
lished exclusively  for  the  white  race." 

O.  The  Ohio  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention declares, "  it  would  be  unjust  to 
our  gallant  soldiers  to  compel  them  to 
free  the  negroes  of  the  South,  and 
hereby  fill  Ohio  with  a  degraded  popula- 
tion "  to  compete  in  labor. 

July  11.  D.  C.  The  bill  authorizing  the 
issue  of  $150,000,000  legal-tender 
notes,  of  $1  and  upwards,  becomes  a 
law. 

July  12.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
2000  medals  to  be  distributed  among    July  18, 19.    Ne,o  Torfc  and  Philadelphia 


Congress  makes  j)Ostage  and  other 
stamps  legal  tender  for  fractions  of  a 
dollar.  [Vote;  House,  82-42;  Senate, 
27-12.  Government  currency  soon  ex- 
cludes "  shlnplasters."] 

The  President  approves  the  Act  of 
Congress,  authorizing  the  enrollment 
of  the  militia. 

Persons  between  18  and  45  years  are  to 
be  included.  Negroes  are  to  be  admitted 
into  the  army. 

The  37th  Congress :  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 
July  25.  D.  C.  The  President  warns 
the  owners  of  slaves  that  the  confisca- 
tion and  emancipation  acts  will  be 
duly  executed. 

Wis.    The  Legislature  repeals  the 
Personal  Liberty  BUI. 

*  *  U.  s.  Democrats  are  alienated 
from  the  Government,  and  oppose 
"  an  Abolition  war." 

No  Democrat  voted  for  the  destruction 
of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
nor  for  the  compensated  emancipation 
of  slaves  in  the  border  States,  nor  for  the 
act  confiscating  the  property  of  rebels. 

Aug.  4.  D.  C.  Orders  are  issued  direct- 
ing a  draft  of  300,000  more  men,  for 
nine  months'  service,  besides  the  300,000 
volunteers  previously  called  for  ;  liberal 
bounties  encourage  enlistments. 

Aug.  8.  U.  S.  The  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  is  suspended;  orders  are  given 
to  arrest  persons  who  discourage  enlist- 
ments. 

Aug.  12.  Va.  The  first  Confederate 
Congress  opens  its  second  session  at 
llichmond. 

Aug.  16.  Ky.  Gov.  Beriah  Magoffin 
is  defeated  in  his  attempt  to  make  Ken- 
tucky a  neutral  state,  and  resigns ;  he 
is  succeeded  by  J.  P.  Robinson,  the 
speaker  of  the  St.ate  senate,  who  is  a 
Union  man. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1862    July  1.    New  York.    Price  of  cot- 
ton, 381  cents. 


SOCIETY. 

1862  July  *  New  York.  Several  prom- 
inent newspapers  violently  denounce 
the  Federal  authorities  in  their  adminis- 
tration of  the  government  and  conduct 
of  the  war ;  the  Journal  of  Commerce, 
the  World,  and  the  Daily  News  are  con- 
spicuous opposers. 

July  16.  D.  a  The  Sanitary  Police 
Company  is  appointed. 

Aug.  18.  Minn.  The  Little-Crow  band 
of  Sioux  Indians  massacre  the  whites 
at  Yellow  Medicine  Agency. 

STATE. 
1862   July  1.    D.  C.    President  Lincoln 
calls  for  300,000  more  troops,  in  re- 
sponse to  the  official  request  of  the  gov- 
ernors of  18  States. 


non-commissioned  officers  and  privates 
of  distinguished  merit. 

President  Lincoln  again  urges  Repre- 
sentatives of  border  States  to  accept 
Ills  plan  of  compensated  emancipation. 
July  14.  D.  C.  A  Tariff  Act  is  passed, 
which  increases  duties  on  imports  ;  it 
also  forbids  the  issue  of  tokens  to  circu- 
late as  money. 

Congress :  The  Senate  votes  to  admit 
■West  Virginia  into  the  Union.  Vote, 
23-17 ;  one  Deui.  votes  yea. 

July  16.  B.C.  Congress  votes  to  greatly 
enlarge  the  scope  of  the  naval  organ- 
ization, and  to  advance  the  rank  of  its 
officers. 

July  17.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Confiscation  Act. 

"  Confiscatine  the  property  of  rebels, 

and  giving  freedom  to  the  persons  whom 
they  hold  in  slavery,"  if  the  owners  do 
not  submit  to  the  (iovernment  within 
60  days.  It  also  provides  for  the  punish- 
ment of  persons  In  rebellion,  whom  it 
divides  into  six  classes. 


begin  to  use  car  tickets  and    postage 
stamps  as  fractional  currency. 

July  22.  Cat.  About  150  convicts  es- 
cape from  the  State  prison. 

July  27.  The  steamer  Golden  Gate  on 
the  Paoiflo  is  burned  off  the  coast  of 
Mexico  ;  about  $1,500,000  in  treasure  are 
lost,  and  nearly  200  lives. 

July*  Mo.  The  court-house  at  St. 
Louis  is  completed  ;  cost,  about  $1,200,- 
000. 

July  *  Northern  States.  A  marked  re- 
vival in  trade  occurs.  "Shlnplas- 
ters" and  "tokens"  are  issued  from 
private  sources,  and  become  superabun- 
dant. 

Aug.  *  Northern  States.  A  keen  expec- 
tation of  the  speedy  capture  of  Rich- 
mond by  Gen.  McClellan  prevails. 

Aug.  13.  Va.  Two  steamers  collide  on 
the  James  River ;  the  West  Point  goes 
down  ;  75  lives  are  lost. 

*  »  Many  States  offer  special  bounties 
to  induce  enlistment  as  volunteers. 


212     1862,  Aug.  19-Sept  21. 


AMERICA ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  Aug.  *Capt.Semme8  becomes  com- 
mander of  the  privateer  Alabama,  re- 
cently built  in  England. 

Aiig.  *  Minn.  The  Sioxix  Indians  be- 
siege Fort  Ridgely  for  ninq  days. 

Aug.  19.  Va.  At  White  Oak  Ridge.near 
Hickman,  Capt.  jVIoore  loses  two 
wounde<i ;  Confederate  lose,  four  killed 
and  19  prisoners. 

/>.  C     The  Department  of  the  Ohio 

is  formed. 

Aug.  20.  Tenn.  At  Sdgefield  Junc- 
tion the  Confederates  under  Col.  J.  H. 
Morgan  lose  seven  killed  and  20 
wounded. 

Clarkesville  is  surrendered  to  the 
Confederates. 

Mo.  Near  Union  Mills  Mai.  Price  en- 
coimters  the  Confederates,  losing  four 
killed  and  three  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  four  prisoners  and  ISnorses. 

— —  Minn.  At  Fort  Ridgely,  an  attack  of 
Sioux  Indians  is  repulsed. 

Va.    Gen.  Pope  falls  back  across 

the  Kappahannock  on  the  approach  of 
Gen.  Lee  with  superior  numbers. 

Aug.  21.  S.  C.  At  Pinckney*8  Island, 
the  Federals  lose  three  killed,  three 
wounded,  and  32  prisoners. 

Aug.  22.  Va.  Catlett's  Station  is  cap- 
tured by  Stuart's  Confederate  cavalry. 

Tenn.    Near   Gallatin  Gen.   J.  H. 

Morgan  defeats  Gen.  Johnson,  who  loses 
100  killed,  many  wounded,  and  350  pris- 
oners ;  Gen.  Morgan  captures  Gallatin, 
also  Gen.  Johnson  and  his  staff. 

Aug.  23.  Minn.  The  Indians  are  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  on  New  Ulm. 

Va.    Gen.  Reynolds's  division  of 

the  Army  of  the  Potomac  is  the  first  to 
join  the  Army  of  Virginia  at  Acquia 
Creek. 

Atig.  24.  Mo.  Confederates  are  defeated 
in  a  skirmish  between  Bloomfield  and 
Gape  Girardeau. 

—  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg  advances  for  the 
Invasion  of  Kentucky  with  more  than 
60,000  men.  Gen.  Buell  with  40,000  men 
prepares  to  repel  him. 

Va.   Gen.  McClellan's  army  arrives 

at  Acquia  Creek. 

Aug.  25.     Tenn.     At  Fort  Donelson 

the  Confederates  under  Col.  Woodward 
are  repulsed  with  heavy  loss. 

D.  C.   The  Secretary  of  War  formally 

authorizes  Gen.  Saxton  at  Port  Royal, 
S.  C,  to  enlist  and  drill  5,000  negroes 
to  guard  and  protect  plantations. 

. Va.    At  Waterloo  Bridge  a  skirmish 

takes  place. 

Ark.    A  combined  military  and  naval 

expedition  under  Gen.  Curtis  and  Com- 
mander Davis,  returns  to  Helena,  after 
capturing  a  Confederate  battery  on  the 
Yazoo  River,  the  steamer  Fair  Play, 
and  war  materials. 

Aug.  26.  Minn.  The  militia  under  Col. 
U.K.  Sibley  advance  against  the  Sioux. 

Aug.  27.  Va.  At  Kettle  Run  Gen, 
Hooker  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Qen.  Ewell  and  drives  them  from  the 
field.  Federal  loss,  300  killed  and 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  the  same, 
besides  1,000  prisoners. 


Gen.  Pope  orders  Gen.  Fitz-John 
Porter,  at  "Warrenton  Junction,  to 
march  at  1  a.m.  to  Bristoe  Station.  [Ho 
does  not  start  until  dawn]. 

Gen.  McClellan  arrives  at  Alexan- 
dria, awaiting  orders. 

Aug.  28.  Tenn.  At  Readyville  Col. 
Murphy  defeats  Confederate  Gen.  For- 
rest. 

Va.  West  of  Centerville  Gens.  Mc- 
Dowell and  Sigel  drive  back  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Jackson,  and  take 
1,000  prisoners. 

Stonewall  Jackson's  army,  by 
marching  via  Thoroughfare  Gap,  strikes 
Gen.  Pope's  base  of  supplies  at  Manas- 
sas Junction. 

Aug.  29.  K.  C.  Ports  Hatteras  and 
Clark  are  captured  by  Federals. 

Va.  BattleofGroveton:  Gen.  Jack- 
son defeats  Gen.  Pope  after  the  arrival 
of  Gen.  Long8treet*s  corps  of  30,000  men, 
and  drives  back  Gen.  McDowell's  cori>s. 
Gen.  Pope  is  enraged  at  Gen.  Porter  for 
disobedience  of  orders ;  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee 
arrives,  and  assumes  command  of  the 
Confederates. 

City  Point,  on  the  James  River,  is 
shelled  by  Federal  gunboats. 

Ky.    At  Richmond  the  advance  of 

Gen.  Bragg'a  army  under  Gen.  E.  Kirby 
Smith  routs  the  Federals  under  Gens. 
MansoD  and  Nelson. 

Federal  loss,  200  killed,  700  wounded, 
and  4,000  prisoners ;  Confederate  luss, 
250  killed  and  500  wounded. 

Aug.  30.  Va.  Battle  of  Manassas,  or 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run :  Gen.  Lee 
utterly  defeats  Gen.  Pope,  and  drives  the 
Federals  back  on  Centerville. 

Federal  loss  1 ,747  killed,  8,452  wounded, 
and  4.262  missing:  Confederate  loss, 
1,482  killed,  and  6,145  wounded  and  mis- 
sing. 

Gen.  Pope  attributes  his  failure  in 

this  campaign  to  Gen.  Porter's  inaction 
and  disobedience  to  orders  on  Aug.  27 
and  29,  and  to  Gen.  McClellan's  reluc- 
tance in  forwarding  reenforcements  from 
Alexandria. 

Tenn.    At  Bolivar  Col.  Legget  routs 

the  Confederates  under  Gen,  Armstrong. 
Federal  loss,  five  killed,  18  wounded,  and 
64  missing. 

Sept.  1.  Ky.  Confederate  raids  occasion 
the  removal  of  the  Legislature  from 
Frankfort  to  Louisville. 

Tenn.  At  Britton's  Xiane  Col.  Den- 
nis defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Armstrong.  Federal  loss,  200  killed ; 
Confederate  loss,  180  killed  and  220 
wounded. 

fh.    A  part  of    Gen.    Pope's    army 

has  a  severe  action  at  Chantilly,  and 
repulses  the  Confederate  Gens.  Jackson 
and  Ewell.  Gens.  Philip  Kearny  and 
Isaac  1.  Stevens  are  killed.  Federal  loss, 
1,300  killed  and  wounded;  Confederate 
loss,  800  killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  1-12.  O.  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  by 
extraordinary  exertions,  saves  Cincin- 
nati from  capture  by  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith. 

Sept.  2.  N.  C.  Near  Plymouth  Sergt. 
Green  defeats  the  Confederate  Col.  Gar- 
rett, who  loses  30  killed  and  40  prisoners. 


—  D.  C.  Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  is 
appointed  to  command  the  defenses  of 
Washington  and  the  troops  engaged 
therein. 

Gen.  Pope  is  relieved  of  the  command 
of  the  Army  of  Virginia,  and  is  assigned 
to  a  command  in  the  Northwest. 

O.    Martial  law  is  declared  in  Cin- 

•  cinnati,  the  city  being  threatened  by 
approaching  Confederates. 

Sept.  3.  Va.  The  Federals  evacuate 
Centerville  and  fall  back  toward 
"Washington. 

Minn.    The  Indians   attack   Cedar 

City,  McLeod  County. 

Ky.     Near   Slaughterville   Lieut.- 

Col.  Foster  encounters  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  three  killed,  two  wounded,  and 
25  prisoners. 

Va.    Fighting  occurs  between  Fairfax 

Court  House  and  Washington. 

Sept.  4.  Md.  Gen.  Lee  crosses  the  Po- 
tomac, at  Point  of  Rocks,  and  invades 
Maryland. 

Ky.  Gen.  Morgan  reaches  Lexing- 
ton on  his  second  raid. 

Minn.    At  Ridgely  Indians  kill  13 

soldiers  and  wound  47  others. 

Tenn.     At   Cumberland   Gap  tho 

Confederates  are  defeated  with  loss. 

Sept.  5.  Va.  Gen.  McDowell  is  re- 
lieved of  his  command,  at  his  own  re- 
quest. 

±  Ky.   Gen.  Bragg  enters  Kentucky. 

Sept.  6.  i\r.  C.  At  Washington  Fed- 
eral Gen.  Foster  repulses  an  attack  of 
cavalry  supported  by  two  gunboats;  Fed- 
eral loss,  eight  kilted  and  36  wounded; 
Confederate  loss,  33  killed  and  100 
wounded. 

Ky.    Gen.  Henry  Heth,  with  6,000 

Confederates,  arrives  near  Coving- 
ton, opposite  Cincinnati. 

Md.  Gen.  Lee  occupies  Freder- 
ick. 

W.    Va.    Near   Martinsburg  Gen. 

Julius  White  repulses  an  attack  of  Con- 
federate cavalry ;  Federal  loss,  two 
killed  and  10  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  50  prisoners,  besides  the  killed 
and  wounded. 

Sept.  6, 7.  O.  Gen.  Kirby  Smith  threat- 
ens Cincinnati. 

Sept.  7.  Ky.  Federals  capture  Shep- 
herdsville  with  85  prisoners. 

Sept.  8.  Md.  Gen.  Lee  issues  a  procla- 
mation to  the  people  of  Maryland,  in- 
viting them  to  cast  their  lot  with  the 

Confederacy. 

Near  Poolesville  Maj,  Chapman  loses 
one  killed  and  eight  wounded ;  the  de- 
feated Confederates  lose  seven  killed. 

Minn.     The  Indians  are  defeated  by 

the  troops,  in  a  flght  at  the  Lower 
Agency. 

Va.    At  Edwards'   Ferry,  on  the 

Potomac,  Gen.  Keyes  repulses  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Stuart,  who  loses  90  men. 

Sept.  9.  Va.  At  "Williamsburg  Col. 
Campbell  repulses  an  attack  of  Confed- 
erate cavalry  ;  but  be  with  five  captains 
and  four  lieutenants  are  taken  prison- 
ers.    Confederates  lose  eight  killed. 

Sept.  lOi.  Md.  Gen.  Stuart's  cavalry 
cro-^ses  the  Potomac,  makes  a  circuit 
around  Gen.  McClellan's  army,  and 
reeroiGping  tlie  river,  enters  Gen.  Ia^c's 
camp. 


UNITED    STATES.  1862,  Aug.  19 -Sept.  21.    213 


Sept.  10.  Mil.  Gen.  Lee  occupies  Ha- 
gerstown. 

Misa.    Near  Coldwater  Col.  Grier- 

9on  encounters  ('on federates,  who  lose 
four  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Pa.     Gov.  Curtin   calls  out  every 

able-bodied  man  in  the  State  to  assist 
in  repelling  Confederate  invaders. 

Va.      At   Fayetteville    Col.   Siber 

is  defeated  by  Confederates  \xnder  Gen. 
Loring,  with  the  loss  of  100  killed  and 
wounddd. 

W.  Va.    At  Gauley  the  Federals  burn 

the  Government  property,  and  flee  bo- 
fore  the  approaching  Confederates. 

Sept.  11.  Ky.  Maysville  is  taken  by 
the  Confederates.  [It  is  recaptured  by 
the  Federals  on  the  following  day.] 

Sept.  12.  Mo.  Eureka  is  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

Md.  At  Middletown  the  Confeder- 
ates lose  80  killed  and  wounded. 

jr.    J'a.     The    Confederates    invest 

Harper's  Ferry. 

Sept.  14.  Md.  Gen.  Lee  finds  Gen.  Mc- 
Clellan  in  his  rear,  and  falls  back  to 
Antietam  Creek. 

Battles  of  South  Mountain:  Gen. 
McClellan,  with  the  combined  army  of 
Virginia  (Gen.  Pope's),  and  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  defeats  Gen.  Lee  at 
Turner's  and  Crampton's  Gaps. 

Federal  loss,  443  killed,  1,806  wounded, 
and  75  missing;  Confederate  loss,  BOO 
killed,  2,343  wounded,  and  1,500  prisoners. 

Ky.    At  Munfordville  Col.  Wilder 

with  2,000  Federals  for  five  hours  repulses 
8,000  Confederates  under  Gen.  Duncan, 
when  reenforcements  arrive,  and  Con- 
federates are  driven  away  with  heavy 
loss. 

Va.  At  Harper's  Ferry  the  Fed- 
eral cavalry  elude  the  investing  Confed- 
erates, and  escape  in  the  night. 

Sept.  14,  15.  }V.  Va.  At  Harper's 
Ferry,  Gen.  Stonewall  Jackson,  with 
14,000  troops,  bombards  the  garrison 
from  the  commanding  heights. 

Sept.  15.     Ktf.     At   Green   Kiver  the 

Confederates  are  defeated. 

Va.  Col.  D.  H.  Miles,  having  dis- 
obeyed orders  to  prepare  for  defense, 
surrenders  Harper's  Ferry  to  Stone- 
wall Jackson. 

Federal  loss,  80  killed,  120  wounded, 
11,583  prisoners,  and  479  guns  ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  500  killed  and  wounded.  Col. 
Miles  is  killed. 

Sept.  16,  17.  Md.  Battle  of  Antie- 
tam; Gen.  McClellan,  with  87,000  men 
present  and  60,000  engaged,  attacks  Gen. 
Ijee,  with  40,000  (?)  men  [in  one  of  the 
bloodiest  battles  of  the  war.  Both  sides 
claim  the  victory.] 

Gens.  Hooker,  Burnside,  Sumner, 
Mansfield,  Franklin,  and  O.  O.  Howard 
command  on  the  Federal  side;  Gens. 
Jackson,  Lf^ncptreet,  Hood,  Early,  and 
I).  H.  and  A.  P.  Hill  support  Gen.  Lee. 
(ten.  Mansfield  is  killed,  and  Gen.  Hooker 
is  wounded.  Federal  loss,  2,108  killed, 
9,540  wounded,  and  753  missing.  Con- 
federate loss  estimated  at  11,172. 

Sept.  16,  17.  Ky.  At  MunfordvUle 
Gen.  Polk  with  20,500  men  of  Gen. 
Bragg's  army,  defeats  the  Federals  un- 
der Col.  J    T.  Wilder  with  6,000.    Fed- 


eral loss,  37  killed  and  wounded,  besides 
3,566  prisoners;  Confederate  loss,  714 
killed  and  wounded. 

Sept.  16.  Teiin.  Near  DurhamviUe 
Lieut.  R.  Griffin  loses  two  killed  and  10 
wounded  ;  Confederates,  under  Lieut. - 
Col.  Faulkner  lose  eight  killed  and  20 
wounded. 

Cumberland  Gap  is  evacuated  by  the 

Federals. 

Va.     At    Leesburg,    in    a   cavalry 

fight.  Col.  Kilpatrick  defeats  the  Con- 
federates. 

Sept,  IS.  Md.  Both  armies  rest  after 
the  battle  of  Antietam,  but  at  night 
Gen.  liee  slips  away  and  recrosses  the 
Potomac. 

Sept.  19.  Md.  The  Federals  make  a 
tardy  pursuit  of  Gen.  Lee's  army;  a 
force  crosses  the  Potomac  and  takes 
four  giuis. 

D.  C.  The  Department  of  the  Mis- 
souri is  formed;  Maj.  Gen.  Samuel 
R.  Curtis,  commander. 

Ky.    At  Ow^ensburg  a  Confederate 

attack  is  repulsed  with  great  loss.  Fed- 
erals lose  two  killed  and  18  wounded. 

Miss.  At  luka  Gen.  Rosecrans  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Price, 
and  drives  them  southward  after  a  hot 
battle. 

Federal  loss,  144  killed.  598  wounded, 
and  40  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  263 
killed,  692  wounded,  and  5G1  prisoners. 

Va.    Harper's  Ferry  is  evacuated 

by  the  Confederates. 

Sept.  20.   Md.   Gen.  McClellan  reports 

93,149  men  present  for  duty. 
Sept.  20±.     Md.    Gen.  Lee's  army  retires 

southward,  laden  with  stores  taken  from 

the  Federals. 

Sept.  20.  Ky.  Near  Lebanon  Junction  a 
cavalry  skirmish  occurs. 

Mo.     Near    Shirley's    Ford    Col. 

Ritchie  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  GO  or  70  killed  and  wounded. 

}V.  Va.    Near  Shepherdstown  the 

Federals  cross  the  Potomac  and  are 
driven  back  into  Maryland. 

Sept.  21.  Ky.  At  Shepherds vi lie  Col. 
Granger  encounters  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  five  killed  and  28  prisoners. 

The  Federal  troops  occupy  Mun- 
fordville. 

Va.     Col.    Barnes   encounters    the 

Confe<lerates  near  the  Potomac  ;  they 
lose  150  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Sept.  13.  C.F.Hall  returns  from 
the  Arctic  regions  after  an  absence  of 
about  two  years. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1662. 

Aue.  20.     Hohlen,  Henry,  brlg.-gen.  vols., 

A  52. 
Read,  George  Campbell,  rear-admiral, 

A74. 
Augr.  26.    Means,  John   II.,  gov.  of  S.  C, 

A50. 
Sept.  1.    Kearny.  Philip,  maj. -gen.  r.  8. 

vols.,  killed  at  (^baiitilly,  A47. 
Stevens.    leaac    InertUls,    maj.-gen. 

vols.,  killed  at  Chantilly,  A44. 
Sept.  14.  Reno.  JesBB  L.,  brig.-gen.  vols., 

killed  at  South  Mt.,  A39. 
Sept.  16.    TwltcRS,   David   E.,   brig.-gen. 

V.  a.  A.,  Coufed.  maj.-gen.,  A72. 


Sept.  16.  Miles,  Dixon  S.*  col.  U.  R.  A., 
killed  at  Harper's  Ferry,  A58. 

Sept.  17.  Croasdale,  Samuel,  col.  V.  S.  .\., 
killed  at  Antietam. 

Sept.  18.  Mansfield,  Joseph  K.  F.,  nmj.- 
gen.  of  vols,,  mortally  wounded  at  Antie- 
tam, A  59. 

Sept.  19.  Little,  Louis  H.,  capt.  U.S.A., 
Confed.  brig.-gen.,  killed  at  luka,  A44. 


LETTERS. 

1862  *  *  John  Brent,  by  Theodore  "Win- 
throp,  appears. 

*  *  Country  Living  and  Country  Thinking^ 
by  M.  A.  Dodge,  appears. 

*  *  The  King's  Bell,  by  R.  H.  Stoddard, 
appears. 

*  *  Origin  and  History  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage, by  G.  P.  Marsh,  appears. 

*  *  The  Poet's  Journal,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Wagoner  of  the  Alleghanies,  by 
T.  B.  Bead,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  Aug.  21.  Minn.  The  Sioux  In- 
dians massacre  the  whites  at  New  Ulm, 
in  Brown  County. 

Aug.  29.  Ky.  Brig.-Gen.  Jefferson  C. 
Davis,  U.S.A.,  shoots  and  mortally 
wounds  Maj.-Gen.  "William  Nelson, 
in  an  altercation  at  Louisville. 

Sept.  1.  D.  C.  An  act  is  passed  declar- 
ing that  the  spirit  ration  in  the  navy 
shall  cease  forever,  and  that  no  spirits 
shall  be  admitted  on  board  vessels  of 
war  except  as  medical  stores  ;  and  in 
lieu  of  the  ration,  five  cents  per  day  is 
added  to  the  pay  of  each  sailor. 

Sept.  18.  Thanksgiving-day  is  ob- 
served in  the  Southern  States. 

STATE. 

1862  Aug.  21.  La.  Brig.-Gen.  George  P. 
Shepley  is  appointed  military  governor, 

Va.  The  Confederacy  issues  orders 

for  retaliation  against  Maj.-Gen.  Hunter 
and  Brig.-Gen.  Phelps  for  organizing 
negro  regiments,  and  declares  that  these 
officers  will  be  held  and  treated  as  out- 
laws whenever  captured. 

Sept.  3.  D.  C.  (Joseph  Holt  of  Ky.  is 
appointed  Judge  Advocate-general. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  Gov.  Curtin  calls  out 
50,000  militia  to  repel  the  invasion  of 
Gen.  Lee. 

Sept.  14.  The  governors  of  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  unite  in  send- 
ing a  joint  invitation  to  all  the  loyal 
governors  to  meet  at  Altoona,  Pa., 
to  consult  respecting  the  best  means  of 
common  defense,  and  to  aid  in  the  prose- 
cation  of  the  war. 

Sept.  19.  Md.  Gen.  McClellan  arrests 
16  members  of  the  Maryland  Legisla- 
ture and  its  officers;  they  favor  the 
Confederacy. 

Sept.  24.  Pa.  The  Gtovemors  of  14 
loyal  States  and  the  proxies  of  three 
others  meet  at  Altoona ;  they  approve 
the  proclamation  of  emancipation  ns  a 
war  measure. 


214    1862,  Sept.  22-Nov.  17. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  Sept.  22.  Miiin.  The  Indians 
are  defeated  by  a  detachment  of  the 
regular  army  at  Wood  Lake  ;  500  prison- 
ers^ are  taken,  and  300  are  sentenced  to 
be  hanged. 

Sept.  23.  Mo.  At  Sturgeon,  Maj.  Hunt 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Capt. 
Cunningham. 

Minn.    At  Yellow  Medicine  River 

Gen.  Sibley  has  a  battle  with  the  Sioux, 
killing  30  of  the  savages  and  wounding 
many  others ;  four  whites  are  killed  and 
30  wounded. 

Sept.  25.  Bernuula.  Commodore  Wilkes's 
squadron  arrives,  and  he  is  ordered  by 
British  authorities  to  leave  within  24 
hours. 

Ky.    Xjouisville  escapes  capture  by 

the  forced  march  of  Gen.  Buell  from 
Tenn.,  and  his  arrival  one  day  in  ad- 
vance of  Gen.  Bragg. 

Sept.  27.  Ky.  Augusta  is  attacked  by 
Confederates ;  they  defeat  and  capture 
the  garrison,  and  destroy  the  town ; 
Federal  loss,  nine  killed,  15  wounded, 
and  96  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  90 
killed  and  wounded. 

Minn.    The  Sioux  Indians  surrender 

91  captive  white  women  and  children, 

near  the  Chippewa  River. 
Sept.  *  N.  iJak.     Fort  Abercrombie  is 

twice  unsuccessfully  assaulted  by  Sioux 

Indians. 

Sept.  29.  Md.  At  Sharpsburg  the  Con- 
federates are  dispersed,  and  several  of 
them  captured. 

Va.  Warrenton  is  taken  by  the  Fed- 
erals. 

Sept.  30.  Mo.  At  Newtonia  Gen.  Sol- 
omon encounters  Confederates  under 
Col.  Cooper,  and  loses  50  killed,  80  wound- 
ed, and  120  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss, 
90  killed  and  wounded. 

Ky.    At  Russellville  Col.  Harrison 

encounters  Confederates,  who  lose  35 
killed  and  10  prisoners. 

Va.  The  entire  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, including  Gen.  Banks's  command, 
Is  reported  to  be  303,959  men. 

Of  these,  101,756  are  absent,  28,458  on 
special  duty ;  73,601  present  for  duty  in 
(ien.  Banks's  command,  and  100,144 
ready  for  duty  in  Gen.  McClellan's  im- 
mediate command. 

Oct.  1.  The  Western  gunboat  fleet  is 
transferred  from  the  War  to  the  Navy 
Department. 

Gen.  Halleck  is  sent  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  urge  Gen.  McClellan  to  cross 
the  Potomac  and  attack  the  Con- 
federates. 

S.  C.    A  combined  military  and  naval 

expedition  leaves  Hilton  Head  for  the 
St.  John's  River. 

Tenn.  At  Gallatin  Col.  Stokes  de- 
feats the  Confederate  Col.  Bennett,  who 
loses  40  killed,  39  prisoners,  and  many 
woiuided. 

}V.  Va.     At  Shepherdstown   Gen. 

Pleasanton  crosses  the  Potomac,  and 
drives  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Wade  Hampton  to  Martinsburg.  Fed- 
eral loss,  12  wounded  and  three  prison- 
ers ;  Confederate  loss,  60  killed  and 
wounded,  and  nine  prisoners. 

Oct.  2,  3.  Fla.  The  Federal  expedition 
opens  fire  on  the  fortifications  on  St. 
John's  Bluff,  and  reduces  the  works. 

Oct.  3.  Miss.  At  Corinth  a  Confederate 
advance  drives  in  the  Federal  pickets. 


Oct.  3,4.  Mi38.  Battle  of  Corinth. 
The  entrenched  Federals  under  Gen. 
Rosecrans,  20,000  strong,  repulse  the  ter- 
rible attack  of  Gens.  Van  Dorn,  Price, 
and  Lovell  with  38,000  men :  losses ; 
Federals,  355  killed,  1,841  wounded,  324 
missing ;  Confederates,  1,423  killed,  5,692 
wounded,  and  2,268  missing. 

Oct.  4,  Ky.  Gens.  Bragg  and  Kirby 
Smith  unite  their  forces  at  Frankfort. 

[Gen.  Buell,  reenforced  by  20,000  men, 
advances  against  Gen.  Bragg,  who 
slowly  retreats  with  immense  trains 
loaded  with  plunder.] 

Oct.  5.  Fla.  Jacksonville  is  reoecu- 
pied  by  the  Federals. 

Oct.  6.  D.  (\  Gen.  McClellan  is  ordered 
to  cross  the  Potomac  and  engage  the 
enemy ;  he  dislikes  interference  by  the 
government,  and  claims  the  army  needs 
rest  and  recruiting. 

Oct.  8.  Ky.  Battle  of  Perryville ;  Gen. 
Buell  engages  in  an  indecisive  conflict 
with  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Hardee,  commander  of  Gen,  Bragg's 
left  wing. 

Federal  loss,  916  killed,  3,432  wounded 
and  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  510 
killed,  2,635  wounded,  and  251  prisoners. 

Tex.     Com.    William    B.    Renshaw, 

commanding  a  Federal  squadron,  takes 
possession  of  Galveston. 

Oct.  9.  Va.  Gen.  Stuart's  Cavalry  starts 
on  its  raid  into  Pennsylvania,  and 
crosses  the  Upper  Potomac  1,800  strong, 

Oct.  10-13.  Pa.  Gen.  Stuart's  Cavalry 
captiu'e  Chaznbersburg  (Oct.  11)  and 
other  towns ;  laden  with  spoils,  it  re- 
turns safely  to  camp,  having  passed 
completely  aroiind  the  Federal 
Army. 

Oct.  11.  Pa.  Gen.  Wool  arrives  at 
Harrisburg,  and  assumes  command  of 
the  troops  stationed  for  the  defense  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Oct.  12.  La.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  orders 
the  citizens  of  New  Orleans  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United 
States,  to  furnish  their  names,  and  regis- 
ter their  property  in  the  oflSce  of  the 
provost  marshal. 

Va.  Gen.  Stuart*s  Cavalry  re- 
crosses  the  Potomac. 

Oct.  14.  Ky.  At  Stanford  (Lancaster) 
the  Confederates  lose  several  killed  and 
14  prisoners. 

Miss.    liieut.-Gen.  John  C.  Pem- 

berton,  as  commander  of  the  Confeder- 
ate Department  of  Mississippi  and  East 
Louisiana,  supersedes  Gen.  Van  Dorn 
at  Vicksburg. 

Oct.  16.  jr.  Va.  Near  Charlestown 
Gen.  Hancock  loses  one  killed  and  eight 
wounded;  Confederate  loss,  nine 
wounded  and  prisoners. 

Oct.  17.  Va.  At  Thoroiighfare  Gap 
Gen.  Stahl  takes  100  Confederate  pris- 
oners. 

Oct.  18.  Ky.  At  Lexington  Morgan's 
guerrillas  make  a  dash  into  the  town 
and  take  125  prisoners. 

Mo.  Col,  McXeil  orders  the  hang- 
ing of  ten  of  Col.  John  C.  Porter's  men 
in  retaliation  for  the  capture  in  a  raid 
and  the  disappearance  of  Andrew  Alls- 
man  of  Palmyra. 


Kan.     Quantrell,    the   Confederate 

guerrilla  chief,  makes  a  raid  into  John- 
son County  and  burns  Shawneetown. 

Oct.  20.  Ky.  At  Bardstown  Morgan's 
guerrillas  destroy  a  Federal  train  of  80 
wagons  loaded  with  ammunition  and 
stores,  before  daylight,  and  a  few  hours 
later  capture  another  train. 

Oct.  21.  Tenn.  At  Woodville  Maj.  J.  J. 
Mudd  defeats  the  Confederates  and 
takes  40  prisoners. 

Oct.  22.  S.  C.  At  Pocotaligo,  or  Ye- 
massee,  Gen.  Brannan  defeats  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Walker,  losing  43 
killed,  258  wounded,  and  five  prisoners  ; 
Confederate  loss  not  reported. 

Ark.     At  Van  Buren  Maj.  Lazear 

defeats  Confederates,  under  Col.  Boon, 
with  considerable  loss. 

Ky.    Louisville   is  threatened   by 

Confederates  under  Gen.  jMorgan,  and 
the  Governor  calls  out  the  citizens  for 
its  defense. 

Oct.  23.  Tenn.  At  "Wa verly,  Mai. 
Blott  loses  one  killed  and  five  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  40  killed  and  wounded, 
and  30  prisoners. 

At  Shelby  depot  Gen.  Stuart  defeats 
the  Confederates,  who  lose  eight  or  10 
killed  and  wounded. 

Oct.  24.  Ky.  Gen.  Rosecrans  is  appointed 
to  succeed  Gen.  Buell  as  commander  of 
the  Federal  Army  of  the  Ohio. 
At  Morganstown  a  skirmish  takes  place. 

Mo.    At  Grand  Prairie  Maj.  F.  G. 

White  loses  three  wounded ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  eight  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Va.      Gen.    McClellan    assumes    the 

offensive ;  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
cross  from  Maryland  into  Virginia. 

Oct.  26.  The  Confedrate  army,  under 
Gen.  Bragg,  traverses  Cumberland  Gap, 
while  retreating  from  Kentucky. 

Oct.  27.  Mo.  At  Pittman*s  Ferry 
Col.  Lewis  attacks  and  defeats  the  Con- 
federates, who  lose  several  killed  and 
40  prisoners. 

La.    At  DonaldsonviUe  Gen.  Weit- 

zel  loses  18  killed  and  74  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  six  killed,  15  wounded,  and 
208  prisoners. 

Oct.  28.  Ark.  Near  FayetteviUe  Gen. 
Herron  defeats  Confederates,  under  Col. 
Craven,  and  chases  them  to  the  Boston 
Mountains  ;  they  lose  eight  killed. 

Oct.  29.  Mo.  Near  Butler  Col,  Seaman 
loses  eight  killed  and  10  wounded  ;  Con- 
federates, under  Gen.  Cockerill,  lose  30 

killed  and  wounded. 

Oct.  30.  Ky.  Gen.  Hosecrans  assumes 
command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land. 

Oct.*'  The  IT.  S.  w^x-vessels  number 
256  of  all  classes. 

Oct.* -Dec*  The  Confederate  priva- 
teer Alabama,  Capt.  Raphael  Semmes, 
captures  many  merchant  vessels. 

Nov.  1.  Va.  At  Philomount,  an  artillery 
fight  continues  for  five  hours  ;  the  Con- 
federates retreat  towards  Bloomfield, 
and  another  action  lasts  for  four  hours. 

Md.    The  last  of  Gen.  McClellan's 

army  crosses  the  Potomac  into  Virginia. 

Nov.  2.  Term.  Gen.  Grant  begins  the 
advance  on  Vicksburg  from  Jackson  by 
moving  along  the  line  of  the  Mississippi 
Central  Bailroad. 


1 


UNITED   STATES. 


1862,  Sept.  22-Kov.  17.    215 


Nov.  3.  K}i.  In  "Webster  County  Col. 
Foster  loses  25  prisoweis,  and  captures 
three  Coulederate  lieuteuauts. 

Ga.  At  Kingsburg  the  Federals  de- 
stroy the  salt-works. 

Nov.  4.  Tenn.  Near  Grand  Junction 
Gen.  Grant  completes  the  gathering  of 
an  army  of  about  30,000  men  for  opera- 
tioua  in  Mississippi. 

Va.    The  Federals  capture  Maj.  Reid 

Sanders  on  the  coast,  while  endeavor- 
ing to  get  to  sea  with  Confederate  de- 
spatches. 

Nov.  6,    Tenn.    Near  Nashville  Gen. 

Negley  repulses  an  attack  of  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Morgan.    Federal 
loss,  five  killed  and  19  wounded;   Con- 
■■    federate  loss,  23  prisouers. 

Nov.  6.  Va,  At  Warrenton  Gen.  Rey- 
nolds takes  seven  Confederate  prisoners, 
150  muskets,  and  40  horses  and  wagons. 

Ay.    At  Plketon  Col.  Dills  takes  80 

Confederate  prisouers. 

Nov.  7.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  re- 
lieves Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  of 
the  command  of  the  unsuccessful  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  120,000  strong,  and  or- 
ders him  to  report  at  his  home  in  Tren- 
ton, N.J.  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Bumside 
Is  appointed  his  successor,  and  assumes 
command,  [Both  orders  are  received 
Nov.  7.] 

S.  C.    The  Ist  Regiment  of  South 

Carolina  Volunteers  (colored)  is  organ- 
ized at  Port  Royal ;  [Col.  T.  W.  Higgin- 
son  of  Mass.  takes  command  Dec.  1st]. 

Nov.  *  Va.  Gen.  Burnside  changes 
the  plan  of  campaign,  and  makes  Ac- 
quia  Creek  the  base  of  supplies  for  an 
advance  on  Richmond. 

Nov.  8,  Miss.  At  Hudsonville  Col. 
Lee  encounters  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  16  killed  and  175  prisoners. 

Ark.    Near  Marianna  (La  Grange), 

Capt.  L.  M.  Perkins  defeats  the  Conted- 
erates,  who  lose  five  killed  and  several 
wounded. 

Nov.  9,     Va.    At  Fredericksburg 

Capt.  Dahlgren  takes  39  Confederate 
prisoners. 

Ga.    The  Federal  gunboat  Mohawk,  of 

Adm.  Dupont's  fleet,  enters  the  river  and 
sheila  St.  Mary's,  driving  out  the  Con- 
federates and  burning  the  town. 

La.    Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  is  ordered  to 

supersede  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  in  the 
command  of  the  Department  of  the 
Gulf. 

Nov.  11.  Tenn,  At  Huntsville  Capt. 
Duncan  defeats  Confederates,  who  lose 
seven  killed  and  25  prisoners. 

Near  Ijebanon  Capts.  Kennett  and 
Wolford  encounter  Morgan's  Confeder- 
ates, who  lose  seven  killed,  and  126  pris- 
oners. 

Near  Iia  Grange  Col,  Lee  defeats  the 
Confederates,  losing  two  wounded  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  16  killed  and  134  pris- 
oners. 

Nov.  13.  Miss.  In  a  fight  at  Holly 
Springs  with  Col.  Lee,  Confederates 
lose  four  killed  and  several  captured. 

Nov.  15.  Va.  At  FayetteviUe  Gen. 
Sturgis  defeats  the  Confederates. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  advances 
from  Warrenton  towards  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Nov.  17.  Va.  Near  Fredericksburg  the 
Federal  artillery  opens  fire. 


At  Richmond  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
orders  to  make  retaliation  upon  the  Fed- 
erals for  the  execution  of  10  Confeder- 
ates in  Missouri.    (See  Oct.  *  1862.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1862     Sept.  22,     N.    T.     The  asteroid 

Eurydice   is    discovered  by  C.  H.  F. 

Peters.    [Also  Frigga,  Nov  12.] 
Nov.  12,    Shells  from  Whitworth    gims 

are  sent  through  solid  iron  plates  of  five 

and  a  half  inches  and  a  wood  backing. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1862. 

Sept.  28.  Nelson,  William,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
A  37. 

Oct.  4.  Hackleman,  Pleasant  A.,  lawyer, 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  killed  at  Corinth,  A48. 

Oct.  8.  Jackson,  James  S.,  M.  C.  for  Ky., 
brig.-gen.  vols.,  killed  at  Perryville,  A39. 

Terrill,    William    R,,   brig.-gen.    vols., 

killed  at  Perryville,  A28. 

Oct.  15.  Hudson,  William  L.,  capt  U.  S, 
N.,  A 68. 

Oct.  17.  James,  Charles  T.,  sen.  for  R.  I., 
inventor  of  rifled  cannon,  A58. 

Oct.  30.  Mitchel,  Onnsby  Macknight,  as- 
tronomer, maj.-gen.  of  vols.,  A53. 

Nov.  3.  Richardson,  leaaelB.,  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  mortally  wouinied  at  Antietani,  A47. 

Nov.  6.  Jameson,  Charles  !>.,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  A 35. 

Nov.  7.  Mcintosh,  James  McQueen,  Con- 
fed,  brig.-gen.,  killed  at  Pea  Ridge,  A34. 

Pendergrast,  Garrett  J.,  com.  tJ.  S,  N., 

A  60. 

Nov.  11,  Porter,  Jas.  M.,  jurist,  a  fdr,  of 
Lafayette  col.,  Easton,  Pa.,  A69. 

CHURCH. 
1862    Nov.  3.    Phila.    The  Evangel- 
ical Educational  Society  is  organized 
by  Bishop  Potter. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  Sept.  22.  Z>.  C.  President  Lincoln 
issues  a  monitory  proclamation,  de- 
claring that  the  slaves  of  all  in 
rebellion  against  the  United  States 
on  Jan.  1, 1S63,  shall  be  forever  free. 

Sept.  26.  Minn.  Thirty-eight  condemned 
Indians  are  hanged. 

Nov.  12.  New  York,  The  United  States 
Brewers'  Association  is  organized  at 
a  meeting  of  representative  brewers. 

STATE. 

1862  Sept.  22.  D.C.  President  Lincoln 
issues  a  monitory  proclamation  of 
emancipation ;  one  hundred  days  are 
given  for  dissemination  and  decision. 
All  slaves  of  those  in  rebellion  are  to 
be  free  on  Jan.  1,  1863. 

*  *  N,  Y,  The  Republican  State  Conven- 
tion nominates  James  S.  Wadsworth  for 
governor.  [Defeated  by  10,000  majority.] 
The  Democratic  State  Convention 
nominates  Horatio  Seymotu:  of  New 
York  for  the  governorship.     [Elected.] 

Sept.  24.  D.  C.  The  President  issues 
anotheS'  proclamation  suspending  the 
writ  of  habeas  corpus,  in  respect  to  per- 
sons held  by  military  authority,  to  pre- 
vent their  release. 

Sept.  30.  Va.  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress at  Richmond  entertains  retalia- 
tory resolutions,  occasioned  by  the 
proclamation  of  emancipation. 

Sept,*  Eng.  Lord  Palmerston  proposes 
that  England  offer  to  mediate  in  the 


United  States  with  a  view  to  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy.   [Lord  Granville  opposes.] 

Sept.  *  Va,  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress enacts  the  conscription  of  all  men 
between  the  ages  of  18  and  45  years. 

Sept.*  Both  a  McClellan  and  an  anti- 
McClellan  party  appear  —  in  the  press, 
among  the  people,  in  Congress,  and  in 
the  army. 

Oct.  4.  Ky,  The  Confederates  again 
organize  a  State  government  at  Frank- 
fort ;  Richard  Hawes,  governor.  It  de- 
parts the  same  day. 

Oct.  11.  Va,  The  Confederate  Con- 
gress exempts  from  conscription  one 
man  for  every  plantation  of  20  negroes, 

Oct.  12.  New  York.  A  great  Demo- 
cratic meeting  is  held  in  which  Mr. 
Lincoln's  policy  in  conducting  the  war 
is  bitterly  assailed. 

Oct.  13.  Va.  The  Confederate  Congress 
adjourns  to  meet  in  January,  1863. 

Oct.  30.  Fr.  The  mediation  of  Great 
Britain  and  Hussia,  in  favor  of  an 
armistice  between  the  North  and  South 
is  proposed  by  the  French  Government. 

Fr.  The  French  Government  pro- 
poses to  England  and  Russia  that  the 
three  cabinets  exert  their  influence  at 
Washington  and  Richmond  to  obtain  an 
*' armistice  for  six  months." 

Oct.*  D.  C,  The  Internal  Revenue 
brings  the  Government  $1,000,000 
every  secular  day,  and  tho  people 
bear  the  burden  cheerfully  ;  industries 
and  business  flourish. 

Oct.  *  U.  S.  The  elections  are  encour- 
aging for  the  Democracy*  and  dis- 
heartening to  Republicans,  who  elect 
but  three  members  in  11  congressional 
districts. 

Oct.  *  U.  S.  President  Lincoln*s  eman- 
cipation proclamation  for  a  time  seems 
disastrous  to  the  Administration.  The 
nation  is  choosing  between  freedom 
and  slavery. 

Nov.  4.  Mo.  A  Legislature  favorable  to 
emancipation  is  elected. 

//;.    President  Lincoln's  party  is 

overwhelmingly  defeated  by  the 
Democrats  in  his  own  State. 

Nov.  6.  Fr.  Drouyn  de  PHuys,  the 
French  minister  of  Foreign  affairs,  an- 
nounces to  Mr.  Dayton  his  intention  to 
invite  the  governments  of  England  and 
Russia  to  join  with  France  in  proposing 
to  the  United  States  their  friendly 
mediation  between  the  Federal  govern- 
ment and  the  Confederacy. 

Nov.  8.  Russia  declines  to  participate 
in  a  joint  mediation  with  England  and 
France. 

Nov.  13.  Eng.  The  British  Government 
declines  to  join  France  in  an  amicable 
intervention  in  the  United  States,  as 
its  success  would  be  hopeless  at  the 
present  time. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Oct.  1.  Nerv  Y(yrk.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton,  B7  cents ;  pre- 
mium on  gold,  123. 


216     1862,  Nov.  18-**. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1862  Nov.  18.  Tenn.  At  Rural  Hill 
Col.  Hawkins  defeats  Confederates,  wbo 
luse  IG  killed. 

jV.  C.     At  Cove  Creek  Lieut.-Col. 

Mix  defeats  the  Cuufederates. 

7r.  /.     At  the  Island  of  Martinique 

the  Alabama  escapes  the  Sail  Jacinto. 

Nov.  22.    fa.    Near  "Winchester  Capt. 

Harkins  captures  30  horses;  four  Cou- 
federates  are  killed. 

Nov.  24.  Miss.  Gen.  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston, only  partially  recovered  from 
■wounds  at  Fair  Oaks,  is  appointed  to 
supreme  command  of  the  Confederate 
armies  in  the  West ;  Gens.  Pemberton 
(Miss.),  E.  Kirby  Smith  (La.),  and  Bragg 
(Tenn.)  are  retained  in  command. 

Nov.  25.  ;r.  }'a.  At  Sinking  Creek 
the  Confederates  lose  two  killed  and  118 
prisoners. 

. B.  C.     The  Government  orders  the 

release  of  political  prisoners. 

Md,  Poolesville  is  raided  by  Confed- 
erates. 

iV.  C.     New  Berne  is  attacked  by 

4,000  Confederates,  who  are  repulsed. 
Nov.  26.     Tenn.    Gen.  Grant  starts  on 

his  expedition  into  Mississippi;  Gen. 

W.  T.  Sherman  is  to  leave  Memphis  and 

soon  unite  with  Gen.  Grant. 

T'a.    At  Cold  Knob  Mountain  Col. 

,1.  C.  Paxton  defeats  Confederates,  and 
captures  100  prisoners. 

Nov.  27.  }V.  Va.  At  Frankfort  the  Con- 
federates sulfer  a  defeat. 

Tenn.    Near  La  Vergne  Cols.  Hurd 

and  Dodge  lose  10  wounded  ;  several 
Confederates  are  killed. 

Nov.  28.  ^rlss.  Gen.  Grant's  army- 
advances  toward  Holly  Springs. 

Ark:  At  Cane  Hill  Gen.  Blunt  de- 
feats Confederate  Gen.  Marmaduke. 

Va.    Near  Kartwood  two  companies 

of  Federal  cavalry  are  captured  by  Con- 
federates, who  have  crossed  the  Potomac 
for  this  purpose. 

Nov.  29.  I'a.  Near  Berryville  Gen. 
Stahl  defeats  a  Confederate  force. 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Fitz  John  Porter 
is  ordered  to  Washington  for  trial  by 
court  martial  on  charges  of  disobe- 
dience to  orders.  Court:  Maj.-Gen. 
David  Hunter,  president ;  Maj.-Gen. 
Hitchcock,  Brig.-Gens.  King,  Prentiss, 
Eicketts.  Casey,  Garfield,  Buford, 
Slough;  Col.  Joseph  Holt,  Judge  Advo- 
cate General. 

Nov.  *  Tex.  Gen.  N.  J.  T.  Dana,  with 
6,000  Federals,  occupies  Brazos  Santi- 
ago, and  Brownsville. 

Dec.  1.  IV.  Va.  Near  Charlestown 
Gen.  Slocum  defeats  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  five  killed  and  18  wounded. 

Dec.  2.  jr.  Va.  At  Franklin  Col.  Spear 
defeats  Confederates. 

Near  Charlestown  Gen.  Geary  de- 
feats Confederates,  who  lose  70  killed 
and  wounded,  and  145  prisoners. 

Va.    Federals  capture  King  George 

Court  House. 

An  expedition  goes  out  from  Suffolk, 
and  recaptures  a  lost  Pennsylvania  bat- 
tery. 

Dec.  3.  Afiss.  At  Oxford  Col.  Hatch 
loses  20  killed  and  wounded  j  Confeder- 
ate loss,  92  prisoners. 


Dec.  4.  2^ew  York,  Gen.  Banks  sails 
with  a  part  of  Ids  expedition  for  New 
Orleans. 

Dec.  5.  Miss.  In  a  skirmish  at  Coffee- 
ville  Federals  lose  five  killed,  50 
wounded,  and  60  prisoners ;  Confeder- 
ates lose  60  killed  and  280  womided. 

Ark.    At  Helena  the  Confederates 

make  an  attack,  and  are  repulsed  with 
the  loss  of  eight  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Dec.  *  Va.  Gen.  Burnside  proposes  to 
advance  on  Bichmond  with  the  great 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  by  way  of  Fred- 
ericksburg. 

Dec.  7.  Ark.  At  Prairie  Grove  Gena. 
Blunt  and  Herron  of  Gen.  Curtis's  army 
defeat  the  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Hindmau,  Marmaduke,  Parsons,  and 
Frost. 

Federal  loss,  167  killed,  708  woimded, 
and  183  missing  ;  Confederates  lose 
1,317  killed  and  wounded. 

The  California  steamer  Ariel  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Confederate  cruiser  Ala- 
bama. 

Miss.     Concordia  is  burned  by  the 

Federals. 

Tenn.      At   Hartsville   Col.    A.    B. 

Moore  loses  55  killed  and  1,800  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  149  killed  and  wounded. 

Dec.  8.  Miss.  Gen.  Grant  orders  Gen. 
Sherman  to  advance  on  Vicksburg  via 
Mississippi  River  [lie  commands  an 
army  of  20,000  men ;  later,  32,000  men.] 

Dec.  10.  Va.  Port  Boyal  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  Federal  gunboats. 

Dec.  11.  Va.  The  Federals  are  defeated 
on  the  Blackwater,  and  driven  back  to 
Suffolk. 

Gen.  Bumside*8  army  crosses  to  the 
western  side  of  the  Bappahannock. 

Dec.  12.  Miss.  At  Yazoo  the  Federal 
gunboat  Cairo  is  blown  up  by  a  torpedo. 
Near  Corinth  Col.  Roddy  defeats  the 
Federals  under  Col.  Sweeney.  Federal 
loss,  one  killed  and  two  wounded  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  11  killed  and  30  wounded. 

Tenn.  At  Franklin  Gen,  Stanley  en- 
counters the  Confederates.  Federal  "loss, 
one  killed  ;  Confederate  loss,  five  killed 
and  10  wounded. 

Va.   Fredericksburg  is  occupied  by 

the  Federals  after  a  terrible  bombard- 
ment from  Gen.  Sumner's  artillery. 

Dec.  13.  Va.  Battle  of  Fredericks- 
burg; Gen.  Burnside  is  repulsed. 

The  Federals  make  heavy  and  simul- 
taneous assaults  along  the  entire  line, 
but  fail  to  drive  Gen.  Lee  from  his 
strong  position.  Burnside's  army  of 
113,000  men  is  commanded  by  Gens. 
Sumner.  Franklin,  Hooker,  Hancock, 
Stoneman,  Reynolds,  Couch,  and  others: 
Gen.  Jackson's  army  of  78,000  men  is 
under  Gens.  Early,  Longstreet,  A.  P. 
Hill,  and  others.  Federal  loss,  1,284 
killed,  9,600  wounded,  and  1,769  missing; 
Confederate  loss,  596  killed,  4,068  wound- 
ed, and  651  missing. 

Ala.    At   Tuscumbia  the  Federals 

surprise  and  defeat  the  Confederates, 
losing  four  killed  and  14  wounded  ;  the 
Confederates  lose  70  prisoners. 

Dec.  14.  La.  Gen.  Butler  is  succeeded 
by  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks. 

y.  C.    At  Kinston  Gen.  Foster  loses 

90  killed  and  478  wounded  ;  Confeder- 
ates, under  Gen.  Evans,  lose  71  killed, 
268  wounded,  400  prisoners,  and  13  guns. 
Plymouth  is  destroyed  by  Confeder- 
ates. 


Dec-  14, 15.  Va.  Fredericksburg :  — 
Under  the  persuasion  of  his  division 
commanders,  Btimside  decides  not  to 
renew  the  attack  on  Lee,  and  withdraws 
across  the  Bappahannock  during  the 
night. 

Dec.  15.  Ark.  At  Yellville  the  Confed- 
erate salt-works  are  destroyed. 

Dec.  15±.  La.  Gen.  Banks  sends  Gen. 
C.  Grover,  with  a  force  of  10,000  men, 
from  New  Orleans,  to  capture  Baton 
Bouge. 

Miss.    Gen.  Forrest's  large  force  of 

cavalry  strikes  Gen.  Grant's  lines  of 
communication  with  the  North. 

Dec.  16.  N.  C.  A  battle  is  fought  at 
White  HaU. 

Dec.  16+.  U.  S.  The  defeat  of  Burnside 
is  followed  by  national  gloom,  and  a 
feeling  akin  to  mutiny  in  the  army. 

Dec.  17.  A>.  At  Munfordville  a  Con- 
federate cavalry  force  of  Gen.  Bragg's 
army  is  defeated.  Federal  loss,  10  killed 
and  17  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  33 
killed  and  60  wounded. 

N.  C.  A  battle  is  fought  at  Golds- 
borough. 

Va.  At  Occoquan  a  company  of  Fed- 
eral cavalry  is  surprised  and  captured. 

At  Dumfries  Col.  Candy  loses  10  killed 
and  wounded ;  routed  Confederates, 
under  Gens.  Stuart  and  Fitz-Hugh  Lee, 
lose  30  or  40  killed  and  wounded. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Gen.  J.  A.  McClemand  to  supersede 
Gen.  Sherman  in  immediate  command 
of  the  Vicksburg  Expedition  under  Gen. 
Grant. 

Ky.    At   Iicxington  Col.  R.  G.  In- 

gersoU  is  defeated  by  Confederate  Gen. 
S'orrest,  losing  40  killed. 

Dec.  19.  Tenn.  At  Memphis  Gen. 
Sherman  begins  to  embark  his  army  of 
20,000  men  on  67  boats,  for  the  capture  of 

Vicksburg. 

Dec.  20.  Misa.  At  Holly  Springs 
Gen.  Van  Dorn  captiires  a  large  quan- 
tity of  Federal  supplies. 

Gen.  IT.  S.  Grant  is  compelled  to 
desist  from  his  march  on  Vicksburg, 
owing  to  the  capture  of  his  base  of  sup- 
plies by  Gen.  Van  Dorn. 

Gen.  'William  Tecumseh  Sherman, 
with  a  strong  armament,  drops  down  the 
Mississippi  River  from  Memphis,  and 
proceeds  as  far  as  Yazoo. 

Dec.  21.  Tenn.  In  East  Tennessee  Fed- 
eral raiders  destroy  important  railroad 
bridges,  disable  locomotives,  captiu*e  500 
prisoners  and  700  stand  of  arms. 

Miss.      At   Davis   Mills,    on    Wolf 

River,  Col.  K.  H.  Morgan  defeats  Con- 
federate Gen.  A'an  Dorn,  who  loses  three 
killed,  30  wounded,  and  20  prisoners, 
beside  100  stand  of  arms  left  on  the  field. 

Ky.    At   IfOndon  550  prisoners  are 

taken  by  the  Federals  on  Curtis's  raid. 

Dec.  23.  Va.  At  Richmond  Jefferson 
Davis  issues  a  proclamation  announ- 
cing retaliatory  measures  against  Gen. 
Butler,  and  dooming  him  and  his  offi- 
cers to  be  hanged  if  captured. 

Dec.  24.  Ky.  Near  Mtmfordville 
Capt.  Dickeys  is  defeated  by  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Morgan,  and  loses  23  prisoners. 
The  next  day  Col.  Gray  defeats  Gen. 
Morgan,  who  loses  nine  killed  and  22 
wounded. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862,  Nov.  18-**.     217 


Dec.  25.  Miss.  The  Vicksburg  Expedi- 
tiou  reaches  Milliken*8  Bend  20  miles 
above  Vicksburg,  aud  lands  Gen.  A.  J. 
Smith's  division  to  cut  off  supplies  from 
entering  the  city. 

Dec.  26±.    Miss.     Com.  Porter's  fleet 

convoys    Gen.    Sherman's   advance    up 

the  Yazoo. 
Dec.  26.    Tenn.    Gen.  Bosecrans  leaves 

Nashville  to  engage  Gen.  Bragg  at  Mur- 

freeaboro. 

Dec.  27,  28.  Ark.  At  Van  Buren  Fed- 
erals lose  seven  killed;  Confederates 
lose  120  prisoners. 

Dec.  28.  Kij.  At  Elk  Fork  Maj.  Foley 
defeats  Confederates,  who  lose  30 killed, 
176  wounded,  51  prisoners,  and  80  horses. 

Dec.  29.    Miss.    At  Chickasaw  Bayou, 

near  Vicksburg,  Gen.  Sherman  nmkes  a 
disastrous  attack  on  the  Confederates. 
[His  army  retires  to  the  fleet.] 

Federal  loss,  191  killed,  982  wounded, 
and  756  missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  207 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

Dec.  30.  Tenn.  At  Packer's  Cross 
Hoads  Gen.  Sullivan  defeats  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Forrest ;  Federal  loss,  100  killed 
and  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  600 
wounded. 

Dec.  31.  The  ironclad  Monitor  founders 
off  Cape  Hatteras. 

Dec.  31.-Jan.  2.  Tenn.  Battle  of  Mur- 
freesboro  or  Stone's  River ;  Gen. 
Rosecrans  repulses  the  attack  of  Gen, 
Bragg,  and  after  a  long  struggle  forces 
him  to  retire ;  43,000  Federals  are  com- 
manded by  Gens.  McCook,  Thomas,  Crit- 
tenden, Kousseau,  Palmer,  Sheridan, 
and  A.  J.  Davis  ;  about  an  equal  number 
of  Confederates  are  commanded  by 
Gens.  Hardee,  Breckinridge,  Polk, 
Kirby  Smith,  Cheatham,  and  Withers. 

Federal  loss,  1,294  killed,  7,945 
wounded,  and  1,027  missing;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  10,000  killed  and  wounded,  500 
prisoners. 

Dec.  *  Ark.  Gen.  Sherman  adds  12,000 
troops  to  the  Vicksburg  Expedition 
at  Helena. 

*  *  Phila,  The  iV'ew  Ironsides  is  com- 
pleted. 

It  has  4-inch  armor,  is  of  4,015  tons  bur- 
den, 700  horse-^ower,  six  knots  speed ; 
it  carries  20  ll-inch  smoothbore  guns. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Dec.  4.  .V.  Y.  The  Buffalo  Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts  is  incorporated. 

_63  *  *  Chicago.  The  Dearborn  Observa- 
tory is  foimded. 

*  *  New  York.  Samuel  Coleman  of  New- 
port, R.  1.,  \Vm.  H.  Beard  and  Launt 
Thompson  of  New  York,  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  *  U.  S.  Ammonia  is  first  used  for  de- 
veloping photographs. 

*  *  The  first  experiments  are  made  in 
"shooting"  petroleum  wells,  by  ex- 
ploding nitro-glycerine,  to  increase 
their  fiow. 

*  •  Richmond  Hill  is  painted  by  J.  F. 
Cropsey. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 
1863. 
Dec.  6.    Jackson,   Clairborne   F.,  gov.   of 

Mo.,  Confed.  brig.-gen.,  A55. 
Dec.  7.    Churchill,  Sylvester^  brig.-gen.  U. 

S.  A.,  A79. 
Dec.  13.    Cobb,    Thomas   K.    R.,   lawyer, 

Confed.  brig.-gen.,  k.  at  Fredericksburg, 

A  39. 
Jackson,    Conrad    F.,   brig.-gen.    vols., 

killed  at  Frederickaburg,  A  49. 
Dec.  14.    Bayard,  Geo.  D.,  brig.-gen.  cav- 
alry, A27. 
Dec.  30.    Pearce,  James  A.,  sen.  for  Del., 

AtiO. 
Dec.  31.    Garesohe,  Julius   P.,  lieut.-col., 

scholar,  k.  at  battle  of  Stone  Kiver,  A41. 
Itains,   James    K.,    Confed.    brig.-gen., 

killed  at  M  urf reesboro,  A29. 
Roberts,    George    W.,  brig.-gen.    vols., 

killed  at  M  urf  reesboro,  A29. 
Sill,  Joshua  W.,  brig.-gen.  vols.,  killed 

at  M  urf  reesboro,  A  31. 

♦  *  Anderson,  George  B.,  Confed.  brig.-gen., 
A31. 

*  *  F'asqueUe,  Jean  L.,  author  Fr.  text-books, 
AM. 

*  *  Fisher,  Elwood,  editor  Southern  Press, 
A54. 

•  •  Lisle,  Marcus  C,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  b.  In  Ky. 

•  *  Swanaon,  Claude  A.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  b.  Va. 

CHURCH. 
1862  Nov.19.  Ga.  The  first  General  Con- 
vention of  •*  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
America"  meets  at  Augusta. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ;  Geo. 
Duffield,  moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (O.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Columbus  ;  Chas.  C. 
Beatty,  moderator. 

*  *  Correspondence  is  established  be- 
tween the  Old  School  aud  New  School 
Presbyterian  assemblies. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati; A,  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg  ;  Jo- 
seph J.  Cooper,  moderator. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  Dec*  Pa.  The  "Molly  Ma- 
guires"  stop  the  mining  operations  at 
Goyne's  mine,  in  the  town  of  Cass. 

Dec.  27.  Phila.  The  Union  Ijeague 
Club  is  founded,  the  first  in  the  United 
States.  [It  raises  10  regiments  In  the 
war  for  the  Union.] 

*  *  Ind.  A  political  convention  declares 
"  the  soil  of  Indiana  should  belong;  to 
the  white  man." 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  the  pen- 
alty for  selling  or  giving  liquor  or 
wine  to  Indians  in  the  Indian  country 
shall  be  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $300 
and  imprisonment  for  not  more  than 
two  years. 

**  Chicago.  The  Worthwestern 
Branch  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  is 
organized. 

STATE. 

1862  Nov.  22.  D.C.  A  general  order  is 
issued  for  the  release  of  State  (politi- 
cal) prisoners. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  failure  of  the  Peninsula 
campaign  is  followed  by  much  contro- 
Terey. 


Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  37th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

President  Lincoln,  in  his  message,  ap- 
proves a  national  banking  system, 
making  one  imiform  circulation  of  equal 
value  throughout  the  country. 

He  recommends  emancipation  by  the 
loyal  States,  with  Federal  compensation, 
if  the  slaves  shall  be  set  free  by  the  State 
prior  to  Jan.  1,  1900:  and  that  slaves 
made  free  by  the  war  be  declared  eman- 
cipated, and  that  loyal  owners  be  reim- 
bursed. 

Dec.  3.  La.  Benjamin  F.  Flanders  and 
Michael  Hahn  are  elected  members  of 
Congress. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
votes  to  admit  West  Virginia  into  the 
Union,  Vote  96-55.  The  yeas  are  all 
Kepublican. 

Dec.  22.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
a  proclamation  of  retaliation  to  offset 
President  Lincoln's  proclamation  of  lib- 
erty to  the  slaves. 

He  directs  that  Federal  officers  serving 
with  armed  slaves  be  held  for  execution 
as  outlaws  when  captured. 

Dec.  23.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  proclaims 
Gen.  Butler  and  his  commissioned 
officers  to  be  criminals  deserving  death, 
because  of  their  enlisting  freedmen  for 
the  Federal  army. 

Dec.  31.  />.  C.  President  Lincoln  signs 
the  Act  admitting  West  Virginia  into 
the  Union. 

Congress  admits  West  Virginia  into 
the  Union  as  the  35th  State ;  dating  the 
admission  June  20,  1SG3. 

*  *  Bak.    Yankton  is  made  the  capital. 

*  *  D.C.  Samuel  F.  Miller  and  David 
Davis  are  appointed  associate  justices 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  (With  one  exception  the  only 
non-Democratic  justices  appointed  since 
1»41.) 

*  *  New  York.  George  Opdyke  ia  elected 
the  73d  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-63  *  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).    John  A.  Gurley. 
-63  *  *  Cat.    Leland  Stanford. 

-65  *  *  Col.  (Ter.).    John  Evans. 
-64  *  *  Miss.    Jacob  Thompson. 
-65  *  *  N.  C.    Zebulon  B.  Vance. 
-64  *  *  O.    David  Tod, 
-66  •  *  Ore.    Addison  C.  Gibbs. 
-64  *  *  S.  C.    M.  L.  Bonham. 
-63  *  *  JVis.    Edward  Salomon, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862  Dec.  22.  Boston.  The  cornernstone 
of  the  new  City  Hall  is  laid. 

Dec.  *  A  feeling  of  general  discourage- 
ment pervades  the  country  as  the  un- 
successful armies  go  into  winter  quar- 
ters. 

Dec.  31.  U,  S.  Immigrants  for  1862, 
89,207. 

*  *  N,  Y.  The  extensions  of  the  Eric 
Canal  are  completed. 

*  *  New  York.  The  French  line  of 
steamers,  running  between  New  York 
and  Havre,  is  established. 

*  *  New  Y<yrk.  The  Guion  line  of 
steamers,  between  New  York  and  Liver- 
pool, is  established. 


218     1862  *  *-1863,  Mar.  3. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  Jan.  1.  D.  C.  Abraham  Lincoln 
issues  his  ^Emancipation  Proclama- 
tion as  a  war  measure. 

Tex.     At  Galveston  the   Federals 

are  defeated  by  Gen.  J.  B.  Magruder  ; 
Com.  Renshaw  blows  up  the  Hatteras 
after  it  runs  aground,  to  prevent  the 
Tassel's  capture  by  the  privateer  Alcv- 
bama.    He  is  killed  by  the  explosion. 

Galveston  is  recaptured  by  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Magruder,  who 
thus  secure  their  trans-Mississippi  De- 
partment. 

Federal  loss,  600  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing  ;  Commander  Renshaw  is  among 
the  killed;  Confederate  loss,  50  killed, 
■wounded,  and  missing. 

Tenn.    At  Red  Mound  the  Federals 

lose  20  killed,  100  wounded,  and  60  pris- 
oners; Confederate  loss,  100  killed,  200 
wounded,  and  400  prisoners. 

Near  Lexington  Federal  Gen.  Sullivan 
has  an  encounter  with  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Forrest. 

Jan.  2.  Miss.  Gen.  McClemand  super- 
sedes Gen.  Sherman  in  command  of  the 
advance  on  Vicksburg.  He  orders  the 
transfer  of  the  expedition  to  Milliken's 
Bend,  on  the  Mississippi. 

Jan.  3.  Ark.  Near  Iia  Grange  Gen. 
Washburn  encomiters  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  10  killed  and  wounded,  and 
10  prisoners. 

Jan.  4.  Tex.  Confederate  Gen,  Ma- 
gruder declares  the  port  of  Galveston 
open  to  the  commerce  of  the  world. 

Ark.     Federals  under  Gen.  MeCler- 

nand  advance  on  Arkansas  Post  on  the 
Arkansas  River,  73  miles  southeast  of 
Little  Rock. 

Tenn.    Clarksville  is  surrendered  to 

the  Federals. 

Jan.  7,  8.  Mo.  Springfield  ia  at- 
tacked by  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Marmaduke  and  Price,  who  are  re- 
pulsed by  Gen.  Brown  and  Col.  Crabb. 
Federal  loss,  17  killed  and  50  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  200  men. 

Jan.  8.  Tenn.  At  Ripley  Capt.  Moore 
encounters  the  Confederates  under 
Lieut.-Col.  Dawson.  Federal  loss,  three 
wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  eight  killed, 
20  wounded,  and  46  prisoners. 

Jan.  9.  Va.  At  Suffolk  Gen.  Corcoran 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Pryor.    Federal  loss,  104  men. 

The  exchange  of  20,000  prisoners  is 

effected  by  negotiation. 

Jan.  10.  Tex.  Federals  bombard  Gal- 
veston. 

Jan.  11.  Ark.  Gen.  McClernand  and 
Adm.  Porter  capture  Arkansas  Post 
from  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Churchill.  Federal  loss,  129  killed,  831 
wounded,  and  17  prisoners ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  550  killed  and  wounded,  and 
4,720  prisoners. 

La.    Federal  Gen.  Weitzel  destroys 

the  gunboat  Cotton  on  the  Bayou  Teche. 

Mo.  At  HartviUe  Col.  Merrill  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Marmaduke.  Federal  loss,  35  killed 
and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  150 
killed  and  wounded,  and  150  prisoners. 

The    Confederate    cruiser    Alabama 

sinks  the  gunboat  HatteraSy  near  the 
coast  of  TezM. 


Jan.  13.  Tenn.  At  Harpeth  Shoals,  on 
the  Cumberland  River,  the  Confederates 
destroy  several  boats  carrying  wounded 
soldiers. 

Jan.  15.  N.  C.  At  Masonhorough  Inlet, 
the  Confederates  burn  the  strandetl 
gunboat  Columbia. 

Ark.    Federals  bum  Mound  City. 

Jan.  16.  Ala.  The  privateer  Florida  es- 
capes from  Mobile  Bay.  [It  destroys  15 
merchantmen  during  the  same  month, 
and  is  finally  captured  at  Bahia,  Brazil.] 

Jan.  17.  Ark.  The  Vicksburg  Expe- 
dition returns  from  Arkansas  Post  to 
Napoleon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas 
Kiver. 

Jan.  18.  Ark.  Federals  take  DuvalPs 
Bluff  and  Des  Arc,  and  suffer  only  a 
trifling  loss;  Confederate  loss,  150  pris- 
oners. 

Jan.  21.  Ark.  Gen.  McClernand  occu- 
pies 'Y'oung's  Point,  nine  miles  above 
Vicksburg. 

D.  C.     Gen.  Fitz-John  Porter  is 

dismissed  from  the  army  for  disobe- 
dience of  orders  at  the  second  battle  of 
Bull  Rim.  [Later  the  sentence  is  re- 
versed.] 

Jan.  22.  Ark.  The  Federals  reopen  the 
canal  dug  by  Gen.  Williams,  in  order 
to  get  below  Vicksburg. 

Jan.  23.  Va.  Gen.  Bumside  dismisses 
Gens.  Hooker,  Franklin,  Newton,  and 
Brooks  from  their  commands  for  un- 
dermining the  confidence  of  the 
army. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  The  President  relieves 
Gen.  Bumside  of  his  command  at  his 
own  request,  and  assigns  him  to  one  in 
the  West. 

Gen.  Joseph  Hooker  is  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac. 

Jan.  26.  Tenn.  Near  "Woodbury  Gen. 
Palmer  loses  two  killed  and  nine 
wounded  ;  the  defeated  Confederates 
lose  35  killed  and  100  prisoners. 

Jan.  27.  Ga.  Fort  McAllister,  on  the 
Ogeechee  River,  is  bombarded  by  the 
Federal  war-vessel  Montauk. 

Jan.  30.  Ark.  Gen.  Grant,  having 
joined  the  army  at  Young's  Point,  as- 
sumes command. 

Tenn.  At  Trenton  Col.  Wood  en- 
counters Confederates  under  Capt.  Daw- 
son ;  they  lose  34  men. 

S.  C.   On  the  Stono  River  the  Federal 

gunboat  Isaac  Smith  is  captured. 

Va.    At  Deserted  House,  nine  miles 

from  Suffolk,  Gen.  Corcoran  and  Con- 
federate Gen.  Pryor  each  lose  about  60 
killed  and  wounded. 

Jan.  31+.  S.  C.  Confederate  gunboats 
attack  the  blockading  squadron  at  the 
entrance  of  Charleston  harbor,  and  Gen. 
Beauregard  and  the  Confederate  Secre- 
tary of  State  proclaim  the  harbor  open 
to  commerce. 

Tenn.    At  Dover,  near  Nashville, 

the  Confederates  are  defeated.  Federal 
loss,  five  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  12 
killed  and  300  prisoners. 

Feb.  1.      Tenn.      The    Federals   occupy 

Franklin. 

Feb.  3.  Mo.  At  Mingo  Swamp  Mai. 
Reeder  has  an  encounter  with  Confen- 


erates ;    they 
wounded. 


lose  nine  killed  and  20 


Ark.    The  levee  at  Yazoo  Pass  is  cut, 

and  opens  a  channel  for  the  Vicksburg 
expedition  to  reach  the  Coldwater  River 
[it  returns  in  March  from  an  unsuccess- 
ful adventure]. 

D.  C.     Congress   passes  a  vote  of 

thanks  to  Commander  John  L.  Wor- 
den,  U.S.N.,  of  Monitor  fame. 

Tenn.  At  Fort  Donelson  Col.  Har- 
ding repulses  an  attack  of  the  Confeder- 
ates, under  Gens.  Wheeler  and  Forrest. 
Federal  loss,  12  killed  and  30  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  100  killed,  400  wounded, 
and  300  prisoners. 

Feb.  4.  La.  Near  Iiake  Providence 
the  3d  Louisiana  defeats  the  Federals ; 
Confederate  loss  30  killed  and  wounded. 

Feb.  5.  Tenn.  Confederates  are  re- 
pulsed in  a  second  attack  on  Fort  Don- 
elson. 

Feb.  7.  The  100th  regiment  of  Illinois 
Volunteers  mutinies. 

Tex.    The  removal  of  the  blockade  at 

Galveston  and  Sabine  Pass  is  proclaimed 

by  the  Confederates. 
Va.    At  "Williamsburg    a  Federal 

cavalry  force  is  ambushed,  and  loses  40 

killed  and  wounded. 
Feb.  S.      Tenn.     The    Federals    occupy 

Lebanon,  and  capture  600  Confederates. 

Feb.  10.  La.  At  Old  River  Capt. 
Tucker  defeats  the  Confederates.  Fed- 
eral loss,  eight  killed  and  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  11  killed  and  wounded, 
and  25  prisoners. 

Miss.    The   Queen  of  the   West,  Capt. 

Ellet,  of  Com.  Porter's  fleet,  runs  the 
batteries  at  Vicksburg. 

Feb.  11.  La.  Secessionists  attempt  to 
assassinate  Gen.  Banks  on  his  way  to  the 
Opera  House  at  New  Orleans. 

Feb.  12.  Tenn.  Near  Bolivar  the  de- 
feated Federals  lose  four  killed  and 
five  wounded. 

The  Confederate  cruiser  Florida  cap- 
tures the  Jacob  Bell  from  China,  and 
burns  a  cargo  of  tea  worth  $1,000,000. 

Miss.    The  Confederates  capture 

the  Queen  of  the  West.  The  Federal 
ironclad,  Indianola,  runs  the  Vicksburg 
batteries  in  the  night. 

Feb.  14.  Va.  The  Federal  cavalry  Is 
defeated  at  Aimandale. 

Feb.  15.  Tenn.  At  Nolensville  Sergt. 
Holmes  defeats  Confederates,  who  lose 
eight  killed,  20  woimded,  and  four  pris- 
oners. 

At  GainsviUe  Col.  Monroe  defeats 
Morgan's  cavalry  ;  Confederate  loss,  20 
killed,  many  wounded,  six  prisoners,  50 
horses,  and  300  stand  of  arms. 

Ark.    At  Arkadelphia  Capt.  Brown 

defeats  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss, 
two  killed  and  12  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  14  killed  and  12  wounded. 

Feb.  19.  Miss.  At  Coldwater  the  Con- 
federates luider  Lieut.-Col.  Wood  are 
defeated,  losing  six  killed,  three  wound- 
ed, and  15  prisoners. 

Feb.  20.  Miss.  At  Yazoo  Pass  the  5th 
Illinois  disperses  the  Confederates. 
Federal  loss,  five  wounded  ;  Confederate 
loss,  six  killed  and  26  prisoners. 

Feb.  24.  Miss.  Commander  Porter  sends 
a  "dummy"  past  the  Vicksburg  bat- 
teries ;  it  alarms  the  Confederates,  and 
they  destroy  the  captured  Queen  of  the 
Weat  and  Indianola, 


UNITED    STATES. 


1862  *  *-1863,  Mar.  3.    219 


Feb.  26.       }'a.      At    'Woodstock    the 

Confederates  are  defeated.  Federal  loss, 

200  killed  and  wounded. 
Feb.  28.    Ga.   The  Montauk  destroys  the 

Confederate  steamer  Naahville  on  the 

Ogeechee  River. 

Mar.  1.  Tenn.  At  Bradyville  the  Fed- 
erals lose  15  killed  and  wounded  ;  ('on- 
federate  Gen.  Morgan  loses  eight  killed, 
30  wounded,  and  89  prisoners. 

Mar.  2.  Tenn.  Near  Petersburg  the 
defeated  Confederates  lose  12  killed  and 
20  wounded. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
enrolment  of  all  able-bodied  citizens 
between  20  and  45  years  of  age. 

Ga.  The  Federals  attack  Fort  Mc- 
Allister with  three  ironclads,  without 
important  results. 

Va.  At  Aldie  Capt.  Schultze  de- 
feats Confederates  under  Col.  Mosby, 
and  takes  30  prisoners. 

At  Chapel  Hill  Col.  Johnson  encoun- 
ters the  Confederates  under  Col.  Roger, 
who  loses  12  killed  and  72  prisoners. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1863  Jan.  26.  Phila.  The  Chestnut 
Street  Theater  is  opened ;  Eldwin  For- 
rest appears  as  Virginius  and  John 
McCullough  as  Icilius. 

Jan.  *  Mass.  Alvan  Clark  of  Cam- 
bridgeport  is  awarded  the  Lalande  prize, 
value  $500,  by  the  French  Academy  of 
Sciences,  for  his  discovery  of  the 
*■  Companion  of  Sirius." 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1663. 

Jan.   1.    Wainwright,  Jonathan   M.,  com. 
U.  S.  N.,  A42. 

Jan.  4.    Branch,  John,  sen.  for  N.  C,  sec. 
navy,  A86. 

Kendall,  B.  F., lawyer, astronomer,  .\33. 

Jan.  10.    Beecher.  liyman.  Cong,  cl.,  of 
Boston,  A88. 

Jan.  13.    Ken^ick,  James.,  prof,  in  Colum- 
bia, physicist,  A73. 

Jan.  23.    Hall,  Bayard  R.,  Fresb.  cl.,  au- 
thor, A66. 

Jan.    27.     Robinson,    £d'ward.    philol.. 
Biblical  critic,  A69. 

Feb.  3.  Pinckney,  Henry  L.,  journalist,  A69. 

Feb.  9.    Hale,  Nathan,  editor  Boston  liaity 
Adrertiser,  A79. 

Feb.  10.    Embury,  Emma  C,  poet,  A57. 

Longworth,  Nicholas,  horticuUuri8t,A81. 

Feb.  *  Elliott,    William,   politician    S.  C, 
writer,  A  76. 

Mar.  3.    Petigru,  James  Louis,  of  S.  C, 
opponent  of  secession,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1862  »  •  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Lancaster. 

*  •  The  Southern  Presbyteries  secede 
from  the  Northern  churches,  and  form 
a  separate  Presbyterian  church. 

*  *  The  Missionary  Society  of  the  Amer- 
ican Wesleyan  Methodist  Convention  is 
organized. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Providence. 

1863  Feb.  25.  N.H.  The  New  Hamp- 
shire Unitarian  Association  is  organized 
at  Manchester. 

LETTERS. 

1863  Jan.  10.  JV.  Y.  The  Historical 
Society  of  Buffalo  is  incorporated. 

Feb.  20.  Kan.  The  State  tTniversity 
is  located  at  Lawrence  by  the  Legisla- 
ture. 


Mar.  3.  Kan.  The  Legislature  estab- 
lishes a  State  Normal  School  at  Em- 
poria. 

SOCIETY. 

1862  *  *  N.  Y.  The  'Woman's  EeUef 
Association  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn  is 
organized  for  the  relief  of  soldiers. 

*  *  la.  The  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home 
and  the  Home  for  Indigent  Children 
are  opened  at  Davenport. 

1863  Jan.  1.  J).  C.  President  Trin- 
coln  issues  a  proclamation  of  eman- 
cipation.   (See  State.) 

Feb.  6.  New  York.  The  Union  League 
is  founded  on  the  basis  of  uncondi- 
tional loyalty  to  the  Union. 

It  proposes  to  aid  the  Government  in 
suppressing  treason,  and  to  raise  troops 
for  the  overthrow  of  rebellion. 

Feb.  9.  Eng.  The  George  Griswold  ar- 
rives, laden  with  stores  contributed  by 
Americans  for  the  relief  of  the  dis- 
tressed cotton-workers  in  Lancashire. 

Feb.  19.  la.  The  Constitution  office  at 
Keokuk  is  sacked  by  Federal  Soldiers 
from  the  local  hospital. 

STATE. 

1863  Jan.  1.  D.  C.  President  Lin- 
coln proclaims  the  emancipation  of 
all  the  slaves  in  the  States  now  in 
rebellion,  with  the  exception  of  Ten- 
nessee and  certain  loyal  portions  of  Loui- 
siana and  Virginia.  Total  made  free, 
about  3,120,000. 

Va.  The  joint  resolution  of  the  Con- 
federate Congress  declaring  that  white 
officers  of  negro  regiments  "shall,  if 
captured,  be  put  to  death  or  otherwise 
punished  at  the  discretion  "  of  a  military 
court,  is  approved  by  Jefferson  Davis. 

Jan.  *  Z>.  C.  President  Lincoln  urges 
Congress  to  provide  compensated 
emancipation  for  the  border  States. 

Jan.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  appropriating  $10,000,- 
000  to  aid  the  State  of  Missouri  to  vol- 
untarily emancipate  its  slaves.  Vote, 
73-46. 

Jan.  9.  Fr.  The  Government  of  France 
offers  to  mediate  between  North  and 
South,  in  the  interest  of  peace. 

Jan.  12.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis,  in  his 
annual  message,  declares  that  persons 
executing  President  Lincoln's  emanci- 
pation proclamation  will  be  treated  as 
criminals,  and  commissioned  officers 
will  be  punished  for  exciting  servile  in- 
surrection. 

Jan.  13.  N.  J.  Peace  resolutions  are  in- 
troduced in  the  Legislature. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  H. 
Wilson  of  Mass.  offers  an  extraordinary 
resolution  of  inquiry,  respecting  the 
conduct  of  subordinate  generals,  in 
undermining  confidence  in  their  mili- 
tary superiors. 

Jan.  26.  IJ.C.  Congress;  Senate:  J. 
Sherman  of  O.  Introduces  the  National 
Bank  BUI. 

It  proposes  **  the  establishment  of  one 
uuiforui    circulation,    of    equal   value 


throughout  the  country,  upon  the  foun- 
dation of  national  credit,  combined  with 
private  capital."    (Sec.  Chase.) 

Jan.  *  Democratic  opponents  engage  in  a 
crusade  against  President  Lincoln. 
Republicans  allege  that  their  object  is 
to  destroy  his  prestige,  susi>end  hostili- 
ties on  the  field,  force  a  compromise 
with  the  South,  and  place  Abolitionists 
under  a  perpetual  ban. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  The  Government  declines 
the  proffered  mediation  of  France. 

Feb.  8.  n.  C.  The  Government  orders 
the  suppression  of  the  Chicago  Times 
for  inciting  disloyalty. 

Feb.  9.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House :  Rep- 
resentatives from  Louisiana  are  ad- 
mitted. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution,  authorizing 
the  issue  of  Treasiury  notes,  to  the 
amount  of  $100,000,000,  to  meet  the 
Immediate  needs  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 

Feb.  15.  Congress:  The  Senate  passes 
the  joint  resolution  to  issue  $100,000,- 
000. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Con- 
scription Bill  passes  the  Senate. 

Feb.  18.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore. 

Ky.  A  State  Convention  of  Seces- 
sionists at  Frankfort  is  broken  up  by 
Federal  troops. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
National  Bank  Bill  is  introduced. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
National  Bank  Bill  passes  as  it  came 
from  the  Senate.  Vote,  78-G4.  It  re- 
sembles the  bill  of  1791,  only  in  the  use 
of  Government  bonds  as  the  foundation 
of  each ;  the  paper  currency  and  bank- 
ing laws  are  made  uniform  in  all  the 
States. 

Feb.  24.  -AT.  Mex.  Congress  forms  the 
Territory  of  Arizona  by  dividing  New 
Mexico. 

Feb.  25.  B.C.  Congress ;  House :  Rep- 
resentatives Thomas  L.  Price,  Elijah 
L.  Norton,  and  Wm.  A.  Hall  (Dems.)  of 
Missouri,  by  parliamentary  tactics,  de- 
feat the  bill  for  compensated  eman- 
cipation lit  Missouri,  which  appropriates 
$15,000,000  to  their  State  for  the  manu- 
mission of  slaves. 

The  National  Bank  Bill  becomes  a 
law  by  the  President's  approval. 

Feb.  26.  /nd.  Ter.  The  Cherokee  nation 
repeals  the  Act  of  Secession. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  ap- 
proves the  Financial  Bill. 

It  authorizes  a  loan  of  $300,000,000  for 
the  current  flseal  year,  and  S(iOO,000,000 
for  the  next  year,  for  which  bonds  shall 
be  issued  ;  it  also  authorises  $400,000,000 
in  Treasury  notes  at  six  per  cent  interest, 
to  be  legal  tender  ;  $150,000,000  of  same 
without  interest,  and  $50,000,000  in  frac- 
tional currency. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1863    Feb.  1.     Southern  States.     The 

Confederate  dollar  is  worth  20  cents. 
Feb.  22.      Col.     Gov.    Stanford    breaks 

ground  at  Sacramento  for  the  Central 

Pacific  Bailroad. 


220     1863,  Mar.  3 -May  6, 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  Mar.  4.  Tenn,  Gens.  Van  Dorn 
and  Wheeler  capture  four  regiments  of 
Gen.  Rosecrans's  army  while  recon- 
noitering  in  force. 

Mar.  5.  Tenn.  Wear  Franldin  Col. 
Coburn  is  defeated  by  the  Confeder- 
ates, who  capture  the  town.  Federal 
loss,  100  killed,  300  wounded,  and  1,306 
prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  180  killed 
and  450  wounded. 

Mar.  6.  Gen.  Hunter  orders  the  drafting 
of  negroes  in  the  Department  of  the 
South. 

Mar.  7.     Tenn.     At  Unionville    Gen. 

Manly  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Russell,  who  loses  50  killed  and 
180  wounded. 
Mar.  8.  Va.  At  Fairfax  Court  House 
Mosby's  guerrillas  capture  Brig.-Gen. 
Stoughtou  and  30  men. 

Miss.  Federals  capture  23  Confeder- 
ate steamboats  on  the  Yazoo  liiver. 

Mar.  10.  Tenn.  Near  Covington  Fed- 
eral Col.  Grierson  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Col.  Richardson,  who  loses 
25  killed  and  many  prisoners. 

Fla.    Jacksonville  is  again  taken 

by  a  Federal  force  under  Col.  Higginson. 

Mar.  14.  La.  Adm.  Farragut  attempts 
to  pass  the  Confederate  batteries  of  Port 
Hudson  ;  his  flag-ship,  the  Ilart/ord, 
and  an  iron-clad  succeed.  Federal  loss, 
65  killed  and  missing ;  Confederate  loss 
not  reported. 

Mar.  15.  AHss.  Another  attempt  is 
made  to  reach  Vicksburg  by  Steele's 
Bayou  and  Haines*s  Bluff.  [The  en- 
trapped fleet  barely  escapes  capture,] 

Mar.  16.  Ark.  The  Federals  abandon 
an  attempt  to  get  below  Vicksburg  via 
Lake  Providence. 

Mar.  18.  La.  At  Berwick  Bay  Capt. 
Perkins  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  10  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Mar.  20.  Tenn.  Near  Milton,  Col.  Hall 
defeats  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss, 
seven  killed  and  three  wounded;  Con- 
federate loss,  40  killed,  140  wounded,  and 
12  missing. 

Afiss.  The  Federals  abandon  an  at- 
tempt to  gain  the  rear  of  Vicksburg  by 
the  Steele  Bayou  route. 

Mar.  21.  Ky.  Mount  Sterling  is  taken 
by  Confederates  under  Col.  Cluke. 

Mar.  22.     Mo.     Near     Blue     Spring 

Quantrell  defeats  the  Federals,  who 
lose  nine  killed,  several  wounded,  and 
five  missing. 

Mar.  23.    Ky.     Federals  retake  Mount 

Sterling. 

Miss.  The  Federals  abandon  an  at- 
tempt to  open  a  route  to  the  rear  of 
Vicksburg  via  the  Yazoo  Pass. 

Mar.  25.  Tenn.  At  Brentwood  Gen.  For- 
rest attacks  the  Federals,  who  lose  one 
killed,  four  wounded,  and  400  prisoners  ; 
Confederates  lose  10  killed  and  wounded. 

Va.     The    impressment    of    private 

property  is  authorized  by  the  Confeder- 
ate Congress. 

Mar.  26.  Ky.—  Tenn.  Gen.  Burnside  suc- 
ceeds Gen.  H.  G.  Wright  as  commander 
of  the  Army  of  the  Ohio. 

Mar.  27.  Ark.  The  Vicksburg  expedi- 
tion returns  again  to  Young's  Point, 
having  suffered  no  loss  of  vessels. 


Mar.  29.  Ky.  Near  Somerset  Gen. 
Gillmore  defeats  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Pegram,  who  lose  360  men. 

Ark.     Gen.  Grant   despatches   Gen. 

McClernand  with  the  13th  Corps  from 
Milliken's  Bend,  to  gain  the  rear  of 
Vicksburg  via  New  Carthage. 

}V.  Va.    At  Point  Pleasant  Federals 

lose  one  killed  and  one  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  12  killed  and  14  wounded. 

Mar.  30.  Ky.  At  Button  Hill,  in  Pu- 
laski County,  the  Confederates  are  de- 
feated after  fighting  five  hours. 

Mar.  31,  Ariz.  Gen.  Herron  is  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  Army  of  the 
Frontier. 

Fla.    Federals  (colored  troops)  burn 

and  evacuate  Jacksouville. 

Mar.  *  Ga.  The  blockade  runner  Nash~ 
ville  is  sunk  by  an  iron-clad  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Savannah  River 

Va.  Near  Dranesville  the  1st  Ver- 
mont Regiment  is  defeated  in  a  cavalry 
tight  with  Col.  Mosby,  losing  (JO  men. 

Apr.  1.  Tenn.  At  Snow  Hill  Federal 
Gen.  Stanley  attacks  Gen.  Morgan,  and 
drives  him  out  of  his  stronghold. 

Apr.  2.  Tenn.  At  Woodbury  Gen. 
Hazen  defeats  the  Confederates,  who 
lose  12  killed,  30  wounded  and  prisoners. 

Apr.  5.  Eng,  The  Government  detains 
Confederate  vessels  at  Liverpool. 

Apr.  6.  Va.  President  Lincoln  and  fam- 
ily visit  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Ark.      Gen.    McClernand    arrives    at 

New  Carthage ;  his  further  advance  is 
delayed  by  the  river  bursting  the  levee. 

Apr.  7.  S.  C.  Adm.  Bupont,  with  a 
powerful  fleet  of  iron-clads,  attempts  to 
take  Charleston.  He  makes  an  attack 
on  Fort  Sumter  and  the  other  defenses 
of  Charleston ;  the  Confederates  disable 
five  of  seven  monitors,  and  sink  the  Keo- 
kuk. Federal  loss,  two  killed,  13  wound- 
ed ;  Confederate  loss,  seven  killed. 

Apr.  8.  Va.  The  Federals  make  a  raid 
through  Loudoun  County. 

*  *  Great  havoc  is  made  among  mer- 
chantmen by  the  English-built  Confed- 
erate cruisers,  Georgia,  Olustee,  Shenan- 
doah, and  Chickamauga.  [Losses  are 
reimbursed  later,  in  the  arbitration  of 
the  Alabama  claims.] 

Apr.  10.  Tenn.  At  Franklin  Gen. 
Granger  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Van  Dorn.  Federal  loss,  100  killed 
and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  300 
killed  and  wounded. 

Apr.  11.  La.  Gen.  Banks  starts  from 
New  Orleans  with  17,000  men  to  capture 
Fort  de  Russy,  commanding  the  Red 
River. 

Apr.  ll.-May  3.  Col.  StreighVs  raid. 
He  leaves  Nashville  with  about  1,800 
mounted  men  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing railroads  and  breaking  up  Bragg's 
connections  and  supplies  in  Northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama.  After  meeting 
with  some  success,  he  is  overtaken  by  a 
superior  cavalry  force  under  Confeder- 
ate Gen.  Forrest,  and  compelled  to  sur- 
render with  Ids  entire  command  near 
Rome,  Ga, 

Apr.  13.  O.  Gen.  Burnside  issues  orders 
No.  38,  threatening  death  to  all  per- 
sons convicted  of  aiding  within  his  lines 
"the   enemies  of    our   country."      [U 


arouses  the  antagonism  of  Clement  L. 
Vallandigham  and  others.] 

Apr.  14.  La.  At  Bayou  Teche  Fed- 
erals lose  150;  Confederate  loss  much 
greater. 

Apr.  15.  Va.  Gen.  Hooker  reports  an 
army  of  about  130,000  men  ;  Gen.  Iice's 
army,  deprived  of  Longstreet'e  corps, 
comprises  about  60,000. 

Apr.  16.  Miss.  Adm.  Porter's  fleet 
runs  down  the  Mississippi,  past  14  miles 
of  batteries,  to  Grant's  army  at  Bruine- 
burg,  below  "Vicksburg. 

The  45  vessels  carrying  280  guns  and  21 
mortars  receive  little  harm. 

Apr.  17. -May  2.  Tenn.  Col.  Benjamin 
Grierson  leaves  1j&  Grange  with  about 
1,700  mounted  men,  on  a  raid. 

He  marches  more  than  800  miles  in 
Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  tearing  up 
railroads  and  destroying  property.  He 
finally  enters  Louisiana,  and  arrives  at 
Baton  Rouge.  Federal  loss,  three  killed 
and  nine  missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  100 
killed  and  wounded,  and  500  prisoners. 

Apr.  19.  Tenn.  At  Coldwater  Col. 
Bryant  defeats  the  Confederates ;  he 
loses  10  killed  and  20  wounded ;  they 
lose  20  killed  and  40  wounded. 

Apr.  20.  Mo.  At  Patterson  Federal 
Col.  Smart  is  defeated,  losing  50  killed 
and  wounded. 

La.   Gen.  Banks's  expedition  captures 

Opelousas,  the  gunboats  take  Butte- 
d.-la-Hose  at  the  same  time. 

Apr.  22.  Va.  Near  Strasburg  Majors 
McGee  and  White  defeat  the  Confeder- 
ates, who  lose  five  killed,  nme  wounded, 
and  25  prisoners. 

Apr.  24.  W.  Va.  At  Beverly  the  Fed- 
erals are  defeated  in  a  skirmish. 

Mo.    Near    St.    Louis,    on    the  Iron 

Mountain  Railroad,  the  Confederates 
are  defeated. 

Ala.    At  Tuscumbia  the  Confederates 

are  defeated.  . 

Apr.  25.  W.  Va.  At  Greenland  Gap 
the  Federals  lose  15  killed  and  60  prison- 
ers ;  the  Confederates  lose  100  killed  and 
many  prisoners. 

Apr.  26.  Miss.  Federals  make  a  devas- 
tating raid  on  Beer  Creek. 

Mo.    The  Confederates  under  Gen. 

Marmaduke  attack  the  post  at  Cape 
Girardeau,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  are 
driven  away  by  the  garrison.  Gen.  Mc- 
Neil loses  six  killed  and  six  wounded  j 
Gen.  Marmaduke  loses  40  killed  and 
200  woimded. 

}V.  Va.  At  Rowlesburg  the  Confed- 
erates are  defeated. 

Ky.    Near  Franklin  the  Confederate 

"  Texan  Legion  '*  surrenders. 

Apr.  27.  Va.  Three  corps  of  Gen. 
Hooker's  army,  numbering  70,000  men, 
advance  towards  Chancellorsville  to 
meet  Gen.  Lee.  Gen.  Sedgwick,  with 
30,000  men,  remains  opposite  the  Con- 
federate army  encamped  at  Fredericks- 
burg. 

Apr.  28.  Ga.  At  Sand  Mountain  an 
engagement  of  cavalry  occurs,  in  which 
the  Confederates  are  defeated. 

Va.    Gen.  Hooker's  army  crosses  the 

Bappahannock.  [Apr.  30.  It  crosses 
the  Kapidan.  Four  corps  reach  Chan- 
cellorsville.] 


UNITED    STATES. 


1863,  Mar.  3 -May  6. 


Apr.  29.  Miss.  A  naval  battle  is  fought 
at  Grand  Gulf;  Adm.  Porter  fails  to 
silence  tlie  Confederate  batteries.  Fed- 
eral loss,  26  killed, 54  wounded;  Confed- 
erate loss  unknown, 

Apr.  29.-May  8.  Va.  Great  raid  of 
Gen.  Stoneman,  with  10,000  Federal 
cavalrymen.  He  sweeps  around  the  Con- 
federate army,  cuts  Lee's  communica- 
tion, and  tears  up  thS  Virginia  Central 
Railroad. 

Federal  loss,  150  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  100  killed 
and  wounded,  and  600  prisoners. 

Apr.  30.     Va.    At  Chancelloraville  an 

artillery  duel  occurs. 

At  Williamsburg  the  Confederates  are 
defeated. 

Miss.  Gen.  McClernand's  force  cros- 
ses the  Mississippi   at   Bruinsburg; 

Gen.  McPherson  follows. 

May  1.  Ky.  At  Monticello  Gen.  Car- 
ter defeats  the  Confederates  under  Col. 
Morrison. 

Ark.    Near  Ija  Grange  the  Federals, 

under  Capt.  De  Huff,  are  defeated,  losing 
41  killed,  wounded,  and  missing. 

Miss.    At  Port  Gibson  Gen.  Grant 

defeats  8,000  Confederates  under  Gen. 
J.  S.  Bowen  ;  Federal  force,  19,000. 

Federal  loss,  131  killed,  719  woimded, 
and  25  missing;  Confederate  loss,  1,150 
killed  and  wounded,  and  500  prisoners. 

Tenn.   Near  Franklin  Col.  Campbell 

encounters  Van  Dorn's  pickets ;  the 
Confederates  lose  30  killed  and  wounded, 
and  11  prisoners. 

Va.    Near  Suffolk,  on  the  Nanse- 

niond  River,  Col.  Nixon  defeats  the 
Confederates,  losing  41  killed  and 
wounded  ;  the  Confederate  loss  is  much 
greater. 

May  1-4.  Va.  Battle  of  Chancellors- 
ville:  The  132,000  Federals  under  Gen, 
Hooker  are  led  by  Gens.  Couch,  Howard, 
Sedgwick,  Reynolds,  and  Meade ;  the 
65,000  Confederates  imder  Gen.  Lee  are 
led  by  Gens.  Jackson,  A.  P.  Hill,  and 
D.  H.  Hill. 

(May  1.)  A  part  of  the  5th  corps  engage 
the  Confederate  advance  on  the  Fred- 
ericksburg road. 

(May  2.)  Gen.  "Stonewall"  Jackson, 
with  26,000  men,  by  a  detour  gains  the 
extreme  right  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, and  falls  on  it  with  great  fury. 

Gen.  Jackson  is  fatally  wounded  by 
the  tire  of  his  own  troops  while  return- 
ing from  beyond  his  lines,  in  the  dusk  of 
evening,  he  being  mistaken  for  a  Fed- 
eral. 

(May  3.)  The  struggle  is  resumed  by 
Gen.  Hooker  without  success,  and  a 
council  of  war  favors  a  retreat,  except 
Gens.  Meade,  Reynolds,  and  Howard, 
who  favor  an  advance. 

(May  4.)  The  Federal  army  recrosses 
the  Rappahannock  in  the  night. 

Federal  losses  during  four  days,  1,606 
killed,  9,762  wounded,  and  5,919  pris- 
oners; Gen.  Lee  loses  1,649  killed,  9,106 
wounded,  and  1 ,708  prisoners  and  missing. 

May  2.  La.  Gen.  Grierson's  raid  is  com- 
pleted.   (See  Apr.  17.) 

Miss.    Gen.  Grant  being  in  their  rear, 

the  Confederates  evacuate  Grand  Gulf. 


May  3.     Va.    At  "Warrenton  Junction 

Col.  De  Forrest  defeats  Col.  Mosby's 
guerrillas  with  heavy  loss, 
Miss.  At  Haines's  Bluff  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Confederates  are  defeated 
in  a  naval  engagement,  with  the  loss  of 
80  killed  and  wounded. 

Va.    Gen.  Longstreet  retires  with 

Confederate  troops  from  the  unsuccess- 
ful siege  of  Suffolk,  on  the  Nansemond ; 
Gen,  Peck  commands  the  Federals. 

May  5.  O.  Gen.  Burnside  arrests  C  L. 
Vallandigham  at  his  residence  for  dis- 
loyal utterances. 

He  is  convicted  by  a  military  commis- 
sion [and  confined  in  a  United  States 
fortress.  The  President  commutes  the 
sentence  by  sending  him  within  the 
Confederate  lines}. 

May  6.  Miss.  At  Tupelo  Col.  Corwyn 
defeats  and  puts  to  flight  the  Confeder- 
ates xmder  Gen.  Ruggles,  who  lose  90 
prisoners. 

Va.    Gen.  Hooker  issues  orders  of 

congratulation  to  the  Union  army,  "  on 
the  achievements  of  the  past  seven 
days." 

They  are  read  with  derisive  comments 
by  the  public,  in  view  of  the  ill  success 
or  the  conflict. 

May  6-8.  Miss.  Gen.  Sherman's  force 
joins  Gen.  Grant  in  the  rear  of  Vicks- 
burg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXTRE. 

1863  Mar.  4.  I>.C.  Congress  establishes 
a  National  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Washington. 

It  proposes  to  make  examinations,  in- 
vestigations, and  experiments  in  the 
various  branches  of  art  and  science,  and 
to  report  its  work  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  J  the  Government  will  pay  the 
costs. 

Apr.  14,  Pa.  William  Bullock  of  Pitts- 
burgh patents  his  web-perfecting 
press;  it  prints  from  a  self -feeding 
continuous  roll  or  web,  and  on  both 
sides  at  one  process. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1663. 
Mar.  4.    Kins,  Thomas  Btarr.  Unit  cl., 

author,  A  39. 
Mar.  6.    Van  Santvoord,  George,  lawyer, 

author,  A44. 
Mar.  31.    Sumner,  Edwin  Vose,  raaj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A67. 
Mar.  28.    Carleton,  Henry,  jurist  of  N.  O., 

La.,  A80. 
Mar.  30.    Duyckinck,  Greo,  Long,  scholar, 

writer,  A40. 
Apr.  7,    Francis,  Convers,  Unit,  cl.,   au., 

lecturer,  A67. 
Apr.  18.    Burns,  Francis,  M.  E.  missionary 

bp.,  A54. 
Apr.  22.    Blake,  William  Ruf  us,  comic  ac- 
tor, A  55. 
Apr.  23.    Otey,  James  H.,  P.  E.  bishop  of 

Tenn.,  A63. 
May  2.    Berry.  Hiram  Oeorere.  maj.-gen. 

of  vols.,  killed  at  Chaneellorsville,  A39, 
Cartwright,  Samuel  A,,  physician,  A70. 

LETTERS. 

1863  Apr.  *  N.  Y.  The  Long  Island 
Historical  Society  is  incorporated  at 
Brooklyn. 

*  *  Boston  College  (Rom.  Cath.)  is  or- 
ganized. 


SOCIETY. 

1863  Mar.  3.  The  demand  of  the  United 
States  Brewers'  Association  causes 
the  Government  to  reduce  the  tax  on 
beer  from  $1  to  60  cents  a  barrel. 

Mar.  5.  O.  The  office  of  the  Crisis  at 
Columbus  is  wrecked  by  Federal  sol- 
diers. 

Mar.  *  Utah.  Seven  Morrisites  are  con- 
victedof  murder  in  the  second  degree, 
their  leader  and  others  having  been 
killed  in  resisting  the  sheriff. 

Apr.  2.  Va.  A  bread  riot  hy  women 
occurs  at  Richmond. 

Apr.  3.  Pa,  The  Knights  of  the 
Golden  Circle  are  arrested  at  Reading. 

Apr.  9.  Boston.  The  Union  Club  is 
organized. 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  The  deepest  depression 
pervades  the  minds  of  the  Northern 
people  during  the  war. 

STATE. 

1863  Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress  author- 
izes the  suspension  of  the  writ  of  Aa- 
beas  corpus  throughout  the  entire  United 
States  on  the  order  of  the  President ;  36 
Democrats  desire  to  enroll  their  names 
on  the  journal  of  the  House  in  protest ; 
their  request  is  laid  on  the  table.  Vote, 
75-41. 

Congress  authorizes  postal  receiving 
boxes  to  he  established ;  it  organizes 
the  Territory  of  Idaho  —  formerly  a  part 
of  Washington,  —  and  passes  a  resolu- 
tion against  mediation  as  tending  to  pro- 
long the  war. 

The  President  approves  the  act  for  the 
enrolling  of  all  able-bodied  citizens  be- 
tween the  ages  of  20  and  45  years,  and 
for  calling  out  the  National  forces  by 
drafting,  without  the  intervention  of 
State  authorities. 

Mar. 4.    I).C.    Congress;  Senate:  Sol- 
omon Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected  President 
pro  tempore. 
The  37th  Congress  ends. 

May  1.  O.  C.L.  Vallandigham,  a  dis- 
tinguished Democrat,  makes  a  speech  at 
Mount  Vernon,  against  "  King  Lincoln," 
and  urges  the  people  to  hurl  the  tyrant 
from  his  throne. 

May  5.  O.  C.  L.  Vallandigham,  M.C. 
for  O.,  is  arrested  at  Dayton  by  Gen. 
Burnside  for  treasonable  utterances. 

MaySf.  U.  S.  Great  indignation  is 
expressed  by  anti-war  Democrats  against 
**  the  overthrow  of  free  institu- 
tions "  —  by  Abraham  Lincoln. 

May  6,  O.  C.  I^.  Vallandigham  is  sen- 
tenced by  a  military  commission  to 
suffer  close  confinement  during  the  war. 
[He  is  taken  to  Fort  "Warren,  Mass.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1863    Mar.  8.    Ark.    Work  on  the  canal 

for  passing  Vicksburg  is  interrupted  by 

the  breaking  of  the  levee  by  the  river. 
Apr.  1.    -Ve7P  York.     Price  of  middling 

uplands  cotton,  72  to  74  cents;  premium 

on  gold,  156i  to  15(^. 


99-? 


1863,  May  7-Ju2ie30, 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  May  7.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  con- 
gratulates his  army  on  the  victory  at 
CliancellorsviUe. 

Miss.  Gen.  Grant  begins  his  ad- 
vance to  strike  a  point  between  Jackson 
and  Vicksburg. 

May  8.  D.C.  President  Lincoln  issues  a 
proclamation  for  a  military  draft  in  July, 

Tenn,      The  Confederate    Gen.    Van 

Dorn  is  assassinated  in  a  private  quarrel. 

May  9.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  Expedition 
arrives  at  Alexandria,  after  restoring 
a  very  large  territory  to  the  Union. 

— —  Va.  The  Confederate  authorities, 
alarmed  at  Gen.  Grant's  movements, 
order  Gen.  Johnston  to  Mississippi 
as  commander-in-chief,  and  give  him 
30,000  troops. 

May  12.  Miss.  At  Kaymond  Gen.  Mc- 
pherson defeats  5,000  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Gregg. 

Federal  loss,*66  killed  and  339  womid- 
ed  ;  Confederate  loss,  loO  killed,  305 
wounded,  and  415  prisoners. 

Ky.  At  Horseshoe  Bend  the  Fed- 
erals lose  25  killed  and  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  100  killed  and  wounded. 

May  *  A  painful  sense  of  the  need  of  a 
great  commander  for  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  pervades  the  country  and  is 
often  expressed. 

May  13.  Miss.  Gen.  Joseph  B.  John- 
ston arrives  at  Jackson,  and  assumes 
command  of  the  Confederate  forces. 

Yazoo  City  is  taken  by  Federal  gun- 
boats. 

May.  14.  Miss,  At  Jackson  Gens. 
Sherman  and  McPherson.of  Gen.  Grant's 
advance,  give  battle  to  more  than  8,000 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Johnston,  and 
take  the  city. 

Federalloss,41killed,  240  wounded  and 
missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  845. 

May  16.  Miss.  Battle  of  Champion 
Hills;  Gen.  Grant,  with  two  corps  of 
32,000  men  under  Gens.  McClernand  and 
McPherson,  defeats  about  25,000  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Pemberton,  in  the 
hardest  fought  battle  of  the  campaign. 
Federal  loss,  2,254  killed  and  wounded, 
187  missing ;  Confederate  loss,  3,624,  in- 
cluding 2,195  prisoners. 

May  17.  Miss.  At  Black  River  Gen. 
Grant  defeats  4,000  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Pemberton,  who  retreats  toward  his 
defenses  at  Vicksburg.  Federal  loss,  39 
killed,  237  wounded,  and  three  missing  ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,751  men  and  18  guns. 

May  18.  Miss.  Gens.  McClernand  and 
McPherson  are  delayed  in  building  a 
floating  bridge  across  the  Big  Black 
River ;  Gen.  Pemberton  is  thereby  en- 
abled to  reach  the  defenses  of  Vicks- 
burg. 

The  Confederates  evactiate  Haines's 
Bluff  on  the  Yazoo  above  Vicksburg  on 
the  approach  of  Gens.  McClernand  and 
McPherson's  corps  of  Gen.  Grant's 
army. 

Mo.    At   Sherwood   a   Confederate 

force  defeats  the  Federals  in  a  skirmish; 


Federal  loss,  35  killed  and  wounded,  and 
4  prisoners. 

May  18.-July  4.  Miss.  Gen,  Grant  be- 
sieges Vicksburg  [with  an  army  that 
soon  numbers  71,000  men] ;  his  commu- 
nications are  open  via  the  Yazoo  River. 

May  19.  Miss.  Gen.  Grant  assaults 
the  defenses  of  Vicksburg ;  he  is  re- 
pulsed with  terrible  loss,  but  secures 
some  advanced  positions. 

May  22.  Miss.  At  Vicksburg  Gen. 
Grant  again  orders  an  assault,  and  is 
repulsed  with  the  loss  of  3,000  men  ;  he 
concludes  to  establish  a  regular  siege. 

N.  C.    At  Gum  Swamp  the  Federals 

lose  67  killed  and  wounded  ;  the  Confed- 
erates lose  202  killed,  wounded,  and 
prisoners. 

May  24.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  troops  arrive 
at  Port  Hudson. 

Gen.  John  McA.  Schofield  relieves 

Gen.  Curtis  as  commander  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Missouri. 

May  25.  La.  At  Port  Hudson  Gen. 
Banks  is  repulsed  by  the  Confederates. 

Tenn.    A  cavalry  escort  conveys  C, 

L.  Vallandigham  of  O.  within  the  Con- 
federate lines  near  Murfreesboro. 

May  27.  La.  Gen.  Banks  assaults  Port 
Hudson,  and  is  repulsed  in  a  bloody 
struggle. 

The  siege  begins;  14,000  Federals  in- 
vest the  works.  The  Confederates,  under 
Maj.-Gen.  Franklin  K.  Gardner,  number 
about  7,000. 

Miss.     Adm.    Porter   attacks   Fort 

HUl,  at  Vicksburg,  and  loses  the  gun- 
boat Cincinnati  by  the  plunging  fire  of 
Confederate  guns. 

May  28.  Boston,  The  64th  Regiment 
leaves  for  Port  Royal ;  it  is  the  first 
colored  regiment  formed  in  the  free 
States, 

Mo.    Wear  Doniphan  the  Federals 

under  Maj.  Lippert  are  defeated,  with  a 
loss  of  80  men. 

May  30,  Miss.  Gen.  McClernand  pub- 
lishes a  congratulatory  order  to  his 
troops  [which  is  much  criticised], 

June  1.  III.  Gen.  Burnside  suppresses 
the  Chicago  Times  for  one  day.  [Order 
revoked  June  4.] 

Jime  3.  S.  C.  Gen.  Q.  A.  Gillmore 
relieves  Gen.  Hunter  as  commander  of 
the  Department  of  the  South. 

Adm.  Foote  is  ordered  to  relieye  Adm. 
Dupont  at  Charleston. 

June  4.  Tenn.  At  Triime  the  Confed- 
erates suffer  a  loss  of  200  in  killed  and 
woimded.  The  Federal  loss  is  much 
less. 

June  5±.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  concentrates 
bis  army  at  Culpeper;  he  is  preparing 
to  invade  the  North. 

June  7.  La.  At  Milliken*s  Bend,  17 
miles  north  of  Vicksburg,  Gen.  Thomas 
defeats  3,000  Confederates  under  Gen. 
McCulloch.  Federal  loss,  154  killed,  223 
wounded,  and  115  missing;  Confederate 
loss,200killed,  500  wounded  and  missing. 

June  8.  D.  C.  The  Departments  of  Mo- 
nongahela  and  Susquehanna  are  formed. 


Miss.     At   Vicksburg   Gen.    Grant 

reports  the  complete  investment  of  the 
city,  and  a  force  of  30,000  extra  troops  to 
"  repel  anything  from  the  rear." 

June  9.  Va.  At  Brandy  Station  an 
important  cavalry  fight  occurs. 

Gen.  Hooker  sends  Gen.  Pleasonton's 
cavalry  to  discover  a  Confederate  move- 
ment ;  it  imexpectedly  meets  the  Con- 
federate cavalry  under  Gen.  Stuart. 

At  Beverly  Frf>rd  Gens.  Buford  and 
Gregg  lose  380  men  ;  Confederate  Gens. 
J.  E.  B.  Stuart  and  Fitz-Hugh  Lee  lose 
750  men, 

June  10.  S.  C.  At  Morris  Island  the 
Federals  win  a  victory. 

June  12.  Ga.  The  Federals  destroy 
Darien. 

Pa.   Gov.  Curtin  calls  out  the  militia 

of  the  State,  and  solicits  troops  from 
New  York,  to  repel  an  anticipated  inva- 
sion by  Confederates. 

Va.    Gen.  Hooker  falls  back  from 

the  Rappahannock,  in  order  to  protect 
Washington  against  Gen.  Lee's  army, 
said  to  number  100,000  men. 

June  13,  14.  La.  Gen.  Banks  demands 
the  surrender  of  Port  Hudson;  Gen. 
Gardner's  refusal  is  followed  by  a  grand 
assault,  in  which  the  Federals  are  re- 
pulsed at  all  points,  but  the  siege  con- 
tinues. Federal  loss,  203  killed,  1,401 
wounded,  and  201  missing. 

Va.    The   Confederates  under   Gen, 

Ewell  invest  "Winchester  and  demand 
its  surrender;  Gen.  Milroy  refuses, 
fighting  his  way,  escapes  from  Gen. 
Ewell  with  the  loss  of  3,000  men.  Con- 
federate loss,  850. 

June  14.  Md.—Pa.  The  Confederate 
cavalry  invades  the  loyal  States. 

Pa.    Pittsburg  is  protected  from 

anticipated  Confederate  attacks  by 
earthworks. 

June  15.  D,  C.  President  Lincoln  an- 
nounces by  proclamation  the  Confeder- 
ate invasion  of  the  North,  and  calls  upon 
the  governors  of  the  threatened  States 
for  100,000  militia  for  immediate 
service. 

Pa,    Chambersburg  is  raided  by  the 

Confederate  cavalry. 

Va.     At  Winchester  Gen.  Milroy, 

commanding  7,000  men,  is  defeated  by 
the   Confederates    under    Gen.    Ewell; 
Federal  loss,  3,000 ;    Confederate   loss,  • 
850. 

June  16.  Ind.  Confederates  under  Capt. 
Hines  cross  over  from  Kentucky,  at  Flint 
Kock,  sack  Leavenworth  and  other 
towns,  and  recross  the  Ohio  River. 

Ky.     In  Fleming  county  a  Federal 

force  defeats  a  force  of  Confederates ; 
Federal  loss,  45  killed  and  wounded. 

June  17.  Ga.  Capt.  John  Rodgers  with 
the  Weehawken,  and  Commander  John 
Downes  with  the  Kahant,  capture  the 
Confederate  iron-clad  Atlanta  in  War- 
saw Sound. 

June  18.  Miss.  Gen.  McClernand  is 
relieved  of  the  command  of  the  13th 
corps  by  Gen.  Grant. 

Va.    At  Aldie  the  Federal  cavalry 

under  Gen.  Pleaeonton  attacks  the  Con- 


UNITED  STATES. 


1863,  May  7- June  30.    223 


federate  cavalry  under  Gen.  Stuart ; 
the  Federals  lose  50  killed  and  wounded ; 
tlieConfederates,  100  killed  and  woundedf 
besides  112  prisoners. 

June  21.  Va,  M'ear  Middlebxirg  Gen. 
Pleasonton  defeats  a  body  of  Confed- 
erates in  a  cavalry  battle;  they  lose 
100  killed  and  wounded,  besides  80 
prisoners. 

June  22.  La.  At  Bra^ihear  City  Col. 
J.  P.  Major  of  Gen.  Taylor's  command, 
with  a  force  of  cavalry,  successfully  at- 
tacks the  Federal  force  In  the  rear,  and 
captures  the  place.  [July  22  it  is  retaken 
by  Gen.  Banks.] 

Pa.    Gen.   Lee's   advance   enters 

Chambersbiirg,  only  a  few  miles  from 
Harrisburg ;  business  is  paralyzed  in 
Philadelphia. 

C.  L.  Vallandigham,  having  escaped 

from  the  Confederate  States,  arrives  at 
Bermuda  on  a  blockade-runner. 

June  23.  Va.  At  South  Anna  Col.  Spear 
defeats  the  Confederates,  and  captures 
110  prisoners.  Gen,  W.  F.  Lee,  the  com- 
mander, being  among  the  number. 

June  24.  La.  At  Berwick  Bay  Gen. 
Taylor,  with  a  force  numbering  3,000  to 
6,000  Confederates,  captures  the  post 
with  several  hundred  convalescent  Fed- 
erals and  valuable  stores. 

Tenn.  At  Hoover's  Gap  the  Con- 
federates are  beaten  by  Gen.  Rosecrans's 
army,  losing  many  killed  and  wounded ; 
Federal  loss,  45  killed  and  wounded. 

June24.-Jiily  3.  Tenn.  Gen.  Kosecrans 
begins  his  advance  southward ;  by  a 
series  of  flank  movements  he  crowds 
Gen.  Bragg's  army  out  of  Tennessee 
into  Georgia ;  Federal  loss,  5G0. 

June  25.  Miss.  At  Vicksburg  Gen. 
Grant  fires  a  mine  on  the  Jackson  road. 

Va.     Gen.    Iice,  with  about  80,000 

men,  crosses  the  Potomac  at  Harper*8 
Ferry,  for  the  invasion  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Tenn.    At  liiberty  Gap  Gen.  Willich 

defeats  the  Confederates,  who  suffer  a 
heavy  loss ;  he  loses  90  killed  and  100 
wounded. 

June  26.  Va.  The  Federal  army  under 
Gen.  Hooker  crosses  the  Potomac  in 
pursuit  of  Gen.  Lee. 

Tenn.     At  Shelbyville  Gen.  Rose- 

crans  defeats  Gen.  Bragg;  Federal  loss, 
85  killed,  463  wounded,  and  13  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,634,  including  many 
prisoners. 

June  27.  Ky.  Gen.  John  Morgan,  the 
guerrilla  chief,  starts  on  his  great  raid 
across  the  Ohio  with  3,500  men.  [He 
raids  Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  fight- 
ing and  fleeing  before  his  pursuers.] 

Im.  At  Donaldsonville  a  naval  ac- 
tion occurs ;  the  Confederates  lose  64 
killed,  16  wounded,  and  120  prisoners. 

Pa.     Gen.  Hooker  is  relieved,  by  his 

own  request,  of  the  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  Maj.-Gen. 
George  Gordon  Meade  is  appointed 
his  successor. 

Gen.  Lee's  army  encamps  near 
Chambersburg  ~  its  first  encampment 
on  free  soil. 


The  Confederate  advance  occupies 
Kingston,  and  threatens  Harrisburg, 
only  13  miles  distant. 

June  28.  ^fd.  The  bridge  over  the  Sus- 
quehanna is  burned  by  the  Confederates. 

La.    At  Donaldsonville  Gen.  Taylor 

assaults  the  Federal  garrison  under  Maj. 
J.  D.  Bullen  in  their  intrenchments ; 
225  men,  aided  by  the  gunboats,  repulse 
ten  times  their  number. 

Pa.  At  Chambersburg  Gens.  Long- 
street  and  Hill  concentrate  their  corps  ; 
Gen.  Ewell,  with  two  divisions,  is  at 
Carlisle,  and  Gen.  Early's  division  occu- 
pies York;  a  Confederate  cavalry  force 
advances  within  four  miles  of  Har- 
risburg. 

The  main  Confederate  army  begins  to 
move  toward  Gettysburg ;  Ewell  ad- 
vances from  Carlisle,  and  Longstreet  and 
Hill  from  Chambersburg. 

June  29.  Md.  Gen.  Meade  moves  the 
Federal  army  northward,  stretching 
across  30  miles  of  country  with  his  front 
line. 

3/c.  The  Revenue  cutter  Caleb  Gush- 
ing is  captured  at  Portland  by  the  Con- 
federate privateer  Archer;  which  then 
puts  to  sea,  is  pursued,  and  taken,  the 
officers  having,  however,  destroyed  their 
prize  before  being  themselves  seized, 
with  the  crew. 

June  30.  Md.  Gen.  Schenck  puts  the 
"West  Shore  counties,  including  Bal- 
timore, under  martial  law.  He  makes 
many  arrests  of  suspected  sympathizers 
of  secession,  and  suspends  the  IVlaryland 
Club  and  other  organizations. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

May  8.  Van  Dorn,  Earl,  Confed.  maj.-een., 
A40. 

May  10.  Jackson,  Thomas  Jonathan. 
U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.  (  "  Stonewall  " 
Jackson),  puritan-like  In  piety,  courage, 
and  daring;  mortally  wounded  at  Chanoel- 
lorsvUle,  A  39. 

June.  26.  Foote.  Andrew  Hull,  rear- 
adm.,  A57. 

CHURCH. 
1863  June  10.  PkUa.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 


LETTERS. 
1863  •  *  Cat.   The   Mercantile    Library 
Association  liibrary  is  founded  at  San 
Francisco.    [62,000  vols.] 

*  *  Ky.      The    Commercial    is    Issued    at 
Louisville. 

*  *  La.    The  Times-Democrat  is  issued  at 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  Afe.    Bates  College  (Freewill  Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Lewiston. 

*  •  Mich.      Grand    Traverse    College 
(Cong.)  is  organized  at  Benzonia. 

SOCIETY. 
1863    May  15.    Ind.    The  office  of  the 
Jeffersonian  at  Richmond  is  wrecked 
by  Federal  soldiers. 

STATE. 

1863    May  11.    O.    C.  L.  Vallandig- 

ham's  application  for  a  writ  of  habeas 


corpus  is  brought  before  the  U.  S.  Cir- 
cuit Court  at  Cincinnati.  [The  motion 
is  denied  by  the  Court.] 

May  18.  New  York,  A  great  Democratic 
convention  is  held  to  express  sympa- 
thy with  C.  L.Vailandigham,  who  is  im- 
prisoned for  disloyalty. 

June  1.  Phila.  A  Democratic  conven- 
tion is  held  to  express  sympathy  for  C. 
L.  Yallandigham. 

June  3.  New  York.  A.  peace-party 
meeting  is  held  under  the  leadership  of 
Fernando  Wood. 

It  recommends  a  suspension  of  hostil- 
ities, and  that  two  conventions  of  States, 
Union  and  Confederate,  be  held,  which 
shall  finally  determine  on  what  terms 
the  South  snail  be  reconciled. 

June  11.  O.  The  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention nominates  C.  L,  Yallandig- 
ham, lately  a  prisoner  of  State,  for  gov- 
ernor. 

June  12.  7>.  C.  President  Lincoln  de- 
fends himself  against  anti-war  critics  in 
a  powerful  letter  to  Albany  Demo- 
crats, a  document  which  stirs  the  heart 
of  the  Nation. 

June  14.  The  consuls  of  England  and 
Austria  are  dismissed  from  the  Confed- 
eracy. 

June  15.  D.  C.  President  Iiincoln 
issues  a  proclamation  calling  for  100,- 
000  volunteers  for  six  months,  to  repel 
the  Confederate  invasion  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Jime  20.  }V.  Va.  The  loyal  counties 
of  western  Virginia  having  separated 
and  formed  a  new  State,West  Virginia 
is  proclaimed  to  be  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  the  35th  State. 

June  20.  D.  C.  The  President  replies  to 
the  Ohio  Committee,  who  urge  the 
release  of  C.  L.  Vallandigham,  their  can- 
didate for  governor.    (See  Army,  May  4.) 

He  consents  on  condition  that  they  in- 
dividually subscribe  to  three  proposi- 
tions: *'  1st,  that  there  is  now  a  rebellion 
in  the  United  States,  the  object  and 
tendency  of  which  are  to  destroy  the 
National  Union,  and  that  in  your  opin- 
ion an  Army  and  Navy  are  constitutional 
means  for  suppressing  that  rebellion. 
2d,  that  no  one  of  you  will  do  that  which, 
in  his  own  judgment,  will  tend  to  hinder 
the  increase,  or  favor  the  decrease,  or 
lessen  the  efficiency,  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  while  eiigaged  in  the  effort  to  sup- 
press the  rebellion.  3<1,  that  each  of  you 
will,  in  his  sphere,  do  all  he  can  to  have 
the  officers,  soldiers,  and  seamen  of  the 
Army  and  Navy,  while  engaged  in  the 
effort  to  suppress  the  rebellion,  paid, 
fed,  clad,  and  otherwise  provided  for 
and  supported.*'  [They  do  not  sub- 
scribe.] 

June  30.  Statistics  for  1863.  Revenue : 
Customs,  $60,05!),(J42;  internal  revenue, 
$37,(>10,788 ;  direct  tax,  §1,485,104;  sales 
of  lands,  ©167,617  ;  premium  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $602,345  ;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $3,741,794:  total,  $112,- 
697,291. 

Expenditures :  Civil  and  miscella- 
neous items,  $23,256,965;  War  Depart- 
ment, Sr>99,298,601 ;  Navy  Department, 
$63,221,904  ;  Indians,  $3,154,357  ;  7,884 
pensions,  $1,078,992;  interest,  $24,729,- 
847;  total,  $714,740,725.  Excess  of  ex- 
penditures, $602,043,434.  Public  debt, 
$1,119,772,138.  Exports,  $203,904,447 ;  im- 
ports, $243,335,815. 


224    1863,  June  30-July  24. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1863    June  30.    Pa.    The  two  opposing 

armies  march  toward  Gettysburg. 
Tenn.    Qen.  Rosecrans  establishes 

his  army  at  Chattahoochee,  on  the  left 

bank  of  the  Tennessee  Kiver. 

June  *  5.  C.  Col,  Montgomery  makes  an 
unimportant  raid  up  the  Cambahee 
River. 

July  1.  Pa.  At  Carlisle  a  cavalry  battle 
is  fought  — the  Federals  under  Gen.  Kil- 
patrick,  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Stuart. 

July  1-3.  Pa.  Battle  of  Gettysburg ; 
the  turning-point  of  the  war.  A  Fed- 
eral victory  compels  the  Confederates  to 
retreat  to  Virginia,  but  without  a  vigor- 
ous pursuit. 

Gen.  Meade  commands  92,000  to  94- 
000  Federals,  having  300  guns ;  Gen. 
Lee  commands  78,000  Confederates, 
having  350  guns. 

Federal  corps  commanders.  Gens. 
Reynolds,  Hancock,  Hays, Sickles,  Sykes, 
Sedgwick,  Howard,  Slocum,  and  Pleas- 
onton.  Confederate  commandets, 
Lieut.-Gens.,  Longstreet,  Ewell,  and  A. 
P.  Hill.  Division  commanders.  Gens. 
McLaws,  Pickett,  Hood,  Early,  Johnson, 
Rodes,  Anderson,  Heth,  Pender,  Wilcox, 
and  Stuart. 

Federal  loss,  3,072  killed,  14,497  wound- 
ed, and6,431  missing  ;  total,  23,033.  Con- 
federate loss,  2,592  killed,  12,706  wounded, 
and  5,150  missing  ;  total,  20,451. 

(July  1.)  The  Confederates  drive  the 
Federals  back  to  the  high  ground  south 
of  Gettysburg ;  Gen.  John  F.  Reynolds 
is  killed.  Gen.  Lee  arrives  in  the  after- 
noon. The  Federal  army  takes  a  new 
position  during  the  night. 

(July  2.)  Gen.  Meade  arrives  on  the  bat- 
tle-field and  wins  a  partial  victory.  Both 
armies  struggle  desperately  for  the  pos- 
session of  Xiittle  Bound  Top  HUl  and 
Cemetery  Ridge ;  the  Federals  retain 
possession  of  both,  when  the  tiring  ceases 
at  10  o'clock  at  night ;  both  armies  are 
in  essentially  the  same  positions  they 
occupied  in  the  morning,  but  with  the 
field  strewn  with  dead  and  wounded. 

(July  3.)  The  entire  forenoon  is  spent  in 
preparing  for  the  final  struggle.  From 
12  M.  until  2  P.M.  occurs  the  fiercest  can- 
nonading ever  known  on  this  continent ; 
then  the  firing  ceases,  and  the  Confed- 
erate line  charges  on  the  Federal  center, 
meeting  with  a  bloody  repulse  —  upon 
which  Gen.  l.ee  desists  from  further  at- 
tack, while  Gen.  Meade  is  not  in  condi- 
tion to  assume  the  offensive  ;  Qen.  Lee 
retreats. 

July  1.  Miss.  AtVioksburg  Gen.  Grant 
fires  a  mine,  destroying  a.  Confederate 
redan,  and  disabling  about  26  men. 

Pa.     Gen.  Alfred  Pleasonton,  in 

command  of  the  cavalry  division  of  Gen. 
Meiide's  army,  takes  post  at  Gettys- 
burg, in  advance  of  the  Confederates. 

Ta.   At  HanoTer  Junction  Federals 

in  a  cavalry  fight  lose  12  killed  and  43 
wounded  ;  the  Confederates  lose  75  killed 
and  wounded,  and  60  prisoners. 


July  2.  Ky.  Gen.  John  H.  Morgan, 
raiding  northward,  crosses  the  Cum- 
berland River  at  Burkesville. 

Pa.    Gen.  Stuart's  cavalry  rejoins 

Gen.  Lee's  army,  after  having  made 
another  circuit  of  the  Federal  army. 

July  4.  Ark.  At  Helena  Lieut.-Gen. 
Holmes,  with  about  9,000  Confederates, 
attacks  about  4,000  Federals  under  Gen. 
B.  M.  Prentiss,  and  is  severely  repulsed. 
Federal  loss,  850  killed  and  wounded, 
with  30  or  40  missing ;  Confederate  loss, 
500  killed  and  wounded,  and  1,000  pris- 
oners. 

Ky.    At  Green  River  Bridge  Col. 

O.  H.  Moore  repulses  an  attack  of  Gen. 
Morgan's  Confederate  cavalry.  Federal 
loss,  six  killed  and  23  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  50  killed  and  200  wounded. 

*   Md.—Pa.  Gen.  Lee  retreats  from 

Pennsylvania  without  disorder  to  the 
Potomac. 

Miss.    Gen.  Pemberton  surrenders 

Vioksburg  to  Gen.  Grant,  after  a  siege 
of  six  weeks  and  the  exhaustion  of  his 
supplies. 

Federal  loss,  over  245  killed,  3,688 
wounded,  and  303  prisoners ;  Confederate 
loss,  9,000  killed  and  wounded,  29,491 
prisoners,  172  cannon,  and  about  60,000 
muskets,  besides  a  large  amount  of  am- 
munition. 

Va.  At  Monterey  Gap  the  Confeder- 
ates lose  200  wounded  and  1,700  pris- 
oners ;  number  of  killed  unknown. 

July  5.  Can.  C.  L.  VaUandigham, 
the  exiled  citizen,  arrives  at  Nova  Scotia. 

Ky.     At   Lebanon   Gen.    Morgan's 

command  captures  400  Federals,  and 
burns  the  greater  part  of  the  town. 

Miss.  At  Bolton  Gen.  Sherman  cap- 
tures the  rear  guard  of  Gen.  Johnston's 
army,  taking  400  prisoners. 

July  6.  S.  C.  Adm.  Dahlgren  succeeds 
Adm.  Foote  at  Charleston. 

July  7.  Ala.  Federal  Gen.  Rosecrans 
forces  Gen.  Bragg's  army  across  the 
Tennessee  River  at  Bridgeport. 

— ^  Va.  W.  E.  Jones's  raid  is  arrested 
by  Federal  Gen.  Hunter  at  Staunton; 
the  Confederates  lose  648  prisoners  and 
three  guns  ;  their  commander  is  killed. 

July  9.  Ind.  Gen.  Morgan's  cavalry, 
4,000  strong,  cross  the  Ohio  River  at 
Brandenburg,  40  miles  below  Louisville, 
and  raid  the  comitry. 

La.    Fall  of  Port  Hudson;  having 

learned  of  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  Gen. 
Gardner,  in  command  of  the  Confeder- 
ates at  Port  Hudson,  unconditionally 
surrenders  to  Gen.  Banks  about  6,000 
men,  besides  500  in  the  hospitals  and  61 
guns.    (See  May  27.) 

The  entire  length  of  the  Mississippi 
River  is  now  opened  to  the  Federals. 

Miss.    Gen.  Sherman,  commanding 

three  corps  of  Gen.  Grant's  army,  arrives 
at  Jackson  in  pursuit  of  Gen.  Johns- 
ton. 

S.  C.     Gen.    Gillmore    surprises  the 

Confederates  on  Morris  Island,  near 
Charleston,  and  takes  three-fourths  of 
the  island. 


July  9-16.  Miss.  At  Jackson  Gen. 
Sherman  besieges  Gen.  Johnston. 

July  10.  Ky.  Martial  law  is  proclaimed 
at  Louisville. 

Va.    On  the  Antietam  battle-field  a 

cavalry  engagement  is  fought. 

July  11.  New  York.  The  conscription 
to  fill  up  the  army  begins. 

Ind.    At  Vernon  the  Home  Guards 

make  a  show  of  resistance,  and  Gen. 
Morgan,  with  3,000  or  4,000  men,  passes 
the  city  toward  Ohio,  tearing  up  rail- 
roads and  burning  bridges  as  he  ad- 
vances. 

S.  C.     Gen.    George    C.  Strong's 

Federal  brigade  fails  in  an  assault  on 
Fort  'Wagner,  suffering  only  a  slight 
loss. 

July  12.  Ind.  At  Verlage  Morgan's 
guerrillas  encounter  Col.  Lowe,  with 
12,000  militia;  Morgan  retreats  before 
an  uprising  of  the  citizens. 

Miss.    At  Rienzl,  near  Jackson,  Col. 

Hatch  loses  13  killed  and  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  175  killed  and  wounded, 
and  400  conscripts  released. 

At  Jackson  Gen.  Lauman  attacks  the 
Confederate  works,  and  loses  300  killed 
and  wounded. 

O.    Cincinnati  Is  proclaimed  under 

martial  law. 

July  13.  La.  At  Sonaldsonville  a 
Confederate  force  defeats  the  Federals  ; 
Federal  loss,  450  killed  and  wounded, 

Md.    Gen.  Lee's  army  recrosses  the 

Potomac  at  Williamsport,  during  the 
night. 

.Viss.     The  Federals  take  Yazoo 

City,  capturing 300  prisoners  and  6  guns. 

Tenn.    At  Jackson  a  Federal  cavalry 

force  defeats  the  Confederate  cavalry. 
Federal  loss,  13  killed  and  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss,  175killed  and  wounded. 

July  13+.  O.  Morgan's  raiders  leave 
Indiana,  enter  Ohio  at  Harrison,  and 
threaten  Cincinnati. 

JiUy  14.  Va.  At  Falling  Waters  Gen. 
Kilpatrick's  cavalry  attacks  and  defeats 
the  retreating  Confederates  of  Gen.  Lee's 
army.  Federal  loss,  29  killed  and  36 
wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  130  killed 
and  wounded,  besides  a  brigade,  1,300 
strong,  taken  prisoners. 

July  16.  La.  The  steamboat  Imperial, 
the  first  to  descend  the  river  without 
being  molested  on  the  trip,  arrives  at 
New  Orleans  with  a  commercial  cargo. 

Miss.      Gen.     Johnston     evacuates 

Jackson,  after  a  siege  of  seven  days. 
[July  17.  Gen.  Sherman's  army  enters 
the  city.]  Federal  loss,  1,000  killed, 
wounded,  and  niissiug;  Confederate 
loss,  300  killed. 

5.  C.  At  James  Island  the  Confed- 
erate assault  on  Gen.  Alfred  H.  Terry's 
division  is  repulsed  with  the  aid  of  the 
gunboats. 

}y,  ya.  At  Sheppardstown  the  Con- 
federates gain  advantage  over  a  Federal 
force  in  a  sharp  engagement ;  Federal 
loss  150;  Confederate  loss,  75. 


UNITED    STATES.  1863,  June  30- July  24.     225 


JvUy  17.  Ind.  Ter.  At  Elk's  Spring 
(Elk  Creek)  Gen.  Blnnt  defeats  the  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Cooper.  Federal 
loss,  10  killed  and  25  wounded  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  400  killed  and  wounded,  and 
00  prisoners. 

July  18.  Ind.  Ter.  At  Honey  Springs 
Gen.  Blunt  loses  nine  killed  and  50 
wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  50  killed, 
75  wounded,  and  05  prisoners. 

5.  C.    Gen.  Gillraore  begins  the  siege 

of  Fort  Sumter,  and  assaults  Fort 
Wagner. 

After  a  bombardment  by  Adm.  Dahl- 
gren's  fleet  for  several  hours,  the  assault 
is  made  under  the  immediate  command 
of  Gen.  T.  Seymour,  and  is  repulsed  by 
Gen.  li.  M.  Keitt,  but  the  siege  contin- 
ues; Federal  loss,  1,600;  Confederate 
loss,  174. 

Va.    At    Wythevllle  Cols.  Tolland 

and  Powell  destroy  the  Virginia  and 
Tennessee  Kallroad.  Federal  loss,  65 
killed  and  wounded;  Confederate  loss, 
75  killed  and  150  wounded. 

July  19.  O.  Gen.  Morgan  attempts  to 
cross  the  Ohio  near  Parkersburg,  but 
is  prevented  by  Federal  gunboats  and  a 
force  of  cavalry ;  he  abandons  his  guns, 
wagons,  and  prisoners,  to  facilitate  his 
escape  from  his  pursuers. 

July  20.  O.  Near  Bufflngton  Island, 
the  principal  part  of  Gen.  Morgan's 
raiders  are  captured;  only  BOO  escape 
with  the  leader. 

July  23.  J'a.  At  Manassas  Gap  the 
Federals  lose  30  killed  and  80  wounded ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  lose  300  killed 
and  wounded,  besides  60  prisoners. 


I 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

July   1.    Reynolds,  John    Fulton,  maj.- 

gen.  of  vols.,  killed  at  Gettysburg,  A43. 
July   2.     Weed,    Stephen    H.,    brig.-gen., 

U.  .S.  vols.,  killed  at  tiettysbnrg,  A2S)- 
July  3.     Annistead,  Lewis  A..  (Jonfed.  brig.- 
gen.,  killed  at  Gettysburg,  A46. 
Garnett,  Kichard  li.,  Confed.  brig.-gen., 

killed  at  <  iettysburg,  A  44. 
July  6.    Keurick,  Francis    Patrick,   R.  C. 

arclibishop  of  Baltimore,  A66. 
July  10.    Moore,  Clement  C,  writer,  A84. 
July  13.    Itead,  Abner,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A42. 
July  15.    Hale,  Beujamin,  Cong,  cl.,  prof. 

at  Dartmouth,  A66. 
July  17.  Allen,  David  O.,  Cong,  missionary, 

A63. 
July  18.    Pender,  William  D.,  Confed.  maj.- 

gen.,  dies. 
Shaw,  Robert  GoiUd,  col.  U.  S.  vols., 

killed  at  Fort  Wagner,  A  26. 
July  21.    McCook,  Daniel,  maj.  U.  S.  A., 

A65. 
July  84.    Hlldreth,  Samuel  P.,  historian, 

physicist,  .^80. 


CHURCH. 

1863  July  •  U.  S.    Thanksgiving  Day 
is  appointed. 

After  the  great  deliverance  from 
Confederate  invasion  at  Gettysburg, 
President  l^incoln,  by  proclamation, 
calls  upon  the  people  to  give  thanks, 
because  "  it  has  pleased  Almighty  God 
to  hearken  to  the  supplications  and 
prayers  of  an  afflicted  people,  and  to 
vouchsafe  signal  and  effective  victo- 
ries ;  "  and  he  asks  the  people  **  to  ren- 
der homage  to  the  Divine  Majesty,  .and 
to  invoke  the  influence  of  His  Holy  Spirit, 
to  subdue  the  anger  which  has  produced 
and  so  long  sustained  a  needless  and 
cruel  rebellion." 


LETTERS. 

1863  *  *  Faith  Gartney's  Girlhood,  by 
A.  D.  T.  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  Hannah  Thurston,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  JVfjo  York.  Manhattan  College  is 
incorporated, 

*  *^r.  r.  The  Normal  School  at  Os- 
wego is  established. 

*  *  O.  Wilberforce  University  (Afri- 
can Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  La  Salle  College  (Eom.Cath.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  Evening  Bulletin  is  issued 
at  Providence. 

*  *  Christian  Recorder  is  established  by 
the  African  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

*  *  The  Amber  Gods,  by  H.  E.  Spofford, 
appears. 

*  *  Excursions  in  Field  and  Forest,  by 
Thoreau,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  July  11.  New  York.  The  drafting 
of  soldiers  begins  and  proceeds  quietly. 

July  13-17.  New  York  is  in  the  hands 
of  an  anti-draft  mob. 

(July  13.)  A  great  mob  attacks  and 
flres  the  Colored  Orphan  Asylum  at 
Fifth  Avenue  and  Forty-fourth  Street, 
sheltering  several  hundred  orphans. 

The  Tribune  office  is  dismantled,  but 
the  mob  is  driven  away  by  the  police. 

Col.  H.  T.  O'Brien  is  brutally  mur- 
dered by  the  mob,  who  dance  on  his 
corpse. 

(July  13.)  Gov.  Seymour  addresses  the 
mob  in  conciliatory  terms,  and  recites 
his  efforts  to  secure  a  suspension  of  the 
draft. 

(July  14.)  Sunday :  Gov.  Seymour  issues 
two  proclamations,  calling  on  the  people 
to  retire  to  their  homes,  and  declaring 
the  penalties  against  insurrectionists. 
Secret  meetings  are  held  in  opposition 
to  the  draft. 

(July  15.)  The  draft  commissioners 
are  attacked  by  a  mob  at  Forty-third 
Street  and  Third  Avenue,  and  the  build- 
ing is  fired. 

The  mob  is  especially  Infuriated  by 
the  provision  which  permits  drafted 
men  to  avoid  service  by  the  payment 
of  «300. 

(July  16.)  Archbishop  Hughes  issues 
an  address  *'  to  the  men  of  New  York, 
who  are  called  in  many  papers  rioters," 
inviting  them  to  meet  him  for  counsel. 

Arrayed  in  canonical  attire,  he  ad- 
dresses several  thous.and  people  in  front 
of  his  residence,  and  begs  them  to  be 
quiet  in  the  name  of  Ireland. 

(July  17.)  A  few  soldiers  fire  on  the 
mob  in  Third  Avenue  at  Twenty-first 
Street,  killing  13  and  wounding  18,  and 
taking  a  score  or  more  prisoners.  [Sol- 
diers returned  from  the  front  restore 
the  peace  of  the  city,  after  $2,000,000  of 
property  and  1,000  lives  have  been  de- 
stroyed.] 


July  14.  Boston.  A  mob  of  non-Union- 
ists  attempts  to  break  into  the  armory 
of  the  11th  Battery  ;  many  are  shot  and 
killed  in  the  firing  which  ensues. 

July  15.  Draft  riots  occur  in  Boston, 
Brooklyn,  Jersey  City,  Staten  Island, 
and  other  places. 

STATE. 

1863  June*  D.C.  The  President  or- 
ders a  draft  of  300,000  men,  between 
the  ages  of  20  and  45  years.  [Only  about 
50,000  are  so  obtained  after  many  weeks, 
but  volunteering  is  quickened,  and  many 
substitutes  are  provided.] 

Julyl.  Mo.  The  State  Convention  adopts 
an  ordinance  by  which  slavery  shall 
cease  after  July  4,  1870. 

Tenn.    A  Union  Convention  meets 

at  Nashville  under  the  call  of  W.  C. 
Brownlow,  Horace  Maynard,  and  13 
others  ;  40  counties  are  represented. 

July  4.  A'.  H.  Ex-President  Franklin 
Pierce  makes  an  anti-war  speech  at 
Concord  which  attracts  national  atten- 
tion. 

Va.  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  Vice- 
President  of  the  Confederacy,  makes 
known  his  desire,  as  a  representative  of 
Jefferson  Davis,  to  communicate  per- 
sonally with  Abraham  Lincoln.  [Presi- 
dent Lincoln  declines  the  interview, 
preferring  customary  agents  and  chan- 
nels of  communication.] 

Julys.  D.C.  President  Lincoln  publicly 
announces  the  triumph  at  Gettysburg, 
adding:  "The  President  especially  de- 
sires on  this  day,  that  He  whose  will, 
not  ours,  should  ever  be  done,  be  every- 
where remembered  and  reverenced  with 
the  profoundest  gratitude." 

July  13.  New  York.  The  great  Anti- 
Draft  Kiot  begins. 

A  mob,  encouraged  by  a  portion  of  the 
press  and  certain  politicians,  demolishes 
the  headquarters  of  the  provost  mar- 
shals, resists  the  police,  burns  an  orphan 
asylum  for  colored  children,  and  kills 
about  1,000  people,  the  majority  being 
negroes.    (See  Society.) 

July  14.  New  York.  The  mob  defies 
the  city  authorities;  Gov.  Seymour 
promises  the  rioters  that  the  draft  shall 
be  suspended,  and  threatens  the  penal- 
ties for  Insurrection,  but  without  effect. 

July  15.  Fo.  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
his  first  conscription  proclamation, 
which  calls  into  the  Confederate  ser- 
vice all  white  men  between  18  and  45 
years  of  age. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863  June  *  Southern  States.  The 
Confederate  dollar  is  worth  8  cents. 

June  *  Tenn.  Pauline  Cushman  is  sen- 
tenced to  be  hanged  as  a  Union  spy,  but 
is  left  behind  by  Gen.  Bragg  in  his  re- 
treat from  Shelbyville,  and  rescued  by 
Federal  troops. 

July  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton,  73  to  74  cents;  premium 
on  gold,  144i  to  1443. 

July  4.  Pa.  An  indescribable  feeling 
of  relief  in  the  North  follows  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg. 


226     1863,  July  24-Nov.  3. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1863  July  25.  A>w  York.  Many  regi- 
ments from  the  seat  of  war  encamp  in 
the  public  squares  to  assist  in  eufor- 
cing  the  draft. 

July  26.  O.  Near  New  Lisbon  Col. 
Shackleford  captures  the  Confederate 
guerrilla  Gen.  Morgan,  and  the  rem- 
nant of  his  command,  about  400  cavalry, 
—  while  he  is  trying  to  escape  south  of 
the  Ohio  River. 

July  28.  New  York.  The  supervisors 
appropriate  $2,000,000  for  the  relief  of 
drafted  men. 

July  30.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  issues 
a  proclamation  announcing  retaliation 
for  outrages  perpetrated  upon  negro 
soldiers. 

Ky.  At  "Winchester  the  Confeder- 
ates are  defeated. 

Jiily  ±*  W.  Va.  Col.  JohnTollard  makes 
a  raid  into  Virginia,  and  is  killed ;  sev- 
eral days  afterward  his  command  returns 
to  Kanawha,  having  lost  82  men  and  300 
horses. 

Aug.  1.  Va.  At  Kelley's  Ford  the 
Confederates  are  defeated  in  a  cavalry 
fight. 

Aug.  3.  Ky.  Gen.  Bumside  declares 
the  State  under  martial  law. 

Aug.  7.  Dak.  An  Indian  battle  is 
fought  on  the  Upper  Missouri ;  the 
troops  lose  four  killed  and  six  wounded ; 
Indian  loss,  150  killed  and  wounded. 

Aug.  8.  Va.  Gen.  Robert  S.  liCe  olTers 
his  resignation  to  Jefferson  Davis,  but  he 
refuses  to  accept  it. 

Aug.  15.  Afo.  At  Fainesville  the  Con- 
federates lose  65  killed  and  wounded. 

New    York.      The    Common    Council 

votes  $3,000,000  for  the  purchase  of  sub- 
stitutes for  conscripts. 

Aug.  16.  Ky.  Gen.  Burnside  with  the 
9th  corps  leaves  Camp  Nelson  for  the 
relief  of  £ast  Tennessee  and  to  co- 
operate with  Gen.  Kosecrans. 

Tenn.  The  Ajmy  of  the  Cumber- 
land, 55,000  strong,  under  Gen.  Ros»- 
cr&ns,  begins  its  advance  southward. 

Aug.  17-24.  S.  C.  Gen.  Gillmore  fiercely 
bombards  Fort  Siunter,  in  concert 
with  Adm.  Dahlgren's  fleet,  until  the 
fort  is  practically  demolished. 

Aug.  21,  Ky.  Gen.  Burnside's  concen- 
trated force  leaves'  Crab  Orchard  for 
East  Tennessee. 

S,  C.     Charleston    is    fired  upon 

by  the  Federals  from  Marsh  Battery, 
five  miles  distant,  by  the  gun  •*  Swamp 
Angel,**  after  14  hours  notification. 
[Aug.  22,  Gen.  Beauregard  protests 
against  the  shelling  of  the  city,  charac- 
terizing the  *'  Greek  fire  '*  nsed  as  a  vil- 
lainous compound.] 

Aug.  22.  Ark.  At  Pocahontas  the  Fed- 
erals capture  Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Thompson  and 
his  staff,  with  about  100  men. 

Aug.  24.  S,  C.  The  great  Parrott  gun 
••Swamp  Angel**  bursts  while  bom- 
barding Charleston. 

Aug.  25.  Kan.  Quantrell,  the  Con- 
federate guerrilla,  with  a  company  of 
desperate  followers,  makes  a  raid  upon 
Jjawrence;  they  sack  the  town,  burn 
a  large  number  of  dwellings  and  other 
buildings,  and  massacre  143  of  the  in- 
habitants. 


Aug.  25-30.  }V.  Va.  Gen.  Averell 
makes  a  raid  into  West  Virginia,  de- 
stroys saltpeter  works,  menaces  Staun- 
ton, and  returns  to  Tygart's  Valley,  los- 
ing 207  men ;  Confederates  lose  156  men. 

Aug.  26.  Kp.  Gen.  Burnside's  force 
crosses  the  State  line  into  Tennessee. 

Aug.  28.  Va.  At  'Warm  Springs  the 
Federals  capture  200  prisoners. 

Aug,  29.  Tenn.  Gen,  Kosecrans,  com- 
manding the  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
begins  to  cross  to  the  south  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Kiver,  at  Bridgeport,  Caperton 
Ferry,  Shell  Mound,  and  the  mouth  of 
Battle  Creek  [he  presses  the  pursuit  of 
the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Bragg]. 

Sept.  1.  Tenn.  Gen.  Burnside  reaches 
Kingston;  the  Confederates  imder 
Gen.  Buckner  evacuate  Knoxville  and 
Kingston. 

Sept.  3-5.  Dak.  Ter.  At  White  Stone 
Hill  the  Federal  force  engages  in  a 
bloody  fight  with  the  Indians;  Federal 
loss,  20  killed  and  38  woimded;  Indian 
loss,  300  killed,  300  prisoners. 

Sept.  4.  Tenn.  Gen,  Bumside  reaches 
Knoxville;  he  is  welcomed  by  the 
people  as  a  deliverer. 

Sept.  5.  S.  C.  The  army  and  navy  unite 
in  a  tremendous  bombardment  of  Fort 
Wagner  in  Charleston  harbor. 

Sept.  7.  S.  C.  Before  daylight  the  Con- 
federates evacuate  Fort  Wagner  and 
Battery  Gregg  after  a  long  siege  by 
Gen.  Gillmore  and  Adm.  Dahlgren ;  70 
prisoners  and  25  guns  are  captured. 

Tex.    A  Federal  exi)edition  under 

Gen.  Banks,  to  restore  the  flag  in 
Texas,  arrives  at  Sabine  Pass;  Gen, 
W.  B.  Franklin  is  in  immediate  com- 
mand of  4,000  troops. 

Sept.  7-S.  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg  makes 
a  stand  against  the  approach  of  Gen. 
Kosecrans,  fronting  the  east  slope  of 
Lookout  Mountain,  with  35,000  men,  be- 
sides his  cavalry. 

Sept.  8.  S.  a  Com.  T.  H.  Stevens,  of 
Adm.  Dahlgren's  squadron,  makes  an 
attack  upon  Fort  Sumter;  he  meets 
with  a  decisive  repulse,  losing  114  men. 

Tex.    At  Sabine  Pass  Gen.  Franklin 

attacks  the  Confederate  fort  with  tlie 
gunboats  Clifton  and  Sachem,  which  are 
captured  by  the  Confederates,  and  tlie 
expedition  retires. 

Sept.  9.  Tenn.  Gen.  Kosecrans  occupies 
strategic  positions  in  the  mountains  of 
Chattanooga,  after  the  forced  retreat 
of  Confederates  nnder  Gen.  Bragg. 

At  Tilford  the  Federals  are  defeated 
and  lose  300  prisoners. 

The  corps  of  Gen.  Crittenden  enters 
Chattanooga. 

Va.    At    Cumberland    Gap    Gen. 

Burnside  defeats  Gen.  Frazier,  who 
evacuates  the  place,  losing  2,000  prison- 
ers and  large  army  stores. 

Sept.  10.  Ark.  Gen.  Steele  captiu-es 
liittle  Bock,  the  capital  city,  and  re- 
establishes the  national  authority. 

Tenn.  Near  Stevens's  Gap  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  T.  C.  Hindnian 
open  fire  on  Gen.  Thomas's  advance. 


Sept.  11.  S.  C.  The  Federals  take  one- 
half   of  James  Island,    in    Charleston 

harbor. 

Sept.  13.  Va.  At  Culpeper  Court  House 
a  cavalry  engagement  takes  place. 

Sept.  18.  Tenn.  Part  of  Gen.  Long- 
street's  command  arrives  from  Virginia 
and  reenforces  Gen.  Bragg. 

Sept,  19-20,  Ga.  Battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga;  Gen.  Bragg  defeats  the  Fed- 
erals under  Gen.  Kosecrans.  "  A  victory 
which  proves  the  ruination  of  the  Con- 
federacy."   (Lieut.-Gen.  D.  H.  Hill.) 

Federal  Gens.  Crittenden,  Thomas,  and 
McCook  have  5C,965  men  ;  the  Confed- 
erate generals,  Polk  and  Longstreet,  have 
71,551  men.  Losses:  Federals,  1,656 
killed,  9,749  wounded,  4,774  prisoners, 
and  3G  guns,  total  16,179  ;  Confederates, 
2,268  killed,  13,613  wounded,  and  1,090 
missing,  total  16,971. 

(Sept.  19.)  Both  armies  claim  success, 
and  exult  in  the  victory  of  this  day. 

(Sept.  20.)  Gen.  Bragg,  having  been  re- 
euforced  during  the  night,  attempts  to 
overwhelm  the  Federal  army.  The 
right  wing  mider  Kosecrans,  Critten- 
den, and  McCook  is  swept  pell-mell  into 
Chattanooga,  but  the  left  wing  of  20,000 
men,  imder  Gen,  Thomas,  resists  as- 
sault after  assault  by  Gen.  Bragg's  entire 
army  till  evening;  then  Gen.  Thomas 
withdraws  to  Kossville. 

Sept.  21,  Tenn,  Gen.  Bragg  begins  the 
siege  of  Chattanooga. 

Va.    At  Madison  Court  House  the 

Federal  cavalry  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates. 

Sept.  23.  Va.  Maj.-Gen.  Hooker,  with 
the  nth  and  12th  corps,  is  ordered  South 
to  reenf  orce  Gen,  Eosecrans, 

Sept,  24.  Va.  The  Government  declares 
the  port  of  Alexandria  is  open  to  trade. 

Sept.  28.  Gens.  McDowell,  McCook,  and 
Crittenden  are  relieved  of  their  com- 
mands, and  ordered  to  Indianapolis  for 
inquiry  into  their  conduct  at  Chicka- 
mauga. 

Oct.  2,  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman's  corps 
reaches  Memphis  on  its  way  to  reen- 
force  Gen.  Grant  at  Chattanooga  [he 
advances  across  the  country  400  miles]. 

Oct.  5.  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg,  on  Iiookout 
Mountain,  bombards  Chattanooga. 

Oct.  7.  Enff.  The  British  (Tovernment 
seizes  the  Confederate  rams  in  the  ship- 
yards on  the  Mersey,  and  prevents  their 
departure. 

Oct.  8.  Tenn.  At  Farmington  Gen. 
McCook  loses  29  killed  and  150  wounded ; 
Confederate  loss  Is  125  killed  and 
wounded,  and  300  prisoners. 

Oct.  10.  Kan.  At  Baxter's  Springs 
Gen.  Blunt's  escort  is  met  and  attacked 
by  the  guerrilla,  Quantrell ;  85  soldiers 
are  massacred,  the  general  himself  nar- 
rowly escaping ;  the  men  are  first  robbed 
and  then  murdered. 

Oct,  10,  11.  Va.  At  Culpeper  the 
Federal  cavalry  have  a  skirmish  with 
the  Confederate  cavalry  under  Gen. 
Stuart;  Federal  loss,  150;  Confederate 
loss,  400. 

Oct.  11.  Tenn.  At  CoUiersville  Gen. 
Sherman's  corps  has  a  fight  with  Con- 
federate cavalry. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1863,  July  24-Nov.  3.    227 


Oct.  13+.  Va.  Gens.  Meade  and  Lee  en- 
gage in  a  military  race  along  parallel 
lines  for  'Waahing;ton ;  [it  ends  at 
IJristow's  station,  and  is  won  by  the 
Federals] . 

Oct.  15.  Va.  At  Briatow's  Station  the 
Confederates  under  Gen,  A.  P.  Hill 
attack  Gen.  A.  S.  Webb  of  Gen.  War- 
ren's corps,  and  are  completely  repulsed. 
Federal  loss,  50  killed,  335  wounded,  and 
IGl  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  136 
killed,  797  wounded,  and  445  prisoners. 

Oct.  16.  D.  C.  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  is 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Western  armies. 

Oct.  17.  />.  C.  The  President  calls  for 
a  levy  of  300,000  men  for  three  years  ; 
those  not  furnished  by  January,  1864,  are 
to  be  obtained  by  means  of  a  draft. 

Oct.  18.  Tenn.  Gen.  Grant  assumes 
command  of  the  Western  armies. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  At  Buckland's  Mills  the 
Federals  lose  200 ;  Confederate  loss  un- 
known. 

Oct.  20.  Tenn.  At  Philadelphia  Gen. 
Longstreet  attacks  Gen.  Burnside's  out- 
posts. Federal  loss,  400;  Confederate 
loss  heavy. 

Gen.  Kosecrans  is  relieved,  and  Gen. 
George  H.  Thomas  assumes  command 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 

Oct.  21.    Tenn.    Gen.  Grant  arrives  at 

Nashville. 

Oct.  23.  Tenn.  G«n.  Grant  arrives  at 
Chattanooga. 

Oct,  25.  Ark.  At  Pine  Bluff  the  Fed- 
erals lose  17  killed,  39  wounded  ;  Con- 
federates lose  53  killed,  164  wounded, 
and  33  prisoners. 

Oct.  26.  Tenn,  Gen.  Hooker's  corjw 
crosses  the  Tennessee  Eiver  at  Bridge- 
port to  the  South  bank. 

Oct.  27.  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman's  ad- 
vance under  Gen.  Blair  reaches  Tus- 
cumbia. 

Gen.  Hazen,  with  1,800  picked  men, 
drifts  down  the  river  in  16  pontoons,  and 
surprises  the  Confederates  at  Brown's 
Ferry  in  the  early  dawn  ;  the  army 
crosses  on  the  pontoons. 

Oct.  29.  Tenn.  Battle  of  "Wanhatchie, 
in  Ix)okout  Valley. 

The  Confederates  under  Gen.  Long- 
street  attack  Gen.  Hooker's  corps  in 
the  night  and  are  repulsed ;  Federal 
loss,  76  killed,  339  wounded,  and  22  miss- 
ing ;  Confederate  loss  somewhat  more. 

Oct.  *  Tenn.  The  Confederate  army  is 
largely  reenforced  at  Chattanooga. 

Oct.  31.  Tenn.  At  Shell  Moimd  the 
Confederates  are  defeated. 

Nov.  1.  O.  A  plot  to  liberate  Confeder- 
ate prisoners  is  discovered. 

Nov.  2.  Tex.  Gen.  Banks's  army 
lands  at  Brazos  Island. 

The  expedition  of  Gen.  Banks, 
under  immediate  command  of  Gen.  N. 
J.  T.  Dana,  to  restore  the  Federal  flag 
in  Texas,  arrives  at  Brazos  Santiago. 

Va.    Gen.  Meade  begins  an  advance 

across  the  Bapidan  towards  Kichmond . 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1863  Sept.  14.  Mich.  The  asteroid 
Eurynome  is  discovered  by  Jas.  C. 
Watson. 

♦  *  Cat.  A  good  harbor  and  port  avail- 
able for  large  vessels  are  discovered  near 
the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1863. 

July  26.  Crittenden,  John  Jordan,  atty.- 
gen.,  A76. 

Houston,  Bam,  M.  C,  Gov.  of  Tenn., 

gen.,  Pres.  of  Tex.,  sen.  and  Gov.  of  Tex., 
A70. 

July  28.  "Yancey.  "Wm.  LowndeB,  sena- 
tor for  Ala.,  leader  of  secessionists,  "  Fire- 
Eater,"  A49. 

July  30.  Strong,  George  C,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols.,  wounded  at  Fort  Wagner,  A31- 

Aug:.  16.  Hubbard,  Joseph  S.,  astronomer, 
A40. 

Aug:.  26.  Floyd,  John  B.,  sec.  of  war.  Con 
fed.  brig.-gen.,  A56. 

Aug.  SO.  Newcomb,  Harvey,  cL,  teacher, 
author,  A60. 

Sept.  37.  Abert,  John  J.,  military  engi- 
neer, A76. 

Oct.  I.  Emmons,  Eben.,  geologist,  author, 
A65. 

Oct.  4.  Grayson,  William  J.,  senator  for 
S.  C,  A75. 

Oct.  14.  Cook,  Henry  F.,  Confed  gen., 
killed  at  liristow  Station. 

Oct.  22.  Darcy,  John  S.,  physician  of  N.  J., 
A  75. 

Oct.  27.  Dlmmock,  Charles,  Conf.  brig.- 
gen.,  A  63. 

CHURCH. 

1863  Aug.  6.  U.  S.  A  National 
Thankag;iring:  is  observed  for  recent 
victories. 

*  •  III.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Peoria;  J.  H. 
Morrison,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  Conference  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 
Church  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Cleveland. 


LETTERS. 
1863  •  *  Hospital  Sketches^  by  L.  U.  Al- 
cott,  appears. 

*  *  In  War  Time  and  Other  Poems,  by 
J.  G.  Whittier,  appears. 

*  •  Life  of  William  H.  Prescott,  by  George 
Ticknor,  appears. 

*  *  My  Farm  of  Edgewood,  by  Donald 
Grant  Mitchell,  appears. 

*  *  Out-Door  Papers,  by  T.  W.  Higginson, 
appears. 

*  *  Manual  of  Geology,  by  James  D.  Dana, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  Sept.  5.  Ala.  A  bread  riot  by 
women  occurs  at  Mobile. 

Oct.  1 .  New  York.  Tlie  authorities  pub- 
licly welcome  the  officers  of  the  five 
Russian  war  vessels  —  the  first  to  visit 
this  port. 

Oct.  9.  Eng.  Henry  "Ward  Beecher 
makes  the  first  of  five  great  speeches 
in  England  in  behalf  of  the  Union. 

At  Liverpool  he  struggles  for  three 
hours  against  insult,  taunt,  irony,  imper- 
tinent questioning,  and  blackguardism  ; 
yet  the  great  orator's  pluck,  good  humor, 
wit,  and  wisdom  win  the  day. 


Oct.  27.  Chicago.  A  Sanitary  Fair, 
the  tirst  of  many,  is  opened  for  the  bene- 
fit of  soldiers. 


STATE. 

1863  July  30.  D.  C.  The  President 
issues  a  proclamation  of  retaliation, 
to  protect  Federal  soldiers  against  bar- 
barous treatment. 

July  *  U.  S.  The  free  letter-carrier 
system  goes  into  effect. 

July  *  (f.  S.  The  entire  situation  is 
changed  by  the  victories  of  Meade 
and  Grant;  a  political  reaction  in 
favor  of  the  Government  follows. 

Aug.  3.  Xew  York.  Governor  Seymour 
protests  against  certain  inequalities  of 
the  draft,  and  requests  that  it  be  sus- 
pended. 

Aug.  6.  W.  Va.  The  county  of  Berke- 
ley is  transferred  from  Virginia  to  West 
Virginia. 

Aug.  7.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  replies 
to  Governor  Seymour's  anti-draft  pro- 
test, and  intimates  that  the  drafting  of 
troops  will  be  executed. 

Aug.  12.  The  bankruptcy  of  the  Confed- 
eracy is  exposed  by  Gen.  Robert  Toombs. 

Sept.  15.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln, 
authorized  by  a  special  act  of  Con- 
gress, proclaims  a  general  suspen- 
sion of  the  privileges  of  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  throughout  the  Union. 

Oct.  17.  />.  C  President  Lincoln  calls 
for  300,000  volimteers,  chiefly  to  re- 
place those  whose  enlistments  have  ex- 
pired, the  diseased,  and  the  dead. 

It  also  provides  that  a  draft  in  th© 
following  January  will  supply  any  defi- 
ciency of  volunteers. 

Nov.  3.  Md.  The  emancipation  question 
divides  the  Unionists  into  two  parties — 
the  Union  and  the  Unconditional  Union 
parties. 

K.  Y.     Chauncey   M.   Depew,  29 

years  of  age,  heads  the  Republican 
ticket,  and  is  elected  to  Congress  by 
30,000  majority. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863  Sept.  22.  Eng.  Confederate  Com- 
missioner Mason  is  displeased  with  the 
manner  of  his  reception,  and  departs. 

Sept.* -Oct.  *  New  York.  A  Russian 
squadron  of  five  vessels  visits  this  port, 
and  is  warmly  received. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton,  81  to  83  cents ;  premiiun 
on  gold,  140|  to  142|. 

Oct.  31.  En^.  The  Government  places 
the  two  steam  rams,  built  at  Birken- 
head, under  the  charge  of  oflScers,  as 
the  vessels  are  suspected  of  being  Con- 
federate war-ships. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  The  State  resumes  the  work 
of  boring  the  Hoosac  Tunnel. 

Oct.  *  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design  is 
laid. 


228     1863,  Nov.  3-1864,  Jan.  11. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 
1863    Nov.  3.    La.    At  Bayou  Coteau 

Gen.    Burbridge    loses    26    killed,    124 

Tvounded,  and  676  missing ;  Confederate 

loss,  445. 
Tenn.    At  Columbia  and  Collinsvillo 

the  Confederate  cavalry  is  defeated. 
Nov.  *    W.  Va.     Gen.  Avereil  makes  a 

raid  into  Virginia  with  5,000  men. 
Nov.  4,    Teiin.     Gen.    Longstreet,  with 

16,000    men,    is    detached     from    Gen. 

Bragg's    army    to    move    against    Gen. 

Burnside  at  Knoxville. 

Nov,  6.  Tenn.  AtRogersville,  an  out- 
post of  Gen.  Burnside,  Gen.  W.  E.  Jones 
by  a  spirited  dash  defeats  the  Federals 
under  Col.  Garrard ;  Federal  loss,  5 
killed,  12  wounded,  650  prisoners;  Con- 
federate loss,  30  men. 

-^  Tex.  Brownsville,  on  the  Bio 
Grande,  is  cccupied  by  Gen.  Dana's  ad- 
vance ;  it  moves  northward. 

— —  W.  Va.  At  Droop  Mountain  the 
Federals  under  Gen.  W.  W.  Avereil,  de- 
feat Maj.  John  Echols. 

Federals  force  Gen.  W.  S.  Jackson  out 
of  West  Virginia.  Federal  loss,  100  men  ; 
Confederate  loss,  over  300. 

Nov,  7.  Va.  At  Rappahannock  Sta- 
tion Gen.  Sedgwick,  commanding  the 
right  wing  of  Gen.  Meade's  army,  de- 
feats the  entrenched  Confederates. 

Federal  loss,  300  killed  and  woimded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  six  killed,  29  wounded, 
and  1,629  prisoners,  besides  four  guns, 
eight  battle-flags,  and  a  pontoon-bridge. 
Gen,  Meade  begioa  an  active  cam- 
paig:n  by  advancing  southward  from 
Centerville. 

At  Kelley's  Ford  Gen.  French,  com- 
manding Gen.  Meade's  left,  defeats  Gen. 
Rodes;  Confederate  loss,  five  killed,  39 
wounded,  and  295  prisoners. 

Nov.  8.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  concentrates  his 
army  behind  the  Kapidan,  and  is  not 
followed  by  Gen.  Meade. 

Nov.  8  ± .  Tex.  The  Texas  expedition 
arrives  at  Mustang  Island, Corpus  Cbristi 
Bay ;  Gen.  C.  C.  Washburne  in  command. 

Nov.  11.  D.C.  The  Confederate  scheme 
for  a  raid  from  Canada,  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  Buffalo  and  the  liberation  of 
Confederate  prisoners  at  Sandusky,  O., 
is  disclosed  to  the  Government  by  Lord 
Lyons,  the  British  minister. 

Tex,    A  fleet  of  French  steamei^ 

arrives  off  Brazos  for  the  invasion  of 
Mexico.  [France  attempts  to  enthrone 
Maximilian.] 

Nov.  13,  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman's  ad- 
vance from  the  Southwest  arrives  at 
Bridgeport  to  reenforceGen.  Rosecrans. 

Nov.  15.  Tenn.  Gen,  Burnside  falls 
back  from  Loudon  toward  Knoxville, 
on  the  approach  of  Gen.  Longstreet*s 
strong  force. 

Tex.  Corpus  Christi  Pass  is  cap- 
tured by  Federal  troops. 

Nov.  16.  Tenn.  At  Campbell's  Sta- 
tion, near  Knoxville,  Gen.  Longstreet 
attacks  Gen.  Sanders  of  Gen.  Bumside's 
army.  Gen.  Sanders  is  killed.  Federal 
loss,  300  men  ;  Confederate  loss,  370. 

Knoxville  is  besieged  by  Gen.  Long- 
street  with  15,000  [later  23,000]  men; 
Federals  under  Gen.  Burnside  number 
12,000. 


Nov.  17. -Dec.  4.  Tenn.  At  Knox- 
ville Gen.  Burnside  loses  92  killed,  393 
wounded,  207  missing;  Gen.  Longstreet 
loses  198  killed,  850  wounded,  248missing. 

Nov.  18.  Tex.  At  Arkansas  Pass, 
Mustang  Island,  the  Confederate  works 
are  carried  by  Federals  under  Gen.  T. 
E.  G.  Ransom. 

Nov.  19.  Pa.  Gettysburg  battle-field 
is  consecrated  as  a  National  Cemetery 
for  soldiers. 

Nov.  23.-25.  Tenn.  Battles  before 
Chattanooga. 

Gen.  Grant,  with  60,000  men,  defeats 
and  routs  Gen.  Bragg's  army  of  about 
35,000.  Federal  loss,  753  killed,  4,722 
wounded,  and  349  missing  ;  Confederate 
loss,  361  killed,  2,180  wounded,  and  4,146 
missing. 

(Nov.  23.)  Gen.  Thomas  drives  back 
the  enemy  and  advances  his  line  one 
mile,  each  side  losing  about  1,100  killed 
and  wounded. 

(Nov.  24.)  Gen.  Sherman's  command, 
8,000  strong,  crosses  the  Tennessee  River, 
and  gains  part  of  Missionary  Kidge  by 
assault ;  Gen.  Hooker,  13  miles  from 
Gen.  Sherman,  moves  against  the  Con- 
federates on  Lookout  Mountain, 
••  fighting  above  the  clouds." 

(Nov.  25.)  The  decisive  battle  of  Chat- 
tanooga: Gen.  Grant  orders  an  advance 
of  the  entire  line  ;  Missionary  Hidge, 
on  which  Gen.  Bragg's  army  is  concen- 
trated, is  entirely  captured,  and  the 
retreating  Confederates  are  pursued 
until  night. 

(Nov.  26.)  Ga.  At  Kinggold  Gens. 
Hooker  and  Palmer,  of  Gen.  Thomas's 
pursuing  force,  overtake  and  defeat  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Cleburne ;  Fed- 
eral loss,  65  killed,  1,367  wounded  and 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  133. 

Gen.  Bragg's  army  is  pursued  20  miles 
to  Tunnel  Hill,  when  Gen.  Grant  orders 
a  halt. 

Gen.  Burnside  defeats  Gen.  Longstreet 
in  an  action  south  of  the  Holston  River 
—  the  Confederates  having  seized  a  po- 
sition which  commanded  the  fort  at 
Knoxville. 

Gen.  Longstreet  learns  of  the  defeat 
of  Gen.  Bragg  at  Chattanooga. 

Nov.  27-30.  Va.  At  Locust  Grove 
Gen.  Meade  loses  1,000  men;  Gen.  Lee 
loses  800. 

Nov.  28,  29.  Tenn.  At  Knoxville  Gen. 
Longstreet  makes  an  unsuccessful  night 
assault  on  Fort  Sanders,  and  loses  800 
men. 

Nov.  29.  Tenn.  £attle  of  KnoxviUe ; 
after  a  furious  artillery  tire,  Gen.  Long- 
street  unsuccessfully  assaults  Fort  Sand- 
ers, being  repelled  by  the  Federals  under 
Gen.  Burnside.  Federal  loss,  13  killed 
and  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  1,000. 
[Gen.  Longstreet  withdraws  his  force  up 
the  Holston  River.] 

Nov.  30.  Tex.  Fort  Esperanza,  com- 
manding the  entrance  to  Matagorda  Bay, 
is  evacuated  by  Confederates,  and  occu- 
pied by  the  Texas  expedition. 

Va.   Gen.  Meade  declines  to  attack 

(ren,  Lee  in  his  entrenchments  at  Mine 


Run  [and    returns   to  the  vicinity  of 
"W^asliington]. 

Nov.  *  O.  Gen.  John  H.  Morgan,  the 
Confederate  raider,  escapes  from  the 
penitentiary  at  Columbus. 

Dec.  2.  Tenn.  Gen.  Bragg Issuperseded 
by  Gen.  "W.  J.  Hardee. 

Dec.  2,  3.  ^fis3.  At  Pocahontas  Fed- 
erals lose  125  killed  and  wounded,  be- 
sides 40  prisoners ;  the  Confederates  lose 
15  killed  and  40  wounded. 

Dec.  3.  Tenn.  Gen.  Longstreet  raises 
the  siege  of  Knoxville,  and  retires  on 
the  approach  of  Gen.  Sherman  with  re- 
enforcements  from  Gen.  Grant's  army. 

Dec.  6.  S.  C.  Near  Charleston  bar  the 
ironclad  Weehaicken  sinks  through 
faulty  construction ;  four  officers  and  20 
men  are  drowned. 

• Va.    Gen.  Halleck  offers  Gen.  Lee 

full  equivalents  for  all  Federal  pris- 
oners at  Richmond. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  bestows  its 
thanks  on  Gen.  Grant  and  his  army, 
and  orders  a  gold  medal  to  be  struck  in 
his  honor. 

Dec.  8-21.  Va.  Gen,  Avereil  makes 
a  raid. 

He  aims  to  destroy  railroad  communi- 
cation between  Gen.  Lee's  army  and  the 
Confederate  army  in  Georgia;  Federal 
loss,  live  wounded  and  94  prisoners  ;  Con- 
federate loss,  200. 

Dec.  11.  Tenn.  Gen.  Burnside  having 
resigned,  Gen.  John  G.  Foster  assumes 
command  in  East  Tennessee. 

Dec.  12.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  declines  to  ex- 
change the  prisoners  at  Richmond 
who  are  starving,  and  gives  notice  that 
no  more  supplies  for  their  relief  will  be 
permitted. 

Dec.  14.  Tenn.  At  Bean's  Station  Gen. 
J.  M.  Shackleford  is  repulsed  by  Gen. 
Longstreet ;  Federal  loss,  700 ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  900. 

Dec.  20.  Ten  n.  Gen.  Grant  establishes 
his  headquarters  at  Nashville,  a  central 
point  for  communicating  with  all  the 
divisions  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
and  equally  so  for  communicating  with 
Washington, 

Dec.  25,  Tenn.  At  Pulaski  Gen.  G.  M. 
Dodge  captures  50  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Forrest. 

Dec.  26.  Tenn.  At  Charleston  Col. 
Luberk  defeats  the  Confederate  Gen. 
Wheeler,  and  takes  121  prisoners. 

Dec.  27.  Ga.  Gen,  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston assumes  command  of  the  Confed- 
erate army  in  Georgia. 

«  *  Va.  Gen.  X^ee's  army  is  in  winter 
quarters  on  the  upper  Rappahannock  ; 
Gen.  Meade's  is  encamped  at  Culpeper. 

•  •  A  general  exchange  of  prisoners  is 
made;  the  Federal  authorities  give  up 
121 ,900  in  return  for  1 10,800  from  the  Con- 
federates. 

1864  Jan.  2.  W.  Va.  Near  Moore- 
field  the  Confederates  are  defeated,  and 
lose  13  killed  and  20  wounded. 

Jan.  3.  Va.  At  Jonesville  the  Federals 
lose  60  killed  and  wounded,  besides  300 
prisoners. 


UNITED    STATES.    1863,  Nov.  3-1864,  Jan.  11.   229 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1863   *  *  Mass.     The  Worcester  County 

Musical  Association  is  organized. 
y.  Y.    The  Park  Theater,  the  first 

in  Brooklyn,  is  opened  with  the  comedy 

Married  Life. 

*  *  New  York.  W.  P.  W.  Dana  and  W.  J. 
Heunesy  of  London,  Elngland,  and  J.  Q. 
A.  Ward,  John  Rogers,  J.  R.  Brevoort, 
and  J.  G.  Brown  of  New  York  City,  are 
elected  members'of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  ^  U.  S.  The  Miller  car-coupler  and 
buffer  is  patented. 

*  *  Rocky  Mountains  is  painted  by  Albert 
Bierstadt. 

*  *  Several  important  topographical  sur- 
veys are  undertaken  and  completed  for 
development  of  ship  canals  to  connect 
the  Mississippi  and  the  Hudson  with  the 
Great  Lakes. 

*  *  Great  improvements  made  in  geo- 
graphical wall-maps  by  Professor  Arnold 
Guyot. 


BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 
1663. 

Nov.  28.     Dempster,  John,  M.  £.  cl.,  edu- 
cator, A6i). 

Dec.    10-      Ingham,    Charles   G.,    portrait 
painter,   AtiT. 

Dec.  16.     Buford.  John,  maj.-gen.  toIr., 
A37. 

Dec.   17.     Van   Brunt,   Gershom  J.,  com. 
U.  S.  N.,  A63. 

Dec.  38.    Corcoran,  Michael,  brig.-gen.  C  S. 
vols.,  A 36. 

•  •  Bailey,  Joseph  W.,  M.  C.  for  Tex.,  b. 
Miss. 

•  •  Heron,  Bijou,  actor,  bom  In  N.  Y.  City, 
dies. 

*  •  Hooper,  Johnson  J.,  lawyer,  editor,  dies. 

•  *  Rourke,  Patrick  H.,  colonel,  b.  In  Ire., 
A28. 

*  *  Seymour,  Isaac,  banker,  philanthropist, 
dies. 

*  •  Thornburn,  Grant,  writer,  philan.,  AfM). 
1864 

Jan.  3.     HuBrhes.  John,  K.  C.  archbp.  of 

N.Y.,  Ab7. 
Jan.  7.     Smith,   Caleb    B.,  jurist  of    Ind., 

Sec.  of  the  Interior,  A6(). 
Jan.  8.    Storer,  George   W.,  rear-adm.   r. 

S.  N.,  A 74. 


CHURCH. 
1863   •  *  O.    The  Annual  Convention  of 
the  Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cin- 
cinnati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

•  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (XTnited 
Presbjrterian)  meets  at  Xenia;  A. 
Young,  moderator. 

•  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (N.S. 
Presbyterian)  meets;  H.  B,  Smith, 
moderator. 

•  *  The  General  Synod  of  the  Re- 
formed (German)  Church  is  orga- 
nized. 

LETTERS. 
1863  *  *  Kew  York.    The  New  American 
Cyclopedia  is  begun  by  Appleton. 

•  •  Timothy  Titcomb*s  Letters  to  the 
Joneses,  by  J.  G.  Holland,  appears. 

•  *  Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn,  by  H.  W. 
Longfellow,  appears. 

•  *  Our  Old  Home,  by  Nathaniel  Haw 
thorne.  appears. 

•  * 68*  *  History  of  Charles  the  Bold, 

by  John  Foster  Kirk,  appears. 


1864  Jan.  4.  Phila.  The  Evening 
Telegraph  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1863  Nov.  25.  Pa.  The"MoUyMa- 
guires"  murder  George  K.  Smith,  near 
Audenreid. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  name  Copperhead  (a  poi- 
sonous snake)  is  contemptuously  given 
to  anti-war  Democrats,  w^o  favor  peace 
on  any  terms. 

Nov.  30.  Paris.  The  European 
Branch  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  is 
organized  for  the  relief  and  comfort  of 
soldiers. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  A  village  for  contra- 
bands is  dedicated  at  Arlington 
Heights. 

Dec*  Mont.  Asheriflf,  two  deputies,  and 
21  outlaws  are  hanged  by  a  vigilance 
committee,  and  eight  are  banished  — 
the  evidence  showing  that  the  outlaws 
had  killed  more  than  100  persons. 

*  *  Kan,  The  State  Insane  Asylum  is 
established  at  Osawatomie. 

*  *  Md.  Gen.  Schenck  arrests  many  per- 
sons for  disloyalty;  he  suspends  the 
Maryland  Club  and  other  societies 
suspected  of  disloyalty. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Minnesota  school  for  deaf 
mutes  is  opened  at  Faribault. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Branch  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  is  organized. 

*  *  li.  I.  The  Prohibitory  law  is  re- 
X}ealed  by  the  Kepubiican  Legislature. 

STATE. 

1863  Dec.  7.  Va.  Jeflferson  Davis,  in  his 
message  to  the  Confederate  Congress, 
recommends  the  compulsory  funding 
of  the  finances,  and  large  taxation. 

/>.  C.    The  38th  Congress  opens. 

Congress;  House:  Schuyler  Coif  ax 
(Hep.)  of  Ind.  is  elected  Speaker.  Vote, 
101-81, 

Dec.  8.  7).  C.  President  Lincoln  issues 
a  proclamation  of  amnesty.  He  an- 
nounces his  willingness  to  recognize 
any  loyal  government  which  may  be 
set  up  in  the  South  by  as  many  as  one- 
tenth  of  the  voters  of  1860. 

President  Lincoln,  in  his  message  to 
Congress,  proposes  a  definite  plan  of 
reconstruction  on  the  basis  of  amnesty, 
an  oath  of  future  loyalty,  and  the  exclu- 
sion of  ex-Secessionists  from  high  ofBces. 
lie  declares  that  '"ITie  crisis  which 
threatened  to  divide  the  friends  of  the 
Union  is  past." 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  House: 
James  M.  Ashley  of  O.  introduces  the 
first  proposition  to  amend  the  Consti- 
tution so  as  to  prohibit  slavery 
throughout  the  United  States. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Dan- 
iel Clark  (Rep.)  of  N.  H.  Is  elected  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore. 

Dec.  29.  Arizona  is  organized  as  a  ter* 
ritorial  government. 

*  *  Stephen  J.  Field  of  Cal.  is  appointed 
justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 


*  *  B.C.  Congress  authorizes  the  Presi- 
dent to  enlist  soldiers  of  African  de- 
scent ;  Democrats  vainly  resist. 

*  *  Ind.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  is 
elected  to  the  Senate  by  the  Democratic 
Legi.slature. 

*  *  6'.  S.    (xovemors  inaugurated : 
-65  *  *  Ala.    Thomas  H.  Watts. 
-66*  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).  John  A.  Goodwin. 
-68  *  *  Cal.    Frederick  F.  Low. 

-66  *  *  Dak,  (Ter.).    Newton  Edmonds. 

-67  *  *  Del.    Wm.  Cannon. 

-64  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.),    Wm.  H.  Wallace. 

-67  *  *  Ky.    Thomas  E.  Bramlette. 

-64  *  *  Me.    Abner  Coburn. 

-65  *  *  N.  H.    Joseph  A.  Gilmore. 

-66  ♦  *  N.  J.    Joel  Parker. 

-65  *  *  N.  r.    Horatio  Seymour. 

R.  I.    Wm.  C.  Cozzens. 
-66  *  •  R.  I.    James  Y.  Smith. 
-65  *  ♦  Tex.    Pendleton  Murray, 
-65  *  *  rt.    John  G.  Smith. 
-69*  *  }Y.  Va.    Arthur  J.  Boreman. 
-66  •  •  ms.    James  T.  Lewis. 

1864  Jan.  8.  La.  A  Free-State  Con- 
vention is  held,  which  declares  its  loy- 
alty to  the  Government. 

Jan.  11.  Jrk.  At  Little  Rock  a  pro- 
visional Free-State  government  is  in- 
augurated. 

/>.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  J.  B.  Hen- 
derson of  Mo.  introduces  a  joint  resolu- 
tion for  the  abolition  of  slavery  by 
amendment  of  the  Cons  tit  utiou.  (13th 
Amendment.) 

La,  Gen.  Banks  issues  a  proclama- 
tion for  a  State  election  to  be  held 
on  Feb.  22. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863  Nov.19.  Pa.  Tlie  National  Soldiers' 
Cemetery  at  Gettysburg  is  dedicated. 

Wov.  28.  Under  the  new  National  Bank 
Act,  134  banks  have  been  organized. 

Nov.  *.  Secretary  Stanton  moves  by 
rail  two  corps  of  23,000  men  from  Wash- 
ington to  Chattanooga,  a  distance  of 
1,200  miles,  in  seven  days. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Immigrants  for  1863, 
174,5^4. 

*  *  Colo.  Great  suffering  is  caused  by  the 
cold  during  the  Winter  and  by  drought 
during  the  Summer. 

*  *  Ind.  Crown  Hill  Cemetery,  near 
Indianapolis,  is  dedicated. 

*  *  N.  Y,  Woodlawn  Cemetery,  near 
New  York,  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Northern  States  evince  great 
prosperity,  notwithstanding  the  war. 

Wealth  increases  rapidly ;  the  ''shoddy 
aristocracy '•  — people  enriched  bv  gov- 
ernment contracts,  often  fraudulently 
obtained  and  dishonestly  fulfilled — be- 
comes conspicuous, 

*  *  The  State  bank  currency  is  dis- 
credited. 

"One-sixth  of  the  1,000  State  banks 
have  notes  counterfeited,  I,8G1  kinds  of 
imitations  are  afloat,  and  3.039  altera- 
tions, in  addition  to  1,685  spurious 
notes."     (John  Sherman.) 

1864  Jan.  1.  New  York.  Prices  of 
middling  upland  cotton,  81  to  82  cents  ; 
premium  on  gold,  152. 

Jan.  *  Southern  States.  The  Confeder- 
ate dollar  is  worth  two  cents. 


230     1864,  Jan.  12-Apr.  15. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1864  Jan.  12.  Tenn.  AtMossy Creek 
Gen.  McCook  defeats  the  Confederates, 
who  lose  14  killed  and  49  wouuded. 

Jan.  14.  Tenn.  Gen.  Schofield  is  or- 
dered to  remove  the  23d  corps  to  the 
East. 

Gen.  Grant  completes  the  repairing 
of  railroads  in  his  rear  to  convey  sup- 
plies. 

Jan.  17.  Tenn.  Near  Dandridge  the 
Federals  are  defeated,  losing  150  killed 
and  wounded. 

Jan.  25.  Miss.  The  Federal  army 
evacuates  Corinth. 

Jan.  27.  Tenn.  At  Sevierville,  East 
Tennessee,  the  Confederate  cavalry  are 
defeated. 

At  Fair  Garden,  East  Tennessee,  the 
Confederates  are  defeated,  losing  65 
killed  and  wounded,  besides  100  pris- 
oners, 

Jan.  28.  Ga.  At  Tunnel  Hill  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated,  losing  32  kilted 
and  one  company  prisoners. 

Jan.  29.  Ky.  At  Scottville  Maj.  John- 
son defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose 
40  killed  and  20  wounded. 

W.  Va.  At  Medley,  Near  Peters- 
burg, Col.  Snyder  loses  80  killed  ami 
wounded:  Confederate  loss,  100;  a  Fed- 
eral supply-train  is  captured. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  orders  a 
draft  for  500,000  men  to  be  made  on 
March  10 ;  all  to  serve  three  years  or  for 
the  war. 

Feb.  3.  Jlfiss.  At  Bolton  Sherman's 
advance  loses  12  killed  and  35  wounded  ; 
the  defeated  Confederates  suffer  a  heavy 
loss. 

Gen.  Sherman,  with  a  picked  force, 
leaves  Vicksburg  for  Meridian,  to 
drive  Confederate  raiding  forces  from 
the  central  part  of  the  State  [loss,  170 
men ;  Confederate  loss,  400]. 

Feb.  3±.  Tenn.  Gen.  W.  S.  Smith 
leaves  Memphis  with  a  large  cavalry 
force,  to  advance  toward  central  Missis- 
sippi, and  join  Gen.  Sherman. 

Feb.  3,  4.  N.  C.  At  New  Berne  Gen. 
Foster  encounters  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Pickett;  Federal  loss,  212;  Con- 
federate loss,  300. 

Feb.  4.  Afiss.  At  Clinton  the  Federals 
repulse  a  Confederate  attack,  losing  15 
killed  and  30  wounded. 

W.  Va.      Col.   Mulligan  drives  Gen. 

Early  out  of  Moorefield. 

Feb.  7-20.  Fla.  Gen.  Truman  Sey- 
mour conducts  an  expedition  6,000 
strong  to  encourage  Union  men,  and  re- 
store under  Maj.  Hay  a  loyal  State 
government. 

Feb.  7.  Fla.  At  Jacksonville  the 
Florida  expedition  drives  out  the  Con- 
federates, and  advances  toward  the  in- 
terior. 

Feb.  9.  Va.  Cols.  Thomas,  Rose,  and 
Streight,  with  about  100  other  prisoners, 
escape  from  Libby  Prison  by  means  of 
a  tunnel  dug  under  the  walls  ;  48  men 
are  recaptured. 

Feb.  14.  Fla.  At  Gainesville  Capt. 
Roberts  routs  100  Confederates. 

La,    Gen,  A.  J.  Smith,  commanding 

the  advance  of  Banks's  Red  River  expe- 


dition, captures'FortdeRussy.  Losses: 
Federal,  34 ;  Confederate,  264. 

Miss.     Gen.    Sherman's  exx>edition 

reaches  Meridian.  [He  destroys  a  vast 
amount  of  Confederate  property,  tear.s 
up  the  railroads  in  all  directions,  and 
returns  to  Vicksburg.] 

Feb.  15.  Oa.  Federal  prisoners  are 
first  confined  at  Andersonville. 

Feb.  17.  N.C.  Fort  Anderson,  a  heavy 
earthwork  on  Cape  Fear  River,  is  at- 
tacked by  Adm.  Porter's  gxmboats. 

At  Town  Creek  Gen.  Cox  routs  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Hoke,  and  cap- 
tures nearly  400  prisoners. 

Feb.  18.  S.  C.  The  Federal  steam-sloop 
Uousatonic  is  destroyed  by  a  torpedc*  in 
Charleston  Harbor. 

Feb.  20.  Fla.  At  Olustee  Station  5,500 
Confederates,  under  Gen.  Joseph  Fin- 
cg^-n,  gain  a  complete  victory,  defeat- 
ing the  Florida  expedition  under  Gen. 
Seymour.  Federal  loss:  193 killed,  1,175 
wounded,  and  460  prisoners ;  Confeder- 
ate loss,  940. 

Feb.  22-25.  Ga.  At  Tunnel  Hill  the 
Federals  lose  75  killed  and  woimded  ; 
Confederate  loss  300  prisoners. 

Feb.  22.  Miss.  Near  West  Point  Gen. 
Sherman's  cavalry,  under  Gen.  W.  S. 
Smith,  is  badly  beaten  by  Gen.  Forrest. 
Federal  loss,  47  killed,  152  wounded, 
and  100  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss  not 
given. 

Va.   Near  DranesviUe  the  Federals 

are  defeated  by  Col.  John  S.  Mosby,  and 
lose  eight  killed  and  seven  wounded 
and  75  missing.  Mosby's  guerrillas  are 
an  effective  body  of  cavalry,  and  a  con- 
stant menace  to  small  bodies  of  Fed- 
erals in  Northern  Virginia. 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  free- 
dom to  all  male  slaves  between  20  and 
45  years  who  may  enlist  in  the  Union 
army. 

Feb.  26.  Ala.  Fort  Powell,  below 
Mobile,  is  bombarded  by  Adm.  Farragut. 

Feb.  28.  Va.  Gen.  Kilpatrick  makes 
a  raid. 

With  5,000  cavalry,  he  advances  within 
three  miles  of  Richmond,  but  is  unable 
to  reach  and  release  the  Federal  prison- 
ers ;  he  tears  up  railroads,  and  damages 
the  James  River  Canal. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  The  grade  of  lieuten- 
ant-general is  revived  in  the  army. 

Feb.  *  Fla.  At  Baldwin  Col.  Guy  V. 
Henry,  of  the  Florida  expedition,  cap- 
tures eight  guns,  and  Confederate  stores, 
wagons,  and  horses. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  is  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-general ;  he  becomes 
commander  of  not  less  than  a  million 
men  in  arms. 

Mar.  4.  Tenn.  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  starts 
for  "Wasliington,  leaving  Gen.  Sher- 
man in  command  at  the  West. 

Mar.  5.  Miss.  At  Yazoo  City  the  Fed- 
erals lose  130  killed  and  wounded;  the 
defeated  Confederates  lose  300  men. 

Mar.  6.  iV.  C.  At  Kinston  the  Con- 
federates hang  23  Federal  prisoners  of 
war. 

Mar.  8.  T>.  C.  Gen.  Grant  first  arrives 
in  Washington  from  Tennessee. 


Mar.  8,  9.  N.C.  At  Kinston  Gen.  Cox 
repulses  two  attacks  by  Gens.  Br;igg  ai.d 
Hoke ;  the  Confederates  retire. 

Mar.  9,  10.  Va.  Federal  colored  troo])8, 
under  Col.  Coles,  capture  Suffolk,  wiili 
the  loss  of  210  men ;  Confederates  lose 
25  killed. 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln,  In  per- 
son, gives  Gen.  Grant  his  commission 
as  lieutenant-general.  Grant  is  the 
15th  commander-in-chief. 

Mar.  10.  A'y.  The.  governor  protests 
against  the  enrolment  of  slaves  in  the 
army. 

Va.    Gen.  Grant  first  visits  the  Army 

of  the  Potomac,  at  Brandy  Station. 

Mar.  11.  J).  C.  Gen.  Grant  departs 
from  Washington  for  the  West. 

Mar.  12.  I).  C.  By  order  of  the  War 
Department  Gen.  Grant  is  placed  in 
command  of  all  the  armies. 

Gen.  Sherman  is  appointed  to  the 
Department  of  the  Mississippi;  Gen. 
McPherson  is  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment and  Army  of  the  Tennessee. 

La.     The  powerful    fleet   of   Adm. 

Porter  enters  the  Red  River,  followed 
by  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith's  troops  of  Gen. 
Sherman's  army,  in  transports. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  The  President  orders  a 
draft  for  200,000  men  for  the  navy  and 
the  army  reserve. 

*  *  D.C.  Gen. HalleckordersGen. Banks 
to  ascend  the  Red  River  Valley  for  the 
recovery  of  western  Louisiana.  [Un- 
successful.] 

N.  C.    Kinston  is  occupied  by  Gen. 

Schofield. 

Mar.  16.  La.  At  Alexandria  the  two 
forces  of  the  Red  River  expedition 
unite.  [Gen.  McPherson  and  3,000 
troops  are  recalled.] 

Tenn.  Near  Fort  Pillow  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated,  losing  50  men. 

Mar.  17.  U.  S.  Gen.  Grant  assumes 
command  of  all  the  armies  of  the 
Union. 

La.  Fort  d©  Russy  is  blown  up  by  the 

Federals. 

Mar.  18.  Gen.  Sherman  takes  com- 
mand of  the  Military  Division  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Mar.  21.  La.  At  Henderson's  Hill, 
near  Alexandria,  Gen.  J.  A.  Mower,  of 
Gen.  Banks's  Red  River  Expedition, 
cai)tures  306  Confederate  cavalry.  [Mar. 
25  occupies  Alexandria.] 

iV.    C.    Goldsboro   is    occupied    by 

Gen.  Schofield. 

Mar.  23  +.  Tenn.  The  Confederate  Gen. 
N.  B.  Forrest  makes  an  extensive  and 
daring  raid  into  Kentucky. 

Mar.  25.  Ky.  Gen.  Forrest  demands 
the  surrender  of  Paducah,  promising 
that  the  garrison  will  be  treated  as  pris- 
oners of  war  if  it  surrenders  ;  but,  "  if  I 
have  to  storm  your  works,  you  may  ex- 
pect no  quarter!" 

La.  Gen.  Banks's  expedition  is  con- 
centrated at  Alexandria. 

Mar.  25  ±.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  establishes 
his  headquarters  at  Culpeper  Court- 
House. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1864,  Jan.  12-Apr.  15.    231 


Mar.  27.  Ky.  Gen.  Forrest  abandons 
an  attack  on  Col.  Hicks,  at  Fort  An- 
derson, on  the  approach  of  Federal 
reenforcements,  having  lost  300  men  in 
the  fight.  Federal  loss,  14  killed  and  46 
wounded.  The  town  is  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  bombardment. 

Mar.  28.  La.  At  Cane  Biver  Gen.  A.  J. 
Smith  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Richard  Taylor.  Federal  loss,  80 ; 
Confederate  loss,  700. 

Mar.  31.  Term.  Gen.  Longstreet's  army 
retires  from  East  Tennessee  into  Vir- 
ginia. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
ports a  total  of  71,976  negro  troops  in 
the  service  of  the  Government. 

Apr.  2,  3.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  Ked  River 
Expedition  advances  to  Natchitoches. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan 
is  appointed  to  the  command  of  all  the 
oavairy  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Gen.  Schofield  is  assigned  to  com- 
mand the  new  department  of  North 
Carolina,  and  directed  to  capture  Wil- 
mington. 

Apr.  6.  La.  Gen.  Banks's  army  leaves 
Natchitoches  on  a  march  of  100  miles  to 
Shreveport,  with  12  miles  of  wagon 
trains. 

Apr.  8.  La.  Battle  of  Sabine  Cross 
Boads. 

The  Red  River  Expedition,  12,000 
strong,  is  defeated  and  routed  by  11,000 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Richard  Tay- 
lor. Federal  loss,  200  killed,  900  wound- 
ed, and  1,800  prisoners,  besides  many 
guns  and  army  trains;  Confederate  loss, 
1,500  men. 

Apr.  9.  La.  Gen.  Banks  falls  back  on 
Pleasant  BUI. 

The  attack  of  Gen.  Taylor  is  repulsed 
by  Gens.  Emory  and  Mower ;  Federal 
loss,  100  killed,  700  wounded,  and  300 
missing ;  total  loss  in  two  days,  about 
5,000  or  6,000. 

Apr.  10.  La.  Gen.  Banks  abandons 
the  forward  movement,  and  falls 
back  on  Grand  Ecore,  on  the  Red 
River. 

2f.  C.  The  Cape  Lookout  light- 
house is  seized  and  blown  up  by  Con- 
federates. 

Apr.  12.  Tenn.  The  Confederate  Gen. 
Forrest  attacks  Fort  Pillow,  on  the 

Mississippi    River,    garrisoned    by   557 
Federal  troops  (262  colored). 

He  gains  an  advantage  over  Majs. 
Booth  and  Bradford  by  treachery,  over- 
powers the  garrison,  and  massacres  .100 
persons,  white  and  black,  including: 
women  and  children.  Federal  loss,  2;'»0 
killed,  60  wounded,  164  missing;  Confed- 
erate loss,  20  killed,  60  wounded. 

Apr.  15.  La.  The  fleet  on  the  Bed 
River,  above  Grand  Ecore,  defeats  a 
Confederate  attack  under  Gen.  Thomas 
Green.    Confederate  loss,  700  men. 

Apr.  15  i.  La.  At  Camden,  on  the 
Wichita  River,  Gen.  Steele  with  8,000 
men  captures  an  important  military 
post. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1864. 
Jan.  13.    Foster,   Stephen    Collins,  ballad 

composer,  A38. 
Jan.  16.    Bowden,  Lemuel  J.,  sen.  for  Va., 
AM. 


Jan.  21.      Tarbell,    John    A.,    physician, 

Mass.,  .\S4. 
Jan.  24.    Champlin,  Stephen  6.,  brig.-gen. 

U.  S.  vols.,  A37. 
Jan.  31.     norland,  Solon,  sen.  for  Ark., 

Confed.  gen.,  d. 
Gamble,  Hamilton  K.,  loyal  gov.  of  Mo., 

A  66. 
Peb.  1.  Stark,  Caleb,  lawyer,  historian,  A59. 
Feb.  6.     Morton,  Marcus,  Gov.  of  Mass., 

jurist,  A80. 
Feb.  1 1 .    McCluney,  William  J.,  com.  U.  S. 

N.,  Ab8. 
Feb.  12.    Cranston,  Henry  Y.,  lawyer,  M. 

V.  for  K.  1.,  A74. 

Cooke.  Parsons,  Cong.  cl.  of  Boston, 

A64. 
Feb.  13.    Bullions,  Peter,  Pres.  clergyman, 

author  of  educational  books,  ATS. 
Feb.  16.      IJuncan,     William,    politician, 

brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  A92. 
Feb.  27.    Hitchcock,  Edward,  geologist, 

pres.  of  Amlierst,  author,  A7I. 
Mar.  4.    Datilgren,    Ulric,   coL,    killed   n. 

Kichmond,  A22. 
Mar.  8.    Perit,  Pelatlah,  merchant,  phllan., 

of  N.  Y.,  A79. 
Mar.  13.    Cozzens,  William  B.,  hotel  prop., 

N.  Y.  City,  A77. 
Mar.    19.       Bache,    Franklin,    physician, 

chemist,  A72. 
Meriam,  Ebenezer,  statistician,  meteor- 
ologist, A70. 
Mar.  as.    Gardiner,  Robert  H.,  philanthro- 
pist, A  82. 
Mar.  23.    Van  Rensselaer,  Henry,  col.  V. 

S.  A.,  inspector-gen.,  A54. 
Mar.   25.      Ijovejoy,   Owen,   abolitionist, 

M.  C.  for  111.,  A53. 
Mar.  26.    Marmaduke,  Meredith  M.,  loyal 

gov.  of  Mo.,  A 73. 
Mar.  27.    Campbell,   John    N.,  Pres.    cl., 

orator,  scholar,  A66. 
Apr.  6.    Klrkland,  Caroline  M.  S.,  author, 

editor,  A63. 
Apr.  7.    Allston,  Robert  F.  W.,  Gov.  of  S. 

C,  agriculturist,  A63. 
Apr.  8.    Mouton,  Jean  Jaques  A.  A.,  Con- 
fed,  maj.-gen.,  A35. 
Apr.  13.    Gilder,  Wm.  H.,  editor,  educator, 

A92. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Feb.  *  ^fmt.  A  Vigilance  Com- 
mittee completes  its  work  of  suppres- 
sing desperadoes,  having  hanged  24  and 
banished  eight ;  the  criminals  confessed 
to  the  commission  of  102  murders. 

Mar.  5.  London.  An  Auxiliary  Society 
to  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion is  organized  by  Americans. 

Mar.  22.  III.  A  riot  occurs  at  Charles- 
ton between  citizens  and  soldiers  ;  seven 
persons  are  killed. 

Apr.  4.  New  York.  A  Sanitary  Commis- 
eion  Fair  on  a  large  scale  opens.  [Re- 
ceipts, $1,200,000.] 


STATE. 

1864  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress  thanks 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt  for  his  gift  of  the 
steamer  Vanderbilt  for  the  use  of  the 
Government;  the  vessel  is  worth 
8800,000. 

Feb.  1.  /J.  C.  The  President  calls  for  a 
draft  of  500,000  men  to  be  made  on 
the  10th  of  March.  [Later  the  draft  was 
indefinitely  postponed.] 

Feb.  18.  Ky.  The  I^egislature  protests 
against  the  organization  of  negro  regi- 
ments in  Kentucky,  and  requests  the 
President  to  remove  all  negro  camps 
from  the  State,  because  they  entice 
slaves  to  run  away. 

Feb.  22.  La.  Michael  Kahn  is  elected 
Governor. 


Ky.    A  Border-State  "  Freedom  " 

Convention  is  held. 

Peb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Solomon  Foot  of  Vt.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [He  is  reelected 
again  on  March  11  ;  also  on  April  U.] 

Peb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  free- 
dom to  all  male  slaves  between  the 
ages  of  20  and  45  who  shall  enlist  in  the 
Federal  armies ;  it  allows  every  loyal 
master  $300  for  each  of  his  slaves 
who  enlists  in  the  army. 

Peb.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  bill  for  reviving  the  grade  of  lieu- 
tenant-general. 

Peb.  *  Va.  The  Confederate  Congress 
extends  the  conscription  to  include 
all  white  males  between  17  and  50  years. 

Feb.*  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  empowering  the  Presi- 
dent to  appoint  a  lieutenant-general 
of  all  the  Federal  armies.    Vote,  96-41. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
the  issue  of  bonds. 

$200,000,000  in  bonds  payable  in  five  or 
40  years  in  coin,  with  interest  limited  at 
6  per  cent :  [and,  later,  the  issue  of  $400,- 
000,000  of  bonds  of  like  tenor  ;  or  $200,- 
000,000  in  treasury  notes,  in  lieu  of  equal 
amount  in  bonds,  drawing  7A  pcr  cent 
interest,  and  payable  "in  lawful 
money,"  and  to  be  a  legal  tender]. 

Mar.  7.  J).  C.  Congress  raises  the  tax 
on  distilled  spirits  to  60  cents  a  gallon. 

Mar.  10.  Arkansas  votes  to  become  a 
free-labor  State. 

Mar.  14.  Ark.  The  Constitution  is  rati- 
fied.   [Unrecognized  by  Congress.] 

Mar.  15.  Ln.  President  Lincoln  ap- 
points Gov.  Hahn  to  act  as  military 
governor. 

1).  C.     The   President   calls    for    a 

draft  of  200,000  men. 

Mar.  21.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  signs 
the  bill  permitting  the  people  of  Colo- 
rado and  Nevada  to  form  a  State  gov- 
ernment. 

Mar.  28.  La.  The  State  Constitutional 
Convention  meets  at  New  Orleans. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
direct  tax  imposed  by  the  Act  of  Aug. 
5,  1861. 

Apr.  1.  D.  C.  Congress  restores  the 
tax  of  $1  per  barrel  on  beer. 

Apr.  6.  La.  The  loyal  State  Convention 
meets,  and  incorporates  an  antislavery 
clause  in  the  organic  law. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
approves  the  joint  resolution  for  the 
abolition  of  slavery  by  amending 
the  Constitution.  Vote,  38-6.  Nays 
all  Democratic. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864   Peb.  8.     Conn.    The  Colt  Armory 

at  Hartford  is  burned;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

and  900  men  are  without  work. 
Mar.  17.    Chicago.     The  water-works 

tunnel  under  the  lake  is  begun. 
Apr.  1.    New  York.     Price  of   middlinf 

upland  cotton,  76  cents ;  premium  ob 

gold,  166}. 


232     1864,  Apr.  16 -May  24. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1864  Apr.  16.  Ky.  At  Half  Mountain 
Col.  Gallup  surprises  and  defeats  the 
Confederates. 

La.  At  Grand  Ecore  Adm.  Porter 

and  Gen.  Andrew  J.  Smith  join  Gen. 
Banks's  army  and  unite  forces.  The 
Federal  fleet  is  imperiled  by  the 
rapid  falling  of  the  river  [the  retreat 
is  hastened]. 

Apr.  17-20.  N,  C.  The  Confederate 
Gen.  Hoke  storms  and  captures  Plym- 
outh; Gen.  Henry  W.  Wessels  and 
1,600  troops  are  made  prisoners.  Con- 
federate loss,  500  men. 

Apr.  19.  N.  C.  The  Confederate  ram 
Albemarle  attacks  the  Federal  gunboats 
at  Plymouth;  she  sinks  one,  and  the 
others  retire. 

Apr.  21,  2i.  C.  Near  Wilmington  the 
Federals  destroy  valuable  Confederate 
salt-works. 

Apr.  24.  La.  At  Cane  River  Ferry  the 
returning  expedition  of  Gen.  Banks  en- 
counters 8,000  Confederates  under  Gen. 
H.  P,  Bee,  having  16  guns,  and  drives 
them  across  the  river.  Federal  loss,  350; 
Confederate  loss,  400. 

Apr.  25.  Gen.  Banks  is  ordered  by  Gen. 
Grant  to  abandon  the  Red  River  Ex- 
];>edition,  and  return  to  New  Orleans. 

Ark.  At  Pine  Bluff  the  Confeder- 
ates capture  a  large  supply-train  and 
2,000  persons  —  Federal  Col.  Drake 
among  the  number. 

Apr.  26.  La,  The  Red  River  Expe- 
dition returns  to  Alexandria. 

Apr.  29.  La.  Gen.  McClernand  reen- 
forces  Gen.  Banks  with  troops  from 
Atatagorda. 

Apr.  30.  Ark.  At  Jenkins's  Ferry 
Gen.  Steele  repulses  a  severe  attack 
of  Confederates,  under  Gen.  E.  Kirby 
Smith,  who  loses  over  1,100  men;  Fed- 
eral loss,  1,155  men. 

Va.     The   Federal  force  on   the 

North  side  of  the  Rapidan  num- 
bers 122,146,  including  Burnside's  corps 
22,708;  Gen.  Hancock  commands  the  2d 
corps.  Gen.  Warren  the  5th,  Gen.  Sedg- 
wick the  6th,  Gen.  Burnside  the  9th; 
Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  commands  the 
cavalry.  These  are  supported  by  Gens. 
Barlow,  Gibbon,  Birney,  Getty,  Gregg, 
J.  H.  Wilson,  Willcox,  Griflan,  and 
Ricketts. 

The  Confederate  army  encamped  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Rapidan  under 
Gen.  Lee  numbers  61,952  men.  Its  three 
corps  are  commanded  by  Gens.  Long- 
street,  Ewell,  and  Hill.  Gen.  J.  E,  B. 
Stuart  commands  the  cavalrj' ;  other 
generals  are  Gordon,  Edward  Johnson, 
Rodes,  Ramseur,  Hetb,  Hampton,  and 
the  two  Lees. 

Apr.  30.  — May  8.  La.  Lieut.-Col.  Jo- 
seph Bailey,  chief  engineer,  erects  a 
dam  which  raises  the  water  seven  feet 
at  the  Falls  of  Alexandria,  and  there- 
by enables  Adm.  Porter's  fleet  to  pass 
the  shallows. 

Apr.  *  The  enrolment  of  the  National 
forces  shows  2,245,000  men,   from 


ages  20-45,  in  the  various  States,  who 
have  not  been  called  out,  while  a  million 
of  men  are  in  the  field. 
^dsij  1.  D.C.  Gen.  Halleck  countermands 
the  order  for  abandoning  the  Red  River 
Expedition  to  Shreveport.  [Low  water 
prevents  compliance.] 

FT.    Va.    Gen.  Sigel  is  sent  up  the 

Shenandoah  Valley  with  10,000  men ; 
Gen.  Crook  commands  an  army  moving 
for  his  support. 

May  2.  O.  The  Ohio  National  Guard, 
38,000  strong,  offers  its  service  to  the 
President, 

May  3.  D.  C.  Capt.  Charles  Wilkes  is 
reprimanded  and  suspended  from  duty 
for  three  years,  as  punishment  for  diso- 
bedience and  disrespect  to  his  superior 

ofticer. 

Gen.  Grant's  campaig^i  in  Vir- 
ginia. 
May  4.  Va.  The  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, 140,000  strong,  begins  its  final  ad- 
vance on  Richmond,  and  crosses  tJie 
Rapidan  soon  after  midnight. 

Col.  Spear  leaves  Portsmouth  on  a 
raid,  with  the  11th  Pennsylvania  cav- 
alry. [He  captures  a  Confederate  camp 
on  the  Weldou  Railroad,  and  destroys 
property  valued  at  $500,000,  at  Jarratt's 
Station.] 

Tenn.    Gen.   Sherman   begins   the 

Atlanta  campaign  by  advancing  south- 
ward from  Chattanooga. 

May  5-7.  Va.  Battle  of  the  Wilder- 
ness; it  is  the  first  trial  of  strength  be- 
tween Gens.  Lee  and  Grant. 

A  succession  of  flank  movements  by 
Gen.  Grant  near  Chancellorsville  is  at- 
tended with  indecisive  results.  Gen. 
Longstreet  is  wounded,  and  the  Federal 
Gens.  Wadsworth  and  Hays  are  killed. 

Losses:  Federal,  2,246  killed,  12,037 
wounded,  3,583  missing;  Confederate, 
2,000  killed,  6,000  wounded,  3,400  prison- 
ers. 

May  5.  Tenn.  Gen.  Sherman  begins 
his  campaign  to  the  Chattahoochee 
with  an  army  aggregating  98,797  men 
and  254  guns.  Gen.  Thomas  commands 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Gen.  Mc- 
Pherson  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
and  Gen,  Schofield  the  Army  of  the 
Ohio.  Gen.  Johnston  has  68,620  Confed- 
erates at  Dalton,  Ga.  ;  Gens.  Hardee, 
Polk,  and  Hood,  each  commands  a  corps. 

JV^.  C.  The  Confederate  ram  Albe- 
marle is  defeated  in  a  naval  battle  in 
Albemarle  Sound  by  the  Saasacus. 

Va.    The  Army  of  the  James,  under 

Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  35,000  strong,  sails 
from  Fortress  JVIonroe  for  Bermuda 
Hundred;  it  is  to  cooperate  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac. 

May  6.  Va.  Bermuda  Hundred  and 
City  Point,  on  the  James  River,  are 
taken  by  Gen.  Butler;  his  army  en- 
trenches. 

May  7.  Ga.  AtRockyFaceRidgeGen. 
Sherman  makes  a  demonstration  in  front 
of  Gen.  Johnston's  lines,  but  declines  to 
assault  them  in  force. 

Va.    Gen.   Grant  declines  to  attack 

Gen.  Lee  in  his  entrenchments,  and 
moves  by  the  left  flank  toward  Spottsyl- 


vania  Court-House.  Gen.  Sheridan 
defeats  Confederate  Gen.  Stuart's  entire 
cavalry  at  Todd's  Tavern,  driving  him 
a  long  distance.  Federal  loss,  80  men. 
May  8-21.  Va.  Indecisive  Battle  of 
Spottsylvania.  (Forces,  see  May  5-7.) 
Federal  loss,  2,271  killed,  9,360  wounded, 
and  1,970  missing;  Confederate  loss, 
about  10,000,  including  between  3,000 
and  4,000  prisoners ;  many  general  offi- 
cers are  killed  or  wounded.  Federal 
losses  in  two  weeks,  37,335  men. 

(May  9.)  The  Federal  arniy  concentrates 
near  Spottsylvania,  and  finds  Gen.  Lee's 
army  in  the  path  of  its  advance.  Maj.- 
Gen.  Sedgwick,  of  the  6th  corps,  is  killed 
by  a  sharpshooter. 

(May  10.)  Gen.  Grant  renews  the  attack, 
and  makes  a  strong  assault  through 
the  thickets  ;  Gen.  Upton  occupies  the 
**  bloody  angle,"  and  holds  it  for  a  time, 
but  the  Confederates  finally  drive  the 
Federals  back  to  their  entrenchments. 

(May  11.)  No  general  operations  occur. 
Gen.  Grant  telegraphs,  "I  propose  to 
fight  it  out  on  this  line,  if  it  takes  all 
summer." 

(May  12.)  Gen.  Hancock's  men  as- 
sault the  apex  of  the  Confederate  earth- 
works. One  of  Ewell's  entire  divisions 
(4,000)  is  captured ;  Gen.  Warren's  assault 
is  repulsed ;  Gen.  Burnside  carries  the 
Confederate  entrenchments,  but  is  un- 
able to  hold  them ;  Confederates  fall 
back  three-fourths  of  a  mile,  and  defy 
attack. 

(May  13.)  Gen.  Grant  prepares  to  move 
by  the  left  flank. 

(May  14.)  An  assault  on  the  Confeder- 
ates, being  delayed  by  bad  roads,  is  post- 
poned ;  active  operations  are  suspended 
because  of  a  storm  for  more  than  a  week. 

(May  18.)  Gen.  Grant  makes  one  final 
but  unsuccessful  assault  on  Gen.  Lee's 
left  flank. 

(May  19.)  Gen.  EweU  is  severely  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  with  6,000  men  on 
Gen.  Grant's  right,  and  loses  nearly  1,000 
men.  The  army  resumes  its  movement 
by  the  left  flank. 

(May  20,  21.)  The  movement  by  the  left 
flank  continues  in  the  night,  and  the 
army  reaches  Guiney  Station  by  day- 
break. 

May  9, 10.  Ga.  At  Rocky  Face  Ridge 
and  Buzzard's  Roost  strong  skirmish 
lines  are  engaged. 

May  9.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  cuts  loose 
from  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  on  his 
[famous]  raid. 

He  moves  around  the  left  of  Gen.  Lee's 
army,  to  cut  his  line  of  supplies  and 
communications,  and  to  draw  the  en- 
emy's cavalry  from  Gen.  Grant.  [He 
defeats  the  Confederate  cavalry  in  four 
engagements,  and  passes  entirely  around 
Lee's  army,  before  his  return,  16  days 
later.  Federal  loss,  600  killed  and 
wounded,  and  150  missing ;  200  Confed- 
erates are  captured.] 

At  Swift  Creek  Kautz's  cavalry,  of 
Gen.  Butler's  army,  destroys  the  rail- 
road, and  defeats  the  Confederates.  Fed- 
eral loss,  90  killed  and  400  wounded  ; 
Confederate  loss,  500. 

May  10.  Va.  At  Cloyd's  Moimtain 
and  New  River  Bridge  Gen.  Crook 
defeats  the  Confederates  imder  Gen. 
Jenkins.  Federal  loss.  126  killed,  585 
wounded,  and  34  missing ;  Confederate 
loss,  900  men,  besides  300  prisoners. 

Near  Wytheville  Gen.  Averell  de- 
feats the  Confederate  Gen.  Jones. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1864,  Apr.  16  -  May  24.     233 


May  11.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  advances 

south  towards  Snake  Gap  Creek. 

Va.    Gen.  Butler  advances  to  Drew- 

ry's  Bluff  (Fort  Darling)  on  the  James 
River. 

May  12. ±  Va.  At  Yellow  Tavern,  six 
miles  from  Richmond,  a  fierce  cavalry 
battle  is  fought. 

Gen.  Sheridan  attacks  Gen.  Stuart, 
and  completely  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates. G  ens.  Stuart  and  Gordon  are 
killed,  and  Gen.  Fitz-Hugh  Lee's  divis- 
ion is  pursued  through  the  outer  de- 
fenses of  Richmond. 

May  13.  Ga.  Dalton  is  evacuated  by 
Gen.  Johnston. 

Va.    Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry  enter 

Gen.  Butler's  army,  on  the  James  River, 
[May  17  Sheridan  leaves  to  join  Grant.] 

May  13.-June  1.  Ga.  In  several  engage- 
ments between  Eocky  Face  Hidge 
and  Dallas,  Gen.  Sherman  loses  800 
killed,  4,500  wounded,  and  1,000  prison- 
ers; Confederates  lose  600  killed,  2,100 
wounded,  and  4,000  prisoners. 

May  14, 15,  Ga.  Wear  Camp  Creek 
Gen.  Sherman's  advance  engages  in 
heavy  skirmishes. 

May  14,  Va.  At  Drewry's  Bluff  Gen. 
Butler  attacks  Gen.  Beauregard  and 
takes  his  outer  lines,  but  is  unable  to 
drive  him  out  of  his  entrenchments ; 
Federal  loss,  422  killed,  2,380  wounded, 
210  missing ;  Confederate  loss,  2,500. 

May  15.  Ga.  Battle  of  Resaca.  A  part 
of  Gen.  Sherman's  army  attacks  and 
defeats  Gen.  Johnston,  who  retires  in 
the  night  toward  Dallas,  and  burns  the 
bridges  behind  him.  [May  16  Gen. 
Sherman  enters  the  city.]  Federal  loss, 
600  killed  and  2,147  wounded;  Confed- 
erate loss,  2,800  men. 

Va.  At  New  Market  in  the  Shen- 
andoah Valley,  Gen,  Breckinridge  com- 
pletely routs  8,000  Federals  under  Gen. 
Sigel;  Federal  loss,  120  killed,  560 
wounded,  and  240  missing ;  Confederate 
loss,  405  men. 

May  16.  Va.  At  Drewry's  Bluff  (Fort 
Barling)  Gen.  Beauregard  attacks  Gen. 
Butler  in  force,  and  compels  his  army, 
20,000  strong,  to  retire  to  the  entrench- 
ments at  Bermuda  Hundred.  Federal 
loss  (May  11-16),  422  killed,  2,380  wound- 
ed, 1,400  prisoners;  Confederate  loss, 
2,500. 

May  17.  Oa.  The  Federal  troops  under 
Gen.  Jeff.  C.  Davis  occiipy  Rome,  and 
de.stroy  mills,  foundries,  and  other  Con- 
federate property. 

May  18.     Ga.    At  Adairsville  Gen.  O. 

O.  Howard  defeats  the  Confederates. 

La.    At  Yellow  Bayou  Gen.  A.  J. 

Smith  reijulses  an  attack  by  Confeder- 
ates under  Prince  Polignac  and  Gen. 
Wharton. 

May  19.  Cki.  Gen.  Johnston  retreats 
across  the  Stowah,  under  cover  of 
night ;  and  takes  a  strong  position  at 
Allatoona  Pass. 

-^  Va.  Near  "Winchester  Gen.  Milroy 
defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose  six 
killed  and  seven  prisoners. 


May  20.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  rapidly  pur- 
sues the  Confederates,  and  crosses 
the  Etowah  River. 

La.  At  Simsport  Gen.  Banks  surren- 
ders command  of  the  troops  to  Gen.  E. 
R.  S.  Canby,  commander  of  the  Mili- 
tary Division  of  West  Mississippi. 

Tenn.  At  Middletown  Gen.  Stanley 

defeats  the  Confederates,  who  lose  eight 
killed  and  90  prisoners. 

May  21.  Cat.  Gen.  Irwin  McDowell  as- 
sumes command  of  the  Pacific. 

W.  Va.    Gen.  Franz  Sigel  assumes 

command  of  the  Department  of  West 
Virginia. 

May  23.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman's  army 
crosses  the  Etowah,  and  advances  to- 
ward Dallas. 

May  23,  24.  Va.  Battle  of  Worth 
Anna: 

Gen.  Grant  advances  toward  Rich- 
mond, and  crosses  the  North  Anna. 
Gen.  Lee  attacks  the  advance,  which  is 
withdrawn,  and  the  army  moves  toward 
the  Pamunkey  River.  Federal  loss,  186 
killed,  792  wounded,  and  165  missing, 
total,  1,143;  Confederate  loss,  2,000. 

May  24.  Va.  At  'Wilson's  IJanding 
Gen.  Wild  loses  40  men;  Gen.  Fitz-Hugh 
Lee  loses  275,  hesides  11  prisoners. 

Gen.  Burnside's  corps  is  incorporated 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 

Gen,  Sheridan  returns  to  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  from  his  great  raid. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE, 
1864    Apr.  *  Colo.    A  flood  occurs  at 
Denver. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Apr.  16.  Blanchard,  Thos.,  Inventor  of 
lathe  in  Mass.,  A76. 

May  1.  Duncan,  Wm.  C,  Bapt.  el.,  editor, 
A40. 

Porter,  Wm.  P.,  com.  TT.  S.  N.,  A54. 

Kinggold,  Geo.  H.,  scholar,  painter,  sol- 
dier, A50. 

May  5.  Hays,  Alex.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  toIs., 
A  45. 

May.  7.  Jenkins,  Albert  G.,  Confed.  brig.- 
gen.,  A  34. 

May.  8.  Wadsworth.  James  S.,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  wounded  at  Wilderness,  A57. 

May  9.  Doubleday,  Thos.  D.,  Col.  U.  S. 
Tols.,  A48. 

Sedgwick.  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 

killed  at  Spottsylvania,  A51. 

May  10.  .loneH,  John  M.,  Confed.  brig.- 
gen.,  k.  at  Spottsylvania,  A44. 

King,  Thos.  Butler,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  A60. 

Rives,  John  C,  journalist,  Congres- 
sional O'lobe,  A68. 

Stevenson,  Tliomas  G.,  brig.-gen.  XT.  S. 

vols.,  A28. 

May  12.  Stuart,  James  £.  B.,  Confed. 
maj.-gen.  cavah-y  of  N.  Va.,  A3I. 

May  16.  Spencer,  Piatt  K.,  author  of 
Spencerian  system  of  writing,  A64. 

May  19.  Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  "the 
greatest  of  American  novelists,'*  A60. 

May  22.  Totten,  Joseph  G.jbrev.  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  engineer,  A76. 

CHURCH. 
1864   May  2-27.     Phila.   The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  in 
session ;   the  pastoral  term  is  extended 
from  two  to  three  years. 

It  organizes  the  Church  Extension 
Society,  and  forms  the  Central  German, 
Colorado,  Delaware,  Des  Moines,  Ne- 
vada, Southwest  German,  Northwest 
German,  and  Washington  Conferences. 
Davis  \V.  Clark,  Edward  Thompson,  and 
Calvin  Kingsley  are  ordained  bishops. 


LETTERS. 
1864  May  18.  New  York.  The  Journal 
of  Commerce  and  the  World  are  sup- 
pressed, and  their  editors  ordered  under 
arrest,  by  direction  of  the  President,  for 
inciting  disloyalty. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Apr.  17.  Ga.  A  women's  bread- 
riot  occurs  at  Savannah. 

Apr.  27.  III.  The  State  secures  $238,000 
at  a  master's  sale  of  the  property  of  ex- 
Gov.  Matteson,  on  the  discovery  of  the 
fraudulent  reissue  of  canal  scrip  for  a 
large  sum,  dated  many  years  back. 

May  1.  D.C.  At  Washington  the 
Xjadies'  National  Covenant  is  formed, 
to  abstain  from  the  use  of  imported 
articles. 

May  24.  Boston.  The  South  End  City 
Hospital  is  dedicated. 

May  *  The  Auxiliary  Relief  Corps  in 
the  United  States  is  organized  in  con- 
nection with  the  Sanitary  Commission, 
T\'hich  distributes  "  relief  "  to  the  sol- 
diers and  sailors  during  the  war. 

STATE. 

1864    Apr.  16.    D.  C.    Congress :  The 

House  defeats  an  amendment  permit- 
ting State  and  municipal  taxation  of 
National  Banks. 

Apr.  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  permitting  the  local  taxa- 
tion of  National  Banks,  providing  no 
part  of  the  tax  be  imposed  on  that  part 
of  their  capital  that  is  invested  in  United 
States  bonds.    Vote,  70-60. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  en- 
abling act  for  the  formation  of  a  State 
government  in  Nebraska. 

President  Lincoln  signs  the  bill  per- 
mitting the  people  of  Nebraska  to  form 
a  State  government. 

Apr.  26.  Z>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Daniel  Clark  of  N.  H.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore. 

Apr.  27.  Mfi.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Annapolis. 

May  2.  Va.  The  second  Confederate 
Congress  meets  at  Richmond. 

May  10.  B.C.  Congreee:  the  Senate 
passes  the  Amended  National  Bank 
Bill,  Vote,  30-9;  absent  or  not  voting,  10. 

May  17.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  Postal  Money  Order  system.  [Be- 
comes operative  Nov.  1.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  May  18.  U.S.  A  forged  presi- 
dential proclamation,  calling  for 
400,000  more  men,  is  published,  by  spec- 
ulators in  gold.  [Howard  and  Mallison, 
the  perpetrators,  are  discovered  and  im- 
prisoned in  Fort  Lafayette.] 


284    1864,  May  25  -  July  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1864  May  25,  26.  Ga.  At  Pvunpkin- 
Vine  Creek,  iiejir  Dallas,  Gen.  Hooker 
has  a  severe  but  indecisive  engagement 
with  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Hood ; 
losses,  about  1,IM0  on  each  side. 

May  26.  Maj.-Gen.  Foster  assumes  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  the  South. 

May  27.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  secures  a  posi- 
tion south  of  the  Pamunkey  Kiver, 
and  finds  Gen.  Lee  awaiting  him. 

Near  the  Totopotomoy  River  heavy 
skirmishing  occurs  between  the  armies 
of  Gen.  Grant  and  Gen.  Lee;  Federal 
loss,  99  killed,  508  wounded,  62  missing. 

May  28.  Ga.  Near  Pumpkin-Vine 
Creek  Gen.  Hardee  furiously  attacks 
Gen.  McPherson,  and  delays  his  union 
with  Gen.  Hooker. 

Gen.  Sherman  having  outflanked  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Johnston,  they 
retreat  to  Lost  Motmtain.  Loss:  Fed- 
eral, 300  men ;  Confederate,  2,500,  be- 
sides 300  prisoners. 

Va.  At  Hawes'  Shop  a  detach- 
ment of  Sheridan's  cavalry  defeats  the 
Confederate  cavalry  ;  both  sides  fight  as 
infantry. 

Col.  Clendenin  makes  a  raid,  and 
captures  111  Confederates. 

May  30.  Ga.  Near  Marietta  Gen.  Mc- 
Pherson captures  400  prisoners,  also  a 
railroad  train  of  sick  and  wounded 
Confederates. 

May  31.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  drives 
Confederates  under  Gen.  Fitz-Hugh  Lee 
out  of  their  entrenchments  near  Cold 
Harbor,  and  occupies  their  position. 

June  1.     Va.    Gen.  Grant  is  reenforced 
by  Gen.   Smith's   18th   corps  from   the 
Army  of  the  James. 
June  1-4.     Va.    The  bloody  battle  of 
Cold  Harbor. 

Gen.  Grant  attacks  Gen.  Lee's  army  in 
its  strong  entrenchments,  nine  miles 
from  Richmond,  and  is  terribly  repulsed. 
Federal  loss,  1,7G9  killed,  6,752  wounded, 
and  1,537  missing ;  Confederate  loss, 
about  1,000.  "1  have  always  regretted 
that  last  assault  at  Cold  Harbor."  — 
{Grantee  Memoirs.) 

(June  1.)  Gens.  Wright  and  Smith 
attack  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  R. 
P.  Anderson,  who  succeeds  Gen.  Long- 
street,  after  he  was  wounded  (May  6)  and 
carry  the  Confederates'  first  line  and 
entrench. 

(June  2)  Gen.  Grant's  army  prepares 
for  a  grand  assault,  and  repels  the  Con- 
federate attack  on  its  right  flank. 

(June  3)  A  terrific  and  destructive 
assault  is  mjide  by  the  Federal  army  led 
by  Gens.  Hancock,  Wright,  and  Smith ; 
some  advance  positions  are  gained.  The 
Confederates  make  counter  assaults  at 
several  points;  but  the  Federals  succeed 
in  holding  some  points  gained. 

June  2.  Kij.  Gen.  John  H.  Morgan 
enters  Kentucky  from  Virginia  on  his 
second  raid. 

Oa.  In  Ossabaw  Sound  the  Con- 
federates surprise  and  capture  the  gun- 
boat Water  Witch. 

Va.  At  Bermuda  Hundred  an  artil- 
lery fight  and  skirmishing  occur. 

Jtme  4.  Ga.  Allatoona  is  abandoned 
to  the  Federals  by  Gen.  Johnston. 


June  4-24.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  makes 
his  second  raid. 

He  aims  to  destroy  the  Confederate 
communications  and  threaten  Rich- 
mond from  the  rear;  but  Gen.  Hunter, 
who  was  to  act  in  cooperation  with  him, 
fails  to  meet  him  at  Gordonsville. 

Junes.  Va.  AtPiedmontGen.  Hunter 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
W.  E.  Jones,  and  advances  up  the 
Valley.  Federal  loss,  130  killed,  650 
woimded ;  Confederate  loss,  heavy  in 
killed  and  wounded,  besides  1,500  pris- 
oners. Gen.  Jones  is  among  the  killed. 
Gen.  Grant  relieves  Gen  Sigel  of  the 
command  of  West  Virginia,  and  appoints 
Gen.  Himter  as  his  successor. 

June  5-30.  Ga.  At  Lost  Mountain, 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  Ijittle 
Kenesaw,  Gen.  Sherman  loses  1,370 
killed,  0,500  wounded,  and  800  prison- 
ers ;  Confederate  losses,  4,600  killed, 
wounded,  and  prisoners. 

June  6.  Va.  Staunton  is  occupied  by 
Federals  under  Gen.  Hunter. 

June  7.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  sends  Gen. 
Sheridan  on  a  cavalry  raid  to  destroy 
the  Virginia  Central  Railroad. 

Gen.  Grant  continues  his  movement 
by  the  left  fiank,  intending  to  cross  the 
Chickahominy  and  James  Rivers,  to 
the  south  of  Richmond. 

June  8,  Ga.  Gen.  Frank  Blair  reen- 
forces  Gen.  Sherman  with  two  divisions 
and  a  brigade  of  cavalry. 

June  9.  Ky.  At  Mount  Stirling  Gen. 
S.  G.  Burbridge  defeats  Confederate 
Gen.  Morgan,  captures  700  of  his  men 
[and  drives  him  back  into  Virginia]. 

N.  C.     Lexington   refuses    to    sur- 
render to  a  part  of  Gen.  Morgan's  force. 
The   supply    steamer    Newtjem   runs 
ashore  the  Pervensey,  a  blockade  run- 
ner, worth,  with  her  cargo,  81,000,000. 

June  10.  Miss.  At  Slice's  Cross  Roads, 
near  Guntown,  Federal  Gen.  Sturgis 
loses  223  killed,  394  wounded,  and  1,C23 
missing  ;  Gen.  Forrest's  loss  is  606  men. 

Va.  Gen.  Butler  makes  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  take  Petersburg. 

Near  TrevUian  Station  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan is  attacked  by  Gen.  Hampton's  Con- 
federate cavalry,  and  drives  it  several 
miles.  Federal  loss,  85  killed,  490 
wounded,  and  160  missing ;  Confederate 
loss,  370  men. 

June  11.  Ky.  Gen.  Morgan's  command 
invests  Frankfort,  which  Is  success- 
fully defended  by  Federals. 

Jtme  12.  Ky.  At  Cynthiana  Gen.  Mor- 
gan defeats  the  Federals  under  Gen. 
Burbridge.  Federal  loss,  200,  besides 
1,200  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  305 
killed,  275  wounded,  and  400  prisoners. 

Va.  Gen.  Grant  begins  the  move- 
ment for  a  change  of  base  to  the  south 
side  of  the  James  River. 

June  13.  Va.  Gen.  Grant's  army  begins 
to  cross  the  Chickahominy. 

June  14.    Ga.    Lieut.-Gen.  Leonidas 

Polk  is  killed  at  Pine  Mountain. 
June  15.    Got.    Gen.  Johnston  evacuates 
Pine  Mountain;  Gen.  Sherman  occu- 
pies it. 


June  15,  16.  Va.  Gen.  Grant's  army, 
numbering  about  115,000,  crosses  the 
James  River,  and  joins  Gen.  Butler. 
About  one-half  its  artillery  has  been  sent 
back  to  Washington  as  superfiuous. 

June  15-22.  Va.  The  Federals  fail  in  an 
attempt  to  take  Petersbtn'g.  Federal 
loss,  1,688  killed,  8,513  wounded,  and 
1,185  missing  ;  Confederate  loss,  3,500. 

(June  15.)  Gen.  W.  F.  Smith's  corps, 
16,000  strong,  suddenly  appears  and 
captures,  near  the  close  of  the  day,  the 
Confederate  entrenchments.  [Gen. 
Beauregard  reenforces  the  garrison  dur- 
ing the  night.] 

(June  17.)  The  Federals  under  Gen. 
Hancock,  by  heavy  fighting  all  day, 
advance  their  lines  at  Petersburg. 

(June  18.)  Gen.  Meade  orders  a  vigorous 
assault  on  Petersburg. 

The  Confederates  under  Gens.  Lee  and 
Beauregard  repulse  the  repeated  as- 
saults, until  the  Federals  seek  the  cover 
of  their  entrenchments.  Federal  loss  in 
four  days  about  10,000  men.  The  siege 
of  Petersburg  begins. 

(June  22.)  Gen.  Meade  sends  Gen.  "Wil- 
son's cavalry  to  break  all  three  of  the 
railroads  connecting  Richmond  with  the 
South. 

[He  severs  the  Weldon  road  at  Reams's 
Station,  destroys  30  miles  of  the  Lynch- 
burg road,  and  as  many  miles  of  the 
Danville  road.] 

Jvme  16.  Va.  Lynchburg  is  invested 
by  Gen.  Hunter,  aided  by  Gens.  Crook 
and  Averell. 

Jtme  17.  Ga.  Near  Atlanta  600  Con- 
federate conscripts  fiee  to  the  Federal 
army. 

At  Lost  Motintain  Gen.  Johnston  is 
driven  from  a  strong  position  after  three 
days'  desultory  fighting. 

June  18.  Va.  Gen.  Hunter's  army,  20,000 
strong,  retires  from  Lynchburg,  be- 
ing short  of  ammunition  suflicient  for 
a  battle.  Loss  :  Federal,  lOO  killed,  500 
wounded,  and  400  missing ;  Confederate, 
200. 

June  18-20.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  has 
a  skirmish  at  King  and  Queen's  Court- 
House. 

June  19.  France.  The  Kearsarge,  Capt. 
Winslow,  destroys  the  privateer  Ala- 
bama in  a  brilliant  engagement,  lasting 
two  hours,  off  Cherbourg.  Adm.  Semmes 
and  the  crew  of  the  Alabama  are  picked 
up  and  rescued  by  a  British  vessel. 

The  Alabama  had  destroyed  58  vessels, 
valued  at  $6,547,609,  yet  had  never 
entered  a  Confederate  port.  Losses: 
Federals,  one  killed,  three  wounded ; 
Confederates,  40  killed  and  10  wounded. 

Jtme  21.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  has  a 
fight  with  the  Confederate  cavalry  un- 
der Gen.  Wade  Hampton  at  'White 
House  and  Tunstall's  Station. 

Jvme  21,  22.  Va.  Gen.  Meade  sends  a 
large  force  under  Gens.  Hancock  and 
Wright  to  seize  the  "Weldon  Railroad. 
They  are  defeated  and  nearly  captured 
by  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  A.  P. 
Hill. 

Losses:  Federal,  604  killed.  2,494 
wounded,  2,217  prisoners  ;  Confederate, 
306  killed  and  wounded,  200  prisoners. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1864,  May  25- July  4.     235 


June  22.  Ga.  At  Kulp  House  Gen. 
Hood  attempts  to  break  Sherman's  line, 
and  is  repulsed  with  great  losses  on  both 
sides,  especially  severe  for  the  Confed- 
erates. 

June  23.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  has  an- 
other flght  at  Jones's  Bridge.  [On  the 
24th  he  again  encounters  the  Confeder- 
ates at  St.  Mary's  Bridge.] 

June  25.  Tenn.  At  Ijafayette  an  at- 
tack of  3,000  Confederates  imder  Gen. 
Pillow  is  repulsed. 

June  27.  Mo.  Near  St.  Charles  the 
Confederates  are  defeated  by  Gen.  Carr. 

Ga.    Near  Kenesaw  Gen.  Sherman 

makes  a  heavy  assault  on  the  Confeder- 
ate position,  and  is  repulsed  with  the 
loss  of  2,500  men ;  Gens.  Charles  G. 
Harker  and  Daniel  McCook  are  killed. 
Confederate  loss,  600. 

June  30.  Va.  The  Federal  loss  in  the 
trenches  before  Petersburg  (June  20-30) 
is  112  killed,  506  wounded,  and  800  mis- 
sing. 

Gen.  Wilson's  raid  on  the  Weldon 
Railroad  ends.  Federal  loss  in  eight 
days,  76  killed,  265  wounded,  and  700 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  300  men. 

July  1.  Ga.  At  Marietta  Gen.  John- 
ston evacuates  the  city,  and  Gen.  Sher- 
man captures  3,000  prisoners. 

July  l.i  Va.  Gen.  Early  starts  north- 
ward with  17,000  men,  in  his  campaign 
against  AVashington,  via  Shenandoali 
Valley. 

July  2, 3.  IV.  Va.  Gen.  Early  moves 
down  the  Shenandoah  Valley  from  Win- 
chester with  a  strong  force  ;  great  fears 
are  entertained  for  the  safety  of  Balti- 
more. 

July  3.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman's  troops  oc- 
cupy Kenesaw  Mountain  at  daylight, 
after  its  evacuation  by  Gen.  Johnston's 
army,  which  retires  across  the  Chatta- 
hoochee. 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1864  June  30.  D.  C.  Congress  grants 
the  Yosemite  Valley  and  the  Mari- 
posa Big-tree  Grove  on  the  Merced 
River  to  California  for  public  use. 

June  *  Hall's  second  expedition  sails  for 
the  Polar  regions.  [It  finds  many 
relics  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  tidings 
of  four  men  who  died  from  cold  and 
starvation.] 


BIRTHS  -  DEATHS. 
1864. 
May  87.    Qiddlngs.  Joshua  Keed,  M.  C. 

for  O.  tor  21  years,  A69. 
June  3.     Doles,  (ieorge  P.,  Confed.  brip.- 

gen.,  killed  at  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  A34. 
June  4.    Keitt,  Lawrence  M.,  Confed.  col., 

A  40. 
June  5.    Jones,  William  E.,  Confed.  maj.- 

gen,  A  40. 
June  8.    Adams,  Daniel,  writer  of  school 

text-books,  physician,  .\90. 
June  11.     Hornblower,   Joseph   C,   chief 

justice,  N.  J.,  AST. 
June  14.    Polk,  Leonldaa,  P.  E.  bp.,  Con- 
fed. lieut.-gen.,  A58. 
June  16.    Ewlng,  Andrew,  lawyer;  Confed. 

oflScer,  dies. 
June  17.     Lamson   Alvan,  Unitarian   cl., 

author,  A72. 
June  84.    Coffln,  Joaboa,  antiquary,  A72. 


June  27.    Marker,  Charles  G.,  brlg.-gen.  I". 

S.  vols.,  killed  at  Kenesaw  Mountain,  A27. 
June  29.    Taylor,  Joseph  P.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 

V(jl8.,  A6S. 
July  1.    auincy.  Joslah,  M.  0.  for  Mass., 

pres.  of  Harvard,  A92. 
July  2.     Dutton,  Arthur  H.,  col.  21st  Conn. 

vols.,  A30. 


CHURCH. 

1864  June  8.  Jf.  Y.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  22.  Me.  The  Maine  Conference 
of  Unitarian  Churches  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1864  June  7.  O.  German  'Wallace 
College  (Meth.  Epls.)  Is  organized  at 
Beroa 

SOCIETY. 

1864    June  4.    N.  Y.    A  great  meeting 

is  held  to  express  gratitude  to  Gen. 

Grant  and  his  army  for  late  victories 

won. 
June  7.    Phila.    The  Sanitary  Pair 

opens. 
June  28.    D.  C.     The  National  Deaf 

Mute   College,  the   only  college   for 

deaf  mutes  in  the  world,  is  opened  at 

Washington. 

STATE. 

1864  May  26.  D.  C.  Congress  organ- 
izes the  Territory  of  Montana,  out  of  a 
part  of  Idaho. 

May  31.  O.  The  Republican  party 
is  divided.  The  '*  radical  men  of  the 
nation"  meet  at  Cleveland,  and  nom- 
inate Gen.  J.  C.  Fremont  and  Gen. 
J.  Cochrane  for  presidential  offices. 
The  Convention  charges  the  Administra- 
tion with  incapacity  and  infidelity. 

May  •  All  persons  imprisoned  under  the 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  are  discharged. 

June  3.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  ap- 
proves the  National  Bank  Tax  Bill. 

The  Currency  Bureau  of  the  Treas- 
ury is  opened,  in  charge  of  a  controller. 

June  7.  Md.  The  Bepublican  Na- 
tionfil  Convention  meets  at  Baltimore; 
the  venerable  Robert  J.  Breckinridge 
of  Ky.,  temporary  chairman,  thrills  the 
North  with  his  patriotic  speech. 

June  8.  Md.  The  Convention  nomi- 
nates Abraham  IJncoln  of  111.  for 
President,  and  Andrew  Johnson,  a 
war  Democrat  of  Tenn.,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. Lincoln  receives  496  out  of  518 
votes  on  the  first  ballot. 

June  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  for  the  repeal  of  the  Fugi- 
tive Slave  Law.    Vote,  82-58. 

June  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
fails  to  approve  the  joint  resolution  (the 
13th  amendment)  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery,  by  amending  the  Constitution. 
Vote,  93-65  ;  this  is  27  short  of  two- 
thirds. 

O.    C.   Ij.   Vallandigham   returns 

from  Canada. 


June  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  I'he  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  repeal  the  Fugitive 
Slave  Law.    Vote,  27-12. 

June  27.  H.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Representation  in  Congress  is  refused  to 
Senators  elected  in  Arkansas.  Vote, 
27-6.  [Tliis  occasions  a  conflict  with  the 
President.] 

June  28.  D.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  repeal  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 

Jime  30.  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
the  issue  of  $400,000,000  in  bonds,  or 
TreastUT^  notes,  amounting  to  $200,- 
000,000,  and  bonds  for  the  same  amount. 
Congress  passes  an  Internal  Reve- 
nue Jj3l-w  providing  for  almost  univer- 
sal taxation  on  every  occupation, 
manufacture,  and  document. 

Salmon  F.  Chase,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  resigns  his  office. 

U.  S.  Statistics.  Revenue :  Cus- 
toms, $102,316,153;  sales  of  public  lands, 
$588,333  ;  Internal  Revenue,  $109,741,134  ; 
direct  tax,  $475,049  ;  premium  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $21,174,101 ;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $30,331,401 ;  total  rev- 
enue, $264,626,772. 

Expenditures:  Civil  and  miscella- 
neous items,  $27,!)05,.'>99 ;  War  Depart- 
ment, $690,791,843;  Navy  Department, 
$85,725,995;  Indians,  $2,629,859;  pen- 
sions, $4,983,924 ;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  $53,685,422;  total  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $865,322,642.  Excess  of  expendi- 
tures over  receipts,  $600,995,870.  Pub- 
lic debt,  $1,816,784,370.  Exports,  $158,- 
837,988.    Imports,  $316,447,283. 

July  1.  D.  C.  The  Government  raises 
the  tax  on  distilled  spirits  to  $1.60 
per  proof  gallon. 

July  2.  n.  C.  The  bill  prohibiting  the 
coastwise  slave-trade  is  approved. 

Congress  grants  public  lands  in  Ore- 
gon for  the  purpose  of  constructing  a 
military  road  through  the  State. 

July  4.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  bill 
providing  for  the  reconstruction  of 
the  Southern  States;  President  Lin- 
coln refuses  to  sign  it.  Republicans  in 
Congress  unanimously  dissent  from  his 
course. 

The  3Sth  Congress :  the  first  session 
closes. 

Nev.    A  State  Convention  meets  at 

Carson  City,  to  frame  a  Constitution. 

The  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention is  appointed  to  meet  on  this 
day  in  Chicago.  [The  recent  Union  vic- 
tories occasion  a  change  of  date  to 
August.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  July  1.  New  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton,  150  to  162  cents  j 
premium  on  gold,  246. 

July  2.  D.  C.  Congress  amends  the 
Pacific  Railroad  Act  of  1862,  so  as  to 
increase  the  value  of  its  securities.  It 
grants  12,800  acres  for  each  mile  of  com- 
pleted road  ;  total,  26,000,000  acres. 

Congress  charters  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railroad  to  connect  Lake  Superior 
with  Paget  Sound  (1,800  miles),  and  ex- 
tending to  the  Columbia  River  (200 
miles);  subsidy,  47,000,000  acres  — 73,000 
square  miles. 


236     1864,  July  4-Aug.  22. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1864  July  4.  Ga.  Near  Smyrna 
Camp  Ground  Gen.  Sherman's  army 
celebrates  the  day  liy  a  noisy  but  not 
desperate  battle  in  pursuit  of  Gen. 
Johnston. 

Va.    The  Federals  celebrate  the  day 

by  firing  a  national  salute  from  double- 
shotted  cannons  into  Petersburg. 

n.C.   Congress  grants  to  each  drafted 

man  a  bounty  for  one  year's  service, 
and  doubles  and  trebles  the  amount  for 
two  and  three  years*  service  respectively. 

July  5.  Ga.  Gen.  Johnston  retires 
behind  his  strong  entrenchments  on  the 
Chattahoochee;  he  is  nearly  besieged 
by  Gen.  Sherman. 

Md.  Gen.  Early,  with  20,000  Con- 
federates/ crosses  the  Potomac  into 
Maryland  to  threaten  'Washington  — 
a  movement  to  divert  Gen.  Grant  from 
Richmond. 

Miss.    At  Jackson,  the  capital,  Gen. 

Slocum  flanks  the  Confederates,  and 
drives  them  out  of  the  city. 

V^a.    Gen.  Bradley  T.  Johnson,  with 

3,000  Confederate  troops,  crosses  the 
Potomac  into  Maryland  ;  consterna- 
tion spreads  among  the  farmers  of  two 
States. 

July  8.  Ga.  Gen.  Rousseau,  with  2,000 
Federal  cavalry,  leaves  Decatur  on  a 
destructive  raid  west  of  Opelika. 

Md.  Gen.  Early's  whole  force  en- 
ters the  passage  of  South  Mountain. 

Gen.  Ricketts's  division  of  Gen.  Grant's 
army  arrives  at  Baltimore. 

July  9.  Ga.  Gov.  Brown  calls  out  the 
militia,  including  all  males  between  the 
ages  of  15  and  45  years. 

Gen.  Johnston  is  forced  to  retire  be- 
hind the  Chattahoochee  River. 

Md.    Gen.  Early,  at  the  head  of  an 

invading  army,  defeats  a  small  force 
under  Gen.  Lew  Wallace  on  the 
Monocacy. 

This  action,  however,  checks  the  ad- 
vance of  the  Confederates  till  troops 
arrive  and  save  Washington  and  Balti- 
more from  great  peril.  Federal  loss,  98 
killed,  679  wounded,  and  1,'280  missing  ; 
Confederate  loss,  700. 

July  10.  Ga.  The  entire  Confederate 
army  under  Gen.  Johnston  is  concen- 
trated behind  the  defenses  of  At- 
lanta. 

Md.  Gen.  Early's  cavalry  ap- 
proaches Baltimore  and  alarms  the 
city  ;  it  encamps  at  Rockville. 

July  11.  D.  C.  Gen.  Early  makes  a 
close  reconnoissance  of  Fort  Stevens, 
three  miles  from  the  city  limits  of 
■Washing:ton,  and  within  sight  of  the 
dome  of  the  Capitol. 

Gen.  'Wright  arrives  from  Gen. 
Grant's  army  with  two  divisions  for  the 
defense  of  Washington. 

July  12.  Md.  Gen.  'Wright  sends  Gen. 
Bidwell  to  drive  Gen.  Early's  skir- 
mishers back,  and  a  severe  action 
occurs;  Federal  loss,  280  killed  and 
wounded. 

In  the  night  Gen.  Early  retires  and 
escapes  pursuit. 


July  13-15.  Miss.  Between  Pontotoc 
and  Tupelo  Gens.  A.  J.  Smith  and 
Slocum  defeat  the  Confederates  jinder 
Gens.  Forrest,  Lee,  and  Walker  in  five 
successive  engagements.  Federal  loss, 
153  killed,  794  wounded,  49  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  82  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing. 

JiJy  14.  Va.  At  'White's  Ford  Gen. 
Early  recrosses  the  Potomac  into  Vir- 
ginia, with  trains  laden  with  plunder. 

July  15.  Ala.  At  Youngstown  Gen. 
Rousseau  burns  four  storehouses  and  a 
great  quantity  of  provisions  gathered  for 
the  Confederates. 

July  17.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  begins 
bis  march  from  the  Chattahoochee  to 
Atlanta. 

Gen.  J.  B.  Hood  supersedes  Gen. 
Johnston  in  command  of  the  Confeder- 
ate army  in  Georgia  —  the  Department 
of  Tennessee. 

Miss.    At  Grand  Gulf  Gen.  Slocum 

defeats  the  Confederates. 

July  18.  D.  C.  The  president  calls  for 
500,000  volunteers  to  be  furnished  within 
50  days,  any  deficiency  to  be  made  up  by 
a  draft. 

Me.    Confederate   raiders   from    St. 

John  attempt  to  rob  a  bank,  but  fail, 
the  authorities  being  forewarned. 

Miss.  A  Federal  raiding  force  destroys 

a  large  part  of  the  Atlanta  and  Mont- 
gomery Railroad,  defeats  1,500  Confed- 
erates in  an  engagement,  and  captures 
400  conscripts. 

July  19.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  asks  President 
Lincoln  to  call  for  300,000  men  to  reen- 
force  the  armies. 

July  20.  Va.  Near  'Winchester,  at 
Stephenson's  Depot,  Gen.  Wm.  W. 
Averell  defeats  Gen.  Ramseur's  division 
of  Gen.  Early's  army.  Federal  loss,  250 
men ;  Confederate  loss,  300  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  200  prisoners. 

Ga.    Battle  for  the  defense  of  Atlanta 

(Peach  Tree  Creek). 

Gen.  Hood  comes  out  from  his  en- 
trenchments and  furiously  assaults  Gen. 
Sherman's  line,  but  is  repulsed  with 
heavy  loss.  Col.  [President]  Benjamin 
Harrison  wins  distinction  ;  Gen.  Walter 
Q.  Gresham  [Sec.  of  State]  is  seriously 
wounded ;  Federal  loss,  300  killed  and 
1,410  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  4,796 
killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners. 

Fla.  Gen.  Asboth  captures  a  Con- 
federate camp  with  many  conscripts. 

July  21.  Ky.  Henderson  is  attacked 
by  700  guerrillas. 

July  22.  Ga.  Gen.  Bousseau  com- 
pletes his  raid  from  Decatur,  Ala.,  of 
450  miles  in  15  days,  and  enters  Gen. 
Sherman's  camp. 

He  reports  2,000  prisoners  captured 
and  paroled,  200  Confederates  killed  and 
wounded,  800  horses  and  mules  and  800 
negroes  taken,  31  miles  of  railroad  de- 
stroyed, 13  depots  burned,  besides  oars, 
cotton,  provisions,  and  stores. 

Second  battle  of  Atlanta,  or  Deca- 
tur ;  Gen.  Sherman  repulses  Gen.  Hood's 
second  sortie.  Maj.-Gen.  James  B.  Mc- 
pherson is  killed  in  a  reconnoitering 
movement. 

Federal  loss,  500  killed,  2,114  wounded, 
and  100  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss, 
8,489  men.  Gen.  Hood  loses  more  men  in 


three  days  than  Gen.  .Johnston  lost  in  ten 
weeks  of  successive  battles. 

Va.    Gen.   Early's   army  arrives    at 

Strasburgh,  in  the  Shenandoah. 

July  24.  Va.  At  Keamstown,  near 
Winchester,  Gen.  Early  turns  upon  Gen. 
Crook,  his  pursuer,  defeats  and  routs 
his  force ;  the  Federals  are  driven  out 
of  the  Shenandoah  "Valley  and  across 
the  Potomac.  Federal  loss,  1,200;  Con- 
federate loss,  GOO. 

La.    An  expedition  on  Grand  IJake 

destroys  boats  and  mills  belonging  to 
the  Confederates. 

July  26+ .  Ga.  Gen.  Hood  sends  Gen. 
■Wheeler  with  8,000  cavalry  to  break 
up  railroads  and  capture  supplies  in 
Sherman's  rear. 

July  26-31.  Ga.  Gen.  Stoneman 
makes  a  raid  to  destroy  the  railroads 
about  Macon ;  he  destroys  much  rail- 
road property,  and  is  finally  defeated  by 
a  Confederate  force ;  Federal  loss,  sev- 
eral hundred  men. 

July  27.  Ga.  At  Atlanta  Gen.  Sherman 
begins  the  movement  by  the  right  flank 
against  Gen.  Hood. 

Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  succeeds  Gen. 
McPherson  to  the  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee. 

Gen.  Sherman  sends  out  a  cavalry 
column  to  the  right  under  Gen.  E.  M. 
McCook,  and  another  to  the  left  under 
Gen.  Stoneman,  aiming  to  cut  Gen. 
Hood's  communications.    [Both  fail.] 

July  28.  Ga.  Third  battle  before 
Atlanta.  Gen.  Hood  is  repulsed  in  re- 
peated assaults  on  the  right  flank  by 
Gen.  Logan,  supported  by  Gens.  Dodge 
and  Blair ;  the  Confederates  finally  re- 
tire Into  the  town.  Loss  :  Federal,  100 
killed  and  600  wounded ;  Confederate, 
4,M3. 

Gen.  Stoneman,  with  5,000  men, 
makes  a  raid  toward  Macon  [and  is  cap- 
tured with  many  of  his  men]. 

Gen.  Canby  enrolls  all  citizens  in  the 

Department  of  the  Gulf,  and  sends  the 
families  of  Confederate  soldiers  beyond 
his  lines. 

July  30.  Pa.  At  Chambersburg  Gen. 
McCausland,  of  Gen.  Early's  command, 
demands  a  ransom  of  $500,000  in 
currency  and  $100,000  in  gold,  and  in 
default  of  payment  burns  the  town. 

July  31.  Md.  At  Hancock  Gen.  Mc- 
Causland demands  a  ransom  of  $30,- 
000 ;  while  the  citizens  are  raising  tlie 
money.  Federal  cavalry  under  Gen. 
Averell  arrive,  and  drive  the  Confeder- 
ates out  of  the  town. 

Va.    The  mine  at  Petersburg  is 

exploded. 

It  throws  a  Confederate  fort  into  the 
air,  and  opens  a  crater  200  feet  long,  50 
feet  wide,  and  25  feet  deep ;  the  assault 
by  Gen.  Burnside  is  disastrously  repulsed 
by  the  Confederates.  Federal  loss,  417 
killed,  1,679  wounded,  and  about  2,000 
prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  800,  besides 
200  prisoners. 

July*  Ga.  Gen.  Frank  Blair,  with  the 
17th  corps,  reenforces  Gen.  Sherman, 
making    the   Federal    force    about 


UNITED    STATES. 


1864,  July  4-Aug.  22.     237 


100,000,  while  the  Confederates  num- 
ber about  50,000. 

Aug^.  1.  Md.  At  Cumberland  Gen,  Kel- 
ley  has  a  sharp  fight,  and  defeats  the 
Confederates  under  Gen.  McCausland, 
who  withraws  into  West  Virginia. 

Aug.  1-26.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  be- 
sieges Atlanta. 

Aug.  2.  La.  Gen.  Banks  enrolls  all  ne- 
groes in  his  department  between  the 
ages  of  18  and  45  for  the  Federal  ser- 
Tioe. 

Aug.  4.  Ala.  Gen,  Gordon  Granger 
lands  5,000  Federals  in  the  rear  of  Fort 
Gaines,  Dauphin  Island.  The  last  of 
Farragut's  fleet  arrives. 

Aug.  5.  Ala,  Adm.  Farrasut  attacks 
Forts  Morgan  and  Gaines ;  Fort  Powell 
is  blown  up. 

W.   Va.     At   the  Williamsport   and 

Shepherds  town  fords.  Gen.  Sarly  again 
crosses  the  Potomac  into  Maryland. 

Aug.  5-20.  Ala.  Ifaval  Battle  in  Mo- 
bile Bay. 

Adm.  Farragut,  with  14  wooden  war- 
vessels  and  four  ironclads,  attacks  the 
smaller  Confederate  fleet  under  Adm. 
Buchanan,  which  is  supported  by  three 
strongly  garrisoned  forts  commanded  by 
Gen.  Page,  and  guarding  the  entrance 
to  the  harbor.  Farragut  loses  the  Te~ 
cumseh:  he  lashes  himself  to  the  mast 
of  the  Hartford,  and  from  thence  com- 
man<ls  the  iJattle.  The  Confederate  fleet- 
including  the  ram  Tennessee,  is  captured 
or  driven  away,  and  the  forts  are  sur- 
rendered. Total  Federal  loss,  120 killed, 
88  wounded  ;  Confederate  loss,  1,756 men, 
chiefly  prisoners. 

Aug.  7.  Ala.  Fort  Gaines,  with  its 
garrison  of  800  men,  is  surrendered  by 
Col.  C.  D.  Anderson  to  Adm.  Farragut. 

Afd.  Gen.  Early  recrosses  the  Po- 
tomac and  retires  to  Bunker  Hill,  near 
Winchester. 

Va.     Maj.-Gen.   Sheridan    is   ap- 

I>ointed  to  succeed  Gen.  Hunter  in  com- 
mand of  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah  ; 
it  is  30,000  strong,  and  includes  8,000 
cavalry. 

W.  Va.     Gen.   Sheridan  assxunea 

command  of  the  Middle  Military  Divis- 
ion in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

His  army  comprises  the  6th  corps.  Gen. 
Wright ;  the  19th  corps,  Gen.  Emory ; 
Gen.  Crook's  army  of  Western  Virginia, 
besides  a  large  force  of  cavalry.  Total 
present  for  duty,  22,000  infantry  and 
8,000  horse. 

At  Moorefleld  Gen.  Averell  attacks 
and  routs  the  Confederate  cavalry  mider 
Gen.  McCausland,  capturing  400  prison- 
ers, besides  his  guns  and  army  trains. 

Aug.  9.  Va.  At  City  Point  the  explo- 
sion of  an  ordnance-boat,  laden  with 
ammunition,  kills  50  men,  and  wounds 
120  more. 

Aug.  12.  Gen.  William  T.  Sherman 
is  made  major-general  in  the  regular 
Army. 

Aug.  13,  14.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  makes  a 
movement    threatening    Richmond,    in 

I  order  to  prevent  Confederate  reenforce- 
mcnts  being  sent  against  Sheridan. 
Aug.  14.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  makes  a  heavy 
demonstration  in  the  direction  of  Rich- 
mond, on  the  north  side  of  the  James 
River. 


Aug.  14-18.  Va.  At  Strawberry  Plains 
and  Deep  Bottom  Run  Gen.  Grant  loses 
400  killed,  1,755  wounded,  and  3,170  pris- 
oners ;  Gen.  Lee  loses  1,100. 

Aug.  15.  Port.  Com.  Craven  of  the  iVta^- 
ara  captures  the  English-built  Confed- 
erate cruiser  Georgia  near  Lisbon. 

Aug.  16.  Va.  At  Crooked  Run  Gen. 
Merritt's  cavalry  repulses  an  attack  of 
Confederates  under  Gens.  L.  L.  Lomax 
and  W.  C.  Wickham. 

Aug.  18-21.  Va.  Gen.  Warren  seizes 
and  permanently  holds  the  Weldon 
Railroad,  at  the  Globe  Tavern,  where 
(Aug.  18)  he  repels  an  attack  by  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Heth.  Each  side 
loses  about  1,000  men. 

(Aug.  19.)  Gen.  Warren  repulses  an  at- 
tack by  Gen.  A.  P.  Hill,  and  holds  the 
Weldon  road. 

(Aug.  21.)  Gen.  Warren  repulses  a  severe 
assault  by  Gen.  A  P.  Hill,  who  leaves 
his  dead  and  wounded  on  the  fleld  ;  sev- 
eral hundred  Confederates  are  captured. 

Aug.  18-22.  Ga.  At  Atlanta  Gen. 
Sherman  sends  Gen.  Kilpatrick,  with 
5,000  cavalry,  on  a  raid.  [He  destroys 
the  Macon  Railroad  near  Jonesboro,  and 
passes  entirely  around  the  Confederate 
lines  at  Atlanta.  He  retiu-ns  on  the 
22d.] 

Aug.  18.  Gen.  George  G.  Meade  is 
commissioned  major-general  in  the  U.  S. 
Army ;  he  commands  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  under  Gen.  Grant. 

Aug.  20.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  withdraws 
his  troops  from  the  north  side  of  the 
James  River. 

Aug.  21.  Ga.  At  Dalton  Col.  Siebold 
defeats  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Wheeler.  Federal  loss,  30  men ;  Con- 
,  federate  loss,  150. 

}V.  Va.      At    Bunker    Hill,    near 

Charlestown,  Gen.  Early's  advance  at- 
tacks Gen.  Sheridan,  who  falls  back  to 
his  defenses  at  Halltown  ;  Federal  loss, 
90  men ;  Confederate  loss,  400. 

Aug.  22.  Ala.  Fort  Morgan  is  invested 
by  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Granger,  and 
the  bombardment  begins. 

Ga.    Gen.  Kilpatrick  returns  from 

his  raid ;  he  daslies  through  the  Confed- 
erate lines  with  his  70  prisoners. 

Aug.  23.  Ala.  The  Federals  take  pos- 
session of  Fort  Morgan,  on  the  sur- 
render of  Gen.  R.  L.  Page  to  Adm. 
Farragut  and  Gen.  Granger,  thus  clos- 
ing the  port  of  Mobile  against  the  Con- 
federates. 

Ark.  Near  Duvall's  Bluff  Confed- 
erate Gen.  Shelby  captures  nearly  all  of 
the  5th  Illinois  Regiment. 

Aug.  24,  25.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  is  repulsed 
at  Beams's  Station  in  an  attempt  to 
recapture  the  "Weldon  Railroad. 
Gens.  Hancock  and  Gregg  are  defeated 
by  Gen.  A.  P.  Hill.  Federal  loss,  125 
killed,  546  wounded,  and  1,769  missing; 
Confederate  loss,  2,000. 

Aug.  25.  Ga.  At  Atlanta  Gen.  Sher- 
man begins  his  last  flank  movement, 
south  of  the  city  [and  for  several  days 
destroys  the  connecting  railroads]. 


Aug.  27.    n\  Va.  Gen.  Early  faUs  back 
from  the  Potomac  to  Bunker  Hill. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1864. 

July  5.  Reeder,  Andrew  H.,  Gov.  of  Kan- 
sas, A  57. 

July  6.  Morris,  George  Pope,  poet,  jour- 
nalist, A62. 

July  22.  MacPherson,  James  Blrdseye. 
maj.-gen.  V.  S.  vols.,  k.  at  Atlanta,  A36. 

July  23.  P'isk,  Samuel,  Cong,  cl.,  writer, 
capt.  V.  S.  vols.,  A36. 

July  30.  Waldo,  Dantel,  rev'l.  centena- 
rian, A 102. 

Aug'.  1.  Hadley,  Henry  H.,  Hebraist,  theo- 
logical writer,  A  38. 

Aug.  5.  Craven,  Tunis  A.  M.,  capt.  U.  S. 
N.,  A5I. 

Aug.  6.  Stedman,  Griifln  A.,  brig.-gen.,  U. 
S.  vols.,  A24. 

Aug-.  7.  Francis,  John  B.,  Gov.  of  R.  I., 
A  73. 

Aug.  13.  Winslow,  Hubbard,  Cong,  cl., 
author,  A 65. 

Aug.  22.  Appleton,  John,  ed.,  minister  to 
Kussia,  A49. 


STATE. 

1864    July  2.     U.  S.    The  New  Tariff 

Law  goes  into  force. 

It  charges  a  duty  of  25  cents  a  pound 
on  teas ;  three  to  five  cents  on  sugars  ; 
brandies,  $2.50  per  gallon  ;  cigars,  from 
75  cents  to  $3.00  a  pound,  besides  an  ad 
valorem  duty  of  from  20  to  60  cents  ;  to- 
bacco, 35  to  50  cents  ;  iron,  33  per  cent  on 
the  value  ;  coal,  from  40  cents  to  $1.26 
per  ton  ;  wools,  three  to  10  cents,  besides 
10  per  cent  ad  valorem;  woollen  goods, 
none  less  than  50  per  cent  on  the  value, 
and  many  grades  much  more  ;  cotton 
manufactures,  from  5  to  7J  cents  per 
square  yard,  also  an  ad  valorem  duty 
from  10  to  35  per  cent  of  value. 

July  5.  D.  a  'Wm.  Pitt  Feaaenden 
of  Me.  succeeds  Salmon  P.  Chase  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

The  President  suspends  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  in  Kentucky,  and  declares 
the  State  under  martial  law. 

July  7.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
the  4th  day  of  August  as  a  day  of 
humiliation  and  prayer. 

July  8.  D.  C.  The  President  makes 
known  his  objections  to  the  Hecon- 
struction  Act  in  a  public  message. 

He  requests  Horace  Greeley  to  con; 
fer  with  certain  Confederates  in  Canada, 
who  desire  a  conference  respecting 
peace.    [Nothing  is  accomplished.] 

July  18.  /).  r.  President  Lincoln  calla 
for  500,000  more  volunteera,  mak- 
ing 700,000  called  for  since  the  Ist  of 
March,  besides  the  draft  of  500,000  men. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864    July  11.    PJiila.   The  first  organ- 

ized  National  Bank  opens. 
July  16.     Netp  York.     Gold  Bells  for 

$2.85  — the  highest  premium   paid 

during  the  war. 

July  *  Enrj.    Tl^e  seal  of  the  Confeder- 
ate States  is  completed  ;  cost,  $G00. 

July*  U.S.  Crude  petroleum  is  quoted 
at  $12.12^  per  barrel. 


238     1864,  Aug.  28-Nov.  7. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864  Aug.  28.  W.  Va.  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan resumes  the  otf ensive  in  the  Sheuau- 
iloah  Valley. 

Aug.  *  Ga.  Gen.  Wheeler  with  a  force  of 
cavalry  destroys  the  railroad  north  of 
Besaca ;  this  is  the  line  by  which  Sher- 
man has  been  communicating  with  Uis 
base  of  supplies.  [He  sweeps  on  into 
Tennessee.] 

Aug.  29.  W.  Va.  Gen.  Crook  super- 
sedes (ien.  Hunter,  as  commander  of  the 
Department  of  West  Virginia. 

Aug.  31.  Va.  In  the  trenches  at  Peters- 
burg Gen.  Grant  loses  during  August, 
87  killed  and  484  wounded. 

Ga.    The  Confederates  under  Lieut.- 

Gen.  Hardee  attack  the  army  of  the 
Tennessee  under  Gen.  Howard,  at 
Jonesboro,  and  are  repulsed.  A  coun- 
ter-attack by  Gen.  Davis  fails  to  dis- 
lodge the  Confederates.  Losses :  Fed- 
eral, 1,149  wounded ;  Confederates, 
2,000. 

Sept.  1.  Ga.  Gen.  Hood  having  divided 
his  army,  Gen.  Sherman  attacks  Gen. 
Hardee  on  the  railroad  20  miles  south 
of  Atlanta;  Hardee  retires  during  the 
night. 

At  Atlanta  Gen.  Hood,  being  unable 
to  maintain  his  position,  blows  up  his 
military  works,  destroys  his  stores,  and 
evacuates  the  city  in  the  night. 

Sept.  2.  Ga.  Gen.  Slocum  enters  At- 
lanta in  the  early  morning ;  thus  the 
siege  of  more  than  four  weeks  ends. 
[Sherman  afterwards  compels  the  citi- 
zens to  leave.] 

Sept.  3.  Va.  At  Berry  ville  Gen. 
Averell's  cavalry  defeats  Confederates. 
[Rodes's  infantry  drives  Gen.  Averell 
out  on  the  4th.]    Federal  loss,  300. 

Sept.  4.  Ttnn.  At  Greenville  Gen.  A. 
C.  Gillem  surprises  and  kills  the  guer- 
rilla Gen.  John  H.  Morgan  when  about 
to  start  on  another  raid ;  the  Confeder- 
ates lose  100  killed  and  75  prisoners, 
including  Morgan's  entire  staif. 

Sept.  7.  Ttnn.  At  Reedyville  the  Con- 
federates are  defeated  by  Col.  Jourdan 
with  250  Pennsylvania  cavalry. 

Sept.  8.  Ark.  At  Dardanelles  the  Con- 
.federate  Gen.  Price  crosses  the  Arkansas 
*Kiver,  and  marches  for  Missouri. 

Ga.     Gen.  Sherman  returns  from 

the   movement  south  of  Atlanta,  and 
enters  the  city. 

Federal  losses  since  leaving  Chat- 
tanooga aggregate,  6,284  killed,  26,129 
wounded,  and  6,786  missing. 

Sept.  9.  Ga.  Gens.  Sherman  and  Hood 
enter  a  truce  for  10  days,  for  the  re- 
moval of  non-combatants  from  Atlanta. 

Sept.  14.  Ga.  Gov.  Brown  withdraws 
the  militia  of  the  State,  15,000  strong, 
from  the  army  of  Gen.  Hood,  near  At- 
lanta—an act  for  which  he  is  bitterly 
censured. 

Va.    Gen.  Early's  army  is  dimin- 
ished by  the  departure  of  Gen.  Ander- 
son's division  to  reenforce  Gen.  Lee. 
Sept.  16.    Va.    At  Sycamore  Church 
Gens.  Gregg  and  Kautz  encounter  the 


Confederates    under    Gen.     Hampton. 

Losses  :  Federal,  110  ;  Confederate,  90. 

Kan.    At  Cabin  Creek  a  train  worth 

$1,000,000  is  captured  by  1,500  Confed- 
erates. 

Sept.  19.  Vo.  Battle  of  Winchester, 
or  Opequan  Creek. 

Gen.  Sheridan  has  his  first  battle  with 
Gen.  Early,  and  drives  him  into  his 
breastworks  erected  outside  of  Win- 
chester, thence  pursue.*  him  up  the 
valley.  Federal  loss,  653  killed,  3,719 
wounded,  and  618  missing.  Confederate 
loss,  2,000  prisoners,  besides  nearly  3,000 
wounded  left  at  Winchester.  The  Con- 
federate Gens.  Kodes  and  Gordon  are 
killed,  also  the  Federal  Gen.  Kussell. 
[Sheridan's  victory  electrifies  the  North.] 

A  plot  to  capture  the  gunboat  Michi- 

l/an  on  Lake  Erie,  by  Secessionist  passen- 
gers on  board  the  steamers  Island  Queen 
and  Parsons,  miscarries ;  the  Queen  is 
sunk,  the  Parsons  abandoned,  and  the 
Secessionists  captured. 

Sept.  21,  Ga.  The  truce  of  10  days  ends; 
446  families  of  2,035  persons  have  been 
removed  from  Atlanta  to  the  South  by 
order  of  Gen.  Sherman. 

Sept.  22.  Va.  Battle  of  Fisher's  Hill. 
Gen.  Sheridan  overtakes  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Gen.  Early,  assaults  them  in 
their  strong  position,  completely  defeats 
them,  and  drives  them  up  the  valley  in 
hot  haste. 

Loss:  Federal,  600;  Confederate,  500 
killed.  4,000  wounded,  1,100  prisoners, 
and  60  guns. 

Sept.  23.  Ala.  At  Athens  the  Federals 
encounter  the  enemy  and  lose  950  men  ; 
Confederate  loss,  30. 

Sept.  24.-Oct.  28.  Mn.  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Price  invade  the  State. 

Sept.  25.  Ga.  Jefferson  Davis  visits  Gen. 
Hood's  army  at  Palmetto. 

Va.    Gen.  Early  abandons  the  valley 

of  the  Shenandoah,  leaving  Sheridan's 
army  at  Harrisonburg. 

Sept.  26.  Mo.  At  Ironton  (Pilot  Knob) 
Gen.  Ewine  defeats  the  Confederates 
under  Gen.  Price. 

Sept.  27.  Mn.  A  guerrilla  band  under 
Bill  Anderson  robs  and  massacres  the 
Federal  soldiers  and  citizens  of  Centra- 
lia.    [Anderson  is  killed  near  Albany.] 

Sept.  29.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  sends  Gen. 
Thomas  back  to  Chattanooga  for  the 
purpose  of  checking  Gen.  Hood's  ad- 
vance northward. 

Va.    Gen.  Paine's  brigade  of  colored 

troops  successfully  assaults  the  strong 
redoubt  on  Spring  HiU,  near  Peters- 
burg. 

Sept.29+.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  again  threat- 
ens Richmond  by  a  demonstration  north 
of  the  James  River,  to  prevent  reenforce- 
ments  going  to  Gen.  Early  against  Gen. 
Sheridan  ;  the  advance  captures  Fort 
Harrison  on  the  James  River,  mounting 
16  guns,  and  takes  many  prisoners.  Fed- 
eral loss,  394  killed,  1,554  wounded,  and 
324  missing. 

Sept.  30.  Tenn.  At  CarrollStation,  in 
E.  Tenn.,  Gen.  Gillem  drives  the  Confed- 
erate Gen.  Vaughan  out  of  his  works. 

Va.  At  Chapin's  Bluff  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Anderson  attempt  to 
retake  Fort  Harrison  by  assault,  but 
are  repulsed  by  Gen.  Stannard,  who  loses 
an  arm.    Gen.  Barnhain  is  killed.    Fed- 


eral loss  at  Fort  Harrison  in  two  days, 
141  killed,  788  wounded,  and  1,756  miss- 
ing; Confederate  loss,  2,500  killed  and 
woimded,  300  prisoners,  and  22  guns. 

At  Peeble's  Farm,  beyond  Peters- 
burg, Gen.  Warren  drives  back  the  Con- 
federates and  captures  their  works. 
Losses  :  Federal,  788  killed  and  wounded, 
and  1,756  prisoners  ;  Confederate,  900. 

•  *  la.  The  siege  of  Petersburg  by 
Gen.  Grant  continues  through  the  fall 
and  winter. 

Oct.  1.  Va.  Gen.  Warren's  lines  on  the 
Weldon  Railroad  are  advanced  one  mile 
nearer  Richmond. 

Oct.  2.  Va.  At  Abingdon  Gen.  Bur- 
bridge  loses  350  men  ;  Confederate  Gen. 
Echols  loses  18  killed,  71  wounded,  and 
21  missing. 

Oct.  3.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  orders  all 
the  houses  to  be  burned  within  five  miles 
of  the  spot  where  John  B.  Meigs,  his 
chief  engineer,  was  brutally  murdered 
by  guerrillas. 

Oct.  5±.  Ga.  Gen.  Hood  tears  up  the 
railroad  in  the  rear  of  Gen.  Sherman's 
army. 

Oct.  6.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  begins  his 
return  movement,  and  devastates  the 
Shenandoah  Valley  of  its  food  and 
forage,  as  it  is  the  granary  of  Lee's  army 
at  Richmond. 

Ga.    Battle  of  Allatoona  Pass:  the 

attack  of  Gen.  S.  G.  French  is  repulsed 
by  Federal  Gen.  Corse  with  1,944  men, 
till  reenforced  by  Gen.  Sherman,  and 
immense  stores  are  saved.  Federal  loss, 
707  men. 

Gen.  Kautz's  Federal  cavalry  is 
driven  from  its  position  on  the  Darby 
road,  on  the  north  side  of  the  James, 
by  Gens.  C.  W.  Field  and  Hoke,  who  cap- 
ture their  guns ;   the  Confederates  are 
repulsed  in  an  attack  on  the  entrenched 
infantry. 
Oct.  7.    Brazil.    In  the  harbor  of  Bahia 
Commander  Collins  of  the  gunboat  Wa- 
chusett  captures  the  Confederate  cruiser 
Florida.    [It  is  sunk  by  a  collision  after 
its  arrival  in  Hampton  Roads.] 
Va.    Gen.  Early,  having  been  reen- 
forced, follows  Gen.  Sheridan  down 
the  Shenandoah  Valley. 
Oct.  8.     Va.     At  Fisher's   Hill  Gen. 
Sheridan's   cavalry  defeats   and   ronts 
Gens.  Rosser  and  Wickham ;    Federal 
loss,  414  men ;  Confederate  loss,  330  pris- 
oners. 
Oct.  11.     Ga.     Gen.     Hood,    moving 
northward,  crosses  the  Coosa  Kiver, 
and  marches  upon  Resaca  and  Dalton, 
to   break    Gen.    Sherman's    communi- 
cations. 
Oct.  12.   Ga.   Col.  Clark  R.Wever  refuses 
to  surrender  Besaca  to   Confederates 
under  Gen.  S.  D.  Lee,  and  successfully 
defends  it. 
Oct.  13.    Ga.    Dalton  is  surrendered  by 
the  Federal  garrison  to  Gen.  Hood. 
—  Va.    On  the  Darbytown  Road  Gen. 
Terry  retreats  before  the  Confederates, 
having  lost  414  men;  Confederate  loss, 
200. 


UNITED    STATES.  1864,  Aug.  28- Xov.  7.     239 


The  Federals  are  engaged  in  digging 
a  short  canal  called  Dutch  Gap,  to  con- 
nect a  loop  in  the  James  River  below 
llichniond ;  Gen.  Butler  puts  87  Confed- 
erate prisoners  at  work  digging  in  the 
ditch,  under  the  fire  of  Confederate 
shells,  iu  retaliation  for  the  forced  labor 
of  negro  soldiers  captured  by  the  Con- 
federates. 

Oct.  19.    Fa.    Battle  of  Cedar  Creek : 

Gen.  Early  surprises,  and  at  first  com- 
pletely routs,  the  Federals  under  Gen. 
"Wright,  in  the  absence  of  Gen.  Sheridan, 
who  is  20  miles  away;  Gen.  Sheridan 
arrives  on  the  field  ("  Sheridan's  Ride  "), 
rallies  his  troops,  and  inflicts  a  crushing 
defeat  upon  the  Confederates.  Federal 
loss,  588  killed,  3,516  wounded,  1,891  miss- 
ing, and  18  guns ;  Confederate  loss,  4,200, 
including  prisoners  and  42  guns. 

Oct.  19.  +  Vt.  Confederates  in  Canada, 
under  Lieut.  Bennett  H.  Young,  raid 
the  town  of  St.  Albans;  Gen.  Dix  orders 
that  the  U.  S.  troops  pursue  them  across 
the  line  if  they  are  not  surrendered. 
[The  Government  soon  revokes  the 
order.]    (See  Society.) 

Oct.  20.  Ga.  Gen.  Hood's  army  arrives 
at  Gadsden,  preparatory  to  the  invasion 
of  Tennessee. 

Oct.  21.  Mo.  At  Little  Blue  the  Fed- 
erals under  Gen.  Curtis  are  defeated  by 
Gen.  Price. 

Oct.  22.  Va.  Col.  Augur  protects  array 
trains  on  the  Manassas  Gap  Railroad, 
from  the  attacks  of  guerrillas,  by  placing 
eminent  Secessionists  residing  within  the 
Federal  lines  at  the  post  of  danger. 

Oct.  25.  Mo.  At  Mine  Creek,  on  the 
Osage  River,  Gens.  Curtis  and  Pleas- 
anton  defeat  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Price;  Confederate  Gens.  Marma^ 
duke  and  Cabell  are  wounded.  Federal 
loss,  1,000  killed  and  wounded,  and  2,000 
prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  900  killed, 
2,800  wounded,  and  1,000  prisoners,  be- 
sides 1,500  stand  of  arms. 

Oct.  2*7.  ra.  Battle  of  Hatcher's 
Hun;  Gr«n8.  Hancock  and  Warren  with 
35,000  infantry,  and  Gen.  Gregg  with 
3,000  horse,  attempt  to  seize  the  South 
Side  Railroad,  and  are  repulsed.  Fed- 
eral loss,  15*  killed,  1,(M7  wounded,  and 
099  missing;  Confederate  loss,  1,000. 

The  Army  of  the  Potomac  goes  into 

winter  quarters. 

Gen.  Butler  makes  a  demonstration 

on  the  north  side  of  the  James  ;  Gen. 
Weitzel  is  severely  defeated  by  Gen. 
Longstreet,  and  loses  1,000  men. 

X.  C.    At  Plymouth  Iiieut.  "W.  B. 

Cushing  and  a  force  of  daring  volun- 
teers place  a  torpedo  under  the  Con- 
federate ram  Albemarle,  and  blow  her 
up.  This  craft  had  been  a  serious  ob- 
stacle to  the  success  of  Federal  opera- 
tions in  Albemarle  Sound. 

Oct.  28.  Mo.  In  Ms  34  days'  invasion 
of  Missouri,  Gen.  Price  loses  170  killed 
and  336  wounded. 

Tenn.    At  Morristown  Gen.  GiUem  ' 

captures  200  prisoners  and  eight  guns 
from  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Vaughan. 


Oct.  28-30.  Ala.  At  Decatur  Col.  Mor- 
gan loses  100  men ;  Confederates  under 
Rhoddey  lose  400. 

Oct.  29.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood,  having 
marched  north,  goes  into  camp  near 
Decatur. 

Oct.  30.  Va.  Gen.  Grant's  army,  in  the 
trenches  before  Petersburg  during 
the  month  of  October,  loses  170  killed, 
822  wounded,  and  812  prisoners ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  1,000  men. 

Oct.  31.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood,  with  an 
army  of  45,000  men,  crosses  to  the  north 
side  of  the  Tennessee  River,  at  a  point 
between  the  Shoals. 

N.  C.    Federal  Commander  Macomb 

takes  Plymouth. 

Oct.  *  Mo.  Gen.  Price  is  defeated  by  the 
Federals  at  Big  Blue,  Ijittle  Osage, 
and  Newtonia. 

Nov.  4.  New  York.  Maj.-Gen.  Butler 
takes  command  of  the  city. 

Nov.  5.  Va.  At  Fort  Sedgwick  the 
Confederates  are  defeated  and  lose  130 
men  ;  Federal  loss,  70  men. 

Tenn.  At  JohnsonviUe  the  Confed- 
erate Gen.  Forrest  destroys  three  "tin- 
clad"  gunboats  and  seven  transports, 
and  valuable  supplies. 

Nov.  7.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis's  message 
recommends  that  40,000  slaves  be 
drilled,  and  employed  as  pioneers  and 
engineer  laborers. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Sept.  4.    Cook,  Russell  S.,  Cong,  cl.,  A53. 

Johnson,  Henry,  Gov.  of  La.,  killed  in 

action  at  Dublin,  Va.,  A89. 

Long,  Stephen  Harriman,  engineer,  an., 

A80. 

Morgan.  John  H..  Confed.  maj.-gen., 

raider,  k.  near  Granville,  Tenn.,  A38. 

Sept.  12.    Ilenjamin,  Park,  poet,  lecturer, 
journalist,  Abf). 

Sept.  19.     Hussell,  David  A.,  maj.-gen.  U. 

S.  A.,  killed  at  Opequan,  Va.,  A44. 
Sept.  24.    Itates,  Joshua,  financier  in  Lon- 
don, founder  of  Boston  Library,  A76. 
Sept.  26.    Conover,  Thos.  A.,  com.  U.  S. 
N.,  A 70. 

Sept.  29.    Williams,  Jared  W.,  Gov.,  sen. 
for  N.  H.,  ACS. 

Oct.  12.    Taney.  Rog-er  B.,  chief  justice 
U.  S.  Ct.,  A87. 

Oct.  16.     WUlard,  John  D.,  jurist  of  N.  Y., 
philanthropist,  A65. 

Oct.  18.    Bimey.  David  Bell,  viaj.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A39. 

Oct.  19.     Bidwell,  Daniel,  brig.-gen.   U.  S. 
vols.,  killed  at  Cedar  Creek,  A48. 

Oct.  20.    Lowell,  Charles  R.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols.,  A 29. 

Ramseur,  Stephen    D.,    Confed.    maj.- 
gen.,  A  27. 

Oct.  32.    Wlnslow,  Mlron,  missionary,  au- 
thor, A75. 

Oct.  29.    Ransom,  Thos.  E.  G.,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A30. 

Greenleaf,  Benj.,  au.  of    math,    text^ 

books,  A78. 

Nov.  1.    Chase,  Irab,  Bapt.  cl.,  theologian, 
A71. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Sept.  4.  Ala.  A  bread-riot  oc- 
curs at  Mobile. 

Oct.  12.  Mich.  The  Harper  Hospital 
is  opened  at  Detroit. 

Oct.  17.  Ind.  William  A.  Bowles,  L. 
P.  Milligan,  and  Stephen  Horsey  are 
sentenced  by  a  military  commission  to 
he  hanged  for  conspiracy  against  the 
United  States  iu  organizing  the  Ameri- 
can Knights  of   the  So2ia  of  Liberty. 


[Released  by  the  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court.] 

Oct.  18.  £ng.  A  fair  in  aid  of  the 
Confederate  cause  is  opened  in  Liver- 
pool by  ladies  of  the  English  nobility, 
and  by  Secession  women  from  Americai 

Oct.  19.  Vt.  The  bank  at  St.  Albans 
is  robbed  by  sympathizers  with  the 
Confederacy  who  enter  from  Canada ; 
they  kill  several  persons. 

STATE. 

1864  Aug.  29.  Chicago.  The  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  meets ; 
Horatio  Seymour  of  N.  Y.  is  Chairman. 
Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  of  N.  J. 
is  nominated  for  President  against  T. 
II.  Seymour  of  Conn.  Vote,  202i-23i. 
George  H.  Pendleton  of  O.  is  nomi- 
nated for  Vice-President.  The  Conven- 
tion declares  the  war  a  failure. 

Aug.  31  ±.  />.  C  President  Lincoln  is- 
sues a  proclamation  of  thanksgiving 
for  Union  victories. 

Sept.  *  U.  S.  The  Democrats  are  di- 
vided into  two  classes  —  one  favoring, 
and  the  other  opposing,  the  prosecution 
of  the  war. 

Sept.  5.  La.  The  loyal  people  approve 
the  new  Constitution.  Vote,  6,836- 
1,566. 

Sept.  8.  X.  J.  Gen.  McClellan  ac- 
cepts the  nomination  for  the  presi- 
dency, but  rejects  the  platform  by 
loyally  favoring  the  continuance  of  hos- 
tilities until  the  Union  is  restored. 

Sept.  17.  Gen.  Fremont  withdraws  as 
a  candidate  for  the  presidency. 

Oct.  12-13.  Md.  The  new  Constitution 
is  ratified  by  the  people.  Citizens'  vote, 
27,541-29,536;  soldiers*  vote,  2,633-263; 
majority,  375. 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  Tlie  President  proclaims 
Nevada  admitted  into  the  Union,  as 
the  36th  State. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  The  mayor  receives 
a  telegram  from  Secretary  Seward  dis- 
closing a  plot  to  burn  the  principal 
cities  of  the  North. 

Nov.  7.  Va.  The  second  session  of  the 
second  Confederate  Confess  opens 
at  Richmond. 

R.  M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.  continues 
President  pro  tempore  in  the  Senate, 
and  Thomas  S.  Bocock  of  Va.  Speaker 
in  the  House.  There  are  18  Senators, 
two  from  each  State,  and  1(M  Repre- 
sentatives from  nine  States.  Kentucky 
and  Missouri  are  represented,  although 
neither  of  these  States  had  seceded  from 
the  Union. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  Aug.  28.  ///.  A  trial  trip  of  the 
railroad  post-office  is  made  between 
Chicago  and  Clinton. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton,  115  to  liM  cents ;  pre- 
mium on  gold,  191i  to  193^. 

Oct.  4.  Pa.  The  Philadelphia  and 
Erie  Road  is  opened. 

Nov.  1.  U.  S.  The  Postal  Money- 
Order  System  comes  into  operation. 


240     1864,  Nov.  8-1865,  Jan.  13. 


AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864  Nov.  8.   N.J.    Gen.  Geo.B.Mc- 

Clellan  resigns  his  commission  in  the 

U.  S.  Army. 
Philip  H.  Sheridan  is  commissioned 

major-general  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 
Nov.  10,    Ga.    At  Rome  Gen.  Sliernian 

burns  the  foundries,  mills,  and  sliops. 
Nov.  11.      Va.     On  the  road  to  Front 

Royal    Gen.    W.    H.    Powell    severely 

defeats  Confederates  under  Gen.   Mc- 

Causland. 

Nov.  12.  Ga.  Gen,  Sherman  cuts  the 
wires  connecting  Atlanta  with  "Washing- 
ton, and  isolates  his  army. 

Near  Fort  Pulaski  Col.  Mulford  ef- 
fects the  exchange  of  10,000  prisoners ; 
18  steamers  are  employed  in  conveying 
the  men. 

Nov,  13.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood*s  army  crosses 
the  Tennessee  River  to  Florence. 

Tenn.  At  Bull's  Oap,  East  Tennes- 
see, the  Confederate  Gen.  Breckinridge 
defeats  Gen.  Gillem,  capturing  his  ar- 
tillery, trains,  and  baggage.  Federal 
loss,  600 ;  Confederate  loss  only  slight. 

Nov.  14.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  burns 
part  of  the  city  of  Atlanta. 

Nov.  16.  Ga.  At  seven  o'clock  in  the 
morning  Gen.  Sherman's  army  begins 
its  march  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea. 

He  cuts  loose  from  his  base,  depending 
on  the  country  through  which  he  marches 
for  supplies  :  his  army  consists  of  60,000 
infantry  and  5,500  cavalry,  and  marches 
by  four  parallel  roads  ;  Gen.  Howard 
commands  the  right  wing,  and  Gen.  Slo- 
cum  the  left  wing. 

Nov.  17.     Va.    At  Bermuda  Hundred 

tlie  Confederates  surprise  and  capture 
Gen.  Butler's  picket-line. 

Nov.  19.  />.  C.  The  President  declares 
the  blockade  raised  at  Norfolk,  Va., 
and  at  Pensacola  and  Fernandiiia,  Fla. 

Nov.  21.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood  leaves  Flor- 
ence, with  40,000  men,  and  moves  toward 
Middle  Tennessee,  aiming  to  strike 
Nashville. 

Tenn.    Gen.  Schofield,  at  the  head  of 

Gen.  Thomas's  army  of  30,000  men,  falls 
back  before  the  approach  of  Gen.  Hood. 

Nov.  22.  Ga.  At  Griswold  the  Georgia 
troops  under  Gen.  Smith  attack  Geu. 
Sherman's  rear-guard,  and  are  repulsed. 

Nov.  23.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman's  left  wing 
reaches  Milledgeville ;  the  Legislature 
passes  an  act  to  levy  the  population 
en  masse  to  resist  Gen.  Sherman. 

Nov.  24.  Tenn.  Gen.  Schofield  reaches 
Columbia  in  advance  of  the  arrival  of 
the  Confederate  cavalry  of  Gen.  Forrest. 

Nov.  2<l^28.  Tenn.  At  Columbia  con- 
siderable fighting  occurs  between  de- 
tachments of  Gen.  Thomas's  army  and 
Gen.  Hood's  advance.  Federal  loss,  800 ; 
Confederate  loss,  600. 

Nov.  25.  New  York.  Confederate  agents 
are  accused  of  attempting  to  bum  the 
city  by  starting  fires  in  their  own  rooms ; 
15  incendiary  fires  break  out  in  as  many 
hotels  in  the  city ;  Gen.  Dix  announces 
that  he  will  hang  all  such  incendiaries 
whom  he  catches. 

Nov,  27,  Colo.  Col.  Chivington,  com- 
manding 900  men,  attacks  an  Indian 
Camp  at  Sand  Creek;  131  Indians  — 
men,  women,  and  children— are  killed. 


Nov.  29.  Tenn.  At  Spring  Hill,  Maury 
County,  Gen.  J>.  S.  Stanley  of  Gen.  Scho- 
field's  command  defeats  the  Confeder- 
ates under  Gen.  Hood. 

Nov.  30-Dec.  7.  S.  C.  At  Honey  Hill, 
Broad  River  (Qrahamaville),  and  Po- 
cotaligo  Gen.  Foster  encounters  the 
Confederates.  Federals  lose  from  1,200 
to  1,500  men. 

Nov.  30.  5.  C.  At  Honey  Hill  Gen. 
John  P.  Hatch  la  defeated  by  the  Con- 
federates. 

Tenn.      Battle   of   Franklin,   near 

Nashville. 

The  Confederates  under  Gen.  Hood 
are  repulsed  in  fierce  attacks  on  the  en- 
trenched Army  of  the  Cumberland  under 
Gen.  Schofield.  After  the  battle  Geri. 
Schofield  falls  back  during  the  night, 
closer  to  Nashville.  Federal  loss,  189 
killed,  1,033  wounded,  and  1,104  missing ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,750  killed,  3,800 
wounded,  and  702  missing.  Gen.  Hood 
loses  some  of  his  prominent  brigade  and 
division  commanders,  including  Maj.- 
Gen.  Patrick  Cleburne,  and  Brig.-Gen. 
O.  F.  Strahl. 

Dec.  3.  Ga.  Millen  is  occupied  by  Gen. 
Sherman's  army  on  its  march  to  the  sea. 

Dec.  3-14,  Tenn.  Gen.  Hood  with  a 
large  army  partially  invests  NashviUe, 

Dec.  5-8.  7'enn.  Near  Murfreesboro, 
or  Cedars,  Gen.  Milroy  of  Gen.  Rous- 
seau's command  defeats  and  routs  the 
Confederate  Gen.  Forrest's  cavalry  and 
Bates's  infantry ;  the  Federals  capture 
207  prisoners  and  14  guns. 

Dec.  6-9.  S.  C.  At  Deveaux  Neck,  or 
JIason's  Bridge,  the  Federals  lose  39 
killed,  390  wounded,  and  200  missing; 
Confederates  lose  400. 

Dec.  8.  Mirk.  A  Confederate  plot  to 
burn  Detroit  is  discovered. 

Dec.  10.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  arrives 
at  Savannah,  and  invests  the  city. 
IGen.  Hardee  destroys  the  outer  line  of 
Confederate  works,  and  withdraws  to 
the  inner  line.] 

Dec.  12,  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  reaches 
the  sea. 

Dec.  12-21.  Tenn.—  Va.  Gen.  Stone- 
man  is  sent  on  a  raid  from  Bean's 
Station ;  he  destroys  the  salt-works  at 
Saltville,  tears  up  railroads,  and  drives 
Gen.  Breckinridge  into  the  mountains. 

Dec.  13.  Ga.  Gen.  Hazen's  division 
assaults  and  captures  Fort  McAllister, 
guarding  Savannah ;  Federal  loss,  23 
killed,  82  wounded;  Confederate  loss, 
14  killed,  21  wounded,  and  211  prisoners. 

Tenn.  At  KJngsport  Gen.  Bur- 
bridge  (Stoneman's  raid)  defeats  and 
routs  the  Confederates  under  Gen. 
Duke,  who  lose  150  men, 

Va.     A  part  of  Gen.  Butler's  Fort 

Fisher  expedition  leaves  Hampton 
Roads  ;  Gen.  Butler  proposes  to  destroy 
the  defense  at  "Wilmington  by  exploding 
a  powder-boat.  [Transports  with  6,500 
troops  follow  on  the  14th.] 

Dec.  14,  Tenn.  At  Bristol  Gen.  Bnr- 
bridge  (Stoneman's  raid)  captures  300 
Confederates, 

Dec.  15, 16.  Tenn.  Battle  of  Nash- 
ville; Gen.  Thomas  attacks  and  com- 
pletely routs  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Hood  ;  his  army  flees  in  disorder, 


and  is  pursued  into  Alabama.  Federal 
loss,  400  killed,  1,740  wounded;  Confed- 
erate loss,  1,500. 

Dec.  15,  Tenn.  At  Murfreesboro  Gen. 
Rousseau  defeats  the  Confederate  Gen. 
Forrest,  who  loses  1,500  men. 

George  H,  Thomas  is  commissioned 

major-general  in  the  U.  S.  Army. 

Dec.  15±.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  sends  the 
Cth  corps  to  reenforce  Gen.  Meade. 
[Gen.  Crook's  corps  soon  follows.] 

Dec,  17.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  summons 
Gen.  Hardee,  to  surrender  Savannah. 

Ky.    At  Ashbyville  Gen.  McCook's 

cavalry  defeats  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Lyon. 

Dec.  20,  21,  Ga.  Gen.  Hardee  de- 
stroys his  ironclads  and  navy  yard,  and 
with  15,000  Confederate  troops  escapes 
from  Savannah  during  the  night,  and 
retreats  to  Charleston. 

Dec.  21.  IJ.C.  Adm.  Farragut  is  made 
vice-admiral  —  a  grade  of  rank  corre- 
sponding to  that  of  general  in  the  army. 

Dec,  22.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  estab- 
lishes headquarters  at  Savannah,  hav- 
ing lost  567  men  in  marching  to  the  sea. 

Dec.  23.  N.  C.  A  powder-boat  (250 
tons)  is  blown  up  by  the  Federals  to  de- 
stroy Fort  Fisher  ;  the  fort  is  uninjured. 

Dec.  24,  25.  N.  C.  Fort  Fisher,  near 
Wilmington,  is  bombarded  by  Adm. 
Porter ;  Gen.  Butler,  at  the  head  of  a 
land  force,  prepares  to  storm  it ;  but 
finally  decides  the  work  to  be  impreg- 
nable, and  retires.  Federal  loss,  195 
men ;  Confederate  loss,  100  killed  and 
wounded,  besides  280  prisoners. 

Dec.  26,  27.  Ala.  Gen.  Hood's  shat- 
tered army  recrosses  the  Tennessee 
River  [and  retreats  to  Tupelo,  Miss.]. 

Dec.  28.  N.  C.  Gen.  Butler  returns  with 
his  force  from  Fort  Fisher  to  Fortress 
Monroe. 

Dec.  29,  Ala.  —  Miss.  Col,  "W.  J. 
Palmer  with  only  600  men  roves  through 
the  northern  counties  from  Corinth  to 
Okalona,  destroying  Confederate  sup- 
plies and  resources. 

•  *-65*  *  The  war  becomes  a  continuous 
campaign,  through  summer  and  winter. 

1865  Jan.  5.  Miss.  Gen.  Grierson  ter- 
minates his  raid  at  Vicksburg,  after 
destroying  100  miles  of  railroad  and  cap- 
turing GOO  prisoners. 

Jan.  6.  T  a.  Gen.  Terry  with  9,000  troops 
leaves  Fortress  Monroe  for  an  assault 
on  Fort  Fisher. 

Jan.  7.  O}lo.  Julesbinrg  is  attacked  by 
l,GO0  Indians ;  19  soldiers  and  others  are 
killed ;  the  Indians  are  defeated. 

Jan.  8.  Va.  Gen,  Butler  is  removed 
from  command  of  Army  of  the  James ; 
Gen.  Ord  temporarily  succeeds  him. 

Jan.  10,  />.  (\  Congress  passes  resolu- 
tions of  thanks  to  Gen.  Sherman  and 
his  army. 

Jan.  11.  W.  Va.  At  Beverly  Federals 
lose  five  killed,  20  wounded,  and  583  pris- 
oners, and  the  Confederate  force  imder 
Gen.  Early  occupies  the  town. 

Jan.  13-15.  X.  C.  The  Federals  cap- 
ture Fort  Fisher. 

(Jan.  13.)  Adm.  Porter  with  more  than 
50  gunboats  reaches  and  attacks  Fort 
Fisher  while  Gen.  Terry's  army  lauds. 


UNITED   STATES.     1864,  Nov.  8-1865,  Jan.  13.    241 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1864      Dec.  *  New    York.      Theodore 

Thomas  begins  his  symphony  concerts. 

*  *  Xew  York.  Christopher  P.  Cranch  of 
Cambricl|;e,  Mass.,  and  Arthur  Parton  of 
New  York  are  elected  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  •  New  York.  Edwin  Booth  plays  Ham- 
let at  the  Winter  Garden  Thefater. 

*  *  O.  The  Soldiers'  Monument  in 
Spring  Grove  Cemetery,  Cincinnati,  is 
completed. 

*  *  Nitrous  oxide  gas  is  first  used  as  an 
anesthetic. 

*  •  nipening  of  the  Leaf  is  painted  by 
Tliomas  Moran. 

*  *  October  Afternoon  is  painted  by  J.  F. 
Kensett. 

*  *  Scene  from  JSutwer's  Itichelieu  is 
painted  by  Emanuel  Leutze. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1864. 
Nov.  12.    Gorman,  John  Berry,  physician, 
•  autlior,  ATI. 
Nov.  20.    Fairbanks.  Erastus,  mfr.    of 

scales,  gov.  of  Vt.,  A72. 
Nov.  24.    SilUman,  lienj.,  pliysicist,  prof. 

in  Yale,  A85. 
Nov.  SO.    Cleburne,    Patrick    E.LConfed. 

maj.-gen.,  killed  at  battle  of   Franklin, 

Tciin.,  A36. 
Doc.  1.     Dayton,    William  Iiewls,    sen. 

for  N. .!.,  1st  rep.  candidate  for  Vice-Pres., 

minister  to  France,  A57. 
Deo.  10.    Schoolcraft,  Henry  E.,  traveler, 

ethnologist,  A71. 
Dec.  15.    Farnhara,  Eliza  W.,  phiUmthro- 

pist,  author,  A49. 
Dec.  19.    McClelland,  Alexander,   clergy- 
man, orientalist,  A  68. 
Dec.  21.    Fry,  William  H.,  composer,  edi- 
tor PItiladetpina  Gazette^  A4SI. 
Dec.  25.    Noyes,   William    Curtis,  jurist, 

patriot,  A,M. 

Wallack,  .Tames  William,  actor,  A70. 

Dec.  28.    Orton,    Azariah    G.,    Pres.    cl.. 

poet,  A75. 
Dec.  3 1 .    Dallas.  Oeor;?e  M. .  sen.  for  Pa., 

min.  to  Russia,  llth  Vice-Pres.,  min.  to 

Eng.,  A72. 

*  ♦  Howell,  Joshua  B.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 
A  65. 

*  •  Keen,   Alpheus  A.,  prof.   Latin,  Tufts 
College,  A3^ 

*  *  Newton,  Eph.  II.,  cl.,  naturalist,  .\.77. 


CHURCH. 

1864  Dec.  15.  Kan.  Thomas  Hnbbard 
Vail  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Kansas. 

•  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  Conference  (Free 
Methodist;  is  organized. 

•  *  N.  J.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Newark ;  James 
Wood,  moderator. 

•  »  O.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Dayton ;  Thos. 
Brainerd,  moderator. 

•  *The  United  Synod  of  the  South  is 
united  with  the  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian). 

•  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

•  *  Phila.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets ;  D.  A.  Wallace, 
moderator. 

•  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  ATimmi  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

•  •  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  York. 


A  rupture  is  caused  in  the  synod 

by  the  admission  of  the  Franckean 
Synod  (N.Y.),  which  is  alleged  to  be 
heretical.  The  Pennsylvania  Synod 
withdraws. 
1865  Jan.  4.  X.Y.  Arthur  Cleveland 
Coxe  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) assistant  bishop  of  Western  New 
York. 

LETTERS. 

1864  *  *  n.C.  National  Deaf  Mute 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 

*  ♦  irasa.  Lasell  Seminary  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  .1/0.  Central  Wesleyan  College 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Warreuton. 

*  *  N.  >'.  The  Standard- Union  is  issued 
at  Brooklyn. 

*  ♦  Pa.  The  Commercial  Gazette  is  issued 
at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  Azarian,  by  II.  P.  SpofFord,  appears. 

*  *  Man  and  Nature^  by  George  P.  Marsh, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Old  Jiigime  in  Canada,  by  Fran- 
cis Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Webster's  Dictionary^  a  new  and  en- 
larged edition,  appears,  containing 
114,000  words  and  3,000  illustrations. 

*  »  The  American  Conflict,  Vol.  I.,  by 
Horace  Greely,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  by  James 
Parton,  appears. 

*  *  John  Godfrey's  Fortunes,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears. 

*  *  Fireside  Travels,  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  appears. 

*  •  Wet  Days  at  Edgewood,  by  Ik  Marvel, 
appears. 

*  •  Out  of  Hit  Head,  by  Lyman  Abbott, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Maine  Woods,  by  H.  D.  Thoreau, 
api^ears. 

SOCIETY. 
1864    Nov.  25.    New  York.    An  attempt 
is  made  to  burn  hotels.    [Robert  Ken- 
nedy is  arrested  and  hanged.  See  Army.] 

*  *  Cat.  The  Union  Club  at  San  Fran- 
cisco is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  First  National  Labor  Con- 
gress meets  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Binghamton  Asylum  for 
Inebriates— the  first  in  history  — is 
opened. 

*  •  W.  Va.  A  hospital  for  the  insane  is 
opened  by  the  State  at  Weston. 

*  *The  Cigarmakers'  International 
Union  is  organized. 

The  labor  movement  takes  new  life, 
and  labor  organizations  multiply. 

STATE. 

1864  Nov. 8.  U.S.  The 20th presiden- 
tial election ;  Republicans  are  elected. 

Popular  vote  :  Abraham  Lincoln  of 
111.  (Rep.),  2,216,067 ;  George  B.  Mc- 
CleUan  of  N.  J.  (Dem.),  1,808,725. 

Lincoln  and  Johnson  carry  22  States, 
McClellan  and  Pendleton,  three  j  11 
(Southern)  States  do  not  vote. 


Nov.  *  Chicago.  A  conspiracy  to  lib- 
erate the  Confederate  prisoners  at 
Camp  Douglas  is  detected ;  the  leaders 
are  arrested.  [The  conspirators  are  tried 
and  convicted  by  court-martial  at  Cin- 
cinnati.] 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  The  38th  CcngreEs:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  message.  In  it  he  says  : 
"  Fondly  do  we  hope,  fervently  do  we 
pray,  that  this  mighty  scourge  of  war 
may  speedily  pass  away.  Yet  if  God 
wills  that  it  continue,  until  all  the 
wealth  piled  by  the  Londsman's  200 
years  of  unrequited  toil  shall  be  sunk, 
and  until  every  drop  of  blood  drawn 
with  the  lash  snail  be  repaid  with  an- 
other drawn  by  the  sword,  ...  it  must 
be  said  '  the  judgments  of  the  Lord  are 
true  and  rigliteous  altogether.'  " 

He  recommends  the  adoption  of  the 
13th  Amendment  by  the  House: 

"  If  the  people  should,  by  whatever 
mode  or  means,  make  it  an  executive 
duty  to  reenslave  such  persons,  another, 
not  1,  must  be  their  instrument  to  per- 
form it." 

Dec.  17.    D.  C.    The  Secretary  of  State 

requires  passports  to  be  shown  by  per- 
sons entering  the  United  States,  except 

immigrants  who  arrive  by  sea. 
Dec.  19.     President    Lincoln    calls    for 

300,000  more  volunteers.    Total  number, 

since  March,  18G2,  1,000,000  men. 
•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

-68  *  *  Ark.    Isaac  Murphy. 

-68  *  »  la.    Wm.  M.  Stone. 

-66*  */rfa.  (rer.).    Caleb  Lyon. 

-65  »  *  La.    Michael  Hahit. 

-67  *  ■►  Me.    Samuel  Corry. 

-66*  *  Minn.    Stephen  Miller. 

-65  *  *  Miss.    Charles  Clarke. 

-69  *  •  Mo.    Thomas  C.  Fletcher. 

-65  •  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Sidney  Edgerton. 

-71*  *Nev.(Ter.).   Henry  G.  Blaisdell. 

-65  *  »  O.    John  B  rough. 

-85  *  *  S.C.    A.  G.  Magrath. 

-68*  *  Va.    Francis  H.  Pierpont. 

-65  *  •  £/.  (Ter.).    James  D.  Doty. 
1865    Jan.  1.    D.  C.    Congress  raises 

the  tax  on  distilled  spirits  to  $2.00  per 

proof-gallon. 
Jan.  6.    D.  C.    Congress ;  House :  J.  M. 

Ashley   of    O.    reintroduces    the    13th 

Amendment.    [A  long  debate  ensues.] 
Jan.  9.     Tenn.     A  popular  convention 

meets  at  Nashville  to  reorganize  the 

State  on  a  loyal  basis. 
Jan.  11.    Mo.   An  ordinance  abolishing 

slavery  is  adopted  by  the  Constitutional 

Convention  at  St.  Louis. 


UISCELLANEOUS. 

1864  Nov.  •  Southern  Stales.  The  Con- 
federate dollar  is  worth  4}  cents. 

Dec.  22.  The  steamship  North  America 
from  New  Orleans  is  sunk  at  sea ;  nearly 
200  lives  are  lost  (mostly  sick  soldiers). 

*  *  111.  Oakwood  Cemetery,  near  Chi- 
cago, is  established. 

•  *  Ind.  Street-cars  are  introduced  in  In- 
dianapolis. 

1865  Jan.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton,  118  to  120  cents; 
price  of  the  gold  dollar,  227j  cents. 


242     1865,  Jan.  13-Max.  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — HAVY. 
1865    (Jan.  14.)    The   bombardment   by 

the  navy  continues.  (See  p.  240). 
(Jan.  15.)  Fort  Fisher  is  carried  by 
assault  by  Gen.  N.  M.  Curtis  of  Gen. 
Terry's  army,  aided  by  400  marines  and 
eoo  sailors,  and  the  continued  bombard- 
ment of  Adm.  Porter's  fleet. 

Total  Federal  losses,  184  killed  and 
749  wounded,  22  missing.  Confederate 
loss,  2,483  men  and  72  guns. 

Jan.  14.  S.  C.  At  Poootaligo  the  Con- 
federates are  repulsed,  losing  50  men. 

Jan.  16.  If.  C.  The  Confederates  blow 
up  their  cruisers,  the  Chickamauga  and 
the  Tallahassee,  also  Fort  Caswell  near 
Fort  Fisher,  on  the  Cape  Fear  Eiver. 

At  Fort  Fisher  300  Federal  soldiers  are 
Ijilled  or  wounded  by  the  accidental  ex- 
plosion of  a  magazine. 

Jan.  17.  S.  C.  In  Charleston  Harbor 
the  Confederates  blow  up  the  Federal 
monitor  Patapsco  with  a  torpedo ;  seven 
officers  and  65  men  go  down  with  the 
vessel. 

Jan.  18.  N.  ('.  Three  blocltade-runners 
enter  Cape  Fear  Biver  and  are  captured 
by  the  Federals,  who  now  hold  posses- 
sion. 

Jan.  19.  Va.  "The  Confederate  Congress 
displaces  Jefferson  Davis  as  oom- 
mander-in-ohief  of  the  Confederate 
Army,  by  appointing  Robert  E.  Lee  to 
that  ollice. 

Jan.  23.  Miss.  At  his  own  request  Gen. 
Hood  is  relieved  of  the  command  of 
his  shattered  and  demoralized  army. 

Jan.  *  The  leading  conspirators  for  the 
release  of  Confederate  prisoners  con- 
fined at  Camp  Douglas,  Chicago,  are 
convicted  by  court-martial. 

Feb.  1.  Ga.  Gen.  Sherman  leaves 
Savannah  on  his  northward  march. 

Feb.  3.  Can.  The  Canadian  authorities 
surrender  Bennett  G.  Bailey,  one  of  the 
St.  Albans  raiders,  to  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment. 

S.  C.  At  Salkehatchie  the  Confed- 
erates are  repulsed. 

Feb.  5.  W.  Va.  At  Moorefield  Col. 
Whittaker  surprises  and  breaks  up  the 
Confederate  camp  of  Gen.  Harry  Gil- 
mer ;  the  guerrilla  leader  himself  is  cap- 
tured. Whittaker's  command  consisting 
of  300  momited  men,  marched  140  miles 
in  48  hours,  crossing  rivers  and  moun- 
tains. 

Feb.  5-7.  Va.  At  Hatcher's  Kun  and 
Dabney's  Mills  Gen.  Grant's  troops 
drive  back  the  Confederates. 

The  latter  being  reenforced,  the  Fed- 
erals are  in  turn  repulsed  and  forced  to 
retire,  losing  232  killed,  1,062  wounded, 
and  186  prisoners.  Confederate  loss, 
1,200  men.  Gen.  Pegram  being  among 
the  killed. 

Feb.  8.  S.  C.  At  'Williston  Station  the 
Confederates  are  repulsed. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield 
is  appointed  to  command  in  North  Caro- 
lina. 
—  Gen.  Kobert  E.  Lee  assumes  com- 
mand of  all  the  armies  of  the  Confed- 
eracy. 


Feb.  10.  Ky.  Gen.  Burbridge  is  reUeved 
from  command  of  the  district  of  Ken- 
tucky by  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer. 
S.  C.  At  James  Island  Gen.  Sher- 
man's right  column  effects  a  landing, 
losing  80  men  killed. 
Feb.  11.  N.C.  Near  WUmington  Gen. 
Terry  loses  60  men  ;  Confederate  loss, 
100. 

S.  C.    At  Aiken  the  Federal  cavalry 

under  Gen.  Kilpatrick  engages  the  Con- 
federate cavalry  under  Gen.  Wheeler. 
Feb.  15.    S.  C.   At  Congaree  Creek  the 

Confederates  are  repulsed. 
Feb.  16.  Va.  The  Federals  destroy  the 
Confederate  iron-works  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley. 
Feb.  17.  S.  C.  Gen.  Sherman's  army 
reaches  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the 
State ;  it  enters  unopposed,  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gens.  Beauregard  and 
Wade  Hampton  having  retreated. 

After  the  Federals  enter,  a  fire  breaks 
out,  which  destroys  much  of  the  city. 
[Gen.  Sherman  and  the  Confederate  gen- 
eral. Wade  Hampton,  recriminate  each 
other  as  to  responsibility  for  the  confla- 
gration,—Hampton  insisting  that  it  is 
an  act  of  deliberate  vandalism  on  the 
part  of  the  Federals  ;  Sherman,  that  it  Is 
owing  to  the  recklessness  of  the  Confed- 
erates in  firing  a  large  amount  of  cotton 
before  they  abandoned  the  place.] 

Owing  to  the  success  of  Gen.  Sherman 
in  the  interior,  the  Confederates  under 
Gen.  Hardee  are  compelled  to  retire 
from  Charleston;  [the  city  is  occupied 
on  the  18th  by  Gen.  Foster,  who  extin- 
guishes a  destructive  conflagration  kin- 
dled by  the  retreating  Confederates.] 
Feb.  19.  N.  C.  Fort  Anderson  is  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals ;  Gens.  Schofield 
and  Terry,  with  Adm.  Porter,  lose  100 
men ;  Confederate  Gen.  Hoke  loses  60 
prisoners.beside  the  killed  and  wounded. 

S.  C.     Charleston   is  placed   under 

martial  law  by  the  Federals. 
Feb.  20.    N.  C.    At  Town  Creek  sev- 
eral slight  engagements  occur.    Federal 
loss,  200  killed ;   Confederate  loss,  363 
prisoners. 
Feb.21.    W.  Va.  At  Cumberland  Gens. 
Crook  and  Kelley  are  captured  in  their 
beds  by  Confederate  guerrillas. 
Feb.  22.    N.  C.     "Wilmington  is  occu- 
pied by  the  Federals,  who  lose  200  killed ; 
Confederate  loss,  1,072  prisoners. 
Feb.  24.    N.  Y.    John  T.   Beall  of  Va., 
a  Confederate  spy,  is  hanged  at  Fort  La- 
fayette. 
Feb.  25.     N.  C.     Gen.  Beauregard,  en- 
feebled by  illness,  is  superseded  in  com- 
mand of  the  Confederate  forces  in  North 
Carolina  by  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 
Feb.  25.-Mar.  26.      Va.     Gen.  Sher- 
idan, with  10,000  cavalry,  makes  a  raid 
through    Waynesboro,    Staunton,    and 
the  country  southward,  until  he  joins 
Grant's  army  before  Petersburg. 
Mar.  1.    Adm.  Dahlgren's  flag-ship,  the 
Hanest  Moon,  is  blown  up  by  a  Confed- 
erate torpedo. 
Mar.  2.     Va.    Near  'Waynesboro  Gen. 
Custer,  commanding  a  division  of  Gen. 
Sheridan's  cavalry,  surprises  and  defeats 
Gen.  Early,  capturing  1.600  prisoners,  11 
guns,    17   battle-flags,    and   200   loaded 


supply  wagons.  Federal  loss,  less  than 
a  dozen  men.  [The  next  day  Sheridan 
enters  Charlottesville.] 

Gen.  Lee  proposes  to  Gen.  Grant  that 
a  meeting  of  tlie  two  commanding  gen- 
erals be  had,  for  an  interchange  of  views 
looking  toward  a  military  convention  to 
arrange  terms  of  peace. 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Tlie  President  orders  Gen 
Grant  to  decline  the  conference  with 
Gen.  Lee. 

S.  C.  At  Cheraw  Gen.  Howard  de- 
feats the  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Hardee  and  Hampton,  who  are  forced 
to  retire  by  Gen.  Sherman's  flank  move- 
ment. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  Feb.  10.  London.  Tlie  gold  medal 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  is 
awarded  to  G.  P.  Bond,  astronomer  of 
Harvard  University. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866  •  • 

Jan.  13.  Brownell,Tlioma8C.,  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Conn.,  author,  A86. 

Jan.  15.  Everett.  Edward,  orator.  Gov.  of 
Mass.,  sen.,  minister  to  Eng.,  pres.  of  Har- 
vard,  sec.  of  state,  A71. 

Harper,  Joseph  M.,  physician,  M.  C.  for 

U.K.,  A77. 

Jan.  16.    Bell,  Louis,  col.  U.  S.  A.,  A29. 

Jan.  21.  Wheelock,  Charles,  brig. -gen.  U.S. 
vols.,  A53. 

Jan.  23.    Bacon,  David  I*.,  phys.,  an.,  A53. 

Feb.  5.    Gilliss,  James  M., astronomer,  A54. 

Feb.  6.  Pegram,  John,  Confed.  niaj.-gen., 
A  33. 

Feb.  17.  Bond,  George  Phillips,  astron- 
omer, A  39. 

Feb.  18.  Conant,  Hannah  O'Brien  Chap- 
lin, editor,  author,  translator,  A63. 

CHURCH. 

1865  Jan.  25.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis 
proclaims  a  public  fast,  to  be  observed 
throughout  the  Confederacy,  on  March 
16. 

LETTERS. 

1865  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  The  library  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washing- 
ton is  burned. 

Feb.  2.  Mrnit.  The  Historical  Society 
is  incorporated. 

Feb.  22.  Ky.  An  agricultural  college 
is  established. 

Feb.  *  Ky.  The  Universities  of  Tran- 
sylvania and  Kentucky  are  consolidated 
by  an  act  of  the  Legislature. 

SOCIETY. 

1865  Jan.  10.  Phila.  A  meeting  is  held 
to  raise  funds  to  send  relief  to  the  suf- 
fering Confederates  at  Savannah. 

Jan.  14.  Keio  York.  Two  vessels  sail 
with  supplies  for  the  suffering  Con- 
federates at  Savannah.  Fmids  were 
raised  at  a  public  meeting  held  on 
Jan.  11. 

Jan.  27.  New  York.  The  Ladies'  Loyal 
League  sends  a  petition,  bearing  100,000 
signatures,  to  Congress,  asking  for  gen- 
eral emancipation. 

Jan.  *  Nev.  The  Free  Masons  Grand 
Lodge  of  Nevada  is  organized. 

Feb.  1.  John  S.  Rock,  a  negro  of  pure 
blood,  is  the  first  of  his  race  to  be  ad- 


UNITED  STATES. 


1865,  Jan.  13 -Mar.  4.    243 


mitted  to   practice   in   the   Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States. 

'  J).  C.    Congress  abolishes  slavery 

as  an  institution  in  the  United  States. 

Feb.  *  JVcH)  York.  The  Union  Ijeague 
Club  is  incorporated. 

Mar.  *  -  Apr.  *  I).  C.  A  conspiracy  is 
formed  to  create  anarchy  by  the  as- 
sassination of  the  chief  officers  of  the 
(iovernraent. 

The  conspirators  are  John  Willses 
Booth,  George  A.  Atzerot,  Dr.  S.  A. 
Mudd,  Lewis  Payne  (Powell),  David 
Herrold,  John  H.  Surratt,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Surratt,  Michael  O'Laughlin,  Samuel 
Arnold,  and  Edward  Spaugler. 

It  is  planned  that  Booth  shall  assassi- 
nate President  Lincoln  ;  Atzerodt,  Vice- 
President  Johnson  ;  Payne,  Secretary  of 
State  Seward ;  O'Laughlin,  Gen.  Grant. 
[Gen.  Grant's  absence  in  Philadelphia 
caused  his  escape  from  attack.] 
Mar.  3.  />.  C.  Congress  passes  the  Freed- 
men's  Bureau  Act ;  the  object  of  the 
measure  is  to  control  all  matters  relat- 
ing to  negroes  and  freedmen.  It  also 
provides  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Naval  and  Military  Asylum  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  which  is  to  be 
maintained  by  the  Government. 


STATE. 
1865    Jan.  17.     Ga.    The  President  ap- 
points James  Johnson  provisional  gov-    Feb.  *    D.  C.    Congress  adopts  a  joint 


they  can  proceed  no  farther.  [They  re- 
consider their  decision  on  the  i2d.] 

Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Mr.  Lincoln  telegraphs 
the  peace  commission  that  he  will 
start  immediately  to  meet  them. 

The  legislatures  of  Khode  Island  and 

Michigan  ratify  the  13th  Amendment. 

Feb.  2,  3.  Va.  President  Lincoln,  ac- 
companied by  Secretary  Seward,  holds  a 
peace  conference  at  Hampton  Roads 
with  three  Confederate  representatives, 
—  Stephens,  H  unter,  and  Campbell. 

Mr.  Lincoln's  conditions  of  peace  — 
the  restoration  of  Federal  authority 
in  all  the  States  ;  the  maintenance  of 
positions  already  taken  on  the  subject 
of  slavery ;  no  suspension  of  military 
operations  till  every  hostile  force  is  dis- 
banded. The  Confederate  commis- 
sioners insist  upon  linal  and  complete 
separation  as  the  only  basis  of  negotia- 
tion.   The  conference  fails. 

Feb.  3.  The  Legislatures  of  New  York, 
Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  West  Virginia  ratify  the  13th 
Amendment.  [Feb.  7,  Maine ;  Feb.  8, 
Kansas  and  Minnesota ;  Feb.  9,  Virginia ; 
Feb.  13,  Indiana ;  Feb.  16,  Nevada ;  Feh. 
21,  Wisconsin  ;  Feb.  24,  Missouri ;  Mar.  9, 
Vermont;  April,  Arkansas ;  May  4,  Con- 
necticut ;  June  30,  New  Hampshire.] 

Feb.  7.  ya.  The  Confederate  Senate 
defeats  the  measure  for  raising  an  army 
of  200,000  negroes. 


ernor. 

Jan.  26±.  Tenn.  A  State  Convention 
held  at  Nashville  passes  a  Constitutional 
Amendment  prohibiting  slavery. 

Jan.  28.  Fa.  Jeflferson  Davis  requests 
Alexander  H.  Stephens  of  Ga.  (Vice- 
Pres.),  R.  M.  T.  Hunter  of  Va.  <Ex-Sec. 
of  State),  and  John  A.  Campbell  of  Ala. 
(Asst.  Sec.  of  War) ,  to  proceed  to  Wash- 
ington as  peace  commissioners,  to 
hold  an  informal  conference  with  Presi- 
dent Lincoln. 

The  Confederate  House  of  Representa^ 
tives  at  Richmond  authorizes  the  enlist- 
ment of  negroes. 

Jan.  29.  Fa.  The  three  Confederate 
peace  commissioners  present  them- 
selves at  the  Union  lines,  near  Rich- 
mond, for  passage  to  Washington. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress.  The  House 
passes  the  resolution  for  the  13th 
Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
aboUahing  slavery,  amid  tumultuous 
applause.  Vote,  119-56,  the  yeas  include 
10  Democratic  votes.  The  resolution  goes 
to  the  Senate.  [Apr.8.  Passes.  Vote,38-6.] 

Feb.  1.  £>.  a  The  three  Confederate 
commissioners  reach  Portress  Mon- 
roe ;  Secretary  Seward  leaves  Wash- 
ington to  meet  them  at  Gen.  Grant's 
headquarters. 

III.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the  Con- 
stitutional Amendment  for  emanci- 
pation—the first  of  the  States  to  do 
so. 

Va.    The  three  Commissioners  recede 

from  their  terms  (complying  with  the 
President's  conditions)  contained  in  a 
note  to  Gen.  Grant,  and  are  notified  that 


rule  directing  that  "  no  electoral  vote 
objected  to  shall  be  counted,  except  by 
the  concurrent  votes  of  the  two  Houses." 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Lincoln  (Rep.), 
213;  McClellan  (Dem.),  21.  Vote  for 
Vice-President :  Andrew  Johnson 
(Rep.)  of  Tenn.,  213;  George  H.  Pen- 
dleton (Dem.)  of  O.,  21.  Necessary  to  a 
choice,  117. 

Congress  receives  a  special  message 
from  President  Lincoln  announcing  that 
he  had  "  signed  the  joint  reconstruc- 
tion resolution  in  deference  to  the  view 
of  Congress,  implied  in  its  passage  and 
presentation." 

Feb.  17.  I).  C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
repudiates  the  Confederate  debt. 

Feb.  18.  S.  C.  The  Federal  flag  is 
again  raised  at  Charleston. 

Feb.  22.  Tenn.  The  new  Constitution 
is  ratified.    Vote,  25,263-48. 

Feb.  23.  Ki/.  The  Legislature  refuses 
to  ratify  the  13th  Amendment. 

Feb.  *  D.  C.  President  Uncoln  an- 
nounces an  addition  to  the  army  of 
150,000  conscripts. 

Feb.*  Fa.  The  Confederate  Congress 
issues  an  address  to  the  Southern  people. 
"  The  Southern  States,  would  be  held 
as  conquered  provinces  by  the  despotic 
Government  at  Washington  .  .  .  kept  in 
subjugation  .  .  .  by  military  power,  .  .  . 
and  socially  degraded  to  the  level  of 
slaves." 

*  *  Fa.  The  Confederate  Congress  pro- 
vides for  the  enlistment  of  slaves  who 
may  volunteer  their  services  in  defense 
of  the  Confederacy. 


Mar.  1.  A^  J.  The  Legislature  rejects 
the  13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution,  making  emancipation  uni- 
versal. 

Mar.  2.  JJ.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Military  Eeconstruction  Act. 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress  authorizes  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  borrow 
$600,000,000  on  bonds,  with  interest 
not  exceeding  6  per  cent.,  payable  In 
coin.    [The  last  war-loan.] 

It  passes  an  act  for  the  establishment 
of  a  Freedmen's  Bureau  —  for  the  re- 
lief and  control  of  refugees,  freedmen, 
and  abandoned  lands. 

It  imposes  a  tax  of  10  per  cent  on  the 
notes  issued  by  State  banks  after  July  1, 
1866 ;  increases  the  rate  of  the  income 
tax  from  6  to  10  per  cent  for  incomes 
over  $5,000,  the  $600  exemption  remain- 
ing as  before. 

The  House  repudiates  all  obligations 
for  the  Confederate  debt. 

In  the  Senate,  Andrew  Johnson,  the 
Vice-President,  takes  the  oath  of  office. 

Mar. 4.  B.C.  The  38th Congress  ends. 

The  16th  Administration  continued. 

Abraham  Lincoln  of  III.,  the  16th 
President,  erters  his  second  term, 
the  20th  of  the  presidency.  Andrew 
Johnson  of  Tenn.  is  Vice-President. 

"  With  malice  towards  none,  with 
charity  for  all,  with  firmness  in  the 
right,  as  God  gives  us  to  see  the  right, 
let  us  strive  on  to  finish  the  work  we 
are  in  ;  to  bind  up  the  nation's  wounds  ; 
to  care  for  him  wno  shall  have  borne  the 
battle,  and  for  his  widow  and  his  or- 
phan ;  to  do  all  which  may  achieve  and 
cherish  a  just  and  a  lasting  peace  among 
ourselves  and  with  all  nations."  (Lin- 
coln's Inaugural  Address.) 

The  President  calls  an  extra  session 
of  the  Senate.    The  Senate  meets. 
U.  S.    The  salaries  of   Congress- 
men become  $5,000  a  year,  besides  20 
cents  a  mile  for  traveling  expenses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Jan.  *  Southern  States.  The  Con- 
federate dollar  is  worth  2i  cents. 

Jan.  *  J^ew  York.  Paper  sells  at  high 
prices  ;  first  class  commercial  note,  55  to 
60  cents  a  pound ;  common,  40  and  46 
cents ;  rag  paper  for  printers,  22  to  25 
cents,  and  straw  paper,  20  and  22  cents ; 
manilla  wrapping  paper,  18  to  20  cents. 

Feb.  4.  Ifev.  A  tunnel  four  miles  long, 
to  afford  drainage  to  the  Comstock  lode 
— 1,600  feet  deep  —  is  undertaken  and  a 
charter  is  issued. 

Feb.  8.  Phila.  A  fire  causes  20  deaths 
and  the  loss  of  $500,000  in  property. 

Feb.  16.  By  permission  of  Confederate 
officials,  cotton  is  allowed  to  be  carried 
to  the  New  York  market  to  buy 
blankets  for  prisoners ;  the  cargoes  of 
the  first  two  vessels  sell  for  $6,000,000. 

Feb.  17.  Fa.  A  Confederate  paper 
dollar  Is  worth  two  cents. 

*  *  Several  States  take  steps  early  in  the 
year  to  extend  the  elective  franchise 
to  negroes ;  they  having  been  excluded 
in  all,  except  Maine,  Vermont,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Massachusetts. 


244     186  5,  Mar.  6.  -  Apr.  8. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1865  Mar.  6.  N.  C.  Gen.  Sherman's 
army  crosses  the  Pedee  River. 

Mar.  8.  N.  C.  At  Kinston  Gens.  Cox 
.111(1  Couch  of  Gen.  Schofieltl's  command 
repulse  the  Confederates  under  Gens. 
Hill  and  Hoke,  with  a  loss  of  2,000.  Fed- 
eral loss,  300. 

Mar.  9.  iV.  C.  At  Kinston  (Wilcox's 
Bridge,  Wise's  Fork),  Gen.  Schofleld  de- 
feats the  Confederate  Gen.  Bragg  ;  Fed- 
erals lose  80  killed,  421  wounded,  and  GOO 
prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  1,500  men. 

Mar.  10.  N.  C.  Near  Jackson's  Mills 
Gen.  Wade  Hampton  surprises  and 
routs  the  Federal  cavalry  under  Gen. 
Kilpatrick. 

The  latter  narrowly  escapes  capture, 
and  loses  1,500  prisoners  and  several 
guns  ;  Kilpatrick  rallies  tlie  remnant  of 
his  coMimand,  defeats  the  Confederates, 
and  recaptures  the  lost  guns. 

Near  Goldsboro  Gen.  Cox  repulses  an 
attack  of  Confederates  under  Gen.  Hoke ; 
Federal  loss,  300 ;  Confederate,  1,503. 

Va.  Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry  ar- 
rives at  Columbia. 

Mar.  11.  JV.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  takes 
possession  of  FayetteviUe  [and  de- 
stroys the  Confederate  arsenal  and  valu- 
able military  stores]. 

Mar.  15.  X.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  leaves 
FayetteviUe,  and  crosses  the  Cape  Fear 
Kiver  for  Goldsboro. 

Mar.  15.-Apr.  13.  Tenn.  Gen.  Stone- 
man  makes  a  briUiant  raid  from  Knox- 
viUe  into  North  Carolina  and  Virginia, 
where  he  operates  for  several  weeks ; 
Confederate  stores  are  captured,  rail- 
roads are  torn  up,  and  bridges  burned. 
The  Federal  loss  is  small,  while  the  Con- 
federates lose  300  killed  and  wounded, 
besides  2,000  prisoners  and  14  guns. 

Mar.  16.  y.  C.  At  Averysboro'  Gen. 
Slocum  defeats  and  pursues  20,000  Con- 
federates under  Gen.  Hardee  ;  Federal 
loss,  77  killed  and  477  wounded ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  327  killed,  and  373  wounded 
or  prisoners. 

Mar.  19.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan's  army 
reaches  White  House,  near  Gen.  Meade's 
lines. 

Mar.  19-21.  A^  C.  Battle  of  Benton- 
ville;  Gen.  Slocum's  division  of  Sher- 
man's army  is  suddenly  attacked  by  Gen. 
Johnston,  and  the  safety  of  the  entire 
army  is  imperiled. 

The  Confederates  m.ake  six  desperate 
assaults,  and  then  withdraw ;  Federal 
loss,  191  killed,  1,1G8  wounded,  and  287 
prisoners ;  Confederate  loss,  2,825. 

Mar.  21.  N.  C.  Gen.  Slocum  occupies 
Goldsboro. 

Mar.  22.-Apr.  24.  Tenn.  Gen.  Wil- 
son with  13,000  men,  chiefly  mounted, 
and  six  batteries,  makes  a  raid  to 
assist  in  the  capture  of  Mobile  and  to 
destroy  Confederate  stores ;  he  is  pro- 
Tided  with  a  supply  train  of  250  light 
wagons,  and  a  pontoon  train  of  30  boats, 
conveyed  on  56  wagons. 

Federal  loss,  99  killed,  598  wounded, 
and  28  prisoners  ;  Confederate  loss,  1,200 


killed  and  wounded,  6,820  prisoners,  288 
guns  ;  Wilson  paroles  59.878  other  pris- 
oners. 

Mar.  22.  Tenn.  '  Gen.  Thomas  sends 
Gen.  Stoneman's  force  towards  Lynch- 
burg, Va.,  to  head  off  the  expected 
retreat  of  Gen.  Lee. 

Mar.  23.  N.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  arrives  at 
Goldsboro  where  he  joins  the  armies  of 
Gens.  Schofleld  and  Terry.  The  united 
armies  number  900,000  men. 

Mar.  24.  Va.  Gen.  Grant  issues  an 
order  for  a  grand  advance  of  the  army 
to  the  left,  to  prevent  the  escape  of  Gen. 
Lee  ;  total  force,  124,700,  including 
13,000  cavalry ;  Gen.  Lee's  force  is  57,- 
000,  including  6,000  cavalry. 

Mar.  25.  Va.  Fort  Steadman,  near 
Petersburg,  is  assaulted  by  Gen.  Lee, 
and  a  gap  is  made  in  the  Federal  lines. 
Gen.  Gordon  surprises  and  captures 
the  fort  in  the  early  morning  with  little 
resistance.  It  is  soon  recovered  by  the 
Federals,  who  also  advance  their  line. 
Federal  loss,  68  killed,  337  wounded,  608 
missing ;  Confederate  loss,  2,681. 

Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry,  after  raid- 
ing the  Confederate  communications, 
arrives  from  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  at 
City  Point,  to  join  Gen.  Grant. 

Ala.    At  Pino  Barren  Creek  Gen. 

Steele  defeats  800  Confederate  cavalry 
under  Gen.  Clanton,  who  loses  200  men, 
killed  and  wounded,  besides  275  prison- 
ers. 

N.y.  At  Fort  Lafayette  B.  C.  Ken- 
nedy is  hanged  as  a  Confederate  spy ; 
he  was  concerned  in  the  attempt  to  burn 
New  York  City. 

Mar.  25-Apr.  9.  jila.  Gen.  Canby 
besieges  Mobile.  Federal  loss,  100 
killed,  695  wounded ;  Confederate  loss, 
552  killed  and  wounded,  besides  30  guns. 

(Mar.  27.)  Gen.  Canby  invests  Spanish 
Fort  and  Fort  Blakely,  which  protect 
the  city  of  Mobile.    (See  Apr.  8.) 

Spanish  Fort  is  attacked  by  the  Fed- 
eral land  force,  30,000  strong,  under 
Gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  and  the  navy  under 
Adm.  Thatcher. 

At  Mitchell's  Fork  Gen.  Steele  defeats 
800  Confederates. 

(Mar.  28.)  In  Mobile  Bay,  the  Confeder- 
ates blow  up  and  sink  the  monitor 
Milwaukee,  before  Fort  Blakely. 

(Mar.  29.)  The  monitor  Osage  is  blown 
up  by  a  Confederate  torpedo. 

Mar.  28.  N.  C.  Gen.  Stoneman,  on  a 
cavalry  raid,  captures  Boone. 

Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  drives  Gen.  Bush- 
rod  Johnson  from  the  Quaker  Road, 
each  army  losing  about  500  men. 

Mar.  29.  Ala.  Gen.  Steele,  with  a  divis- 
ion of  Gen.  Canby's  army,  arrives  be- 
fore Fort  Blakely,  near  Mobile,  after 
capturing  Canton,  with  275  Confeder- 
ates.   [Other  forces  soon  arrive.] 

Va.      Gen.     Sheridan's     cavalry 

reaches  Dinwiddie  Cou:t-House.  A 
heavy  storm  of  rain  comes  on  in  the 
night  [and  continues  24  hours]. 

Mar.  30.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan's  cavalry 
advances  to  Five  Forks. 


Mar.  31.  Ala.  At  Monte vallo  Gen. 
Wilson's  cavalry  destroys  furnaces  and 
collieries. 

-.V.  C.     Gen.  Sherman    returns    to 

Goldsboro  after  visiting  Gen.  Grant  at 
City  Point,  Va. 

Va.    Gen.  Sheridan  is  forced  back 

from  Five  Forks  to  Dinwiddie  Court- 
House  by  Pickett's  infantry  (7000),  united 
with  the  Confederate  cavalry ;  Gen. 
Pickett  returns  to  Five  Forks. 

Battle  of  Boydton  and  White  Oak 
Hoads.  Gen.  Lee  attacks  Gen.  Ayres' 
division  of  Gen.  Warren's  advance, 
drives  it  back  on  the  main  line  at  Grav- 
elly Run,  and  then  is  himself  driven 
back  to  his  entrenchments  ;  Federal  loss, 
177  killed,  1,134  wounded,  and  .0.56  pris- 
oners ;  Confederate  loss,  1,235  men. 
About  500  soldiers  perish  in  the  burn- 
ing of  the  transport  General  Lyon,  off 
Cape  Hatteras. 
Apr.  1.  Va.  Gen.  Sheridan  appears  in 
Gen.  Lee's  front,  at  Dinwiddie  Court- 
House  ;  Sheridan  is  reenforced  by  Gen. 
Warren's  corps. 

Battle  of  Five  Forks.  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan, assisted  by  Gens.  Warren,  Ayres, 
and  Merritt,  turns  the  front  of  the  Con- 
federates, under  Gen.  Pickett,  driving 
them  out  of  their  entrenchments,  and 
pressing  their  disorderly  flight. 

Federal  loss,  124  killed,  706  wounded, 
and  54  prisoners :  Confederate  loss, 
8,500,  including  6,000  prisoners  and  their 
artillery. 

Gen.  Sheridan  relieves  Gen.  Warren 
of  command,  and  appoints  Gen.  Griflin 
his  successor.  [Twelve  years  later  a 
court  of  inquiry  decides  that  Gen.  War- 
ren did  his  whole  duty.] 
Ala.  The  Itodolph  is  sunk  by  the  Con- 
federates before  Fort  Blakely. 
Apr.  2.  Va.  At  Petersburg  Gen. 
Wright  assaults  and  captures  the  Con- 
ferate  main  works  in  his  front,  where  in 
15  minutes  he  loses  1,100  men  ;  he  then 
sweeps  out  the  batteries  at  Hatcher's 
Run,  capturing  3,000  prisoners. 

Gen.  Parke  assaults  and  captures  the 
Confederate  outer  lines,  but  is  driven 
back  from  the  strong  interior  lines  by 
Gen.  Gordon. 

Gen.  Humphreys,  with  Gen.  Hay's  di- 
vision, attacks  and  captures  the  Confed- 
erate redoubt  at  Crow's  Nest. 

Gens.  R.  S.  Foster  and  J.  W.Turner  of 
Gen.  Gibbon's  corps  capture  Forts  Gregg 
and  Witworth  west  of  Petersburg.  The 
Confederate  Iijeut.-Gen.  A.  P.  Hill  is 
killed. 

Eichmond  is  abandoned  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Confederacy  about  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 

At  Richmond  the  Confederates  blow 
up  their  forts  and  iron-clads,  prepara- 
tory to  the  evacuation  of  the  city. 

Bichmond  is  evacuated  in  the  night 
by  Gen.  Lee ;  he  retreats  in  a  south- 
westerly direction,  hoping  to  unite  his 
forces  with  those  of  Gen.  Johnston  in 
North  Carolina;  Gen.  Grant  iirepares 
for  the  great  struggle  of  the  next  day. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1865,  Mar.  6-Apr.  8.  245 


—  Ala.  At  Ebenezer  Church,  on  Big 
Mulberry  Creek,  Gen.  Wilson  defeats 
Gen.  Forrest,  who  loses  300  prisoners 
and  three  guns. 

Gen.  Wilson  captures  Selma;  Col. 
Uoddey  and  3,000  men  are  made  prison- 
ers ;  the  surrender  includes  a  large 
amount  of  war  material  stored  in  the 
town. 

Apr.  3.    Va.    Fall  of  Petersburg ;  Gen. 

Grant's  vigorous  assault  causes  the  evac- 
uation of  the  city ;  Gen.  Lee  notifies 
Jeflferson  Davis  that  Petersburg  and 
Kichmond  must  be  abandoned. 

Federal  loss,  296  killed,  2,596  wounded, 
and  500  prisoners ;  Confederate  loss, 
about  3,000. 

The  flight  of  the  Confederate  army 
from  Richmond  and  its  pursuit  both 
begin  about  the  same  time  ;  Gen.  Lee 
pushes  toward  Amelia  Court-House ; 
fighting  occurs  between  cavalry  forces. 

Richmond  is  occupied  by  Federal 
Gen.  Weitzel's  command  (colored  troops) 
at  8.15  A.M.  It  finds  a  formidable  con- 
flagration in  the  city,  started  by  the  re- 
treating Confederates.  Grant's  losses  in 
two  days,  8,000  ;  Lee's  losses,  9,000. 
Apr.  4.  Va.  At  Kichmond  President 
liincoln  receives  army  officers  in  the 
late  residence  of  Jefferson  Davis. 

Gen.  Sheridan  gets  his  cavalry  into 
position  eight  miles  southwest  of  Ame- 
lia Court-House,  where  Gen.  Lee's 
army  is  resting,  and  there  entrenches ; 
The  Confederates  are  obliged  to  forage 
for  food,  and  thereby  lose  the  day. 

Apr.  5.  Va.  Gen.  Lee  turns  his  flee- 
ing army  westvirard  to  reach  Lynch- 
burg ;  he  is  pursued  and  harassed  by 
Gens.  Sheridan  and  Meade. 

Gen.  Grant  orders  Gen.  Sheridan  to 
attack  Gen.  Lee  at  Amelia  Court- 
House. 

Apr.  6.  Va.  A  series  of  obstinate  battles 
take  place.  Gen.  Humphreys  drives  Gen. 
Gordon  down  the  creek,  and  captures 
1,700  men  of  Gen.  Lee's  army,  and  a 
large  part  of  his  main  trains. 

Gen.  Lee's  retreating  army  is  con- 
fronted by  the  Federals,  and  tights  the 
battle  of  Sailor's  Creek  with  persistent 
courage  ;  infantry,  artillery,  and  cavalry 
are  all  engaged  in  a  severe  action  ;  Gen. 
Ewoll's  corps  of  7,000  men  surrenders  to 
Gen.  Sheridan. 

Federal  loss,  160  killed  and  1,014 
wounded  ;  Confederate  loss  is  not  re- 
ported ;  7,700  prisoners  and  14  guns  are 
taken. 

At  High  Bridge,  on  the  Appomattox 
River,  Federals  lose  10  killed,  31 
wounded,  and  1,000  prisoners. 

Gen.  Grant  is  unable  to  bring  on  a  de- 
cisive battle ;  at  night  Gen.  Lee  re- 
sumes his  retreat  westward. 

Apr.  7.  Va.  At  FarmvilletheConfed- 
|^-  erates  gain  a  slight  success,  Gen. 
^^  Miles's  cavalry  division  being  repulsed 
^M  by  Gens.  Rosser  and  T.  T.  Munford ;  all 
^^Bthe  Federal  officers  are  killed,  and  the 


At  Wytheville  Gen.  Stoneman'a 
cavalry  destroys  a  large  quantity  of 
Confederate  stores,  after  rendering  use- 
less 90  miles  of  railroad  west  of  Lynch- 
burg. 

Gen.  Grant  sends  a  aummons  to  Gen. 
Lee  to  prevent  further  effusion  of  blood 
by  surrendering  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia. 

Gen.  Lee  wishes  1;o  know  on  what 
conditions  the  surrender  of  his  army 
will  be  received. 

The  remnant  of  Gen.  Lee's  army 
steals  away  in  the  night.  [The  2d  and 
6th  corps  pursue  it  all  the  next  day.] 
Apr.  8.  Ala.  Spanish  Fort,  defending 
Mobile,  is  assaulted  by  the  Federals,  and 
part  of  the  entrenchments  are  carried 
by  Gen.  Canby;  350  prisoners  are  taken. 
[The  Confederates  escape  at  night,  but 
lose  600  prisoners.] 

Fort  Blakely,  near  Mobile,  is  taken 
by  assault,  after  bombardment  by  Gen. 
Canby  and  Adm.  Thatcher ;  Federal  loss, 
113  killed  and  516  wounded  ;  the  Confed- 
erates under  Gen.  Taylor  lose  500  men, 
besides  300  prisoners.    (See  Mar.  25.) 

N',    y.    The  Government  discharges 

the  last  of  the  political  prisoners  con- 
fined at  Fort  Lafayette. 

Va.    At  Appomattox  Station  Gen. 

Sheridan  succeeds  in  thrusting  into 
Gen.  Lee's  front  Gen.  George  A.  Cus- 
ter's cavalry  near  night ;  it  captures  four 
provision  trains,  and  drives  the  Confed- 
erates towards  the  Court-House. 

Gen.  Lee  sends  a  second  letter  to  Gen. 
Grant  proposing  negotiations  for 
peace,  but  denying  a  purpose  to  surren- 
der. 

At  Richmond  a  review  of  Federal 
troops  is  held. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  Mar.  *  Pa.  The  first  sheet  zinc 
manufactured  in  America  is  made  at 
Bethlehem. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1865. 
Mar.  18.    Crosby,  William  B.,  merchant, 

philanthropist,  N.  Y.  Citv,  A80. 
Mar.  ao.    Phillips,  Wm.  Wirt,  I'res.  cl.,  A68. 
Mar.  33.    Hamline,  Leonidas  Lent,  M.  E. 

bishop,  editor,  A68. 
Apr.  1.    Winthrop,  F.,  brlg.-gen.  U.S.  vols., 

killed  at  Five  Forks,  A25. 
Apr.  2.     Wilder,  Samson  V.  S.,  merchant, 

philanthroj)i8t,  A  85. 
Apr.  3.     Hyde,  Lavitis,  Cong,  cl.,  an.,  A76. 
Apr.  5.    Rarnum,    Zenas,    first    president 

Am.  Telegraph  Co.,  A55. 
I>el>ancey,  Wm.  Heathcote,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  Western  N.  Y.,  A68. 
Apr.  7.    Miles,  Pliny,  postal  reformer,  A47. 


CHURCH. 

1865  Apr.  5,  6.  New  York.  The  Na- 
tional Conference  of  the  Unitaiian 
and  other  churches  meets. 

•  *  The  Home  Convention  and  Missionary 
Union  turns  over  all  its  mission  work  in 
the  Indian  Territory  to  the  American 
Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society. 

•  *  Jonathan  Weaver  is  first  elected  bishop 
of  the  United  Brethren. 


SOCIETy. 

1865  Mar.  25.  N.  J.  A  home  for  sol- 
diers* children  at  Trenton  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

STATE. 

1865  Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Hugh  McCul- 
loch  of  Ind.  is  appointed  secretary  of 
the  Treasury. 

Mar.  11.  n.  C.  The  special  session  of 
the  Senate  closes. 

Mar.  13.  Fa.  Jefferson  Davis  issues 
his  last  message  to  the  Confederate 
Congress. 

Mar.  17.  Mo.  The  officer  and  judges 
of  the  Suprem^  Court  and  of  all  circuit 
courts  of  the  State  are  required  to  vacate 
on  May  1  by  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion. 

Mar.  18.  Va.  The  [last]  Confederate 
Congress  at  Richmond  adjourns  sine 
die. 

Apr.  1.  CT.S.  The  high-tariff  law  be- 
comes operative. 

Apr.  2.  Va.  The  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment leaves  Richmond  in  haste, 
on  the  approach  of  the  Federal  army. 

Apr.  5.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  votes  to 
ratify  the  13th  Amendment,  forbid- 
ding slavery. 

N.  C.    On  reaching  Danville,  in  his 

flight  southward  from  Richmond,  Jef- 
ferson Davis  issues  an  address  to  the 
people  of  the  Confederacy,  urging  fur- 
ther sacrifices  and  a  continuance  of 
hostilities. 

Apr.  7.  />.  C.  Correspondence  begins 
with  the  British  Government  respecting 
American  claims  for  damages  caused 
by  the  Confederate  privateers.  [It 
terminates  in  a  proposal  for  settlement 
by  arbitration.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Mar.  15.  Pa.  The  "Credit 
Mobilier  of  America"  is  incorpo- 
rated. [It  assumes  a  contract  to  build 
100  miles  of  the  Union  Pacific  Bail- 
road,  west  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  the 
original  contractor  having  failed.] 

Mar.  31.  The  steam-transport  General 
Lyon  burns  off  Cape  Hatteras ;  a  great 
number  of  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  1.  Southern  States.  The  Confed- 
erate dollar  is  worth  IJ  cents. 

Xeia  York.    Price  of  middling  upland 

cotton  is  45  to  48  cents  ;  the  value  of  a 
gold  dollar  is  154  cents. 

Apr.  *  Va.  The  great  seal  of  the  Con- 
federacy arrives  at  Richmond. 

Apr.  2.  Va.  A  fire  in  Richmond  on  the 
evacuation  of  the  Confederate  army 
burns  the  business  part  of  the  city. 

Jefferson  Davis,  while  at  church,  is 
summoned  by  Gen.  Lee  to  fiee  from  Rich- 
mond. 

A  Richmond  paper  quotes  flour,  $900 
to  $1,000  a  barrel;  corn,  $100  a  bushel, 
butter,  $20  a  pound. 

Apr.  4,  Va.  President  Lincoln  visits 
Richmond.    (See  Army  and  Navy.) 


246    1865,  Apr.  8- June  10. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1865  Apr.  8,  9.  Va.  The  struggle  is  re- 
newed at  Appomattox  Court  House, 
or  Clover  Hill,  by  Gen.  Sheridan.  Fed- 
eral loss,  very  slight ;  Confederate  loss, 
500  killed  and  wounded. 
Apr.  9.  Va.  Gen.  Iiee's  cavalry  ad- 
vances against  that  of  Gen.  Sheridan, 
and  finds  Gens.  Ord  and  Griffin 
massed  in  its  front,  they  having  marched 
30  miles  to  get  there ;  Gen.  Lee  orders 
hostilities  to  cease. 

Gen.  Lee  proposes  the  sxirrender  of 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  to  Gen. 
Grant.  Hostilities  are  suspended  for 
two  hours ;  Gen,  Graqt  receives  Gen. 
Lee's  proposal  at  10.50  a.m.,  and  he  sug- 
gests an  interview  as  soon  as  they  can 
meet. 

At  two  o'clock  (Palm  Sunday),  Gen. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  and  Gen.  Robert 
S.  Lee,  attended  by  staff-officers,  meet 
at  Appomattox  Court  House,  and  a 
formal  surrender  is  made  of  the  Army 
of  Northern  Virginia,  consisting  of  28,231 
men,  who  are  all  paroled. 

Terms :  officers  are  to  give  their  in- 
dividual paroles  not  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  United  States  until  prop- 
erly exchanged ;  they  are  to  retain 
their  side-arms,  private  horses,  and  bag- 
gage. Confederate  soldiers  are  to  keep 
their  horses  ;  **  You  will  need  them  for 
your  spring  plowing." 

Prisoners  taken  before  the  surrender, 
since  March  29th,  aggregate  19,133 ;  guns 
captured,  689,  Including  those  at  Appo- 
mattox. 

V.  C.    The  Secretary  of  War  orders 

that  a  salute  be  fired  at  "West  Point, 
and  at  each  post,  arsenal,  department, 
and  army  headquarters,  as  a  manifesta- 
tion of  joy  for  the  surrender  of  Gen. 
Lee's  army. 

N.  C.    At  Salisbury  Gen.  Stoneman's 

cavalry  defeats  Gens.  Pemberton  and 
Gardiner,  and  captures  Gen.  Lee's  enor- 
mous supply  of  reserve  stores.  [Gen. 
Stoneman  returns  to  Tennessee.] 

Apr.  10.  ^V.  C.  Gen.  Sherman  begins 
his  advance  in  cooperation  with  Gen. 
Grant. 

Apr.  11.  Ala.  Forts  Huger  and  Tracy 
are  taken  by  the  Federal  navy,  opening 
the  way  for  the  possession  of  Mobile. 

Apr.  12.  Ala.  Mobile,  having  been 
evacuated  by  Confederate  troops,  sur- 
renders to  8,000  troops  under  Gen. 
Granger. 

Near  Wetumpka,  on  the  Coosa, 
Gen.  Wilson  destroys  five  heavily  laden 
steamboats. 

Montgomery  is  surrendered  to  Gen, 
Wilson  by  Gen.  Wirt  Adams,  who  fires 
90,000  bales  of  cotton,  and  flees  ;  Confed- 
erate loss,  2,700  prisoners  and  100  guns. 

If.  C.  Jefferson  Davis  holds  a  coun- 
cil of  war  with  Gens.  Johnston  and 
Beauregard  at  Greensboro ;  the  cabi- 
net are  also  present ;  Gen.  Breckinridge 
brings  the  first  official  intelligence  of  the 
sorrender  of  Gen.  Lee. 


At  Glint's  Creek  the  Federal  Gen. 
Stoneman  captures  1,800  prisoners  and 
14  guns,  and  occupies  Salisbury  (Stone- 
man's  raid). 

Kaleigh  is  occupied  by  Federal  troops 
under  Gen.  Sherman  after  a  slight  skir- 
mish. 

U.S.    Hecniiting  is  stopped. 

Apr.  14.  Ala.  Confederate  torpedoes 
blow  up  four  Federal  vessels  in  Mobile 
Bay. 

N.  C.  Jefferson  Davis  and  his  cabi- 
net leave  Greensboro,  going  southward 
by  extemporized  conveyances. 

S.  C.    The  Federal  flag  is  restored  on 

Fort  Sumter. 

Apr.  16.  Ga.  The  Federals  under  Gen. 
Wilson  capture  Columbus,  with  1,200 
prisoners  and  52  guns  ;  they  burn  115,000 
bales  of  cotton,  destroy  15  locomotives 
and  250  cars,  four  cotton-factories,  three 
paper-mills,  an  arsenal,  manufactories, 
and  foundries  ;  the  Confederates  burn 
the  gunboat  Chattahoochee. 

Apr.  17.  2f,  C.  Gen.  Johnston  by  flag 
of  truce  inquires  of  Gen.  Sherman  what 
terms  will  be  granted  if  he  surrenders. 

Apr.  18.  -.V.  C.  At  Durham  Station 
Gen.  Sherman  accepts  the  surrender 
of  Gen.  Johnston's  army,  provided  the 
Government  shall  approve  the  terms 
given. 

Johnston  asks  that  all  persons  engaged 
in  the  rebellion  shall  at  once  be  restored 
to  every  right  and  privilege,  social  and 
political,  which  they  had  previously  en- 
joyed, and  be  exempt  from  liability  to 
punishment ;  the  terms  are  accepted. 

Jefferson  Davis's  party  arrives  at 

Charlotte. 

Apr.  21.  Ga.  Macon  is  surrendered  to 
Gen,  Wilson. 

Z>,  C.    The  Government  disavows  the 

terms  offered  by  Gen.  Sherman  to  Gen. 
Johnston. 

Apr.  24.  K.  C.  Gen.  Grant  meets  Gen. 
Sherman  at  Kaleigh. 

La.     The  Confederate  ram  Webb,  with 

a  valuable  cargo,  is  captured  below  New 
Orleans,  while  attempting  to  escape  to 
sea. 

Apr.  26.  N.  C.  Near  Durham  Station 
Gen.  Johnston  surrenders  his  army 
(29,924  men  and  108  guns)  to  Gen.  Sher- 
man, on  the  same  terms  as  those  ac- 
cepted by  Gen.  Lee. 

Jefferson  Davis  and  his  party  leave 
Charlotte,  moving  southward,  accompa- 
nied by  about  2,000  horsemen.  [The 
number  is  soon  diminished  to  a  hand- 
ful.] 

Gen.  Kirby  Smith  in  the  southwest 

issues  a  proclamation  declaring  that  he 
is  able  to  continue  the  war. 

May  1.  The  aggregate  armies  of  the 
United  States  number  1,034,064  men. 

Ky.     Gen.  Morfcan's  old  command, 

1,200  strong,  surrenders  atMt.  Stirling. 

May  4,  Ala.  At  Citronelle,  near  Mobile, 
Com.  F.  Farrand  surrenders  the  Confed- 
erate fleet  of  12  vessels  to  Com.  Simpson ; 


liieut.-Gen.  Kichard  Taylor,  the  sen- 
ior Confederate  officer  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippif  capitulates  to  Gen.  Canby. 

Fla.     At    Tallahassee   Gen.  Sam 

Jones  surrenders  his  force  of  8,000  men 
to  Gen.  McCook. 

May  9.  Ga.  At  Irwin ville  Jefferson 
Davis  decides  to  abandon  the  attempt  to 
reach  the  trans-Mississippi  country,  and 
turns  to  escape  by  the  Florida  coast. 

May  10.  X».  C.  President  Johnson 
proclaims  that  armed  insurrection 
is  at  an  end  in  the  Southwestern  States. 

Ga.    A  part  of  Gen.  Wilson's  cavalry, 

under  Lieut. -Cols.  Henry  Harnden  and 
Pritchard,  captures  Jefferson  Davis, 
encamped  at  Irwinville,  while  endeav- 
oring to  escape  from  the  country ;  he 
is  accompanied  by  his  wife,  mother,  and 
others.  [He  is  taken  to  Fortress  Monroe.] 

May  11.  Ark.  At  Chalk  Bluff  Gen, 
Jeff.  Thompson  surrenders  7,454  meo 
to  the  Federals. 

May  13.  Tex.  Near  Palo  Pinto  Con- 
federates under  Col.  Slaughter  defeat 
Col.  Barrett  in  the  last  fight  of  the  war. 
Federal  loss,  70  men. 

May  18.  Z>.  C.  The  Adjutant-General 
issues  orders  for  a  grand  review  of  the 
armies  of  Gens.  Sherman  and  Meade, 
by  the  President  and  his  cabinet. 

May  20.  TV.  I.  The  Confederate  ram 
Stonewall  is  surrendered  by  her  officers 
to  Cuban  authorities. 

May  23.  I>.  C.  The  grand  review  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  takes  place  at 
Washington ;  President  Johnson  and 
his  cabinet  review  199  regiments  in  line. 

May  24.  Z>.  C.  The  President  and  his 
cabinet  review  the  Army  of  Tennes- 
see and  Georgia. 

May  26.  Lieut.-Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith 
surrenders  the  Confederate  trans-Mis- 
sissippi army ;  it  numbers  20,000  men, 
with  150  guns. 

May  31.  Afiss.  Gen.  Hood  surren- 
ders his  command  to  Gen.  John  W. 
Davidson  at  Natchez,  This  is  the  laat 
army  of  the  Confederacy. 

*  *  Total  number  of  Federal  troops 
engaged  in  the  war,  2,772,408. 

*  *  Caaualties  of  the  War,  as  reported 
at  the  Adjutant-General's  office  : 

Deaths :  on  the  battle-field,  67,058 ; 
from  wounds,  43,012 ;  from  disease,  199,- 
720;  miscellaneous  causes  (accident, 
starvation,  murder,  etc  ),  40,154.  Total, 
349,944. 

*  *  Prisoners  taken  during  the  war  by  Con- 
federates, 212,608;  desertions,  199,106. 
(Complete  statistics  of  Confederate 
losses  are  not  attainable.) 

*  *  Estimated  expenses  of  the  war  to 
the  Federal  States  and  national  Govern- 
ment, $6,165,237,000;  total  North  and 
South,  $8,165,237,000.    (David  A.  Wells.) 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Navy  comprises  671  ves- 
sels of  all  classes :  aggregate  tonnage, 
510,396;  armament,  4,610  guns. 

June  5.  Tex.  Galveston  is  surrendered 
to  the  Federals  ;  it  is  the  last  seaport 
held  by  the  Confederates. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1865,  Apr.  8-June  10.     247 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1866. 

Apr.  9.  Potts,  Stacy  O.,  politician,  N.  J., 
lawyer,  author,  A65. 

Apr.  H.  Aaron,  Samuel,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, teacher,  author,  AW. 

Apr.  15.  Lincoln,  Abraham,  capt.  in 
Black  Hawk  war,  advocate  of  freedom, 
M.  C.  for  III.,  Ist  Kep.  and  Itith  Pres.  of 
U.  S.,  emancipator,  A.'i6.     (See  Society.) 

Apr.  33.  MclCean,  William  W.,  com.  U.  S. 
N.,  A65. 

Apr.  33.     Creighton,  William,  P.  E.  cl.,  A72. 

Gibson,  Charles  B.,  Confed.  surgeon- 
gen.,  writer,  Ai9. 

Apr.  36.  Mott,  Valentine,  surgeon,  of 
N.  Y.,  A80. 

Booth,  John  Wilkes,  actor,  assassin  of 

President  Lincoln,  A26. 

Apr.  28.  Latta,  Alexander  B.,  inventor 
steam  fire-engine,  A44. 

May  8.  Reynolds,  John,  Gov.  of  111.,  jour- 
nalist, author,  A76. 

May  13.  Willard,  Joseph,  antiquarian,  au- 
thor, A  67. 

May  36.  McMnrtrie,  Henry,  educator,  Pa., 
A72. 

May  30.  Krauth,  Chas.  P.,  pres.  Lutheran 
college,  Pa.,  A70. 

June  10.  Sigourney,  Lydia  Huntley,  au- 
thor, poet,  A74. 


CHURCH. 

1865  May  15.  S.  C.  The  South  Caro- 
lina Conference  (African  Methodist 
Episcopal)  is  organized. 

June  1.  A  national  fast  is  observed,  in 
recognition  of  the  great  bereavement  in 
the  death  of  President  Lincoln. 

Tenn.     The   Holston   Conference 

(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized  at 
Athens. 

SOCIETY. 

1865  Apr,  0.4-  XTniversal  joy,  mingled 
with  strong  sympathy  for  the  South, 
abounds  in  the  North  because  of  Gen. 
Lee's  surrender ;  the  nation  approves  of 
Gen.  Grant's  clemency. 

Apr.  14.  I).  C.  Booth  enters  the  Presi- 
dent's box  at  Ford's  Theatre,  shoots 
Mr.  Xjincoln  in  the  back  of  the  head, 
wounds  Maj.  Rathbone  with  a  dagger, 
leaps  to  the  stage,  and  escapes  on  a 
horse  held  in  waiting  by  one  of  his  ac- 
complices. 

Payne,  in  the  guise  of  a  physician's 
messenger,  gains  access  to  the  Seward 
mansion,  wounds  Frederick  Seward, 
whom  he  meets  in  the  hall,  stabs  Secre- 
tary Seward  many  times,  is  overpowered 
by  several  men,  yet  escapes  on  his  horse. 

Apr,  15.  Md.  Booth  and  Herrold  arrive 
at  Dr,  Samuel  Mudd's  house,  near 
Bryantown,  30  miles  from  Washington. 

D,  C.    Abraham  Lincoln   remains 

Tinconscious  till  his  death,  at  7.30  a.m. 

The  military  order  of  the  Iioyal  Iie- 

gion  is  organized  as  a  non-political  and 
non-sectarian  association. 

S.  C.    At  Charleston  'Gen.  Saxton 

calls  a  mass  meeting,  and  "William 
Lloyd  Garrison,  the  abolitionist, 
makes  an  address. 

Apr,  *  U.  S.  The  assassination  of  the 
President  enshrouds  the  country  in  a 
gloom  like  thick  darkness. 

Apr.  17.  Va.  Samuel  Arnold  is  ar- 
rested at  Fortress  Monroe ;  Payne  is 
arrested  at  the  Surratt  home  in  "Wash- 
ington. 

Apr.  19.  D,  C.  Most  impressive  fu- 
neral services  of  the  Great  Emanci- 


pator, Abraham  Lincoln,  are  held  at 
Washington  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capi- 
tol. 

The  War  Department  offers  a  reward 
of  $50,000  for  the  arrest  of  Atzerodt 
and  Herrold. 

Apr.  20.  Md.  Atzerodt  is  arrested  in 
Montgomery  County. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C,  The  body  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  is  taken  away  for  Springfield, 
111.  [The  obsequies  are  continued  at 
Baltimore,  Harrisburg,  Philadelphia, 
New  York,  Albany,  Buffalo,  Cleveland, 
Columbus,  Indianapolis,  and  Chicago.] 

Apr.  22.  The  22,000  Confederate  pris- 
oners at  Point  Lookout  give  expression 
to  their  sorrow  at  the  assassination  of 
Mr.  Lincoln,  and  their  abhorrence  of 
the  act. 

Apr.  25.  New  York.  The  most  impos- 
ing ceremonies  ever  witnessed  in  New 
York  attend  the  remains  of  President 
Lincoln ;  60,000  people  march  in 
procession. 

Apr.  26.  Va.  Booth,  the  assassin,  is 
found  in  a  barn  near  Bowling  Green, 
Va.,  and  refuses  to  surrender;  he  is 
finally  shot  by  Sergt.  Boston  Corbett ; 
Herrold,  his  companion,  surrenders. 

May  4.  III.  The  remains  of  Abraham 
Lincoln  are  interred  in  Oak  Ridge 
Cemetery  at  Springfield,  after  an  oration 
by  Bishop  Matthew  Simpson. 

May  11.  Z).  C.  By  executive  order,  the 
trial  of  the  assassins  begins  before  a 
military  commission. 

Members  :  Maj  .-Gen.  David  Hunter, 
president;  Maj.-Gen.  Lewis  Wallace, 
brev.  Mai.-Gen.  A.  V.  Kautz,  Brig.- 
Gens.  A.  P.  Howe,  R.  S.  Foster,  T.  M. 
Harris,  brev.  Brig.-Gen.  J.  A.  Elkin, 
brev.  Col.  C.  H.  Tompkins,  Lieut.-Col. 
D.  R.  Clendennin.  Brig.-Gen.  Joseph 
Holt  is  Judge  Advocate. 

May  19.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  and  his 
associates,  guarded  by  an  escort,  arrive 
at  Fortress  Monroe. 

May  *  Chicago.  The  Sanitary  Com- 
mission Fair  raises  $250,000. 

STATE. 

1865  Apr.  10.  Mo.  A  new  Constitu- 
tion is  completed. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  The  Southern  ports, 
except  Key  West,  are  closed  by  procla- 
mation of  the  President. 

Apr.  13.  D.  C.  Orders  are  issued  to 
stop  the  drafting  of  men  and  the  pur- 
chase of  war  material. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  President  Lincoln  is 
assassinated  at  Ford's  Theatre.  (See 
Society.) 

The  17th  Administration. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  Andrew  Johnson  of 
Tenn.  takes  the  oath  of  office  in  the 
Kirkwood  Hotel  at  Washington,  three 
hours  after  the  death  of  President  Lin- 
coln ;  he  is  the  17th  President,  in  the 
20th  term  of  the  presidency. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  The  Government  disap- 
proves of  Gen.  Sherman's  peace  memo- 


randum with  Gen.  Johnston  in  North 
Carolina. 

Apr.  29.  />.  C.  President  Johnson  pro- 
claims the  opening  of  Southern  ports 
to  trade,  with  some  temporary  restric- 
tions on  munitions  of  war. 

May  1.  7).  C.  The  trial,  by  court-mar- 
tial, of  the  assassins  of  President  Lin- 
coln is  ordered  by  the  Government. 

May  2.  B.  C.  President  Johnson  pro- 
claims a  reward  of  $100,000  for  the  cap- 
ture of  Jefferson  Davis. 

He  also  offers  $25,000  for  Clement  C. 
(May,  Jacob  Thompson,  George  N.  Saun- 
ders, and  Beverly  Tucker,  and  $10,000 
for  William  C.  Cleary ;  the  last  five  as 
"accomplices"  in  the  murder  of  Presi- 
tlent  Lincoln  and  the  attempted  assassi- 
nation of  W.  H.  Seward. 

May  6.  Miss.  Gov.  Clarke,  on  hearing 
of  Gen.  Taylor's  surrender  to  Gen. 
Canby,  orders  the  State  officials  to  Jack- 
son, with  the  archives,  and  convenes  the 
Legislature,  recommending:  the  re- 
peal of  the  secession  ordinance,  and 
framing  of  a  new  Constitution. 

May  9.  B.C.  President  Johnson  issues 
a  proclamation  for  the  restoration  of 
Virg:inia  to  the  Union ;  he  recognizes 
Francis  H.  Pierpont  as  governor. 

May  10.  B.  C.  President  Johnson  is- 
sues a  proclamation  announcing  the 
cessation  of  hostilities. 

The  trial  of  the  assassination  con- 
spirators begins.    (See  Society.) 

May  15.  B.  C.  James  Harlan  of  la.  is 
appointed  secretary  of  the  interior. 

May  22.  B.  C.  President  Johnson's 
proclamation  opens  the  Southern  ports. 
[He  conducts  the  reconstruction  of  the 
South  according  to  his  personal  views 
till  Congress  meets  in  December.] 

May  29,  B.  C.  President  Johnson  pro- 
claims an  exceptional  amnesty  to 
persons  involved  in  the  recent  rebellion, 
provided  they  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  United  States ;  14  classes  are  in- 
cluded. 

He  proclaims  a  provisional  govern- 
ment established  in  South  Carolina. 

He  appoints  William  M.  Holden  pro- 
visional governor  of  North  Carolina. 

June  2.  J^ng.  The  Government  rescinds 
the  recoginition  of  the  Confederates  as 
belligerents.  [France  does  the  same  on 
June  6.] 

La.    Henry  F.  Allen,  the  Confederate 

governor,  resigns. 

June  5,  Mo.  The  people  ratify  the 
Constitution,    Vote,  43,670-41,808. 

June  7.  B.  C.  It  is  announced  by  the 
Attorney-General  that  all  applicants  for 
pardon  must  first  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  May  2.  New  York.  A  paid  fire 
department  and  steam  engines  replace 
the  old  service. 

May  *  U.  S.  The  war  debt  reaches  the 
enormous  sum  of  $2,808,549,437. 


248    1865,  June  13  -  Dec.  29. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1865  June  *  JV.  C.  Gen.  Thomas  H. 
Kuger  succeeds  to  the  command  of 
Nortli  Carolina. 

July  25.  Inil.  Ter.  Platte's  Bridge  Sta- 
tion is  attacked  by  1,000  Indians; 
they  are  driven  off. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  orders  the 
2d,  4th,  5th,  Cth,  7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  14th, 
15th,  nth,  20th,  23d,  and  24th  army 
corps  to  be  discontinued. 

Aug.  21.  />.  C.  A  commission  begins 
the  trial  of  Capt.  Henry  "Wirz  for 

■  cruelty  to  Federal  prisoners  under  his 
■charge  at  Andersonville,  Ga.  It  is  al- 
leged that  12,000  died  in  1804-65.  [Nov. 
10,  Capt.  Wirz  is  hanged.] 

Oct.*  U.  S.  The  aggregate  of  4,000,000 
men,  constituting  the  armies  of  the 
North  and  South  at  various  times,  is 
peacefully  and  ejisily  reduced  to  one 
army  of  30,000  men. 

Nov.  6.  i'Hj/.  Capt.  J.  I.  'Waddell,  of 
the  privateer  SkeTiandoaht  puts  in  at 
Liverpool  [and  surrenders  Ids  vessel 
to  the  authorities,  claiming  that  he  had 
not  heard  of  the  close  of  the  war  till 
Aug,  2]. 

Nov.  9.  Evff.  The  Shenantlnah  is  sur- 
rendered to'  the  United  States  consul  by 
the  British  government. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  June  17.  Mass.  A  monument 
in  memory  of  the  first  victims  of  the 
war  from  Massachusetts  is  erected 
at  Lowell. 

Sept.  19.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  lo  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

Oct  8,  Cal.  A  severe  earthquake  shock 
occurs  at  San  Francisco. 

Oct.  8-9.  Ore.  An  earthquake  follows 
the  continued  eruption  of  Mount  Hood, 
which  for  years  had  been  in  a  state  of 
inactivity. 

Nov.  25.  Kij.  Lead  ore  mining  is  be- 
gun in  Fayette  County. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1865. 

June  13.  Campbell,  Cleveland  J.,  brig.- 
gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  wounded  at  Petersburg, 
A29. 

June  23.  Dupont.  Samuel  Francis,  rear- 
adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A62. 

July  4.  I)un<i.a8,  James,  banker,  horticul- 
turist, l*a.,  .\77. 

Potter,  Alonzo.  P.  E.  bishop  of  Pa., 

author,  Ab3. 

July  11,    Hildreth,  Richard,  editor,  A58. 

July  18.  Haywood,  Nathaniel,  inventor  of 
rubber  cloth  process,  A57, 

July  23,  Tappan.  Arthur,  merchant, 
antislavery  advocate,  philanthropist,  of 
N.  Y.,  A,  79. 

Aug,  4.  Drayton,  Percival,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
A53. 

Aug.  16.  Campbell,  Duncan  R,,  Rapt,  cler- 
gyman, prof.,  pres.  Georgetown  coll.,  .\51. 

Sept,  3,  Draper,  AlonzoG.,brig.-gen,  U.S. 
vols.,  A30, 

Sept.  5,  Gould,  Hannah  Flagg,  poet,  of 
Mass.,  A76. 

Cept,  9.  Irvin,  Will'am,  physician,  U.  S. 
consul  at  Anioy,  AtiO. 

Sept.  17.  Neagle,  John,  portrait  painter, 
A66. 

Sept.  27.  Duane,  WilliamJohn,lawyer,of 
Pa.,  sec.  of  treas.,  AS5. 

Sept.  30.    "Wayland.  Francis.  Bapt.  cl., 

pres.  of  Brown,  author,  AH?!. 
Oct.  3.    Talinage,  .Samuel  K.,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, author,  .167. 
Oct.  11.    (iiger,  ceorge  M.,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, professor  Latin,  Princeton,  A43. 


Oct.  22.  Dwlght,  William  T.,  Cong.  cler. 
gyman,  author,  A70. 

Oct.  23.  Missroon,  John  S.,  Com.  U.  S.  a., 
A55. 

Oct.  26.    Miner,  Chas.,  ed.,  author,  AK5. 

Oct.  27.  'Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson, 
lexicographer,  A81. 

Nov.  3.  Arnold,  George,  poet,  iournalist, 
mis.  writer,  A31. 

Nov.  9.  Collamer.  Jacob,  M.  C.  for  Vt., 
senator,  postmaster-general,  A74. 

Eastman,  Robert  L.,  capt.  L".  .S.  A.,  A2h. 

Hill,  Ambrose  Powell,  C  S,  A.,  Con- 
fed.  lieut,-gen,,  k,  at  Petersburg,  A40, 

Nov,  12,  King,  Preston.  M.  C.  and  sen- 
ator of  N.  Y,,  A59, 

Nov,  16.  Adam8,JuliusW,,capt.U.  S.  A., 
A25, 

Nov.  17.  Ives,  Thomas  P.,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  A32. 

Nov.  28.  Harrington,  Samuel  M.,  judge, 
A62. 

Nov.  30.  Meek,  Alexander  B.,  lawyer,  edi- 
tor of  Ala.,  ASl. 

Dec,  13,  Duchachet,  Henry,  P.  E.  clergy- 
man, I'a.,  A70, 

Dec.  14,  Barstow,  William,  Gov.  of  Wis.; 
brig.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  .\54. 

Dec.  16.  Boyd,  Andrew  H.  H.,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, organized  I'nited  Synod,  ASl. 

Dec.  18.  Corwln,  Tfaomas,  orator.  Gov, 
of  O.,  senator,  sec.  of  treas.,  A71. 

Dec,  20,    Ames,  .Samuel,  jurist,  R.I,,  A,W. 

Dec.  24.  Cutter,  George  W.,  poet,  orator, 
A  64. 

Dec.  27,  Lee,  Hannah  F,  S,, author,  novel- 
ist, A85. 

Dec,  29.  Kurtz,  Benjamin,  Luth.  clergy- 
man, author,  A71, 


CHURCH. 

1865  June  14.  Chicago.  The  General 
Convention  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
meets. 

Aug.  *  Ga.  The  bishops  of  the  Meth- 
odist Bpiscopal  Church  South  hold  a 
meeting  at  Columbus  and  issue  a  pasto- 
ral address. 

Oct.  11.  Tenn.  Charles  Todd  Quintard 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Tennessee. 

Oct.  27.  Mo.  The  Congregational  Associ- 
ation of  Missouri  is  organized. 

Oct.  *  Ind.  Missionary  Bishop  Joseph 
C.  Talbot  (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  trans- 
lated to  Indiana. 

Nov.  15.  Neh.  Robert  Harper  Clarkson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Nebraska, 

Dec.  28.  Colo.  George  Maxwell  Randall 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Colorado. 


.LETTERS. 

1865  July  21.  Mass.  Commemora- 
tion Day  is  observed  at  Cambridge,  in 
honor  of  the  patriotic  heroes  of  Harvard 
University. 

Oct.  1.  5,  C.  Aveiy  Institute  (colored) 
is  opened  by  the  American  Missionary 
Association. 

Oct.  2.  Va.  Gen.  Eobert  E.  Lee  be- 
comes president  of  Washington  and  Lee 
University, 

SOCIETY. 

1865  June  30.  D.  C.  The  trial  of  the 
assassins  closes.    [Sentenced  July  5.] 

Sentences  :  Herrold,  Atzerodt,  Payne, 
and  .Mrs.  Surratt  are  to  be  hanged; 
O'Laughlin.  Arnold,  and  Mudd  are  to 
be  imprisoned  for  life ;  Spangler  is  to 
be  imprisoned  at  Dry  Tortugas  for  six 
years.    [John  H.  Surratt  is  discovered  in 


the  pope's  army  in  Italy  ;  he  escapes  to 
Egypt,  is  arrested  and  tried  at  AV ashing- 
ton  in  June,  18t>7  ;  the  jury  fail  to  agree, 
and  he  is  discharged.] 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.   The  5th  National  Tem-  . 
perance  Convention,  at  Saratoga,  re- 
solves to  form  a  National  Society  and 
establish  a  publication  house. 

Aug.  *  Xew  York.  The  forgeries  of 
Edward  B.  Ketchum,  amounting  to 
about  $1,500,000,  and  his  abstraction  of 
83,000,000  in  securities,  wrecks  one  of  the 
wealthiest  banking-houses  in  the  city. 

Oct.  16-24.  PhUa.  A  great  nteetingof 
Fenians  is  held ;  the  Irish  republic  is 
proclaimed. 

Nov.  25.  S.  C.  A  Freedmen's  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Charleston  ;  it  ap- 
peals for  justice  and  generosity. 

STATE. 

1865  June  13.  D.  C.  President  John- 
son issues  a  proclamation  for  the  resto- 
ration of  civil  government  in  Missis- 
sippi ;  he  appoints  Judge  William  L, 
Sharkey,  provisional  governor.  He  also 
removes  the  restrictions  on  trade  south- 
east of  the  Mississippi  after  July  I. 

The  "  insurrection  "  is  declared  sup- 
pressed in  Tennessee,  and  disabilities 
are  removed  by  the  proclamation  of  the 
President, 

June  14.  Mo.  The  new  judges  of  the 
higher  courts  are  established  in  office 
by  force,  the  old  judges  having  refused 
to  yield, 

June  17.  l>.  C.  President  Johnson  is- 
sues a  proclamation  for  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  Georgia  and  Texas,  and 
appoints  provisional  governors,  James 
Johnson  for  Ga,,  and  Gen.  A.  J.  Hamil- 
ton for  Texas. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens  of  Ga.  and 

Robert  E.  Lee  of  Va.  apply  for  pardon. 

June  21.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Lewis  E.  Parsons  provisional  governor 
of  Alabama. 

June  23.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  blockade  removed. 

June  24.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
all  restrictions  removed  from  trade 
between  the  North  and  the  South. 

June  29.  The  trial  of  the  assassination 
conspirators  ends.    (See  Society.) 

Jtme  30.  />.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Benj.  F.  Perry  provisional  governor  of 
South  Carolina. 

U.  S.     Statistics   for  1865.     Eeve- 

nue:  Customs,  884,928,201;  internal 
revenue,  S209,4M.2I5 ;  direct  tax,  §1,200,- 
673  ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $096,653 ;  pre- 
miums on  loans  and  sales  of  gold  coin, 
$11,683,447;  miscellaneoiLS  items,  S25,- 
441,556.  Total  revenue,  $333,714,605. 
Expenditures :  Premiums  on  loans, 
purcliases  of  bonds,  etc.,  $1,717,900;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  S4:),047,(B8;  War  De- 
partment, $1,031,323,301;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $122,612,945;  Indians,  $5,116,837; 
pensions,  $16,338.811 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $77,397,712.  Total  ordinary 
expenses,  81,297,555,224;  excess  of  ex- 
penses over  receipts,  $963,840,619  :  public 
debt,  $2,680,647,869.  Exports,  $166,029,- 
303;  imports,  $238,745,580. 

July  7.  /).  C.  The  conspirators,  Payne, 
Herrold,  Atzerodt,  and  Mrs.  Surratt,  are 
hanged  at  Washington. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1865,  June  13-Dec.  29.     249 


July  13.  />.  C  The  President  appoints 
William  Marvin  provisional  governor  of 
Florida. 

Jiily  18.  />.  C.  The  Government  refuses 
to  recognize  MayiTnilian  as  Emperor  of 
Mexico. 

July  21.  Tex.  Gen.  A.  J.  Hamilton, 
appointed  provisional  governor  of  Texas 
by  President  Johnson,  assumes  office. 

July  25.  U,  S.  The  Confederate  pris- 
oners of  war  are  released,  on  taking  the 
oath  of  allegiance. 

July  31.  U.  S.  The  national  debt  is 
$2,757,253,000,  and  bankruptcy  is 
feared  by  many,  owing  to  the  burden 
of  a  yearly  interest  which  amounts  to 
$133,000,000  in  gold. 

Aug.  22.  Miss.  The  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion is  declared  null  by  a  State  Con- 
vention ;  the  delegates  petition  the  Fed- 
eral Government  to  pardon  Jefferson 
Davis. 

Aug.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  restrictions  on  trade  with  all  South- 
em  ports  removed  after  Sept.  1, 

Aug.  31.  IT.  S.  The  national  debt  is 
at  its  maximum,  being  $2,845,907,020. 50 ; 
besides  $800,000,000  of  revenue  spent  in 
sustaining  the  war.  [The  total  cost  of 
the  war  to  both  the  North  and  the  South, 
including  the  destruction  in  property 
and  loss  of  slaves,  has  been  estimated 
at  $8,000,000,000.] 

Sept.  7.  n.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
second  amnesty  proclamation,  par- 
doning all  who  have  upheld  the  Confed- 
eracy, except  the  leaders. 

Sept.  15.  S.  C.  Tlie  ordinance  of  se- 
cession is  repealed  by  a  State  Conven- 
tion at  Columbia. 

Sept.  25.  Jla.  The  ordinance  of  seces- 
sion and  the  State  war  debt  are  annulled 
by  the  State  Convention,  which  also  de- 
clares slavery  abolished. 

Sept.  27.  S.  C.  The  Convention  enacts 
a  Constitution  which  becomes  effective 
without  the  ratification  of  the  people. 

Sept.  *  D.  C.  President  Johnson  an- 
nounces his  reconstruction  policy, 
which  is  approved  by  many  Democrats, 
but  strongly  opposed  by  the  Republi- 
cans. 

Oct.  7.  K.  C.  A  State  Convention,  held 
at»  Raleigh,  repeals  the  ordinance  of 
secession  [and  on  Oct.  0  passes  another 
prohibiting  slavery]. 

Oct.  11.  D.  C.  The  President  paroles 
several  prominent  officials  of  the  late 
Confederacy. 

Alex,  ir,  Stephens  of  Ga.,  John  H. 
Reagan  of  Tex.,  Geo.  A.  Trenholm  of 
S.  C,  Chas.  Clark  of  Miss.,  and  John  A. 
Campbell  of  Ala. 

Oct.  12.    K>j.    Martial  law  is  abolished. 

Oct.  2S.  Fla.  A  State  Convention, 
meeting  at  Tallahassee,  adopts  a  new 
Constitution  and  repeals  the  ordinance 
of  secession.  [Georgia  annuls  its  seces- 
sion Oct.  30.] 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  Congress  admits  Ne- 
vada into  the  Union  as  the  36th  State ; 
her  gold  and  silver  mines  are  diminish- 
ing the  losses  by  war. 


U.S.  The  outstanding  paper  currency 

in  circulation  is  reported  at  $704,000,000. 
About  $428,000,000  in  greenbacks,  $185,- 
000,000  in  national  bank-notes,  and  $(J5,- 
000,000  in  State  bank-notes. 

Oct.  *  I).  C.  The  Government  defers  the 
trial  of  Jefferson  Davis. 

Oct.  *-Nov.  7.  U.  S.  The  fall  elec- 
tions are  favorable  to  the  Republican 
policy. 

Nov.  2.  V.  S.  A  national  thatLksgiving 
for  peace  is  observed. 

Nov.  5.    Ala.    The  new  constitution  is 
adopted  by  the  State  Convention.    [Rati- 
fied, November,  1875.] 
I  Nov.  7.      Ga.     A   State  Convention  do- 
'     dares  the  war  debt  void,  and  adopts  a 
revised  constitution. 

A'.  C    The  repeal  of  the  ordinance  of 

secession  and  the  ordinance  prohibiting 
slavery  are  both  ratified  by  the  people. 
Vote,  on  the  former,  20,000-2,002 ;  on  the 
latter,  19,039-3,039. 

Nov.  10.  The  Confederate  Capt.  Henry 
"Wirz  is  executed,  after  trial  for  cru- 
elty to  Federal  prisoners  under  bis 
charge  at  Andersonville.  (See  Army, 
Aug.  21.) 

Nov.  13.  S.  C.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution.  [Dec.  1,  North  Carolina; 
Dec,  2,  Alabama  ;  Dec.  6,  Georgia;  Dec. 
11,  Oregon  ;  Dec.  18,  California.] 

Nov.  *  Wis.  The  people  reject  the 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  granting 
negro  suffrage.    Vote,  55,59 l-iG,5S8. 

Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  partially 
restores  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus ;  the 
exceptions  are  limited. 

Dec.  4.  D.C.  The  39th  Congress  opens. 
Congress;  Senate  :  John  P.  Stock- 
ton (Dem.)  of  N.  J.  is  sworn  in  as  Sen- 
ator. [A  protest  from  the  Legislature 
follows,  he  having  received  a  minority 
vote.]  House :  Schuyler  Colfax  of 
Ind.  is  reelected  Sptaker.  Vote,  Col- 
fax (Rep.),  139 ;  James  Brooks  of  N.  Y. 
(Dem.),  36. 

A  Joint  Committee  of  13  is  proposed, 
to  consider  reconstruction ;  no  Repre- 
sentatives are  to  be  received  from  any  of 
the  late  Confederate  States  till  the  com- 
mittee makes  its  report.    Vote,  129-35. 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  Congress;  House  iThad- 
deus  Stevens  of  Pa.  proposes  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  to  apportion 
Representatives  on  the  basis  of  actual 
citizenship;  the  Ho\ise  passes  a  resolu- 
tion pledging  the  faith  of  the  nation  for 
the  full  payment  of  the  public  debt, 
both  principal  and  interest. 

Dec.  6-16.  I).  C.  The  Government  pro- 
tests in  an  emphatic  manner  against 
the  French  occupation  of  Mexico,  in 
the  interests  of  the  Austrian  prince, 
Maximilian. 

Dec.  12.  J}.C.  Congress:  Kepublican 
Senators  are  divided  on  the  Recon- 
struction Bill ;  four  Conservatives  dis- 
sent from  the  Radicals. 

Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
appoints  nine  members  of  the  Joint 
Committee  on  Heconstruction. 


It  consists  of  Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa., 
E.  B.  Washburne  of  111.,  J.  S.  Morrill  of 
Vt.,  John  A.  Bingham  of  O.,  Henry 
Grider  of  Ky.,  Roscoe  Conkiing  of  N.  Y., 
G.  S.  Boutwell  of  Mass.,  Andrew  J. 
Rogers  of  N.  J.,  and  Henry  T.  Blow  of 
Mo. 

Dec.  18.  D.  a  The  13th  Amend- 
ment to  the  Federal  Constitution,  pro- 
hibiting slavery,  is  declared  ratified  by 
the  Legislatures  of  27  States,  and  is  pro- 1 
claimed  by  the  President  to  be  a  part  of  i 
the  fundamental  law. 

Congress:  The  House  passes  J.  B. 
Alley's  resolution  favoring  the  policy 
of  contracting  the  currency.  Vote, 
144-6.  The  [remarkably  long]  debate 
on  reconstruction  begins. 

Dec.  20.  D.C.  Congress;  House: 
Thomas  A.  Jenckesof  R.  I.  introduces  a 
bill  **  to  regulate  the  civil  service  of 
the  United  States  ;  "  it  is  the  first  step 
in  the  civil  service  reform  movement. 

Dec.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  the  Senate 
appoints  six  members  of  the  .Joint  Com- 
mittee of  Fifteen  on  Reconstruc- 
tion: William  P.  Fessenden  of  Me., 
James  W.  Grimes  of  la.,  Ira  Harris  of 
N.  Y.,  Jacob  M.  Howard  of  Mich.,  Rev- 
erdy  Johnson  of  Md.,  and  George  H. 
Williams  of  Ore. 

Dec.  23.  N.  C.  Tlie  President  relieves 
Gov.  Holden  of  his  office  ;  Gov,  Worth 
succeeds  him. 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  Congress  excludes  85 
members  from  Southern  States. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  July  1.  *  New  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  43  cents  ;  the 
value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  136i  to  138  cents. 

July  13.  Xew  York.  £amum*s  Mu- 
seum, corner  of  Ann  Street  and  Broad- 
way, is  burned. 

July  23.  Ireland.  The  laying  of  the 
second  Atlantic  cable  begins  at  Valen- 
cia ;  the  Great  Eastern  pays  it  out. 

July  *  Ore.  The  First  National  Bank  of 
Portland  is  established;  it  is  the  tirst 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Aug.  2.  The  cable  breaks  when  1.312 
miles  are  laid. 

Aug.  3.  The  cable  is  grappled,  but  the 
rope  breaks,  losing  both  cable  and 
grapple. 

Aug.  7.  Tlie  cable  is  grappled,  and  is 
again  lost  by  the  breaking  of  the  rope. 

Aug.  11.  The  cable  is  grappled,  and 
the  rope  again  breaks ;  the  Great  East- 
ern sails  for  England  to  get  more  rope. 

Sept.  16.  Boston.  Horticultural  Hall 
in  Tremont  Street  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  Price  of  middling 
upland  cotton  is  45  to  45i  cents ;  the 
value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  143^  to  144 
cents. 

Nov.  13.  The  steamer  Henry  Chauncey 
makes  a  rapid  passage  from  Aspinwall 
to  New  York,  in  six  days,  five  hours, 
and  thirty  minutes. 

Dec.  25.  Chicago.  The  Union  Stock- 
ITards  are  opened. 


260     1865,  Dec.  30-1866,  Mar.  17.        AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1865  *  *  Md.    The  Naval  School  is  re- 
turned to  Aunapolis,  having  been  trans- 
ferred to  Rhode  Island  during  the  war. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1865  *  *  Cal.  It  is  ascertained  by  the 
Geographical  and  Geological  survey  of 
California  that  the  highest  mountain 
];>eaka  in  the  United  States  are  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  several  exceeding  15,000 
feet. 

*  *  Chicago,  The  German  MSnnerchor  is 
organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  frescoing  of  the  Capitol 
dome  canopy  at  Washington  is  under- 
taken by  Constantine  Brumidi. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  art  of  polychromy  is 
applied  by  Mr.  Shulter  to  the  ceiling  of 
the  great  central  hall,  Patent  Office, 
Washington. 

*  *  London.  Joseph  Jefferson  appears 
In  Hip  Van  JVinkle  at  the  Adelphi. 

*  *  London.  Three  paintings  by  F.  E. 
Church,  landscape  painter,  are  exhibited 
and  favorably  received  by  English  art 
critics. 

*  *  Nexo  York.  The  Mendelssohn  Glee 
Club  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  Seymour  Joseph  Guy, 
Winslow  Homer,  and  Elihu  Vedder  of 
New  York  City  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  New  York.  Commerce,  a  bronze 
figure,  is  unveiled  in  Central  Park. 

*  •  The  American  Social  Science  Asso- 
ciation is  founded. 

*  *  Capt.  Charles  F.  Hall,  Arctic  explorer, 
reports  that  four  of  the  Franklin  ex- 
pedition party  are  probably  alive.  He 
also  reports  progress  in  discoveries  con- 
cerning the  northwest  passage. 

1866.  Jan.  7.  Philadelphia  records  its 
coldest  day ;  the  thermometer  marks 
18  degrees  below  zero. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

I86S. 
Dec.  30.     Davis,  Henry  Winter,  M.  C.  for 
Md.,  A48. 

*  *  Settle,  Thomas,  M.  C.  for  N.  C,  b.  In  N.  C. 

*  *  Van  Amburgh,  Isaac,  showman,  A50. 
1866. 

Jan.  1.    .StllIman,Thoa.  lt.,mech.eng.,  A60. 

Jan.  10.  Mapes,  James  J.,  agriculturist, 
A  60. 

Jan.  14.  Judah,  Henry  M.,  brig.-gen.  V.  S. 
vols.,  A 42. 

Jan.  16.  Choate,  Rufus,  capt.  U.  S.  vols., 
A  32. 

Jan.  34.  Boorman,Jas.,  merchant  of  N.Y., 
philan.,  A  83. 

Jan.  36.  Roman,  Andrew  B.,  Gov.  of  La., 
A70. 

Jan.  37.  Crele,  Joseph,  oldest  man  in 
America,  A 141. 

Jan.  39.  Nott.  EUphalet.  Pres.  clergy- 
man, pres.  of  rnion  coll.,  A93. 

Feb.  7.  Hinkley,  Holmes,  Inventor,  con- 
structor of  locomotives,  .\73. 

Feb.  27.  Jackson,  John  K.,  Confed.  brig.- 
gen.,  A  38. 

Mar.  4.  Campbell.  Alexander,  fdr.  of 
Disciples  of  Christ,  A80. 

Mar.  13.  Moore,  Martin,  Cong,  clergyman, 
editor,  historian,  A76. 

Xar.  14.  Sparks,  Jared,  pres.  of  Harvard, 
historian,  biographer,  A77. 


CHURCH. 

*  *  Boston.  The  4th  General  Synod 
(National  Council)  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church  meets. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Young  "Women's 
Christian  Association  is  incorporated. 

*  *  Cal.  The  California  Conference  (Af- 
rican Methodist  Episcopal)  is  formed. 

*  *  la.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Washington ; 
John  B.  Clark,  moderator. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  first  Free  Methodist 
Society  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.S, 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Brooklyn ;  J.  B. 
Shard,  moderator.  It  organizes  a£*reed- 
xnen's  Board. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg ;  John 
C.  Lowrie,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  dio- 
cese of  Pittsburg  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

The  reunion  of  the  Protestant 
Spiscopal  Church  is  affected  by  the 
attendance  of  two  Southern  bishops  at 
the  Convention. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Con- 
federate States  takes  the  name  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  the  United 
States. 

1866  Jan.  25.  Pa.  John  Barrett  Ker- 
foot  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Pittsburg. 

Jan.+  *  The  centenary  of  Methodism 
in  America  is  celebrated. 

Mar.  11.  Boston,  John  Joseph  Williams 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Boston. 

LETTERS. 

1865  *  *  Boston.  The  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Daily  Examiner  is  issued 
at  San  Francisco  ;  also  the  Chronicle. 

*  *  7>.  C.  The  Surgeon-General's  Office 
Iiibrary  is  founded  at  Washington. 
[72,219  vols.] 

*  *  D.  C.  St.  Louis  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Washington. 

*  *  la.  Des  Moines  College  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Des  Moines. 

*  *  III.  "Westfield  (United  Brethren) 
College  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  Irvington  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Kan.  Washburn  College  (Cong.)  Is  or- 
ganized at  Topeka. 

*  *  Md.  An  agricultural  college  is  es- 
tablished in  Prince  George's  County. 

*  *  Mich.  Hope  College  (Reformed)  is  or- 
ganized at  Holland. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Public  Iiibrary  is  founded 
at  Detroit.    [60,000  vols.] 


*  *  Mo.  The  Public  School  Library  it 
founded  at  St.  Louis.  [56,192  vols.] ;  the 
St.  Louis  Bistorical  Society  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  N.  C.  Shaw  University  (Colored 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Raleigh. 

*  *N.J.  The  Scientific  School  con- 
nected with  Rutger's  College  is  opened. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  Catholic  World  mag- 
azine appears. 

*  *  O.  "WiUoughby  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  established  at  Willonghby. 

*  •  Phila.    The  Saturday  Night  is  issued. 

*  *  Pa.  Mercersburg  College  (Re- 
formed) is  organized. 

*  *  Wis.  Northwestern  University 
(Evan.  Luth.)  is  organized  at  Water- 
town. 

*  *  The  National  Baptist  is  issued. 

*  *  The  Chimney  Comer  is  founded  by 
Frank  Leslie. 

*  *  The  Commercial  Bulletin  is  founded. 

*  *  Commemoration,  Ode,  by  James  Bus* 
sell  Lowell,  appears.  "  Conceded  to 
be  the  greatest  .  .  .  heroic  ode  America 
has  produced."    (Welsh.) 

*  *  Dmm  Taps,  by  Walt  Whitman,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Gayworthys,  by  Mrs.  A.  D.  T. 
Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  National  Lyrics,  by  John  Greenleaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Pioneers  of  France  in  the  New 
World,  by  Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  Glimpses  of  History,  by  George  Make- 
peace Towle,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  Jacob  Astor,  by  James 
Parton,  appears. 

*  *  Life  and  Adventures  of  Jefferson  DaviSf 
by  George  Arnold,  appears. 

*  *  Method  of  Philological  Study  in  the 
English  Language,  by  Francis  A.  Marsh, 
appears. 

*  *  Allworth  Abbey,  by  Mrs.  Emma  D.  E. 
N.  South  worth,  appears. 

*  *  Cape  Cod,  by  Henry  David  Thorean, 
appears;  aX^o  Letters  to  Various  Persons. 

1866  Jan.  15.  Ky.  The  Agricultural 
College  of  Kentucky  purchases  "  Ash- 
land," the  old  home  of  Henry  Clay. 

SOCIETY. 
1865  •  *  Chicago.      Cook   County   Hos- 
pital is  established. 

*  *  Tnd.  The  Legislature  enacts  that  col- 
ored people  shall  be  accepted  as  com- 
petent witnesses  in  the  courts  of  the 
State. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Institution  for  the  De(rf« 
Dumb,  and  Blind  is  established  at 
Olathe. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Federal  Government  ar- 
rests and  imprisons  Grov.  Charles 
Clarke. 

*  *  New  York.  A  band  of  the  Disciples 
of  Lassalle  is  organized. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Manhattan  Club  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
declares   liquor  makers  and   sellers 


UNITED    STATES.    1865,  Dec.  30-1866,  Mar.  17.  251 


shall  be  excluded  from  membership,  and 
It  recommends  total  abstinence. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  spirit  ration  is  discontinued 
in  the  navy,  and  it  is  ordered  that  the 
supply  on  hand  shall  be  sold. 

1866  Jan.  1.  Wis.  A.  home  for  sol- 
diers* orphans  is  opened. 

Jan.  *  Kail.  A  convention  of  colored 
men  is  held  at  Topeka  ;  it  petitions  the 
Legislature  to  strike  the  word  *'  white" 
from  the  Constitution. 

•  *  U.  S.  The  charities  of  the  war  are 
beyond  precedent. 

Contributions  for  the  aid  and  relief  of 
soldiers  by  States,  counties,  and  towns 
amount  to  S187.209,6(W ;  olTerings  of  as- 
sociations and  individuals,  $24,044,865; 
offerings  for  suiTerers  abroad,  $3SO,(M0; 
for  sufferers  by  the  riot  in  New  York 
in  1863,  for  ffeednien  and  refugees, 
$639,633.     Total  charities,  $212,274,248. 

Feb.  10.     The  franking  privilege   is 

granted  to  Mrs.  Lincoln. 
Feb.  26.    Xew  York.     The  Board  of 

Health  ic  established. 

STATE. 
1865    Deo.  *  n.C.    A.  deplorable  dis- 
agreement between  the  President  and 
Congress. 

President  Johnson  holds  that  the  se- 
ceding States  were  not  out  of  the  Union 
when  in  rebellion,  and  forms  a  policy 
from  that  standpoint ;  Congress  would 
reconstruct  the  .States  with  special  legis- 
lation and  special  guaranties. 

Sec.  *  Z>.  C.  Congress  becomes  more 
radical ;  complaint  is  made  against  the 
course  pursued  by  the  South  in  electing 
members  who  a  few  months  before  were 
in  the  Confederate  army,  and  still  hold 
to  the  legality  of  their  attempts  to 
break  up  the  Union. 

Dec.  * />.  C.  Secretary  McCulloch  begins 
the  immediate  contraction  of  the 
currency. 

•  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
giving  civil  rights  to  f reedmen. 

•  *  Jtl.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

•  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
Ata.    Lewis  E.  Parsons. 

-68  *  *  Ala.    Robert  M.  Patton. 

-67*  *Cblo.  (Ter.).    Alexander   Cum- 
mings. 

-69  *  •  net.    Gove  Saulsbury. 

-66  *  »  Fla.    William  Marvin. 
Ga.    James  Johnson. 

-67  *  •  Ga.    Charles  J.  Jenkins. 

-69  •  *  111.    Kichard  J.  Oglesby. 

-69  •  •  Kan.    Samuel  J.  Crawford. 

-67  •  *  La.    James  M.  Wells. 

-68  •  *  Mich.    Henry  H.  Crapo. 

-66  *  *  Miss.    William  L.  Sharkey. 

-66*  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Thomas  Francis 
Meagher. 
K.  C.    William  W.  Holden. 

-68  *  *  N.  C.    Jonathan  Worth. 

-67  •  *  N.  H.    Frederick  Smyth. 

-67*  *N.Mex.(Ter.).  Robert B. Mitch- 
ell. 

-69  *  *  J\r.  r.    Reuben  E.  Fen  ton. 

-66  *  *  O.    Charles  Anderson. 

S.  C.    Benjamin  F.  Perry. 

-68  *  •  S.  C.    James  L.  Orr. 

-69  •  *  Term.    William  G.  Brownlow. 

-66  »  •  Tex.    A.  J.  Hamilton. 


-60  *  *  r.  (Ter.).    Charles  Durkee. 
-67  •  *  ri.    Paul  Dillingham. 

1866  Jan.  5.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House  : 
R.  P.Spauldlngof  ©.proposes an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  for  the 
apportionment  of  representatives  on  the 
basis  of  a  franchise  freely  exercised, 
by  blacks  as  well  as  whites. 

Jan.  6.  /;.  C.  Congress :  The  Joint 
Special  Committee  on  Reconstruc- 
tion is  organized. 

Jan.  8.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House :  James 
G.  Slaine  of  Me.  proposes  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  by  which 
the  enumeration  of  persons  whose  right 
of  suffrage  is  impaired  on  account  of 
race  or  color  shall  be  omitted  in  appor- 
tioning representatives. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  House, 
with  four-fifths  of  its  members  Repub- 
licans, refuses  to  pass  a  resolution  of 
confidence  in  the  Hepublican  Presi- 
dent; this  occasions  a  break  in  its  rela- 
tions with  him. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  : 
Lyman  Trumbull  of  111.  introduces 
the  CivU  Bights  BlU. 

"There  shall  he  no  discrimination  in 
civil  rights  ...  on  account  of  race, 
color,  or  previous  condition  of  servi- 
tude." 

Jan.  14.  N.  C.  A  convention  meets  at 
Raleigh  under  the  Reconstruction  Acts 
of  Congress,  and  proceeds  to  frame  a 
Constitution. 

Jan.  15.  n.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Eos- 
coe  Conkling  of  N.  Y.  proposes  an 
amendment,  prohibiting  the  enumera- 
tion of  all  blacks  in  any  State  when  the 
political  "  rights  or  privileges  of  any 
man  shall  be  denied  on  account  of  race 
or  color  ;  "  also  for  denying  or  abridging 
the  elective  franchise. 

Jan.  22.  n.C.  Congress:  The  Joint 
Reconstruction  Committee  report 
their  amendment  to  the  Constitution' 
to  both  Houses. 

It  excludes  the  enumeration  of  freed- 
men  as  a  basis  of  representation  when 
the  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise  is 
denied  or  abridged  in  any  State. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill. 

Jan.  29.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  amend- 
ment resolutions  are  referred  again 
to  the  Rec(tnstruction  Committee. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Joint 
Committee  makes  another  report  ex- 
cluding freedmen  from  enumeration 
when  the  elective  franchise  is  denied  or 
abridged  in  any  State  on  account  of 
race  or  color.  Adopted  by  the  House. 
Vote,  120-46. 

Jan.  »  la.  The  Legislature  ratiflea  the 
13th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

Feb.  2.  /).  a  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Civil  Rights  Bill,  which  is 
intended  to  confer  on  the  freedmen  all 
the  rights  enjoyed  by  the  white  men, 
except  that  of  suffrage.    Vote,  33-12. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
begins  the  debate  on  the  Coustitutional 
Amendment. 


Congress  confers  additional  power  on 
theFreedmen'sBureau.  Vote: House, 
136-33  ;  Senate  (previously),  37-10. 

Feb.  9.  Neb.  A  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion frames  a  Constitution. 

Feb.  10.  Tex.  A  State  Convention 
meets  at  Austin  to  frame  a  new  Consti- 
tution. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  Freedmen's  Bureau  Bill. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
attempt  to  override  the  President's 
veto  fails.    Vote,  30-18.    (See  July  16.) 

Feb.  21.  n.  C.  Congress  ;  House :  J. 
S.  Morrill  of  Vt.  reports  a  bill  for  fund- 
ing certain  national  obligations. 

Feb.  22.  D.  C.  The  President  makes  a 
speech  in  front  of  the  Presidential  Man- 
sion, in  which  he  denounces  the  Re- 
construction Committee,  and  declares 
Congress  to  he  in  rebellion  against  the 
Government  of  the  United  States. 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
fails  to  carry  the  Civil  Rights  Amend- 
ment Bill.  Vote,  25-22.  [Passed  Mar> 
16.] 

Mar.  10.  W.  Va.  Congress,  by  a  joint 
resolution,  recognizes  the  transfer  of 
the  coimties  of  Berkely  and  Jefferson 
from  Virginia  to  West  Virginia. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
CivU  Rights  Bill  passes.    Vote,  111-38. 

Mar.  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  the  Senate 
passes  the  Civil  Rights  Bill. 

It  accords  to  the  negro  every  legal  right 
enjoyed  bv  the  white  man,  and  empowers 
the  Presiuent  to  use  the  army  to  enforce 
the  Act. 

Congress;  House:  The  debate  on  the 
contraction  of  the  currency  closes  ;  the 
Morrill  Ftmding  Bill  is  defeated. 
Vote,  67-70. 
Mar.  17.  U.  S.  The  United  States  termi- 
nates the  reciprocity  treaty  regulating 
traffic  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  it  having  given  one  year's  notice, 
according  to  the  terms  of  the  treaty. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865  Deo.  31.  U.S.  The  fire  record 
for  1865  shows  364  fires  of  $20,000  loss  and 
upwards,  and  a  total  estimated  loss  of 
$43,139,000. 

Immigrants  in  1865,  247,453. 

»  •  Cal.  The  Mountain  View  Cem- 
etery at  San  Francisco  is  established. 

*  ♦  Conn.  Cedar  Hill  Cemetery,  near 
Hartford,  is  laid  out. 

»  *Z).  C.  The  Freedman's  Savings 
and  Trust  Company  is  chartered. 

1866  Jan.  1.  Ifew  York.  Price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  62  to  63  cents ; 
the  value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  1441  cents. 

Jan.  11.  Kij.  The  State  Farmers' con- 
vention meets  at  Frankfort ;  delegates 
are  present  from  40  counties. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  The  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution at  Washington  is  partially 
burned. 

Jan.  30.  The  steamer  Miami's  boilers 
explode,  and  she  sinks  in  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  150  lives  are  lost. 


252     1866,  Mar.  19-Aug,  28. 

ARMY  — NAVY. 

1866  Apr.  13.  />.  C.  Congress  passes 
a  resolution  providing  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  soldiers'  graves  from  dese- 
cration. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  tenders  its 
thanks  to  Gen.  'W.  S.  Hancock. 

May  3.  I).  C.  Congress  tenders  the 
thanks  of  the  Nation  to  officers,  sol- 
diers, and  seamen. 

June  17.  D.  C.  Congress  limits  admis- 
sion to  West  Point  Academy  to  can- 
didates who  are  between  17  and  22  years 
of  age. 

July  26.  "Winfield  S.  Hancock  is  com- 
missioned major-general. 

July  *  Ulysses  S.  Grant  is  appointed 
general-in-chief  (the  15th  commander) 
of  the  U.  S.  A. ;  W.  T.  Sherman,  Lieu- 
tenant-General ;  D.  G.  Farragut,  Ad- 
miral of  the  U.  S.  N.,  and  D.  D.  Porter, 
Vice- Admiral. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  May  1.  Md.  A  destructive  hail- 
storm visits  Baltimore ;  20,000  panes  of 
glass  are  broken. 

May  12.  D.  C.  A  variable  star  in  the 
constellation  Corona  is  seen  from  the 
Washington  observatory;  it  appears  to 
be  nearly  as  large  as  the  sun  ;  [within  30 
days  it  dwindles  from  second  to  ninth 
magnitude.] 

June  15.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Thisbe 
is  discovered  by  C.  II.  F.  Peters. 

June  23.  Phila,  The  Chestnut- Street 
bridge  is  complete<l.    (Hegun  in  1861.) 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866. 
Mar.  21.    Elliot,   Stephen,    Confed.  brig.- 

gen.,  A34. 
Apr.  1.    Harding,  Chester,  portrait  painter, 

A74. 
Apr.  12.    Dickinson,   Daniel  Stevens,  sen. 

for  N.y.,  A66. 
Apr.  22.     Allen,  Henry    F.,  Gov.  of  La.; 

Confed.  brig.-gen.,  A46. 
Warriner,    Francis,    Cong,  cl.,  writer, 

A61. 
Apr.  23.    Ewing,  William  B.,   physician, 

N.J.,  A 90. 
May  7.    Waite,  Carlos  A.,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 

vols.,  A 66. 
May  29.     Cox,  Henry  G.,  physician,  N.Y., 

A  47. 

Kogers,  Henry  Darwin,  geologist,  A58. 

Scott,      Wlnfleld,     lieutenant-general 

U.  S.  A.,  Whig  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency, A80. 

June  8.     Davis,  Emerson,  Cong,  cl.,  A68. 

June  13.  Odell,  Moses  F.,  naval  officer, 
M.  C.  N.V.,  A48. 

June  16.  Seaton,  William  W.,  journalist, 
I>.  C,  A81. 

June  17.  Cafls.  Lewis,  sen.  for  Mich., 
tJov.,  min.  to  France,  sec.  of  state,  A84. 

June  18.  Merrick,  James,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, missionary  to  I'ersia,  A63. 

June  21.  Margiierittes,  Julie  de,  author, 
dramatic  critic,  A  52. 

Mussey,  Keuben  Dimond,  surgeon,  au- 
thor, A  86. 

July  6.  Bruce,  OeorRe,  tj^tefounder,  pres. 
Mech.  Inst.  N.  Y.  Citv.  A  85. 

July  14.  Hloodgood,  Samuel  DeWitt,  mer- 
chant,  N.Y.  City,  A67. 

July  24.  Morgan,  George  N.,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A  41. 

Auer-  2.  Lathrop,  John  H.,  pres.  of  coll., 
A  67. 

Aug.  21.  Rrainerd,  Thomas,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, writer,  editor,  A62. 

Aug.  23.  Haven,  Alice  B.,  author  of  ju- 
venile books,  A38. 

Aug.  26.  Porter,  John  Addison,  chemist, 
A44. 


AMERICA; 


Aug.  26.  PieTx>ont,  John,  Unit,  clergyman, 
poet,  A81. 

Aug.  27.  Richmond,  Dean,  merchant,  finan- 
cier, of  N.Y.,  A62. 


CHURCH. 

1866  Apr.  4^.  La.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal  Suutli) 
meets  at  New  Orleans, 

David  S.  Doggett,  William  M.  Wight- 
man,  Enoch  M.  Marvin,  Holland  N.  Mc- 
Tyeire,  and  John  C.  Keniierare  ordained 
bishops.  [JuneliO.  J.W.Kubertsmiss.bp.] 

The  Baltimore,  Columbia,  Northwest 
Texas,  West  Texas,  Little  Kock  North 
Georgia,  and  South  Georgia  Conferences 
are  formed. 

May  31.  III.  The  Eighth  Triennial  Gen- 
eral Eldership  (Church  of  God)  opens 
at  Decatur. 

June  1.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusaleni  meets. 


LETTERS. 

1866  Mar.  27.  Mich,  The  Detroit /)a% 
Post  is  issued. 

Apr,  2.  Phila.  The  Evening  Star  is 
issued. 

June  20.  Phila.  The  Public  Ledger  is 
issued. 

July  *  Tenn.  Central  Tennessee  Col- 
lege is  chartered. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Apr.  6.  ///.  The  first  post  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Kepublic  is 
organized  at  Decatur. 

Apr.  *  Me»  Fenians  gather  at  Eastport 
for  a  raid  on  Campobello,  New  Bruns- 
wick, but  are  deterred  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Apr.  *  Md.  A  fair  is  held  at  Baltimore 
for  the  relief  of  destitute  people  in  the 
Southern  States  ;  the  net  receipts  are 
$161,569. 

Apr.  *  New  York.  The  American  Society 
for  the  Prevention  cf  Cruelty  to  An- 
imals is  organized  ;  Henry  Bergh,  pres- 
ident. 

May  1-3.  Tenn.  Twenty-four  negroes 
are  killed  in  a  race  riot  at  IMemjihis. 

May  10.  Nevj  York.  James  Stephens, 
the  fugitive  Fenian  Head-Center,  ar- 
rives. 

May*  N.  Y.  Fenians  assemble  at  Buf- 
falo for  a  raid  into  Cjuiada. 

May  19.  N.  Y.  The  Government  seizes 
1,200  stand  of  arms  from  Fenians  at 
Rouse's  Point.  [May  30,  it  seizes  1,000 
more  at  St.  Albans,  Vt.] 

June  1.  N.  Y.  Canada  is  invaded  by 
about  1,500  Fenians  from  Buffalo. 
[They  retire  after  a  skirmish  with  the 
Canadians ;  many  are  arrested  by  Fed- 
eral officers.] 

June?.  Vt.  About  1.000  armed  Feni- 
ans invade  Canada,  and  return  on  the 
approach  of  Canadian  troops. 

June  8.  Phila.  Antoine  Probst  is  exe- 
cuted for  the  murder  on  April  7  of  the 
Deering  family,  consisting  of  eight 
persons. 


Jime21.  D.C.  The  Howard  Institute 
Bill  becomes  a  law,  establisbing  an  in- 
dustrial home  for  freedmen  at  Wash- 
ington. 

July  11.  D.C.  Senator  J.  H.  ILane  of 
Kansas  commits  suicide. 

July  12.  Ind.  The  first  department  en- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held  at  Indianapolis. 

July  27.  U.  S.  The  Government  orders 
all  circulars  and  letters  concerning  lot- 
teries to  be  excluded  from  the  mail. 

July  30.  La.  A  meeting  composed 
mostly  of  colored  people  meets  at  New 
Orleans  to  form  a  new  constitution; 
a  riot  follows,  in  which  many  are  killed. 
A  massacre  of  Republicans  in  a  polit- 
ical convention  occurs  at  New  Orleans. 

About  40  are  killed  and  150  wotmded 
by  the  anti-negro  suffrage  party.  [ThQ 
Radicals  of  the  North  are  intensified  in 
feeling  and  united  in  action  by  this 
occurrence.] 

STATE 

1866  Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congreas :  The 
House  reconsiders  the  Funding  Bill. 

Mar.  23.  i>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
declares  John  P.  Stockton  (Rep.)  of  N.  J. 
entitled  to  his  seat,  notwithstanding  an 
alleged  irregularity  in  his  election.  Vote, 
22-21. 

The  decisive  vote  is  cast  by  Stockton 
himself,  owing  to  peculiar  circumstances 
respecting  the  pairing  of  vote*.  The 
House  again  passes  the  Funding  Bill 
with  a  proviso.    Vote,  83-53. 

Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
reconsiders  the  question  of  admitting 
J.  P.  Stockton,  and  unanimously  con- 
demns his  voting  for  himself ;  it  decides, 
without  his  vote,  that  he  is  not  entitled 
to  a  seat.    Vote,  23-20. 

Mar.  27.  />.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  Civil  Rights  BiU. 

Mar.  28.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
George  F.  £dmunds  of  Vt.  is  sworn 
in  as  Senator. 

Apr.  1±.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
overrides  the  President's  veto  of  the 
Civil  Rights  EiU.  Vote,  33-15.  [Tlie 
House  follows  on  Apr.  9.    Vote,  122-41.] 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  re- 
stores the  habeas  corpus  in  all  States 
but  Texas. 

U.  S.    Tlie  President  proclaims  that 

the  insurrection  is  suppressed  east  of 
the  Mississippi  River  ;  it  '*  is  henceforth 
to  be  so  regarded." 

Apr.*  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Funding  Bill.  Vote,  32-7. 
[Approved  Apr.  12  ;  it  becomes  a  law.] 

Apr.  24.  D.C.  Congress;  House:  A 
memorable  legislative  encounter  be- 
tween J.  G.  Blaine  and  Roscoe  Conk- 
ling  takes  place,  by  which  they  become 
enemies  for  life. 

Apr.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  Joint 
Reconstruction  Committee  makes 
their  final  report,  which  is  known  as 
the  14th  Amendment.    (See  below.) 

May  5.  D.  C.  Congress  extends  the 
boundary  of  Nevada  one  degree  east. 


UNITED    STATES.  1866,  Mar.  19 -Aug.  28.     25S 


May  6.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  is  in- 
dicted for  treason  by  a  grand  jury  in 
the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of  Virginia. 

May  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  bill  to 
admit  Colorado,  ^'ote  :  Senate,  lft-13 ; 
House,  81-57.     [Vetoed,  May  IG.] 

May  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
debate  on  the  14th  Amendment  is 
opened  by  Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa. 

May  10.  r>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  tlio  14th  Amendment  Bill  to 
aid  in  the  reconstruction  of  the  Southern 
States.    Vote,  128-07.    (See  June  16.) 

May  24.  W.  Va.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  dis- 
franchising all  who  had  given  volun- 
tary aid  to  the  Confederacy  after  June, 
1861. 

May  29.  D.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
proclamation  of  general  amnesty,  with 
certain  classes  excepted. 

May  *  Tfnn.  The  Legislature  by  enact- 
ment disfranchises  all  who  have  aided 
the  secession  cause  iu  any  way. 

June  6.  /).  C.  The  Pension  Bill  be- 
comes a  law  ;  it  authorizes  the  payment 
of  S25  per  month  to  soldiers  and  sailors 
rendered  helpless. 

June  7.  />.  C.  The  President  issues  a 
monitory  proclamation  against  the  in- 
vasion of  Canada  by  Fenians. 

Junes.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Constitutional  Ajnend- 
ment  BiU.    Vote,  32-11. 

June  13.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
concurs  with  the  Senate's  amendments 
to  the  Constitutional  Amendment 
BiU.  Vote,  120-32,  It  then  passes  the 
Bill.    Vote,  138-36. 

Its  aim  18  — (1)  to  override  the  Dred 
Scott  decision,  and  to  prevent  the  abridg- 
ment of  the  privileges  and  immunities  of 
native  or  naturalized  citizens  ;  (2)  to  pre- 
vent the  exclusion  of  the  negro  vote, — 
which  it  does,  —  by  reducing  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  States  in  Congress  in  pro- 
portion to  the  reduction  of  votes  ;  (3)  to 
prevent  the  payment  of  the  Confederate 
debt,  and  to  guarantee  the  payment  of 
the  national  debt. 

June  16.  I),  a  The  14th  Amend- 
ment is  submitted  to  the  States. 

June  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Com- 
mittee on  Reconstruction  reports  that 
no  Southern  State  has  placed  itself  in 
satisfactory  relations  to  the  Union  ;  it 
proposes  new  legislation  as  a  condition 
by  which  any  State  may  be  qualitied  for 
representation  in  Congress. 

June  21.  D.  a  The  Homestead  Bill 
becomes  a  law;  it  provides  for  the  dis- 
posal of  all  public  lands  in  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Florida. 

AV6.  Tlie  people  ratify  the  Constitu- 
tion.    Vote,  3,938-3,838. 

June  22.  />.  C  The  President's  message 
to  Congress  expresses  his  objections  to 
the  submission  to  the  States  of  the  14th 
Amendment. 

June  30.  Connecticut  is  the  first  State 
to  approve  the  14th  Amendment. 

U.S.    Statistics  for  1866.   Revenue: 

Customs.  $179,046,652;  internal  revenue, 
«309,226,813  ;  direct  tax.  $1,974,7.54  ;  sales 
of  public  lands,  8665,031  ;  premiums  on 


loans  and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $38,083,056; 
miscellaneous  items,  $29,036,314.  Total 
revenue,  $558,032,020 ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $37,223,203. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $58,477;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $41,056,962;  War  Depart- 
ment, $284,449,702;  navy  department, 
$43,324,119;  Indians,  $3,247,065;  pen- 
sions, $15,605,352;  interest  on  public 
debt,  $133,067,742.  Total  ordinary  ex- 
penditures, $520,809,417 ;  public  debt, 
$2,773,236,173;  exports,  $348,859,522;  im- 
ports, $4^,812,066. 

Jtine  *  Tex.  The  people  ratify  the  new 
Constitution.    Vote,  34,794^11,235. 

July  7.  New  Hampshire  approves  the 
14th  Amendment. 

July  11.  B.  C.  Dissent  in  the  Cabinet 
with  the  President's  views  on  recon- 
struction ;  "William  Dennison,  Post- 
master-General, tenders  his  resignation. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill 
for  the  reduction  of  the  internal  reve- 
nue taxes.  Estimated  yearly  reduction , 
$265,020,474. 

July  16.  J).  C  Congress  overrides  the 
President's  veto  of  a  new  Freedmen's 
Bureau  Bill.  Vote:  House,  104-3.3; 
Senate,  33-12.    Tlie  bill  becomes  a  law. 

July  18.  D,C.  Attorney-General  James 
Speed  retires  from  the  Cabinet. 

July  10.  Tennessee  ratifies  the  14th 
Amendment.    Vote,  58-17. 

July  22  ± .  7).  C.  Secretary  Harlan  re- 
tires from  the  Interior  Department. 

July23±.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Bill  to  admit  IsTebraska.  Vote  ;  Sen- 
ate, 24-18;  House,  02-52.  [It  remains  un- 
signed by  the  President  when  Congress 
adjourns.    A  "  pocket  veto."] 

Henry  Stanbery  of  Ky.  is  appointed 
attorney-general. 

Congress  limits  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  to  a  chief  justice  and  six  associate 
justices. 

July  24.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution  to  readmit 
Tennessee.    Vote,  125-12. 

July  25,  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
reviving  the  grade  of  general  in  the 
army,  and  creates  the  rank  of  admiral 
in  the  navy. 

Congn'ess  receives  a  special  message 
from  the  President  respecting  the  ad- 
mission of  Tennessee. 

Alexander  "W.  Randall  of  Wis.  is 
appointed  postmaster-general. 

July  26.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
"  regulating  the  time  and  manner  of 
holding  elections  for  senators  in  Con- 
gress." 

July  27.  B.C.  Congress,  having  legal- 
jzed  the  metric  system,  provides  that 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  fur- 
nish each  State  with  one  set  of  the  stan- 
dard weights  and  measures. 

Orville  H.  Browning  of  111.  is  ai>- 
pointed  secretary  of  the  interior. 

July  28.  B.  C.  Congress  increases  the 
peace  establishment  in  the  army. 

The  39th  Congress:  the  first  session 
closes. 

July  30.  La.  The  Republican  con- 
vention that  framed  the  Constitution 


of  1864  attempts  to  reassemble ;  a  riot 
and  massacre  ensue.    (See  Society.) 

Aug.  14.  Phila.  A  Ifational  Union 
Convention  of  Conservatives  assem- 
bles, seeking  a  union  of  Administration 
Republicans  and  Democrats,  —  it  is  com- 
posed chiefly  of  the  latter ;  James  K. 
Doolittle  of  "Wis.,  president.  [It  in- 
dorses the  course  of  President  Johnson.] 

Aug.  17.  Z>.  C.  The  President  pro- 
claims the  decree  of  Maximilian,  clos- 
ing certain  Mexican  ports,  to  be  null 
and  void  as  against  the  United  States. 

Aug.  20.  B.  C.  The  President  pro- 
claims the  insurrection  suppressed  in 
Texas. 

U.  S.    The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  is 

restored  in  all  the  States. 

Aug.  28.  B.  C.  President  Johnson 
leaves  Washington  for  Chicago  to  lay 
the  corner-stone  of  the  Douglas  Monu- 
ment. 

His  circuitous  journey  is  derisively 
called  "  swinging  around  the  circle." 
He  makes  frequent  speeches  in  an  ag- 
gressive and  disputatious  spirit,  concern- 
ing political  questions. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Mar.  23.  O.  Pike's  Opera  House 
at  Cincinnati  is  burned. 

Mar.  *  JtJng.  The  Atlantic  Telegraph 
Company  reorganizes  as  the  Anglo- 
American  Telegraph  Company,  lim- 
ited. 

Apr.  1.  Jiew  York.  Price  of  middling 
uplands  cotton  is  40  to  42  cents ;  tho 
value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  127}  to  128i 
cents. 

May  21.  New  York.  The  Academy  of 
Music  and  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lege are  burned. 

July  1.  A'ew  York.  The  price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  36  to  38  cents ; 
the  value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  15U  to  153| 
cents. 

July  4.  Me.  A  great  fire  burns  a  large 
part  of  Portland ;  an  area  one  and  a 
half  miles  long  by  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
wide  is  devastated,  1,500  buildings  con- 
sumed;  loss  $10,000,000  to  $15,000,000; 
one-fourth  of  the  population  is  homeless. 

July  13.  The  Great  Eastern  again  com- 
mences to  lay  the  deep-sea  cable,  from 
near  Valencia,  Ireland. 

July  27.  B.  C.  Congress  charters  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Kailroad  to  con- 
nect Springfield,  Mo.,  with  the  Pacific  ; 
length,  2,000  miles  ;  subsidy,  12,800  acres 
of  land  per  mile  in  the  States,  25,000  in 
the  Territories ;  total  42,000,000  acres,  or 
70,000  square  miles. 

K.  F.  The  third  Atlantic  cable  be- 
tween ^England  and  Ifewfoundland 
is  completed. 

After  12  years  of  remarkable  faith  and 
toil  Cyrus  W.  Field  succeeds  in  laying  a 
reliable  working  cable  1,686  miles  long 
between  the  New  World  and  the  Old. 

July  *  Eng.  A  cable  message  is  sent 
by  Queen  Victoria  to  President  Johnson. 

July  30,  B.  C.  The  President  replies  to 
the  Queen's  message. 


254     1866,  Aug.  *-1867,  Jan,  7. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1866  Dec.  21.  Mont.  The  Sioux  In- 
dians massacre  and  scalp  three  officers 
and  90  privates  at  Fort  Philip  Kearny, 
near  Big  Horn, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1866  Sept.*  A  destructive  flood  sweeps 
the  Ohio  Kiver  and  its  tributaries. 

*  •  Conn.  The  Yale  School  of  Fine 
Arts  is  opened. 

*  *  Dak.  Rich  fields  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper  are  discovered  in  the  Black 
Hills. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  sets  apart  $10,000  for 
a  life-size  statue  of  Abraham  Tiincoln 
to  be  placed  in  the  Federal  Capitol ;  a 
commission  is  given  to  Viuuie  Ream. 

*  *  London.  Richelieu  is  presented  by 
Bdwin  Booth  at  the  Winter  Garden 
Theater. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Museum  of  Harvard  TTni- 
versity  is  built;  a  chair  of  American 
archaeology  and  ethnology  is  endowed 
by  George  Peabody,  who  gives  $150,000 
for  the  purpose. 

*  *  Nevj  York.  A  bronze  bust  of  Irving 
is  unveiled  at  Bryant  Park. 

*  *  New  York.  The  building  of  the  M"a- 
tional  Academy  of  Desigrn  is  com- 
pleted at  a  cost  of  $237,000.  John  F. 
Weir  of  New  Haven  is  elected  a  member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Academy  of 
Design  is  established. 

*  •  Valley  of  the  Yosemite  is  painted  by 
Albert  Bierstadt. 

*  *  The  Statue,  The  Returned  Soldiery  is 
executed  by  L.  G.  Mead. 


Dec.  23.     Forrest,  French  captain  V.  S.  N., 
Confed.  adm.,  A70, 

*  *  Adams,  .John  R.,  Cong,  clergyman,  A45. 

*  *  Ingraham,  J.  H.,  romancist,  A57. 
1867 

Jan.7.    Hayne,  ArthurP.,sen.  of  S.  C,  A77. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1866. 
Aug-.  *  Itntherford,  Jolin   €.,  lawyer,  poli- 
tician, Va.,  A41. 
Sept.  3.    Burnbam,  James  C,  col.  U.  S.  A., 

A  46. 
Sept.  7.    Baldwin,  Matthias  William,  in- 
ventor of  locomotives,  A70. 
Sept.  13.    Orme,    William    W.,    brig.-gen. 

U.  S.  vols.,  A34. 
Sept.  15.    Gould,  Augustas  A.,  naturalist, 

of  Boston,  A61. 
Sept.  36.     Hawks,    Francis    Lister,    P.   E. 

clergyman,  historian,  A68. 
Oct.  1.    Cummins,  Maria  S.,  novelist,  A39. 
Oct.  4.     Rarey.  John  S.,  horse-tamer,  A38. 
Oct.  7.     Stockton,  Robert  F.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 

A71. 
Oct.  13.    Van  Buren,  John,  politician,  of 

N.Y.,  A56. 
Oct.  16.    Barrow,  Wash.,  M.  C.  for  Tenn., 

A  59. 
Dwight,   Theodore,   journalist,   author, 

A70. 
Oct.  38.    Ansorge,  Charles,  prof,  of  music, 

Mass.,  A49. 
Oct.  31.    Lacey,  William,  P.  K.  clergyman, 

writer  of  text-books,  A85. 
Nov.  6.    Uutledge,  Francis  H.,  P.  E.  bp.  of 

Fla.,  A67. 
Nov.  10.     Ewen,  Mary  C,  actor,  A39. 
Nov.  13.    Freeman,  William  G.,  col.  U.  S. 

A.,  A51. 
Nov.  14.    Lewis,WaUamB.,ma]orU.  S.  A., 

politician,  AM2. 
Nov.  33.     Brewster,  James,  philanthropist, 

A8I. 
Nov.  39.    Green,   Horace,   physician,  au- 
thor, A64. 
Dec.  lO.  Mlnot,  Cliarle8,rallroadeng.,A56. 
Dec.  16.    Vethake,   Henry,  writer,  editor. 

Fa.,  A75. 
Dec.  30.    Semple,  James,  lawyer,  senator, 

for  lU.,  A68. 
Dec  31.    Elliott,  Stephen,  first  P.  £.  bishop 

of  Ga.,  A60. 


CHURCH. 

1866  Sept.  30.  la.  John  Hennessy  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Dubuque. 

Oct.  3.  Channing  Moore  Williams  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  for  Japan  and  China. 

Oct.  10, 11.  N.  Y.  The  Second  Na- 
tional Unitarian  Conference  is  held 
in  Syracuse. 

Oct.  24.  }Fis.  The  Wisconsin  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  and  Independent  So- 
cieties is  organized  at  Sheboygan. 

Nov.  7.  La.  Joseph  Pfere  Bell  Wilmer 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Louisiana. 

Nov.  15.  Ky.  George  David  Cummins 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Kentucky. 

Dec.  6.  Mass.  The  Norfolk  Conference 
of  Unitarian  and  other  churches  is 
organized  at  Dedham. 

Dec.  6.  Wis.  William  Edmond  Armi- 
tage  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Wisconsin. 

Dec.  11.  The  Essex  Conference  of  Liberal 
Christian  churches  is  formed. 

Dec.  12.  Mass.  The  South  Middlesex 
Conference  of  Congregational  (Unita- 
rian) churches  is  organized  at  Cam- 
bridgeport ;  and  the  Worcester  Confer- 
ence is  organized  at  Worcester. 

Dec.  17.  Boston.  The  Suffolk  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  and  other  Christian 
churches  is  organized. 

Dec.  18.  Mass.  The  North  Middlesex 
Congregational  Conference  of  Unitarian 
and  otlier  Christian  churches  Is  orga- 
nized at  Littleton. 

Dec.  *  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Luther- 
ans, having  called  the  adherents  of 
the  Augsburg  Confession  to  unite,  a  pre- 
liminary convention  is  held  at  Reading  ; 
it  provides  for  a  Greneral  Council. 

*  *  Alas.  The  Moravians  send  mission- 
aries to  Western  Alaska,  near  Fort 
Alexahder. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 

*  *  Iml.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Fort  Wayne. 

The  Pennsylvania  Lutheran  Synod  Is 
declared  by  the  General  Synod  to  have 
severed  its  connections. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Greneral  Assembly  (O.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  St.  Louis  ;  B.  L. 
Stanton,  moderator. 

The  General  Assembly  (N.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  St.  Louis ;  S.  M. 
Hopkins,  moderator. 

The  Old  and  New  School  Gen- 
eral Assemblies  fraternize  at  the 
Lord's  Table  at  St,  Louis. 

The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
declares  its  regret  because  of  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  Southern  churches. 

A  joint  committee  of  both  New  and 
Old  School  Presbyterians  is  appointed 
to  consider  a  reunion. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  New  York  City  Mission 
and  Tract  Society  is  reorganized. 


*  *  O,  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  Freedmen*s  Aid  Society 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized  at 
Cincinnati. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Allegheny ; 
David  Kerr,  ntoderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Pittsburg  is  organized. 

*  *  The  East  German,  Texas,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  Tennessee  Conferences  (Meth- 
dist  Episcopal)  are  formed. 

LETTERS. 
1866    Oct.  24.    Md.    The  Peabody  Insti- 
tute, at  Baltimore,  is  inaugurated  in  the 
presence  of  the  founder. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy is  opened. 

*  ♦  Colo.  The  Republican  is  issued  at 
Denver. 

*  *  la.  Tabor  Collegre  (Cong.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Tabor. 

*  *  Ind.  De  Pauw  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  New  Albany. 

*  •  Ind.  The  Indianapolis  Normal 
School  is  opened. 

*  *  Kan.  The  University  of  Kansas 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Lawrence. 

*  *  Kan.  Ottawa  University  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Ottawa. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Kentucky  "Wesleyan  Col- 
lege (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at  Mil- 
lersburg. 

*  *  Ky.  Normal  Institute  (colored),  of 
Lexington,  is  opened  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Logan  Female  College  is 
founded  at  Russelville. 

*  *  Md.  Centenary  Biblical  Institute 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  in  Baltimore. 

*  *  Md.  Morgan  College  and  Dela- 
ware Conference  Academy  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Baltimore. 

*  *  Mo.  Ijcwis  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is 
opened  at  Glasgow. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Lincoln  Institute  Normal 
School  at  Jefferson  City  is  opened. 

*  *  N.  J.  Drew  Theological  Seminary 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Madison. 

*  *  Neto  York.  The  Galaxy  magazine 
appears. 

*  *  0.  One  Study  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  established  at  Scio.  Each  student  is 
to  pursue  but  one  study  at  a  time. 
[Name  changed  to  Scio  College.] 

*  *  Ore.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  Willamette  University  at  Portland 
is  opened. 

*  *  Ore.  Christian  College  (denomina- 
tional) is  organized  at  Monmouth. 

Pa.   Xiehigh  University  (Prot.  Epis.) 
is  organized  at  Soutli  Bethlehem. 

*  *  Tenn.  U.S.  Grant  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Chattanooga. 

*  *  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
Platteville  is  opened. 

*  ♦  Venetian  Life,  by  William  Dean 
Howells,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES.     1866,  Aug.  *-1867,  Jan.  7.  255 


*  *  Character  and  Characteristic  Men ,  by 
Edwin  Percy  Whipple,  appears. 

*  *  Josh  JiiUings  and  His  Sayin<is,  by 
Henry  Wheeler  Shaw,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson,  by  John 
B^ten  Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Lyrics  and  Hymns,  by  Alice  Gary, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Masquerade  and  Other  Poems,  by 
John  G.  Saxe,  appears. 

*  *  Saint  Elmo,  by  Augusta  Evans  (Mrs. 
Wilson),  appears. 

*  *  Snow-Bound,  by  John  Greezileaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Kennett,  by  Bayard  Tay- 
lor, appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Johns,  by  Donald  G.  Mitchell, 
appears. 

*  *  Lyrics,  by  Julia  Ward  Howe,  appears  ; 
it  includes  the  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Re- 
public, written  in  camp,  in  1861. 

*  *  Our  Artist  in  Peru,  by  G.  W.  Carleton, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Oct.  1.  N.  C.  Colored  delegates 
meet  in  convention  at  Raleigh  to  ad- 
vance their  race. 

Nov.  10.  Me.  Soldiers  are  first  ad- 
mitted to  the  National  Home,  for  dis- 
abled volunteers,  at  Togus  Springs. 

Nov,  20.  Ind.  The  first  national  encanijv 
ment  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic is  held  at  Indianapolis ;  Gen.  S.  A. 
Hurlbut  of  111.,  commander-in-chief. 

Dec.  1.  Paris.  Minister  Bigelow  receives 
a  gold  medal  for  the  widow  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  — the  gift  of  40,000  French 
citizens. 

Dec.  6.  Minn.  A  State  hospital  for  the 
insane  is  opened  at  St.  Peter. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  The  scandalous  sale  of 
pardons  to  ex-Confederates  by  "  middle- 
men" and  by  women  is  exposed  at 
Washington. 

*  *  Cal.  The  State  Institution  for  the 
Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  is  established 
at  Oakland. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  "Crosby  Opera 
House"  Association  conducts  a  lot- 
tery, in  which  the  Opera  House  is  the 
principal  prize. 

*  *  I).  C.  Miss  Mary  Harris  is  tried  at 
Washington  forthe  murder  of  A.  J.  Bur- 
roughs and  acquitted. 

*  *  Ky.  The  colored  population  of  Marion 
County  -is  terrorized  by  a  band  of 
armed  outlaws  called  the  "Skaag's 
men." 

*  *  Md.  The  Legislature  pjusses  a  bill  to 
enforce  a  strict  observance  of  Sun- 
day. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  Soldiers'  Home  is  estab- 
hlished  at  Newark. 

*  *  O.  John  "W.  Hughes  is  hanged  for 
the  murder  of  Miss  Tamzen  Parsons  at 
Cleveland. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Homeopathic 
Hospital  is  chartered. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  I^egislature  removes  the 
disability  which  prevents  negroes  and 


Indians  giving  testimony  in  courts  of 
justice. 
*  *  Vt.    A  Home  for  destitute  children 
is  established  at  Burlington. 

STATE. 

1866  Aug.  *  D.  C.  Secretary  Seward 
transmits  a  list  of  individual  claims 
against  Elngland,  based  on  the  losses 
caused  by  the  Alabama. 

Sept.  3-7.  Phila.  Two  National  Conven- 
tions are  held  —  one  composed  of  Loyal- 
ists from  the  South,  the  other  of  their 
sympathizers  in  the  North;  they  unite 
in  condemnation  of  the  President's  re- 
construction policy. 

Sept.  11.  JV.  J.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution.  [Sept.  19,  Oregon  ;  Nov.  9, 
Vermont ;  Dec.  *,  South  Carolina ;  *  * 
Virginia.] 

Sept.  17.  O.  A  Convention  of  Sol- 
diers and  Sailors  is  held  at  Cleveland 
to  render  moral  support  to  the  Adminis- 
tration; it  is  weak  in  attendance  and 
barren  of  results. 

Sept.  25,  26.  Pa.  A  National  Con- 
vention of  Citizen  Soldiers  and  Sail- 
ors meets  at  Pittsburg  ;  it  favors  the 
Radicals  in  Congress  who  oppose  the 
President;  Gen.  John  A.  LiOgan  is 
president. 

Sept.f  U.  S.  Great  excitement  attends 
the  political  campaign. 

It  concerns  chiefly  the  choice  of  mem- 
bers of  the  40th  Congress,  and  of  mem- 
bers of  legislatures  who  are  to  act  on 
the  14th  Amendment. 

Nov.  6.  Ind.  A  convention  of  colored 
people  meets  at  Indianapolis  to  ad- 
vance a  movement  for  full  citizenship. 

U,  S.    The  State  elections  favor  the 

Republicans  in  Congress. 

Dec.  3.  B.C.  The 39th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Congress  receives  a  moderate  and  con- 
ciliatory message  from  the  President. 

Dec.  4.  N.  C.  The  Legislature  rejects 
the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  G.  H. 
Williams  of  Ore.  introduces  a  bill  "  to 
regulate  the  tenure  of  civil  oflBces." 

Congress:  The  House  suspends  the 
rules  and  repeals  the  act  authorizing  the 
President  to  extend  amnesty.  Vote,  112- 
29. 

Dec.  14.  J).  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill 
extending  the  right  of  suffrage  to  the 
neg^roes  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 
[The  President  vetoes  the  bill,  Jan.  5, 
1S67.] 

Dec.  22.  N'.  C.  The  Jjegislature  passes 
an  act  of  amnesty  to  all  soldiers  of  both 
armies  who  have  committed  offenses 
against  the  criminal  laws  of  the  State. 

*  *  IT.  S.  The  income  tax  of  five  per 
cent,  on  all  incomes  over  $800  yields  a 
revenue  of  $61,071,932. 

•  •  The  significant  movement  of  the 
IT,  S.  troops  to  the  Mexican  border  has 
the  desired  effect  on  Napoleon  III, ;  he 


promises  to  withdraw  French  troops 
from  the  continent  within  a  limited 
time. 

*  *U,  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-69  *  *  Ariz.  ( Ter.).    R.  C.  M'Cormick. 
-67  *  *  Conn.    Joseph  R.  Hawley. 
-69  *  *  JJak.  (Ter.).    Andrew  J.  Falk. 
-68  *  *  Fla.    David  S.  Walker. 

-67  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.).    David  W.  Ballard. 
-69  *  *  Mass.     Alexander  H.  Bullock. 
-70  *  *  Minn.     William  R.  Marshall. 
-70*  *  Miss.    Benjamin  G.  Humphreys. 
-69*  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Green  Clay  Smith. 
-69  *  *  N.J.    Marcus  L.  Ward. 
-67  *  *  Neb.  (Ter.),     David  Butler. 
-68  *  *  O.    Jacob  D.  Cox. 
-70  *  *  Ore.    George  L.  Woods. 
-69  *  *  It.  I.    Ambrose  E.  Burnside. 
-67  *  *  Tex.    J.  W.  Throckmorton. 
-72  *  *  Wis.    Lucius  Fairchild. 

1867  Jan.  *  />.  C.  Congress  again  ad- 
mits Colorado.  [Jan.  25,  tbe  President 
vetoes  the  bill,] 

Jan.  7.  />.  C.  Congress:  A  movement 
to  impeach  President  Johnson  begins 
in  the  House. 

James  M.  Ashley  of  O.  charges  him 
with  "  usurpation  of  power  and  violation 
of  law,  by  corruptly  using  the  appoint- 
ing, and  the  pardoning,  and  the  veto 
power."  Tlie  charge  is  referred  to  the 
Judiciary  Committee.    Vote,  108-39. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Sept.  6.  Chicago.  President  John- 
son lays  the  corner-stone  of  the  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  monument. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  The  price  of  mid- 
dling upland  cotton  is  40  to  42  cents ; 
the  value  of  a  gold  dollar  is  145  to  146 
cents. 

Oct.  3.  The  steamer  Evening  Star,  New 
York  to  New  Orleans,  founders;  250 
lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  6.  Chicago.  The  water-works 
tunnel  is  completed,  extending  two 
miles  under  Lake  Michigan. 

Dec.  11.  New  York.  The  yachts  Henri- 
etta, Vesta,  and  Eleetwing  sail  on  an 
ocean  race  for  England. 

Dec.  25.  Eng.  The  Henrietta'  arrives 
at  Cowes,  with  her  rivals  only  a  few 
hours  behind  her;  Henrietta's  time,  13 
days,  21  hours,  and  55  minutes ;  distance, 
3,106  miles. 

*  *  Cal.  A  paid  fire  department  with 
steam  engines  is  established  at  San 
Francisco ;  the  volunteer  department  is 
abolished. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  incline  railroad  to  the 
top  of  Mount  Washington  is  com- 
menced. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Government  taxes  all  in- 
comes over  $1,000. 

One  merchant  in  New  York  pays 
$407,125,  as  his  tax  on  an  income  of 
$4,071,250. 

*  *  The  white  man  has  gone  to  work 
in  the  South,  and  produced  55  per  cent 
of  the  cotton  crop,  against  10  per  cent 
in  1860. 

1867  Jan.  1.  O.,  Ky.  The  Cincinnati 
and  Covington  Susi>ension  Bridge, 
1,057  feet  long,  is  opened. 


256    1867,  Jan.  7-JTme  30. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1867  Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  provides 
that  the  pay  of  army  officers  below  the 
rank  of  major-general  shall  be  increased 
"  one  third,  for  two  years."  It  declares 
that  the  Admiral  shall  be  the  ranking 
officer  in  the  navy. 

Mar.  11,  12.  D.  C.  The  President  di- 
rects the  issue  of  Order  Number  10. 

It  assigns  to  each  of  the  five  military 
districts  its  commander  in  the  following 
numerical  order  :  Gen.  J.  M.  Sehofield, 
Gen.  D.  E.  Sickles.  Gen.  G.  H.  Thomas, 
Gen.  E.  O.  C.  Ord,  and  Gen.  P.  H. 
Sheridan. 

Mar.  15.  D.  C.  Orders  are  issued  as- 
signing Gen.  John  Pope  to  the  3d 
Military  District,  and  Gen.  G.  H. 
Thomas  to  oommand  the  Cumberland 
Department. 

Apr.  30.  Kan.  Gens.  Hancock  and  Cus- 
ter are  sent  against  the  Indians  in  the 
western  part  of  Kansas. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867.  June  4.  AVw  YorJc.  An  Ameri- 
can life  raft,  supported  by  cylinders, 
sails  for  Southampton.  [It  arrives  at  its 
destination  on  July  25.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1867. 

Jan.  19.  Robinson,  Horatio  N.,  mathemati- 
cian, educator,  Abi. 

Jan.  30.  Willis,  Nathaniel  Parker,  poet, 
author,  journalist,  Atil. 

Jan.  25.  Pennington,  Alexander  C,  law- 
yer. M.  C.  from  N.  J.,  A57. 

Jan.  37.  Davis,  Charles  A.,  merchant  of 
N.  Y.,  writer,  A72. 

Feb.  1.     Merrick,  Pliny,  jurlBt,  A73. 

Feb.  2.    Hunt,  Washington, statesman,  A.%. 

Feb.  13.  Orton,  Jason  It.,  phys.,  poet,  jour- 
nalist, A6I. 

Feb.  17.  Itache,  Alexander  D.,  physicist, 
writer,  A6!. 

Feb.  18.  (Joode,  Wm.,  Cong,  missionary  to 
Syria,  A 75. 

Mar.  3.  Alexander,  John H., chemist, phys- 
icist, editor,  A  54. 

Mar.  6.  Browne,  Charles  Farrar,  *'  Arte- 
mus  Ward,"  liumorist,  author,  A33. 

Mar.  SO.  Clark,  Billy  James,  founder  of 
first  temperance  society,  A  89. 

Mar.  21.  Bailey,  Joseph,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 
vols..  A 40. 

Mar.  39.     Riddle,  Geo.  R.,  statesman,  A.50. 

Apr.  5.     Evans,  George,  sen.  for  Me.,  A70. 

Apr.  7.  Roane,  John  S.,  Confed.  brig.-gen., 
gov.  Ark.,  A50. 

Wood,  James,  Presbyterian  clergyman, 

educator,  writer,  A68. 

Apr.  9.  Stearns,  George  L.,anti8la very  ad- 
vocate, reformer,  A58. 

Apr,  14.  Abrahams,  Simeon,  phys.,  N.  Y., 
philanthropist,  A58. 

Bullock,    William    A.,   Inventor   of   a 

printing-press,  A53. 

Apr.  15.  Field,  David  Dudley,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, A  86. 

Apr.  16.  I'ennock,  Caspar  W.,  phys.,  med- 
ical professor,  Phila.,  A68. 

Apr.  17.  Gilmore,Joseph  A.jGov.ofN.H., 
A56. 

Apr.  39.  Paulding,  Leonard,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  A41. 

May  34.    Hoyt,  Benjamin  T.,  educator,  A47. 

June  3.  Sargent,  Lucius  Manlius,  writer  of 
tales,  A81. 

June  19.    Dodge,  Henry,  sen.  for  Wis.,  A85. 

CHURCH. 

1867  Jan.  16.  Afass,  The  Connecticut 
Valley  Conference  of  Unitarian,  Congre- 
gational, and  other  Christian  Churches 
is  organized  at  Greenfield. 

Jan.  25.  Me.  Henry  Adams  Neely  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Maine. 


Jan.  30.  New  VorJ:.  The  United  States 
branch  of  the  Svangelical  Alliance  is 
fully  organized  at  the  Bible  House ; 
Wiliiam  E.  Dodge,  president. 

Feb.  3.  Ark.  Edward  Fitzgerald  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Little  Rock. 

Feb.  5.  Mass.  The  Plymouth  Bay  Uni- 
tarian Conference  is  organized  at  Hing- 
ham. 

Apr.  17.  n.r.  The  Channing  (Unitarian) 
Conference  is  organized  at  Providence. 

May  7.  A  General  Convention  of  tho 
Protestant  Methodists  is  held  to  con- 
sider the  matter  of  union  with  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  South ;  the  union 
is  not  formed. 

May  30.  Ga.  The  Georgia  Conference 
(African  Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organ- 
ized. 

June  7.  O.  The  General  Convention  of 
the  Ifew  Jeruaalem  meets  at  Cincin- 
nati. 

JuneS.  TheFloridaConference(African 
Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1887  Feb.  1.  N.  Y,  The  name,  Vassar 
Female  College,  is  changed  to  Vassar 
College  by  act  of  the  Legislature. 

Feb.*  Etiff.  George  Peabody,  an  Amer- 
ican banker,  gives  $1,000,000  to  pro- 
mote education  in  the  South. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  creates  an  Edu- 
cational Department.    (See  State.) 

Mar.  16.  D.  C.  Henry  Barnard  is 
appointed  Commissioner  of  Education. 

May  22.  The  Peabody  Fund  of 
§2,100,000  for  Southern  education  is 
placed  in  care  of  a  board  of  trustees. 

June  17.  W.  Va.  The  "West  Virginia 
University  at  Morgantown  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  Feb.  *  Tf.nn.  The  Legislature 
abolishes  all  distinction  of  race  and 
color  in  the  qualifications  of  electors. 
[The  popular  vote  in  Ohio,  Minnesota, 
and  Kansas  rejects  the  proposed  aboli- 
tion of  race  distinction  as  to  suffrage.] 

Feb.  *  Pa.  The  temperance  movement 
drifts  into  politics. 

The  State  Temperance  Convention 
declares  that,  '*  it  the  adversaries  of 
temperance  shall  continue  to  receive 
the  aid  and  countenance  of  present  po- 
litical parties,  we  shall  not  hesitate  to 
break  over  political  bands  and  seek  re- 
dress through  the  ballot-box." 

Mar.  2.  />.  C.  Congress  abolishes 
peonage  in  New  Mexico. 

Mar.  7,  D.  C.  Congress  votes  a  gold 
medal  to  Cyrus  "W,  Field  as  a  recog- 
nition of  his  services  in  laying  the  At- 
lantic Cable. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Senator  Henry  Wilson  of 
Mass.  is  instrumental  in  reviving  the 
Congressional  Temperance  Society. 

Apr.  30,  Pkila.  The  Americus  Club 
is  organized. 

Spring.  Mo.  Desperadoes,  led  by 
Archie    Clemens,    rob   and   murder   in 


Lafayette ;    Clemens    is    killed    by  the 
State  troops. 
May  13.     Va.    Jefferson  Davis  is  ad- 
mitted to  bail    at  Kichmoud ;    amount 
of  bond,  $100,000. 

Names  of  sureties  :  Horace  Greeley, 
Augustus  Schell,  Aristides  Welsh,  Da- 
vid K.  Jackman,  W.  H.  McFarland, 
Kichard  B.  llakall,  Isaac  Davenport, 
Abraham  Warwick,  G.  A.  Myers,  W.  W. 
Crump,  Janies  Lyons,  J.  A.  Meredith, 
W.  H.  Lyons,  J.  M.  Botts,  T.  W.  Bos- 
well,  James  Thomas,  Jr. 

May  28.  In<i.  The  Good  Templars 
favor  political  action. 

The  Right  Worthy  Grand  Lodge,  in 
session  at  Richmond,  recommends  "to 
the  temperance  people  of  the  country 
the  org  uiization  of  a  national  political 
party  whose  platform  of  principles  shall 
contain  prohibition." 

June  5.  CUicarfo.  The  National 
Brewers*  Congress  favors  political 
action. 

It  resolves  "  That  we  will  use  all 
means  to  stay  the  progress  of  this  fa- 
natical [Temperance]  party,  and  to  se- 
cure our  individual  rights  as  citizens, 
and  that  we  will  sustain  no  candidate 
of  whatever  party,  in  any  election,  who 
is  in  any  way  disposed  toward  the  total 
abstinence  cause." 

June  9.  Phila.  The  Methodist  Home 
for  the  Aged  is  opened. 

June  29.  Enij.  "William  Lloyd  Gar- 
rison, radical  abolitionist  and  champion 
of  emancipation,  is  given  a  reception  at 
St.  James'  Hall,  London. 


STATE. 

1887  Jan.  7.  8.  D.  C.  Congress 
passes  a  law  over  the  President's  veto 
regulating  the  elective  franchise  in  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Negro  Suffrage  Bill  over  the  President's 
veto. 

Jau.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Dis- 
cussion begins  on  the  Tenure  of  Office 
Bill. 

Jan.*  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  House  in- 
cludes members  of  the  Cabinet  in  the 
Tenure  of  Office  BiU.  Vote,  75-^.  [It 
is  not  approved  by  the  Senate.] 

Jan.  *  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  amended  Tenure  of  Office 
BiU  by  a  party  vote.  Vote,  111-38.  [It 
is  soon  after  amended  and  passed  by 
both  Houses.] 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  A 
Civil  Service  Reform  measure  is  in- 
troduced by  T.  A.  Jenckes  of  R.  I. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  law 
to  regulate  future  meetings  of  Con- 
g^ress;  one  to  be  held  at  noon  on  the 
fourth  of  March,  the  day  on  which  the 
term  begins  for  which  each  Congress  is 
elected. 

Jan.  *  I).  C.  Congress  passes  the  Com- 
promise Bill  for  admitting  Nebraska; 
the  exclusion  of  negroes  from  the  elec- 
tive franchise  is  to  be  removed  before 
admission.     [Jan.  29.    Vetoed.] 

Jan.  *  D.  C.  The  United  States  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  the  appointment  of 


UNITED    STATES. 


1867,  Jan.  7-June  30,    257 


military  trib\inala  by  Congress  is  an 
unconstitutional  act. 

Feb.  G.  D.  C.  Congress;  House : 
Tliaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa.  introduces  a 
Reconstruction  Act,  dividing  the  South 
into  five  military  districts.  [It  be- 
comes the  leading  measure  of  the  39th 
Congress,  and  passes  the  House  by  a 
TOte  of  109-55.] 

Feb.  9.  D.  C,  Congress  passes,  over 
tlie  President's  veto,  the  bill  admitting 
ITebraska. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate ; 
lleverdy  Jolinson  of  Md.  proposes  the 
X:iaine  Amendment  to  the  Military 
Di3trict  Bill,  which  requires  impartial 
suITrage  previous  to  the  restoration  of 
State  governments. 

Feb.*  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sherman  Substitute,  known 
in  the  House  as  the  Blaine  Amendment, 
for  the  Military  Government  Bill.  Vote, 
2>0. 

Feb.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  the  Sherman  Substitute.  Vote, 
73-33.  [Compromise  amendments  are 
added,] 

Feb.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Elaine  Amendment  to  the  Military 
Bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  69-94. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
and  the  House  pass  the  amended  Mili- 
tary Bill  by  a  party  vote. 

It  divides  the  Southern  States  into  five 
military  districts,  to  be  under  army  offi- 
cers, —  each  seceded  State  to  be  restored 
to  its  Federal  relations  when  a  conven- 
tion of  delegates  shall  frame  a  Constitu- 
tion ratitied  by  the  people  and  approved 
by  Congress,  and  when  the  Legislature 
elected  under  such  Constitution  shall 
adopt  the  14th  Amendment.  All  male 
citizens,  except  those  disfranchised  for 
acts  of  rebellion,  are  to  participate  in 
electing  delegates  to  the  conventions. 
Vote  :  House,  135-48;  Senate,  38-10. 

Congress :  The  Senate  passes  the 
amended  Tenure  of  Office  Bill. 

Neb.     The   Legislature   accepts    the 

terms  of  admission  into  statehood. 

Feb.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  further  establishment  and  protection 
of  national  cemeteries  for  burial  of 
soldiers  and  sailors. 

Feb.  23  Kan.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  Indians  for  their  removal  to  the 
Indian  Territory. 

Mar.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
Nebraska  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  37th  State. 

Mar.  2.  D.C.  President  Johnson  vetoes 
the  Tenure  of  OiUce  Bill  and  the  Re- 
constructional  Military  District  Bill. 

Congress  passes  the  Tenure  of  Of- 
fice Bill  over  the  President's  veto. 
Vote:  Senate,  35-11;  House,  133-37.  It 
also  overrides  the  veto  of  the  Military 
District  Bill.  Vote,  House,  135-48; 
Senate,  38-10. 

It  sets  apart  $20,000  to  provide  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  "Winfield 
Scott  and  passes  the  Katlonal  Bank- 
ruptcy Bill ;  it  establishes  a  Depart- 
ment of  Fducation.  [Later,  it  is  made 
a  Bureau  of  the  Interior.] 


The  Judiciary  Committee  reports 

its  inability  to  conclude  its  labors,  and 
recommends  that  the  investigation  of 
the  charges  against  the  President  be 
continued.  The  testimony  is  committed 
to  the  clerk,  for  use  during  the  ensuing 
session. 

Congress  enacts  that  the  Federal 
Government  shall  assume  the  govern- 
ment of  Virginia. 

The  Morrill  bill,  for  reducing  tho  in- 
ternal revenue  taxes  $36,000,000  yearly, 
becomes  a  law. 

The  amount  exempted  from  the  in- 
come tax  is  raised  from  $600  to  $1,000; 
the  excess  above  $1,000  to  be  taxed  at 
the  rate  of  5  per  cent ;  the  tax  to  expire 
in  1870. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  au- 
thorized to  exchange  three  per  cent 
certificates  of  indebtedness  for  com- 
pound interest  notes,  which  may  be 
counted  as  part  of  the  reserves  of  na- 
tional banks. 

Congress;  Senate  :  Benj.  F.  "Wade 
of  O.  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
Mar.  4.    D.  C.     Tho    39th    Congress 
ends. 

The  40th  Congress  opens. 

It  opens  the  moment  that  the  previous 
Congress  closes  ;  80  members  are  absent, 
and  17  States  are  without  represen- 
tation. 

Congress;  House:  Schuyler  Coif  ax 
(Rep.)  is  reelected  speaker  (third  time), 
against  Samuel  S.  Marshall  (Dem.)  of 
111.  Vote,  127-30.  James  Brooks  of 
N.  Y.  presents  the  protest  of  the  Dem- 
ocrats against  organizing  the  House. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  James 
M.  Ashley  of  O.  asks  the  continuance 
of  the  impeachment  investigation ;  he 
is  opposed  by  the  Democrats,  but  sus- 
tained by  a  party  vote. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  concurs  in 
the  Supplementary  Reconstruction 
Act,  and  sends  it  to  the  President. 
[Mar.  23.    Vetoed.] 

Mar.  20.  Mass.  The  Legislature  rati- 
fies the  14th  Amendment  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution. 

Mar.  23.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  the  Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction  Act  is  pjissed 
over  the  President's  veto.  Vote:  House, 
114-25;  Senate,  40-7. 

Gen.  Schofield  takes  charge  of  a  mili- 
tary district  at  Richmond  ;  Gen.  Sickles, 
at  Columbia:  Gen.  Pope,  at  Montgom- 
ery; Gen.  Ord.at  Vicksburg;  Gen.  Sheri- 
dan, at  New  Orleans. 

Mar.  *  Z>.  C.  Congress  refuses  to  ac- 
cept the  new  Constitution  of  Georgia. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  A  treaty  is  concluded 
by  which  the  Territory  of  Russian  Amer- 
ica [Alaska]  is  purchased  from  Russia 
for  the  sum  of  $7,200,000;  it  contains 
577,390  square  miles. 

Congress;  the  first  session  adjourns 
to  July  3. 

The  Legislatures  of    IfJ  States  have 

ratified  the  14th  Amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Jan.  4,  O.;  Jan.  8.  Mo.;  Jan.  10,  N.Y., 
Kan.,  and  Ky.  ;  Jan.  9,  Va.  (rejects)  ; 
Jan.  11,  Me.  and  Nev. ;  Jan.  15,  111.  and 


Minn. ;  Jan.  16,  W.  Va. ;  Jan.  29,  Ind. ; 
Jan.  30,  Miss.:  Jan.  *  Mich.;  Feb. 6,  Pa., 
while  Del.  and  La.  (reject) ;  Feb.  7,  K.  I. 
and  Wis.;  Mar.  23,  Md.  (rejects). 

Apr.  1.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets,  in 
special  session,  at  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
approves  the  treaty  for  the  purchase 
of  Russian  America. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  The  Senate  adjourns 
sine  die. 

May  8.  Md.  A  constitutional  con- 
vention meets  at  Annapolis. 

May  13.  Va.  Horace  Greeley  and 
others  sign  Jefferson  Davis's  bail- 
bond,  at  liichmond,  and  he  is  released 
from  prison.    (See  Society.) 

May  20.  Va.  Jefferson  Davis  leaves 
the  United  States.  [Resides  in  Canada.] 

May  24.  Z>.  C.  Attorney-General  Stan- 
bery  gives  an  opinion  respecting  the  Re- 
construction Acts,  which  tends  to 
neutralize  their  force.  [Another  opin- 
ion on  June  12.] 

June  3.  La.  Gov.  Wells  prevents  the 
operation  of  the  Reconstruction  Act, 
and  is  removed  by  Gen.  Sheridan  [June 
6,  he  appoints  B.  F.  Flanders  governor]. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1867, 
revenue:  Customs,  ^17ti,417,811  ;  in- 
ternal revenue,  $266,027,537  ;  direct  tax, 
.'g;4,200,234  ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1463,- 
ri76 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $27,787,330;  miscellaneous  items, 
$15,037,522.  Total  revenue,  $490,634,010. 
Excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $133,091,335.  Ependitures:  pre- 
miums on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc., 
$10,813,349 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $51,- 
110,234;  War  Department,  $95,224,416; 
Navy  Department,  $31,034,011  ;  Indians, 
$4,642,532;  pensions,  $20,936,552;  inter- 
est on  public  debt,  $143,781,592.  Total 
ordinary  expenses,  $357,542,675;  public 
debt,  $2,678,126,103.,  Exports,  $294,506,- 
141.    Imports,  $395,761,096. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1867  Jan.  22.  New  York.   By  resolution 

of  Congress,  the  lower  part  of  City  Hall 
Park  is  to  be  purchased  for  $500,000,  as 
a  site  for  post-office  and  U.  S.  courts. 

Jan.  23.  N.  Y.  About5,000per8ons  cross 
the  East  River  on  the  ice,  between  New- 
York  and  Brooklyn. 

Jan.  *  The  charter  of  the  Credit  Mo- 
bilier  is  purchased  by  the  builders  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the  stock 
increased  to  $3,750,000.  [J^arge  dividends, 
as  the  profits  of  building  the  Pacific 
railroad,  advance  the  price  of  the  stock 
to  a  high  figure.] 

Mar.  25.  Chicago.  "Water  ia  first  let 
into  the  tunnel  beneath  the  lake,  for 
supplying  the  city. 

Apr.  14.  Ore.  Grading  is  begun  at  Port- 
land for  the  Oregon  Central  Rail- 
road. 

June  6.  Phila.  An  explosion  occurs 
in  a  sawmill  on  Samson  Street ;  22  per- 
sons are  killed  and  seven  injured. 

June  19.  Pkila.  The  American  Thea- 
ter on  Walnut  Street  is  burned;  10  per- 
sons are  killed  by  falling  walls. 

June  22.  Boston.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  Masonic  Temple  is  laid. 


258     1867,  June  30- 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — HAVy. 

1867  Aug.  16.  Neb.  Gen.  Augur  with 
Federal  troops  attacks  500  Sioux  In- 
dians at  Plum  Creek,  near  Omaha,  in 
punishment  for  train  wrecking  and  the 
murder  of  train  hands. 

Aug.  17.  B.  C.  Gen.  W.  S.  Hancock 
is  appointed  to  command  in  the  5th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheri- 
dan. 

Aug.  26.  .V.  C.  Gen.  Edward  E.  S. 
Canby  is  given  command  of  the  '2d 
Military  District,  as  successor  to  Gen. 
Sickles. 

Summer-Autumn.  The  Sioux  In- 
diana are  defeated  in  several  engage- 
ments. 

Nov.  24.  Mont.  The  Sioux  are  de- 
feated by  the  4th  Cavalry  under  Col. 
McKenzie,  at  a  pass  in  the  Big  Horn 
.Mountains. 

Deo.  28.  D.  C.  Maj.-Gen.  George.  C. 
Meade  is  appointed  to  command  in  the 
3d  District,  as  successor  to  Gen.  John 
Pope.  Gen.  Irwin  McDowell  is  ap- 
pointed to  command  in  the  4th  District. 
The  President  directs  Gen.  Ord  to 
turn  over  his  command  in  Mississippi 
to  Gen.  Gillem, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867  July  7.  ^V.  Y.  The  asteroid  Un- 
dina  is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

Aug.  24.  xMich.  The  asteroid  Minerva 
is  discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [Also 
Aurora,  Sept.  0.] 

Nov.  14.  1).  C.  At  the  naval  observii- 
tory,  the  fall  of  1,000  meteors  in  21 
minutes  is  seen  ;  this  sliower,  which  had 
been  foretold,  was  seen  at  many  points, 
and  appeared  to  all  professional  ob- 
servers as  emanating  from  the  constel- 
lation Leo;  fully  5,000  meteors  were 
observed  from  various  places. 

Nov.  *  />.  C.  The  extensions  of  the 
national  Capitol  are  completed. 

Nov.  •  Boston.  The  statue  of  Edward 
Everett  is  completed. 

Dec.  11-15.  A  widespread  snowstorm 
causes  the  loss  of  many  lives  and  the 
wreck  of  many  vessels. 

»  *  lioston.  The  New  England  Conser- 
vatory of  Music  is  established  ;  it  is 
the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

•  »  Fr.  McCormick's  reaping-ma- 
chine receives  the  highest  prize  at  the 
Paris  Exposition. 

•  *  London.  The  Merchant  of  Venice  is 
presented  by  Edwin  Booth  at  the  Win- 
ter Garden  Theater. 

»  •  Mass.    The  Salem  Oratorio  Society 

is  organized  at  Salem. 
+  •  *  New  York.   The  ISlack  Crook  is  acted 

several  hundred  times  at  Niblo's  Garden. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1887 

JtUy  1 .  Meagher,  Thomas  Francis,  Irish  Con- 
federation leader;  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  Vol.;  Gov. 
of  Idaho;  Journalist,  orator,  A44. 

July  7.  King,  John  ."llsop.  Gov.  of  N.  Y., 
A80. 

July  0.    King,  Rufus  H.,  banker,  N.Y.,  A83. 


July  30.     Chandler,    Samuel,    major-gen. 

V.  S.  A.,  vet.  of  1812,  A73. 
July  29.  Anthon,  Charles, classicalscholar, 

a;o. 

July  31 .    Sedgwick,  Catherine  M.,  novelist, 

philanthropist,  A78. 
AuBT.  6.    Cooke,  Edwin  F.,  brig.-gen.  V.  S. 

vols.,  A32. 
Aue.  7.    Aldridge,  Ira,  mulatto  actor,  Abl. 
A.\xg.  16.    Butler,  Pierce,  lawyer  of  I'hila., 

Km. 

Auff.  32.  Day,  Jeremiah,  mathematician, 
pres.  of  Yale,  A  94. 

Aug.  36.  Davenport,  Nicholas  T.,  actor, 
A36. 

Aug.  37.  Jackson,  James,  phys.,  professor 
in  Harvard,  A!)0. 

8ept.  9.  Taylor,  Thomas  H.,  1*.  E.  clergy- 
man, \.  Y.,  scholar,  writer,  A68. 

Sept.  15.  Griffln,  Charles,  major  general 
U.  8.  A.,  A41. 

Sept.  29.  Price,  Sterling,  Gov.  of  Mo., 
Confed.  maj.-gen.,  A58. 

Oct.  3.  Howe,  Klias,  inventor  of  sewing- 
machine,  .\48. 

Oct.  7.  Uiddell,  John  L.,  physician,  in- 
ventor binocular  microscope,  .\60. 

Oct.  33.  Kendall,  George  W.,  founder  of 
New  Orleans  Picayune^  A58. 

Oct.  30.  Andrew,  John  Albion,  "  War 
Gov."  of  Mass.,  A49. 

Oct.  *  Herring,  James,  portrait  painter,  A73. 

Nov.  6.  lira(lford,  Alexander  Warfleld, 
lawyer,  editor,  .\52. 

Nov.  6.  Hooker,  Worthlngton,  phys.,  au- 
thor, A61. 

Nov.  11.  Packard,  Frederick  Adolphus, 
editor,  A73. 

Nov.  12.  Stevens,  Walter  H.,  Confed. 
brig.-gen.,  chief  engineer,  A40. 

Nov.  15.  Sartwell,  Henry  Parker,  bota- 
nist, A75. 

Nov.  19.    Halleck,  Fitz-Greene,  poet,  A77. 

Nov.  27.  Walworth,  Reuben  Hyde,  last 
chancellor  of  N.  Y.,  A79. 

Kngles.  WiUlam  M.,  Pres.  cl.,  A70. 

Dec.  5.  Dewey,  Chester,  educator,  bota- 
nist, A83. 

Dec.  7.  Palmer,  James  S.,  rear-admiral 
r,  S.  N.,  A57. 

Dec.  38.  Harbangh,  Henry,  Ger.  Ref.  cler- 
gyman, A.^0. 

Dec.  31.  Arrington,  Alfred,  W.  lawyer, 
writer,  A57. 

CHURCH. 

1867  July  25.  Fla.  John  Freeman 
Young  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bisliop  "of  Florida. 

Oct.  16.  III.  The  Illinois  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  Cliurch  South)  is 
organized. 

Nov.  12.  Conn.  The  General  Conference 
(Congregational)  of  Connecticut  is  or- 
ganized. 

Nov.  20.  Ind.  The  first  General  Coun- 
cil of  Lutherans  meets  at  Fort  Wayne. 

**  Chicago.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 

•  *  111.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Central  Illinois  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  Md.  The  Presbyterian  Synod  of  Pa- 
tapsco  unites  with  the  Southern  As- 
sembly. 

♦  •  Mo.  The  Presbyterian  Synods  of  Mis- 
souri and  Kentucky  separate  from  the 
Northern  Assembly. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Kochester ;  H.  A. 
Nelson,  moderator. 

LETTERS. 

1867  Aug.  24.  Md.  The  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  is  incorporated. 

Sept.  19.  Wyo.  The  Cheyenne  Evening 
Leader  is  issued. 

Oct.  1.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
act  making  the  public  schools  entirely 
free. 


Oct.  25.  Wyo.  The  Daily  Argus  is 
issued. 

Oct.  •  Mass.  The  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College  at  Amherst  is  opened. 

Dec.  8.  Wyo.  The  Rocky  Mountain  Star 
is  issued. 

»  » Ala.  Emerson  Institute  (colored)  of 
Mobile  is  opened  by  the  American  Mis- 
sionary Association. 

*  *  Ala.  Talladega  CoUege  is  opened 
for  colored  students  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

*  *  Cal.  St.  Augustine  College  (Prot. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Benicia. 

*  *  Cal.  St.  Vincent's  College  (Kom. 
Cath.)  at  Los  Angeles  is  organized. 

*  *D.C.  Howard  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Washington.  The  Med- 
ical Department  of  the  University  is 
opened. 

It  is  chartered  hy  Congress  without  a 
race  basis,  yet  aiming  to  provide  espe- 
cially for  negroes. 

*  *  Del.  Delaware  College  (non-sect.) 
is  founded  at  Newark. 

*  *  la.  Simpson  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Indiauola. 

*  »  //(.  The  Baptist  Union  Theological 
Seminary  is  organized  at  Morgan  Park. 

*  *  III.  The  University  of  Illinois  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Champaign. 

*  *  Ind.  St.  Meinrad's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  St.  Meinrad. 

*  *  Ky.  Cecilian  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Cecilian. 

*  •  Md.  BidgevUle  College  (Free-will 
Bapt.)  is  organized  at  Ridgeville. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Tribune  is  issued  at  Minne- 
apolis. 

*  *  N.  C.  Biddle  University  (Pres.)  Is 
organized  at  Charlotte. 

*  *  New  York,  The  Evening  Telegram  is 
founded. 

*  *  New  York.    The  News  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  The  Western  Reserve  Historical 
Society  of  Cleveland  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Public  Library  is  founded 
at  Cincinnati.    [158,136  vols.] 

*  *  O.  Hiram  College  (Disciples)  is  or- 
ganized at  Hiram. 

*  *  O.  Soio  College,  formerly  One  Study 
College  (Meth.  Epis.),  is  founded  at  Scio. 

*  •  Phila.  Tlie  Baptist  Quarterly  review 
appears. 

*  *  Phila.  The  American  Naturalist  taag- 
azine  appears. 

*  •  Pa.  Muhlenberg  CoUege  (Evan. 
Luth.)  is  organized  at  Allentown. 

*  *  Pa.  LebanonVaUey  College  (United 
Breth.)  is  organized  at  Annville. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  Aug.  10.  /).  C.  The  jury  disa- 
gree in  the  case  of  John  H.  Surratt, 
on  trial  for  complicity  in  the  murder 
of  President  Lincoln. 

Sept.  18.  La.  A  negro  judge  presides  in 
a  court  of  justice  at  New  Orleans. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Rev.  Thomas  Lake  Harris 
founds  the  Brocton  Community  of 
Socialists,  at  Brocton. 


I 


UNITED   STATES. 


1867,  June  30- 


259 


Nov.  5.  New  York.  John  Morrissey  is 
elected  M.C.  from  the  '*  Bloody  Sixth  " 
ward. 

He  ha<I  twice  fought  bloody  battles  in 
the  prize-ring,  had  oeen  eight  times  in- 
dicted, iov  assault  with  intent  to  kill,  as- 
sault and  battery,  and  burglary  \  he  had 
also  served  nine  months  in  the  peniten- 
tiary for  nine  breaches  of  the  peace. 
[He'is  afterward  reelected.] 

*  *  III,  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
abolishing:  capital  punishment. 

*  *  Mass.  Clarke  Institute,  for  the 
training  of  deaf  mutes,  is  opened  at 
Northampton. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law  pro- 
hibiting the  sale  of  intoxicating:  bev- 
erages, and  provides  for  its  enforcement 
by  the  appointment  of  a  State  constable. 

STATE. 

1867  Julys.  n.C.  The 40th Congress: 
the  special  session  reopens. 

July  8.  7).  C.  The  right  of  suffrage  is 
extended  to  the  colored  citizens  of  the 
district. 

July  11.  D.  C.  A  reciprocity  treaty 
with  Hawaii  is  signed. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Second  Supplementary  Reconstruc- 
tion Act. 

July  19.  />.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  Second  Supplementary  Re- 
construction Act. 

Me  favors  reorganization  by  civil  rather 
than  military  methods  ;  his  message  is 
regarded  as  a  threat  to  use  military 
poweragainstCongress,  and  his  impeach- 
ment is  suggested. 

Congress  overrides  the  last  veto. 
Vote  :  House,  108-1>5  ;  Senate,  30-6. 

July  20.  Z>.  C.  The  40th  Congress; 
the  first  session  again  adjourns,  to 
Nov.  21. 

Jiily  30.  Tex.  Gen.  Sheridan  removes 
Gov. Throckmorton  ;  !E.M.Fease  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

Aug.  5.  />.  C.  President  Jolmson  re- 
quests Secretary  Stanton  to  resign 
for  *'  public  considerations  ;  *'  Stanton 
replies  that  "public  considerations'* 
forbid  it. 

Aug.  12.  D.  C.  Secretary  Stanton  is 
removed  by  the  President,  and  Gen. 
Grant  is  appointed  his  successor,  ad 
interim. 

Aug.  *  Sept.  *  D.  C.  President  John- 
son, alleging  insubordination,  removes 
Gen.  Sheridan  (Aug.  17)  from  the  mili- 
tary department  of  Louisiana,  and  Gen. 
Sickles  from  that  of    North  Carolina. 

Sept.  3.  n.  C.  The  President,  by  proc- 
lamation, declares  that  the  supremacy 
of  the  Civil  Court  (Federal)  must  he 
upheld. 

Sept.  7.  />.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
a  general  amnesty ;  this  includes  all 
but  a  few  of  the  high  officials  of  the  Con- 
federacy. 

Sept.  18.  Md.  The  new  Constitution 
is  approved  by  the  people.  Vote,  27,152- 
23,036. 

Sept.  25.  Fla.  A  convention  of  conser- 
vatives organizes  the  Constitutional 
Union  party,  at  Tallahassee. 


Sept.  27.  A%  C.  A  conservative  mass- 
meeting  is  held  at  Kaleigh  to  oppose 
the  radical  Republicans. 

Sept.  *  Oct.  ♦  Kan.  A  woman's  suf- 
frage campaign  is  conducted  by  Lucy 
Stone,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Elizabeth 
Cady  Stanton,  and  others. 

Oct.  9.  Alaska  is  formally  trans- 
ferred by  Russia,  and  Gen.  Rousseau 
takes  possession  of  Sitka  Island. 

Oct.  11.  Ky.  Gov.  Stevenson  provides 
for  the  suppression  of  the  regulators 
and  Ijnachers  in  Marion,  Boyle,  and 
other  countries  by  the  organizing  of  an 
armed  force. 

Oct.  22.  Fa.  The  people  vote  to  call 
a  constitutional  convention.  Vote, 
107,342-61,887. 

Tfov.  5.  Kan.  An  amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  by  striking  out  the  word 
"white,"  is  not  carried.  Vote,  10,483- 
19,421  ;  another,  to  drop  the  word 
**  male,"  is  not  approved.  Vote,  9,070- 
19,857. 

Nov.  9.  Vt.  The  Legislatiu-e  ratifies  the 
14th  Amendment. 

U.  S,    The  Republican  freedmen 

gain  the  ascendancy  in  the  elections 
held  in  Southern  States ;  Democrats 
obtain  large  majorities  in  the  North. 

Nov.  11.  U.  S,  The  public  debt  has 
been  reduced  $10,(K)0,0(X)  monthly,  on 
the  average,  since  Aug.  31,  1865, 

Nov.  14.  A  treaty  is  concluded  with 
Denmark  for  the  sale  of  the  islands  of 
San  Juan  and  Santa  Cruz  in  the  West 
Indies  for  $7,500,000. 

Nov.  21.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  adjourned  first  session  reopens. 

Nov.  22,  La.  A  Constitution  prohibit- 
ing slavery,  declaring  the  ordinance  of 
secession  void,  and  disfranchising  ex- 
Confederates,  is  adopted  by  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  at  New  Or- 
leans. 

Va.     Jefferson  Davis    returns    to 

Richmond. 

Nov.  25.  B.C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
report  of  the  Impeachment  Com- 
mittee directs  that  '*  Andrew  John- 
son, President  of  the  United  States,  be 
impeached  of  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors;" a  minority  report  directs 
the  discharge  of  the  Committee,  and  the 
tabling  of  the  subject.  [Dec.  7.  The 
House  rejects  the  majority  report.  Vote, 
57-108.] 

Nov.  26.  Va.  The  trial  of  Jefferson 
Davis  for  treason  is  again  adjourned. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes ;  the  second  ses- 
sion opens. 

Dec.  3.  Va.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Richmond. 

Dec.  5.  Ga,  A  convention  of  native 
whites  at  Masson  forms  **  the  Conserv- 
ative Party  of  Georgia.'* 

Dec.  7±.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Schenck  Bill,  forbidding 
"  a  further  reduction  of  the  currency 
by  retiring  and  canceling  United  States 


notes."  Vote,  127-32.  [Act  of  Feb.  4, 
1868-1 

Dec.  9.  Ga.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention is  held  by  request  of  the  gen- 
eral commanding  the  district ;  it  as- 
sembles at  Atlanta. 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  the 
President's  message  relative  to  the  dis- 
missal of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

*  *  Neb.  The  capital  is  removed  from 
Omaha  to  Lincoln. 

*  *  Nev,  The  act  of  the  Legislature  which 
taxes  every  person  one  dollar  who  leaves 
the  State  in  a  public  conveyance,  is 
declared  unconstitutional  by  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Covu-t. 

*  *  Me.  Prohibitory  State  Liquor  Law 
passed. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-69  *  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    A.  Cameron  Hunt, 
-69  *  *  Conn.    James  E.  English. 

-68  *  *  Ga.    T.  H.  Ruger. 
-68  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.).    Isaac  L.  Gibbs. 
-73  *  *  Ind.    Conrad  Baker. 
Ky.    John  L.  Helm. 
-72  *  *  Ky.    John  W.  Stevenson. 
-68  *  *  La.    Benjamin  F.  Flanders, 
-71  *  *  Me.     J.  L.  Chamberlain. 
-71  *  *  Neb.    David  Butler. 
-69  *  *N.  H.     Walter  Harriman. 
-69  *  *  A".  Mex.  ( Ter.)    Wm.  F.  N.  Arny. 

*  *  Pa.    John  W.  Geary. 
_70  *  *  Tex.    Edward  M.  Pease. 
-69  *  *  Vt.    John  B.  Page. 
-69*  *  Wash.(Ter,).  Marshall  F.Moore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867    June  30.     U.  S.    Immigrants  for 

1867,  298,967. 

July  2.  New  York.  A  single  track  of 
elevated  cable  railroad  is  opened  from 
the  Battery  to  Thirtieth  Street. 

Aug.  16.  N^eiP  York.  The  first  gold 
and  stock  company  in  the  United 
States  is  organized. 

Aug.  *  La.  The  yellow-fever  rages  in 
New  Orleans  and  in  the  Southwest. 

Aug.  *  The  Credit  Mobilier,  through 
Cakes  Ames,  contracts  to  build  637  miles 
of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  at  prices 
which  aggregate  $47,000,000.  [The  value 
of  shares  soon  rises  to  400  per  cent.] 

Summer.  N.  Y.  There  are  390  cases  of 
yellow-fever  at  quarantine,  near  New 
York  City. 

Sept.  17.  Md.  The  National  Ceme- 
tery at  Antietam  is  dedicated  in  the 
presence  of  the  President. 

Oct.  *  Mass.  An  explosion  in  the  Hoo- 
sac  Tunnel  causes  the  loss  of  13  lives, 
and  much  damage  to  the  head-house. 

Dec.  9.  N.  Y.  Work  begins  on  the  new 
Capitol  at  Albany. 

Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  An  accident  occurs  on 
the  Lake  Shore  railroad,  caused  by  the 
caving  in  of  an  embankment  ;  ignition 
of  cars ;  41  persons  burned  to  death. 

Dee.  *  Credit  Mobilier  stock  is  quietly 
distributed  among  members  of  Con- 
gress for  the  purpose  of  influencing 
votes  in  its  favor.  [The  scandal  is  un- 
earthed in  1872.1 


260     1867,**-1868,Apr.l8. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1867  *  *Miss.  W.H.McArdle,  the  editor 
of  the  Vicksburg  Times,  is  charged  with 
obstructing  the  Reconstruction  Acts, 
and  is  confined  in  the  military  prison 
by  order  of  Gen.  Ord. 

1868  Jan,  15.  Mont.  Gen.  Miles  de- 
feats and  routs  the  Indians. 

Spring.  Mont.  The  Indians  under  Sit- 
ting Bull  and  Crazy  Horse  are  subdued 
and  scattered. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C.  Gen.  Robert  C.  Bu- 
chanan is  appointed  to  command  in  the 
5th  District,  as  successor  to  Gen.  \V.  S. 
Hancock. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1867  *  *  JVew  York.  M.  F.  DeHaas  and 
C.  G.  Griswold  are  elected  members  of 
the  Ifational  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Wyo.  Gold  is  f  oiuid  near  the  source 
of  the  Sweetwater  River. 

*  *  The  attempt  to  raise  Alpaca,  An- 
gora, and  Cashmere  goats  as  domestic 
animals,  with  a  view  to  utilization  of 
their  fieece,  is  abandoned. 

*  *  The  silk  worm  industry  develops  in 
California,  but  fails  for  climatic  reasons 
in  the  Atlantic  States. 

*  *  American  Institute  of  Architects  is 
established. 

*  *  Coast  of  Jihode  Island  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

*  *  The  Splinter  is  painted  by  J.  B.  Irving. 

*  *  Notch  at  Lancaster  is  painted  by  A.  F. 
Bellows. 

*  *  /n  the  Woods  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Burand. 

*  *  American  Sunset  is  painted  by  George 
Inness. 

*  *  Glimpse  of  White  Mountains  is  ^aXaXe^. 
by  J.  F.  Kensett. 

*  *  The  Village  Post-Office  is  painted  by 
T.  W.  Wood. 

*  *  George  L.  Fox  appears  as  Bottom  in 
Midsummer  NighVs  Dream. 

1868  Mar.  *  New  York.  A  steam-mo- 
tor-man is  exhibited. 

April  15.  D.  C.  A  memorial  and  statue 
of  liincoln  is  unveiled  at  the  Capitol. 

Apr.  18.  y.  Y.  The  asteroid  lanthe  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1868. 
Jan.  1.    Gillespie,  Wm.  M.,  civil  engineer, 

A52. 
Jan.  11.    Bell,  Henry  Haywood,  rear-athn., 

U.  S,  N.,  tlrowneil  in  Japan,  A68. 
Jan.  12.    Steele,  Frederick,  maj.-gen.,  U.S. 

vols.,  A 49. 
Jan.  15.    Kllsworth,  William  W.,  gov.  of 

Conn.,  A77. 
Jan.  19.    liaraga,  Frederick,  Austrian  R.  C. 

bishop  in  U.  S.,  A7I. 

Dick,  James  T.,  artist,  A34. 

Jan.  21.    Asboth,  Alex.  S.,  Hungarian  offi- 
cer, niaj.-gen.  in  Civil  War,  A.^7. 
Jan.  33.    Force,  Peter,  journalist,  compiler, 

A78. 
Jan.  26.  Dean,  Amos,  chancellor,  professor, 

author,  A65. 
Feb.  1.    Leeser,    Isaac,   Jewish    rabbi    of 

Phila.,  editor,  autlior,  A62. 
Feb.  4.    (iilliams,  Jacob,  physician  of  Phila., 

naturalist,  AH4. 
Feb.  5.    Herrick,  Anson,  journalist,  M.  C. 

forN.  Y.,  A56. 


Feb.  10.    Richardson,  John  Fram,  educator, 

linguist,  AbO. 

Feb.  16.  Kendall,  Philip  K.,  jurist,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  A74. 

Feb.  18.  Sewall,  Samuel,  antiq.,  writer, 
Cong,  clergyman,  AH3. 

Feb.  23.     Gannon,  Mary,  actress,  A39. 

Mar.  4.  Lord,  Daniel,  lawyer  of  N.  Y.  city, 
A73. 

Mar.  6.    Hughes,  Ball,  sculptor,  A62. 

Mar.  11.    Dana,Samiiel  Luther, chem.,A73. 

Mar.  16.  "Wilmot.  David.  "Wilmot  Pro- 
viso," M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A54. 

Mar.  32.    Childs,  Henry  IT., physician,  ASS. 

Carter,  Josiah  Mason,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician. Conn.,  Abf>. 

Mar.  27.  Goodrich,  Chauncey,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, scholar,  AM. 

Mar.  30.  Parker,  Edward  G.,  journalist, 
author,  A4U. 

Mar.  31.  Hartstene,  Henry  J.,  commander 
I'.  S.  N.,  explorer  willi  Dr.  Kane,  <iies. 

Paige,  Alonzo  Christ,  jurist  of  N.  Y., 

compiler,  A  7 1. 

Apr.  1.  Ashburn,  George  W.,  southern 
loyalist,  soldier,  A — . 

I'arker,  James,  statesman,  A92. 

Apr.  6.  Howell,  Robert  Boyte  C,  Baptist 
clergyman,  writer,  author,  A  67. 

Apr.  13.  Cooper,  Julia  D.,  actor,  writer, 
A37. 

Apr.  14.  Bangher,  Henry  L.,  Lutheran 
clergyman,  pres.  or  Luth.  college,  A(>3.  t 

Apr.  17.  Homaus,  John,  physician  of  Bos- 
ton, A  75. 

CHURCH. 

1867  *  *  O.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xenia ; 
John  B.  Dales,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (O.  S, 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cincinnati ;  Phin- 
eas  D.  Gurley,  moderator. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  A.  Campbell,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Susquehanna  is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  Tlie  Presbyterian  National 
Union  Convention  is  held  ;  George 
H.  Stuart,  president.  It  fails  to  effect 
the  organic  union  of  all  Presbyterians. 

*  *  Tex.  A  General  Association  of  Bap- 
tists is  formed. 

*  *  Netherlands.  Delegates  of  the  United 
States  branch  of  the  Evangelical  Alli- 
ance first  attend  the  great  conference 
held  at  Amsterdam, 

*  *  The  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch 
Church  of  North  America  changes  its 
name  to  the  Heformed  Church  in 
America. 

*  *  Tlie  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Virginia 
Conferences  (Methodist  Episcopal)  are 
formed. 

1868  Mar.  3.  P.  I.  The  Union  for 
Christian  "Work  (undenominational)  is 
organized  at  Providence. 

Mar.  10.  The  Colorado  Association 
(Congregational)  is  organized. 

Apr.  2.  Ga.  John  "Watrous  Beckwith 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Georgia. 

LETTERS. 

1867  *  *  Tenn.  East  Tennessee  "Wes- 
leyan  University  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Athens. 

*  *  Tenn,  King  College  (Pres.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Bristol, 

*  *  Tenn.  Fiske  University  (Cong.)  is 
organized  at  Kashville. 


*  ♦  Va.  The  Richmond  Theological 
Seminary  (Bapt,)  is  founded. 

'  *  Wis.  Milton  College  (Seventh-day 
Bapt.)  is  organized. 

*  *  State  Normal  Schools  are  opened : 
at  Peru,  Neb. ;  Brockport,  N.  Y. ;  Cas- 
tleton,  Randolph,  and  Johnson,  Vt. ; 
and  at  Fairmount,  W.  Va. 

^  *  W.  Va.  The  Storer  College  at 
Harper's  Ferry  is  opened. 

*  *  Flower  de  Luce,  by  Henry  "W.  IjOng- 
fellow,  appears ;  also  a  translation  of 
the  Divine  Comedy  (18C7-1870). 

*  *  Book  of  the  Artists,  by  Henry  T.  Tuck- 
erman,  appears. 

^  *  Tfie  Jesuits    in  America,  by  Francis 

Parkman,  appears. 
'  *  Condensed    Novels,    by    Bret    Harte, 

appears, 

*  *  Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern,  by  Cor- 
nelius C.  Felton,  appears. 

^  *  TAeGwarrfmn  ^7i(7e;,  by  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes,  appears. 

'  •  Language  and  the  Study  of  LangtUtge^ 
by  William  Dwight  Whitney,  appears. 

^  *  May-Day  and  Other  Pieces,  by  Ralph 
"Waldo  Emerson,  appears. 

^  *  Norttood,  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
appears. 

^  *  Miss  PaveneVs  Conversion,  by  J.  W. 
DeForest,  appears. 

*  *  The  Tent  on  the  Beach,  by  John 
Greenleaf  "Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  Tiger  Lilies,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  ap- 
pears. 

"  *  Waiting  for  the  Verdict,  by  Rebecca 

II.  Davis,  appears. 
^  *  Famous  Americans  of  Pecent  Times,  by 

James  Parton,  appears. 
"  *  History  of  the  American  Civil  War^hj 

John  William  Draper,  appears. 

*  *  The  Wearing  of  the  Gray,  by  John 
Esten  Cooke,  appears. 

^  *  Colorado,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 
^  *  A  Journey  to  Ashango-Land,  by  Paul 
B.  Du  Chaillu,  appears. 

*  *  New  America,  by  William  Hepworth 
Dixon,  appears. 

'  *New  York  in  the  Nineteenth  Century^ 
and  American  Leaves,  etc.,  by  Samuel 
Osgood,  appear. 

►  *  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  by 
Philip  Schaff,  appears. 

^  *  CyclopsBdia  of  Biblical,  Theological^ 
and  Ecclesiastical  Literature,  by  Mc- 
CHntock  and  Strong,  Vol.  I.  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  William  Denn  lIowellB» 
appears ;  also  Italian  Journeys. 

*  *  Swinging  Bound  the  Circle,  by  Petro- 
leum V.  Nasby,  appears. 

*  *  Complete  Manual  of  English  Litera- 
ture, by  Thomas  B.  Shaw,  appears. 

*  *  War  Poetry  of  the  South,  edited  by 
William  Gilmore  Simms,  appears, 

*  *  Peligious  Poems,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  The  Celebrated  Jumping  Frog,  etc.,  by 
Mark  Twain,  appears. 

*  *  New  System  of  Infantry  Tactics^  by 
Gen.  Emory  Upton,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.         1867,  *  *-1868,  Apr.  18.     261 


1868  Jan.  1.  Ga.  The  Methodist  Advo- 
cate is  published  at  Atlanta. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  *  *K.  Y.  The  State  Board  of 
Charities  is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Farmers  organize  the  Gran- 
gers to  protect  farming  interests. 

1868  Jan.  1.  Ind.  The  Reform 
School  for  boys  is  opened  at  Plainfield. 

Feb.  8.  Mo.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
act  by  which  prize  fighting  for  money 
is  made  punishable  by  imprisonment  or 
a  fine. 

Mar.  31.  CaL  The  Chinese  Embassy- 
arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  President  receives  Charles 
Dickens. 

Apr.  18.  New  York,  A  dinner  in  honor 
of  Charles  Dickens  is  given  by  some  of 
his  admirers.  [Apr.  22.  He  sails  for 
England.] 

STATE. 

1867  •  *  Congress  attaches  that  por- 
tion of  New  Mexico  which  lies  above 
37'  to  Colorado. 

1868  Jan.  4.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House  : 
Resolutions  are  adopted  approving 
the  course  of  Gen.  Sheridan  as  mili- 
tary governor  of  Louisiana,  and  cen- 
suring President  Johnson. 

Jan.  8.  Ga.  The  State  Convention  re- 
moves the  capital  from  Augusta  to 
Atlanta. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
refuses  to  concur  with  the  President  in 
the  removal  of  Secretary  Stanton; 
Gen.  Grant  promptly  vacates  the 
office  of  Secretary  of  War. 

Jan.  14.  S.  C  A  State  Convention, 
called  under  the  Keconstruction  Acts, 
assembles  at  Cliarleston  to  frame  a  new 
Constitution. 

N.  C.    A  State  Convention,  called 

under  the  Reconstruction  Acts,  assem- 
bles at  Raleigh.  [A  Constitution  is 
framed,  and  it  is  afterward  ratified.] 

Jan.  14, 15.  7>.  C.  Secretary  Stanton 
resumes  his  office. 

Jan.  20.  Fla.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, meeting  at  Tallaliassee,  is  or- 
ganized by  41  of  the  46  delegates  ;  the 
eligibility  of  four  others  is  contested. 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  The 
Southern  States  are  declared  to  be  with- 
out valid  government  ;  jurisdiction 
over  them  is  taken  from  the  Presi- 
dent, and  assigned  to  Gen.  Grant,  as 
commander  of  the  army. 

Jan.  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  unani- 
mously rejects  the  14th  Amendment 
to  the  Constitution. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  exempts  cot- 
ton from  the  internal  revenue  tax. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  An  act  pro- 
hibiting any  further  reduction  of  the 
currency  is  passed  ;  the  minimum  limit 
of  legal-tender  notes  is  fixed  at  9356,- 
000,000. 

Feb.  6.  Fla.  The  president  of  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  announces  that  a 


legal  quorum  of  20  or  22  delegates  have 
adopted  a  new  Constitution ;  it  super- 
sedes that  of  1865. 

Feb.  18.  Fla.  A  meeting  of  the  dele- 
gates of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
is  called  by  Gen.  Meade ;  Horatio  Jen- 
kins is  appointed  president. 

Feb.  20.  iV.  J.  The  Legislature  with- 
draws the  ratification  of  the  14th 
Amendment.  [Feb.  25,  the  withdrawal 
is  vetoed  by  Governor  Ward ;  Mar.  5, 
Senate  overrides  the  veto ;  Mar,  25,  the 
House  also.] 

Feb.  21.  B.C.  President  Johnson  dis- 
misses E.  M.  Stanton,  Secretary  of 
AVar,  and  appoints  Gen.  XiOrenzo 
Thomas  as  his  successor  ad  interim; 
the  President  notifies  the  Senate  of  his 
action. 

Feb.  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
declares  the  appointment  of  Gen, 
Thomas  illegal,  and  Stanton  causes 
his  arrest ;  he  is  held  on  bail,  but  re- 
leased Feb.  24. 

The  President  nominates  Thomas 
Ewing  of  O.  as  Secretary  of  War. 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
resolves  to  impeach  President  John- 
son of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 
(Second  attempt.)  Vote,  126-47;  17  not 
voting.  Two  members  are  appointed  to 
impeach  him  at  the  bar  of  the  Senate. 

He  is  charged  with  violating  the  Tenure 
of  Office  Act,  and  much  friction  exists 
between  tlie  Executive  and  Congress, 
because  of  his  opposition  to  the  Recon- 
struction Acts. 

Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  action 
of  the  House  for  impeachment  is  re- 
ported at  the  bar  of  the  Senate  by 
Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa.  and  John 
A.  Bingham  of  O.,  the  Committee  of 
Impeachment. 

Fla.      The    State    Constitution    is 

adopted  ;  nine  delegates  refuse  to  sign  it. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  the 
Committee  of  Impeachment  reports 
nine  articles. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
articles  of  impeachment  are  adopted 
by  a  party  vote. 

Impeachment  managers :  John  A.  Bing- 
ham, Chairman,  of  O.,  George  S.  Bout- 
well  of  Mass.,  James  F.  Wilson  of  la., 
Benjamin  F.  Butler  of  Mass.,  Thomas 
Williams  of  Pa,,  John  A.  Logan  of  111., 
Thaddeus  Stevens  of  Pa.  President's 
counsel :  B.  U.  CurtiR,WilliamM.  Evarts, 
W.  S.  Grosbeck,  and  Henry  Stanbery. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Board  of  Managers  presents  two  addi- 
tional articles  of  impeachment,  — sedi- 
tion, and  speech  declaring  that  Congress 
was  not  a  legal  body. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  Senate 
notifies  the  House  that  it  is  ready  to 
receive  the  managers  of  the  Impeach- 
ment. Tlie  House  bill  of  impeachment 
is  presented. 

Mar.  5.  D.C.  The  Senate  convenes  as  a 
Court  of  Impeachment,  with  the  Chief 
Justice  in  the  chair.  The  President  is 
summoned  to  appear. 

Mar.  11.  Ga.  The  new  Constitution 
is  ratified. 


Mar.  13.  D.C.  The  Court  of  Impeach- 
ment is  reopened ;  it  adjourns  to  the 
23d. 

Jrh.     The    new    Constitutdon    is 

adopted  and  ratified. 

Mar.  23.  I).  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  The 
Impeachment  Court  receives  the  Pres- 
ident's response  to  the  charges. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Gen. 
B.  F.  Butler  of  Mass.,  as  counsel  for  the 
prosecution,  opens  the  case  against  the 
President ;  the  actual  trial  begins. 

Mar.  31.  Cat.  The  Chinese  embassy, 
with  Anson  Burlingame  as  special 
ambassador,  arrives  at  San  Francisco. 

Apr.  3.  la.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

Apr.  9.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Ben- 
jamin R,  Curtis  of  Mass.  opens  the  de- 
fense in  the  impeachment  trial. 

Apr.  14-16.  S.  C.  The  new  Constitu- 
tion is  ratified  by  the  people.  Vote, 
70,558-27,288. 

Apr.  17.  Va.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention adopts  a  constitution.  Vote, 
5I-3G.  [It  was  to  have  been  submitted  to 
the  people  for  ratification,  June  2;  but 
the  election  was  not  held.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867  •  *  ///.  The  pioneer  Pullman 
car  is  built ;  the  Pullman  Car  company 
is  organized. 

*  *  Mo.  Carondelet  is  incorporated  with 
St.  Louis.     [Effective  Apr.  1871.] 

*  *  K.  Y.  The  Hudson  Kiver  railroad 
bridge  at  Albany  is  completed. 

*  *  Minn.  Minneapolis  is  incorporated 
as  a  city. 

*  *  New  York.  The  county  court-house 
is  completed. 

*  *  Ore.  The  bark  Whistler  carries  a 
cargo  of  wheat  direct  to  Australia. 

*  *  Phila.  The  new  court-house  is 
opened. 

*  *  Wagner's  Falace-Car  Company  is 
incorporated. 

1868  Jan.  2.  Cat.  The  Santa  Clara 
and  Pajaro  Valley  Kailroad  Company  is 
chartered. 

Jan.  28.  Chicago  is  devastated  by  a 
great  fire;  loss,  £3,000.000. 

Jan.  *  lioston.  The  town  of  Koxbury  is 
annexed. 

Mar.  2.  Kew  York.  Bamum's  Mu- 
seum is  again  burned. 

Mar.  18,  The  steamer  Magnolia  on  the 
Ohio  Iliver  explodes  ;  80  lives  are  lost. 

Mar.  31.  Miss.  A  convention  of  land- 
owners is  held  at  Jackson  to  encourage 
immigration  to  the  South  ;  delegates  are 
present  from  Mississippi,  Tennessee, 
Alabama,  and  Louisiana. 

Apr.  9.  The  steamer  Sea  Tiird  burns  on 
Lake  Michigan  ;  100  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  14.  Pa.  An  Erie  train  is  thrown 
down  an  embankment  at  Carr's  Rock, 
on  the  Delaware  River;  2G  persons  are 
killed  and  52  are  injured. 


262     1868,  Apr.  18-Oct.  26 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  June  1.  n.  C.  Gen.  G.  Stone- 
man,  is  appointed  to  command  in  the  1st 
District,  as  successor  to  Gen.  J.  M.  Schfi- 
field. 

June  4.  D.  C.  Gen.  Irvin  McDowell 
assumes  command  of  the  4th  Military 
District. 

June  30.  D.  C.  Gen.  Alvan  C.  Gillem 
is  appointed  to  command  in  the  4th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  I.  McDowell. 

July  28.  D.  C.  Gen.  J.  J.  Reynolds  is 
appointed  to  command  in  the  5th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan.  • 

Aug.  4.  Pa.  Philadelphia  presents 
Ijeag:ue  Island  in  the  Delaware  to  the 
Federal  Government  as  the  site  for  a 
navy-yani ;  area,  923  acres. 

Aug.  Kan.  The  Indians  make  a  raid 
into  the  Solomon  Valley  and  along  the 
Republican  and  Saline  Rivers. 

Sept.  9-17.  Kan.  Col.  George  A.  For- 
syth has  a  fight  with  the  Indians  along 
the  Republican  River. 

ART  —  SCIEWCE  —  NATURE. 

1868  May  10.  I).  C.  \V.  W.  Corcoran 
deeds  his  valuable  Art  Gallery  to  trus- 
tees for  public  use. 

May  27.  Mo.  The  monument  to 
Thomas  H.  Benton  at  St.  Louis  is 
unveiled. 

July  11.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Hecate  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [Also 
Helena,  Aug.  16,  Hera,  Sept.  7,  and 
Dione,  Oct,  10.] 

Aug.  22.  jV.  Y.  The  asteroid  Miriam 
is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

Oct.  21.  Cal.  An  earthquake  shakes 
the  Pacific  Coast  ;  walls  are  broken, 
chimneys  fall,  and  five  persons  are  killed 
in  San  Francisco. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1868. 

Apr.  19.  Hawks,  Cicero  Stephen,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  Mo.,  ASe. 

Apr.  30.  Osgood,  Helen  L.  G.,  array  nurse, 
A33. 

Apr.  26.  Rives.  William  Cabell,  senator 
for  Md.,  minister  to  France,  author,  mem- 
ber Confederate  couRress,  A75. 

Hays.  Page,  Charles  Grafton,  writer, 
physicist  of  1>.  ('.,  A56. 

Ridgeley,    Daniel   Boone,    commander 

U.  S.  N.,  A55. 

May  30.  Junkin,  George,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, college  president,  A78. 

May  21.  Dyckman,  Garrett  W.,  capt.  in 
Mexican  war,  col.  U.  S.  V.,  dies. 

May  23.  Carson,  Christopher,  "Kit  Car- 
ion,"  trapper,  Fr6inont' s  guide,  A59. 

May  25 .  Evans,  Thomas,  Quaker  preacher, 
editor,  author,  A70. 

May  29.  Lincoln,  Levi,  M.  C,  Gov.  of 
Mass.,  senator,  A86- 

May  30.  Mcllae,  .lohn  J.,  Gov.  of  Miss.,  A58. 

June  1.  Buchanan,  James,  M.  C.  for  Pa., 
senator,  secretary  of  state,  minister  to 
Eng.,  15th  President  of  U.  S.,  A77. 

June  3.  Noyes,  George  RapaU,  Biblical 
scholar,  A70. 

June  6.  Thompson,  Daniel  Pierce,  novel- 
ist, A73. 

June  12.  Garner,  Peter  M.,  abolitionist  in 
0.,  A.-ifi. 

June  16.  Bradley,  Warren  I.,  "Glance 
Gaylord,"  author,  writer,  A  21. 

June  23.    Kimball,  HeberC,  Mormon,  A67. 

June  33.  Raphallj  Morris  Jacob,  Jewish 
rabbi  of  New  York,  writer,  author,  A70. 

Vassar,  Matthew,  founder  of  Vassar 

college,  A76. 

July  2.  Baker,  I^fayette  C,  brig.-gen. 
r.  S.  A.,  chief  of  secret  service,  A42. 


July  6.    Hall,  James,  anthor,  judge,  A75. 

July  7.  Coles,  Edward,  antislavery  Gov. 
of  lU.,  AH2. 

July  9.     Grayson,  Wm.,  Gov.  of  Md.,  A82. 

July  11.  Miller,  James  Fergurson,  com- 
mander U.  S.  N.,  A63. 

July  15.  Morton,  Wm.  T.  G.,  dentist, 
physician,  A49. 

July  16.  Allen,  William,  president  Bow- 
doin,  biographer,  A84. 

July  18.  Leutze,  £manuel.  historical 
painter,  A52. 

July  29.  Smith,  Seba  (Maj.  Jack  Down- 
ing), author,  A76. 

Autr.  3.  Potter,  Chandler  E.,  editor,  au- 
thor, A6I. 

Halpine,  Charles  G.  (MUob  O'ReiUy), 

journalist,  A  38. 

Aug.  8.  Stevens,  Edwin  Aug.,  railroad 
manager,  inventor,  founder  Stevens*  Insti- 
tute, A73. 

Axxe.  11.  Stevens.  Thaddeus,  M.  C.  for 
Pa.,  abolitionist,  A76. 

Aug:.  16.  Carhart,  Jeremiah,  Inventor  of 
tubular  reed-board,  A53. 

Aug.  34.  Adler,  George  J.,  philologist,  au- 
thor, A  47. 

Aug.  37.  Armstrong,  James,  commodore 
U.  S.  N.,  A  74. 

Aug.  38.  Granger,  Francis,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  postmaster -general,  A76. 

Sept.  33.  Morse,  Richard  Cary,  journalist, 
Pres.  cl.,  founder  of  N.  Y.  Observer,  A73. 

Sept.  38.  Fessenden,  Thomas  Amory  D., 
M.  C.  for  Me.,  lawyer,  A42. 

Sept.  29.  Andrews,  Lorrin,  founder  of 
Hawaii  University,  missionary,  A73. 

Oct.  9.  Cobb,  Howell,  M.  C,  speaker. 
Gov.  of  Ga.,  sec.  of  treasury,  Confederate 
maj.-gen.,  A53. 

Oct.  26.  Fairchlld,  Casslus,  brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A  40. 


CHURCH. 

1868  Apr.  30.  Va.  Francis  McNeece 
Whittle  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) assistant  bishop  of  Virginia. 

Mayl-June2.  Chicago.  General  Con- 
ference (Metbodist  Episcopal)  meets. 

Provision  is  made  for  the  introduction 
of  Lay  Delegation.  The  Arkansas,  Cen- 
tral Pennsylvania,  St.  Louis,  and  Wil- 
mington Conferences  are  formed. 

It  establishes  **  Children's  Day," 
to  be  observed  on  the  second  Sunday  in 
June. 

May  24.  Ky.  William  G.  McCloskey  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Louisville. 

June  3.  Vt.  Wm.  Henry  Augustus  Bis- 
sell  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Vermont. 

June  10.  Me.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Port- 
land. 

July  12.  iV.  r.  Bernard  J.  McQuaid  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Rochester. 

Pa.    Wm.    0*Hara    is      consecrated 

(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Scranton. 

Aug.  2.  Pa.  Tobias  Mullen  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Erie. 

Aug.  16.  Md.  James  Gibbons  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop 
of  Baltimore. 

xV.  C.  Thomas  A.  Becker  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Wil- 
mington. 

Sept.  13.  Mo.  John  J.  Hogan  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Kan- 
sas City. 

Oct.  7-9.  New  York.  The  third  Na- 
tional Unitarian  Conference  is  held. 

Oct.  25.  Mo.  Charles  Franklin  Robert- 
son is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Missouri. 


LETTERS. 

1868  Sept.  4,  X.  H.  The  College  of 
Agrictilture  and  Mechanics  is  opened 
at  Hanover. 

Oct.  *  .V.  1'.  Cornell  University  (non- 
sect.)  at  Ithaca  is  opened. 

*  *  Ala.  Burrill  School,  colored,  is  opened 
at  Selma  by  the  American  Missionary 
Association. 

*  *  Cal.  University  of  California  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Berkeley. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Overland  Monthly  magazine 
(first  series)  is  issued  at  San  Francisco. 

*  */>.  C.  The  Bureau  of  Education 
Iiibrary  is  founded  at  W^ashington. 
[16,500  vols.] 

*  *  Ga.  The  Haven  Normal  Academy, 
colored  (IVIeth.  Epis.),  is  founded  at 
"Waynesboro. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Constitution  is  issued  at 
Atlanta. 

*  *  III.  German  English  College 
(Meih.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Galena. 

*  *  Ky.  Blandville  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  Ky.  Concord  College  (Bapt.)  is  or- 
ganized at  New  Liberty. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Courier  Journal  is  issued  at 
Louisville. 

*  *  Me.  The  State  Agricultural  College 
is  organized  at  Orono. 

*  *  Mass.  Worcester  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Worces- 
ter. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Dental  School  of  Harvard 
University  is  established. 

*  *  Miss.  Rust  University,  colored 
(Meth.  Epis.),  is  founded  at  Holly 
Springs. 

*  *  Minn.  University  of  Minnesota 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Minneapolis. 

*  *  The  Board  of  Education  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  is  organized. 

*  *N.J,  St.  Benedict's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  at  Newark  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  T.  Cornell  University  Inbrary  is 
founded  at  Ithaca.     [60,300  vols.] 

*  *  New  York.  Harper's  Bazaar  is 
founded. 

*  *  N.  Y.  "Wells  College  (non-sect.)  is 
founded  at  Aurora. 

*  *  Ore.  The  State  Agricultural  College 
is  opened  at  Corvallis. 

*  ♦  O.  University  of  "Wooster  (Pres.) 
is  organized  at  Wooster. 

*  *  O.  The  Pubhc  School  Library  is 
founded  at  Cleveland.     [45.905  vols.] 

*  *  Ore.  Philomath  College  (United 
Breth.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  Monongahela  CoUege  (Bapt.) 
at  Jefferson  is  organized. 

*  *  Pkila.     Lippincott's  Magazine  appeATs. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  May  5.  The  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  institutes  Decoration  Day- 
May  30th  — as  a  memorial  day  of  its  de- 
ceased comrades. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1868,  Apr,  18 -Oct.  26.      263 


May  22.    Ind.    An  express  car  on  the 

Jeffersonville   Ilailroad    is    robbed    by 

armed  nieu. 
May  30.    .V.  Y.    Memorial  Day  is  first 

celebrated ;  it  is  a  legal  holiday. 
June  25.    D.  C.    JEight  hours  constitute 

a  day*s  work.    (See  State.) 
July    1.     Eng.      A    dinner  is    given  in 

honor  of  Cyrus  "W.  Field  in  London, 
Cable  messages  are  exchanged  with 

President  Johnson,  and  also  with  Lord 

Monk,  viceroy  of  Canada. 

July  20.  Ind.  A  train  bearing  the  ex- 
press robbers  of  the  Jeffersonville 
Railroad  is  stopped  by  a  band  of 
lynchers  from  Seymour,  and  the  pris- 
oners hanged. 

July  *  O.  The  National  Temperance 
Convention  is  held  at  Cleveland. 

STATE. 

1868  Apr.  18.  La.  The  new  Consti- 
tution is  ratified  by  the  people  in  a  State 
election. 

Apr.  *  N.  C.  The  people  ratify  the  new 
Constitution,    Vote,  93,118-74,009. 

Apr.  *  N.  J.  The  Democratic  Legislature 
passes  a  resolution  withdrawing  the  pre- 
vious ratification  of  the  14th  Amend- 
ment by  a  Republican  body. 

May  7.  Z>,  C.  Congress ;  Senate ;  Thad- 
deus  Stevens  of  Pa.  introduces  a  bill  to 
readmit  Arkansas  to  representation  in 
Congress. 

May  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate ;  The 
11th  article  of  impeachment  is  re- 
jected. Vote,  35-19  —  one  less  than  two- 
thirds,  the  number  required  to  impeach. 
The  court  adjourns  to  May  26. 

May  20.  Chicago.  The  Hepublican 
National  Convention  meets ;  Joseph 
B.  Hawley  of  Conn.,  president. 

May  21.  Chicago.  Gen.  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  is  nominated  for  the  presidency 
on  the  first  ballot,  without  a  competitor. 
Schuyler  Colfax  is  nominated  for  the 
vice-presidency.  Vote  for  the  vice-presi- 
dency :  Schuyler  Colfax  of  Ind.,  541  ;  B. 
F.  Wade  of  O.,  38;  Reuben  E.  Fenton  of 
N.  Y.,  G9. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Court  of  Impeachment  votes  on  the 
second  and  third  articles,  and  lacks 
one  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  Senate. 
Vote,  34-16.  It  abandons  the  case  at  this 
point. 

"  The  trial  of  President  Johnson  is  the 
most  memorable  attempt  made  by  any 
English-speaking  people  to  deposeasov- 
ereign  ruler  in  strict  accordance  with 
the  forms  of  law.  The  order,  dignity,  and 
solemnity  which  marked  the  proceedings 
may  therefore  be  recalled  with  pride  by 
every  American."    (Blaine.) 

Edwin  M.  Stanton  resigns  as  Secre- 
tary of  "War. 

May  30.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  ap- 
points Gen.  J.  M.  Schofleld  of  N.  Y. 
Secretary  of  "War. 

Congress  creates  a  Fishery  Com- 
mission. 

MaySl.  D.  r.  Congress  relieves  from 
taxation  all  manufactures  except  dis- 


tilled and   fermented   liquors  and  to- 
bacco. 

May  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  resolutions 
congratulating  the  Emperor  of  Russia 
on  his  escape  from  assassination. 

May  *  Fta.  The  new  Constitution  is 
ratified  by  the  people. 

Jime  1  ^ .  Tex.  A  convention  called 
under  the  Reconstruction  Acts  is  held  at 
Austin. 

June  5.  D.  C.  The  Chinese  embassy 
is  received  at  Washington, 

June  12.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Reverdy  Johnson  of  Md.  is  appointed 
minister  to  Great  Britain. 

Jtme  15.  Miss.  Gen.  McDowell  appoints 
Maj.-Gen.  Adelbert  Ames  provisional 
governor;  Gov,  Humphreys  is  forced  to 
vacate  the  executive  mansion. 

June  20.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  ve- 
toes the  bill  restoring  Arkansas  to 
representation  in  Congress.  [Congress 
overrides  the  veto,  June  22.] 

June  25.  Z>.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
bill  for  readmitting  to  representation 
in  Congress  six  Southern  States — 
Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana, 
North  and  South  Carolina.  The  Presi- 
dent vetoes  it. 

It  extends  amnesty  to  about  1,000 
ex-Confederates. 

It  enacts  that  eight  hours  shall  con- 
stitute a  day's  work  for  laborers,  me- 
chanics, and  other  workmen  in  the  em- 
ployment of  the  Government.  (Passed 
the  House  on  January  6.) 

Congress,  having  overriden  the  Pres- 
ident's vetoes  by  a  vote  of  more  than 
three  to  one  in  both  houses,  the  long 
reconstruction  contest  is  closed. 

*  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Grant,  in  accepting  the 
Republican  nomination  to  the  presi- 
dency, says  **Ijet  us  have  peace." 

June  28.  Miss.  The  people  reject  the 
Constitution  of  May  15.  Vote,  56,231- 
63,860, 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1868, 
Revenue:  Customs,  $164,46*,600 ;  in- 
ternal revenue,  $191,087,589;  direct  tax, 
$1,788,146;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1,348- 
715 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $29,203,629;  miscellaneous  items, 
$17,745,404,  Total  revenue,  $405,638,083; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  expendi- 
tures, $28,297,798.  Expenditures:  Pre- 
miums on  loans  and  purchase  of  bonds, 
etc.,  $7,001,151  ;  miscellaneous  items, 
$53,009,868;  War  Department,  $123,246,- 
649  ;  Navy  Department,  $25,775,5a3  ;  In- 
dians, $4,100,682;  pensions,  $23,782,387; 
interest  on  public  debt,  $140,424,046. 
Total  ordinary  expenses.  $377,340,285 ; 
public  debt,  $2,611,687,851  ;  exports, 
$281,952,899;   imports,  $357,436,440. 

June  *  Fla.    The  14th  Amendment  is 

adopted  by  the  Legislature. 
June  *  Mass.    The  Legislature  adjourns, 

having  been  in  session  165  days,  the 

longest  term  ever  held  in  the  State. 
July  4.    D.  C.    The  President  proclaims 

a  general  amnesty,  making  but  few 

exceptions. 
I^la.    The  government  is  transferred 

to  Harrison  lieed,  who  is  inaugurated 

governor. 


X.   C.    The  14th  .Amendment  of 

the  Federal  Constitution  is  ratified. 

July  4-7.  New  York.  The  Democratic 
!N'ational  Convention  nominates  Ho- 
ratio Seymour  of  N.  Y.  for  the  presi- 
dency on  the  22d  ballot,  and  Francis 
P.  Blair  of  Mo.  for  the  vice-presidency. 
[A  bitter  and  exciting  campaign  fol- 
lows.] 

July  13.  Ala.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  Amendment. 

July  14.  Ffa.  Gen.  Meade  turns  the 
State  over  to  the  civil  authorities, 

July  15.  V.  C.  "William  M.  Evarts  of 
N.  Y.  is  appointed  Attorney-General. 

July  20.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  tlie 
legal  and  political  disabilities  from 
several  hundred  ex-Confederates. 

The  Secretary  of  State  announces  that 
three-fourths  of  the  States  (29)  have  rat- 
ified the  14th  Amendment. 

July  21.  Ga.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  Amendment. 

Jtily  25.  D.  C.  Congress  organizes 
"Wyoming  Territory  out  of  parts  of 
Dakota,  Utah,  and  Idaho. 

It  passes  a  bill  for  the  payment  of  the 
public  debt  and  reducing  the  rate  of 
interest. 

It  enacts  the  discontinuance  of  the 
Freedmen's  Bureau  after  Jan.  1, 1869. 

July  27.  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  tht^ 
extension  of  Federal  laws  over  Alaska. 
House,  vote,  113-43;  it  organizes  tlie 
territory. 

It  passes  an  act  for  the  protection  of 
naturalized  citizens  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

The  President  signs  the  bill  for  the 
purchase  of  Alaska. 

Congress  enacts  the  bill  requiring 
letter  carriers  to  wear  luiif  orms. 

The  40th  Congress :  the  second  ses- 
sion adjourns  to  Sept.  21. 

July  28.  D.  C.  The  Burlingame  treaty 
with  China  is  negotiated  at  Washing- 
ton. 

July  *  La.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
14th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 

Aug.  17, 18.  La.  The  new  Constitu- 
tion is  ratified  in  a  State  election ;  it 
declares  the  ordinance  of  secession  null 
and  void. 

Sept.  21.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  second  session  reopens,  and  ad- 
journs to  Oct.  IG. 

Oct.  16.  D.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  second  session  reopens  and  adjourns 
to  Nov.  10. 

Oct.  26.  O.  The  Democratic  Legisla- 
ture recalls  the  assent  of  the  State  to 
the  14th  Amendment. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868    Apr.  *   Wyo.    Laramie   City  is 

founded. 
June  30.      U.  S.     Immigrants  in  18G8, 

282,189. 
July  *  Md.     A  flood  on  the  Patapsco 

River  causes  a  loss  of  about  $3,000,000 

and  several  lives. 


264     1868,  Oct.  27-1869,  Feb.  26. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  Nov.  27.  Kan.  Gen.  Custer  lie- 
feats  the  rebellious  Indians  on  tlie 
Wichita;  a  village  is  burned,  and  their 
bands  nearly  annihilated. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1868  Oct.  *  John  Ericsson  announces  a 
device  for  obtaining  motive  power  by 
condensing  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Nov.  13.  U.  S.  A  brilliant  display  of 
meteors  occurs. 

*  *  Chicago.  Der  Nordamerikanisehe 
Sangerbimd  is  reorganized. 

*  •  Mass.  The  Dental  School  of  Har- 
vard University  is  established. 

*  *  Neio  i'ork.  A  bronze  statue  of  Xjln- 
coln  in  Union  Square  is  unveiled. 

»  *  A'ew  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  Gari- 
baldi is  unveiled  in  Washington  Square. 

*  *  New  York.  George  Inness  of  New 
York,  George  Henry  Hall  of  Paris, 
France,  and  George  C.  Lambdin  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  O.  Bessemer  steel  is  first  made  at 
Cleveland. 

*  *  O.  Cincinnati  determines  to  hold  bi- 
ennial musical  festivals. 

*  *  U.  S.  "Westinghouse  air-brakes  are 
introduced. 

*  •  }Vyo.  Coal  is  discovered  near  Evans- 
ton. 

**  In  the  Narrows  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  White  Mountains  in  October  is  painted 
by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

*  •  Portrait  of  a  Lady  is  painted  by  W.  S. 
Mount. 

*  *  Sioiss  Lake  is  painted  by  J.  W.  Casilear. 

1869  Feb.  3.  New  York.  Booth's 
Theater  is  opened  by  Sdwin  Booth  with 
Borneo  and  Juliet. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1868. 

Oct.  39.  McVickar,  .John,  P.  E.  clergyman. 
New  York,  professor  in  Columbia,  A8t. 

Nov.  19.  Mount,  William  Sidney,  land- 
scape painter,  A6I. 

Nov.  33.  Thompson,  Waddy,  M.  C.  for 
S.  C,  diplomat,  A70. 

Nov.  38.    Clark,  Laban,  M.  E.  cl.,  ABO. 

Nov.  39.  Kearney,  Lawrence,  commodore 
U.  S.  N.,  A79. 

Dec.  12.  Flint,  Henry  M.,  author,  editor, 
correspondent,  A39. 

l>ec.  18.  Robertson,  Anthony  Lispenard, 
jurist  of  New  York,  A60. 

Dec.  20.  Mitchell,  .Sanmel  Augustus,  geog- 
rapher, autlior,  A76. 

Dec.  36.  Gibbs,  Alfred,  maj.-gen.,  U.  S.  A., 
A4.5. 

•  •  Carrell,  Geo.  A.,  R.  C.  bp.,  teacher,  A65. 

1889. 

Jan.  a.  Elliot,  Charles,  Meth.  Epis.  clergy- 
man, editor,  author,  .\77. 

Jan.  7.     Botts,  Jolm  M.,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  A67. 

Rousseau,    l.ovell    H.,  brev.   maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  A5I. 

Jon.  10.  Cassin,  John,  ornithologist,  of 
Pa.,  A66. 

Jan.  15.  Key,  Thomas  M.,  lawyer,  politi- 
cian, of  O.,  AM. 

Jan.  35.  PiokenB,  Francis  W..  Gov.  of 
S.  C,  M.  C,  minister  to  Russia,  A  62. 

Fob.  6.    Brady,  .lames  T.,  lawyer,  A54. 

Hubbard,  .lobn,  statesman,  A75. 

Feb.  7.  BnrriU,  Alexander  M.,  lawyer,  au- 
thor of  legal  works,  A()2. 

reb.  24.  Uinsmoor,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  N.  H., 
A70. 


CHURCH. 


1868  Oct.  27, 28.  Phila.  A  hot  but  in- 
decisive discussion  on  ritualism  occurs 
at  a  general  convocation  of  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church. 

Nov.  8.  N.  Y.  Stephen  V.  Ryan  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Buffalo. 

Dec.  2.  N.  Y.  A  Preliminary  Conven- 
tion of  the  Albany  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) diocese  is  held. 

Deo.  3.  N.  Y.  William  Croswell  I)oane 
is  elected  bishop  of  the  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) diocese  of  Albany. 

•  *  Alabama  and  Arkansas  Conferences 
(African  Methodist  Episcopal)  are 
formed, 

•  ♦  Boston.  The  "Women's  Board  of 
Missions  is  formed. 

•  *  Cat.  Chinese  Mission-'Work  is  be- 
gun on  the  Pacitic  coast  by  Otis  Gib- 
son of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

»  •  Kan.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Kansas  is  organized. 

»  *  Mo.  —  Neb.  The  Universalist  State 
Convention  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly  (O. 
S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Albany; 
George  W.  Musgrave,  moderator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  TheGeneral  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Argyle  ;  James 
Harper,  moderator. 

*  •  New  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  assembles. 

•  •  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  assembles ; 
it  renews  the  vote  of  confidence  taken 
in  1844. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  D.  S.  Burnet,  moderator. 

*  *  Ore.—  Wash.  Benjamin  Wistar  Morris 
Is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

»  ♦  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (X.  S. 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Harrisburg  :  J.  F. 
Stearns,  moderator. 

»  »  Pa.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Harrisburg. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Presbyteries  of  the  Old 
School  Presbyterians  give  a  majority 
vote  against  the  committee's  report 
favoring  a  union. 

•  *  Protestant  Episcopal  dioceses  are  es- 
tablished in  Nebraska,  Portland  (Ore.), 
Long  Island,  Central  New  York,  Albany, 
and  Easton,  Pa.  ' 

•  *  Many  Roman  Catholic  dioceses  are 
established. 

Columbus,  O..  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  Wil- 
mington, Del.,  Scranton  and  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  Rochester,  N,  \ ., 
and  La  Crosise,  Wis.  Vicarates  apos- 
tolic are  established  for  Idaho,  North 
Carolina,  and  Denver,  Colo. 

1869  Jan.  27.  N.  Y.  Abram  Newkirk 
Littlejohn  is  consecrated  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  bishop  of  Long  Island. 

Feb.  2.  N.  Y.  William  Croswell  Doane 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Albany. 


LETTERS. 

1868  ♦  *  South  Carolina  for  the  first 
time  elects  a  superintendent  of  public 
instruction. 

*  •  Tenn.  The  tlniversity  of  the  South 
(Prot.  Epis.)  at  Swanee  is  opened. 

*  ♦  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
Whitewater  is  opened. 

*  *  W.  Va.  The  Marshall  College  Nor- 
mal School  at  Huntingdon  is  opened 
by  the  State. 

»  *  W.  Va.  "West  Virginia  College, 
(Free-will  Bapt.)  at  Flemington,  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  •  Va.  Hampton  Institute  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Hampton. 

*  *  American  Otological  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  »  Among  the  Hills  and  Other  Poems,  by 
John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  appears. 

*  ♦  The  Earthly  Paradise,  by  Edmund 
Clarence  Stedraan,  appears. 

*  •  Dallas  Galbnath,  by  Rebecca  H. 
Davis,  appears. 

*  •  The  Gates  Ajar,hY  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

»  *  If,  Yes,  and  Perhaps,  by  Edward  Ev- 
erett Hale,  appears. 

*  •  Kathrina,  by  J.  G.  Holl.and,  appears. 

*  *  Little  Women,  \>y  Louisa  M:iy  .•llcott, 
appears  ;  also  Proverb  Stories. 

*  *  Men  of  Our  Times,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears ;  also  The  Chimney  Cor- 
ner. 

*  *  New  England  Tragedies,  by  Henry 
■W.  Longfellow,  appears. 

*  *  Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Lore,  by 
Phoebe  Cary,  appears. 

*  *  The  United  Netherlands,  by  John 
Lothrop  Motley,  appears. 

*  *  Woman's  Wrongs :  A  Counter-irritant, 
by  Gail  Hamilton,  appears. 

*  *  What  Answer?  by  Anna  Dickinson, 
appears. 

*  *  Ohio  in  the  War,  by  Whitelaw  Reid, 
appears. 

*  *  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
with  notes  by  John  Bigelow,  appears. 

*  »  Recollections  of  a  Busy  Life,  by  Horace 
Greeley,  appears. 

»  *  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  His  Life  and  Teach- 
ings, by  Lyman  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  Sermons,  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
appears. 

*  *  Planchette's  Diary,  by  Kate  M.  Field, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Human  Intellect,  by  Noah  Porter, 
appears. 

»  *  Moral  Uses  of  Dark  Tilings,  by  Horace 
Bushnell,  appears. 

*  *  Will  the  Coming  ^Man  Drink  Wine? 
and  Does  Smoking  Pay  ?  by  James  Par- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Tobacco  and  Alcohol  (a  reply  to  Par- 
ton's  book),  by  J.  Fiske,  appears. 

*  •  Plain  Thoughts  on  the  Art  of  Living, 
by  W.  Gladden,  appears. 

*  *  Ekkoes  from  Kentucky,  by  Petrnlci-.m 
Vesuvius  Nasby,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1868,  Oct.  27-1869,  Feb.  £G.  2G5 


*  *  The  Negroes  in  Negroland;  in  AmeV' 
tea;  Generally f  by H.  R.  Helper, appears. 

*  *  Christ  in  Song,  by  Philip  Scbaff,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  No  Love  Lost,  A  Poem  of  Travel,  by  W. 
D.  Howelis,  appears. 

*  *  Under  the  Willows,  etc.,  by  James 
Russell  Lowell,  appears. 

*  *  Sense  and  Nonsense,  by  Brick  Pome- 
roy,  appears. 

*  *  On  fee  and  Other  Things,  by  Josh  Bil- 
lings, appeal's. 

*  *  Passages  from  the  Note-Books  of  Na- 
thaniel ILiwthorne,  appears. 

*  *  Smoked  Glass,  by  Orpheus  C.  Kerr, 
appears. 

*  *  liitby's  Husband,  by  Marlon  Harland, 
appears. 

*  *  Stones  of  the  Gorilla  Country,  for 
Young  People,  by  Paul  B.  Du  Chaillu, 
appe:irs. 

*  *  System  of  Naval  Defence,  by  J.  B. 
E:wis,  appears. 

1869  Jan.  18.  New  Y<rrk.  The  Mer- 
cantile liibrary  building  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  Nov.  *  La.  Astounding  election 
frauds  are  discovered. 

Nov.  3 ,  Ne  10  York.  "William  M. 
Tweed  ("  Boss  Tweed ")  dominates 
Tammany  Hall. 

He  holds  back  the  election  returns  of 
the  city,  till,  by  manipulation,  they  are 
made  to  eliminate  the  majority  given 
against  his  party  in  the  State  election. 

*  *  Ronton ,  The  New  England  "Women's 
Club  is  organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  President  Johnson  signs  the 
Eight-hour  Labor  Bill  for  the  benefit 
of  Government  employees. 

*  *  La.  Political  and  color  riots  are 
prevalent  during  the  year. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Legislature  prohibits  the 
Kuklux  Klan,  and  makes  membership 
a  penal  offense. 

*  *  The  Benevolent  and  Protectlre  Order 
of  Elks  is  founded. 

1869  Jan.  4.  La.  The  Legislature 
passes  the  Social  Equality  Bill,  by 
which  all  persons,  without  regard  to 
color,  are  given  equal  rights  in  public 
conveyances,  and  places  of  public  resort. 

'Jan.  30.  Phila.  George  S.  Twitchell 
is  sentenced  to  be  hanged  for  the  mur- 
der of  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Hill,  on  Nov.  22, 
1868.    [He  commits  suicide  April  8.] 

-Jan.*  O.  The  Cincinnati  hospital. is 
occupied. 

STATE. 

1868  Nov.  3.  The  2l8t  Presidential 
election ;  Republicans  elected.  Popu- 
lar vote  :  Ulysses  S.  Grant  (Rep.)  of  111., 
3,015,071 ;  Horatio  Seymour  (Dem.)  of 
N.  Y.,  2,709,615. 

/a.     An  amendment  to  the  State 

Constitution  is  adopted  by  a  public  vote  : 
—  the  word  *'  wliite  "  Is  dropped  from  the 
qualifications  of  electors.  Vote,  105,384 
—81,119. 


Virginia,   Mississippi,  and  Texas 

are  the  only  States  of  the  late  Confeder- 
acy that  are  excluded  from  participa- 
tion in  the  national  election. 

Nov.  9.  Ark.  Gov.  Clayton  declares  10 
counties  under  martial  law. 

Nov.  10.  B.  C.  The  40th  Congress : 
the  second  session  reopens  and  closes. 

London.  A  convention  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Alabama  claims  by  a 
commission  is  signed  by  Reverdy  John- 
son and  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  but  is 
fruitless  of  results. 

Minn.     The  people  ratify  the  amended 

Constitution ;  it  eliminates  the  word 
*'  white." 

Nov.  30-Dec.  1.  Miss.  The  People 
ratify  the  Constitution  of  May  15, 1SC8. 
Vote,  105,223-054.  An  almost  unani- 
mous vote  is  given  against  disfranchis- 
ing Confederate  soldiers. 

Dec.  7.  />.  C.  The  40th  Congress: 
the  third  session  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  The  President's  recommen- 
dation to  repudiate  obligations  of  the 
government  arrests  attention. 

Dee.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
announces  the  purpose  to  fully  pay 
the  national  debt.  Vote,  155-6  — GO 
not  voting. 

Dec.  24.  Mass.  The  Governor  and  coun- 
cil contract  for  the  completion  of  the 
Hoosac  Tunnel  for  $4,594,268. 

Dec.  25.  D.  C.  President  Johnson  issues 
a  proclamation  of  general  vmcondi- 
tional  amnesty  to  persons  implicated 
in  the  rebellion ;  it  includes  Jefferson 
Davis. 

*  *  Colo.  The  State  capital  is  removed 
from  Golden  City  to  Denver. 

*  •  Me.  The  constabulary  law  of  1SG7 
is  repealed. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  mini- 
mum fine  of  $500  and  imprisonment  for 
five  years  for  members  of  the  Kuklux 
Klan  society. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  petition  of  4,000  citizens 
asking  for  the  removal  of  political  dis- 
abilities is  denied  by  the  Legislature. 

*  *  The  •*  Greenback  "  financial  agita- 
tion becomes  widespread. 

"The  same  currency  for  both  plow- 
holder  and  bondholder,"  say  Demo- 
crats;  "The  best  currency  for  both 
plowholder  and  bondholder,"  say  Re- 
publicans. 

*  *  The  ruling  classes  of  the  South, 
aroused  by  the  misgovernment  of  the 
reconstructed  States,  wage  war  on  the 
"  Carpet-Baggers  "  —  unscrupulous 
politicians  from  the  North. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugiu-ated: 
-70  *  •  Ala.    William  H.  Smith. 
-71*  *  Ark.    Powell  Clayton. 

-72  •  *  Cal.    Henry  H.  Haight. 

-72  *  *  Fla.    Harrison  Reed. 

-72  •  *  Ga.    Rufus  B.  Bullock. 

-72*  •/a.    Samuel  Merrill. 

-70  *  •  Ida.  (Ter.).    David  W.  Ballard. 

La.    Joshua  Baker. 
-72  •  •  La,    Henry  C.  Warmoth. 
-72  *  *  O.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes. 


-72  •  *  S.  C.    Robert  K.  Scott. 
-70  *  *  J'a.    Henry  H.  Wells. 

1869  Jan.  4.  La.  The  Social  Equal- 
ity Bill  is  passed.    (See  Society.) 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  A  National  Convention 
of  Colored  Men  assembles  at  Washing- 
ton; Frederick  Douglass,  president. 

Jan.  14,  London.  Itcverdy  Johnson,  U.  S. 
minister  to  Englan<l,  and  the  Earl  of 
Clarendon  sign  a  treaty,  which  includes 
the  adjustment  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
approves  the  15th  Amendment  res- 
olution to  secure  impartial  sufTrnge, 
irrespective  of  race  or  color.  [Rejected 
by  the  Senate.    See  Feb.  20.] 

Feb.  4.  Kan.  A  Woman's  Suffrage 
Convention  is  held  at  Topeka. 

Feb.  10.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President  :  Grant,  214  ;  Sey- 
mour, 80.  Vote  for  \  i(  *;-Pre.' icU  1  .  : 
SchuyIerColfax(Kep.)oflnd.,214;  Frank 
P.  Blair  (Dem.)  of  Mo.,  80.  (2G  States 
are  Republican,  8  Democratic.) 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  A  tiolle  prosequi  is  en- 
tered in  the  treason  case  against  Jeffer- 
son Davis. 

Feb.  18.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  with  England  respect- 
ing the  Alabama  claims. 

Feb.  19.  n.  C.  Congress  prohibits  the 
national  banks  from  making  loans  of 
money  on  U.  S.  notes. 

Feb.  20.  Tenn.  Gov.  Brownlow  pro- 
claims martial  law  in  nine  counties, 
and  calls  out  the  militia  to  suppress  the 
Kuklux  Klan  societies. 

Feb.  26.  I).C.  Congress:  BHh  Ilonses 
pass  the  15th  Amendment  resolution, 
providing  that  the  right  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged,  in  any  State, 
on  account  of  "  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude."  Vote  :  Senate, 
39-13;  House,  145-44. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  Nov.  7.  Jtl.  The  bridge  across  the 
Mississippi  at  Quincy  is  opened. 

Dec.  1.  N.  Y.  Old  Fort  Lafayette,  in  the 
Narrows,  is  destroyed  by  lire. 

*  *  O.  The  Standard  Oil  Company  is 
founded  at  Cleveland.    (See  p.  281^ 

*  *  Ore.  Joseph  Watt  exports  the  first 
full  cargo  of  wheat  sent  direct  from 
Oregon  to  Liverpool. 

*  *  P/iila.  The  National  Encampment  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Eepublic  is 
held  ;  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  of  111.  com- 
mander-in-chief. 

*  *  '*  The  inalienable  right  of  man  to 
change  his  habitation,"  is  officially  rec- 
ognized by  China  and  the  United  States, 
in  the  Burlingame  Treaty. 

*  *The  first  dining  car,  the  Delmon- 
ico,  is  run  by  the  Chicago  and  Alton 
Road. 

1869  Jan.  1.  Chicago.  Tlie  Washing- 
ton Street  tunnel  under  the  Chicago 
River  is  opened. 

Jan.  *  N.  Y.  The  Albany  and  Susque- 
hanna Railroad  is  finally  completed. 


266     1869,  Feb.  27-Sept.  30. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1869  Mar.  4.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheri- 
dan is  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-general, and  John  M.  Schofield  is 
commissioned  major-general,  U.  S.  A. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Adelbert  Ames  is 
appointed  to  command  in  the  4th  Dis- 
trict, as  successor  to  Gen.  A.  C.  Gillem. 

Apr.  20.  Ta.  Gen.  E.  B.  S.  Canby 
assumes  command  of  the  2(1  District. 

May  21.  Kan.  Indians  make  a  raid  on 
the  Repuhlican  River. 

Jtine25.  D.  C.  The  GoTernment  ac- 
cepts *'  Stevens's  Battery,"  a  war-ship 
bequeathed  by  Edwin  A.  Stevens  of 
N.  J.;  also  $1,000,000  given  to  complete 
it. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1869  May  29.  Phlla.  The  monument 
to  ■Washing:ton  and  Ijaf  ayette,  erected 
in  Monument  Cemetery,  is  dedicated. 

May  '-Aug;.  •  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell,  with  a 
party  of  tO  in  four  boats,  descends  the 
canon  of  the  Colorado  to  Rio  Virgen, 
a  distance  of  500  miles. 

June  15-19.  Hoslon.  A  National 
Peace  Jubilee  and  Musical  Festival 
is  held  in  celebration  of  the  restoration 
of  the  Union. 

Conductor,  P.  S.  Gilmore  ;  Ole  Bull, 
Carl  Rosa,  Parepa-Rosa,  and  Miss  Phil- 
lips are  conspicuous.  The  chorus  con- 
sists of  10,371  selected  voices,  and  tlie 
instruments  number  1,0!H. 

July  5.  rhlla.  The  'Washingiton 
Monument,  erected  in  front  of  the 
State  House,  is  dedicated. 

July  *  Tex.  Kivers  rise  47  feet  after 
three  days  of  rain ;  buildings,  bridges, 
and  crops  are  swept  away ;  loss  several 
millions  of  dollars. 

Aug.  7.    A  solar  eclipse  occurs. 

Sept.  30.  H.  M.  Parkhurst  discovers  a 
new  asteroid  which  he  calls  Galatea; 
this  discovery  is  made  by  means  of  his 
invention  for  mapping  the  stars. 

Sept.  *  Capt.  C.  F.  Hall  returns  from  an 
Arctic  exploration,  and  reports  that  he 
ha.s  found  many  traces  of  the  Franklin 
expedition,  and  has  discovered  that  the 
Esquimaux  plundered  the  members  of 
the  Franklin  party,  and  allowed  their 
dogs  to  feed  on  the  bodies  of  the  victims. 


■  DEATHS. 
McWmie,  WlUiam,  tiov.  of  Miss., 
Samuel,   lawyer,  of 


BIRTHS 
1869. 
Mar.  3. 

A74. 

Mar.  13.    Fessenden, 
N.  H.,  AM. 

Guthrie,  James,  senator  for  Ky.,  secre. 

tarv  of  treasury,  ATT. 

Mar.  25.    Bates.    Edw..  M.  C.   for  Mo., 
atty.-gen.,  AT6. 

Mar.  S7.    Folsoin,  George,  antiquarian,  dip- 
lomat, author,  A67. 

Harper,  James,  f  dr.  Harper  Bros.,  A74. 

Apr.  1.    I>Hn«li8on,  Kobley,  physician,  au- 
thor medical  hooka,  ATI. 

Apr.  2.    Wise,  Henry  A.,  capt  U.S.N., au- 
thor, A50. 

Apr.  1 8.    Dutton,  Henry,  jurist,  Got.,  M.  C. 
for  Conn.,  author,  A73. 

Apr.  30.    Smith,  Sol.  Franklin,  actor,  man- 
ager, author,  AfiH. 

Apr.  23.    Mc.\le8ter,  Miles  David,  l>rig.-gen. 
V.  S.  A.,  engineer,  A36. 

May  2.     Seymour,  diaries  B.,  editor,  musi- 
cal and  dramatic  critie,  A40. 

May  18.      Peters,   .\b8alom,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, professor,  editor  of  Eclectic^  A76. 


May  36.    Rush,  .lames,  phys.,  philan.,  A83. 

June  14.  Cock,  Thomas,  physician,  pro- 
fessor, medical  writer,  A87. 

June  17.  Dixon,  Joseph,  photographer.  In- 
ventor, crucible  maker,  A71. 

June  18.  Raymond,  Henry  J.,  founder 
N.  r.  Times,  A  49. 

June  29.  Henton,  Nathaniel  S.,  jurist,  poli- 
tician, educator,  .\77. 

July  16.     Park,  Roswell,  P.  F,.  cl.,  .\62. 

July  22.  Koeblin?.  John  A.,  designer  of 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  A63. 

Auff.  6.  Allen,  Charles,  jurist,  M.  C.  for 
Mass.,  A72. 

Auff.  18.  Cleveland,  Charles  Dexter,  au- 
thor, scholar,  A67. 

Sept.  8.  Felt,  Joseph  Barlow,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, historian,  A80. 

Fessenden.  'William  Pitt,  senator  for 

Me.,  sec.  of  treas.,  A*j3. 

Sept.  9.  Rawlins,  John  A.,  brig.-gen.,  sec- 
rotary  of  war,  A3ft. 

Sept.  10.  Bell,  John,  lawyer,  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  speaker,  sec.  of  war,  candidate  for 
Vice-President,  A72. 

Sept.  17.  Tallmadge,  Frederick  Augustus, 
M.  C.  for  N.  v.,  recorder,  A77. 

CHURCH. 
1869    Mar. »  Boston.     The    'Women's 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  (Metho- 
dist Episcopal)  is  organized. 

Apr.  8.  A^.  Y.  Frederic  Dan  Hunting- 
ton is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Central  New  York. 

May  *  Xew  Tori:  The  General  As- 
sembly (O.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  ;  M. 
"W.  Jacobus,  moderator ;  it  adjourns  to 
meet  at  Pittsburg,  on  Nov.  12,  in  further- 
ance of  a  imion  movement. 

The  General  Assembly  (N.  S.  Pres- 
byterian) meets  :  P.  II.  Fowler,  modera- 
tor ;  it  also  adjourns  to  meet  on  Nov.  12, 
at  Pittsburg. 

June  2.  N.  J.  The  Congregational  As- 
sociation of  New  Jersey  is  organized. 

June  16.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 
1869    Mar.  8.     Utah.    The  University 

of  Deseret,  Salt  Lake  City,  is  organized. 
July  14.     Ky.     A  State   Fducational 

Convention  is  held  near  Louisville  by 

the  colored  people. 

*  *  Bosimx.  Boston  University  and 
College  of  Liberal  Arts  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded. 

*  *  Cal.  Hesperian  College  (Christian) 
is  organized  at  "Woodland. 

*  •  Chicago.  The  Lake  Side  Monthly 
magazine  appears. 

*  *  Chicago.  St.  Ignatius  College  (Eom. 
Cath.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ind,  The  New»  is  issued  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

*  *  la.  The  Iowa  Agricultural  College 
is  opened  at  Ames. 

*  *  Kan.  St.  Mary's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  St.  Mary's. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Capital  is  issued  at  To- 
peka. 

*  ■*  Ky.  The  Louisville  Medical  College 
is  opened. 

'  *  La.  Straight  University  (Cong.)  is 
organized  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Minn.  The  State  University  is 
opened  at  St.  Anthony,  and  .the  State 
Normal  Schools  at  St.  Cloud  and 
]\lankato. 


*  *  Minn.  The  Augsburg  Theological 
Seminary  is  opened  at  Minneapolis. 

*  •  Miss.  Tougaloo  University  is  es- 
tablished at  Tougaloo. 

*  •  Md.  Western  Maryland  CoUege 
(Meth.  Prot.)  is  organized  at  Westmin- 
ster. 

*  *  Mo.  Cane  College  (Bapt.)  is  founded 
at  Louisiana. 

*  •  \eb.  University  of  Nebraska  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Lincoln. 

*  •  -V.  J.  The  German  Theological 
School  (Pres.)  is  opened  at  Bloomfleld. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  Eclectic  English 
Magazine  appears. 

*  »  New  York.  St.  Iioujs  College  (Eom. 
Cath.)  of  New  York  City  is  organized. 

t  *  *  New  York.  The  Evening  Mail  is 
founded.    [1880.    Mail  and  Express.] 

*  *N.  Y.  The  Normal  Schools  at 
Potsdam  and  Portland  are  established. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland  Evening  News  and 
Herald  is  issued. 

»  *  Ore.  St.  Helen's  Hall  (Eom.  Cath.) 
at  Portland  is  opened, 

*  *  Pa.  Swarthmore  College  (Friends) 
is  organized  at  Swarthmore. 

*  *  Tex.  Trinity  University  (Cum. 
Pres.)  at  Tehuacana  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1869  Mar.  7.  N.  C.  Gov.  Holden  pro- 
claims Alamance  County  in  a  state  of 
insurrection  » the  Kuklux  are  the  lead- 
ers.   [Caswell  county  on  July  8.] 

May  12.  Cuba.  Thomas  Jordan's  fili- 
bustering expedition  from  New  York 
lands  on  the  north  coast. 

June  2.  Jla.  A  convention  to  increase 
immigration  meets  at  Montgomery. 

June  26.  New  York.  A  filibustering 
expedition  under  Col.  Ryan  sails  for 
Cuba.  [It  is  detained  by  revenue  officers.] 

Aug.  16.  Phila.  A  National  Labor 
Convention  assembles. 

Sept.  1-3.  Chicago.  A  National  Tem- 
perance Convention  is  attended  by 
,5,000  delegates. 

Sept.  28.  Boston.  The  Horace  Mann 
School  for  the  Deaf  is  opened. 

Sept.  30.  New  York.  George  Peabody 
sails  for  England. 

He  contributes  munificent  sums  for 
the  endowment  of  several  educational 
institutions,  and  adds  $1,400,000  to  his 
former  gift  ($2,000,000)  for  Southern  edu- 
cation. 

STATE. 
l669    Feb.  27.    Ln.    The  State  Senate 

ratifies  the  15th  Amendment  to  the 

Federal  Constitution.  [Mar.  I  the  House 

ratifies  it.] 
Mar.  1.     Nev.     The  Legislature  ratifies 

the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 

Constitution. 
Mar.  *   n.   C.     Congress :    The    House 

passes  the  Schenck  Bill,  pledging  the 

payment  of  all  Government  obligations 

in  coin. 
Mar.  3.      /).   C.     Congress;      House: 

Charles  Pomeroy   of   la.   is   elected 


UNITED    STATES.  1869,  Feb.  27 -Sept.  30.    267 


Speaker,  in  place  of  Schuyler  Colfax, 
resigned. 

Congress  sets  apart  St,  Paul  and  St. 
George  Islands,  Alaska,  as  a  reserva- 
tion for  the  protection  of  fur  seal,  and 
forbids  the  landing  of  vessels. 

ir.  Va.    The  Legislature  ratifies  the 

15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution. 
18th  Administration:  Republican. 
Mar.  4.  /).  C.  General  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  of  111.  is  inaugurated  the  18th 
President,  in  the  21st  term  of  the  pres- 
idency ;  Schuyler  Colfax  of  Ind.  is 
Vice-President. 

Cabinet:  EUhuB."Wa8hbumeof  III. 
(.State),  Alexander  T.  Stewart  of  N.  Y. 
(Treas.),  John  M.  Schofield  of  N.  Y. 
(War),  Jacob  D.  Cox  of  O.  (Interior), 
Adolph  E.  Borle  of  Pa.  (Navy),  John 
A.  J.  Creswell  of  Md.  (P.  M.-Gen.), 
Ebenezer  K.  Hoar  of  Mass.  (Atty.- 
Gen.). 

[George  S.  Boutwell  of  Mass.  takes 
the  place  of  Mr.  Stewart,  Hamilton  Fish 
of  N.  Y.  succeeds  Mr.  Washburue,  and 
John  A.  Rawlins  succeeds  Gen.  Scho- 
field  at  later  dates.] 
The  40th  Congress  ends. 
The  41st  Congress  opens. 
Congress ;  Senate  :  Hiram  R.  Revels, 
colored,   of    Miss.,    occupies   the    seat 
vacated    by  Jelferson    Davis.     House : 
James  G.  Blaine  of  Me.   Is   elected 
Speaker.    Vote  :  Blaine,  135;  Michael 
C.  Kerr  of  Ind.,  57. 
Mar.  *   f/.  S.    The  nation  is  surprised 
by  the  Cabinet  appointments  of  Presi- 
dent Grant. 
Mar.  5.     lU.     The    Legislature  ratifies 
the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution.  Vote  :  Senate,  17-7 ;  House, 
52-27.     (Also  in  N.  C.) 
Mar.  6.    D.  C.    Congress ;  Senate  :  John 
Sherman  of  O.  proposes  to  change  the 
law  so  that  A.  T.  Stewart  of  N.  Y.  may 
become  secretary  of  the  treasury  while 
an  importing  merchant. 
Mar.  9.    D.  C.     Congress :   The  House 
repeals  the  Tenure  of  Office  Act  with- 
out debate.    Vote,  13S-16. 

A.  T.  Stewairt;,  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury, resigns  because  the  law  of  1789  for- 
bids an  importer  holding  the  office. 
Mar.  9-12.    Mass.  —  Wis.     The  Legisla- 
tures ratify  the  15th  Amendment  to 
the  Federal  Constitution.   [Mar.  13,  Ky. ; 
Mar.  16,  Conn,  and  S.  C] 
Mar.  11±.   D.C.   E.  B. 'Waahbume  re- 
tires from  the  Cabinet.      [He  is  soon 
afterward  appointed  minister  to  France.] 
Mar.  15.   JJ.  C.    Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Schenck  Bill,  for  the  payment  of  U.  S. 
bonds  in  coin,  is  passed. 
Mar.  18.    U.  S.    The  Schenck  Bill  he- 
comes  a  law. 
Mar.  23.    D.C.    Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  R.  I.,  Is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.    [He  is  also  re- 
elected Apr.  9.] 
Mar.  24.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  substitute  for  the  Tenure 
of  Office  Act.    Vote,  37-15. 


It  appears  to  maintain  the  act  in  an- 
other form,  while  in  fact  setting  it  aside. 
"  The  Tenure  of  Office  Act  was  enacted 
lest  President  Johnson  should  remove 
Republican  office-holders  too  rapidly; 
and  it  was  practically  repealed  lest  Pres- 
ident Grant  should  not  remove  Demo- 
cratic office-holders  rapidly  enough." 
(Blaine.) 

Apr.  7.  D.  C.  The  President  sends  a 
message  to  the  Senate  on  British 
claims. 

Apr.  10.  Z>.  C.  The  41st  Congress; 
the  first  session  closes. 

Apr.  12.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets,  in 
special  session,  at  the  call  of  President 
Grant. 

Apr.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  Johnson-Clarendon 
treaty  respecting  the  Alabama  claims. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  naturalization  treaty  with 
Great  Britain. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  John  Lothrop  Motley  is 
appointed  U.  S.  minister  at  the  Court 
of  St.  James. 

Apr.  20.  Va.  Gen.  E.  E.  S.  Canby  be- 
comes military  governor. 

Apr.  23.  D.  C.  The  special  session  of 
the  Senate  closes. 

May  26.  Mo.  The  State  seal,  lost  since 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  is  handed 
over  to  the  Governor  by  ex.-Lieut.-Gov. 
T.  C.  Reynolds, 

June  8.  Ind.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution".  [June  11, 16,Fla. ;  Julyl, 
N.  H.;  Oct.  21,  Vt.] 

June  20.  Kan.  A  State  Convention  of 
colored  people  meets  at  Topeka,  and 
requests  the  Legislature  to  petition  Con- 
gress for  negro  suffrage. 

Jtine  22.  D.  C.  Adolph  E.  Borie,  sec- 
retary of  the  navy,  resigns. 

Ga.    The  Supreme  Court  decides  that 

negroes  are  eligible  for  public  office. 

June  25.  D.  C.  Geo.  M.  Kobeson  of 
N,  J.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Jtme  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1869,  Re- 
ceipts :  Customs,  $180,048,427;  internal 
revenue,  $158,356,461 ;  direct  tax,  $765,- 
686 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $4,020,314 ;  pre- 
miums on  loans  and  sales  of  gold  coin, 
$13,755,491 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $370,- 
943,747 ;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenses,  $48,078,469.  Expenditures : 
Premiums  on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds, 
etc.,  $1,674,680:  miscellaneous  items, 
$56,474,062;  War  Department,  $78,501,- 
991;  Navy  Department,  $20,000,758;  In- 
dians, $7,042,923  ;  pensions,  $28,476,022  ; 
interest  on  public  debt,  $130,694,243. 
Total  ordinary  expenses,  $322,865,278. 
Public  debt,  $2,588,452,213.  Exports, 
$286,117,697 ;  imports,  $417,506,379. 

July  4, 5.  Chicago.  The  Irish  National 
Eepublican  Convention  meets,  with 
221  delegates  present. 

July  6.  Va.  The  people  adopt  the  New 
Constitution  by  a  majority  of  39,957. 

Sept.  12.  Chicago.  The  National  Pro- 
hibition party  is  organized  by  a  Con- 
vention of  500  delegates. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869   Feb.  27.    Chicago.   The  West  Side 
Park  Commission  is  incorporated. 


Mar.  1.  Phila.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce is  dedicated. 

Mar.  23.  Chicago.  The  South  Park 
Commission  Act  is  ratified  at  the  elec- 
tion. 

May  10.  Utah.  The  connecting  of  the 
Union  and  Central  Pacific  Railroads 
is  made  at  Promontory  Point ;  Thomas 
Durant  and  Gov.  Leland  Stanford  drive 
the  last  spikes ;  the  line  extends  from 
Omaha  to  San  Francisco,  — 1,914  miles. 
Tlie  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  are  now 
connected  by  rail. 

May  12.  Fr.  The  shore  end  of  the 
Franco-American  cable  is  laid  at 
Brest. 

May  18.  Tenn.  A  Southern  commer- 
cial convention  is  held  at  Memphis  ;  22 
States  are  represented  by  1 ,100  delegates. 
[May  25,  another  is  held  at  New  Orleans.] 

Jvme  25.  N.  J.  The  Camden  and 
Amboy  Railroad  Company  and  the 
Raritan  Canal  Company  surrender  their 
reserved  rights,  by  which  they  have  mo- 
nopolized the  trans-State  carrying  trade 
for  40  years. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  in  1869, 
352,569. 

July  7 .  N.  Y.  The  first  stone  of  the  new 
Capitol  at  Albany  is  laid. 

July  23.  Mass.  The  French  cable  is 
landed  at  Duxbury,  connecting  with 
France,  via  St.  Pierre,  near  Newfound- 
land.   Length,  3,047  miles. 

July  27.  Mass.  The  landing  of  the 
French  Atlantic  cable  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  *  New  York.  The  work  of  improv- 
ing the  channel  of  the  East  River  at 
Hell  Gate  begins. 

Aug.  ♦  N.  Y.  The  Erie  Railroad  seeks 
to  acquire  control  of  the  Albany  and 
Susquehanna  Road ;  a  war  of  injunctions 
and  armed  resistance  ensue. 

Sept.  6.  Pa.  A  fire  in  the  Avondale 
coal-mine  in  Luzerne  County  causes 
the  loss  of  108  lives. 

Sept.  7.  la.  A  Commercial  Conven- 
tion assembles  at  Keokuk. 

Sept.  13.  New  York.  The  Erie  Bmg 
panic  occurs. 

Having  secured  the  chief  control  of 
the  gold  in  the  market,  and  the  preven- 
tion of  sales  of  gold  by  the  Government, 
Jay  Gould  and  James  Fisk  begin  to  pur- 
chase gold  at  about  130. 

Sept.  22.  New  York.  The  Erie  Ring  rung 
up  the  price  of  gold  to  140. 

Sept.  23.  New  York.  The  price  of  gold 
reaches  lH,  and  the  conspirators  declare 
their  purpose  to  crowd  it  up  to  200. 

Sept.  24.  New  York.  "  Black  Fri- 
day "  —  a  financial  panic  —  causes  great 
financial  disasters. 

The  clique  of  speculators  push  up  the 
price  of  gold  to  164,  and  all  the  small 
and  middle-class  speculators  fail.  [Whi  le 
it  enriches  a  few,  it  brings  great  calamity 
to  the  business  community,  which  is  re- 
quired to  pay  duties  in  gold.  The  Gov- 
ernment bre'aks  the  corner  by  offering 
to  sell  $4,000,000  of  gold.  The  conspira- 
tors plunder  the  market  of  about  $11, 
000,000  in  profits.] 


268     1869,  Oct.  5-1870,  Feb,  9. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1869     Dec.  24.     D.  C.     Gen.   A.  H. 
Terry  is  assigned  to  the  Georgia  Mili- 
tary District. 

*  *  n.  I.  The  Federal  Government  estab- 
lishes a  torpedo  school  at  Newport. 

*  *  The  Indian  "War  ends. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1869  Oct.  9.  X.  }'.  The  asteroid  Fe- 
licitas  is  discovered  by  C.  II.  F.  Peters. 

*  *  Cnl.  A  new  gold  district  is  discovered 
near  San  Diego. 

*  *  Xtw  Yor!:.  John  A.  Koebling  makes 
tlie  lirst  survey  for  the  Slast  River 
Bridge. 

*  ♦  New  Yorl:  E.  Wood  Perry,  John  La- 
fargo,  A.  II.  Wyant,  and  E.  L.  Henry 
are  elected  members  of  the  iNational 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Sew  I'or.'j.  Augustin  Daly  takes 
charge  of  a  theater  in  Twenty-fourth 
Street. 

'*  *  N.  V.  The  Orpheus  Singing  Society 
of  Buffalo  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Harmonic  Society  of  Cin- 
cinnati id  organized. 

— 70  *  *  V.  S.  A  method  is  introduced  by 
which  wood  is  ground  to  form  the  raw 
material  for  paper. 

*  *  U.  .*?.  The  cotton  crop  of  the  year  is 
the  largest  since  1S60,  amounting  to  at 
least  3,000,000  bales  (of  400  lbs.). 

*  ♦  Tnjstlng  Tree  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Durand. 

*  *  San  Giorgio  is  painted  by  S.  R.  Gif- 
ford. 

*  *  Wine  Tasters  is  painted  by  J.  B.  Ir- 
ving. 

1870  Jan.  3.  K.  Y.  Work  on  the 
£ast  River  Bridge  is  commenced  by 
sinking  a  caisson  on  the  Brooklyn  side. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1869. 

Oct.  8.  Pierce.  Franklin,  M.  C.^  senator 
for  N.  H.,  brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  14th  Pres.  of 
U.  S.,  A6S. 

Oct.  16.    Kitner,  Joseph,  Gov.  of  Pa.,  A  00. 

Nov.  2.     Hanns,  Heman,  M.  E.  cl.,  e»l.,  A79. 

Nov.  4.  Peabody,  Oeorgre.  of  Massaclm- 
setts.  banker  in  Kng.,  philanthropist,  pa- 
tron of  ethK^ation,  A74. 

Nov.  6.    Stewart.  Charles,  rear-adm.,  A91. 

Nov.  10.  Wool.  John  Ellis,  niaj.-gen. 
U.S.  A.,  A 85. 

Nov.  11.  Kenfiall,  Amos,  of  Mass.,  post- 
master-general, AftO. 

Walker.  Robert  John.  sen.  for  Miss., 

sec.  of  treas.,  fiov.  of  Kansas  'I'er.,  A68. 

Nov.  16.  Itiitterfleld,  .John,  founder  of 
stage  and  express  lines,  AK6. 

Dec.  2.  Potter,  Hazard  Arnold,  physician, 
surgeon,  A.V). 

Dec.  18.  tiottsohalk,  Louis  Moreau,  pian- 
ist, composer,  A  40. 

Dec.  23.  Crapo,  Henry  H.,  Gov.  of  Mich., 
A6.^ 

Cozzens,  Fred.  Swartwout,  writer,  au- 
thor, A51. 

Dec.  24.  Stanton,  Edwin  McMasters. 
atty.-gen.,  secretary  of  war,  A5.^. 

Dec.  31.     Perkins,  .Justin,  Cong,  clergyman, 
missionary  to  ^'estoriaus,  A&l. 
1870. 

Jan.  3.  Lozier,  Charlotte  T.,  physician, 
professor,  writer,  A26. 

Jan.  6.  Joseph  A.  Mower,  brev.  maj.-gen., 
A63, 

Jan.  14.  Purkee,Charle8,8enatorforWia., 
OoT.of  Utah,  Ati3. 


Jan.  17.  Anderson,  Alexander,  first  wood 
engraver  in  .Vmerica,  A95. 

Jan.  18.  Chase,  Carlton,  P.  £,  bishop  of 
N.  H.,  A76. 

Jan.  20.  Dudley,  Benjamin  W.,  surgeon,  of 
Ky.,  professor  of  surgery,  AHh. 

Jan.  22.  Prentice,  George  Denlson,  edi- 
tor, author,  A  68. 

Jan.  23.     Placide,  Henry,  actor,  A71. 

Feb.  5.  Elton,  Konieo,  liapt.  clergyman, 
professor,  author,  A78. 

Timble,  Allen,  Gov.  of  0.,  A87. 


CHURCH. 

1869  Oct.  13.  Ariz.  William  Whitaker 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

Oct.  *  Pfiifa.  A  reform  convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  is  held,  and  al- 
terations in  the  ritual  and  other  changes 
are  favored. 

Nov.  12.  Pa.  The  (adjourned)  General 
Assembly  (0.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at 
Pittsburg  ;  M.  W.  Jacobus,  moderator. 

The  (adjourned)  General  Assembly 
(N.  S.  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg  ; 
P,  H.  Fowler,  moderator. 

The  returns  from  the  Presbyteries  are 
overwhelmingly  favorable  to  reunion. 
The  union  of  the  New  and  Old  School 
Presbyterian  Churches  is  consum- 
mated on  the  basis  of  the  **  Stand- 
ards, pure  and  simple," 

Dec.  8.  It.  Pope  Pius  IX.  opens  a 
general  council.  [It  propounds  tlie doc- 
trine of  papal  infallibility  and  a  lint  of 
anathemas,] 

Dec.  22.  .V.  J.  The  Ocean  Grove 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  Association  is 
organized. 

*  *  The  word  •*  German  **  is  erased  from 
the  title,  German  Reformed  Church. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Congregational  Club  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  lioston.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing assembles. 

*  *  D.C.  The  General  Synod  (Evangel- 
ical Lutheran)  meets  at  Washington. 

*  *  III.  The  (leneral  Assembly  (United 
Presbsrterian)  meets  at  Monmouth  ;  II. 
A.  Browne,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Louis- 
ville; R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  Ky.  A  part  of  the  Synod  of  Kentucky 
joins  the  *'  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
United  States  "  (Southern  Presbyterian). 

*  *  Kan.  The  Kansas  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Xtw  Afex.  The  Roman  Catholic  Vica- 
rate  Apostolic  of  New  Mexico  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  mission-work 
among  the  Dakota  Indians. 

*  *  John  Dickinson  is  first  elected  bishop 
of  the  United  Brethren. 

*  *  The  General  Council  of  the  Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran  Church  begins  its  foreign 
mission-work  in  Southernalndia. 

*  *  The  Lexington  and  Louisiana  Confer- 
ences (Methodist  Episcopal)  are  formed. 


1870  Jan.  25.  Henry  Niles  Pierce  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Arkansas  and  Indian 
Territory. 

Jan.  26.  La.  Tlie  Louisiana  Congrega- 
tional Association  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1869  *  *  Tlie  Association  of  American 
Medical  Sditors  is  organized. 

*  *  Ballads  of  New  England^  by  J.  G. 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  ♦  Compendious  German  Grammar,  by 
W.  D.  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  The  Discovery  of  the  Great  JVest,  by 
Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  The  Heathen  Chinee,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears ;  also  The  Outcasts  of  Poker 
Flat. 

*  *  mtherto,  by  Adeline  B.  T.  Whitney, 
appears. 

*  *  Innocents  Abroad,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears, 

*  *  Lady  Byron  Vindicated,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears  ;  also  Old  Town 
KolK-s. 

*  *  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth,  by 
E,  W.  Whipple,  appears. 

*  •  An  Old- Fashioned  Girl,  by  Louisa  M. 
Alcott,  appears. 

*  *  A  Pictorial  History  of  the  Civil  War, 
by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  appears. 

*  *  Sttpping  Heavenward,  by  Elizabeth 
Prentiss,  appears. 

*  *  The  St&ry  of  a  Bad  Boy,  by  T.  B. 
Aldrich,  appears. 

*  *  Principles  of  Psychology,  by  John  Bas- 
com,  appears. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  Service  Afloat,  by  Raphael 
Semmes,  appears. 

*  *  Life  and  Letters  of  Fitz-Greene  Hai- 
led;, by  James  Grant  Wilson,  appears. 

*  »  The  Cathedral,  by  James  Russell 
Lowell,  .appears. 

*  *  Woman^s  Suffrage,  the  Reform  against 
Nature,  by  Horace  Bushnell,  appears. 

*  *  The  Switzerland  of  America,  by  Sam- 
uel Bowles,  appears. 

*  *  By- Ways  of  Europe  f  by  BayaTd  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  Long  and  Short  Span  Bridges,  by  J.  A. 
Roebling,  appears. 

*  *  Malbone :  ati  Oldport  Jiomance,  by  T. 
"W,  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Men,  Women, and  Ghosts,  \>y  EWzSkheiti. 
Stuart  Phelps,  appears. 

*  *  Five  Acres  too  Much,  by  Robert  Barn- 
well Roosevelt,  appears. 

*  *  Hltt  to  Hilt,  by  John  Esten  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  *  Overture  of  Angels,  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  appears. 

*  *  Naval  Architecture  and  Shipbuilding^ 
by  Com.  Meade,  appears. 

*  *  Jesus  of  Nazareth  :  His  Life  and  Teach- 
ings, by  Lyman  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  The  Blameless  Prince  and  Other 
Poems,  by  Edmimd  Clarence  Stedman, 
appears. 


UNITED    STATES.     1869,  Oct.  5-1870,  Feb.  9.    269 


SOCIETY. 
1869    Oct.  20.    x:  C.    Got.  Holden  is- 
sues a  proclamation    against  the  dis- 
orders and  violence  of  secret  societies 
in  four  counties. 

Oct.  24.    Xew  York.     P6re  Hyacinthe 

of  Paris  is  publicly  introduced  by  Henry 

Ward  Beecher. 
Oct.  *    Wis,    Tlie    northwestern    branch 

of  the  National  Home  for  Disabled 

Soldiers,  established  near  Milwaukee, 

is  dedicated. 
Nov.  20.    Ky.    Eegulators    horsewhip 

a  coojier  at  Somerset ;  a  riot  ensues  in 

whiclx  three  men  are  killed. 

Nov.  24.  O.  A  'Woman's  Suffrage 
Convention  meets.    (See  State.) 

Nov.  •  Del.  A  Woman's  Suffrage 
Convention  is  held  at  Wilmington. 

Deo.  10.  n.  C.  A  National  Colored  La- 
bor Convention  meets. 

Deo.  11.  Utah.  A  Mormon  rebellion 
rises  against  Brigh.am  Young. 

Deo.  12.  Iml.  A  party  of  70  men  enter 
the  jriil  at  New  Albany,  take  out  four 
prisoners,  and  hang  them. 

•  »  The  Chicago  Club  is  founded. 

•  •  Mass.  A  prohibitory  statute  is 
enacted. 

•  •  Keb.  The  State  deaf  and  dumb  in- 
stitute is  opened  at  Omaha. 

•  *  Kev.  The  State  erects  an  orphan's 
home  at  Carson  City. 

•  *  New  Tnrl:  The  Baptist  Home  for 
Aged  People  is  founded. 

•  *  N.  Y.  The  Association  of  the  Bar 
is  instituted  ;  William  M.  Evarts  is  the 
first  president. 

•  *  O.  St.  Mary's  Hospital  at  Cincin- 
nati is  established. 

•  •  0.  Tlie  third  National  Encampment 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  is 
held  at  Cincinnati ;  Gen.  John  A.Logan 
of  111.,  commander-in-chief. 

•  *  rhUa.  The  Baptist  Home  of  Phila- 
delphia is  founded. 

•  •  rhila.  Uriah  S.  Stevens,  a  clothing 
cutter,  organizes  a  secret  society  for 
the  protection  of  the  working  people. 
[It  develops  into  the  Knights  of 
Iiabor.] 

•*/;./.  The  Board  of  State  Charities 
and  Correction  is  organized. 

•  •  Tex.  The  Buckner  Orphans'  Home 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Dallas. 

•  •The  General  Assembly  (Presbyte- 
rian) recommends  total  abstinence. 

•  *The  National  Prison  Association 
is  formed.     (1870?) 

1870  Jan.  24.  O.  C.  Prince  Arthur, 
Queen  Victoria's  third  son  (Duke  of 
Connaught),  is  presented  to  President 
Grant. 

Feb.  8.  Me.  Prince  Arthur  and  many 
distinguished  people  attend  the  funeral 
of  George  Peabody  at  Portland. 

Feb.  *  Mass.  The  remains  of  George 
Peabody  are  buried  at  Peabody. 


STATE. 

1869  Oct  5.  Va.  The  Legislature 
meets;  the  first  regular  meeting  in  a 
decade. 

Oct.  8.  Va.  The  Legislature  ratifies  the 
14th  and  15th  Amendments  to  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Oct.  25.  B.C.  WiUiam'W.  Belknap  of 
Iowa  is  appointed  secretary  of  war. 

Oct.  »  -Nov.  *  Free-trade  doctrines  be- 
come more  popular  than  formerly. 

Nov.  2.  Fla.  A  majority  of  the  people 
west  of  the  Choctawhatchee  River  vote 
for  annexation  with  Alabama. 

Nov.  24.  O.  The  National  Woman's 
Suffrage  Convention  meets  at  Cleve- 
land, with  183  delegates  present;  Rev. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  president.    The 


-71  »  *  Mo.    Joseph  W.  M'Clurg. 
-70*  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    James  M.  Ashley. 
-71  *  *  N.H.    Onslow  Stearns. 
-72  *  *  JV. ./.    Theodore  F.  Randolph. 
-71*  *  N.Mex.(Ter.).    William  A.  Pile. 
-73  *  *Jf.  Y.    John  T.  Hoflnian. 
-73  *  *It.I.     Seth  Padelford. 
-71  *  *  Tenn.    DeWitt  C.  Senter. 
-71  *  *  17.  (Ter.)    J.  Wilson  Shaffer. 
-70  •  *  Vt.    Peter  T.  Washburn. 
-70  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.)    Alvin  Flanders. 
-71  •  •  W.  Va.    William  E.  Stephenson. 
1870  Jan.  10.  Mo.  Tlie  Legislature  rati- 
fies the  15th  Amendment  to  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution.     [Jan.  18  by  Rhode 
Island  ;  Feb.  2,  Georgia  ;  Feb.  3,  Iowa  ; 
Feb.  15,  Minnesota;  Feb.  17,  Nebraska; 
Feb.  18,  Texas  ;  Mar.  3,  Kansas  ;  Mar.  26, 
Tennessee.] 


American    Woman's   Suffrage  Associa-    ^^^-  *  ^-   C-     Congress   approves    the 


tion  is  organized. 
Nov.  29.    A  treaty  with  the  Dominican 

Republic  is  negotiated,  for  its  annexe^ 

tion  to  the  United  States,  and  for  the 

leasing  of  the  bay  and  peninsula  of  Sa- 

mana  as  a  naval  rendezvous. 
Nov.  30.-Dec.   1.     Miss.     The    people 

ratify  the   new  Constitution.     Vote, 

105,223-954. 

Nov.  30.-Deo.3.  Tex.  The  people  rat- 
ify the  Constitution.    Vote,  72,395-4,934. 

Dec.  6.  D.C.  The  41st  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  13.  r>.  C.  Congress  renews  the 
Canadian  Eeoiprocity  treaty. 

Deo.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  the 
legal  and  political  disabilities  from  a 
large  class  of  ex-Confederates. 

Dec.  16.  r>.  C.  Congress  declares  the 
exclusion  of  f reedmen  from  the  Legis- 
lature, as  done  in  Georgia,  revolution- 
ary, and  to  be  prohibited. 

Deo.  20.  I).C.  President  Grant  appoints 
Edwin  M.  Stanton  of  Pa.  an  associ- 
ate justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Deo.  22.  Ga.  The  Legislature  refuses 
to  ratify  the  15th  Amendment. 

Ga.     The   reconstruction    of   the 

State  in  compliance  with  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress is  accomplished. 

Deo.  *  D.  C.  The  correspondence  of  Sec- 
retary Fish  and  Lord  Clarendon  on  the 
Alabama  claims  is  made  public. 

*  *  n.  C.  Congress  reduces  the  tax  on 
distilled  spirits  from  $1.97  to  64  cents 
per  proof  gallon. 

*  *  Fa.  The  Legislature  creates  a  State 
Board  of  Immigration. 

*  *  Mln?i.  Both  Houses  vote  to  remove 
the  capital  from  St.  Paul  to  a  site  in 
Kandiyohi  County  ;  the  governor  vetoes 
the  bill. 

*  *  Keto  York.  A.  Oakey  Hall  is  elected 
the  77th  mayor. 

'  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated  : 
-76  **  Ariz.  (Ter.).    A.  P.  K.  Safford. 
-73  •  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    Edwin  M.  M'Cook. 
-70  •  •  Conn.    Marshall  Jewell. 
-73  »  *  Dak.  (Ter.).    John  A.  Burbank. 
-75  *  *  Del.    James  Ponder. 
-73  *  •  in.    John  M.  Palmer. 
-73  ♦  *  Kan.    James  M.  Harvey. 
-72  •  *  Mass.    William  Claflin. 
-72  *  »  Mich.    Henry  P.  Baldwin. 


scheme  for  a  canal  across  the  Isthmus 
of  Darien. 

Jan.  24.    D.  C.     Congress :   The   Sen- 
ators from  Virginia  are  readmitted. . 
[Representatives  are  admitted  Jan.  26.] 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  A  treaty  is  signed  re- 
specting the  Darien  Canal. 

Jan.  27.  Va.  Gen.  Canhy  turns  the  State 
over  to  the  authorities  elected  by  the 
people. 

Feb.  2.  Ga.  Tlie  Legislature  permits 
colored  members  to  resume  their  seats, 
and  then  ratifies  the  15th  Amendment. 

Feb.  8.  Va.  Gov.  Walker  proclaims  the 
State  fully  reconstructed. 

Feb.  9.  /).  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  establishment  of  a  weather  bureau- 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869  Oct.  13.  Kij.  A  Commercial 
Convention  assembles  at  Louisville; 
ex-President  Fillmore,  cbairman. 

Oct.  27.  fit.  About  200  lives  are  lost  by 
the  burning  of  the  steamer  Stmietcall, 
near  Cairo,  on  the  Mississippi. 

Nov.  14.  Cal.  About  15  persons  are 
killed  in  a  collision  on  the  Pacific  Bail- 
road  near  San  Francisco. 

Dec.  11.  Eng.  The  body  of  George  Pea- 
body, the  American  philanthropist,  is 
placed  on  board  the  British  steamship 
Monarchy  to  be  conveyed  to  America. 

*  *  Chicago  has  a  park  system  of  seven 
parks,  comprising  2,530  acres. 

The  two  south  parks,  372  and  593 ; 
Jackson  Park,  600;  Doughis  Park,  171; 
Garttebl  Park,  1,S5;  Humboldt  Park, 
184;  Lincoln  Park,  310;  having  37i 
miles  of  boulevards  ;  cost,  $10,000,000. 

*  *  Mo.  Tower  Grove  Park,  276  acres, 
is  donated  to  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Mich.  Woodmere  Cemetery,  near  De- 
troit, is  established. 

*  *  Arthur  Cummings  introduces  curve 
pitching  in  baseball. 

1870  Jan.  20.  Tlie  Anglo-American  and 
Anglo-French  cable  companies  tmite. 

Jan.  22.  Cat.  The  California  Southern 
Railroad  Company  is  chartered. 

Jan.  23.  The  U.  S.  corvette  Oneida  col- 
lides with  the  steamship  Bombay,  and 
sinks,  near  Yokohama,  Japan  ;  112  lives 
are  lost. 

Jan.  »  Boston.    Dorchester  is  annexed. 


270     1870,  Feb.  10 -Oct.  13. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1870  Sept. »  Utah.  Gen.  Shaffer  for- 
bids the  drilling  of  the  Mormon  militia. 

Oct.  17.  Vice-Admiral  David  D.Porter 
is  made  admiral. 

*  *  D.  C.  Gen.  Fitz-John  Porter  ap- 
peals to  the  President  for  a  reversal  of 
the  sentence  of  the  court  martial. 

*  *  Military  governments  are  with- 
drawn on  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Southern  States. 

ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  *  *  yew  York.  James  Gordon  Ben- 
nett, the  proprietor  of  the  Herald,  sends 
Henry  M.  Stanley  to  Africa  in  search 
of  David  Livingstone. 

Apr.  13.  yew  York.  A  charter  is  granted 
to  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 

May  24.  D.  C.  The  Corcoran  Gallery 
of  Art  at  Washington  is  chartered. 

Aug.  14.  y.  Y.  The  asteroid  Ate  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  II.  F.  Peters. 

Sept.  28.  Va.  The  James  Kiver  rises 
about  24  feet  in  two  days,  and  the  Shen- 
andoah about  twice  as  much,  destroying 
crops,  buildings,  etc. ;  loss,  $3,000,000. 

Oct.  20.  An  earthquake  is  felt  through 
the  Northern  States  from  Maine  to 
Iowa. 

Oct.  »  Africa.  Henry  M.  Stanley  of 
U.  S.  A.,  arrives  at  Zanzibar. 

*  »  Boston.  The  Museum  of  Fine  Arts 
is  incorporated. 

*  *  Boston.  The  New  England  Conser- 
vatory of  Music  is  incorporated. 

*  *  The  National  Academy  of  Science 
extends  the  limit  of  membership  from 
50  to  1,000. 

*  *  la,  A  cave  is  discovered  on  the  Du- 
buque and  Minnesota  Railroad  line,  con- 
taining a  number  of  relics  apparently 
Oriental,  also  skeletons  of  giants. 

*  »  Mass.  Prof.  Winlock,  of  the  Harvard 
Observatory,  uses  a  horizontal  photo- 
heliograph  in  photographing  the  sun. 

*  *  yew  York.  Victor  Nehlig  is  elected  a 
member  of  the  If  ational  Academy  of 
Design. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1870. 
Feb.  14.    Harper,  Joseph  Wesley,  publisher 

in  N.  v.,  ABO. 
Feb.  22.     Houghton,     George    Frederick, 

lawyer,  writer,  A50. 
Feb.  23.     Burlingame.  Anson,  diploma- 
tist, M.  C.  for  Mass.,  ambassador  from 

China,  A50. 
Mar.  1.     Ashmead,  Isaac,  printer,  inventor 

of  composition  printing  rollers,  A80. 
Mar.4.     McClintock,  John,  M.  E.  cl.,  au- 

tlior,  president  of  Drew  Seminary,  A56. 
Mar.  18.    KIplcy,   James   W.,  brev.  maj.- 

gen.,  chief  of  ordnance,  A76. 
Mar.l7.    Cornell,  WUliain  W.,  iron  founder, 

of  N.  Y.,  philanthropist,  A48. 
Mar.  18.    Verplanck,   Gulian    Crommelin, 

author,  A  84. 
Mar.  26.     Soule,  Pierre,  senator  lor   La., 

minister  to  Spain,  A68. 
Mar.  28.    Thomas,  George  H.,  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.   A.54. 
Mar.  31. '  Hoyden,  Seth,  Inventor  malleable 

cast-iron,  hat-doming  machine,  A82. 
Apr.  3.     Frothingham,  Nathaniel  L.,  Unit. 

clergyman,  author,  A77. 
Apr.  15.    WlUard.  Emma,  pioneer  educa- 
tionist for  women,  N.  Y.,  AR3. 
Apr.  22.     Farrar,  Kliza  Ware,  author,  A78. 


King,  Anstin  A.,  Gov.  of  Mo.,  A69. 

May  17.    bittell,   Kliaklm,  editor   UUell's 

Liritiff  Age.  A73. 
May  23.     Ila/.zard,    Sanmel,    archeologist, 

historian,  publisher,  AH6. 
June  3.     Learned,  J08ei>h  K.  G.,  inventor, 

inspector  of  iron-clads,  A51. 
June.  7.      Keed,    David,    antislavery    re- 
former, editor,  A80, 
June  13.     Kliot,  Thomas  D.,  lawyer,  M.  O. 

for  Mass.,  A62. 
June  38.    Cutting,   Francis  B.,  jurist,  of 

N.  Y.,  A6.5. 
JiUy  6.    Pope,  Charles  A.,  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  A52. 
July  7.    Ashmun,  George,  M.  C.  for  Mass., 

A  66. 
July  13.    Dahlgren.  John  Adolf,  chief  of 

ordnance,  rear-adm.  V.  S.  N.,  A61. 
July  19.    Brooks,  WUllam  T.  H.,  maJ.-gen. 

of  vols.,  A4SI. 
July  21.    Baldwin,  Theoron,  Cong.  clerg>-- 

man,  educationist,  A69. 
July  28.    Ritchie,  Anna  Cora  Ogden  Mow- 

att,  novelist,  actor,  dramatist,  A49. 
Aug.  5.    Ilitchcoik,  Ethan  Allen,  maj.-gen. 

vols.,  author,  A72. 
Aug.  a.    Cobb,   George,  M.  C.  for  N.  J., 

benefactor,  A57. 
Aug.  14.    Farraeut,  David  G.,  first  ad- 
miral U.  .S.  N.,  A69. 
Aug.  18.    Kennedy,  John  Pendleton,  M.  C. 

for  Md.,  author,  secretary  of  navy,  A75. 
Sept.  5.     Bedford,   Gunning  S.,  physician, 

professor  of  obstetrics,  N.  Y.,  A64. 
Sept.  7.    Munroe,  .lames,  col.  I'.  .S.  vols., 

M.  C.  for  N.  v.,  A71. 
Sept.  8.     Kingsley,    Calvin,    Meth.   Kpis. 

bishop,  A58. 
Sept.  9.    Lord,  Nathan,  Cong,  cl.,  prosla- 
very  advocate,  president  Dartmouth,  A77. 
Longstreet,  Augustus  B.,  lawyer,  Meth. 

Epis.  clergyman,  author,  A80. 
Sept.  11.    .Sayre,  David  Austin,  merchant, 

banker,  benefactor,  of  Ky.,  A77. 
Sept.  18.     Dawson,  John  Littleton,  M.  C. 

for  Pa.,  Am. 
Sept.  27.    Packer,  WlUlam  Fisher,  Gov.  of 

Pa.,  A63. 
Oct.  10.    Hartley,  Mordecal,  pioneer.  Gov. 

of  O.,  A84.  „   „ 

Oct.  12.  Lee.  Robert  Edward,  col.  L.  S. 
A.,  commander-in-chief  of  Confederate 
armies,  college  pres.,  A63. 


CHURCH. 

1870  May  4.  Tenn.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal 
South)  meets  at  Memphis ;  the  North 
Mississippi,  White  River,  Los  Angeles, 
North  Alabama,  and  Western  Confer- 
ences are  organized. 

May  19.  Phila.  The  first  reunited 
General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  is  held  ;  J.  T.  Backus,  moderator. 

June  17.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Sept.  21.  y.ir.  William  Woodruff  Niles 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  New  Hampshire. 

Sept.  25.  Mass.  Patrick  T.  O'Reilly  is 
conseoi»ted  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Springtield. 

Oct.  6.  Md.  William  Pinkney  is  c<in- 
secrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  Maryland. 

LETTERS. 

1870  Feb.  17.  Miss.  The  State  Nor- 
mal School  is  opened  at  HoUy  Springs. 

Apr.  *  O.  The  University  of  Cincin- 
nati (non-sect.)  is  incorporated. 

May  14.  Phila.  The  Public  Becord  [Rec- 
ord] is  issued. 

Jtme  16.  S.  C.  A  free-school  system 
is  established  for  the  State. 

June  20.  yew  York.  The  Iienox  U- 
brary  is  incorporated. 


July  2.    III.    The  Evangelical  Seminary 

at  Elmhurst  is  opened. 
Oct.  13.    Ga.  The  Legislature  establishes 

a  system  of  public  instruction. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Silas  Bronson  Library  is 
founded  at  Waterbury.    [36,500  vols.] 

*  *  Boston.  Literary  World  magazine  is 
established. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Old  and  yew  magazine 
is  established. 

*  *  Cal.  Napa  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is 
founded  at  Napa. 

*  *  Delaware  College  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Newark,  Delaware. 

»  *  la.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  State  University  of  Iowa  at  Iowa 
City  is  opened. 

*  •  III.  Carthage  College  (Luth.)  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  III.  The  Swedish  Theological  Semin- 
ary (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Evanston. 

»  *  La.     Leland  University  (Bapt.)  is 

founded  at  New  Orleans. 
»  *  Mich.    The    Michigan    University 

opens  all  its  departments  to  women. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
organizing  a  State  Board  of  Education, 
and  providing  for  a  superintendent  of 
public  education. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Legislature  establishes  the 
State  Agricultural  College  at  Colum- 
bia. 

*  *  yew  York.  Scrihner's  Monthly  maga- 
zine (first  series)  is  established. 

SOCIETY. 

1870    Mar.  3.    La.   The  trial  of  George 
M.  "Wickliffe,  the  State  auditor,  re- 
sults in   his   conviction  and    impeach- 
ment for  extortion  and  fraud. 
Mar.  7.     Wyo.    A  grand  jury  of  both 

sexes  is  impaneled  at  Fort  Laramie. 
Mar.  ±  *   Pa.  The  "Molly  Maguires" 

subside. 
Apr.  5.   Utah.  Mormons  in  mass-meeting 
at  Salt  Lake  protest  against  the  inter- 
ference of  Congress  with  polygamy. 
Apr.  14.    Del.     The  ratitication  of  the 
15th  Amendment  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution is  celebrated  by  great  gather- 
ings of  colored  people. 
May  10.    yew   York.    Daniel  MacFar- 
land  is  tried  and  acquitted  of  the  mur- 
der of  Albert  D.  Richardson  on  Nov.  25, 
1809,  at  New  York. 
May  10.    Md.    The  colored  people  of 
Baltimore  celebrate  the  passage  of  the 
15th  Amendment. 
July  22.    yew  York.    Tlie  Times  exposes 

the  frauds  of  the  Tweed  Bing. 
July  30.  yew  York.  Benjamin  Nathan, 
a  wealthy  Hebrew,  is  found  murdered 
in  his  home.     [Criminal  unknown.] 
July  *     -V.  C.     The  governor  sends  the 

militia  to  suppress  Kuklux  outrages. 
Apr.  9.     The   American    Anti-Slavery 

Society  is  dissolved. 
May  25-27.     Vt.    Armed  Fenians,  500 
strong,  invade  Canada  from  Fairfield, 
and  quickly  return  when  resisted. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1870,  Feb.  10-Oct.  13.    271 


Aug.  15.  O.  The  National  Ijabor  Con- 
gress meets  at  Cinciimati. 

Aug.  23.  O.  The  Irish  National  Con- 
greaa  meets  at  Cincinnati. 

Oct.  4.  O.  A  National  Commercial 
Convention  meet8  at  Cincinnati. 

STATE. 

1870  Feb.  10.  Tenn.  A  Constitu- 
tional Convention  meets  at  Nashville. 

Feb.  12.  Utah.  Brigham  Young  ap- 
proves the  bill  granting  the  right  of 
suffrage  to  womeu. 

Feb.  15.  \.  J.  The  Legislature  refuses 
to  ratify  the  15th  Amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Feb.  18.  Tex.  The  Legislature  ratifies 
the  14th  and  15th  Amendments  to 
the  Federal  Constitution. 

Feb.  21,  La.  The  Legislature  grants 
$3,000,000  in  8  per  cent  State  bonds  to 
the  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  and  Chatta- 
nooga Railroad. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  Mississippi 
is  again  admitted  to  representation  in 
both  Houses. 

Feb.  25.  />,  a  Congress :  Hiram  R. 
Revels  of  Miss.,  the  first  colored  Sen- 
ator, takes  the  required  oath. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress  restores  legal 
and  political  rights  of  a  large  class  of 
ex-Confederates. 

Mar.  16.  V.  C.  Congress;  House: 
H.  R.  Revels  of  Miss,  makes  a  speech 
in  favor  of  universal  amnesty  and  suf- 


Mar.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  for  the  purchase  of  the 
Islands  of  St.  Thomas  and  St.  John. 

Mar.  26.  Tenn.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution.    Vote,  98,12a-33,872. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  Represen- 
tatives from  Texas  are  admitted  to  the 
House,  and  Senators  to  the  Senate.  The 
Southern  States  are  now  all  repre- 
sented in  the  National  Congress. 

The  15th  Amendment  having  been 
ratified  by  29  States,  is  proclaimed  a  part 
of  the  Constitution  ;  it  confers  the  right 
of  sutf rage  to  freedmen. 

Great  apprehension  prevails  at  the 
South ;  the  white  taxpayers  being  a 
minority  of  the  population  in  some  of 
the  States,  are  at  the  mercy  of  the  non- 
taxpaying  negroes,  who  may  be  easily 
corrupted  by  political  adventurers. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Mor- 
mons who  practise  polygamy  are  de- 
prived of  civil  rights. 

Apr.  5.  JVew  York.  The  Legislature 
grants  the  Tweed-Frear  charter,  com- 
bining the  city  and  coxuity. 

May  24.  D.  C.  President  Grant  issues 
a  proclamation  against  the  invasion  of 
Canada  by  Fenians. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate : 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  R.  1.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  [Again  on  July 
1,  and  also  on  July  14.] 

May  31.  /;.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
to  enforce  the  right  of  citizens  to 
vote  in  the  several  States. 


May  *  li.  C.  Congress  charters  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

May  *  III.  A  convention  meets  at  Spring- 
field, and  forms  a  new  Constitution. 

Jime  12.  D.  t\  The  act  limiting  the 
circulation  of  the  national  banks  to 
$354,000,000,  secured  by  the  deposit  of 
Government  bonds  with  the  Treasurer, 
is  approved. 

Jime  15.  IJ.  C.  E.  R.  Hoar  of  Mass. 
resigns  the  office  of  attorney-general. 

June  22.  />.  ('.  Congress  provides  for 
the  organization  of  the  Department  of 
Justice  with  the  attorney-general  at  its 
head. 

Jvme  30.  U.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  treaty  for  the  annexation 
of  San  Domingo.    Vote,  2S-28. 

June  *  D.  C.  Congress  reduces  the  in- 
come tax  by  abolishing  many  stamp- 
taxes. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1870. 
Revenue  :  Customs,  $194,538,374  ;  in- 
ternal revenue,  $184,899,756;  direct  tax, 
$229,103;  sales  of  public  lands,  $3,350,- 
482 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $15,295,644 ;  miscellaneous  items, 
$12,942,118.  Total  revenue,  $411,255,478  ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  ex- 
penses,$101,601,917.  Expenditures:  Pre- 
miums on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds, etc., 
$15,996,556  ;  miscellaneous  items,  $53,- 
237,462  ;  War  Department,  $57,655,675  ; 
Navy  Department,  $21,780,230;  Indians, 
$3,407,938 :  pensions,  $28,340,202  ;  interest 
on  the  public  debt,  $l'i9.235.4{»8.  Total 
ordinary  expenditures,  $309,653,561 ;  pub- 
lic debt,  $2,480,672,427.  Exports,  $392,- 
771,768;  imports,  $435,958,408. 

July  2.  III.  The  Constitution  is  rati- 
fied by  the  people.  Vote,  134,227-35, 
443. 

July  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
refuses  to  extend  citizenship  to  the 
Chinese ;  strong  opposition  to  Chinese 
immigration  prevails  in  many  parts  of 
the  country. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress  changes  the 
tariff  and  reduces  the  revenue  by 
diminishing  duties  on  tea,  colfee,  sugar, 
and  certain  articles  of  iron  and  si-eel; 
to  go  into  force  on  Jan.  1st,  1871. 
July  14.  D.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
tax  on  legacies  and  successions. 

It  grants  a  pension  of  $3,000  per  an- 
num to  the  widow  of  President  Lincoln. 

It  pas-ses  an  act  for  the  refunding  of 
the  national  debt  at  a  lower  rate  of  in- 
terest—5,  4^,  and  4  per  cent. 
July  15.  />.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
providing  for  the  removal  of  the  Osage 
Indians  and  the  sale  of  their  lands. 

Congress  passes  an  act  to  reduce 
the  peace  footing  of  the  army  to  30,000 
men. 

The  41st  Congress :  the  second  ses- 
sion closes. 

President  Grant  approves  the  act  for 
the  readmission  of  Georgia. 

July  *  7J.  C.  The  President  requests  J. 
L.  Motley,  minister  to  Great  Britain,  to 
resign.    [In  November  he  is  recalled.] 

Aug.  22.  n.  C.  President  Grant  pro- 
claims the  neutrality  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War. 


Sept.  8.  Mass.  "Wendell  Phillips  is 
nominated  for  governor  by  the  Labor 
Reform  and  Prohibition  parties. 

Sept.  15.  Utah.  Gov.  Shaffer  issues  a 
proclamation  forbidding  the  review  of 
the  Nauvoo  legion,  comprising  13,000 
men. 

Oct.  13.  D.  C.  The  President  by  pro- 
clamation forbids  military  expeditions 
against  nations  with  whom  the  United 
States  is  at  peace. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  Feb.  11.  Eng.  A  board  is  found 
in  Cornwall  with  writing,  which  states 
that  the  missing  steamer  City  of  Boston 
was  sinking. 

Feb.  15.  Minn.  The  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  is  begun  at  the  Dalles  of  the 
St.  Louis. 

Apr.  27.  Va.  The  galleries  of  the  Capi- 
tol break  down ;  60  persons  are  killed, 
and  120  wounded. 

May  3.  Cat.  Blossom  Bock,  near 
North  Point,  San  Francisco,  is  blown 
up. 

May  10.  Eng.  The  American  yacht 
Sappho  wins  in  a  triangular  race  with 
the  Cambria. 

May  12.  Mo.  At  Eureka  19  persons 
are  killed  in  a  collision. 

May  17.  Eng.  The  Sappho  again  wins 
in  a  triangular  race. 

June  *  The  9th  Census  is  taken.  States, 
.37;  whites,  33,589,377;  colored,  4,880,009. 
Total  population,  38,558,371  ;  increase, 
22.63  per  cent.  Center  of  populatif.n, 
48  miles  east  by  nortli  of  Cincinnati  ; 
westward  movement  in  10  years,  42 
miles. 

July  4.  The  ocean  yacht  race  begins. 
In  the  international  yacht  race  from 
Cork  to  New  York,  the  English  yacht 
Cambria  wins,  arriving  July  27.  at  4 
I'.M. ;  the  American  yacht  Jhiuntltas, 
taking  a  more  northerly  route,  arrives 
two  hours  later. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress  taxes  real  es- 
tate in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Jtdy  24,  New  York.  The  first  through 
car  from  the  Pacific  arrives. 

Aug.  8,  New  York.  The  English  schooner 
yacht  Cambria  sails  against  the  New 
York  Yacht  Club ;  the  Magic  wins  the 
race,  retaining  the  America  cup;  the 
Cambria  is  the  8th  of  16  rivals. 

Aug.  15.  The  Union  Pacific  road  is  com- 
pleted for  638  miles  from  Kansas  City  to 
Denver  ;  also,  the  Denver  Pacific  road, 
106  miles,  from  Denver  to  Cheyenne. 

Sept.  30-Oct.  2.  Va.  Freshets  in  the 
valleys  of  the  James  and  the  Shenan- 
doah destroy  property  valued  at  $5,000,- 
000. 

Sept.  *  O.  The  first  Industrial  Exposi- 
tion, in  Cincinnati,  is  held. 

Oct.  4.  O.  A  Southern  Convention 
meets  in  Cincinnati  for  political  an^i 
commercial  purposes. 

Oct.  12.  The  Southern  Pacific  Railroatl 
is  formed  by  consolidation  j  length, 
992.98  miles. 


272    1870,  Oct.  18-1871,  Mar.  27.        AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1871  **  D.  C.  Adm.  Rodgers  is  ordered 
to  command  the  Asiatic  fleet.  [June  U. 
He  attacks  the  forts  of  Korea  in  pun- 
ishment for  an  attack  made  by  masked 
batteries.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  *  *  Pa.  A  bone-cave  is  discovered 
near  Phoenixville,  containing  remains 
of  a  mastodon  and  other  animals  of  a 
period  prior  to  the  great  northern  drift. 

*  *  Aft.  Whitney  is  painted  by  Albert 
Bierstadt. 

*  *  Venice  is  painted  by  Jervis  McEntee. 

■  *  Greenwood  Lake  is  painted  by  J.  F. 

Cropsey. 
■■■  *  Twilight  is  painted  by  George  Inness. 

*  *  Continentals  is  painted  by  Frank  B, 
Mayer. 

*  *  S'cetclier  is  painted  by  A.  B.  Durand. 

*  ♦  Head  of  Chriat  is  painted  by  William 
Page. 

1871  Jan,  25.  D.  C.  A  statue  of 
Abraham  Lincoln  is  unveiled. 

Feb.  15.  Phila.  An  exhibition  is  given 
of  the  sand-blast. 

It  is  a  method  of  cutting  hard  sub- 
Btnnces  by  the  erosive  action  of  a  jet  of 
driven  sand  ;  B.  C.  Tilghinan,  inventor. 

Feb.  18.  Africa.  The  Bennett  expe- 
dition, led  by  Stanley,  starts  from 
Zanzibar  for  the  interior,  with  193  men 
divided  into  live  caravans. 

Mar.  21.  Zanzibar.  Stanley  starts  for 
the  interior  with  the  fifth  caravan. 

Mar.  *  li.  I.  The  State  authorities  pre- 
sent to  the  Federal  Government  a  mar- 
ble statue  of  Roger  "Williams,  to  be 
placed  in  the  Capitol. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1870. 

Oct.  18.  Bacon,  Ezekiel,  jurist,  M.  C.  for 
Mass.,  A94. 

Oct.  27.  Harrison,  Napoleon  B.,  capt. 
U.S.  N.,  A47. 

Nov.  36.  llassini.  Carlo,  musician,  com- 
poser, writer,  ASS. 

Dec.  12.  I^aunitz,  Robert  E.,Uu8SO-Ameri- 
can  sculptor,  A64. 

Dec.  13.  Cliauvenet,  William,  mathema- 
tician, author,  ASO. 

Dec.  20.     HoUaml,  George,  comedian,  A7!). 

Dec.  24.  liarnes,  Alliert,  Frea.  clergyman, 
commentator,  author,  A72. 

Dec.  25.  Colver,  NathaQiel,  Bapt.  clergy- 
man, A76. 

1871. 

Jan.  3.  Lovell,  Charles  Swain,  capt.  Mexi- 
can war;  col.  IT.  S.  A.,  AIM). 

Jan.  18.  Kichintis,  Peter,  Knglish- Ameri- 
can actor,  manager,  A74. 

Jan.  19.  Burden,  Henry,  inventor  water- 
wheel,  horse-ahoe  machine,  A80. 

Jan.  26.  Ticknor,  George,  professor,  au- 
thor, A  80. 

Jan.  29.  Taylor,  R,  Harvey,  educator,  au- 
thor, A(i4. 

Feb.  7.  stelnway,  Henry  Englehard,  man- 
ufacturer of  pianos,  A74. 

Feb.  1 1.  Bagtoli,  Antonio,  musician, 
teacher  of  vocal  music,  A76. 

Feb.  12.    Cary,  Alice,  author,  poet,  A5I. 

Feb.  21.  Klzey,  Arnold,  capt.  U.  .S.  A.; 
Confederate  ma}.-gen.,  AS5. 

Fob  23.  Clatlin,  Lee,  manufacturer,  of  Bos- 
ton, benefactor  of  Hostun  University,  AHO. 

Mar.  3.    ralnier,.Ioseph,ed..  in  Boston,  A75. 

Mar.  18.  N'isl)et,  Kugeniua  Aristidea,  jurist, 
of  Ga.,  M.  C.;  Confederate  M.  C,  A68. 

Max.  35.  Tappan,  John,  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, of  Boston,  A90. 


CHURCH. 

1870  Oct.  19-21.  New  York.  4th  Na- 
tional Unitarian  Conference  is  held. 

Nov.  30.  Mass.  The  Cape  Cod  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  Congregational  and 
other  Liberal  Christian  churches  is  or- 
ganized at  Barnstable. 

Dec.  16.  Tenn.  Bishop  Paine  organizes 
the  Colored  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  of  America. 

*  *  Cal.  Chinese  mission  work  on  the 
Pacific  coast  is  begun  by  the  Americau 
Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society. 

*  *  Fla.  —  Afass.  The  Roman  Catholic 
dioceses  of  St.  Augustine  and  Springfield 
are  established. 

*  *  Pkila.  The  Baptist  AnTmn.!  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

*  *  Presbyterians  begin  mission  work 
among  the  Cattaraugus  and  Chippewa 
Indians. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Diciples  cf  Christ  is  held  at  Indianap- 
olis ;  R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Pittsburg ;  T.  S. 
Ivundall,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  "Woman's  Board  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  mission  to  the  Ojibway  Indians 
is  transferred  from  the  American  Board 
to  the  Presbyterian  Board. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  work  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  becomes  practically  confined 
to  the  Congregational  churches. 

*  *  U.  S.  Church  communicants  num- 
ber C,C73,396  — about  one  in  six  of  the 
population. 

LETTERS. 

1870  *  *  N'ew  York.  New-  Yorker  Tagea 
Nachrichttn  is  founded. 

*  •  N.  Y.  Canisius  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
at  Buffalo  is  organized. 

*  *.V.  Y.  St.  John  Baptist's  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  of  Brooklyn  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Syracuse  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Syracuse. 

*  *  O.  "Wilmington  College  (Friends) 
is  organized  at  Wilmington. 

*  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  opened  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Pa.    The  Pittsburg  Leader  is  issued. 

*  *  Pa.  Thiel  College  (Evan.  Luth.)  is 
organized  at  Greenville. 

*  *  Pa.  St.  Vincent's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Beatty. 

*  •  Minn.  Carleton  College  (Cong.)  is 
organized  at  Northfield. 

*  *  Pa.  Ursinus  College  (RefM.)  at  Free- 
land  is  organized. 

*  *  Utah.  Salt  I^ake  Seminary  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

*  •  W.  Va.  The  State  Normal  School 
at  West  Liberty  is  opened. 

*  *  Among  My  Books,  by  James  RusseU 
Lowell,  appears. 

*  *  At  Last,  by  Marion  Harland,  appears. 

*  *  Books  and  Beading,  by  Noah  Porter, 
appears. 


*  *  Farmer's  AlmtnaXy  by  Josh  Billings 
(H.  W.  Shaw),  is  issued, 

*  *  Hammer  and  Papier,  by  John  E.  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  *  Great  Americans,  by  Theodore  Parker, 
appears. 

*  *  Ingham  Papers,  by  Edward  Everett 
Hale,  appears. 

*  *  The  Luck  of  Boaring  Camp,  by  Bret 
Ilarte,  appears  ;  also  Poems. 

*  *  Mechanism  in  Thought  and  Morals,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Miriam,  and  Other  Poems,  by  John  G. 
Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  Passage  to  India,  by  Walt  W^hitman, 
appears. 

*  •  Society  and  Solitude,  by  Kalph"Waldo 
Bmerson,  appears. 

*  *  We  Girls,  by  Adeline  D.  T.  Whitney, 
appears. 

*  *  Taittiriya-Prdtic^akhya  (Sansk.),  by 
William  D.  Whitney,  who  receives  the 
Bopp  prize  from  the  Berlin  Academy, 
appears. 

*  *  The  War  beticeen  the  States,  by  Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens,  appears. 

*  *  The  Iliad,  a  translation  by  William 
Cullen  Bryant,  appears. 

*  ♦  Sketches  of  Creation,  by  Alexander 
Winchell,  appears. 

*  *  Tent  Life  in  Siberia,  by  George  Ken- 
nan,  appears. 

*  *  A  Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Language,  by  Francis  A.  March, 
appears. 

*  *  Hedged  In,  by  E.  Stuart  Phelps  [Ward], 
appears  ;  also  The  Silent  Partner. 

*  *  Joseph  and  his  Friend,  by  Bayard  Tay- 
lor, appears. 

*  *  Words  and  their  Uses,  by  Richard 
Grant  White,  appears. 

*  *  A  Battle  of  the  Books,  by  Gail  Hamil- 
ton, appears  ;  also  Stumbling  Blocks. 

*  *  My  Summer  in  a  Garden,  by  Charles 
Dudley  Warner,  appears. 

*  ♦  Ginfffr.S?ia/js,by  Fanny  Fern,  appears. 

*  *  Cr^^mbs  Swept  Up,  by  T.  De  Witt  Tal- 
mage,  appears. 

*  *  The  Nation,  by  Elisha  Mulford,  ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 
1870  •  *  i).  C.  The  4th  National  En- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held  at  Washington  ;  Gen. 
John  A.  Logan  of  111.,  commander-in- 
chief. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a  bill  to 
increase  the  effectiveness  of  the  pro- 
hibitory law,  without  opposition  in 
either  House. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Legislature  changes  the 
liquor  law  by  providing  for  local  option. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Oregon  School  for  Deaf 
Mutes  is  opened  at  Salem. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Volunteer  Fire  Depart- 
ment is  abolished. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  I.»egislature  abolishes  im- 
prisonment for  debt.    Vote,  5G-2. 

*  *  W.  Va.  The  school  for  the  deaf  and 
blind  rit  Ronincy  is  opened  by  tlie  State. 


UNITED    STATES.  1870,  Oct.  18-1871,  Mar.  27.  278 


*  ♦  The  American  Association  for  the 
Cure  of  Inebriates  is  organized. 

*  ♦  Tlie  Association  of  Medical  Super- 
intendents of  American  Institutions 
for  the  Insane  is  organized. 

*  *  -73  *  *  Xew  York.  Robbery  of  New 
York  by  the  Tweed  Ring. 

■William  M.  Tweed,  the  Tammany 
"  Boss,"  and  his  accomplices  proceed  to 
rob  the  city  by  requiring  contractors  to 
increase  their  bills,  and  pay  over  to  them 
the  excess.  Bills  amounting  to  $G,000,- 
000  are  passed  at  one  meeting,  and 
$1,000,000  traced  to  Tweed  ;  the  expenses 
of  the  city  are  nearly  equal  to  the  ex- 
penses of  the  civil  list  of  the  National 
Government. 

*  *^.  T.  The  Society  of  the  Boyal 
Templars  of  Temperance  is  organized 
at  Buffalo. 

1871  Jan.  ♦7'a.  The  "Working  Men's 
Benevolent  Association  order  a  strike 
of  coal-miners  in  the  Schuylkill,  Lehigh, 
and  Lower  Wyoming  districts. 

Feb.  25.  A'y.  A  white  man,  incarce- 
rated for  the  murder  of  a  negro,  is 
taken  from  the  jail  at  Frankfort  and 
set  free,  by  a  band  of  armed  men. 

Mar.  12.  O.  The  reading  rooms  of  the 
public  library  at  Cincinnati  are  first 
opened  on  Sunday. 

STATE. 

1870  Oct.  30.  1).  C.  Jacob  D.  Cox. 
secretary  of  the  interior,  resigns. 

Nov.  8.  Mich.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  which 
abolishes  all  distinction  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  civil  and  political  rights  which 
are  based  on  color. 

— -  />.  C.  The  Republican  majority  in 
Congress  is  much  reduced  by  the  elec- 
tions. 

Nov.  25.  Ala.  Gov.  Smith  enjoins  the 
President  of  the  Senate  from  counting 
the  votes  cast  for  governor  on  Nov.  8. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  4l8t  Congress:  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  7.  Ala.  Gov.  Lindsay  begins  suit 
to  recover  the  books  and  papers  of  the 
governor's  office. 

Dec.  12.  /).  C.  Congress  ;  House  :  J. 
H.  Rainey  of  S.  C,  the  first  colored 
member,  is  sworn  in. 

Dec.  14.  N.  C.  Gov.  Holden  is  im- 
peached for  malfeasance  in  office.  He 
refused  to  surrender  Kuklux  prisoners 
on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus. 

Dec.  22.  J).  C.  Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck 
of  O.  is  appointed  minister  to  Great 
Britain. 

*  *  D.  C.  "WiUiam  Strong  of  Pa.  and 
Joseph  P.  Bradley  of  N.  J.  are  ap- 
pointed associate  justices  of  the  Su- 
preme Court. 

•  *  La.  The  Legislature  passes  an  act 
granting  a  charter  uniting  Jefferson 
City  and  Algiers  with  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Md.  The  Legislature  rejects  the  15th 
Amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion by  a  unanimous  vote. 

•  *  Ore.  Tlie  Legislature  rejects  the  15th 
Amendment ;  it  protests  against  the 
treaty  with  China. 


*  *  U.S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-72  •  •  Ala.    Robert  B.  Lindsay. 
-71  *  *  Co7in.    James  E.  English. 
-71  *  *  Ida.  (Ter.).     Gilman  Marston. 
-74  ♦  *  ^finn.    Horace  Austin. 
-71  *  *  Miss.    James  L.  Alcorn. 
-82  *  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Benj.  F.  Potts. 
-77  *  *  Ore.     Lafayette  S.  Grover. 
-74  *  *  Tex.    Edmund  J.  Davis, 
-74  *  *  Va.    Gilbert  C.  Walker. 
-72  *  *  rt.     John  ^y.  Stewart. 
-71  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    Ed.  S.  Salomon. 

1871  Jan.  1.  U.  S.  The  new  tariff 
comes  into  operation. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  President  Grant  appoints 
B.  F.  Wade  of  O.,  A.  D.  White  of  N.  Y., 
and  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe  of  Mass.,  a 
Board  of  Commissioners  to  visit  San 
Domingo,  and  report  on  the  desirability 
of  annexing  that  Republic  to  the  United 
States. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  The  Supreme  Court  ren- 
ders its  decision  that  the  Legal  Tender 
Act  of  1862  is  in  harmony  with  the  Con- 
stitution.   Case  of  Knox  vs.  Lee. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an- 
other Refunding  Act  for  the  reduc- 
tion of  interest  on  the  debt. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Sir  Edward  Thornton, 
British  minister  at  Washington,  pro- 
jjoses  a  joint  high  commission  for 
settling  international  claims. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
providing  for  a  commission  on  fish  and 
fisheries. 

Feb.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  a  ter- 
ritorial government  to  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  provides  for  a  governor, 
with  a  council  of  U  members,  appointed 
by  the  President,  and  a  house  of  dele- 
gates, elected  by  the  people. 

Feb.  27.  D.C.   The  Joint  Commission 

meets  at  Washington  to  settle  several 
disputes  with  Great  Britain  —  the  dam- 
ages done  by  the  Confederate  privateers, 
the  fishery  question,  and  the  San  Juan 
boundary. 

It  consists  of  ten  members  :  the  Earl 
de  Gray  and  Marquis  of  Ripon,  Sir  Staf- 
ford Northoote,  ami  three  others  for 
Great  Britain  ;  Secretary  Fish,  Gen. 
Schenck,  and  three  others  for  the  United 
States. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an 
additional  act  to  protect  the  right 
of  suffrage;  Republicans  vote  for  the 
measure,  Democrats  against  it. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
for  the  celebration  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1876,  of  the  centennial  of  American 
Independence. 

It  enacts  that  rules  may  he  provided 
by  the  President  for  admission  to  the 
civil  service. 

It  is  the  first  important  step  in  the 
civil  service  reform.  [George  William 
Curtis,  Alexauiler  <J.  Cattell,  Joseph 
Medill,  I).  A.  Walker,  E.  B.  Ellicott, 
Joseph  H.  Blackfan,  and  David  C.  Cox, 
are  apjM)iiited  the  first  Civil  Service 
Commissioners.  Fitness  for  the  place  is 
to  supersede  political  iuHinince.] 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  42d  Congress 
opens. 


Mar.  *  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  Jamea 
G.  Blaine  (Rep.)  erf  Me.  is  reelected 
Speaker;  vote,  126-92;  George  W.  Mor- 
gan (Bern.)  of  O.,  92  votes. 

Mar.  10.  7).  C.  Congress:  Charles 
Sumner  of  Mass.  is  deposed  from  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Foreign  Relations  because  of  con- 
tentions respecting  San  Domingo  ; 
James  Donald  Cameron  of  Pa.  is  his 
successor. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  President  Grant  issues  a 
proclamation  against  the  Kuklux  ter- 
rorists in  Korth  Carolina. 

Mar.  10.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  K.  I.  is  reelected 
President  ^ro  tempore. 

Mar.  24.  Z>.  C.  President  Grant  issues 
a  proclamation  against  the  armed  Ku- 
klux bands  of  South  Carolina. 

Mar.  27.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senator  Sum- 
ner makes  a  powerful  speech  against  the 
annexation  of  San  Domingo.  [His 
personal  intercourse  with  the  President 
is  suspended,  and  his  relations  to  Repub- 
lican senators  are  changed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870  Dec.  1.  Utah.  Mormons  Incor- 
porate Zion's  Cooperative  Mercan- 
tile Institution. 

Dec.  27.  Phila.  The  new  Chamber  of 
Conunerce  is  opened. 

Dec.  *  U.  S.  The  census  lately  completed 
estimates  the  wealth  of  the  United 
States  at  $31,000,000,000. 

Dec.  31.     U.  .9.    Statistics  for  1870. 

Production:  gold,  $50,000,000;  silver, 
$16,000,000.  Bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  760,944,549 ;  wheat,  287,745,626; 
oats,  282,107,157  ;  barley,  29,761,305  ■  rye, 
16,918,795;  buckwheat,  9.821,721.  Bales 
of  cotton,  3,1.^>4,946.  Pounds  of  wool, 
162,000,000.  Currency  in  circulation, 
§655,212,794;  per  capita,  $17.50.  Immi- 
grants, 387,203. 

*  *  New  York.  The  "White  Star  Line  of 
steamers  running  to  Liverpool  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Government  commences  the 
improvement  of  Golden  Gate. 

*  *  O.  Lake  View  Cemetery,  near  Cleve- 
land, is  laid  out. 

*  *  La.  A  new  charter  is  adopted  at 
New  Orleans ;  Jefferson  City  is  annexed. 

*  *  Minn.  The  digging  of  a  ship  canal 
across  Minnesota  Point  at  Duluth  is  be- 
gun. 

*  *  O.  Mount  Auburn,  Corryville,  and 
Storrs  township  are  annexed  to  Cin- 
cinnati. 

1871  Jan.  27.  7>nn.  An  explosion 
occurs  on  the  steamer  H.  R,  Arthur^ 
above  Memphis;  fire  follows,  and  87 
persons  perish. 

Jan.  31.  Chicago.  The  Foundling's 
Home  is  opened. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  charters  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  connecting 
Marshall,  Texas,  with  l^os  Angeles,  Cal. 

Mar.  15.  Phila.  The  paid  fire  depart- 
ment is  inaugurate<l. 


274    1871,  Mar.  =*-Dec.* 


AMERICA: 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1871  Apr.  15.  ±  Africa.  Stanley  ob- 
tains tidings  respecting  Liyingstoue. 

Apr.  *  N.  T.  The  State  grants  a  site  and 
$500,000  for  a  building  to  be  used  by  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art. 

June  10.  A>w  York.  A  bronze  statue 
of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  inventor  of 
the  electric  telegraph,  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park. 

June  *  Stanley  reaches  Unganyembe,  in 
^Vest  Central  Africa. 

Jime  24.  N,  Y.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Capitol  at  Albany  is  laid. 

Tlie  building  is  300  by  400  feet,  and 
with  its  porticos  will  cover  seven  acres  of 
land ;  estimated  cost,  about  $21,000,000. 

June  29.  New  York.  Capt.  Charles  P. 
Hall  sails  in  the  Polaris  on  his  third 
expedition  to  the  polar  regions. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Cassandra 
is  discovered  by  C.  H,  F.  Peters.  [Also 
Iphigenia,  Sept.  19.] 

Aug.  6.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Tliyra  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson. 

Sept.  *  The  Polaris,  with  Capt.  Hall*s 
expedltioni  is  frozen  in  by  arctic  ice. 

Oct.  6.  O.  The  Tyler-Davidson  foun- 
tain at  Cincinnati  is  unveiled. 

Oct.  *  Great  forest  fires  rage  in  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin;  15,000 
people  lose  their  homes  in  Michigan. 

Nov.  8.  Capt.  Charles  F.  Hall,  the  arc- 
tic explorer,  dies  in  the  polar  region. 

Nov.  10.  Africa.  Stanley's  band  dis- 
play the  American  flag  and  march  into 
Ujiji,  where  he  finds  Livingstone. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Apollo  Musical  Club 
is  organized. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1871. 
Apr  10,    Chauncey,  John  S.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 

A71-K 

Apr.  16.  Dnmont,  Ebenezer,  bng.-gen. 
vols.,  M.  C.  for  Ind.,  A 56. 

Apr.  17.  Marshall,  Thomas  Alexander, 
jurist,  M.  C.  for  Ky.,  A77. 

Apr.  *  Mason,  James  Murray,  senator  for 
Va.,  author  of  fugitive-slave  law,  A74. 

May  33.  t^lark,  Davis  Wasgatt,  editor, 
M.  E.  bishop,  A59. 

May.  31.  Montgomery,  William  Reading, 
U.  S.  A.,  brig.  gen.  vols.,  A70. 

June  1.  Murpl-y,  John  McLeod,  naval  engi- 
neer, writer,  A44. 

June  3.  Lord,  Eleazer,  financier,  scholar, 
author,  benefactor,  A83. 

June  4.  Tatnall,  Josiah,  capt.  U.  S.  N. ; 
capt.  Confederate  navy,  A75. 

June  7.  Rodman,  Tliomas  Jeff.,  brev.  brig.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A.;  inventor  of  cann«n,  A53. 

June  8.  Ketclmni,  Win.,  brtg.-gen.  vols.,  A58. 

June  13.    Croawell,  Edwin,  editor,  A74. 

June  17.  Vallandigham,  Clement  Laird, 
M.  C.  for  O.,  exiled  to  the  Confed.,  A51. 

June  26.  Gannett,  Ezra  Stiles,  Unit,  cler- 
gyman, A  70. 

July  1.  May,  Samuel  Joseph,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, abolitionist,  A74. 

July  29.    Slidell,  John,  sen.  for  La.,  A78. 

July  31.    Cary,  Phcebe,  author,  poet,  A47. 

Aug.  8.  Beman,  Nathaniel  S.  S.,l*res.  cler- 
gyman, A86. 

Aug-  26.  Scribner,  Charles,  publisher  Scrib- 
ner's  Monthly,  A51. 

Sept.  8.  Holbrook,  John  Edwards,  natural- 
ist, of  S.  C,  A76. 

Sept.  16.  Longnecker,  Henry  Clay,  law- 
yer, M.  C.  for  Pa.;  col.  vols.,  A5L 

Oct.  36.  Ewing:,  Thomas,  sec.  of  treas., 
senator  for  C,  AK2. 

Oct.  27.  Anderson,  Robert,  ma]. -gen., 
defender  of  Fort  Sumter,  A66. 

Crawford,  Nathaniel  Macon,  Bapt.  cler- 
gyman, AtiO. 


Nov.  5.     Loring,  Fredrick  W.,  author,  A23. 

Nov.  8.  Hall,  Charles  Francis,  arctic  ex- 
plorer, A  60. 

Nov.  13.  Cookman,  Alfred,  M.  E.  clergy- 
man, .V43. 

Nov.  26.  Cogswell,  Joseph  Green,  geolo- 
gist, librarian,  A86. 

Nov.  29.  Dunn,  Oscar,  born  aslave,lieut.- 
gov.  of  La.,  A51. 

Bee.  17.  Tuckerman,  H.  T.,  essayist,  art- 
critic,  A  58. 

Dec.  20.     Baker,  Osman  C,  M.  E.  bp.,  A59. 

Dec.  24.    Morse,  Sidney  E.,  editor,  A77. 

Dec.  26.  Barker,  Jacob,  financier,  politi- 
cian, of  N.  Y.,  A92. 

Dec.  27.  Breckinridge.  Robert  J..  Pres. 
clergyman,  A71. 

Dec.  28.    Hackett,  James  Henry,  actor,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1871  May  24.  /).  C.  The  Interna- 
tional Young  Men*s  Christian  Asso- 
ciation assembles  at  Washington. 

June  9,  Chicago.  Tlie  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  is  held. 

June  11.  Kan.  Louis  M.  Fink  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Leav- 
enworth. 

Oct.  8.  S.  C.  William  Bell  White  Howe 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  South  Carolina. 

Oct.  25.  Tenn.  The  Central  South  Con- 
gregational Association  is  organized. 

Nov,  17-  O.  A  National  Council  of 
Congregational  churches  is  formed 
at  Oberlin. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  The  Lutheran  General 
Council  meets  at  liochester;  Charles 
P.  Krauth,  president. 

Dec.  4.  Tex.  The  Congregational  Associ- 
ation of  Southwest  Texas  is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1871  Apr.  *  N.  J.  The  free  school 
system  is  introduced. 

Sept.  6.  R.  I.  The  State  Normal 
School  is  opened  at  Providence. 

Sept.  *  Tex.  The  public  school  system 
is  introduced. 

Oct.  4.  Ala.  The  University  of  Ala- 
bama at  University  is  reorganized  and 
opened. 

Dec.  20.  Wis.  A  College  for  Women 
is  opened  in  connection  with  the  State 
University  at  Madison. 

*  *  Ala,  The  Alabama  Polytechnic 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Au- 
burn. 

SOCIETY. 

1871  Apr.  26.  Cal.  Laura  D.  Fair  is 
tried  and  acquitted  at  San  Francisco  for 
the  murder  of  A.  P.  Crittenden  on  Nov.  3, 
1870. 

Apr.  *  Phiia.  The  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital is  chartered. 

May  18.  N.  Y.  Edward  H.  Ruloff ,  a 
philologist,  is  tried  for  murder,  and 
hanged  at  Binghamton. 

May  *  5.  C.  A  taxpayers'  convention 
is  held  at  Columbia. 

July  4.  Utah.  A  parade  of  the  Mor- 
mon militia  is  hrokeu  up  by  United 
States  officers. 


July  12.  Kew  York.  A  riot  occurs  be- 
tween the  Irish  Catholics  and  Irish 
Protestants. 

The  Catholics  attempt  to  break  up  a 
parade  of  Orangemen,  though  protected 
by  the  police ;  the  military  are  called 
out,  and  over  100  persons  are  killed  and 
wounded. 

Aug.  10.  Mo.  A  National  Ijabor  Con- 
gress assembles  at  St.  Louis. 

Aug.  *  Mich.  George  Vanderpool  is 
tried  for  the  murder  of  Herbert  Field, 
at  Manistee,  on  Sept.  5,  18G9,  and  finally 
acquitted,  1st  trial,  guilty ;  2d  trial, 
the  jury  disagree ;  3d  trial,  acquitted. 

Sept.  2.  N.  Mex.  An  election  riot  breaks 
out  at  La  Mesilla. 

Sept.  4.  New  York.  A  mass-meeting  of 
citizens  appoints  a  committee  of  70  to 
investigate  the  charges  against  the 
Tweed  Ring. 

Sept.  18.  Chicago.  The  Sovereign  Grand 
Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  assembles. 

Sept.  26.  Md.  A  National  Commercial 
Convention  assembles  at  Baltimore. 

Oct.  2.  Utah.  Brigham  Young,  the 
president  of  the  Mormon  Church,  is  ar- 
rested for  bigamy. 

Oct.  24.  Cal.  A  mob  causes  a  riot  at 
Los  Angeles  in  which  15  Chinamen  are 
hanged  and  six  shot. 

Oct.  28.  New  York.  WiUiam  M.  Tweed 
is  arrested  on  acivil  charge,  and  released 
on  $2,000,000  bail. 

Oct.  3 1 .  Tenn,  The  Reunion  and  Re- 
form Association  convenes  at  Nash- 
ville. 

Oct.  •  Mich.  The  sum  of  $462,106  and 
about  $250,000  worth  of  clothing  are  dis- 
tributed among  the  sufferers  by  forest 
fires ;  the  gifts  are  the  benefactions  of 
many  States  and  several  nations. 

Oct,  *  U.  S.  Great  sums  of  money  con- 
tributed throughout  the  country  for  the 
sufferers  by  the  Chicago  fire. 

Utah.  Brigham  Young  escapes  trial 

by  flight;  Elder  Hawkins  is  sentenced 
to  three  years  imprisonment  for  bigamy. 

Nov.  7.  NewYcyrk.  The  Tammany  Ring 
is  defeated  in  the  municipal  election. 

Nov.  19.  New  York.  The  Grand  Duke 
Alexis  arrives,  accompanied  by  a  fleet 
of  Russian  war-vessels.  [He  is  publicly 
welcomed,  Nov.  21.] 

Dec.  16.  New  York.  'William  M, 
Tweed  is  committed  to  the  Tombs  for 
a  short  time. 

*  *  Boston.  The  5th  National  Encamp- 
ment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public is  held  ;  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burn- 
side  of  R.  I.,  comraander-in-chief. 

*  *  Neb.  The  State  insane  aaylimi  is 
opened  at  Lincoln. 

*  *  The  American  Society  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1871  Mar.*  Kij.  The  Government  sends 
troops  into  the  State,  and  withdraws 
the  mail  for  one  month  from  Benson, 


UNITED   STATES. 


1871,  Mar.  *-Dec. 


275 


because  of  the  murder  of  'William  H. 
Gibson,  a  colored  mail  agent  of  tbe  Lex- 
ington and  Louisville  road,  on  Jan.  26. 

Apr.  5,  I).  C.  Congress  receives  tbe 
report  of  tbe  San  Domingo  Commis- 
sion ;  also  a  message  from  President 
Grant,  relating  to  annexation. 

Apr.  10.  I).  C.  Congress  passes  a  Gen- 
eral Amnesty  Bill,  wbicb  excepts  tbree 
classes  of  secessionists.  Vote,  1^-46. 
[Deferred  by  the  Senate.] 

Apr.  19.  I).  C.  Congress  passes  the 
unpopular  Force  Bill. 

By  it  military  action  may  be  tai^en  in 
States  where  a  conspiracy  denies  equal 
protection  to  all  the  citizens,  and  per- 
mits the  President  to  suspend  tbe  writ  of 
habeas  corpus  in  such  States. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  Tbe  President  approves 
Anti-Kuklui  Act  (Force  Bill);  it  has 
for  its  object  tbe  enforcement  of  tbe 
14tb  Amendment. 

The  42d  Congress :  tbe  first  session 
closes. 

Apr.  27.  IF.  Fa.  The  people  vote  to 
restore  the  rights  of  citizenship  to 
persons  Implicated  in  aiding  tbe  Con- 
federacy. 

May  3.  D,  C.  President  Grant  issues  a 
proclamation  to  inform  tbe  South  that 
it  may  avoid  the  enforcement  of  the 
obnoxious  KuUuz  Act  by  orderly  be- 
havior. 

Conn.  A  joint  committee  of  tbe  Gen- 
eral Assembly  is  appointed  to  examine 
tlie  election  returns. 

May  8.  I).  C.  The  Treaty  of  "Wash- 
ington resulting  from  the  labors  of  the 
Joint  High  Commission  is  signed. 

It  provides  for  reference  to  the  Em- 
peror of  Germany  of  tbe  dispute  as  to 
tbe  Oregon  boundary  ;  for  a  partial 
settlement  of  tbe  fishery  dispute  ;  and  for 
tile  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims. 

May  10.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets  In 
special  session  at  tbe  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent (Apr.  20).     [It  adjourns  May  27.] 

Conn.    Tbe  joint  committee  reports 

to  tbe  General  Assembly  tbe  vote  for 
governor;  total  vote,  94,860;  Marshall 
Jewell  (Rep.),  47,473 ;  James  E.  English 
(Dem.),  47,373  ;  scattering,  14.  It  reports 
Jewell  elected. 

May  26.  B.C.  Congress:  Tbe  Senate 
ratifies  the  treaty  of  "Washington ;  it 
relates  to  Alabama  claims. 

May*/).  C.  TbePresident  suspends  tbe 
habeas  corpus  act  in  nine  counties  of 
South  Carolina,  consequent  on  Kuklux 
outrages. 

June  2.  A'eb.  Gov.  David  P.  Butler, 
charge  1  with  appropriating  to  his  own 
use  .?17,000  of  the  school  fund,  is  im- 
peached for  corruption. 

June  23.  The  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sioners meet,  and  elect  George  Wil- 
liam Cvirtis  of  N.  T.  chairman. 

June  SO.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1871. 
Reve.me:  Customs,  $206,270,408;  internal 
revenue,  $143,098,iri4 ;  direct  tax,  |580,- 
365 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $2,388,047  ; 
premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 


coin,  $8,892,840;  miscellaneous  items, 
$22,093„'i41.  Total  reven\ie,  $383,323,945 ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $91,146,757.  Expenditures:  Pre- 
miums on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc., 
$9,016,795 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $60,- 
481,917  ;  War  Department,  $35,799,992  ; 
Navy  Department,  $19,431,027;  Indians, 
$7,426,997 ;  pensions,  $34,443,895  ;  interest 
on  the  public  debt,  $125,576,566.  Total 
ordinary  expenses,  $2!)2,177,188 ;  public 
debt,  $2,353,211,332.  Exports,  $442,820,- 
178 ;  imports,  $520,223,681. 

July  4.  Utah.  The  Federal  Government 
disperses  companies  of  tbe  Wauvoo 
Legion. 

Aug.  8.  La.  The  spirit  of  political 
faction  disturbs  tbe  peace  of  tbe  State. 
A  convention  called  by  tbe  Republican 
State  Central  Committee  (M^armoutb- 
ites)  meets  at  New  Orleans  to  choose 
a  State  Committee ;  an  opposition  con- 
vention (Kelloggites)  led  by  Lieut.-Gov. 
Oscar  J.  Dunn,  colored,  meets  in  tbe 
Custom-bouse, 

Sept.  26.  B.C.  The  Joint  High  Com- 
missioners meet  at  Washington,  and 
organize  to  adjust  private  claimsagainst 
Great  Britain  and  tbe  United  States, 
arising  between  tbe  13tb  of  April,  1861, 
and  the  9tb  of  April,  1865. 

Oct.  12.  2).  C.  President  Grant  issues  a 
proclamation  against  tbe  Kuklux,  who 
terrorize  tbe  negroes  in  tlie  upper  coun- 
ties of  South  Carolina.  He  suspends  the 
habeas  corpus  in  several  counties,  and 
stations  troops  for  tbe  restoration  of 
order ;  600  citizens  are  arrested. 

Oct.  30.  Ga.  Gov.  Bullock  being  ac- 
cused of  fraud,  resigns  and  leaves  tbe 
State. 

Nov.  7  JVew  York.  Tammany  Hall  is 
defeated  in  tbe  State  election ;  'William 
F.  Havemeyer  is  elected  the  78th  mayor. 

Nov.  22.  La.  The  Carter  faction  of  tbe 
Republican  party  declares  tbe  election 
of  P.  B.  S.  Plnchback,  to  fill  tbe  va- 
cancy caused  by  the  death  of  tbe  lieuten- 
ant-governor, to  be  imconstitutional. 

Nov,  23.  Ind.  Gov.  Baker  issues  a  pro- 
clamation against  mob  "violence  and 
the  lynching  of  criminals. 

Nov.  25.     B.  C.     M.   Katakazy,    the 

Russian  envoy,  becomes  obnoxious  to 
Secretary  Fish,  by  his  unwaranted  in- 
terference in  diplomatic  matters,  and 
be  is  dismissed. 

Dec.  13.    B.  C.    Attorney-General  A.  T. 

Akerman  resigns. 
Dec.  4.    B.  C.    The  42d  Congress :  tbe 

second  session  opens. 

Dec.  14.  Tenn.  Tbe  Legislature  pro- 
vides for  an  Agricultural  Bureau. 

Dec.  15.  Switz.  The  Alabama  Arbi- 
tration Commission  opens  and  organ- 
izes at  Geneva. 

The  Court  consists  of  five  members  : 
Count  Frederick  Sclopis,  president,  for 
Italy,  Baron  Staempfl  for  Switzerland, 
Vicomte  d'ltajuba  for  Brazil,  Charles 
Francis  Adams  for  the  United  States, 
and  Sir  Alexander  Cockburn  for  Great 
Britain. 

Dec.  20.  SyUz,  The  American  and  Brit- 
ish claims  are  presented  to  the  Commis- 
sion. 


Dec.  *  La.  Two  factions  strive  to  cap- 
ture the  Legislature  by  unseating  oppo- 
nents. 

Dec.  21.  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  E.  I.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1871  Jime  18.  0.  C.  L.  VaUandig- 
ham  accidentally  kills  himself  with  a 
pistol  in  a  court-room. 

June  24.  JV.  r.  Tbe  corner-stone  of  tbe 
new  Capitol  is  laid  at  Albany. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  1871, 
321,350. 

July  14.  A  foreign  syndicate  offers  to 
take  all  tbe  five  per  cent  bonds  that 
tbe  government  desires  to  sell. 

July  1.  Chicago.  The  La  Salle  Street 
tunnel  is  opened. 

July  18.  III.  The  Illinois  and  Michi- 
gan Canal  is  deepened,  to  create  a  cur- 
rent from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois 
River, 

July  30.  Jfew  York.  Tbe  Staten  Island 
ferry-boat  Westfield,  while  crowded  with 
passengers,  explodes  her  boilers ;  100 
persons  are  killed,  and  many  injured. 

Aug.  26.  Mass.  A  collision  occurs  at 
Revere,  on  the  Boston  and  Portland 
road,  and  causes  20  deaths. 

Aug.  27.  Ala.  Tbe  steamer  Ocean  Wave 
explodes  at  Mobile ;  60  lives  lost. 

Aug.  *  III.  Tbe  Illinois  and  Michigan 
Canal  is  transferred  to  tbe  State. 

Aug.  *  Nev.  The  new  Capitol  at  Car- 
son City  is  occupied. 

Sept.  19.  III.  President  Lincoln's 
body  is  removed  to  its  resting-place  at 
Springfield. 

Oct.  8.    Chicaf/o.    The  great  fire. 

A  fire  breaks  out  in  a  cow-stable  at 
9.30  o'clock  on  Sunday  evening,  and  a 
strong  west  wind  drives  it  rapidly 
through  73  miles  of  streets,  till  it  covers 
three  and  a  half  square  miles,  destroys 
17,450  buildings,  200  lives,  and  property 
valued  at  $200,000,000 ;  98,500  people  are 
rendered  homeless.  It  is  checked  on 
the  second  day. 

Oct.  8-9.    JVis.    A  terrific  sheet  of  Are, 

10  miles  wide,  sweeps  over  tbe  counties 
bordering  Green  Bay ;  losses,  1,000  lives, 
and  $3,000,000  in  property. 

Oct.  9.  A^eie  York.  Tbe  Grand  Central 
Depot  is  opened. 

Oct.  16-22.  Tbe  English  ya(;bt  Livonia 
and  tbe  yachts  of  the  New  York  Yacht 
Club  engage  in  an  international  race, 
which  is  won  by  tbe  Columbia  and  tbe 
Sappho  of  New  York,  tbey  leading  In 
four  of  tlie  five  races. 

Oct.  *  Mich.  Many  lives  are  lost  by 
forest  fires,  wbicb  prevail  during  an  ex- 
tensive drought  in  Michigan  and  th« 
Northwest. 

Nov.  22.  la.  The  corner-stone  of  tbe 
new  State  Capitol  is  laid  at  Des  Moines. 

Dec.i*  Phila.  An  epidemic  of  small 
pox  causes  4,404  d«.atbs. 

Dec.  31.  U.S.  Increase  of  railroads  for 
1871,  7,670  miles. 


!7(5     1871,  *  *~187  2,  May  1. 


AMERICA; 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1871*  *  Mass.    A  School  of  Agricul- 
ture is  established  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity by  the  gifts  of  Benjamin  Busaey. 

*  *  Mo.  Beethoven's  Conservatory  of 
Music  is  established  at  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Keiv  York.  George  H.  Boughton  of 
London,  England,  Thomas  "Waterman 
Wood,  and  Alexander  H.  Kitcliie  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  N'.  r.  The  Buffalo  park  system  is 
begun  ;  638  acres  and  17  miles  of  drive- 
ways are  laid  out. 

*  *  Phila.  Work  begins  on  the  Public 
Building. 

It  covers  four  acres  ;  extreme  height, 
537^  feet ;  estimated  cost,  $10,000,000. 

*  •  Phila.  The  Orpheus  Society  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  U.  S.  Automatic  self-binders  for 
harvesting  grain  are  introduced. 

*  •  Genesee  Meadows  is  painted  by  J.  W, 
Casilear. 

*  *  Close  of  Day  is  painted  by  A.  B.  Du- 
rand. 

*  •  The  Battle  of  Gettysburg  is  painted  by 
Peter  F.  Rothermel. 

1872  Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress  places 
a  statue  of  Roger  "Williams  in  the 
National  Capitol. 

Feb.  4.  The  aurora  borealis  is  visible 
in  Northern  States,  very  brilliant. 

Feb.  20.  New  York.  The  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art  gives  its  first  exhibi- 
tion, consisting  of  paintings,  in  a  tem- 
porary gallery. 

Mar.  1.  Wyo.  Congress  sets  apart  the 
ITellowatone  National  Park. 

It  comprises  about  3,300  square  miles 
of  remarkable  scenery,  and  includes 
Yellowstone  Lake,  many  rivers,  moun- 
tains, and  forests ;  the  hot  springs, 
spouting  geysers,  and  mud  volcanoes 
attract  attention. 

Mar.  8.  Conn.  The  State  formally  pre- 
sents to  the  U.  S.  Senate  the  statues  of 
Jonathan  Trumbull  and  Hoger  Sher- 
man, to  be  placed  in  the  National  Cai)i- 
tol. 

Mar.  26,  27.  Cat.  Earthquakes  de^ 
Btroy  about  thirty  lives,  and  ruin  several 
small  towns. 

Apr.  3.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Althaea  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [Also,  Her- 
mione,  May  12,  and  Nemesis,  Nov.  25.] 

Apr.  9.  Mich.  The  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment at  Detroit  is  unveiled ;  cost, 
$75,000. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1872. 

Jan.  3.    Brittan,  Nathan,  teacher,  inventor, 

A64. 
Porter,  Andrew,  brtg.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 

A52. 
Jan.  4.    Naudain,  Arnold,  physician,  sen. 

for  Del.,  A82. 
Jan.   9.    Halleck,  Henry  Waeer,  maj.- 

gen.,  gen.-in -chief,  military  writer,  A  57. 
Jan.    13.     Rich,   Isaiit;,  nierctiant,    pliilan- 

thropist,  fdr.  of  Boston  I'niversity,  ATI. 
Jan.  26.     Ewell,  Richard  Stoddard. capt. 

U.  S.  A.,  Confed.  lieut.-gen.,  A52. 
Jan.  28.    Eddy,  Norman,  lawyer,  M,  C.  for 

Ind.,  A61. 
.—  Lyman,  Joseph  B.,  journalist,  agriciil- 

torist,  author,  A42. 


Feb.  7.    Grimes,  James  W.,  senator.  Gov. 

of  Iowa,  AM. 
Spalding,  Martin  John,   K.  C,  arch- 

bisliup  of  Baltimore,  A62. 

Feb.  27.  Treadwell,  Daniel,  machinist,  in- 
ventor, A81. 

Max.  6.  Howard,  Benjamin  C,  lawyer, 
M.  C.  for  Md.,  Aai. 

Mar.  28.  Marshall,  Humphrey,  M.  ('.  for 
Ky.,  ('onfederale  brig.-gen.,  A6(). 

Apr.  2.  Morse,  Samuel  Flnley  B..  artist 
and  inventor  (Telegraph),  Aftl. 

rphaiii,  Tlioinas  (.'ogswell,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, metaptiysician,  author,  A72. 

Apr.  5.  (Jallbway,  Samuel,  lawyer,  M.  C. 
for  O.,  A61. 

Apr.  16.  Buchanan,  McKean,  tragedian, 
A  49. 

Apr.  18.  Tufts,  Quincy,  philanthropist, 
A  81. 

Apr.  22.  Fort,  George,  physician,  Gov. 
of  N.  J.,  A63. 

Apr.  27.  Kidwell,  Zedekiah,  physician, 
lawyer,  M.  C.  for  Va.,  A58. 

Moore,  Nathaniel    F.,  professor  Greek 

and  Latin  at  Columbia,  A90. 


CHURCH. 

1871*  *The  Protestant  Episcopal  dio- 
ceses of  Arkansas  and  Central  Pennsyl- 
vania are  formed. 

*  *  Jioston.  The  "Woman's  Baptist  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

*  ♦  Chicago.  The  "Woman's  Baptist 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
"West  is  organized. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Assembly  of 
Presbyterians  meets  ;  Z.  M.  Humphrey, 
moderator. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Kansas  Eldership  (Churcli  of  God) 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  Minnesota  and  North  Iowa  Con- 
ference (Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Convention  (Pro- 
testant Episcopal)  meets  in  Baltimore  ; 
it  renews  the  vote  of  confidence  taken 
inlS44. 

*  *  The  Missouri  Eldership  (Church  of 
God)  is  organized. 

*  *  Neb.  ITie  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Nebraska  is  organized. 

*  •  O.  The  General  Ssmod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Dayton. 

*  •  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xeuia;  K.  A. 
McAyeal,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa,  The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Sy- 
nod at  Pittsburg  subscribes  to  the 
bond  of  the  covenant  received  from 
the  sessions. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  is  organized. 

*  *  5.  Dak.  The  Congregational  Associa- 
tion of  South  Dakota  is  organized. 

*  *  Cat.  The  Congregational  Associa- 
tion of  Christian  Chinese  is  organized 
at  San  Francisco. 

1872.  Apr.  14.  O.  Richard  Gihnour 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Cleveland. 


Ind.    Joseph  Dwenger  is  consecrated 

(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Fort  Wayne. 

Apr.  21.  N.  Y,  Francis  McNeirny  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
the  diocese  of  Albany. 

May  l.-June  4.  N.  Y.  The  General 
Conference  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is 
held  in  Brooklyn ;  lay  delegates  are 
admitted;  incipient  action  is  taken  to 
jjromote  fraternal  relations  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Soutli. 

The  Central  New  York,  Florida,  and 
Northwest  Iowa  Conferences  are  organ- 
ized; also  the  Chicago  German  Confer- 
ence. 

Thomas  Bowman,  William  L.  Harris, 
Randolph  S.  Foster,  Isaac  W.  Wiley, 
Stephen  M.  Merrill,  Edward  G.  Andrews, 
Gilbert  Haven,  and  Jesse  T.  Peck  are 
ordained  bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1871  *  *  Arkansas  College  (Pres.)  Is  or- 
ganized at  Batesville. 

*  *  Ark.  Judson  University  (Bapt.)  is 
organized  at  Judsonia. 

*  *  Arkansas  Industrial  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Fayetteville. 

*  *  Boston  University  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  "Willa  College  at  Mills  College 
is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  The  San  Francisco  Theological 
Seminary  (Pres.)  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  Pierce  Christian  College 
(Christian)  is  organized  at  College  City. 

*  *  Conn.  Noah  Porter  is  electe<i  presi- 
dent of  Yale  University,  as  successor  to 
Theodore  D.  Woolsey. 

*  *  Ga.  Dorchester  Academy,  colored,  is 
opened  at  Mcintosh,  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Public  Library  of  Ken- 
tucky is  founded.    [60,800  vols.] 

*  ^  Miss.  Alcorn  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Rodney. 

*  *  Mo.  Tlie  State  Normal  School  at 
Warrensburg  is  opened;  also  another 
at  Kirksville;  at  Plymouth,  N.  H. ;  at 
Genesee  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  the  Le- 
Moyne  Normal  Institute  at  Memphis, 
Tenn. ;  and  the  Roman  Catholic  Normal 
School  of  the  Holy  Family,  at  St.  Fran- 
cis, Wis. 

*  *  N.  r.  Rutherford  CoUege  is  opened. 

*  *  Sth.  Edward  Rosewater  establishes 
the  Omaha  Daily  Bee. 

*  *  Xeb.  The  University  of  Nebraska 
is  opened  at  Lincoln. 

*  *  JV.  H.  The  compulsory  education 
law  becomes  eflFective, 

*  *  N.  J.  Stevens's  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology at  Iloboken,  founded  by  Edwin 
Augustus  Stevens,  is  opened. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  Princeton  Review  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  .V.  Mex,  The  Legislature  provides  for 
common  schools  in  each  county. 

*  *  New  York.    The  Witness  is  issued. 

*  *  X.  Dak.  Fargo  CoUege  (Cong.)  la 
founded. 


UNITED   STATES.       1871,*  *-1872,  May  1.      277 


»  *  \e!f  i'nrl:      Forest    and     Stream     is 
founded. 

*  *  O.    Miami  Valley  College  (Friends) 
in  Springboro  is  organized. 

*  *  O.    Buchtel   University  (Univ.)   is 
opened  at  Akron. 

*  •  Pa.    Lincoln    Theological    Seminary 
(Colored  Pres.)  is  established. 

*  •  S.   C.     Benedict    Institute    (Colored 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Columbia. 

»  •  IV.  Va.  Shepherd  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized. 

*  •  ir.    Va.     The    Broaddus    College 
(Bapt.)  at  Clarksburg  is  opened. 

*  *  A  Woman's  Poems,  by  Sarah  M.  B. 
Piatt,  appears. 

*  •  Landmarks,  by  John  James  Piatt,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  The  Book  of  the  East,  by  R.  H.  Stod- 
dard, appears. 

*  ♦  East  and  West  Poems,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  •  Dlclionary  of  Literature  and  Authors, 
by  Samuel  Austin  AUibone,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Christ,  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  of  General  R.  E.  Lee,  by  John 
Esten  Cooke,  appears. 

»  *  Little  Men,  by   Louisa   May  Alcott, 
appears. 

*  •  My  Study  Windows,  by  James  Bus- 
sell  Lowell,  appears. 

*  ♦  Democratic  Vistas,  by  Walt  Whitman, 
appears. 

*  *  Real  Folks,  by  Adeline  Dutton  Train 
Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hoosier  Schoolmaster,  by  Edward 
Eggleston,  appears. 

*  *  Sticcess  and  its  Conditions,  by  Edwin 
Percy  Whipple,  appears. 

*  •  History  of  Frederick  the  Great,  by  John 
S.  C.  Abbott,  appears. 

*  •  Christianity  and  Positivism,  by  James 
McCosh,  appears. 

*  *  Ca,?«/ia«  Days,  by  John  Hay,  appears; 
also,  Pike  County  Ballads. 

*  *  The  Country  of  the  Dwarfs,  by  Paul  B. 
du  Chaillu,  appears. 

»  *  Our  Girls,  by  Uio  Lewis,  appears. 

*  *  The  Moral  Duty  of  Total  Abstinence, 
by  Theodore  L.  Cuyler,  appears. 

*  *  Common  Sense  in  the  Household,  by 
Marion  Harland,  appears. 

*  *  Overland,  by  J.  W.  DeForest,  appears. 
»  *  Pink  and  White  Tyranny,  by  UATiiet 

Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  the  Sierras,  by  Joaquin  Mil- 
ler, appears. 

*  *  Verses  by  H.  H.   (Helen  Hunt,  after- 
wards -Mrs.  Jackson)  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Intellectual  Philosophy, 
by  Noah  Porter,  appears ;  also  Science 

of  Xftture  vs.  the  Science  of  Man. 

*  •  The  Sympathy  of  Religions, byThomns 
W.  Higginson,  appears. 

*  •  The   Divine  Tragedy,  by  Henry  W. 
Longfellow,  appears. 

1872     Mar.  25.     Chicago,     The  Inter- 
Ocean  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1871  *  *  Jf.  Y.  Aratus  F.  Pierce  is 
tried  and  acquitted  of  the  murder  of 
William  Bullock  at  Lockport. 

*  ♦  Great  bitterness  prevails  in  the  South 

against  free  suffrage. 

Northern  men  in  the  Southern  States 
are  stigmatized  "  Carpetbaggers,"  loyal 
Southerners  are  called  '*  Scalawags." 

1872  Jan.  6.  New  York.  Edward  S. 
Stokes,  tlirough  jealousy  for  a  dissolute 
woman,  shoots  Col.  James  Fisk,  Jr., 
a  prominent  railroad  official  and  finan- 
ci.ll  speculator,  at  the  Grand  Central 
Hotel. 

Mar.  18.  New  York.  The  "Workmen's 
International  Association  makes  a 
public  demonstration. 

Apr.  *  New  Ycrrk.  Carpenters,  brick- 
layers, and  helpers  make  a  combined 
strike ;  the  employers  also  combine. 

Apr.  24.  Mo.  Judge  J.  C.  Stephenson, 
Thomas  E.  Detro,  and  James  C.  Cline 
are  assassinated  by  a  large  body  of 
masked  men  near  Gun  City  ;  they  were 
accused  of  complicity  in  Increasing 
taxes  by  the  fraudulent  issue  of  railroad 
bonds. 

STATE. 

1871  *  *  Vt.  The  Constitution  is 
amended ;  the  sessions  of  the  Legisla- 
ture to  be  biennial,  also  the  State  elec- 
tions ;  the  council  of  censors  is  abolished. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-72  •  *  Ark.    Orzo  A.  H.idley. 

-73  ♦  •  Conn.    Marshall  Jewell. 

-15*  *  Ida.(Ter.).   Tliomas W. Bennett. 

-74  •  *  Me.    Sidney  Perham. 

-74  *  •  Miss.    Ridgely  C.  Powers. 

-73  •  *  Mo.    Benj.  Gratz  Brown. 

-73  *  *  Neb.    William  H.  James. 

-74  •  *  N.  C.    Tod  K.  Caldwell. 

-72  *  *  N.  H.    James  A.  Weston. 

-79  *  •  Nev.    Louis  K.  Bradley. 

-79  •  *  N.  Mex.  ( Ter.).   Marsh  Glddings. 

-75  *  ♦  Tenn.    John  C.  Brown. 

-73  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    George  L.  Woods. 

-77  *  *  W.  Va.    John  J.  Jacob. 

1872  Jan.  2.  Utah.  Brigham  Young 
surrenders  himself  for  trial. 

Jan.  6.  La.  The  'Warmouth  Legis- 
lature meets  at  the  Mechanics'  Institute 
at  New  Orleans ;  the  adherents  of  the 
speaker  of  the  House,  Geo.  W.  Carter, 
also  meet  in  another  hall. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
issuing  of  one-cent  postal  cards. 

Jan.  16.  W.  Va.  A  Constitutional 
Convention  is  held  at  Charleston. 

Jan.  22.  La.  The  Carterites,  several 
thousand  strong,  attempt  to  seize  the 
Mechanics'  Institute  at  New  Orleans, 
but  are  held  in  check  by  Gen.  Emory, 
commander  of  the  Federal  troops. 

The  House  holds  an  extra  session,  with 
"Warmouthites  in  the  majority ;  in  the 
absence  of  Speaker  Carter,  it  declares 
his  chair  vacant,  and  elects  O.  H.  Brew- 
ster to  fill  it. 

Jan.  24.  Mo.  A  convention  at  Jefferson 
City  inaugurates  the  Liberal  Eepubli- 
con  movement. 


Jan.  *  Eng.  Great  excitement  prevails 
because  of  the  claims  advanced  for  in- 
direct losses  in  the  Alabama  case. 

Jan.  *  La.  Federal  troops  preserve  the 
peace  in  the  Legislative  contest. 

Feb.  22i.  O.  The  1st  National  Con- 
vention of  the  Prohibition  party  is 
held  at  Columbus ;  James  Black  of  Pa. 
and  John  Russell  of  Mich,  are  nomi- 
nated as  presidential  candidates. 

A  Labor  Reform  Convention  meets 
and  nominates  David  Davis  of  111.  and 
Joel  Parker  of  N.  J.  as  presidential 
candidates. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  R.  I.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Feb.  26.  Ala.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
new  election  law. 

Feb.  *  Fla.  Another  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt is  made  to  impeach  Gov.  Reed. 

Mar.  1.  £>.  C.  The  Act  establishing  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park  in  Wyom- 
ing is  approved ;  it  is  about  3,300  square 
miles. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  Japanese  embassy 
is  presented  to  President  Grant. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  the  in- 
ternal taxes  on  fish,  fruits,  and  meats. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  President  Grant  appoints 
three  commissioners  to  examine  plans 
and  proposals  for  the  Panama  canal. 

Apr.  10-14.  id.  A  National  Conven- 
tion of  colored  men  convenes  at  New 
Orleans  ;  Frederick  Douglass,  president. 

Apr.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
admits  Matthew  W.  Hansom  of  N.  C. ; 
all  of  the  Southern  States  are  now  rep- 
resented in  this  branch  of  Congress. 

UISCELLANEOnS. 

1871  *  *  La.  The  city  of  New  Orleans 
purchases  Exposition  Park. 

*  •  Miss.  The  Planters,  Manufactur- 
ers, and  Mechanics  Association  is 
incorporated. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Gilbert  Elevated 
Railroad  is  sold  under  a  foreclosure. 

*  *  Netv  York.  Dummy  locomotives  sub- 
stitute the  cable  on  the  Elevated  Rail- 
road. 

*  •+  N.  Y.  Prospect  Park  in  Brooklyn 
is  completed. 

*  *  O.  I'he  Cincinnati  Cotton  Exchange 
is  established. 

*  *  O.  The  Union  Stock  Yards  Com- 
pany is  incorporated  at  Cincinnati. 

1872  Jan.  2.  N.  Dak.  Ground  is  bro- 
ken at  Grand  Forks  for  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad. 

Mar.  4.  Phila.  The  Centennial  Com- 
mission is  organized  to  prepare  for  a 
National  celebration  in  1876. 

Mar.  •  Neto  York.  The  Erie  Ring, 
ruled  by  James  Fisk  and  Jay  Gould, 
collapses;  restoration  is  made  to  Eng- 
lish bondholders ;  Gens.  Dix  and  McClel- 
lan  are  among  the  new  directors. 

Apr.  11.  The  boiler  of  the  Mississippi 
steamer  Oceanus  explodes ;  40  lives  are 
lost. 


278      1872,  May  1-** 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1872.  Nov.  29.  Ore.  Capt.  Jackson, 
sent  to  remove  the  Modoc  TTiijiaTis  to  a 
reservation,  has  a  battle  ^ith  them  on 
the  Lost  River. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1S72  May  *  Zanzibar.  Stanley  arrives 
from  the  interior  of  Africa. 

June  17 -July  4,  Boston.  The 
World's  Peace  Jubilee  is  celebrated 
under  the  musical  leadership  of  P.  S. 
Gilmore  ;  10,000  singers  accompanied  by 
1,000  instruments  sound  forth  the  joys  of 
peace. 

July  31.  N.  Y.  The  asteroids  Brun- 
hilda  and  Gerda  are  discovered  by  C. 
H.  F.  Peters.     [Also,  Alceate,  Aug.  23.] 

Sept.  22.  Phila.  The  Lincoln  Monu- 
ment in  Fairmount  Park  is  unveiled. 

Nov.  25-27.  Brilliant  meteroic  dis- 
plays are  visible  in  the  Northern  and 
Northwestern  States. 

Nov.  *  The  discovery  of  an  atmospheric 
wave,  covering  nearly  the  entire  terri- 
tory between  the  two  great  oceans,  is 
reported  by  the  chief  of  the  Signal 
Service. 

•  *  Ind.  Discoveryof  block  coal,  whereby 
an  impetus  is  given  to  the  iron  manu- 
factures of  the  State. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1873. 
May  1 1 .    Read,  Thomas  Buchanan,  poet, 

artist,  A&O. 
May  24.      Hopkins,   Albert,    astronomer, 

ptiysicist,  A65. 
May  36.     Stimpson,   William,   naturalist, 

A40. 
June  1.    Bennett,  James  Oordon,  founder 

of  N.  Y.  Herald,  All. 
June  3.    Colvocoresses,   George  M.,  capt. 

U.  S.  N.,  A60. 
June  6.      Scranton,  Joseph  H.,   capitalist, 

one  of  the  founders  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  A69. 
June  29.  Crabbe,  Thomas,  rear-adra.  U.  S. 

N.,  AK4. 
July  36.    Nicholson,  William  C,  com.  U. 

S.  N.,  A72. 

Randall,  Alexander  W.,  P.  M.-gen.,  A52. 

July  31.    Olney,  Jesse,  geographer,  educa- 
tor, author,  A74. 
Aug-.  3.    Eaton,  Geo.  W.,  Bapt.  clergyman, 

teacher,  A  68. 
Aug.  11.    Mason,  Lowell,  musical  com- 
poser, A80. 
Aug.  13.    Macomb,  William  H.,  com.  U.  S. 

N.,  A52. 
Auff.  18.    Davenport,  Henry  K.,  capt.  U.  S. 

N.,  A52. 
Aug.  26.    Ingergoll,  Ralph  I.,  lawyer,  M.  C. 

for  Conn.,  AH4. 
Bept.  11.     Eastbum,  Manton,  P.E.  bishop 

of  Mass.,  All. 
Sept.  S3.     Davis,  Garrett,  sen,  for  Ky.,  A7l. 
Sept.  25.     Cartwriffht,  Peter,  frontier  M. 

E.  clergvnian,  A87. 
Oct.  3.    Lieber,  Francis,  publicist,  writer, 

A72. 
Oct.  3.    FaviUe,  Oran,  educationist,  in  la., 

A45. 
Oct.  8.    Bache,  Hartman,  brig.-gen.  U.  S. 

A.,  A74. 
Oct.  9.     Deming, Henry C.,M.  C.forConn., 

author,  A57. 
Oct.    10.    Parton,   Sara  P.   Willis   (Fanny 

Fern),  author,  A61. 
Seward,  William  Henry,  Gov.,  sen.  for 

N.Y.,  Lincoln's  sec.  of  state,  A71. 
Oct.  30.    Ames,  Joseph,  portrait  and  genre 

painter,  A 56. 
Oct.  31.    Brownell,  Henry  Howard,  poet, 

A52. 
GriBwold,  John  A.,  iron  manufacturer, 

builder  of  Monitor,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  A54. 
Nov.  0.     SuUv,  Thomas,  painter,  A89. 
Nov.   6.    Meade,    George   Gordon,  maj.- 

gen.,  comuiander  of  Army  of  Potomac  at 

Gettysburg,  Ad7. 


Nov.  14.  Hadley,  James,  philologist,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  Yale,  A51. 

Nov.  39,  Greeley,  Horace,  editor,  phi- 
lanthropist, founder  A'.   }'.   Tribune.,  A62. 

Dec.   IS.     Forrest,  Edwin,  airtor,  A66. 

Pollard,  Edward,  journalist,  litterateur, 

historian,  A  44. 

Dec,  16,  Kensett,  John  Frederick,  lan<l- 
scape  painter,  A56. 

Dec.  30.  Putnam,  George  P.,  publisher, 
author,  ASS. 

Dec.  33.     Catlin,  George,  artist,  A76. 

Dec.  81.    Brown,  John  A.,  financier,  A84. 


CHURCH. 

1872   May  5.   N.Y.    EdgarP.Wadhams 

(Roman    Catholic),    bishop    of   Ogdens- 
burg,  is  consecrated. 

June  7.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  Is  held. 

Oct.  22-25.  Bostmi.  The  National 
Unitarian  Conference  is  held. 

Nov.  *  O.  The  Lutheran  General 
Council  meets  at  Akron. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  New  Jersey  Conference 
(African  Methodist  Episcopal)  is  formed. 

LETTERS. 
1872    May  *  *  The  Fisk  University  Ju- 
bilee  Singers   make  a  campaign    for 
$20,000. 

*  *  Ala.  The  State  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical College  at  Auburn  is  opened. 

*  •  Boston.  The  National  Educational 
Association  meets ;  appoints  a  eonnnit- 
tee  to  examine  the  kindergarten  system. 
{It  reports  favorably.] 

*  *  Boston.    The  Globe  is  issued. 

*  *  Cat.  St.  Mary's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Indiana  Public  library  is 
founded  at  Indianapolis.     [39,273  vols.] 

*  *  Mass.  A  School  of  Forestry  is  es- 
tablished at  Harvard. 

*  *  Md.  The  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  at  Baltimore  is  opened. 

*  *  Miss.  The  East  Mississippi  Female 
College  is  opened. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Fulton  Synodical  Female 
College  is  opened.  Harding  College 
is  founded  by  Baptists  at  Mexico. 

*  *  Neb.  Doane  College  (Cong.)  is 
founded  at  Crete. 

*  *  Kew  York.  The  Popular  Science 
Monthly  is  founded. 

*  *  Xerc  York.  The  newspapers  succeed 
in  arousing  the  public  for  the  complete 
overthrow  of  the  *  *  Tweed  Ring  "  —  the 
Times  holding  the  place  of  honor. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
reform  school  at  Portland. 

*  *  O.  Buchtel  College  (Univ.)  in  Akron 
is  organized. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  "Walhalla  Female  Col- 
lege at  Walhalla  is  opened. 

*  *  Tenn.  Christian  Brothers*  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  organized  at  Memphis. 

*  *  Tex.  Mansfield  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Mansfield. 

*  *  Utah.  Ogden  Seminary  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Ogden  City. 

*  •  Houghing  It,  by  Mark  Twain,  appears. 


SOCIETY. 

1872  May  *  X.  Y.  Many  other  trades 
join  the  striking  builders  —  a  sympa- 
thetic strike. 

June  15.  N.  Y.  Strikers  force  their 
way  into  Steinway's  piano-factory  to 
persuade  the  remaining  workmen  to 
strike. 

Jime*  Xew  York.  Most  of  the  90,000 
strikers  surrender. 

Great  losses  :  contractors  and  builders, 
81,100,000;  workmen,  $1,400,000;  general 
public,  in  an  indirect  way,  $5,760,000. 

June  17  —  July  4.  Boston.  "World's 
Peace  Jubilee.     (See  Art  — Science  — 

Nature.) 
July  +*     (/.  S.    Temperance  Republicans 
resent  the  Raster  resolution  placed  in 
tlie  national  platform. 

The  party  is  opposed  to  "  laws  for  the 
purpose  of  removing  evils  by  interfer- 
ence with  rights  not  surrendered  by  the 
people  to  either  the  State  or  National 
Government."  [Mr.  Herman  Raster 
says  it  applies  to  prohibitory  and  Sun- 
day law.] 

Aug.  18.  New  York.  George  C.  Bar- 
nard, a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State,  having  been  convicted  of  offi- 
cial corruption  in  connection  with  the 
"  Erie  Ring,"  is  degraded. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
State  Insane  Asylum  is  laid  at  Buffalo. 

Sept.  25.  Ky.  The  House  of  Reform 
for  Juvenile  Delinquents  is  opened 
by  the  State  at  Anchorage. 

Sept.  *  -73  Feb.  *  U.  S.  Prof.  John 
Tyndall  of  England,  lectures  in  the 
chief  cities. 

*  *  The  Kuklux  of  the  Southern  States 
make  night  raids  in  disguise,  and  terrify 
the  blacks  ;  they  commit  many  outrages 
to  prevent  the  exercise  of  free  suffrage. 

Oct.  10.  New  York.  The  Presbyterian 
Hospital  is  opened. 

Oct.±*  New  York.  Jacob  Rosenzweig, 
an  abortionist,  is  tried  for  killing  Alice 

A.  Bowlesby ;  the  body  was  shipped  in 
a  trunk  for  Chicago.  [Imprisoned  for 
seven  years.] 

Nov.  5.  N.  Y.  Susan  B.  Anthony  and 
other  women  vote  at  the  election  in 
Rochester.  [Miss  Anthony  and  14  other 
women  are  prosecuted  for  illegal  vot- 
ing.] 

STATE. 

1872  May  1.  B.C.  Congress  removes 
the  customs  duties  on  tea  and  coffee,  to 
take  effect  July  1. 

May4±.  O.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  Liberal  Republicans  is  held 
at  Cincinnati ;  Carl  Schurz,  president ; 
Horace  Greeley  of  N.  Y.,  editor  of  the 
Tribune,  is  nominated  for  President,  and 

B.  Gratz  Brown  of  Mo.  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

May  8.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act 
for  the  removal  of  the  Kansas  Indians 
to  the  Indian  Territory. 

May  *  Utah.  The  Supreme  Court  annuls 
the  bigamy  proceedings  against  Brig- 
ham  IToung. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1872,  May  1-* 


279 


May  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
p.issea  the  CivU  Rights  Bill. 

May  22.  D.  C.  Congress  modifies  po- 
litical disabilities  under  Art.  3  of  the 
14th  Amendment;  the  only  exceptions 
being  former  members  of  Congress,  of 
the  Judiciary,  of  the  Army  and  Navy, 
and  of  the  diplomatic  service. 

May  23.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes 
an  act  establishing  a  commission  for 
State  parks. 

Xeio  York.  A  working  men's  Na- 
tional Convention  nominates  U.  S. 
Grant  and  Uenry  Wilson  as  presidential 
candidates. 

MaySl.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senator 
Sumner  assails  President  Grant  in  a 
bitter  speech,  Sumner  being  strongly 
opposed  to  Grant's  renomination. 

June  6.  -D.  C.  Congress  makes  a  re- 
duction of  10  per  cent  in  the  tariff 
rates  for  certain  articles,  and  reduces 
internal  revenue  taxes. 

Phila.    The  Eepublican  National 

Convention,  Thomas  Settle  of  N.  C, 
president,  renominates  Gen.  Ulysses  S. 
Grant  for  the  presidency  on  the  first 
ballot,  and  Henry  'Wilson  of  Mass.  for 
the  vice-presidency.  Vote  for  Vice- 
President,  Wilson,  364i ;  Schuyler  Col- 
fax, 321i. 

June  10.  D.  C.  The  42d  Congress: 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  15.  Switz.  The  tribunal  for  the 
arbitration  of  the  Alabama  claims  re- 
sumes its  sittings. 

June  19.  La.  The  discordant  Republi- 
cans (Paclcard  and  Piuchback)  hold  two 
conventions  at  Baton  Rouge.  William 
P.  Kellogg  is  nominated  for  governor  by 
the  Packard  Convention. 

June  21.  New  York.  A  convention  of 
Liberal  Eepublican  Revenue  Re- 
formers convenes,  and  nominates  "Wil- 
liam S.  Groesbeck  of  O.  and  Fred- 
erick Law  Olmsted  of  N.  Y.  as 
presidential  candidates. 

June  24.  III.  David  Davis  declines  the 
nomination  for  President.  [Joel  Parker 
declines  on  the  28th.]    (See  Feb.  22.) 

Jime  *  D.  C.  The  State  Department  se- 
cures the  release  of  Dr.  Howard,  an 
American  citizen,  long  imprisoned  in 
Cuba. 

June  *  Congress  abolishes  the  tax  on 
incomes,  and  all  stamp  taxes  under 
schedule  B,  except  that  of  2  per  cent  on 
bank  checks,  drafts,  and  orders. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1872. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $210,370,287;  inter- 
n:il  revenue,  $130,642,178;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $2,,')75,714 ;  premiums  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  89,412^;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $15,106,051.  Total  rev- 
enue, $374,106,868 ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenses,  $96,588,905. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans, 
purchase  of  bonds,  etc.,  $6,958,267;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $60,984,757  ;  War  De- 
partment, $35,.372,157 ;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $21,249,810;  Indians,  $7,061,729; 
pensions,  $28,533,403  :  interest  on  public 
debt,  $117,357,840.  Total  ordinary  ex- 
penses, $277,5!7,963  ;  public  debt,  $2,253- 
251,.328.  Exports,  $444,177,586  ;  imports, 
$626,595,077. 


July  8.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  B.  Anthony  of  K.  I.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore, 

July  9.  Md.  The  National  Democratic 
Convention  convenes  at  Baltimore ; 
James  R.  Doolittle,  president. 

The  Democrats  unite  in  a  coalition 
■with  the  Liberal  Republicans,  and  Hor- 
ace Greeley  of  N.  Y.  is  nominated  for 
President  on  the  first  ballot,  getting  086 
out  of  724  votes.  Greeley  has  been  re- 
garded for  many  years  as  the  most 
famous  anti-Democrat  in  the  United 
States.  B.  Gratz  Brown  of  Mo.  is  nomi- 
nated for  Vice-President,  getting  713  out 
of  732  votes. 

Aug.  9.    La.    P.  B.    S.   Pinchbaok  is 

nominated  for  governor  by  the  adjourned 
Piuchback  (Rep.)  Convention. 

Aug.22.  Phila.  The  Labor  Reform  Na- 
tional Convention  nominates  Charles 
O'Conor  of  N.  Y.  and  EU  Saulsbury 
of  Del.  as  presidential  candidates. 
[O'Conor  declines,  Aug.  27.] 

■*  ■►  La.  The  State  Central  Committee 
cause  a  fusion  of  divided  Republicans, 
and  W.  P.  Kellogg  is  nominated  for  gov- 
ernor, and  Pinckney  B.  S.  Piuchback  for 
Congressman-at-large.  [The  Senate  re- 
fuses him  the  seat.] 

. jr.  Va.  The  people  ratify  the  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  restoring  citi- 
zenship to  ex-secessionists. 

Sept.  3-5.  Ky.  A  National  Conven- 
tion of  Radical  Democrats,  who  repu- 
diate Greeley  and  Brown  as  candidates, 
convenes  at  Louisville  and  nominates  in 
their  place  Charles  O'Conor  of  N.  Y. 
and  John  Q.  Adams  of  Mass.  [They 
decline.] 

Sept.  14.  Switz.  The  Court  of  Arbi- 
tration announce  their  decision  con- 
cerning the  "  Alabama  Claims." 

All  the  five  members  vote  to  award 
indemnity  for  the  losses  caused  by  the 
Alabama ;  four,  for  losses  by  the  Florida  ; 
and  three,  for  losses  by  the  Shenandoah. 
Total  damages  awarded,  $15,500,000. 

Sept.  25.  Ky.  A  National  Convention 
of  Liberal  Colored  Republicans  con- 
venes at  Louisville,  Tvith  delegates  from 
23  States,  and  nominates  Horace 
Greeley  and  B.  Gratz  Brown  as  presi- 
dential candidates. 

Oct.  21.  The  San  Juan  dispute  with 
Great  Britain  regarding  the  northwest 
boundary  is  settled  by  arbitration ; 
Emperor  "William  of  Germany  de- 
cides in  favor  of  the  United  States  ;  the 
Canal  de  Haro  becomes  the  International 
boundary. 

Oct.  ♦  U.  S.  The  Democrats  charge  lead- 
ing Republicans  with  corruption  by  the 
ofhcers  of  the  Credit  Mobilier. 

It  is  alleged  that  the  Vice-President, 
Vice-President  elect.  Speaker  of  the 
House,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury are  Implicated,  by  receiving  stock  in 
exchange  for  political  influence. 

Nov.  5.  tr.  S.  The  22d  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote:  TllyssesS.  Grant  of  111. 
(Rep.),  3,597,070;  Horace  Greeley  of  N.  Y. 
(I)em.  and  Lib.),  2,S:M,079 ;  Charles 
O'Conor  of  N.  Y.  (Dem.),  29,408:  James 
Black  of  Pa.  (Prohib.),  5,608.  Gen.  Grant 
receives  immense  majorities  in  several 
States— Pennsylvania  leading  with  137,- 


548  majority.  Mr.  Greeley  carries  six 
southern,  but  no  northern  States. 

Ala.    Both  political  parties  claim  the 

governorship. 

Nov.  18.  Ala.  Two  Legislatures  are 
organized  at  Montgomery  ;  the  Republi- 
cans at  the  U.  S.  Court-House,  and  the 
Democrats  at  the  State  Capitol. 

Nov.  23.  Ala.  David  P.  Lewis  (Bep.)  is 
declared  elected  governor. 

Nov.  25.  Ala.  Gov.  Lewis  assumes  office, 
and  recognizes  the  Republican  Legisla- 
ture. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  42d  Congress ;  the 
third  session  opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  James 
G.  Blaine  calls  for  a  committee  to  in- 
vestigate the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal. 
(See  Oct.  *) 

Dec.  *  La.  The  Returning  Board  is  di- 
vided—  one  faction  declaring  William 
P.  Kellogg  elected  governor,  the  other 
John  McEnery. 

*  *  D.C.  Ward  Hunt  of  N.T.  Is  appointed 
a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Deo.  11.  La.  A  Fusion  (Rep.)  Legis- 
lature convenes  at  New  Orleans  ;  it  im- 
peaches and  suspends  Gov.  Warmouth. 

Dec.  *  La.  Judge  Druell  decides  that  "W. 
P.  Kellogg  was  elected  governor  in 
November. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872  June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for 
1872,  404,806. 

June  *  Colo.  The  first  narrow-gauge 
railroad  is  opened,  between  Denver  and 
Pueblo,  for  118  miles. 

Aug.  30.  The  propeller  Metis  collides 
with  a  schooner  on  Long  Island  Sound  ; 
50  persons  perish. 

Sept.  3+.  Ky.  A  National  Industrial 
Exposition  is  held  at  Louisville. 

Oct.  *  An  epidemic,  called  the  ■•  epi- 
zootic," prevails  among  horses  in  the 
larger  cities,  and  partially  suspends  the 
operation  of  commerce. 

Nov.  9,  10,  11.  Boston.  The  great  fire 
ravages  80  acres,  burning  959  build- 
ings, located  chiefly  in  the  wholesale 
district,  and  destroys  35  lives  ;  loss,  $73,- 
000,000. 

Nov.  19.  Mass.  A  special  session  of  the 
Legislature  is  held  to  devise  means  for 
the  relief  of  the  sufferers  of  the  Boston 
flre. 

Nov.  29.  Eng.  Sergeant  Bates  of 
America  arrives  in  London,  after  hav- 
ing walked  on  a  wager  from  Gretna 
Green,  South  Scotland,  carrying  the 
American  flag. 

Deo.  24.  Pa.  A  train  breaks  through 
a  trestle  bridge  at  Corry,  and  20  persons 
are  killed. 

Dec.  *  New  York.  Jay  Gould  agrees  to 
give  up  to  the  Erie  Company  $9,000,000, 
and  legal  proceedings  against  him  are 
abandoned. 

Deo.  •  N.  Y.  Dr.  T.  DeWltt  Talmage's 
Tabernacle  Church,  Brooklyn,  is 
burned. 

*  *  JV.  Dak.    Bismarck  is  settled. 


280     1872,  *  * -1873,  May  9. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  Jan.  17.  Ore.  The  Modoc  In- 
dians, led  by  their  able  chief,  Captain 
Jack,  defeat  the  troops  sent  against 
them. 

Jan.  24.  Congress  abolishes  the  naval 
ranks  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral. 

Apr.  11.  Ore.  Captain  Jack  and  other 
Indians  massacre  Gen.  Canby  and 
Dr.  Thomas,  two  Indian  commissioners, 
during  negotiations  for  a  peaceful  set- 
tlement of  difficulties  ;  Mr.  MeacUani  is 
shot  and  stabbed,  but  survives. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1872  •  •  New  York.  Carl  L.  Brandt  and 
J.  H.  Bear  are  elected  members  of  the 
Ifational  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Kew  York.  A  bronze  Statue  of 
Shakespeare,  and  another  of  Sir 
■Walter  Scott,  are  erected  in  Central 
Park,  and  another  of  Franklin  in 
Printing  House  Square. 

*  *  N.  Y.  John  "William  Draper  obtains 
a  spectra  of  the  stars,  showing  their  fixed 
lines,  by  use  of  the  photograph  with  a 
telescopic  combination. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland  Vocal  Society 
is  organized. 

*  *  -73  *  *  O.  •  The  Eden  Park,  207 
acres,  and  Btimett  Wood,  168  acres, 
are  laid  out  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Phila.  John  W.  Keely  begins  his  ex- 
periments to  develop  a  machine  worked 
by  a  power  without  cost ;  it  is  called  the 
Keely  Motor. 

*  *  U.  S,  The  triple-valve  attachment  to 
the  Westinghouse  air-brake  is  intro- 
duced. 

*  •  Capt.  Ericsson  reports  the  shrinkage 
of  the  sun's  diameter  to  be  1'20.7  feet 
per  day,  thus  differing  from  the  Helm- 
holtz  estimate. 

*  *  Ozone  is  produced  by  means  of  an 
electrical  apparatus  perfected  by  A.  \V. 
Wright. 

*  *  Home  by  the  Seaside  is  painted  by 
"Worthington  Whittredge. 

*  •  Golden  Horn  is  painted  by  S.  R.  Gif- 
ford. 

*  *  Grand  Cailon  of  the  Yellowstone  is 
painted  by  Thomas  Moran. 

1873  Feb.  5.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  An- 
tigone is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 
[Also,  Electra,  on  Feb.  17,  ^thra, 
June  13,  and  Cyrene,  Aug.  16.] 

Apr.  30.  The  steamer  Ti/jress,  of  New- 
foundland, rescues  19  survivors  of  the 
Polaris  Expedition  from  a  field  of  float- 
ing ice  in  Baffin  Bay. 

May  9.  A  part  of  the  crew  of  the  Polaris 
expedition  arrives  at  Newfoundland, 
having  been  rescued  after  drifting  2,000 
miles  on  a  field  of  ice,  and  experiencing 
great  suffering. 


Feb.  6.  Coffin,  .lames  Henry,  professor  in 
Lafayette  college,  A67. 

Feb.  8.  lieary,  .)olm  W.,  Gov.  of  Pa.,brig.- 
gen.  of  vols.,  A.'54. 

Feb.  16.    Cliesebro,  Caroline,  author,  A45. 

Feb.  35.  Gillis,  John  P.,  com.  U.  S.  N.  for 
48  years,  A70. 

Feb.  26.  Hodge,  Hngb  L.,  physician,  medi- 
cal writer,  editor,  A77. 

Mar.  10.  Torrey,  John,  botanist,  chemist, 
A77. 

Mar.  13.  Macllvaine,  Chas.  Pettit,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  O.,  A74. 

Mar.  24.  Collier,  John  A.,  jurist,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A86. 

Mar.  27.   Dixon,  James,  sen.  for  Conn.,  A59. 

Apr.  11.  Canby,  Kdward  Klchard  S.,  brev. 
nia].-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  A54. 

Apr.  37.  Aulick,  John  H.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 
A84. 

Apr.  30.  Brooks.  James,  journalist,  M.  C. 
for  N.  v.,  founder  of  N.  l.  Express^  A63. 

May  4.  McGuffey,  William  Hohues,  edu- 
cator, A73. 

May  5.  Orr.  James  L.,  M.  C.  for  S.  C, 
8j«aker,  Gov.,  senator,  A51. 

May  6.  Brodnead,  John  Romeyn,  histo- 
rian, A59. 

May  7.  Chase.  Salmon  Portland.  Lin- 
coln's sec.  of  treas.,  sen.,  (iov.  of  (>.,  A65. 

May  8.  Ames,  Oakes,  manufacturer,  rail- 
road builder,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1872  *  *  New  York.  The  Baptist  An- 
nual Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  N.  Y.  —  Ji.  I.  The  Roman  Catholic 
dioceses  of  Ogdensburg  and  Providence 
are  established. 

*  *  The  Danish  Chiirch   in  America 

(Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  la.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Washington ; 
John  S.  Easton,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Louis- 
ville ;  K.  M.  Bishop,  president, 

*  *  Md.  —  Va.  The  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia Elderships  (Church  of  God)  are 
organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  —  N.  J.  The  General  Synods 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  are  organized. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  at  Salem. 

*  *  Mich.  The  G-eneral  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) is  held  at  Detroit ;  S.  J.  Nic- 
coUs,  moderator. 

1873  Jan.  9.  William  Hobart  Hare  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Niobrara.  [Later 
bishop  of  South  Dakota.] 

Apr.  10.  Utah.  Brigham  Young  re- 
signs his  temporal  power  over  the 
Mormons. 

Apr.  17.  John  Gottlieb  Auer  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  for  Africa. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1873. 

Jan.  16.    Leavitt,  Joshua,  journalist,  A79. 
Feb.  1.     Maury,  Malt.  Fontaine,  hydrog- 
raplier,  A67. 


LETTERS. 

1872  *  *  Saunterings,  by  Charles  Dud- 
ley Warner,  appears;  also  Back-Log 
Studies. 

*  *  Shakespeare^  his  Life,  Art,  and  Char- 
acters, by  Henry  N.  Hudson,  appears. 

*  *  Atlantic  Essays,  by  Thomas  W.  Hig- 
ginson,  appears. 

*  *  Aimt  Jo's  Scrap-Bag,  by  Louisa  May 
Alcott,  appears. 


'  *  Bits  of  Travel,  by  Helen  Hunt  Jack- 
son, appears. 

'  *  Coral  and  the  Coral  Islands,  by  James 
D.  Dana,  appears. 

'  *  The  End  of  the  World,  by  Edward  Eg- 
gleston,  appears. 

'  *  Kate  Beaumont,  by  J.  W.  De  Forest, 
appears. 

'  *  The  Masque  of  the  Gods,  by  Bayard 
Taylor,  appears ;  also  Beauty  and  the 
Beast. 

*  The  Material  and  Farm  of  Language, 
by  W.  D.  Whitney,  appears ;  also  Orien- 
tal and  Linguistic  Studies. 

*  My  Wife  and  /,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

*  Myths  and  Myth-makers,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  The  Pennsylvania  Pilgrim  and  other 
Poems,  by  John  Greenleaf  ■Whittier, 
appears. 

*  •  The  Beligion  of  Humanity,  by  O.  B. 
Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Surly  Turn's  Trouble,  by  Franties  Hodg- 
son Burnett,  appears. 

*  •  Their  Wedding  Journey,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vatican  Council,  by  L.  W.  Bacon, 
appears. 

*  *  Yesterdays  with  Authors,  by  James 
Thomas  Fields,  appears. 

*  *  The  Thief  in  the  Night,  by  Harriet  P. 
SpofPord,  appears. 

*  *  How  I  found  Livingstone,  by  Henry  M. 
Stanley,  appears. 

*  *  Laicus,  by  Lyman  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  What  Katy  Did,  by  Susan  Coolidge, 
appears. 

*  *  Infinite  and  Finite,  by  Theophilus  Par- 
sons, appears. 

*  *  Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table,  by  O.  W. 
Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Hts  Level  Best,  by  Edward  Everett 
Hale,  appears. 

*  *  Barriers  Burned  Away,  by  E.  P.  Roe, 
appears. 

*  *  Three  Books  of  Song,  by  H.  "W.  Long- 
fellow, appears. 

*  *  The  Marble  Prophecy,  by  J.  G.  Hol- 
land, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1872*  *-73*  'The  Credit  MobiUer 
Scandal  is  exposed. 

Many  shares  of  its  stock  are  placed  in 
the  hands  of  certain  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives at  Washington,  whose  legis- 
lative action  may  greatly  increase  its 
value.    (See  State.) 

*  *  Gown.  The  prohibitory  liquor  law 
is  repealed  by  a  Republican  Legisla- 
ture. 

*  *  Pennsylvania  enacts  a  local-option 
law. 

*  *  la.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law  to 
restrict  the  sale  of  liquors,  and  limit 
the  profit  of  licensees  to  33  per  cent. 
Also  an  act  abolishing  the  death  pen- 
alty. 

*  *  Ky.  The  German  Baptist  Orphans' 
Home  is  founded  at  Louisville. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1872,**-1873,  May9.     281 


*  *  Md.  A  Slate  institution  is  established 
at  Baltimore  for  the  blind  and  for 
deaf  mutes,  among  the  colored  people. 

*  *  Me,  The  Legislature  amends  the  pro- 
hibitory law  so  as  to  forbid  the  sale  of 
cider  and  wiue  made  from  home-grown 
fruits. 

*  *  The  6th  National  Encampment  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  meets  at 
Cleveland ;  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside 
of  R.  I.,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the 
piiniwhrnent  of  intoxicated  persons 
by  fine  and  imprisonment. 

*  *  The  American  Public  Health  Asso- 
ciation is  organized. 

1873  Jan.  8.  \ew  York.  WUliam  M. 
Tweed  is  brought  to  trial.  [Jan.  31. 
The  jury  disagree.] 

Feb.  18,  19.  Ky.  Colored  men  hold  an 
Educational  Convention  at  Louis- 
ville. 

Feb.  28.  Xew  York.  Edward  S.  Stokes 
is  convicted  of  the  murder  of  James 
Fisk,  Jr.,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 
(See  Oct.  30.) 

Feb  *  Boston.  The  reading-room  of  the 
Public  Library  is  first  opened  to  the 
public  on  Sundays. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Gen.  Grant  refers  to  the 
bitterness  of  the  last  election  in  his  in- 
augural address,  and  complains  of  per- 
sonal *'  abuse  and  slander,  scarcely  ever 
equalled  in  political  history." 

Mar.  *  Xew  York.  Ex-Mayor  A.  Oakey 
Hall,  a  member  of  the  Tweed  Ring,  is 
tried  ;  a  juror  dies,  and  ends  the  trial. 
[He  is  tried  later,  and  the  jury  disagree. 
Hall  then  leaves  the  country.] 

Mar.  21.  Xew  York.  WiUlam  Foster 
having  been  convicted  of  the  murder  of 
Avery  D.  Putnam  with  a  oar-hook,  on 
April  26,  1871,  is  hanged. 

Mar.  22.  Ky.  The  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Cruelty  to  Animals  is  in- 
corporated at  Louisville. 

Apr.  *  Wis.  The  State  Northern  Hospi- 
tal for  the  Insane,  at  Oshkosh,  is 
opened.  [An  asylum  at  Napa,  Cal.,  is 
established.] 

STATE. 

1872  *  *  3finn.  Minneapolis  and  St. 
Anthony  are  united  and  incorporated 
as  one  city. 

*  *  Ore.  The  15th  Amendment  to  the 
Federal  Constitution  is  adopted  by  the 
Legislature. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugtirated : 
-75  *  *  Ark.    Elisha  Baxter. 

-75  •  *  Cal.    Newton  Booth. 

-77  *  •  Ga.    James  Milton  Smith. 

-76  *  »  la.    Cyrus  C.  Carpenter. 

-75  *  *  Ky.    Preston  H.  Leslie. 

-74  •  *  ^faas.    William  B.  Washburn. 

-74  *  *X.H.    Ezekiel  Straw. 

-75*  *X.J.    Joel  Parker. 

-74  *  »  O.    Edward  P.  Noyes. 

-75  *  *  S.  C.    Franklin  J.  Moses,  Jr. 

-70  *  *  Ft.    Julius  Converse. 

-80  *  »  Wash.  ( Ter.).    Elisha  P.  Ferry. 

-74  *  ♦  Wis.    C.  C.  Washbttrne. 


1873  Jan.  6.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The 
House  resolves  to  conduct  the  Credit 
Mobilier  investigation  in  open  session. 
It  resolves  to  investigate  the  relations 
of  the  Credit  Mobilier  and  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad  Company  to  the  Federal 
Government.  [J.  M.  VVilson  of  Ind., 
Samuel  Shellabarger  of  O.,  Henry  \V. 
.Slocum  of  N.  v.,  iTiomas  Swann  of  Md., 
and  George  F.  Hoar  of  Mass.,  are  ap- 
pointed a  committee  of  investigation,  on 
Jan.  7.] 

Jan.  14.  La.  Two  Legislatures  assem- 
ble, and  two  governors  are  installed  — 
W.  P.  Kellogg  (Rep.),  .and  John  McEn- 
ery,  the  candidate  of  the  Liberals  and 
Democrats.  [The  Federal  Government 
favors  Kellogg.] 

Jan.  31.  B.  C.  Congress  deprives  its 
members  of  the  postal  franking  privi- 
lege after  July  1. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
enacts  that  the  coinage  of  the  silver 
doUar  of  1792  and  1837  shall  be  discon- 
tinued from  April  1 ;  the  trade  dollar 
of  420  grains  and  9(X)  fine  is  to  take  its 
place.  [The  measure  passes  the  House 
on  Feb.  7.] 
Feb.  12.  n.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Ulysses  S.  Grant, 
286 ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  42 ;  B. 
Gratz  Brown  (Dem.),  18 ;  Charles  J. 
Jenkins  (Dem.),  2;  David  Davis  (Ind.), 
1.  Vote  for  Vice-President :  Henry 
"Wilson  of  Mass.  (Rep.),  286;  George 
"W.  Julian  of  Ind.,  (Lib.),  5;  A.  H. 
Colquitt  of  Ga.  (Dem.),  5;  John  M. 
Palmer  of  111.  (Dem.),  3 ;  J.  E.  Bram- 
lette  of  Ky.  (Dem.),  3 ;  W.  S.  Groes- 
beokof  0.(Dem.),  1;  WiUisB.Maohen 
of  Ky.  (Dem.),  1 ;  N.  P.  Banks  of  Mass. 
(Lib.),  1. 
Feb.  27.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  The 
Committee  on  the  Credit  Mobilier 
scandal  recommend  the  expulsion  of 
one  of  the  Senators.  [No  action  is 
taken.] 

The  House  passes  resolutions  censur- 
ing Oakes  Ames  of  Mass.  and  James 
Brooks  of  N.  Y.  for  their  connection 
with  the  Credit  Mobilier  scandal; 
Brooks  was  also  a  government  director 
of  the  Union  Pacific  road. 
Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  in 
future  no  Indian  people  shall  be  recog- 
nized as  an  independent  nation,  having 
power  to  make  treaties. 

Congress  passes  a  bill  for  the  Increase 
of  salaries,  popularly  called  the  Grab 
Bill. 

The  President's  salary  is  raised  from 
$25,000  to  850,000 ;  the  Vice-President's 
from  ?8,000  to  §10,000;  the  Senators, 
Representatives,  and  Delegates  from 
$5,000  to  $7,.')00,  besides  traveling  ex- 
penses. The  increase  is  retroactive,  and 
dates  from  Mar.  4,  1871.  Total  increase 
of  salaries  of  Congressmen,  $972,000. 

It  enacts  the  establishment  of  10  life- 
saving  stations  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
Mar.  4.    D.  C.    The  42d  Congress  ends. 

The  Senate  convenes  in  special  ses- 
sion, at  the  call  of  the  President  (issued 
Feb.  21).    [Adjourns  Mar.  26.] 

Ulysses  S.  Grant  of  111.  enters  his 


second  term  as  the  18th  President  in  the 
22d  term  of  the  presidency ;  Henry 
Wilson  of  Miiss.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet  ;  Hamilton  Fish  of  N.  T. 
(State),  William  A.  Richardson  of  Mass. 
(Treas.),  William  W.  Belknap  of  la. 
(War),  George  M.  Robeson  of  N.  J. 
(Navy),  Columbus  Delano  of  O.  (Inte- 
rior), George  H.  Williams  of  Ore.  (Atty.- 
Gen.),  John  A.  J.  Creswell  of  Md.  (P.M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar.  6.  La.  The  police  arrest  the  mem- 
bers of  the  McEnery  Iiegislature. 

Mar.  12.  D.  ('.  Congress;  Senate:  M. 
H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent pro  tempore.  [He  is  reelected  Mar. 
26.] 

May  1.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  all 
duties  on  tea  and  coffee  after  the 
first  of  July  ;  this  reduces  the  revenue 
$20,000,000  per  annum. 

The  Government  first  issues  one-cent 
postal  cards. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872  *  *  New  York.  The  State  Line  of 
steamers  running  to  Glasgow  is  estab- 
lished. 

•  *  New  York.  The  American  District 
Telegraph  Company  is  organized. 

•  *  New  York.  Two  elevated  railroad 
companies  are  formed  —  the  New  York 
Elevated,  and  the  Manhattan  Railway 
Company. 

•  •  New  York.  The  Netherlands  Line 
of  transatlantic  steamers  is  established. 

•  » N.  Y.  The  State  begins  the  topo- 
graphical survey  of  the  Adirondack 
region,  under  the  supervision  of  Ver- 
planck  Colvin. 

•  *  Pa.  A  lawsuit  discloses  the  fact  that 
much  of  the  stock  of  the  CrSdit  Mo- 
bilier is  owned  by  certain  members  of 
Congress.  Suspicion  of  their  Integrity 
becomes  general. 

•  •  The  Standard  Oil  Company  is 
formed  by  the  combination  of  ail  the  oil 
companies  of  the  United  States. 

1873  Jan.  7-0.  M'mn.  A  terrible  snow- 
storm causes  the  loss  of  70  lives. 

Jan.  •  New  York.  Bamtmi's  Museum 
is  burned ;  this  is  the  fourth  time  that 
his  menagerie  and  exhibition  have  been 
destroyed. 

Feb.  15.  Tex.  The  steamer  Henry  A. 
Jones  bums  In  Galveston  Bay  ;  21  lives 
are  lost. 

Feb.  *  Eng.  The  British  press  alleges 
that  $6,250,000  too  much  is  awarded  to 
the  United  StaUes  in  settling  the  Ala- 
bama claims. 

Apr.  1.  N.  S.  The  steamer  Atlantic, 
of  the  White  Star  Line,  putting  into 
Halifax  for  coal,  runs  on  a  rock,  and  is 
wrecked  in  a  few  minutes ;  535  persons 
are  drowned. 

Apr.  8.  N.Y.  A  waU  of  a  new  building 
at  Rochester  gives  way  when  occupied 
by  spectators  of  a  freshet ;  30  persons 
are  drowned. 

May.  4.  III.  An  iron  bridge  falls  at 
Dixon,  wlien  crowded  with  people ;  100 
persons  killed. 


282      1873,  May  17.-** 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1873  May  22.  Ore.  The  Indian  hos- 
tilities close  in  the  surrender  of  nearly 
uU  of  the  Modoc8. 

[June  1±.  Captain  Jack  and  20  well- 
armed  Indians  make  a  desperate  resist- 
ance, when  surrounded  in  lava  beds. 
Oct.  3.  He  and  others  are  executed  at 
Fort  Kalmath.} 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1873  Sept.  25.  Pkita.  The  new  Ma- 
sonic Temple  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  6.  -Y.  Y.  An  attempt  to  cross  the 
Atlantic  to  Europe  by  a  balloon  fails ; 
the  aeronaut  descends  in  Connecticut. 

Oct.  31.  N.  r.  The  international 
bridge  across  the  Niagara  River  at 
Buffalo  is  completed. 

Dec.  24.  Boston.  The  Beethoven  Quin- 
tet Club  is  organized. 

*  *  Boston,  The  Massachusetts  Normal 
Art  School  is  established. 

*  *  /).  a  A  26-inch  Clark  equatorial  is 
mounted  in  the  IT.  S.  Naval  Observatory 
at  Washington. 

*  *  -74  *  *  Kan.  A  long  and  severe 
drought  destroys  the  crops. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1873. 

May  17.  Russell, Win.,  educationist,  elocu- 
tionist, A75. 

May  22.  Fa^ani,  Joseph,  portrait  painter, 
A  54. 

June  16.  Ferris,  Isaac,  Reformed  clergy- 
man, A  75. 

June  31.  Tappan,  I^ewis,  merchant,  foun- 
der of  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  A85. 

June  37.    Powers,  Hiram,  sculptor,  A68. 

June  39.  Wliitiiig,  William,  lawyer,  M.  C. 
for  Mass.,  author,  A60. 

July  6.  Hitchcock,  Henry  L.,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, A  60. 

July  14.  Pillsbury,  Amos,  prison  reformer 
and  manager,  A68. 

July  36.  Schmucker,  Samuel  Simon,  Luth. 
clergyman,  A74. 

Ausr.  17.  Meredith,  Wm.  M.,  lawyer,  sec. 
of  treas.,  A74. 

Aug.  18.  Spring-.  Gardiner,  Pres.  clergy- 
man, author,  A88. 

Aug.  24.  Todd.  John.  Cong,  clergyman, 
author,  A73. 

Sept.  11.  McCook,  Edwin  S.,  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  vols.,  A37. 

Sept.  39.  'Winslow,  John  A.,  rear-ad- 
miral, A62. 

Oct.  26.  Saxton,  Joseph,  expert,  inventor, 
A74. 

Nov.  3.  Clark,  Lewis  G.,  editor  of  A'nzc*- 
erbocker,  A63. 

Nov.  4.     Keene,  Laura,  actor,  A53. 

Nov.  6.  Early,  John,  bishop  M.  E.  church 
South,  A 87. 

Nov.  6.  Hardee, Wm.J.,  lieut.-col.  U.  S.  A., 
Confederate  lieut.-gen.,  author  of  Hardee's 
Tactics,  A56, 

Nov.  9.  Mallory,  Stephen  R.,  jurist,  sen. 
for  Fla.,  Confederate  sec.  of  war,  A60. 

Nov.  19.  Hale,  John  P.,  diplomatist,  sen- 
ator for  N.  H.,  A67. 

Nov.  24.  Flagg,  Azariah  C,  founder  of 
Free-soU  Party,  A83. 

Hitchcock,  Samuel   A.,  philanthropist, 

A89. 

Dec.  13.  Nelson,  Samuel,  associate  justice 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  A81. 

Dec.  14.  Agassiz,  I^uis  JeanRodolphe, 
naturalist,  prof,  at  Harvard,  A66. 

Dec.  24.  Hopkins,  JobnB.  founder  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University  of  Bait.,  A78. 

•  *  Fry,  Cary  H.,  brev.  brig.-gen.  C.  S.  A., 
A60. 

CHURCH. 
1873    June  6.     O.    The  General  Conven- 
ti(m  of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  in 
Cincinnati. 


Sept.  17.  Benj.  Henry  Paddock  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Massachusetts. 

Oct.  3-11.  New  York.  The  Evangel- 
ical Alliance  holds  its  sixth  meeting. 

Dec.  2.  Bishop  George  David  Cum- 
mins, its  organizer,  is  elected  Presid- 
ing Bishop  of  the  Reformed  Episco- 
pal Church. 

Dec.  11.  A'.  C.  Theodore  Benedict  Ly- 
man is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) assistant  hishop  of  North  Car- 
olina. 

Dec.  14.  Ky.  Charles  Edward  Cheney 
is  consecrated  a  bishop  of  the  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church. 

Dec.  31.  Colo.  John  Franklin  Spalding 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Colorado. 

*  *  iTid.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Indian- 
apolis; R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  The  Iowa  Conference  (Free  Methodist) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Baltimore;  Howard 
Crosby,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  work  among 
the  Nez  Percys. 

*  *  The  New  York  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Nev.  The  first  sermon  in  Virginia 
City,  the  capital,  is  preached  by  Jesse 
L.  Bennett,  a  Methodist  minister. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  is  incorporated. 

*  *  -V.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Albany. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Sjraod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Canton. 

LETTERS. 

1873  July  16.  Cal.  The  University 
of  California  is  located  at  Berkeley. 

Aug.  23.  Mich.  The  Evening  News  is 
issued  at  Detroit. 

*  *  Ala.  The  State  Normal  College  is 
opened  at  Florence. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Chicago  Public  Li- 
brary is  established.     [U1,C21  vols.) 

*  *  la.  Penn  College  (Friends)  is  organ- 
ized at  Oscaloosa ;  also  the  German 
CoUege  (Meth.  Epis.)  at  Mt.  Pleasant. 
St.  Joseph's  College  (Kom.  Cath.)  of 
Dubuque  is  established. 

*  *  III.     St.  Francis  Solanus  College 
■  at  Quincy  receives  its  charter. 

*  *Ky.  State  University  (Colored  Bapt.) 
is  organized  at  Loiusville. 

*  *  La.  New  Orleans  University  (Meth. 
Epis.,  Colored)  is  founded.  (Incipient 
organization  effected  by  Freedmen's  Aid 
Society  in  1868.) 

*  *  La.  The  Southwestern  Christian  Ad- 
vocate (Meth.  Epis.)  is  established  at  New 
Orleans. 

*  *  Afass.  The  Haverhill  Public  Library 
is  founded  at  Haverhill.     [39,268  vols.] 

*  *  Miss.  Blue  Mountain  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 


^  *'Mo.  Drury  College  (Cong.)  is  founded 
at  Springfield.  The  State  Normal 
School  at  Cape  Girardeau  is  opened. 

'  *  N.  C.  Bennett  College  (Meth.  Epis., 
Colored)  is  founded  at  Greensboro. 

*  *  New  York.  St.  Nicholas  magazine  is 
established.  The  family  Story  Paper 
is  issued. 

t  *  -78  *  *  New  York,  The  American 
Cyclopaedia  (revised  edition),  by  George 
liipley  and  Charles  A.  Dana  (17  vols.), 
appears. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Evening  News  is  issued  at 
Buffalo. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Chautauqua  College  of  Liberal 
Arts  (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Chau- 
tauqua. 

*  *  0.  Ohio  State  University  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized  at  Columbus;  also 
the  St.  Joseph's  College  (Kom.  Cath.) 
at  Cincinnati. 

^  *  Tex.  Add-Bau  Christian  Univer- 
sity (Disciples)  is  founded  at  Thorp's 
Springs.  Henderson  CoUege  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized ;  also  the  Marvin 
College  (Meth.  Epis.)  at  Waxahachie, 
and  the  "Wiley  University  (Meth.  Epis., 
Colored)  is  founded  in  Marshall.  The 
Southwestern  University  at  George- 
town is  opened. 

^  *  Wis.  The  Germania  and  Der  Haus- 
und  Bauemfreuiid  are  issued  at  Mil- 
waukee. 

'  *  W.  Va,  The  Shepherd  Normal  School 
and  the  Normal  School  at  Glenville 
are  opened  by  the  State. 

'  *  The  Poultry   World  is  issued. 

'  *  Among  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  by  Celia 
Thaxter,  appears. 

'  *  Arthur  Bonnicastle,  by  J.  G.  Holland, 
appears. 

'  *  Bressant,  by  Julian  Hawthorne,  ap- 
pears. 

'  ♦  A  Chance  Acquaintance,  by  "William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

'  *  The  Fair  God,  by  Lew  Wallace,  ajv 
pears. 

'  *  Farm  Ballads^  by  "Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  The  Gilded  ^fire,byMark  Twain  (Sam- 
uel L.  Clemens)  and  Charles  Dudley  War- 
ner, appears. 

■  *  Gunnar,  by  Hjalmar  Hjorth  Boyesen, 
appears. 

'  *  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  by  John  E. 
Cooke,  appears. 

'  ♦  Jessamine,  by  Marion  Harland,  ap- 
pears. 

'  *  Life  Among  the  Modocs,  by  Joaquin 
Miller,  appears  ;  also  Songs  of  the  Sun 
Lands, 

'  *  Marjorxe  Daw,  by  Thomas  Bailey  Al- 
drich,  appears. 

'  *  The  Mountain  Lovers,  by  Paul  Hamil- 
ton Hayne,  appears. 

'  *  Mystery  of  Metropolisville,  by  Edward 
Eggleston,  appears. 

'  *  Palmetto  Leaves,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

'  *  Prehistoric  Races  in  the  United  States, 
by  John  Wells  Foster,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1873,  May  17-**.      283 


SOCIETY. 
1873    May  28.     Ind.     The   National 
Congress  of  Agriculture  holds  its  sec- 
ond annual  meeting  at  Indianapolis. 

July  5.  N^ew  York.  The  boy  Prank  H. 
"Walworth  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life  for  killing  his  father. 

Aug.  *  N.  r.  The  National  Temper- 
ance Convention  meets  at  Saratoga. 

•  *  Conn.  Tlie  7th  National  Encampment 
of  the  Qrand  Army  of  the  Republic  is 
held  at  New  Haven  ;  Charles  I>evens, 
Jr.,  of  Mass.,  Commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  *  l7id.  The  Reform  School  for 
Girls  and  the  "Woman's  Prison  are 
opened  at  Indianapolis. 

Oct.  18.  Ore.  The  Oregon  Pioneer  As- 
sociation is  organized. 

Oct.  22.  Chicago.  Tlie  Northwestern 
Farmers'  Convention  meets ;  150  dele- 
gates are  present. 

Oct.  30.  Ifew  York.  B.  S.  Stokes,  con- 
victed of  the  murder  of  James  Fislc,  Jr., 
is  iinally  sentenced  to  four  years'  impris- 
onment. (Ist  trial,  the  jury  disagree  ; 
2d  trial,  sentenced  to  be  hanged ;  3d 
trial,  found  guilty  of  manslaughter  in 
the  third  degree.) 

Oct.  *  Ky.  The  Kuklux  commit  atroci- 
ties in  Shelby  .and  Franl^lin  counties. 

Nov.  5-19.  Neic  York.  "William  M. 
Tweed  is  tried  the  second  time  ;  is  con- 
victed on  each  of  51  indictments.  [Nov. 
22.  He  is  sentenced  to  12  years'  impris- 
onment, and  fined.] 

Nov.  18.  Ala.  A  State  Iiabor  Conven- 
tion (colored)  meets  at  Montgomery. 

Dec.  14.  N.  Y.  "Women  in  Fredonia 
form  a  society  to  visit  the  saloons  "  in 
a  Christian  spirit ;  "  Mrs.  Judge  Barlter 
is  president.  [Out  of  this  movement  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
develops.] 

Dec.  17.  X.Y.  The  "Woman's  Temper- 
ance Crusade  in  Jamestown  is  opened, 
but  without  success. 

Deo.  23.  O.  The  "Woman's  Crusade 
begins  in  Hillsboro ;  Mrs.  Eliza  J. 
Thompson,  chairman  ;  the  146th  Psalm 
becomes  the  Crusaders'  Psalm.  Mrs. 
E.  D.  Stewart,  "  Mother  Stewart,"  is  one 
of  tlie  leaders. 

*  *  The  Order  of  Knights  of  .Honor  is 
founded. 

*  *  Me.  Francis  Murphy  inaugurates 
the  blue  ribbon  temperance  movement. 

*  *  Mich.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 
organized. 

*  *  Minn.  Tlie  Legislature  enacts  a  spe- 
cial tax  on  saloon-keepers,  the 
money  to  be  applied  to  a  fund  for  erect- 
ing an  inebriate  asylum  at  Rochester. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Legislature  passes  an  act 
of  amnesty  and  pardon  for  offenses 
committed  by  various  secret  societies, 
including  the  Kulclux. 

*  *  N'ew  York.  The  Society  for  the  Sup- 
pression of  "Vice  is  incorporated. 

»  •  Ore.  The  Institute  for  the  BUnd  is 
opened  at  Salem. 


STATE. 

1873  May  22.  D.C.  President  Grant, 
by  proclamation,  warns  disorderly 
bands  in  Louisiana  to  disperse. 

June  6.  D.  C.  Congress  makes  a  re- 
duction of  10  per  cent  in  the  customs 
duties  on  cotton,  wool,  iron,  paper,  rub- 
ber, glass,  and  leather,  imported  into 
the  country. 

June  30.  {/.  .S.  Statistics  for  1873. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $188,089,523;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $113,729,314:  direct  tax, 
$315,255 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $2,882,- 
312;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of 
gold  coin,  $11,560,.531 ;  miscellaneous 
Items,  $17,161,270.  Total  revenue,  $333,- 
738,205;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenditures,  $43,202,959.  Expenditures : 
Premiums  on  loans,  purchases  of  bonds, 
etc.,  $5,105,920 ;  miscellaneous  items, 
$73,328,110;  War  Department,  $46,323,- 
138;  Navy  Department,  $23,526,257;  In- 
dians, $7,951,705  ;  pensions,  $29,359,427  ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  $104,750,688. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $290,345,- 
245 :  public  debt,  $2,234,482,993.  Exports, 
$522,479,922  ;  imports,  $642,136,210. 

July  29.  Tenn.  A  convention  is  held  at 
Jackson  to  promote  a  new  State  move- 
ment. 

It  is  proposed  to  take  the  western  parts 
of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  unite 
them  with  northern  Mississippi. 

Aug.  7.  N.  C.  The  people  ratify  eight 
amendments  to  the  State  Constitution. 

iris.  The  American  Constitutional 

Union  holds  its  first  State  meeting  at 
Milwaukee  ;  666  delegates  are  present. 

Sept.  5.  England  pays  the  indemnity 
($15,500,000)  awarded  in  settlement  of 
the  Alabama  claims. 

Sept.  14.  La.  The  McEnery  party  rise 
in  arms  and  take  possession  of  the  State 
House.  [They  are  dispersed  by  order  of 
the  President,  who  sends  national  troops 
to  New  Orleans.] 

Oct.  7.  Conn.  The  Constitution  is 
amended  ;  following  May,  1875,  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  will  meet  only  at  Hart- 
ford. 

Oct.  8.  Boston  and  several  suburban 
municipalities  vote  to  consolidate. 

Nov.  24.  La.  A  people's  Anti-Kellogg 
Convention  is  held  at  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  1.  D.C.  The  43d  Congress  opens. 
Congress:  The  House  elects  James 
G.  Blaine  of  Me.,  Speaker.  Vote : 
Blaine,  189;  Fernando  Wood,  76;  S.  S. 
Cox,  2 ;  Hiester  Clymer,  1 ;  Alex.  H. 
Stephens,  1. 

Dec.  2.  Tex.  A  special  election  is 
held  ;  vote  for  governor,  Richard  Coke 
(Dem.),  85,549 ;  Gov.  E.  J.  Davis  (Rep.), 
42,663. 

Dec.  11.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate :  M. 
H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  is  reelected  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore. 

Dec.  *  La.  The  soldiers  are  called  upon 
to  preserve  order  between  rival  factions 
in  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens,  late  Vice-President 
of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  returns  as 
a  Representative  from  Georgia. 

*  *  D.  C.  Alexander  R.  Shepherd  is 
appointed  governor  of  the  District. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873  May.  28.  Ind.  The  United  States 
Agricultural  Congress  meets  at  Indi- 
anapolis. 

May  30.  Boston.  A  fire  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  about  $1,500,000. 

June  3.  Chicago.  The  Grand  Pacific 
hotel  is  opened. 

J\me8-July3.  Ire.  —  N.F.  The  Great 
Eastern  lays  the  fourth  cable  from 
Valentia,  Ire.,  to  Heart's  Content,  N.  F. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  1873, 
459,803. 

July  25.  Md.  A  fire  in  Baltimore  de- 
stroys over  $1,000,000  in  property. 

Aug.  2.  Chre.  A  fire  in  Portland  de- 
stroys $1,500,000  in  property. 

July  *  Live  beef -cattle  are  exported  to 
England. 

Summer.  Active  speculation  and  mani- 
fest prosperity  abound  for  many 
months. 

Aug.  8.  The  steamer  Wawaseei  on  the 
Potomac  River  takes  fire,  and  70  lives 
are  lost. 

Aug.  24.  Me.  A  fire  at  Belfast  destroys 
property  valued  at  $500,000. 

Sept.  10.  If.  Y.  At  a  sale  of  shorthorn 
cattle  at  New  York  Mills,  109  animals 
bring  $382,000,  and  a  cow  brings  $4,600, 
a  calf  five  months  old,  $2,700. 

Sept.  18.  A'em  York.  A  financial  panic 
is  precipitated  by  the  suspension  of  Jay 
Cooke  and  Company. 

[Business  becomes  paralyzed,  and  full 
recovery  is  delayed  for  many  months ; 
the  primary  cause  is  alleged  to  be  the 
fluctuation  of  the  currency  in  volume 
and  value.] 

Sept.  20.  New  York.  The  Stock  Ex- 
change is  closed.    [It  reopens  Sept.  30.] 

Oct.  31.  Jf.  Y.  The  International  Rail- 
way Bridge  across  the  Niagara  River 
at  Buffalo,  built  under  the  joint  au- 
thority of  Congress  and  Parliament,  is 
opened. 

Summer.  N.  Y.  The  Colorado  (Potato) 
Beetle  reaches  this  State. 

Oct.  31.  W.  I.  The  American  scliooner 
Virginius  is  captured  by  a  Spanish  man- 
of-war  while  conveying  men  and  arms 
to  the  Cuban  insurgents ;  the  vessel 
having  false  papers,  the  Government 
does  not  interfere.  [Great  excitement 
in  the  United  States  follows  the  execu- 
tion of  30  Americans.] 

Nov.  1.  Chicago.  The  Palmer  House 
is  opened. 

Nov.  4-7.  Cuba.  Thirty  Americans 
captured  with  the  Virginius  are  shot. 

Nov.  27.  Mass.  The  Hoosac  Tunnel 
is  completed. 

Dec.  18.  Cuba.  The  Spanish  authorities 
surrender  102  survivors  of  the  Virginius 
Massacre  to  the  Americans  at  Santiago 
de  Cuba. 

Dec.  19.  The  F«rj«n««»  founders  off  Cape 
Fear,  after  her  surrender  by  the  Spanish 
authorities. 

♦  »  Mich.  The  tunnel  under  the  Detroit 
Kiver  is  abandoned  because  of  the  inflow 
of  sand  and  water. 


284     1873,  *  *-1874,  Sept.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1S74    June  23.     Md,     Cadets  are  in- 

forinetl  that  "  hazing "  at  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Amiapolia  will  subject  the 
perpetrators  to  court-martial  and  dis- 
missal. 
July  2.  N.  Dak.  A  military  reconnoiter- 
ing  party,  under  Gen.  Custer,  accom- 
panied by  a  scientific  exploring  expedi- 
tion, leaves  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln  for 
the  Black  Hills. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1873  *  *  JVetc  York.  George  B.  Butler 
and  Lemuel  E.  Wilmarth  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  •  New  Y<yrk.  The  Oratorio  Society  is 
organized. 

*  *  Sunday  Morning  in  New  England  is 
painted  by  A.  O.  Shattuck. 

*  ♦  Lakt  George  is  painted  by  A.  B.  Du- 
rand. 

*  *  Jn  the  Nanvws  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  O.  Cincinnati  determines  to  hold  bi- 
ennial musical  festivals. 

1874  Feb.  13.  The  Royal  Astronomi- 
cal Society  of  England  awards  its  gold 
medal  to  Prof.  Simon  Newcomb  of  the 
Washington  observatory,  for  his  re- 
searches respecting  the  orbits  of  Nep- 
tune and  (Jranus. 

Feb,  18.  A',  r.  The  asteroid  Hertha  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 

July  4.  Mo.  The  tubular  steel  bridge 
across  the  Mississippi  at  St.  Louis, 
erected  by  J.  B.  Eads,  is  opened. 

Pkila.   The  Girard  Avenue  bridge 

over  the  Schuylkill  is  opened. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  public  build- 
ing in  Penn  Square  is  laid  with  cere- 
monies. 

July  *  Prof.  Bell  makes  a  successful 
electric  telephone. 

July  26,  Pa.  A  flood  at  Pittsburg  de- 
stroys about  100  lives  and  much  property. 

July*  S.  Dak.  Gold  is  discovered  at 
Bead  wood. 

Summer.  Minn.  A  plague  of  locusts  de- 
stroys the  crops  in  the  northwestern 
counties ;  the  people  suffer  In  conse- 
quence. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1874. 

Jan.  6.  Baylor,  Robert  E.  B.,  jurist,  M.  C. 
for  Tex.,  AHI. 

Jan.  15.     Brlsted,  Charles  A.,  writer,  A54. 

Jan.  17.  Ohang'  and  £ns,  Siamese  twins, 
of  N.  C,  die,  within  a  few  hours  of  each 
other,  A63. 

Feb,  2.    Dodge,  Nathaniel  S.,  author,  A64. 

Feb.  35.  Bachman,  John,  clergyman,  natu- 
ralist, A81, 

Mar.  3.  Hall,  Nathan  K.,  judge,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A64. 

Knapp.  Jacob,  Bapt.  evangelist,  A75. 

Mar.  3.  Mason,  Francis,  miMionary  to 
India,  A75. 

Mar.  7.  Fillmore,  Millard.  13th  Pres.  of 
U.  S.,  A74. 

Mar.  11.  liondi,  Jonas,  Hebrew  rabbi, 
founder  A'.  }'.  Hebrew  Leader^  A70. 

Sumner.   Charles,  orator,  senator  for 

Mass.,  sciiolar,  opponent  of  slavery,  A63. 

Mar.  34.  Tracy,  .loseph,  Cong,  clergyman, 
journalist,  author,  A80. 

Mar.  37.  Kirk,  Edw.  Norris,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, A72. 


Mar.  31.    Brown,  Harvey,  col.  U.  S.  A., 

A79. 
Apr.  5.     Edmonds,  John  W.,  jurist,  A75. 
Apr.  13.    Hogardus,  .lames,  inventor,  A74. 
Apr.  16.    Croxton,  John  T,,  lawyer,  brig.- 

gen.  I'.  S.  vols.,  A36. 
Apr.  19.  Jackson,  Ahner,  pres.  college,  A63. 
May  7.     Hecker,  Jolm,  journalist,  Afi'i. 
May  18.    DeWitt,  Tliomas,  Ref.  clergyman, 

A83. 
May  30.    Dyer,  Alex.  B.,  brev.  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A59. 
May  33.     Haven,  Josepli,  Cong,  clergyman, 

philosopher,  author,  A58. 
May  37.    Shubrick,  Wm.  Branford,  rear- 
admiral,  A84. 
June   11.    Bailey,  .Silas,  pres.  of  college, 

A6ti. 
Junel6.     Dickinson,  Edward,  lawyer,  M.C. 

for  Mass.,  A7I. 
June  30.    Orlnnell,  Henry,  merchant  of 

N.  Y.,  philanthropist,  A7.'). 
July  3.    Farmelee,  Theodore  N.,  journalist, 

A70. 
July  16.    Green,  A.  h.  P.,  M.  E.  clergyman, 

naturalist,  A68. 
July  18.    WiUiston,  Samuel,  manufacturer, 

philanthropist,  A7y. 

Winslow,  James,  New  York  banker,  A60. 

July  31.     Abbot,  Gorham  D.,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, teacher,  author,  A66. 

Sept.  3.    Foster,  John,  engineer,  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A51. 

Morris,  Thomas  A.,  Jf.  E.  bishop,  A80. 

Sept.  4.  Wyman,  Jefrrie8,eomparativeanat- 

omist,  professor,  A60. 

CHURCH. 

1873  *  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Phila- 
delphia; John  Y.  Scouller,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Women's  Missionary  Society 
of  the  Free  Baptist  Church  is  organized. 

*  •  The  Baptist  General  Association  of 
the  'Western  States  and  Territories  is 
organized  by  colored  Baptists. 

*  *  The  Columbia  River,  South  Kansas, 
and  Texas  Conferences  (Methodist  Epis- 
copal) are  organized. 

1874  Feb.  15.  Tex.  Robert  W.  B.  El- 
liott is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) missionary  bishop  of  Northern 
Texas. 

Feb.  22.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage's  new  Tab- 
ernacle Church  in  Brooklyn  dedicated. 

Apr.  15  + .  Chicago.  Dr.  David  Swing 
is  tried  for  heresy  before  the  Chicago 
Presbytery,  and  acquitted. 

May  1.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Protestant)  assembles. 

It  declares  its  settled  policy  not  to 
legislate  on  moral  and  political  ques- 
tions.   (Cyc.  of  Methodism.) 

May*  Ky.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets  at 
Louisville. 

The  North  Texas,  Southwest  Missouri, 
and  Denver  Conferences  are  formed. 

June  0.  /*.  Pope  I>eo  XIII.  receives  100 
American  pilgrims. 

June  24.  Bishop  George  D.  Cummins 
(Ileformed  Episcopal  Church)  is  deposed 
by  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

Sept.  3.  Tex.  The  Uoman  Catholic  di- 
ocese of  San  Antonio  is  established. 

LETTERS. 
1873  *  *  An   Outline  Study  of  Man,  by 
Mark  Hopkins,  appears. 

*  *  Twelve  Miles  from  a  Lemon,  by  Gail 
Hamilton,  appears. 

*  *  Hap- Hazard, \>yZ<Me  Field,  appears. 

*  ♦  History  of  Napoleon  III.,  by  John  S. 
C.  Abbott,  appears. 


*  *  Lars,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  appears. 

»  *  Aftermath,  by  Henry  W.  Iiongfel- 
low,  appears. 

*  •  The  Wetherell  4j?"air,  by  John  ■William 
De  Forest,  appears. 

•  *  Two  Jtivulets,  by  Walt  Whitman,  ap- 
pears. 

1874  Apr.  15.  A.  r.  The  Legislature 
passes  the  compulsory  education  law. 

Mayl.  Chicago.  The  circulating  depart- 
ment of  the  Public  library  is  opened. 

May  16.  Mass.  A  State  Normal  School 
is  opened  at  Worcester.  [Oct.  2.  One  at 
Columbia,  S.C.] 

Aug.  4.  N.  Y.  The  first  Summer  As- 
sembly meets  at  Chautauqua. 

SOCIETY. 

1873  *  *  Phila.  Lydia  Sherman  is  con- 
victed of  murdering  three  husbands  and 
eight  children. 

♦  *  S.  C.    The  State  debt  is  repudiated. 

A  law  is  passed  repudiating  a  part  of 
the  public  debt  ($'25,770,till),  and  also 
half  of  the  remainder  by  providing  for 
its  settlement  at  50  cents  on  the  dollar. 

1874  Jan.*  O.  The  crusade  against 
the  saloons  of  Southern  Ohio  continues; 
Christian  women  sing  and  pray  in  the 
saloons,  and  when  excluded  continue 
in  prayer  and  song  before  them  on  the 
sidewalk. 

Jan.  4.  Phila.  The  main  building  of  the 
hospital  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania is  dedicated. 

Mar.*  O.  The  Christian  crusade  be- 
gins to  subside. 

Apr.  10.  N.  Y.  Emil  Lowensteln  is 
hanged  at  Albany  for  the  murder  of 
John  D.  Weston  on  Aug.  5,  1873. 

Apr.  25.  Phila.  The  Produce  Ex- 
change is  organized. 

Apr.  28.  Tenn.  A  convention  of  col- 
ored people  is  held  at  Nashville  to 
promote  the  enjoyment  of  civil  and 
social  rights. 

May  *  R.  T.  The  Legislature  passes  the 
law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing beverages,  and  a  constabulary  act 
for  its  enforcement. 

June  8.  S.  C.  Gov.  Moses  is  indicted 
for  official  acts,  but  escapes  trial  on  a 
technicality,  as  the  law  prescribes  im- 
peachment in  such  cases. 

June  23.  Md.  "  Hazing  "  is  abolished 
at  Annapolis.    (See  Army.) 

U.  S.  Causing  the  involuntary  ser- 
vitude of  foreigners  is  made  a  punish- 
able offense.     (See  State.) 

July  1.  Phila.  Charley  Ross,  four 
years  of  age,  is  abducted.  [Great  efforts 
were  made  to  And  him,  without  success.] 

July  7.  N.  Y.  Kev.  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  demands  an  investigation,  by 
his  church,  of  scandalous  charges  pre- 
ferred against  him  by  Theodore  Tilton. 
[He  is  acquitted.    See  page  287.] 

Aug.  12.  Miss.  A  race  riot  occurs  at 
Austin,  which  is  not  suppressed  till  the 
military  are  called  out,  and  15  persons 
killed. 


UNITED    STATES.       1873,  *  *-1874,  Sept.  14.    285 


Aug.  26.  Tenn.  Disguised  men  take, 
from  the  jail  at  Trenton,  16  negroes, 
and  slioot  them ;  the  negroes  are  charged 
with  killing  two  white  men. 

Aug.  30.  La.  Six  Republican  officials 
are  shot  while  on  their  way  from  Cou- 
fchatta  to  Shreveport,  under  arrest. 

Aug.*  Teiin.  An  uprising  of  negroes 
is  suppressed,  and  the  leaders  are  sum- 
marily hanged. 

Aug.*  jV.  Y.  Christian  women  at  Chau- 
tauqua decide  to  call  a  National  Con- 
vention of  Temperance  Women. 

Sept.  10.  Me.  The  Bangor  Reform 
Club,  organized  by  Br.  Henry  A.  Rey- 
nolds, adopts  the  red  ribbon  as  its 
badge ;  this  is  the  flrst  cluh  of  its  kind 
for  reformed  drinking  men. 

STATE. 

1873  •  *  B.C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
sale  of  public  lands  containing  coal,  to 
encourage  mining. 

*  *  I).  C.  Congress  passes  stringent  laws 
to  prevent  cruelty  to  animals  while  in 
transit  by  railroad  or  other  conveyance ; 
they  must  have  five  hours  rest,  loosed 
every  28  hours. 

*  *  D.C.  Congress  establishes  the  custom- 
house value  of  the  English  sovereign, 
or  pound  sterling,  at  $4.8G  and  6^  mills. 

*  *  J).  C.  Congress  passes  a  law  requiring 
national  banks  to  restore  their  capital 
when  impaired. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  law  to  en- 
courage the  growth  of  timber  of  West- 
ern prairies  by  gifts  of  patents  in  land. 

*  *  Neio  York.  An  amendment  to  the 
city  charter  is  passed. 

*  *  2^.  Y.  Brooklyn  receives  a  new 
charter. 

*  *  O.  The  people  reject  the  revised 
Constitution. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-74  *  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    Samuel  H.  Elbert. 
-77  •  *  Conn.    Charles  R.  IngersoU. 
-78*  *  Dak.  (Tar.).  John  L.  Pennington. 
-74  •  *  Fla.    O.  B.  Hart. 

111.    Richard  J.  Oglesby. 
-77  *  *  111.    John  L.  Beveridge. 
-77  *  *  Ind.    Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 
-77  *  *  Kan.    Thomas  A.  Osborn. 
-77  *  *  Afich.    John  J.  Bagley. 
-75  *  *  Mo.    Silas  Woodson. 
-75  *  *  Neb.    Robert  W.  Furnas. 
-75  •  *  N.  Y.    John  A.  Dix. 

Pa.    John  F.  Hartranft. 
-75  *  *  R.  I.    Henry  Howard. 

1874  Jan.  1.  Mew  York.  The  Act  by 
which  Morrisania,  West  Farms,  and 
Kingsbridge  are  annexed  takes  effect. 

Pa.    The  new  Constitution  becomes 

operative. 

Jan.  5.  Tex.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  election  of  Dec.  2  is  in- 
valid because  of  the  imconstitutionality 
of  the  law  authorizing  it. 

Jan.  13.  Tex.  Two  Ijegislatures  or- 
ganize ;  the  governor  refuses  to  recog- 
nize the  new  one. 

Jan.  20.  />.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
act  for  increasing  salaries  ("Salary- 
grab  Bill"),  except  so  much  as  relates  to 


the  salaries  of  the  President  and  the 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Jan.  21.  D.C.  President  Grant  appoints 
Morrison  R.  "Waite  of  O.  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court ;  the  Senate  con- 
firms the  appointment. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  Act 
authorizing  the  mint  to  coin  for  foreign 
nations. 

Congress :  The  Senate  directs  that  the 
busts  of  Chief  Justices  Roger  B.  Taney 
and  Salmon  P.  Chase  be  placed  in  the 
Supreme  Court  room. 

Mar.  11.  Wis.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Potter  Iiaw,  for  regulating  rail- 
roads and  other  corporations. 

Apr.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  expand  the  currency, 
with  $400,000,000  as  the  maximum  limit. 
Vote,  29-24.  [Passed  by  the  House,  Apr. 
14.    Vote,  140-102.    Vetoed,  Apr.  22.] 

May  15.  D.  C:  The  President  by  proc- 
lamation recognizes  Elisha  Baxter  as 
governor  of  Arkansas,  and  orders  bands 
of  disorderly  persons  in  the  State  to 
disperse. 

June  1.  D.  C.  ■William  A.  Richard- 
son, Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  resigns. 
[June  4.  Succeeded  by  Benjamin  H. 
Bristow  of  Ky.] 

June  5.  D.  C.  Congress  directs  the 
President  to  invite  foreign  nations  to 
participate  in  the  Centennial  Exhibi- 
tion to  be  held  in  Philadelphia. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Congress  abolishes  the 
electoral  territorial  government  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  as  a  remedy  for 
extravagance,  and  provides  for  a  govern- 
ing board  of  three  commissioners. 

Congress  authorizes  the  establish- 
ment of  public  marine  schools  for  in- 
struction in  navigation  and  seamanship. 

June  23.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  lor 
a  court  of  commissioners  to  adjust  and 
settle  Alabama  claims. 

It  enacts  a  law  for  the  punishment  of 
persons  who  may  bring  kidnaped  or 
inveigled  foreigners  into  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  selling  them, 
or  holding  them  in  involuntary  servi- 
tude. 

The  43d  Congress :  the  flrst  session 
closes. 

June  24.  D.  C.  John  A.  J.  CresweU, 
Postmaster-General,  resigns. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1874. 
Revenue:  Customs.  81163,103,834;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $102,409,785 ;  sales  of  pub- 
lic lands,  $1,852,429 ;  premiums  on  loans 
and  sales  of  gold  coin,  $5,037,(56,5 ;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $17,075,043.  Total  rev- 
enue, $289,478,755 ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $2,344,882. 
Expenditures  :  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $1,395,074;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $69,641,693;  War  Depart- 
ment, $42,313,927 ;  Navy  Department, 
$30,932,587 ;  Indians,  $6,692.462 ;  pen- 
sions, $29,ft'!8,415 ;  interest  on  the  pub- 
lic debt,  $107,119,815.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $287,133,873;  public  debt, 
$2,251,690,468.  Exports,  $586,283,010  ;  im- 
ports, $667,406,342. 

July  7.  D.  C.  James  W.  Marshall  of 
Va.  is  appointed  Postmaster-General. 
[Aug.  24.  Succeeded  by  Marshall  Jew- 
ell of  Conn.] 

July  14.  Ark.  A  convention  meets  to 
revise  the  Constitution.    [Oct.  13.    The 


new  Constitution  is  ratified  by  a  major- 
ity of  53,890.] 

Aug.*  La.  John  McEnery  (Dem.?) 
again  claims  the  governorship ;  bitter- 
ness and  blood  follow  ;  whites  and  blacks 
fight  each  other  in  various  parts  of  the 
South. 

Sept.  14.  La.  D.  P.  Penn,  claiming  to 
be  lieutenant-governor,  organizes  a  mi- 
litia force  in  the  absence  of  John  Mc- 
Enery, defeats  the  police,  and  drives 
W.  P.  Kellogg  out  of  the  State  House; 
26  men  are  killed. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873  •  JV^  J.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
general  railroad  law,  conditioned  by 
the  surrender  of  exclusive  rights  by 
holders  of  existing  franchises. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Red  Star  Line  of 
steamers,  running  to  Antwerp,  is  es- 
tablished. 

*  *  New  York.  The  White  Cross  Line 
of  steamers,  running  to  Antwerp,  is  es- 
tablished, 

*  *  O.  Lake  View  Park  at  Cleveland 
is  purchased  by  the  city,  and  improve- 
ments are  made. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
St.  Paul  RaUroad  is  completed  from 
Sioux  City,  Iowa,  to  Yankton. 

*  *  Va.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Railroad,  connecting  Richmond  and 
Huntington  on  the  Ohio  River,  is 
opened ;  length  421  miles. 

1874.  Apr.  29.  The  Fairview  Pipe-Line 
[United  Pipe-Line]  is  incorporated 
for  conducting  petroleum  from  the  oil- 
regions  to  the  seaboard. 

May  16.  Mass.  M'illiamsburg,  Leeds, 
and  Haydensville  are  almost  destroyed 
by  the  bursting  of  a  reservoir  on  the 
lyrillft  River ;  144  lives  are  lost  and  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  $1,500,000. 

June  8.  N.  H.  The  Faraday  lands  the 
direct  cable  of  the  United  States  Com- 
pany. 

June  30.  U.S.  Immigrants  for  the  year, 
313,339. 

July  4.  Phila.  Ground  is  broken  at 
Fairmount  Park,  in  the  suburb  of  the 
city,  for  the  erection  of  the  Centennial 
buildings. 

July  14.  Chicago.  A  fire  burns  346build- 
ings ;  loss,  $4,000,000. 

Wis.  A  fire  at  Oshkosh  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  $1,000,000. 

July  24.  Nev.  At  Eureka  between  20 
and  30  persons  perish  by  a  waterspout. 

Jvily  26,  27.  Pa.  Rivers  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State  overflow  from  heavy 
rains ;  200  persons  are  drowned  in  and 
near  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny  City. 

July  *  Nero  York.  Live  cattle  are  ex- 
ported to  England ;  the  steamer  Euro- 
pean carries  373  head. 

July  *  -  Oct.  *  The  grasshopper  plague 
causes  distress  in  Minnesota,  Kansas, 
and  Nebraska. 

Aug.  5.  The  steamboat  Pat  Itof/ers  burns 
on  the  Ohio  River ;  50  persons  perish. 

Aug.  *- Sept.  »  The  Great  Eastern  lays 
the  sixth  cable. 


286     1874,  Sept.  15-1875,  Feb.  27.       AMERICA 


ARMY  — KAVY. 
1874  Oct.  1.  Mo.  St.  liOuis  is  made  the 
headquarters  of  the  U.  S.  A. 

*  *  Ariz.  The  Indian  "War  ends  in  the 
surrender  of  the  hist  of  the  hostile  trihes 
to  Geu.  Crook. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1874    Oct.  10.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Jue- 

wa  is  discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson. 
Oct,  15.  111.   A  Monument  to  Abraham 

Lincoln   is   dedicated    at    Oak    liidge, 

Springfield. 

*  *  Chicago.  S.  W.  Bumham  reports  that 
Alpha  Delphini,  known  as  a  triple  star, 
is  really  sextuple. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Morrison  observatory  is 
founded  at  Glasgow. 

*  *  X.  C.  Chang  and  Eng,  the  Siamese 
twins,  die  at  Mount  Airy. 

*  *  Xew  York.  A  bronze  figure  of  a 
Boldier  is  unveiled  in  Central  Park,  in 
commemoration  of  members  of  the  7th 
regiment  who  died  during  the  war. 

*  *  Keic  York.  Wordsworth  Thompson  of 
New  York  is  elected  a  member  of  the 
Ifational  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Franconia  Notch  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Durand. 

*  *  On  the  Calumet  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

*  *  Scene  near  Perugia  is  painted  by 
George  Inuess. 

*  *  Musketeer  of  the  Seventeenth  Century 
is  painted  by  J.  B.  Irving. 

*  *  Drove  at  the  Ford  is  painted  by  J.  M. 
Hart. 

*  *  Cape  Ann  is  painted  by  Jervis  Mc- 
Entee. 

*  *  Shakespeare  is  painted  by  William 
Page. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1874. 

Sept.  15.    Curtis,  Benj.  It.,  justice  V.  S.  S. 
Ct.,  A(>5. 

Sept.  36.     Lee,  Henry  W.,  P.  E.  bishop  of 
Iowa,  A  59. 

Oct.  7.     Eddy,  Thomas  M.,   M.   E.   clergy- 
man, editor,  A51. 

Oct.  23.  Iniiian,  William,  com.  IT.  S.  N.,  A77. 

Oct.    38.      Kinehart,    Wm.    H.,    American 
sculptor,  A 49. 

Wheeler,  Wm.  Adolphus,  lexicographer, 

A4I. 

Nov.  3.     Palmer,  Phoebe,  evangelist,  au- 
thor, A67. 

Nov.  5.     Haeon,  David  W.,  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Portland,  Me.,  A60. 

Dec.  9.  Cornell,  Ezra,  philanthropist,  foun- 
der Cornell  University,  A67. 

Dec.  17.    Cuahing,  William  B.,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  A32. 

Dec.  33.    Walker,  .Tas.,  Unit,  clergyman, 
president  of  Harvard,  A80. 

Dec.  38.    Smith.   Oerrit.  abolitionist,  re- 
former, A77. 
1875. 

Jan.  31.    Sprague,  Charles,  poet,  orator,  of 
Boston,  A84. 

Feb.  13.    Delafield,     Edward,    physician, 
surgeon,  of  New  York,  A81. 

Feb.  19.    Bell,  Charles  H.,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

1874  Sept.  15-18.  iV^.  Y.  The  National 
Unitarian  Conference  meets  at  Sara- 
toga. 

Oct.  25.  Wi8.  Edward  Randolph  Welles 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Wisconsin. 


Oct.  27.    A  Triennial  Convention  of 

the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  is  held  ; 
a  canon  is  passed  against  ritualism. 

Oct.  *  The  Christian  "Women's  Board 
of  Missions  (Disciples)  is  organized. 

Wov.  2.  Cal.  John  Henry  I>.  Wingtield 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Northern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Nov.  12.  i\'.  J.  William  H.  Odenheimer 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Northern  New  Jersey. 

Nov.  19.  O.  The  MToman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  is  organized  in 
Cleveland  as  the  "  sober,  second  thought 
of  the  temperance  crusade." 

Dec.  20.  Tex.  Alexander  Charles  Gar- 
rett is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) missionary  bishop  of  Northern 
Texas. 

Dec.  *  The  Colored  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  in  America  is  organized. 

*  *  1).  C.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Washington. 

*  *  D,  C.  The  Roman  Catholic  Bureau 
of  Indian  Missions  is  established  at 
Washington. 

*  *  ///.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ; 
John  G.  Brown,  moderator. 

*  •The  (Congregational)  National  Coun- 
cil meets, 

*  •  Mass.  The  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  in  Taunton. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society  of  the  African  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  is  organized. 

*  *  Mb.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  St.  Louis;  Samuel  J. 
Wilson,  moderator. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  P^piscopal)  meets.  Tlie 
Church  Congress  is  organized. 

Tlie  Protestant  Episcopal  dioceses  of 
Newarlt,  N.  J.,  Western  Michigan, 
Northern  New  Jersey,  and  Western 
Texas  are  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  R.  M.  Bishop,  president. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Roman  Catholic  Vicarate 
Apostolic  of  Brownsville  is  erected. 

*  *  The  Clergymen's  Retiring  Fund 
Society  (Protestant  Episcopal)  is  incor- 
porated. 

*  *  The  German  Mission  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South)  is 
organized. 

*  *  The  Wisconsin  Conference  (Free  Meth- 
odist) is  organized. 

1875  Jan.  27.  Ky.  Thomas  U.  Dudley 
is  consecrated  assistant  bishop  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  of  Kentucky. 

Feb.  2.  N.  J.  John  Scarborough  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  New  Jersey. 

*  *  Boston  is  erected  a  Roman  Catholic 
archdiocese,  witli  the  bishops  of  Port- 
land, Burlington.  Spring6eld,  Provi- 
dence, and  Hartford  suffragans  to  it. 


Feb.  12.  Boston.  John  Joseph  "Wil- 
liams is  create<i  first  (Roman  Catholic) 
Archbishop  of  Boston. 

Feb.  24.  George  de  Normandie  Gillespie 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Western  Michigan. 

LETTERS. 

1874  *  •  Ark.  Little  Rock  College  (non- 
sect.),  at  Little  Rock,  is  organized. 

*  *  Colorado  College  (Cong.)  is  founded 
at  Colorado  Springs. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Legislature  passes  the  com- 
pulsory education  law  and  revises  the 
school  laws. 

*  *  Chicago.    The  Union  Signal  is  issued. 

*  *  Ga.  Clark  University  (Meth.  Epis., 
Colored)  is  founded  at  Atlanta. 

*  *Itl.  St.  "Viateur's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Bourbonnais. 
Ewing  College  (Bapt.)  is  founded. 
The  Southern  Illinois  Normal  Uni- 
versity is  opened  at  Carbundale. 

*  *  Ind.  Purdue  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Lafayette. 

*  *  Ky.  Central  University  (Southern 
Pres.)  is  organized  in  Richmond. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Memorial  Hall  is  opened 
at  Harvard.  It  is  erected  in  memory  of 
the  Harvard  students  who  died  in  the 
Civil  War. 

*  *  Mich.  Battle  Creek  College  (Ad- 
ventist)  is  founded. 

*  *  Nevada  State  University  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Elko. 

*  *  N.  C.  Gregory  Institute,  Colored,  of 
Wilmington,  is  founded  by  the  American 
Missionary  Association.  Weaverville 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  C.y  N.  J.  Compulsory  education 
laws  are  enacted. 

*  *  New  York.  International  lieview  is 
established.  The  City  Record  is  founded. 
The  Dramatic  News  is  founded  by 
Charles  Albert  Byrne. 

*  *  O.  University  of  Cincinnati  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  Tenn.  Southwestern  University 
(Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Jackson. 

*  *  The  American  College  and  Education 
Society  (Cong.)  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  societies. 

*  *  T?ie  Circuit  Rider,  by  Edward  Eggles- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Darwinism  and  Laiiguage,  by  William 
rtwight  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  Echoes  of  the  Foot  Hills,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  *  Hazel  Blossoms,  by  John  Greenleaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  In  His  Name,  by  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
appears. 

*  *  John  Andros,  by  Rebecca  H.  Davis,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Barneveld, 
by  Motley,  appears. 

*  *  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Mistress  of  the  Manse,  by  J.  G. 
Holland,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1874,  Sept.  15-1875,  Feb.  27.  287 


*  *  Poems,  by  Celia  Thaxter,  appears. 

*  •  The  Prophet,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Prudence  Palfrey,  by  T.  B,  Aldricb, 
appears ;  also  Cloth  of  Gold  and  Other 
Poems. 

*  *  The  Scottish  Philosophy,  by  James 
McCosh,  appears. 

*  *  Sex  and  Education^  by  Julia  Ward 
Howe,  appears. 

*  *  Songsof  Many  Seasons,  by  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Huliiies,  appears. 

*  *  Toinette,  by  Albion  Winegar  Tourg^e, 
appears. 

*  *  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France, 
by  C.  K.  Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Illustrious  Soldiers,  by  James  Grant 
Wilson,  appears. 

*  *  Opening  of  a  Chestnut  Burr,  by  E.  P. 
Roe,  appears. 

*  *  Around  the  Tea  Table,  by  T.  Be  Witt 
Talraage,  appears. 

*  *  Oxitlines  of  Cosmic  Philosophy , 'by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  The  Doctrine  of  Evolution,  by  Alexan- 
der Wincbell,  appears  ;  also.  The  Geology 
of  Stars. 

*  *  A  Foregone  Conclusion,  by  William 
Dean  Howelle,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  by  James 
Par  ton,  appears, 

*  *  The  Old  Peg  ime  in  Canada,  hjFi&iicia 
Parkman,  appears. 

1875  Jan.  *  Me.  An  industrial  school 
tor  girls  is  opened  at  Hallowell  by  the 
iiutborities  of  the  State. 

SOCIETY. 

1874  Sept.  18.  Xeb.  The  Nebraska  Be- 
lief and  Aid  Society  ia  organized  to 
furnish  relief  for  sufferers  by  the  grass- 
hopper plague  and  long  drought. 

Oct.*  Utah.  Brigham  Young  is  in- 
dicted the  second  time  for  polygamy. 

Oct.'*'  Indians  massacre  settlers  in  the 
Northwest. 

Nov.  12.  Pa.  William  E.  TJdderzook 
Ifl  convicted  and  hanged  for  the  murder 
of  W.  S.  Goss  for  his  insurance,  on  Feb. 
2, 1872. 

Nov.  17.  O.  The  First  Woman's 
National  Temperance  Convention 
meets  in  Cleveland.  [Nov.  19  The 
W  Oman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  is  organized.] 

Dec.  7.  Miss.  A  race  riot  is  caused  by 
political  conflicts,  and  many  negroes  are 
killed. 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  King  Kalakaua  of  tbe 
Hawaiian  Islands  visits  Washington. 

Dec*  Miss.  A  race  riot  at  Vicksburg 
results  in  the  death  of  75  negroes. 

*  •  Cal.  The  Legislature  enacts  that 
when  persons  are  convicted  of  capital 
crime,  the  jury  may  determine  between 
inflicting  the  death  penalty  or  imprison- 
ment for  life. 

*  *  O.  The  Constitutional  Amend- 
ment in  favor  of  license  is  voted  down 
by  C,2SG  majority. 


*  *  O.  The  Queen  City  Club  of  Cincin- 
nati is  organized. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Cecilian  (musical)  So- 
ciety is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  8th  National  Encampment  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  is  held 
at  Harrisburg ;  Gen.  Charles  Devens,  Jr., 
of  Mass.,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Tennessee  hospital  for 
the  insane,  of  East  Tennessee,  is  located 
at  KnoxviUe. 

*  *  U.S.  A  whisky  ring,  composed  of 
distillers  and  Government  officials,  as- 
sumes national  proportions  ;  it  robs  tbe 
Government  and  disgraces  the  Admin- 
istration. 

1875  Jan.  8-July  2.  K.  T.  Kev. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher  of  Brooklyn  is 
tried  on  the  charge  of  adultery,  made  by 
Theodore  Tilton ;  the  scandal  causes  in- 
tense excitement  during  the  long  trial ; 
tbe  jury  disagree.  Vote,  nine  for  and 
three  against  conviction. 

STATE. 

1874  Sept,  15.  D.C.  The  President  is- 
sues a  proclamation  ordering  the  Loui- 
siana armed  partizans  to  disperse  within 
five  days. 

*  *  La.  "The  Crescent  City  W^hite 
League  "  ia  formed,  for  the  reformation 
and  purification  of  the  State  govern- 
ment. 

Sept.  17.  La.  The  rival  parties  peace- 
ably surrender  the  State  buildings  to 
the  U.  S.  officers. 

Sept.  18.  La.  The  white  people  submit 
to  the  decision  of  the  President ;  Gov- 
ernor Kellogg  is  restored. 

Sept.  19.  La.  Gen.  Brooke  is  appointed 
military  governor ;  W.  P.  Kellogg 
transacts  the  duties  of  the  office. 

Oct.  28.  Ore.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
law  creating  the  State  Board  of  Immi- 
gration. 

Nov.  2.  X.  J.  The  T^gislatnre  sells  the 
costly  yet  unfinished  '*  Stevens's  Bat- 
tery "  to  the  Federal  Government  for 

$145,000. 

Nov.  3.  Mich.  The  people  ratify  the  re- 
vised constitution;  the  woman  suf- 
frage clause  is  defeated  in  a  separate 
vote  (40,077-135,957). 

Nov.  4.  U.  S.  A  general  political  re- 
action favors  the  Democrats  in  the  elec- 
tions. 

N.  Y.    Samuel  J.  Tilden  (Dem.)  is 

elected  governor  after  the  complete 
overthrow  of  the  Tweed  Bing.  (See 
Society,  1873.) 

Dec.  7.  -D.  C.  The  43d  Congress :  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress  gives  a  recep- 
tion to  King  Kalakaua  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Dec.  21.  Miss.  President  Grant  issues 
a  proclamation  ordering  disorderly 
people  of  Warren  County  to  conform  to 
the  laws. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C.  Congrress;  Senate  :  The 
bill  passes  to  resume  specie  payments. 


Vote,  32-14.    All  the  yeas  are  Republi- 
can. 
Dec.  23.    D.  C.    Congress;  Senate  :  M. 
H.  Carpenter  of  Wis.  is  reelected  Presi- 
dent ^ro  tempore. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes  an  Act 
by  which  the  term  of  office  for  governor 
is  made  three  years. 

*  *  Va.  The  people  ratify  an  amendment 
of  the  Constitution  abolishing  the  town- 
ship system. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Supreme  Court  affirms  the 
constitutionality  of  the  Potter  Law. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-78  *  *  Ala.    George  S.  Houston. 
-77  *  *  Fla.    M.  L.  Stearns. 

-77  *  *  La.    William  Pitt  Kellogg. 

Mass.    Thomas  Talbot. 
-76  •  *  Mass.    William  Gaston. 
-76  *  •  Me.    Nelson  Dingley. 
-76  *  *  Minn.    Cushman  K.  Davis. 
-76*  *  Miss.    Adelbert  Ames. 
-77  *  *  N.C.    Curtis  H.  Brogden. 
-76  *  *  K.  U.    James  A.  Weston. 
-75  *  •  O.    William  Allen. 
-76  *  *  Tex.    Richard  Coke. 
-78  *  *  Va.    James  L.  Kemper. 
-76  *  *  Vt.    Asahel  Peck. 
-76  *  *  Wis.    William  H.  Taylor. 

1875  Jan.  4.  Xa,  The  Legislature  is 
claimed  by  two  bodies;  Kellogg  is 
maintained  by  military  force. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Act  to  resume  specie  pay- 
ments on  Jan.  1,  1879.  Vote,  125-106; 
Democrats  are  unanimously  against  it. 

Jan.  8.  La.  The  IJ,  S.  troops  quell 
disturbances  in  the  Legislature,  caused 
by  rival  parties,  while  organizing. 

Jan.  14.  7>.  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Act  forresmning  specie  payments, 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  new  reciprocity  treaty  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  United  States. 

Feb.  27.  B.C.  The  Government  fixes 
the  indemnity  claimed  from  Spain 
for  the  families  of  men  massacred  in 
the  Virginius  affair  of  Oct.  31,  1873,  at 
$80,000.    [It  is  soon  paid.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1874  Sept.  19.  Mass  Sixty  lives  are 
lost  by  the  burning  of  cotton-mills  at 
Fall  River. 

Oct.  14.  Kan.  The  Mennonitea  pur- 
chase 100,000  acres  of  railroad  lands  for 
settlement. 

Dec.  21-26.  N.  J.  Edward  Payson  Wes- 
ton walks  500  miles  in  5  days,  23  hours, 
and  34  minutes  at  Newark. 

*  *  La.  Carrollton  is  annexed  to  New 
Orleans. 

*  *  Neb,  The  Nebraska  Legislatuse  ap- 
points an  arbor-day,  and  thus  inau- 
gurates a  movement  for  tree-planting 
[which  extends  into  many  States]. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Amsterdam-Neth- 
erlands line  of  steamers  for  Boulogne 
and  Rotterdam  is  established. 

1875  Feb.  9.  Mass.  The  first  train 
passes  through  the  Hoosac  Tunnel 
(4|  miles  long). 


288     1875,  Mar.  1- 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1875  *  *  The  troops  bring  into  subjection 
the  predatory  bandsofKiowas.Cheyeu- 
nes,  imd  Comanches  on  the  borders  of  the 
Staked  Plains  ;  the  Indians  are  subdued 
in  the  southwest,  where  tlie  Cheyennes 
give  themselves  up  as  prisoners  of  war. 


ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1875  June  3.  N.  Y.  The  asteroids 
Vibilia  and  Adeona  are  discovered  by 
C.  II.  F.  Peters  at  Clinton. 

June  15.  N.  Dak.  Gen.  Forsythe,  under 
otiicial  orders,  starts  from  Bismarck  to 
explore  the  Yellowstone  River  region. 

July  *  .V.  J.  Edison  makes  investiga- 
tions and  experiments  for  the  electrical 
transmission  of  speech. 

Sept.  15-18.  Tex.  A  storm  on  the 
coast  does  great  damage;  G-alveston, 
Indianola,  and  other  places  are  much 
injured ;  villages  are  washed  away  by 
the  sea,  and  many  lives  lost. 

Oct.  26.  Va.  A  statue  of  Gen. "  Stone- 
wall "  Jackson  is  unveiled  at  llich- 
mond. 

Dec.  22.  Va.  Eiohmond  is  visited  by  an 
earthquake. 

*  *  D.  C.  Prof.  Alexander's  theory  con- 
cerning the  zodiacal  light  is  published 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

He  declares  it  to  be  a  terrestrial  girdle, 
so  situated  that  its  time  of  revolution 
around  the  earth  is  equal  to,  and  in  the 
same  direction  as,  that  of  the  moon. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
X875. 

Apr.  6.  Koosevelt,  James  L.,  lawyer,  ju- 
rist, of  New  York,  A80. 

Apr.  13.  Fitcli,  Leroy,  commander  U.  S. 
N.,  A40. 

May  17.  Breckinridge,  John  Cabell, 
senator  for  Ky.,  Vice-President  V.  S.,  A.M. 

June  14.  Upliam,  Charles  W.,  Unit,  cler- 
gyman, writer,  A73. 

July  3.  Florence,  Thomas  B.,  M.  C.  for 
I'a.,  A63. 

July  8.  Blair,  Francis  P.,  maj.-gen.  of 
vols.,  M.  C.  for  Mo.,  A.54. 

July  30.  Pickett,  George  Edward,  Confed. 
gen.,  led  Confed.  charge  at  Gettysburg,  A50. 

July  31.  Johnson,  Andrew,  M.  0.  for 
Tenn.,  Gov.,  senator,  Vice-President,  17th 
President,  A67. 

A.\is.  3.  Lewis,  Wiuslow,  physician,  medi- 
cal writer,  A76. 

AuB.  11.  Graham,  William  A.,  lawyer, 
senator  for  N.  C,  A75. 

Aue.  13.  Binney,  Horace,  lawyer,  M.  C. 
for  I'a.,  A95. 

Auk.  18.  Finney,  Charles  G.,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, president  of  Oberlin  College,  A83. 

Auk.  23.  Nutt,  Cyrus,  M.  E.  clergyman, 
educator,  A61. 

Sept.  8.  Lyon,  Caleb,  M.  C,  for  N.  Y., 
Gov.  of  Idaho,  traveler,  A.'iS. 

Sept.  14.  Lapham,  Increase  Allen,  natu- 
ralist, author,  A64. 

Sept.  16.  Kemble,  Gouverneur,  capitalist, 
A  89. 

Oct.  21.  Hudson,  Frederic,  joarnalist, 
N.  Y.  Herald,  A56. 

Oct.  29.    Walker,  Amasa,  M.  C.  for  Mass., 

professor  of  political  economy,  A76. 
Nov.  2.    Hackett,  Horatio  Balch,  Biblical 
scholar,  professor  ancient  languages,  A67. 

Nov.  22.    Wilson,     Henry,     senator     for 

Mass.,  18th  Vice-President,  A63. 
Nov.  24.    Astor,  ■William  B..  merchant, 

capitalist,  A83. 
Dec.  2.     Harris,   Ira,   jurist,   senator   for 

N.  Y.,  A73. 
Dec.  9.    Browne,  J.  Ross,  traveler,  writer, 

A58. 
Dec.  27.    Richardson,  William  Alexander, 
JI.  C.  lor  lU.,  Gov.,  senator  for  Neb.,  AW. 


CHURCH. 

1875  Mar.  12.  II.  It  is  announced  that 
Archbishop  John  McCloskey  of  New 
York  has  been  created  a  cardinal,  the 
first  in  North  America. 

Apr.  28.  O.  Thomas  Augustus  Jagger 
is  consecriited  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Southern  Ohio. 

May  23.  If.  Va.  John  Joseph  Kain  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
West  A'irginia. 

June  5.  A'cto  York.  Tlie  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

July  19-22.  London.  A  Pan-Presby- 
terian Congress  is  held ;  about  50 
bodies  are  represented  ;  an  *'  Alliance  of 
Presbyterian  Churches  "  is  formed. 

Oct.  21.  Mich.  The  Michigan  Confer- 
ence of  Unitarian  and  other  Christian 
churches  is  organized  at  Jackson. 

Oct.*  Xew  York.  The  first  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Church  Congress  (Protestant 
Episcopal)  is  held. 

Nov.  11.  The  Illinois  Conference  of 
Unitarian  and  other  independent  socie- 
ties is  organized  at  Bloomington. 

Nov.  21.  Phila.  Moody  and  Sankey  be- 
gin revival  meetings  in  tlie  old  freight 
depot,  13th  and  Market  Streets. 

Dec.  6.  //(.  William  Edward  McLaren 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Illinois. 

Deo.  15.  Wis.  John  Henry  Hobart 
Brown  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

Dec.  21.  Armn.  John  Ireland,  bishop 
of  St.  Paul,  is  promoted  to  the  archbish- 
opric. 

Dec.  17.  N.Mex.  William  Forbes  Adams 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  New  Mexico. 

»  *  Cal.  The  California  Chinese  Mission 
is  organized  by  the  General  Association 
of  the  Congregational  Churches  of  Cali- 
fornia as  auxiliary  to  the  American  Mis- 
sionary Association. 

*  *  Cal.  Tlie  Women's  Baptist  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  of  the  'West 
is  organized. 

*  *  Kij.  The  Annual  Convention  of  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  is  held  at  Louis- 
ville ;  Isaac  Errett,  president.  The 
Foreign  Christian  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  organized  at  Louisville. 

*  *  Kij.  Tlie  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized. 

»  *  Mass.  The  Worcester  Congregational 
Club  is  formed. 

*  *  Me.  James  A.  Healy  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Portland. 

»  •  Me.  The  Maine  Unitarian  Associa- 
tion is  incorporated. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  Santa  Fe  is  created  a 
Roman  Catholic  archiepiscopal  see. 

*  »  Mich.  The  North  Michigan  Confer- 
ence (Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  •  Keb.  The  Nebraska  Eldership 
(Church  of  God)  is  organized. 

»  *  The  Woman's  Association  of  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ  is  organ- 
ized for  mission  work. 


LETTERS. 
1875   Mar.  13.    Phila.    The  Daily  Timet 

is  issued. 

Aug.  24.  Va.  The  colored  people  hold 
an  educational  convention  at  Rich- 
mond. 

Dec.  20.  The  Chicago  Daily  A'ews  is 
issued. 

*  *  Boston.    The  Golden  Rule  is  issued. 

*  *  Boston .  Joseph  Cook  begins  the  Bos- 
ton Monday  Lectures. 

*  *  III.  Chaddock  CoUege  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Quincy. 

*  *  Md.  The  Baltimore  Morning  Herald 
is  first  issued. 

*  *  Mass.  Smith  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Northampton. 

*  *  Mass.  Wellesley  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Wellesley. 

*  *  Mo.  Park  College  (non-sect.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Parkville. 

*  *  New  York.  The  newspapers,  led  by 
the  Times,  drive  the  Government  into 
action  against  the  Whisky  Ring. 

*  *  O.  Ashland  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Ashland. 

*  *  O.  Hebrew  Union  College  (Jewish) 
in  Cincinnati,  is  organized. 

*  *  Birds  and  Poets,  by  John  Burroughs, 
appears. 

*  *  Ceramic  ^r«,  by  William  Phipps  Blake, 
appears. 

»  •  Phila.    The  Daily  Call  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1875  Mar.  4.  Kan.  The  Legislature 
passes  an  Act  providing  for  the  issue  of 
S93,000  State  bonds  to  supply  grain 
and  seed  to  destitute  citizens. 

Mar.  18.  Phila.  The  Penn  Club  is  or- 
g.anized. 

Mar.*  Utah.  The  courts  condemn  Brig- 
ham  Yovmg  to  support  one  of  his  wives 
while  she  sues  for  divorce.  [He  is  im- 
prisoned in  his  own  house  for  non-com- 
pliance with  the  mandate.] 

Apr.  5.  Mass.  The  Legislature  repeals 
the  prohibitory  liquor  law. 

Apr.  20.  A  mutiny  breaks  out  on  board 
tlieschooner  Jefferson  Borden :  two  mates 
are  murdered,  but  the  outbreak  is  finally 
suppressed  by  the  captain. 

Apr.  *  Xeio  York.  A  civil  suit  ic  begun 
against  William  M.  Tweed  to  recover 
SG,198,950  of  the  city's  money  embezzled 
by  him. 

[June  22.  Tweed  is  disch.arged,  be- 
cause confined  on  a  cumulative  sen- 
tence ;  he  is  rearrested  on  an  old  indict- 
ment.] 

May  1.  D.  C.  The  whisky  frauds  in 
the  Western  States  are  exposeil ;  the 
loss  to  the  government  by  corruption  is 
placed  at  81,650,000.    (See  State.) 

May  12.  Chicago.  The  9th  National  En- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held ;  Gen.  John  F.  Har- 
trantt  of  Pa.,  commander-in-chief. 
June  3.  Chicago.  The  National  Tem- 
perance Convention  meets. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1875,  Marl.-**      289 


June  16,  17.  Boston.  The  100th  anni- 
versary of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Kill  Is 
celebrated. 

July  4.  S.  C.  Citizens  at  Hamburg  are 
incensed  against  a  colored  militia  com- 
pany for  the  alleged  offense  of  blocking 
the  highway.  [July  9.  The  negroes 
are  attacked  by  white  citizens  ;  five  are 
killed  and  many  wounded.] 

July  5.  Pa.  The  "Molly  Maguires" 
shoot  and  kill  a  policeman  of  Tamaqua. 

July  *  The  Indian-ring  scandal  is  dis- 
closed by  Prof.  Marsh,  He  reports  to 
the  President  the  corrupt  and  fraudu- 
lent conduct  of  the  officials  employed  to 
deal  with  the  Indians. 

Aug.  1-Oct.  1.  Mass.  A  long-continued 
strike  of  15,000  cotton  mill-hands 
against  a  reduction  of  wages  occurs  at 
Fall  River,  but  the  operatives  finally 
yield,  and  return  to  work. 

Aug.  24.  Va.  A  colored  educational 
convention  meets  at  Richmond. 

Sept.  1-4.  ^fiss.  Riots  occur  between 
the  officers  and  the  people  at  Yazoo  City 
and  Clinton. 

Sept.  1.  Pa.  •*  Molly  Maguires"  mur- 
der two  miners  at  Raven  Run.  [Sept  3. 
John  P.  Jones  at  Lansford.] 

STATE. 

1875  Mar,  1.  D.  C.  The  President  ap- 
proves the  stringent  amendment  to  the 
Civil  Rights  Act ;  its  aim  is  to  prevent 
discrimination  against  negroes  by  com- 
mon carriers,  theater  managers,  inn- 
keepers, and  others. 

Mar.  2.  Colorado  Territory  is  organ- 
ized. [July  I.  The  people  ratify  the 
State  Constitution.] 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  restores  the 
10  per  cent  reduction  in  duties,  in- 
creases duties  on  sugars,  increases  the 
internal  revenue  tax  on  tobacco,  snuff, 
and  cigars,  and  raises  the  rate  on  dis- 
tilled spirits  from  70  to  90  cents^  to  pre- 
vent an  impending  deficiency  in  the 
treasury.  It  appropriates  $5,200,000  for 
the  improvement  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Mississippi  by  the  construction  of  jet- 
ties. 

It  passes  a  supplementary  Immigra- 
tion Act;  authorizes  the  coinage  of 
20-cent  silver  coins,  and  provides  for 
making  a  part  of  the  Island  of  Macki- 
nac, Michigan,  a  national  park. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  The  43d  Congress 
ends. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets  in 
special  session  at  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent (issued  Feb.  17).  [It  closes  Mar. 
24.] 

Apr.  14.  La.  The  claims  of  contending 
candidates  for  the  Legislature  are  sub- 
mitted to  a  Congressional  committee 
for  adjustment. 

May  4.  Fla.  The  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  are  ratified  by  the  people 
at  a  special  election. 

May  15,  I).  C.  George  H.  'Williams, 
Attorney-General,  resigns. 


May  25.  P.  I.  There  being  no  choice 
of  governor  in  the  State  election,  ttie 
Legislature  elects.  Vote  :  Henry  Iiip- 
pitt,  70  ;  Mr.  Hazard,  3C. 

May*  y>.  C.  Secretary  Bristow  makes 
a  secret  investigation  of  the  Whisky 
King ;  it  has  defrauded  the  Government 
of  internal  revenue  taxes  on  distilled 
liquors.  [Indictments  are  brought 
against  238  persons  ;  31,650,000  has  been 
defrauded  the  Treasury  in  10  months.] 
(See  Society.) 

May  29.  D.  C.  President  Grant's  letter, 
declining  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  third 
term  in  the  presidency,  is  published. 

Jime  30.  ir.  S.  Statistics  for  1875.  Rev- 
enue: Customs,  §157,167,722;  internal 
revenue,  S110,007,4i>i;  sules  of  public 
lands,  $1,413,640 ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold  coin,  $3,979,280;  miscella- 
neous items,  $15,431,915.  Total  revenue, 
$288,000,051 ;  excess  of  revenue  over  or- 
dinary expenditures,  $13,376,658.  Ex- 
penditures: Miscellaneous  items,  $71,- 
070,073;  War  I>ep't.  .541,120,646;  Navy 
Dep't,  $21,497,626;  Indians,  $8,384,057; 
pensions,  $29,456,216;  interest  on  the 
public  debt.  $103,093,546.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  274,62.3,393 ;  public  debt* 
$2,232,284,531.  Kxports,  $513,442.711 ;  im- 
ports, $533,005,436. 

July  *  Green  Island,  a  notorious  resort 
for  outlaws,  near  Kvansville,  is  declared 
the  property  of  Kentucky  by  a  commis- 
sion appointed  by  the  Legislatures  of 
Indiana  and  Kentucky. 

Sept.  5.  Tex.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Austin.  [Feb.  17,  1876. 
The  people  ratify  the  new  Constitu- 
tion.] 

Sept.  6.  Ala.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Montgomery. 

N.  C.    A  Constitutional  Convention 

assembles  at  Raleigh.  [The  people  ratify 
the  new  Constitution.  Vote,  122,912- 
108,829.] 

Sept.  7.  N.  J.  The  people  ratify  the  28 
amendments  to  the  State  Constitution. 

Sept.  22.  D.  C.  Columbus  Delano  of 
O.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  resigns. 

Oct.  2.  Conn.  The  Constitution  is 
amended. 

Oct.  12.  Neh.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution. 

Oct.  19.  />.  C.  Zachariah  Chandler 
of  Mich,  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Interior. 

Oct.  30.  Mo.  The  new  Constitution  is 
ratified  by  the  people.  Vote,  90,000- 
14,362. 

Nov.  2.  Minn.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  of  the  Constitution  permit- 
ting female  suffrage  in  the  election  of 
school  ofiicers  (male  or  female),  and  re- 
specting school  questions. 

Nov.  7.  New  York.  William  H.  "Wick- 
ham  is  elected  the  79th  mayor. 

Nov.  16.  Ala.  The  new  State  Consti- 
tution is  ratified.    Vote,  95,672-.3O,0M. 

Nov.  22.  D.  C.  Thomas  W.  Ferry  of 
Mich.,  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate,  becomes  acting  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  on  the  death 
of  Henry  Wilson.  [Dec.  20.  He  is  re- 
elected.] 


*  *  O.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes  is  again 

reelected  Governor. 

Dec.  6.  B.C.  Congress;  House: 
Michael  C.  Kerr  (Dem.)  of  Ind.  is 
elected  Speaker,  against  J.  G.  Blaine 
(Kep.)ofMe.  Vote,  173-106.  Democrats 
control  the  House  for  the  first  time 
since  1859. 

Congress;  Senate:  !Ez-Fresident 
Johnson  returns  as  Senator  from  Ten- 
nessee. 

Dec.  7.  -O.  C.  President  Grant  recom- 
mends nonsectarian  and  compulsory 
education,  in  his  message  to  Congress. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875  Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  centennial 
of  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord 
is  celebrated. 

Apr,  28.  ^'^s.  A  fire  in  Oshkosh  bums 
property  worth  $2,000,000, 

May  27.  Mass.  Fire  breaks  out  in  the 
French  Catholic  Church  at  Holyoke ;  75 
deaths  are  caused  by  a  panic. 

June  10.  N.  v.  The  direct  cable  is 
completed,  connecting  New  York  with 
Newfoundland  and  the  Irish  coast. 

Julys.  Mass.  The  centennial  of  Wash- 
ington's assumption  of  command  of  the 
army  is  celebrated  at  Cambridge. 

July  18.  Chicago.  W.  J.  Donaldson,  an 
aeronaut,  makes  an  ascension,  and  is 
lost  in  a  storm  on  Lake  Michigan. 

Aug.  25.  Cat.  The  Bank  of  California 
of  San  Francisco  suspends  because  of 
unsuccessful  speculations. 

Sept.  1.  New  York.  The  new  post- 
office  at  Broadway  and  Park  Row  is 
occupied. 

Sept.  16.      U.  S.     The   system    of   fast 

mail  trains  is  introduced. 
Oct.  26.    Nev.    Virginia  City  is  destroyed 

by  fire.     Several  lives  and  $4,000,000  in 

property  are    lost ;    10,000  persons   are 

made  homeless. 
Nov.  4.    Tlie  steamship  Pacific,  running 

between  Portland  and  San   Francisco, 

founders ;  200  deaths. 

Nov.  9.  Tex.  OS  Galveston  Bar  the 
steamship  City  of  Waco  burns ;  nearly 
70  deaths. 

Nov.  23.  Mo.  A  convention  meets  at 
St.  Louis  to  take  action  relative  to  the 
construction  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad ;  869  members  present. 

Nov.  *  Phila.  The  Market  Street  bridge 
is  burned.    Rebuilt  in  21  days. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1875.  Cur- 
rency in  circulation,  $754,101,iM7 ;  per 
capita,  $17.16;  Production:  gold,  33,- 
467,856;  silver,  $31,727,560.  Cotton, 3,832,- 
991  bales  ;  barrels  of  petroleum,  121,625,- 
146.  Immigrants  (fiscal  year),  227,498. 
Fire  waste,  $78,102,285;  insurance,  $39,- 
325,400. 

*  *-78*  *  Boston.  Anaqueduct  is  built, 
supplying  Boston  with  water  from  the 
Sudbury  River. 


290     1875,  **-1876,  MaylO. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1876*  *  Wy.  —  Mont.  "War  with  the 
Sioux  Indians  is  caused  by  the  "  white 
man"  breaking  the  treaty  with  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  by  appropriating  Indian 
lands  in  gold-seeking  regions.  The 
Sioux  Indians  burn  houses,  steal  the 
stock  of  settlers,  and  murder  those  who 
oppose  them. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1875  *  *  The  American  Neurological 
Association  is  organized,  also  the 
American  Gynecological  Society,  the 
Association  of  Medical  Officers  of 
American  Institutions  for  Idiotic  and 
Feeble-Minded  Persons,  Association  of 
American  Medical  Colleges,  Ameri- 
can Dermatological  Association,  and 
the  American  Academy  of  Medicine. 

*  •  N.  Y.  The  Powers  Art  Gallery  of 
Rochester  is  established. 

*  *  N.  Y.  Homer  D.  Martin,  John  B. 
Bristol,  Charles  H.  Miller,  and  Charles 
Calverley  of  New  York,  and  L.  G.  Sell- 
stedt  of  Buffalo,  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Besign. 

*  *  O.  Charles  Brush  of  Cleveland  in- 
vents a  successful  dynamo  and  arc- 
light  lamp. 

*  *  R.  I.  Moses  G.  Farmer  of  Newport 
succeeds  in  making  incandescent 
lights  with  platinum  and  iridium  wire. 

*  *  Steamer  Panther  among  Icebergs  in 
Melville  Bay  under  the  Light  of  the  Mid- 
night Sun  is  painted  by  William  Brad- 
ford. 

*  *  France  is  painted  by  J.  A.  Brown. 

*  *  Valley  of  Kern's  River  is  painted  by 
Albert  Bierstadt. 

*  »  Trout  Brook  is  painted  by  J.  W.  Casi- 
lear. 

*  •  A'eewe  Valley  is  painted  by  A.  C.  Shaw. 

1876  Feb.  21.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid 
Una  is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters. 
[Lorely,  Aug.  10;  Bhodope,  Aug.  17; 
Urda,  Aug.  29.] 

Peb.  26.  Phila.  The  Pennsylvania  Mu- 
seum and  School  of  Industrial  Art  is 
incorporated. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  A  statue  of  Lincoln,  by 
John  Q.  A.  Ward,  is  unveiled  in  Lincoln 
Park,  Washington,  as  a  memorial  of 
emancipation  ;  the  contributions  of 
freedmeu  erect  it. 

Apr.  18.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Athol  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson.  [And 
Sibylla  on  Sept.  18th.] 

May  2.  Phila.  The  Academy  of  Natu- 
ral Sciences  is  opened. 

May  10.  Boston.  Prof.  Bell  exhibits 
and  explains  his  method  of  transmitting 
speech  by  electricity.  [Later  he  ex- 
hibits his  telephone  at  the  Centennial 
Exhibition  ;  he  uses  an  iron  diaphragm.] 

Phila.    The  Corliss  engine,  of  1,400 

horse  power,  and  weighing  700  tons,  sets 
in  motion  the  machinery  of  the  Centen- 
nial Exhibition.  It  attracts  much  at- 
tention because  of  its  immense  size  and 
silent  movement. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1876. 

Jan.  3.  CllfTord,  John  Henry,  lawyer, 
Gov.  Mass.,  pres.  overseers  of  Harvard, 
A67. 

Jan.  9.  Howe,  Samuel  Grldley,  surgeon  for 
the  blind,  philanthropist,  of  Boston,  A7.5. 

Jan.  10.  Granger,  Gordon,  maj.-gen. vols., 
col.  U.  S.  A.,  .V55. 

Jan.  14.  Sears,  Kdmund  Hamilton,  poet. 
Unit,  clergyman,  AUG. 

Feb.  7.  Stringliani,  Silas  Horton,  rear- 
adm.  tr.  S.  N.,  A78. 

Feb.  8.  Cushinan,  Charlotte  .Saunders,  ac- 
tor, singer,  dramatic  reader.  Alio. 

Feb.  10.  Johnson,  Reverdy,  senator  for 
Md.,  atty.-gen.,  minister  to  Kngland,  A80. 

Feb.  17.  Buehnell.  Horace.  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, autlior,  theologian,  educator,  A74. 

Feb.  27.  Horsley,  Charles  Kdward,  musi- 
cian, composer,  A54. 

Mar.  11.  Robinson,  William  Stevens,  Jour- 
nalist, "  Warrington,"  A68. 

Mar.  83.  Kedlleld,  Isaac  Fletcher,  Jurist, 
author,  A72. 

Apr.  7.  Olden,  Charles  Smith,  merchant. 
Got.  of  N.  J.,  A77. 

Apr.  10.  Stewart,  Alex.  Turney,  mer- 
chant, of  N.  Y.,  A73. 

Apr.  16.  I'olk,  Trusten,  lawyer.  Gov.,  sen- 
ator for  Mo.,  Confederate  otlicial,  A66. 

Apr.  17.  Brownson.  Orestes  Augustus. 
Pres.,  Unit.,  I'niv.,  Rom.  Cath.  clergyman, 
editor  (Quarterly  Jieview,  A73. 

May  3.  Sprague,  William  liuell,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, autlior,  A81. 


CHURCH. 

1875  *  *  O.  The  German  Augsburg  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  of  Ohio  and  ad- 
jacent States  is  organized.  The  General 
Assembly  (United  Presbyterian)  meets 
at  Wooster;  W.  W.  Barr,  moderator. 
The  General  Assembly  (Presbyterian) 
meets  at  Cleveland ;  E.  D.  Morris,  mod- 
erator. The  (Protestant  Episcopal)  dio- 
cese of  Southern  Ohio  is  organized.  The 
Cleveland  Congregational  Club  is  formed 
in  Cleveland. 

*  *The  German  Baptist  Brethren's 
Church  begins  foreign  mission  work 
in  Denmark. 

*  *  Md.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Baltimore. 

»  *  N.J.  Henry  Boehm,  a  centenarian 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and 
companion  of  Bishop  Asbury,  the  organ- 
izer of  American  Methodism,  dies. 

He  preaches  a  sermon  before  the  New- 
ark Annual  Conference  when  he  is  100 
years  old. 

*  *  Free  and  Open  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) Church  Association  is  organized. 

*  •  Pa.  The  Eoman  Catholic  diocese  of 
Philadelphia  is  erected  an  archdiocese. 

*  *  Philadelphia  is  created  a  Eoman 
Catholic  archiepiscopal  see ;  the  bish- 
ops of  Pittsburg,  Harrisburg,  Erie, 
Scranton,  and  Wilmington  are  suffra- 
gans to  it. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held. 

*  •  Wis.  Milwaukee  is  created  a  Roman 
Catholic  archiepiscopal  see;  bishops 
of  Green  Bay,  La  Crosse,  Marquette, 
aud  St.  Paul  are  suffragans  to  it. 

*  *  The  Theosophical  Society  is  advo- 
cated by  Madame  Blavatsky  of  Russia, 
and  Col.  Olcott,  an  American. 

They  teach  universal  brotherhood, 
and  commend  the  study  of  Eastern 
philosophy. 

*  •  The  mission  work  of  the  Associate 
Reformed  Presbyterian   Synod   of   the 


South  begins  by  sending  a  missionary 
to  Egypt. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Executive  Committee 
of  Home  Missions  plants  its  first 
Christian  school  among  the  Indians  of 
New  Mexico  and  Alaska. 

*  *  The  "Woman's  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Reformed  Church  of 
America  is  organized. 

1876  Feb.  24.  William  Rufus  Nichol- 
son is  consecrated  (Reformed  Episcopal) 
bishop. 

Mar.  25.  The  Home  Mission  Board 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (North) 
sends  out  its  first  missionaries  to  the 
American  Indians. 

Apr.  6.  The  Congregational  Association 
of  Alabama  is  organized. 

May  1-31.  Md.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal)  meets  at 
Baltimore ;  fraternal  messengers  are 
received  from  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South. 

The  Austin,  Central  Alabama,  Central 
Illinois,  Eiist  Ohio,  India,  Montana, 
Southern  California,  Southern  German, 
and  Savannah  Conferences  are  formed. 

LETTERS. 

1875  •  *  Tenn.  The  Peabody  Normal 
College  is  opened  at  Nashville. 

*  *  Tenn.  Southwestern  University 
(Bapt.)  is  organized  at  Jackson,  and 
opened. 

*  »  Tenn.  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
University  is  organized  at  Clarkviile. 

*  *  Tenn.  Vanderbilt  University  (Meth. 
Epis.  South)  is  organized  at  Nashville. 
Formerly  called  the  Central  University. 
[It  is  endowed  by  Cornelius  Vanderbilt 
of  New  York  with  $1,000,000.] 

*  •  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
River  Falls  is  opened. 

*  *  Farm  Legends,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Florida,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hanging  of  the  Crane,  and  The 
Masque  of  Pandora,  by  Henry  "W. 
Ijongfellow,  appear. 

*  •  Happy  Dodd,  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  •  History  of  the  United  States  for  Chil- 
dren, by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  appears. 

»  •  Home  Pastorals,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  A  Lady  of  the  Aroostook,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Leisure-Day  Rhymes,  by  John  G.  Saxe, 
appears. 

*  •  Letters  and  Social  Aims,  by  Ralph 
"Waldo  Emerson,  appears. 

*  *  Mabel  Martin,  by  John  Greenleaf 
"Whittier,  appears. 

*  »  The  Nev)  Day,  by  Richard  Watson 
Gilder,  appears. 

*  *  A  Norseman's  Pilgrimage,  by  Hjalmar 
Hjorth  Boyesen,  appears. 

*  »  Playing  the  Mischirf,  by  J.  W.  De 
Forest,  appears. 

*  •  Poetic  Studies,  by  Elizabeth  Stiuart 
Phelps,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.         1875,  *  *-1876,May  10.    291 


*  *  Roderick  Hudson,  by  Henry  James, 
appears;  also  Transatlantic  Sketches. 

*  *  Tales  of  the  Argonauts,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  ♦  The  i'^ictorian  Poets,  by  Edmund  Clar- 
ence Stedman,  appears. 

*  •  Young  Folks'  History  of  the  United 
StateSy  by  T.  "W.  Higgiuaou.  apx>ears. 

*  *  Memoirs,  by  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Ship  in  the  Desert,  by  Joaquin  Miller, 
appears. 

*  *  We  and  Our  Neighbors,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Castle  Nowhere^  by  C.  F.  Woolson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  From  Jest  to  Earnest,  by  E.  P.  Roe, 
appears. 

1876  Feb."  22.  Md.  Daniel  C.  Oilman 
is  installed  president  of  Johna  Hopkins 
University. 

SOCIETY. 

1875  *  *  Boston,  Jesse  Pomeroy,  the 
boy  murderer,  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  the  murder  of  Horace  W.  Mil- 
ieu, on  Apr.  22,  1874.  Three  other  vic- 
tims are  alleged  to  have  been  killed. 

*  *  Chicago.  Day  schools  for  the  deaf 
are  opened. 

*  *  Mass.  The  prohibitory  statute  is 
repealed. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a  com- 
pulsory education  bill, 

*  *  Keb.  Tlic  Legislature  authorizes  the 
sale  of  550,000  in  State  bonds  for  the  re- 
relief  of  citizens  suffering  from  lo- 
custs and  the  failure  of  the  crops, 

*  •  N.  r.  The  Baptist  Home  for  the 
Aged  of  Brooklyn  is  founded. 

*  *  ^Vew;  York.  The  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Cruelty  to  Children  is  in- 
corporated. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Society  of  the  Sons 
of  the  Kevolution  is  organized;  its 
object  is  to  keep  alive  the  spirit  of  patri- 
otism, and  to  preserve  the  history  and 
fellowship  of  the  Revolution. 

*  •  O.  The  2d  "Woman's  National 
Temperance  Convention  meets  in 
Cleveland ;  Mrs,  Annie  Wittenmyer, 
president. 

*  *  Pa.  The  local-option  law  is  repealed. 

*  *Ii.I.  The  Legislature  repeals  the  con- 
stabulary prohibitory  law,  and  passes 
an  Act  to  regulate  and  restrain  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors. 

*  *  Tex.  The  State  Constitution  is  changed 
so  as  to  gruarantee  local  option. 

1876.  Jan.  1.  Phila.  The  beginning 
of  the  Centennial  year  is  appropri- 
ately celebrated. 

Jan.  13.  Neb.  Th©  State  institution  for 
the  blind  is  opened  at  Nebraska  City. 

J'an.  26.  Boston.  Extensive  forgeries  by 
E.  D.  "Winslow  are  discovered. 

Jan,  *  Wis.  The  application  of  Miss 
Zjavinia  Goodell  for  admission  to 
the  Wisconsin  bar  is  rejected  by  the 
Supreme  Court,  on  the  ground  of  in- 


compatibility, the  profession  being  un- 
fitted for  the  female  sex. 

Feb.  7.  Mo.  Gen.  O.  E.  Babcock,  pri- 
vate secretary  of  President  Grant,  is 
acquitted  of  complicity  in  the  whisky 
frauds. 

Mar.  8.  New  York.  A  verdict  is  given 
against  "William  M.  Tweed  in  the  great 
civil  action  ;  the  jury  decides  that  he 
must  refund  to  the  city  $6,537,117.38. 

Apr.  *  7*a.  Non-iinion  men  are  treated 
with  great  violence  by  union  miners ; 
much  property  is  destroyed  in  the  coal 
region. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Dom  Pedro,  Emperor  of 
Brazil,  and  the  Empress  Theresa,  are 
presented  to  the  President. 

May  9.  N.  Y.  Pasach  N.  Rubenstein, 
after  trial  in  Brooklyn,  is  sentenced  to 
be  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Sarah 
Alexander,  but  dies  in  jail. 

STATE. 

1875  ♦  *  Mo.  St.  Louis  has  its  boimda- 
ries  extended  by  the  new  Constitution, 
so  as  to  annex  40,000  acres,  having  17 
miles  of  river  front. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated. 
-77  •  *  Ark.    A.  H.  Garland. 
-79  *  *  Cal.    William  Irwin. 
-76  *  *  Colo.  (Ter.).    John  I.  Rouatt. 
-79  *  *  Del.    John  P.  Cochran. 
-76  *  •  Ida.  ( Ter.).    John  P.  Hoyt. 
-79  *  *  Ay.    James  B.  M'Creary. 
-77  *  •  Mo.    Charles  H.  Hardin. 
-79  *  •  Neb.    Silas  Garber. 
-77  *  *  N.H.    Person  C.  Cheney. 
-78  *  *  N.J,    Joseph  D.  Bedle. 
-77  *  *  N.  Y.    Samuel  J.  Tilden. 
-77  *  *  li.  /.     Henry  Lippitt. 
-77  *  *  S.  C.    Ban.  H.  Chamberlain. 
-79  *  *  Tenn.    James  D.  Porter. 
-80  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    George  W.  Emery. 

1876  Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House : 
The  Randall  Universal  Amnesty  BUI 
fails  to  receive  a  two-thirds  vote.  Vote, 
175-97.  Republicans  oppose  granting 
amnesty  to  Jefferson  Davis,  Robert 
Toombs,  and  Jacob  Thompson. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress  appropriates 
$1,500,000  in  aid  of  the  Centennial  Exhi- 
bition.   (See  Miscellaneous.) 

Feb.  18.  Wis.  The  Legislature  modifies 
the  severity  of  the  Potter  Xiaw. 

Feb.  23.  Ala.  The  governor  approves 
the  Act  to  fund  the  State  debt  at  a 
lower  rate  of  interest. 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Gen.  O.  E.  Babcock, 
the  President's  private  secretary,  resigns 
his  office  after  acquittal.  (See  Society, 
Feb.  7.) 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  resolution  to  impeach  Secre- 
tary Belknap  for  selling  official  places 
in  the  Navy  Department;  he  resigns  a 
few  hours  later. 

Mar.  4.  Z>.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Ar- 
ticles of  impeachment  are  presented 
against  Ex-Secretary  Belknap. 

Kan.    The  Legislature  passes  an  Act 

abolishing  all  restriction  of  the  fran- 
chise as  to  color. 


Mar.  28.  Miss.  Gov,  Adelbert  Ames, 
having  been  impeached,  resigns. 

Mar.  *  Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck,  min- 
ister to  England,  is  accused  of  compli- 
city in  the  Emma  Mine  frauds,  and 
resigns. 

Mar.*-May.  *  A  diplomatic  dispute 
with  England  occurs  in  relation  to  the 
rendition  of  Winslow,  an  American 
forger. 

Apr.  3.  Cal.  The  O'Connor  Bill  becomes 
a  law ;  three  commissioners  have  power 
to  regulate  the  condition  of  railroads 
when  necessary  for  public  safety. 

Apr.  5.  B.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  appointment  of  Charles  A. 
Dana  of  N.  Y.  as  minister  to  England. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  President  Grant  vetoes 
the  bill  reducing  the  presidential  sal- 
ary from  $50,000  to  $25,000,  as  it  stood  in 
1873;  the  bill  was  to  be  operative  after 
March  4,  1877. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
Grievances  of  Californians,  respecting 
the  immigration  of  Chinese,  are  pre- 
sented. 

May  4.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a  mes- 
sage from  the  President  in  relation  to 
his  absence  from  the  Capitol. 

May 5.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Ed- 
wards Pierrepont  of  N.  Y.  is  nomi- 
nated for  minister  to  England.  [Con- 
firmed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875  •  *  Cal.  The  Palace  Hotel  is  com- 
pleted at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  La.  Capt.  Eads  begins  his  work  of 
deepening  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
River  by  means  of  jetties. 

*  *  Md.  The  foundation  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  is  laid  at  Baltimore  ; 
endowment,  $4,500,000. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  liouis  acquires  three  public 
parks ;  Carondelet,  180  acres ;  Forest 
Park,  1,371  acres;  O'Fallon  Park,  158 
acres. 

*  *  New  York.  The  North  Dutch 
Church,  corner  of  Fulton  and  Williams 
Streets,  and  over  100  years  old,  is  de- 
molished. 

*  *  Ne^e  York.  The  railroad  tunnel 
through  Fourth  Avenue,  leading  to  the 
Grand  Central  Depot,  is  completed. 

*  *  Pa.  A  fire  sweeps  through  Osceola ; 
loss,  $2,000,000. 

1876.  Feb.  8.  Neto  York.  A  fire  in 
Broadway  consumes  30  buildings ;  total 
loss,  $3,000,000. 

May  10.  The  Centennial  Exhibition 
is  opened  at  Fairmoimt  Park,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Many  people  and  dignitaries  from  both 
hemispheres  are  present.  Gen.  Grant 
and  Dom  Pedro,  Emperor  of  Brazil, 
jointly  start  the  great  Corliss  engine, 
moving  all  the  machinery  :  $14,5(^,000 
are  invested  in  the  preparation  of  build- 
ings, grounds,  and  other  expenses ;  236 
acres  are  enclosed  in  the  grounds;  the 
main  building  is  1800  ft.  long  and  464  ft. 
wide,  the  area,  21.47  acres.  The  Ma- 
chinery Hall  is  1402  ft.  long  and  360  ft. 
wide. 


292     1876,  May  11-*  *. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1876  June  25.  Mont.  Gen.  Custer 
attacks  about  2,500  Indians  under  Sitting 
Bull,  in  a  ravine  on  the  Little  Big  Horn 
River ;  his  entire  command  is  outnum- 
bered, surrounded,  and  killed. 

Gen.  Reno,  in  charge  of  a  near-by 
force,  holds  his  own  until  reenforced  ; 
total  loss,  2()1  killed,  and  52  wounded. 

July*  Afotit.  Gen.  Sheridan  is  put  in 
command  of  the  expedition  against  the 
Sioux  Indians. 

Nov.  24.  Mont.  The  Sioux  are  se- 
verely defeated  by  the  4th  Regiment 
of  Cavalry,  under  Col.  McKenzie,  at  a 
pass  in  the  Big  Horn  Mountains. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1876  Aug.  2.  /).  C  Congress  appropri- 
ates $200,000  for  the  completion  of  the 
"Washington  Monument  at  the  na- 
tional Capital. 

Aug.  14.  ^f.  r.  The  first  wire  of  the 
Bast  River  Bridge  is  drawn  over. 

Sept.  6.  New  York.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Ijafayette  is  unveiled  in  Union  Square; 
it  is  the  gift  of  the  French  Republic  to 
the  city. 

•  *  Cal.  The  iLoring  musical  club  is  or- 
ganized at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  N.J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  establishes 
a  laboratory  at  Menlo  Park,  near  New 
Brunswick. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1876 

Kay  20.    Peck,  George,  M.  E.  clergyman, 

editor,  writer,  A79. 
June  21.    Neal,  John,  lawyer,  poet,  critic, 

miscellaneous  writer,  A83. 
June  25.     ('ust^T,  George  A.,  maj.-fren.  of 

cavalry,  killed  by  Sioux  Indians,  A37. 
June  26.     Cummins.  Qeor^e  David,  R.  E. 

bishop,  founder   of   Keformed  Episcopal 

Church,  A54. 
A.ug.  22.     I'erklna,  George   R.,   mathema- 
tician, astronomer,  A59. 
Sept.  14.     Davies,  Charles,  mathematician, 

professor  at  Columbia,  A78. 
Sept.  18.    .lanes,   Edmund  Storer,  M.  E. 

bishop,  A69. 
Sept.  27.    Braerg-,  Braxton,  capt.  U.  S.  A., 

Confederate  general,  A61. 
Oct.  1.    Lick,  James  A.,  merchant,  of  Cal., 

philanthropist,  founder  of  Lick  Observa- 
tory, A80. 
Oct.  18.     Itlair,  Francis  Preston,  journaliat, 

senator  for  Mo.,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 

Republican  party,  A85. 
Oct.  28.    .lacobus,    Melancthon   W.,   Pres. 

clergyman,  author,  A60. 
I>ec.  17,    IJartlett,  William  Francis,  officer 

U.  S.  vols.,  A36. 
Dec.  24.     Tufts,    Charles,    manufacturer, 

donor  of  Tufts  College,  A  95. 
Nye,   James    Warren,  lawyer,   orator, 

Gov.,  sen.  for  Nev.,  brig.-gen.,  A77. 
Dec.  28.     Meek,  Fielding  Bradford,  paleon- 
tologist, A59. 
Dec.  29.    Hliss,    Philip   Paul,    evangelist, 

poet,  composer,  A38. 


CHURCH. 

1876  June  9.  Phila.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

July  17.  Edward  Cridge  and  Samuel 
Fellows  are  consecrated  (Reformed 
Episcopal)  bishops. 

Aug.  1  N.  J.  A  joint  commission  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South 
meets  at  Cape  May  to  consider  a  basis 
of  reconciliation  and  formal  fraternity  ; 


three  ministers  and  two  laymen  are  pres- 
ent from  each  Church. 

Revs.  R.  K.  Hargrave,  Edward  H. 
Myers,  Thomas  M.  Finney,  Messrs. 
Trusten  Polk,  and  David  Clopton  of  the 
South  meet  Revs.  John  P.  Newman,  M. 
M.  D'C.  Crawford,  E,  A.  Fuller,  Gen. 
Clinton  B.  Fisk,  and  Mr.  E.  1*.  Fancher 
of  the  North. 

Sept.  10.  Ja.  William  Stevens  Perry 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
ItiHhop  of  Iowa. 

Sept.  12-15.  K.  r.  The  National 
Unitarian  Conference  is  held  in 
Saratoga. 

Oct.  8.  Cal.  The  centennial  of  the 
establishment  of  the  Spanish  mission 
at  San  Francisco  is  celebrated. 

Oct.  0.  The  (Unitarian)  Ministers'  In- 
stitute first  meets. 

*  *  Alas.  Philip  Mackay,  an  Indian, 
starts  a  mission  at  Fort  Wrangel. 

*  *  Ala.  The  (Presbyterian)  Institute  for 
training  colored  ministers  is  opened  at 
Tuscaloosa. 

LETTERS. 

1876  July*  Phila.  An  International 
Educational  Congress  is  held. 

Aug.  17.  Phila.  The  Spelling  Reform 
Association  is  organized. 

Oct.  18.  Ore.  The  University  of  Ore- 
gon is  opened  at  Eugene  City. 

±  *  *  Ala.  An  act  is  passed  to  establish 
a  public  school  system. 

*  •  Boston,  Wide  Awake  magazine  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Boston.  A  Chinese  school  is  organized 
in  the  Mount  Vernon  Church. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Homeopathic  Medical 
College  is  opened. 

*  *  Fla.  Cookman  Institute  (Meth.  Epis. 
Colored)  is  established  at  Jacksonville. 

*  *  Ga.  Pio  Nono  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Macon. 

*  *  la.  Parsons  College  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Fairfield. 

*  •  Md.  Johns  Hopkins  University 
(non-sect.)  is  opened  at  Baltimore.  [Li- 
brary, 28,000  vols.] 

*  *  Md.  The  Peabody  Institute  Library 
is  founded  at  Baltimore.     [84,726  vols.] 

*  *  New  York.  Las  Novedades  (printed  in 
Spanish)  is  founded.  Pttck  is  founded. 
Tlie  Library  Journal  appears. 

*  *  O.  The  Ohio  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  Colleges  at  Columbus  are 
opened  under  control  of  the  State. 

*  *  O.  Rio  Grande  CoUege  (Free-will 
Bapt.)  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  National  Repository  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  issued  at  Cincinnati. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Blue  Mountain  Uni- 
versity (Meth.  Epis.)  is  organized  at 
Le  Grande. 

**  Phila.  The  Centennial  Medical  Con- 
gress is  held. 

*  •  Phila.  The  American  Catholic  Quar- 
terly appears. 

*  *  Tex.  The  State  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  at  College  Station 
opens. 


'  *  Va.  W,  W,  Corcoran  of  Washington 
gives  $55,000  to  the  University  of 
Virginia. 

*  Music  Teachers'  Ifational  Associa- 
tion is  organized. 

*  State  Normal  Schools  are  opened  at 
Cedar  Falls,  Tex.  ;  and  at  Philadelphia 
by  act  of  the  Legislature  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

*  Second  series  of  Among  My  Books,  by 
James  Russell  Lowell,  appears. 

■  *  Betty's  Bright  Idea,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Cloth  of  Gold,  by  T.  B.  Aldrich,  ap- 
pears ;  also  Floicer  and  Thorn. 

*  *  The  Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Ray 
Palmer  appears. 

*  *  Culture  of  Small  Fruits,  by  Edward 
Payson  Roe,  appears,  also  Near  ta 
Nature's  Heart. 

*  *  Gabriel  Conroy,  by  Bret  Harte,  ai>- 
pears. 

*  *  Hawthorne,  by  James  Thomas  Fields, 
appears. 

*  *  Philip  Nolan*s  Friends,  by  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  appears. 

*  *  Poems,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  appears. 

*  *  Tales  from  Two  Hemispheres,  by  H- 
H.  Boyesen,  appears  (in  book  form). 

*  *  That  Lass  o'  Lowries,  by  Frances 
Hodgson  Burnett,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1876  May  15.  N.  Y.  The  State  Sol- 
diers* Home  is  incorporated  at  Bath. 

June  26.  Phila.  The  World's  Convention 
of  Homeopathic  Physicians  opens. 

July  4.  Phila.  An  imposing  demonstra- 
tion celebrates  the  Centenary  of  the 
founding  of  the  Republic. 

July  9.  S.  C.  At  Hamburg,  whites  mas- 
sacre six  colored  mihtiamen  who  had 
joined  in  a  parade  on  the  4th  of  July. 

Aug.  *  N.  J.  The  State  opens  an  asylum 
for  the  insane  at  Morristown. 

Sept.  8.  Spain.  "William  M.  Tweed  is 
arrested  at  Vigo,  and  held  for  extradi- 
tion.   [Nov.  23.    Arrives  in  New  York.] 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y,  An  international  rifle 
match  is  concluded  at  Creedmoor  ;  the 
American  team  is  victorious. 

Sept.  17.  S.  C.  A  race  war  at  Aiken 
occurs  between  whites  and  blacks. 

Oct.  *  D.  C.  President  Grant  declines  to 
receive  a  Centennial  address  from  Irish 
Home  Rulers. 

Dec.  12,  /;.  C.  Senator  Henry  W.Blair 
introduces  a  resolution  in  the  Senate 
proposing  Federal  prohibition  of  the 
liquor  traffic. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Cruelty  to  Children  is  chartered. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  red  flag  is  carried  in 
the  parade  of  1500  armed  Communists. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  abolishes  the 
death  penalty. 

STATE. 

1876  May  11.  O.  Second  National 
Convention  of  the  Prohibition  party 


1 


I 


UNITED   STATES. 


1876,  May  11- 


293 


convenes  at  Cleveland  ;  it  nominates  as 

presidential    candidates    Green    Clay 

Smith  of  Ky.  and  G.  T.  Stewart  of  O. 

May  18.  Ind.  The  Greenback  National 

Convention  convenes  at  Indianapolis  ;  it 
iioniinates  Peter  Cooper  of  N.  Y.  and 
Newton  Booth  of  Cal.  as  presidential 
candidates.  [Samuel  F.  Cary  of  O. 
takes  the  place  of  Senator  Booth,  re- 
signed.] 

May  22.  D.  C.  Alphonso  Taft  of  O.  is 
appointed  attorney-general ;  he  resigns 
the  office  of  secretary  of  war. 

May  30.  R.  I.  The  Legislature  elects 
Henry  Iiippitt  (Rep.)  governor,  the 
people  having  failed  to  make  a  choice 
in  April. 

June  *  U.  S.  Many  Republicans  favor 
the  election  of  President  Grant  for 
a  third  term,  but  he  declines  to  be  a 
candidate. 

June  11.  O.  The  National  Republi- 
can Convention  assembles  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  Edward  M.  McPherson  of  Pa., 
president. 

A  spirited  contest  ensues  for  the  nomi- 
nation of  James  G.  Blaine  for  President. 
First  ballot:  James  Ct.  Blaine  of  Me., 
'285;  Oliver  P.  Morton  of  lud.,  124;  Ben- 
jamin H.  Bristow  of  Ky.,  113;  Roscoe 
Conkling  of  N.  Y.,  99;  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes  of  O.,  61;  John  P.  Hartranft  of 
Pa.,  58;  Marshall  Jewell  of  Conn.,  11; 
William  A.  Wheeler  of  N.  Y.,  3.  Neces- 
sarv  for  a  choice,  378.  Seventh  ballot: 
Hayes,  384;  Blaine,  351;  Bristow,  21. 
The  nomination  of  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 
is  declared  unanimous,  and  William  A. 
Wheeler  is  nominated  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Benjamin  H.  Bristow 
of  Ky.,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  resigns. 

June  27.  ^fo.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  assembles  at  St. 
Louis ;  John  A.  McClernand  of  111., 
president. 

First  ballot :  Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  N.Y., 
417  ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Ind.,  140 ; 
Winfield  S.  Hancock  of  Pa.,  75;  Wil- 
liam Allen  of  O.,  5(j;  Thos.  F.  Bayard 
of  Del.,  33;  Joel  Parker  of  N.  J.,  18. 
Necessary  for  a  choice,  4lHj.  On  the  sec- 
ond ballot  Samuel  J.  Tilden  receives 
535  votes,  and  his  nomination  is  declared 
unanimous.  [Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of 
Ind.  receives  tlie  unanimous  vote  of  the 
convention  for  Vice-President.] 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1876. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $148,071,985;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $1110,700,732;  direct  tax, 
.<;93,7!)0  ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1,129,467. 
premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  $4,029,281  ;  miscellaneous  items, 
Sn,4.">6,77C.  Total  revenue,  $287,482,039  ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  expen- 
ditures, $29,022,242.  Expenditures :  Mis- 
cellaneous items,  $06,958,374  ;  War  De- 
partment, $38.070,889 ;  Navv  Depart- 
ment. $18,903,310;  Indians,  $5,906,558; 
pensions,  $28.257,396 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $1(X>.243.271.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $258,459,797.  Public  debt, 
$2,180.;J95,007.  Exports,  $540,384,071 ;  im- 
ports, $400,741,190. 

July  7.    n.  a     Lot  M.  Morrill  of  Me. 

is  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury. 
July  11.     i>.  C.     MarshaU   Jewell  of 

Conn.,  postmaster-general,  resigns. 
Jtily  12.     /).  C.     James  N.  Tyner  of 

Ind.  is  appointed  postmaster-general. 
July  22.     D.  C.     Congre^   authorizes 

the  coinage  of  not  less  than  $10,000,000 

in  silver,  to  take  the  place  of  legal-tender 


notes ;  the  trade  dollar  ceases  to  be  a 
legal  tender. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
Colorado  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  38th  State. 

Congress ;  Senate :  The  Court  of 
Impeachment  fails  to  convict  ex- 
Secretary  W.  W.  Belknap  of  oflBcial 
corruption.  Vote,  35  guilty ;  25  not 
guilty.    (See  Mar.  2.) 

Aug.  2.  I).  C.  Congress  appropriates 
$200,000  for  the  completion  of  the 
"Washington  Monument  at  Washing- 
ton City. 

Aug.  15.  D.  a  The  44th  Congress : 
the  first  session  closes. 

Oct.  7.  S.  C.  Gov.  Chamberlain  issues  a 
proclamation  ordering  all  organizations 
to  disband  within  three  days;  the 
State  militia  is  alone  excepted.  [Presi- 
dent Grant  issues  a  like  proclamation 
Oct.  17.] 

Nov,  7.  The  23d  presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote :  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
(Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  4,284,885;  Rutherford 
B.  Hayes  (Rep.)  of  O.,  4,033,950;  Peter 
Cooper  (Greenback)  of  N.  Y.,  81,740; 
Green  Clay  Smith  (Prohib.)  of '  Ky., 
9,522:  James  B.  Walker  (American)  of 

111.,  li.fxjo. 

Nov.  8.  Both  parties  claim  the  electoral 
votes  of  Louisiana,  South  Carolina,  and 
Florida,  and  the  strife  between  them  is 
bitter. 

Nov.  15,  Ala.  The  Legislature  first 
meets  in  biennial  session  under  the  new 
Constitution. 

Nov.  22.  S.  C.  The  State  Board  of  Can- 
vassers gives  certificates  to  Republi- 
can presidential  electors;  members 
of  the  Legislature  from  Edgefield  and 
Laurens  Counties  are  refused  certifi- 
cates for  alleged  irregularities  in  their 
election. 

Nov.  28.  S.  C.  Two  Iiegislatures  are 
organized  —  Democrats  and  Republi- 
cans ;  the  Democrats  withdraw,  and  in 
a  public  hall  organize  their  body ; 
William  H.  Wallace,  speaker. 

*  *  All  the  Southern  States  are  Demo- 
cratic, and  the  freedmen  commonly 
have  all  their  rights  except  that  of 
voting. 

Dec.  4.  D.C.  The44th  Congress:  The 
second  session  opens.  Samuel  J.  Han- 
dall  (Dem.)  of  Pa.  Is  elected  Speaker. 
Vote,  Randall,  1G2 ;  James  A,  Garfield 
(Rep.)  of  O.,  82. 

Dec.  6.  (f.  S.  The  count  of  the  electoral 
vote  by  the  electors  reveals  a  close 
election.  The  returning  boards  give 
Hayes  (Rep.)  185  votes,  and  Tilden  (Dem.) 
184.  Much  dispute  and  great  excitement 
prevail. 

Dec.  7.  S.  C.  Daniel  H.  Chamberlain 
is  sworn  in  as  governor  after  he  lias 
been  declared  elected  by  the  Republican 
Legislature. 

Dec.  12,  S.  C.  "Wade  Hampton  is  de- 
clared to  be  elected  governor,  by  the 
speaker  of  the  Democratic  Legislature, 
after  counting  the  votes,  which  have 
been  certified  by  the  secretary  of  state. 


Dec,  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  House  :  J.  P. 
Knott  (Dem.)  reports  a  resolution  from 
the  Judiciary  Committee,  providing  a 
Committee  of  Seven,  to  act  with  a 
similar  committee  of  the  Senate,  in  pro- 
viding a  means  for  counting  the  elec- 
toral vote. 

Dec.  18,  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
also  appoints  a  Committee  of  Seven, 

The  Joint  Committee  —  Senators: 
George  F.  Edmunds  of  Vt.,  Frederick 
T.  Frelinghuysen  of  N.  »!.,  John  A. 
Logan  of  111.,  Oliver  P.  Morton  ol  Ind., 
Allen  G.  Thurman  of  O.,  Thomas  F. 
Bayard  of  Del.,*  and  Matt.  W.  Ransom 
of  N.  C*  Representatives  :  Henry  B. 
Payne  of  O.,*  Eppa  Hunton  of  Va..* 
Abram  S.Hewitt  of  N.  Y.,*  William  M. 
Springer  of  111.,*  George  W.  Cary  of  la., 
George  F.  Hoar  of  Mass.,  and  George 
Willard  of  Mich.  (Democrats  are  indi- 
cated by  stars.) 

Dec.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  amendment  to  its  bill  to  form 
a  territory  of  Pembina  from  the  north-. 
em  part  of  Dakota  [changing  the  name 
Pembina  to  Huron], 

Dec.+*  Fla.  Three  sets  of  electoral 
votes  are  sent  to  Congress. 

The  Republican  set  is  signed  by  Gov. 
Stearns;  the  Democratic,  by  the  attor- 
ney-general ;  the  Democratic  set,  au- 
thorized by  the  Legislature,  is  signed 
by  Gov,  Drew. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1876   JuneSO.  Immigrantsfortheyear, 

169,986. 

July  10.  The  Lake  steamer  St.  Clair 
burns  on  Lake  Superior;  27  persons 
missing. 

Aug.  11,  12,  The  Canadian  schooner 
yacht  Countess  of  Dufferin  sails  in  a 
race  for  the  America  cup,  and  is  beaten 
by  the  Afadeline. 

Alfred  Johnson,  in  57  days,  completes 

a  voyage  from  America  to  Abercastle, 
England,  in  the  Centennial^  a  boat 
20  feet  long. 

Sept,  24.  JVew  York.  Hallett's  Reef 
is  blown  up. 

Gen.  Newton  blows  up  Hallett's  Point 
Reef,  the  chief  obstruction  at  "  Hell 
Gate'*  in  the  East  River.  After  seven 
years  spent  in  tunneling  two  and  three- 
quarters  acres  of  area,  ten  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  rock,  3,080  charges 
of  dynamite  and  vulcanite  are  dis- 
charged from  the  shore  through  an  elec- 
tric wire,  by  the  young  daughter  of  Gen. 
Newton. 

Oct,  *  A  convention  of  governors  is  held 
at  Omaha  to  consider  the  grasshopper 
pest;  several  States  are  represented. 

Nov.  10.  Phila.  The  International 
Exhibition  closes ;  total  admissions, 
9,789,392 ;  '  average  daily  admissions, 
61,568;  receipts,  $3,813,749. 

Dec.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Theater 
takes  tire  during  a  performance  ;  a  panic 
ensues  ;  295  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  21.  />.  C  All  the  awards  in  pay- 
ment of  the  Alabama  Claims  are  made, 
and  about  $8,000,000  surplus  remaius. 

Dec.  29.  O.  A  train  drops  through  the 
Ashtabula  iron  bridge  to  the  water,  75 
feet  below ;  fire  follows,  and  more  than 
70  persons  perish. 


294     1876,  *  *-1877,  June  30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1877.  Jan.  6.  M(mt.  The  Sioux  Indi- 
ans are  overtaken  and  again  defeated 
by  Gen.  Miles;  they  scatter,  and  the 
Sioux  war  ends. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1876  *  *  H.  Vander  Weyde  succeeds  in 
making  electric  light  effectual  in 
photography. 

•  *  Neiv  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  Wil- 
liam H.  Seward  is  unveiled  in  Madison 
Square  Park. 

•  *  New  York.  William  Magrath  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  James  D.  Smillie  of 
New  York,  are  elected  members  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

•  *  The  Landsknecht  is  painted  by  Roth- 
ermel. 

•  ♦  Song  of  Summer  is  painted  by  Jervia 
McEntee. 

•  *  Autumn  is  painted  by  J.  W.  Casilear. 

•  *  Coast  of  Maine  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

•  *  Autumn  near  Stockbridge  is  painted 
by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

•  *  OjT/Ae  TrocA:  is  painted  by  J.  B.Irving. 

•  ♦  Studies  from  Nature  is  painted  by  A.  B. 
Durand. 

1877  Jan.  *  N.  J.  Edison  invents  the 
carbon  loud-speaking  telephone. 

Jan.  23.  Ind.  and  Ky.  A  brilliant  me- 
teor is  seen  at  several  points  ;  it  falls 
near  Cyntheana,  Ky.,  and  penetrates 
the  soil  about  a  foot ;  vreight  about  13 
pounds. 

Feb,  12.  Mass.  A.  Graham  Bell  exhib- 
its his  telephone  at  the  Essex  Insti- 
tute, Salem. 

Apr.  1.    Edison  invents  a  microphone. 

Apr.  11.  N.  Y.  Lewis  Swift  discovers 
the  third  comet  of  the  year,  at  Roches- 
ter ;  it  has  a  direct  motion. 

Apr.  *  Mass.  The  first  telephone  for 
business  purposes  is  erected  between 
Boston  and  Somerville  —  distance,  three 
miles. 

May  10.  Bost(m.  A.  Graham  Bell  de- 
scribes his  telephone  inventions  before 
the  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

May  16.  New  York.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Fitz-Greene  Halleck  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1877. 
Jan.  3.     Alwrcrombie,  John  J.,    brig.-gen. 

of  vols.,  A75. 
Jan.  4.    Vanderbilt,  Cornelius,  capitalist, 

of  N.  Y.,  A83. 
Jan.  8.    Caswell,  Alexis,  president  Brown 

University,  A78. 
Jan.   26.     Haines,   Daniel,   Gov.  of  N.  J., 

educationist,  AKO. 
Feb.  8.     Wilkes,  Charles,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 

N.,  A76. 
Feb.    16.      Bailey,    Theodoras,  rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  A75. 
Feb.    18.      Davis,    Charles   H.,   rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  author,  A70. 
Feb.  30.    Goldsborough,   Lewis  M.,   rear- 
adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A72. 
Feb.  21.    Katon,  Auios  B.,  brev.  maj.-gen., 

ATI. 
Mar.  1.    Hart,  Joel  T.,  sculptor,  A67. 
Mar.  26.    Uart,  John  Seely,  educationist, 

A67. 


Apr.  8.  Muhlenberg,  William  Augustus, 
P.  E.  clergyman,  poet,  A81. 

Apr.  14.   Sabine,  Lorenzo,  historian,  A74. 

May  11.  Lewis,  Taylor,  Greek  scholar, 
author,  A75. 

May  29.  Harper,  Fletcher,  one  of  the  four 
Hari>er  Brothers,  publislier,  A72. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop,  historian,  dip- 
lomat, A63. 

Juno  3.  EUet,  Elizabeth  F.,  author,  poet, 
A59. 

June  14.  Owen,  Robert  Dale,  M.  C.  for 
Ind.,  author,  A77. 

June  17.  Abbott,  John  Stev«n8  Cabot,  his- 
torian, A72. 

Pratt,  Daniel  D.,  lawyer,  senator  for 

Ind.,  A64. 


CHURCH. 

1876  *  •  The  (Roman  Catholic)  Prefec- 
ture Apostolic  of  the  Indian  Territory 
is  erected.       » 

*  *  The  Illinois  Conference  (African 
Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Synod  of  Mississippi  (N.  S. 
Presbyterian)  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  at  Buffalo. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Episcopal  Synod  of  the 
Pacific,  the  Synod  of  the  Northwest  and 
of  the  West  are  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Brooklyn  ;  H.  J. 
Van  Dyke,  moderator. 

It  enters  the  Alliance  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Reformed  Churches 
throughout  the  world  holding  the 
Presbyterian  system. 

*  •  The  modified  book  of  Common  Prayer 
is  issued  by  Dr.  Gregg  of  the  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  The  General  Synod  of  Wartburg 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Philadelphia ; 
James  Brown,  moderator. 

*  *  Va.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Richmond ; 
Isaac  Errett,  president. 

1877  Feb.  13.  Charles  Clifton  Penick 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Africa. 

May  1,  HI.  John  L.  Spalding  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Peoria. 

May  11,  Md.  Two  conventions,  repre- 
senting the  two  bodies,  meet  in  Balti- 
more, and  reunite  "the  Methodist" 
and  ''the  Protestant  Methodists** 
under  the  latter  title. 

May  13.  Fla,  John  Moore  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  St, 
Augustine. 

June  1.  O.  The  General  Convention  of 
the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Cincinnati. 

la.      An    association    of    Unitarian 

and  other  Independent  Churches  is  or- 
ganized at  Burlington. 

June  20.  Thomas  H.  Gregg  is  conse- 
crated (Reformed  Episcopal)  bishop. 

LETTERS. 

1876  •  *  Tfrni  Sawyer,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  Young  Folks*  Centennial  Hhymes,  by 
Will  Carleton,  appears. 


*  *  The  Unseen  World,  by  John  Fiske,. 
appears. 

*  *  My  Winter  on  the  Nile,  by  Charles 
Dudley  "Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Sights  aiid  Insights,  by  A.  D.  T.  Whit- 
ney, appears. 

*  *  National  Ode,  by  Bayard  Taylor,  ap- 
pears, also  The  Echo  Club,  and  The  Boys 
of  Other  Countries. 

*  *  Why  We  Laugh,  by  Samuel  Sullivan 
Cox,  appears. 

*  *  A  Study  of  Bawthome,  by  George 
Parsons  Lathrop,  appears. 

*  *  Rose  in  Bloom,  by  Louisa  May  Alcott, 
appears. 

*  *  My  Little  Love,  by  Marion  Harland, 
appears. 

*  *  Hans  Brinker,  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge, 
appears. 

*  •  Helen's  Babies,  by  John  Habberton» 
appears,  also  The  Barton  Experiment 
and  The  Jericho  Road. 

SOCIETY. 

1876  *  *  Mich.  The  State  Constitution 
is  so  amended  as  to  prohibit  any  act  of 
legislation  that  shall  authorize  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  beverages. 

*  *  N.J.  The  "Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  National  Con- 
vention at  Newark  ;  Mrs.  Annie  Witten- 
myer  is  elected  president. 

*  •  Md.  The  first  stone  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  is  laid  at  Baltimore ; 
its  endowment  of  $3,500,000  comes  from 
Johns  Hopkins  a  merchant  of  Baltimore. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime  is  founded ;  Howard 
Crosby,  D.D.,  president. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Baptist  Orphanage  is 
founded. 

The  10th  National   Encampment  of 

the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  is 
held  in  this  city;  Gen.  John  F.  Har- 
tranft,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  Wis.  The  St.  John's  Catholic  Deaf 
Mute  Institution  is  opened. 

*  *  Congress  prohibits  both  the  soliciting 
and  the  receiving  of  political  contribu- 
tions from  Government  employees. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Mutual  Benefit  Asso- 
ciation is  founded. 

*  *  The  United  Order  of  the  Golden 
Cross  is  founded. 

1877  Jan,  3.  N.  J.  The  centennial 
anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Princeton 
is  celebrated. 

Feb.  12.  Mass.  —  Me.  The  engineers  of 
the  Boston  and  Maine  road  strike  with- 
out notice  ;  the  strikers*  places  are  soon 
supplied  [and  they  are  not  taken  back]. 

Mar.  23.  The  Mormon  bishop,  J.  D. 
Lee,  is  shot  as  sentenced,  for  his  share 
in  the  Mountain  Meadows  massacre^ 
of  Sept.  18,  1857,  in  which  136  emigrants 
were  murdered. 

Apr.  1.  Fla.  The  State  prison  is  made 
an  insane  asyliun. 

Apr.  2.  R.  I.  A  school  for  the  deaf  i» 
opened  by  the  State,  at  Providence. 


UNITED   STATES.      1876,  ** -1877,  Jme  30.    295 


May  17.  Phila.  Gen.  Grant  starts  on 
his  journey  round  the  world. 

June  21.  Pa.  Ten  "Molly  Ma- 
guires,"  after  trial  and  conviction  for 
murder,  are  hanged.  The  conspirators 
are  subdued. 

June  23.  Doslon.  The  Supreme  Coun- 
cil of  the  Royal  Arcamim  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1878  •  *  D.  C.    Congress  places  the  tax 
on  distilled  spirits  at  90  cents  per  proof- 
gallon. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-70  »  •  Colo.    John  L.  Koutt. 
-80  *  *  Ma.  {  Ter.).    Mason  Brayman. 
-78  *   *  In.    Samuel  .1.  Kirkwood. 
-79  *  *  Mass.    A  lexander  H.  Rice. 
-79*  *  Me.    Selden  Conner. 
-82  *  •  Minn.    John  S.  Pillsbury. 
-82  •  »  Miss.    John  M.  Stone. 
-78  •  •  X.  Mex.  (  Ter.).  Samuel  B.  Axtell. 

O.    Kutherford  B.  Hayes. 
-79  *  *  Pa.    John  F.  Hartranft. 
-79  •  *  Tex.    Richaril  Hubbard. 
-78  *  *  rt.    Horace  Fairbanks. 
-78  *  *  Wis.    Harrison  Ludington. 

1877  Jan.  8.  La.  There  are  two  gov- 
ernors and  two  Legislatures ;  the  Ee- 
publicans  regularly  inaugurate  S.  B. 
Packard  in  the  State-house,  and  the 
Democrats  install  Francis  T.  NichoUs 
in  a  public  hall. 

Jan.  9.  La.  ITie  State  offices  and  build- 
ings at  New  Orleans  are  surrendered  to 
the  Nicholls  party. 

Jan.  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Joint 
Committee  makes  a  report  favoring  a 
commission  for  counting  the  electoral 
vote. 

Jan  24.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  an  Electoral  Commission  Bill. 
Vote,  47-17.  (Yeas,  26  I>eni.,  and  21  Eep. ; 
nays,  10  Rep.,  and  I  Dem.) 

Jan.  25.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Electoral  Commission  Bill. 
Vote,  191-86.  (Yeas,  158  Dem.  and  33 
Rep. ;  nays,  68  Rep.  and  18  Dem.) 

lU.    David  Davis  (Dem.),  a  justice  in 

the  Supreme  Court,  is  elected  Senator. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  votes  on  Sen- 
ator Matthews'  concurrent  resolution 
on  the  Sliver  question.  Vote  :  Senate, 
34-22 ;  House,  189-79. 

Jan.  29.  f).  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Electoral  Commission  Act.  It  is 
to  coimt  the  electoral  votes,  and  to 
settle  all  questions  that  may  arise  con- 
cerning the  votes  of  Florida,  Louisiana, 
South  Carolina,  and  other  disputed 
States. 

Members  of  the  commission.  Jus- 
tices: Nathan  Clifford*  of  Me.,  Samuel 
K.  Miller  of  la.,  .Stephen  J.  Field*  of 
Cal.,  and  William  Strong  of  Pa.  [These 
select  the  fifth  member,  Joseph  P.  Brad- 
ley of  N.  J.]  Senators  :  George  F.  Ed- 
munds of  Vt.,  Oliver  P.  Morton  of  Ind., 
Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen  of  N.  J., 
Allen  G.  Thurman*  of  O.  (see  Feb.  2G), 
Thomas  F.  Bayard*  of  Del.  Represen- 
tatives: H.  B.  Payne*  of  Wis.,  Joseph 
G.  Abbott*  of  Mass.,  Eppa  Hunton*  of 
Va.,  J.ames  A.  Garfield  of  C,  George  F. 
Hoar  of  Mass.  Total,  seven  Democrats 
to  eight  Republicans.  (Democrats  are 
distinguished  by  a  star.) 


Jan.  31.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  Elec- 
toral Conunission  is  organized.  Emi- 
nent counsel  are  employed  on  both  sides. 

Feb.  7.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Elec- 
toral Commission  begins  the  investi- 
gation respecting  the  electoral  votes  in 
three  States. 

In  South  Carolina  two  bodies  claim  to 
he  the  Legislature.  One  giVea  the  vote 
to  Hayes  by  about  800  majority;  the 
other  gives  it  to  Tilden  by  a  somewhat 
smaller  majority.  In  Florida  both  par- 
ties claim  the  vote,  each  by  a  small  ma- 
jority. In  Oregon,  one  of  the  three 
Republican  electors  is  denied  a  certifi- 
cate by  the  Governor,  having  been  a 
postmaster  when  nominated  ;  the  Gov- 
ernor gives  one  electoral  certificate  to  a 
Democrat.  Revolution  and  civil  war  are 
freely  threatened. 

Feb.  9.  Z>.  C.  The  Electoral  Conunis- 
sion  awards  the  contested  vote  of  Flor- 
ida to  the  Republicans.  Vote,  8-7  —  8 
Republicans,  7  Democrats. 

Feb.  16.  n.  r.  The  electoral  vote  of 
Ix>uisiana  Is  awarded  to  the  Republi- 
cans, who  claim  that  the  Commission 
has  no  power  to  examine  into  returns 
made  in  due  form.    Vote,  8-7. 

Feb.  21.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  De- 
bate on  the  Bland  Silver  Bill  is  re- 
sumed. [The  Senate  changes  are  adopted 
later.] 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  removes  the 
political  disabilities  of  Gen.  Joseph  E. 
Johnston  of  Va. 

Feb.  26.  D.  C.  Senator  Thurman  being 
ill.  Senator  Francis  Kernan  of  N.  Y. 
takes  his  place  on  the  Electoral  Con3- 
mission. 

Feb.  27.  />.  r.  The  electoral  vote  of 
South  Carolina  is  awarded  to  the  Re- 
publicans.   Vote,  8-7. 

Mar.  2.  JJ.  C.  The  two  houses  of  Con- 
gress meet  in  joint  session,  and  confirm 
the  election  of  Hayes  and  Wheeler 
only  two  days  before  the  inauguration. 
Congress  removes  the  political  disabil- 
ities of  Gen.  John  S.  Marmaduke  of 
Mo. 
Congress  counts  the  electoral  vote. 
Vote  for  President:  Tilden,  184;  Hayes, 
185;  Smith  and  Walker,  0.  Vote  for 
Vice-President :  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
(Dem.)of  Ind.,  184;  William  A.  Wheeler 
(Rep.)  of  N.  Y..  1S.5;  Samuel  F.  Carey 
(Greenback) of  0..n;  Gideon  T.Stewart 
(Prohib.)  of  O.,  0  ;  D.  Kirkpatrick  (Amer. ) 
of  N.  v.,  0. 

Congress :  The  Monetary  Commis- 
sion (organized  Aug.  15,  1875)  makes  a 
report. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  House 
repudiates  the  decision  of  the  Electoral 
Commission  in  a  strong  resolution, 
which  declares  that  Samuel  .1.  Tilden 
and  Thomas  A .  Hendricks  both  received 
196  electoral  votes,  and  were  elected. 
Vote,  13G-88 ;  not  voting,  66. 
The  44th  Congress  ends. 
Rutherford  B.  Hayes  is  privately 
sworn  in  as  President  (.Saturday). 

Mar.  4.  /).  C.  Sunday  :  The  inaug:ura- 
tion  is  deferred  until  Monday. 

Tbe  23d  Administration:  liepubli- 
can. 


Mar.  5.    B.  C.    Rutherford  B.  Hayes 

of  0.  is  inaugurated  the  19th  President 
in  the  23d  term  of  the  presidency. 
WiUlam  A.  Wheeler  of  N.  Y.  is  Vice- 
I'resident. 

Cabinet :  "William  M.  Evarts  of  N.  Y. 
(State),  John  Sherman  of  O.  (Treas.), 
George  W.  MoCrary  of  la.  (War), 
Richard  "W.  Thompson  of  Ind.  (Navy), 
Carl  SchuTZ  of  Mo.,  (Interior),  Charles 
Devens  of  Mass.  (Atty.-Gen.),  David 
M.  Key  of  Tenn.  (P.  M.-Oen.). 

The  Senate  meets  in  special  session 
at  the  call  of  President  Hayes.  [.Ad- 
journs March  17.] 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  Both  claimants  to  the 
governorsliip  of  South  Carolina  visit 
Washington,  and  influenced  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes,  D.  H.  Chamberlain  with- 
draws his  claim. 

Apr.  21.  La.  The  Packard  Iiegisla- 
ture  (Rep.),  deprived  of  the  President's 
support,  is  dispersed.  [President  Hayes 
thereby  becomes  unpopular  with  the 
stalwart  Republicans.] 

May  5.  1).  C.  The  President  calls  a 
special  session  of  the  45th  Congress  for 
Oct.  15,  to  make  provision  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  army ;  this  having  been 
omitted  by  the  44th  Congress. 

June  22.  Z).  C.  President  Hayes  orders 
all  Federal  officials  who  are  subject  to 
the  civil-service  rules  to  resign  any 
situation  held  as  political  managers, 
or  to  give  up  their  offices,  in  order 
"  to  take  the  office-holders  out  of  poli- 
tics.'* 

June  30.  U.  .S.  Statistics  for  1877. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $130.9.56,493;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $I18,6:i0.4<J8  ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $976,'254  ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold  coin,  $405,777;  miscellane- 
ous, $18,031,655.  Total  revenue,  $269,- 
000,587  ;  excess  of  revenue  over  expendi- 
tures, $30,340,578.  Expenditures:  Mis- 
cellaneous items,  $,50,252,067;  War  De- 
partment, $37,082,730;  Navv  Department, 
$14,959,935;  Indians, $5,277',007;  pensions, 
27,963,752 ;  interest  on  the  public  debt, 
$97,124,512.  Total  ordinnry  expenditures, 
$238,660,009.  Public  debt,  $2,205,301,392. 
Exports,  $002,475,'220  ;  imports,  $451,323,- 
126. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1876  *  *  ,S.  Dak.    Deadwood  is  laid  out 

as  a  town.    The  Indians  surrender  all 

title  to  lands  in  South  Dakota. 
*  *  U.  S.    Loss  by  fire  in  1876,  $64,630,600  ; 

insurance  loss,  $34,374,500. 
Jan.  7.    A^.  J.    The  steamer  L^Amfrique 

runs  ashore  near  Seabright ;    three  of 

the  crew  are  lost. 
1877.     Mar.   5.    Mo.     The  Southern 

Hotel  at  St.  Louis  is  burned  ;  11  lives 

are  lost. 
Mar.  6.    Kew  York.    Property  valued  at 

$1,500,000  is  destroyed  by  a  Broadway 

fire. 
Mar.  16.    }few  York.    The  new  building 

of  the  New  York  Hospital  is  opened 

(Organized  1770). 
May  29.    Ki/.    At  Louisville  the  horse 

Ten  Broeck  runs  two  miles  in  3.27J. 
June  5.    A'ew  York.    The  Sixth-Avenue 

Elevated  Railroad  to  Fifty-ninth  Street 

is  opened. 


296     1877,  June  30 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1877    July  22.   Pa.    Gen.  Sheridan  is 

sent  to  Pittsburg  with  troops  to  quell 
the  riots. 

July  *  Idu.  All  Indian  war  breaks  out 
ill  the  Northwest ;  Gen.  Howard  is  sent 
against  Chief  Joseph  of  the  Idaho  Indi- 
ans. [Oct.  1.  The  cliief  is  captured  after 
a  long  pursuit,] 

Aug.  4.  Pa.  Order  is  restored  at  Pitts- 
burg by  the  troops. 

Sept.  i*  Ida.  The  NezPerces  Indians 
defeat  the  troops  and  kill  33  men. 

Nov.  24.  N.  C.  The  sloop-of-war 
Huron  strikes  the  rocks  near  Oregon 
Inlet ;  nearly  100  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  13.  Tex.  A  mob  of  Mexicans 
and  others  attack  the  State  troops  at 
San  Elizario ;  six  persons  are  killed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1877  Aug.  11, 18.  D.C.  Two  satellites 
of  Mars  are  discovered  by  Prof.  Asaph 
Hall  at  Washington. 

Sept.  3.  Mich.  The  asteroid  Fhoedra  is 
discovered  by  J.  C.  Watson  at  ^Vnn  Ar- 
bor. [Andromache  on  Oct.  1  and  Cly- 
temnestra  on  Nov.  12.] 

Oct.  14.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Idun  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  H.  F.  Peters,  at  Clinton. 

Oct.  21.  Africa,  Henry  M.  Stanley 
arrives  at  Cape  Town  from  his  tour  of 
exploration. 

Oct.  30.  Kan.  A  monument  is  dedicated 
to  John  Brown  at  Osawatomie. 

Nov.  10.  The  American  Chemical  So- 
ciety is  incorporated. 

Dec.  22,  Nein  York.  The  first  building 
of  the  American  Museum  of  iN'atural 
History  is  opened. 

Dec.  *  N.  J.  Edison  announces  a  phono- 
graph. 

*  *  Chicago.  TtliRha  Gray  files  a  caveat 
for  his  telephone  three  hours  after  Bell's 
is  filed. 

*  *  Kan.  Ijcad  is  discovered  in  Cherokee 
County;  Galena  and  Empire  City  be- 
come prosperous. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  Observatory  of  the  J.  C. 
Green  School  of  Science  is  erected  at 
Princeton. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1877. 

July  O.  Tenney,  Sanborn,  naturalist,  au- 
thor, AM. 

Aug  9.  ('onrad.  Timothy  A.,  naturalist, 
author,  A74. 

Aug.  29.  Young.  Brigham.  Mormon  high- 
priest,  A76. 

Aug.  30.  Seinines,  Raphael,  Confed.  adm., 
commander  of  the  Alabama,  A6H. 

Sept.  1.     Davenport,  Edward  L.,  actor,  A6I. 

Sept.  S3.  Trail,  Russell,  teacher,  physi- 
cian, hydroiiathist,  author,  AbS. 

Sept.  35.    Orton,  James,  naturalist,  A47. 

Sept.  39.  Meiggs.  Henry,  builder  of  rail- 
roads in  S.  Am.,  and  public  works,  A54. 

Oct.  S.  Fish,  Henry,  Baptist  clergyman  of 
N.  J.,  author,  A57. 

Oct.  3.  Hayley,  James  R.,  R.  C.  archbishop 
of  Baltimore,  A63. 

Nov.  1.  Norton,  Oliver  Perry,  war  Gov., 
senator  for  Inrt.,  A54. 

Kov.  3.  Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmons,  surgeon, 
litholomist.  ATI. 

Nov.  18.  (iray,  Henry,  artist,  portrait- 
painter,  A58. 


Nov.  09.  Greene,  Nathaniel,  journalist, 
editor  Boston  Statesman,  A80. 

Dec.  3.  Marvin,  Knoch  M.,  bishop  of  M.  K. 
Church  South,  author,  A64. 

Dec.  7.  Huger,  Col.  U.  S.  A.,  Confederate 
inaj.-gen.,  .\72. 

Dec.  8.  Bledsoe,  All>ert  Taylor,  Confeder- 
ate asst.  sec.  war,  A  68. 

Dec.  34.  Farrott,  Kobert  Parker,  inventor 
of  cannons,  A73. 


CHURCH. 

1877  July  3.  Scot.  The  first  meeting  of 
the  General  Council  of  the  "  Alliance 
of  the  Keformed  Churches  throughout 
the  world  holding  the  Presbyterian  Sys- 
tem" is  held  at  Edinburgh. 

Aug.  29.  John  Taylor,  chief  of  the 
"  Twelve  Apostles,"  succeeds  Brigham 
Young,  deceased,  as  president  of  the 
Mormon  Church. 

Oct.  16.  iV*.  r.  Francis  McNeirny 
becomes  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Albany. 

Oct.  31.  Samuel  T.  J.  Schereschewsky 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Shanghai. 

Dec.  18.  III.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
diocese  of  Springfield  is  organized. 

*  *  Alas.  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board 
opens  a  mission  and  school  for  girls  at 
Fort  Wrangel. 

*  *  Boston.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  Cal.  Chinese  Mission  Work  is  be- 
gun in  Oakland. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  ;  James  Eells,  mod- 
erator, 

*  ♦  Conn.  The  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  at  Hartford. 

*  •  A  meeting  of  the  (Congregational) 
National  Council  is  held. 

*  *  Ida.  The  State  Convention  (Univer- 
salist)  is  organized. 

*  *  ///.  The  General  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  meets  at  Carthage.  The 
General  Assembly  (United  Presbyte- 
rian) meets  at  Sparta ;  Robert  E.  Ewing, 
moderator.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  Peoria  is  established. 


LETTERS. 

1877  Sept.  17.  PJiita.  The  JeflFerson 
Medical  College  is  opened. 

*  *  Ark.  Philander  Smith  College 
(Meth.  Epis.  Colored)  is  founded  at 
Little  Rock. 

*  *  The  Boston  Iiibrary  reports  320,000 
volumes. 

*  *  Cal.  The  San  Joaquin  Valley  Col- 
lege (United  Brethren)  is  organized  at 
Wood  bridge. 

*  *  Colo.  The  University  College  (non- 
sect.)  of  Boulder  is  organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  National  Tribune  is  issued 
at  Washington. 

*  *  Oa.  The  Shorter  College  (Fern.) 
is  founded  by  Baptists  at  Rome. 

Clark    University    (Meth.    Epis.)   is 
organized  at  Atlanta. 

*  *  A'//.    The  'Ames  is  issued  at  LoulBTlUe. 


*  *  Ky.  Ogden  College  (non-sect.)  is 
organized  at  Bowling  Green. 

*  *  La.  The  City  Item  is  issued  at  New 
Orleans. 

*  *  Mich.  Detroit  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized  at  Detroit. 

*  ♦  Miss.  The  Lea  Female  College  is 
founded  at  Summit. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Lenox  Library  on 
Fifth  Avenue  is  opened. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Magazine  of  American 
History  appears. 

*  *  K.  C.  The  Biddle  University  at 
Charlotte  is  chartered.  The  State  Col- 
ored Normal  School,  at  Fayetteville, 
is  opened. 

*  *  Pa.  The  National  Stockman  and 
Farmer  is  issued  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Adger  College  (Pres.)  is 
organized  at  Walhalla. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Tennessee  at  Kash- 
ville  is  opened. 

*  *  Tex.  The  North  Texas  Female 
College  (Meth.  Epis.  South)  is  char- 
tered. 

*  *  W.  Va.  The  Broaddus  CoUege  at 
Clarksburg  receives  its  charter. 

*  *  The  American,  by  Henry  James,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Biology,  Orthodoxy,  and  Transcenden- 
talism, by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  Eight  Cousins,  by  Louisa  May  Alcott, 
appears. 

*  *  Footprints  of  the  Master,  by  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Garth,  by  Julian  Hawthorne,  appears. 

*  *  Hawthorne,  by  Edmund  Clarence  Sted- 
man,  appears. 

*  *  Nicholas  Minturnt  by  J.  G.  Holland, 
appears. 

*  *  Count  FrontenoG  and  New  France,  by 
Francis  Parkman,  appears. 

*  *  The  Queen  of  Sheba,  by  T.  B.  Aldrieh, 
appears. 

*  *  Modem  Philosophy,  by  Francis  Bowen, 
appears. 

*  *  Reconciliation  of  Science  and  Religion, 
by  Alexander  Winchell,  ajipears. 

*  *  Table  Talk,  by  A.  Bronson  Alcott, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1877  July  1.  Md.  A  general  reduction 
of  wages  on  railroads ;  strikes  are 
threatened. 

July  4.  Fla.  A  convention  of  colored 
men  is  held  in  Tallahassee ;  it  advises  the 
fostering  of  a  general  social  and  moral 
improvement  of  the  colored  people. 

July  14  4.  Md.  A  great  labor  strike 
occurs.  It  extends  over  most  of  the 
railroads  of  the  Northern  States. 

It  begins  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad  against  a  10  per  cent  reduction 
of  wajies ;  soon  the  militia  is  called  out, 
and  later  the  National  troops,  to  pro- 
tect new  employees;  100,000  workmen 
participate  in  it. 
July  19.  jr.  Va.  A  detachment  of  Na- 
tional troops  arrives  to  protect  railroad 
employees  from  strikers. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1877,  June  30-*  *.     297 


July  20.  Md.  A  mob  stones  the  soldiers 
called  against  the  strikers  od  the  Balii- 
more  and  Ohio  Kailroa<l,  at  Baltimore  ; 
nine  of  the  mob  are  killed  and  more 
t!ian  20  are  wounded  by  the  fire  of  the 
soldiers. 

July  21.  Pa.  At  Pittsburg  strikers  at- 
tack the  soldiers. 

They  drive  them  for  shelter  into  the 
roundhouse,  where  they  are  besieged. 
Oil-cars  are  moved  up  to  the  building 
and  fired,  while  the  fire  companies  are 
restrained  ;  railroad  buiklinKs  are  fired  ; 
2,000  freight-car?  are  pillaged  or  burned  ; 
barrels  of  liquor  are  taken  from  the 
cars,  and  general  robbery  follows,  in 
■which  women  participate,  until  sup- 
pressed bv  Federal  troops.  Loss  esti- 
mated at  about  §10,000,000. 

July  *  Pa.  The  strikers  raise  a  riot  at 
Reading ;  in  a  collision  between  the 
military  and  the  mob,  13  are  killed,  43 
"wounded. 

Jtay23.  Cal.  The  Vigilance  Com- 
mittee of  San  Francisco  reorganizes. 

July  26.  Kew  Tork.  Communists  meet 
in  Tompkins  Square  and  make  infl.am- 
matory  addresses ;  great  alarm  is  felt 
throughout  the  country. 

July  26.  Chicago.  The  Federal  cavalry 
assist  the  police  in  charging  a  crowd  of 
socialists  ;  19  deaths  follow. 

July  27.  Pa.  The  unsuccessful  strikers 
commence  returning  to  work. 

Aug.  12.  Tex.  A  band  of  Mexican  des- 
peradoes breaks  open  the  jail  at  Rio 
Grande  City,  and  releases  two  notorious 
criminals,  Esproneda  and  Garza,  who 
escape  with  them  to  Mexico. 

Aug.  22.  X.  J,  A  convention  of  col- 
ored men  convenes  at  Princeton  to 
promote  the  welfare  of  their  race. 

Sept.  *- Oct.  *  S,C.  The  frauds  and 
embezzlements  of  the  official  ring  in 
charge  of  the  State  are  disclosed  and  the 
offenders  prosecuted. 

Setit.*  New  York.  "Boss"  Tweed 
discloses  the  system  by  which  the  Tam- 
many frauds  were  perpetrated,  also  the 
names  of  guilty  parties. 

Oct.  *  Xew  York.  The  United  States 
Brewers*  Association  is  incorporated. 

Nov.  3.  Cal.  Dennis  Kearney,  leader 
of  the  Workingmen's  Party,  is  arrested 
and  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  incendi- 
ary speeches  and  threats. 

Wov.  8.  S.  C.  F.  L.  Cardoza,  ex-treas- 
urer of  the  State,  convicted  of  fraud,  is 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  two  years 
and  to  pay  a  fine  of  $4,000. 

Nov,  *  Chicago.  The  National  Con- 
vention of  the  "Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets ;  Mrs.  Annie 
Wittenmyer,  president. 

Bee.  1.  Afd.  The  Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear, 
and  Throat  Hospital  at  Baltimore  is 
opened. 

Dec.  10.  }Fyo.  Women  are  authorized 
to  vote  and  hold  office. 

*  ♦  Boston.  The  Marcella  Street  Home 
for  the  reformation  of  boys  is  opened, 

*  •  Cal.  An  anti-Chinese  riot  at  San 
Francisco  is  subdued  by  members  of  the 
old  vigilance  committee  of  1856. 


*  *  Chicago.  The  Citizens*  Xicague, 
against  the  saloon,  and  to  save  young 
men  from  intemperance  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  J.  A  State  Board  of  Health  is 
organized.  • 

*  *  Xev.  The  Legislature  amends  the 
constitution  so  as  to  disfranchise  biga- 
mists and  polygamists. 

*  *  R.  I.  The  eleventh  National  Encamp- 
ment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public is  held  at  Providence  ;  Gen.  J. 
C.  Robinson,  commander-in-chief. 


STATE. 

1877  July  18.  7>.  C.  President  Hayes 
issues  a  proclamation  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  disorder  and  violence  in  West 
Virginia.  [July  21  ;  another  for  Mary- 
land. July  23;  another  for  Pennsyl- 
vania.] 

July  *  N.  S.  The  Fishery  Commis- 
sion meets  at  Halifax.  Commissioners  : 
Sir  Alex.  T.  Gait,  Ensign  H.  Kellogg, 
and  Maurice  Delfosse,  the  Belgian  min- 
ister to  the  United  States. 

Aug.  7.  Jf.  Va.  Tlio  capital  is  located 
at  Charleston  by  a  popular  vote. 

Sept.  *  D.  C.  President  Hayes  holds  a 
conference  with  a  number  of  Indian 
chiefs  at  Washington. 

Oct.  5.  Cal.  The  Workingman's  Party 
of  California  is  organized  at  San  Fran- 
cisco; Dennis  Kearney  ("  sand-lot  ora- 
tor"), president. 

Oct.  15.  D.  C.  The  45th  Congress 
opens  in  special  session, 

Oct.*  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Thomas 
"W.  Ferry  of  Mich,  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore.  House  :  Samuel  J.  Ran- 
dall of  Pa.  (Dem.)  is  reelected  Speaker, 
receiving  149  votes  ;  James  A.  Garfield 
of  O.  (Rep.),  132. 

Thomas  B.  Reed  of  Me.  and  William 
McKinley  of  O.  enter  the  House. 

Nov.  5.  />.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  R.  P. 
Bland  of  Mo.  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
free  coinage  of  the  standard  silver  dol- 
lar, and  for  its  circulation  as  a  legal 
tender  in  any  amounts.  (See  Feb.,  1878.) 

Nov.  6.  Minn.  The  people  ratify  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution,  chan- 
ging the  sessions  of  the  Legislature  from 
annual  to  biennial. 

Nov.  23.  K.  5.  The  Halifax  Fishery 
Commission,  luider  the  Treaty  of 
Washington,  makes  its  decision,  one 
member  dissenting. 

It  awards  to  the  British  government 
$5,500,000  for  12  ifears*  use  of  the  inshore 
Canadian  fisheries,  which  belonged  to 
the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  1782 ; 
it  also  remits  to  Canada,  the  annual 
duties  (S350,000),  which  in  12  years 
amount  to  $4,200,000. 

Dec.  3.   D.  C.   The  45th  Congress ;  the 
special  session  closes. 
The  45th  Congress  opens  in  regular 

session. 

The  President's  message  recom- 
mends the  resumption  of  specie  pay- 
ments on  Jan.  1, 1879,  and  urges  justice 
fur  freedmeu. 


Dec.  12,  JO.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
Roscoe  Conkling  of  N.  Y.  and  others 
oppose  the  Civil  Service  Reform 
efforts  of  the  Administration. 

*  *  D.C.  President  Hayes  appoints  John 
M.  Harlan  of  Ky.  a  Justice  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  The  capital  is  removed  to 
Bismarck. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  people  adopt  12  amend- 
ments to  the  Constitution,  and  reject  a 
13th  amendment  which  would  eliminate 
the  word  "  Protestant"  from  the  Bill  of 
Rights. 

*  *  New  York.  Smith  Ely  is  elected  the 
80th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated: 
-78  *  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).    John  P.  Hoyt. 
-81  *  *  Ark.     William  R.  Miller. 
-79  *  *  Conn.    James  K.  English. 
-81  *  *  Fla.    George  F.  Brew. 

-82  *  •  Ga.    Alfred  H.  Colquitt. 
-83  *  *  111.     Shelby  M.  Cullom. 
-81  *  *  hid.    James  D.  Williams. 
-79  *  *  Kan.    George  T.  Anthony. 
-78  *  *  La.    Stephen  B.  Packard. 
-81  *  *  Mich.    Charles  M.  Crosswell, 
-81  *  *  Mo.     John  S.  Phelps. 
-79  *  *  N.  C.    Zebulon  B.  Vance. 
-79  *  *  N.  H.    Benjamin  F.  Prescott. 
-80  *  *  N.  Y.    Lucius  Robinson. 
-78  *  *  O.    Thomas  L.  Young. 
-78  *  *  Ore.    S.  F.  Chadwick. 
-78  *  *  S.C.    Wade  Hampton. 
-80*  *  R.  I.    Charles  C.  Van  Zandt. 
-81  *  *  W.  Va.     Henry  M.  Matthews. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877  June  30.  Immigrants  for  the 
year,  141,857. 

July  *  Because  of  the  great  Pittsburg 
strike,  six  or  seven  thousand  miles  i)f 
railroads  are  forced  into  idleness. 

Aug.  0.  N.  J.  A  train  falls  through  a 
bridge  at  Ocean  port ;  60  persons  are 
injured  ;  Gen.  Grant  is  one  of  the  pas- 
sengers and  escapes  unhurt. 

Aug.  15-17.  Vt.  The  centennial  of  the 
Battle  of  Bennington  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  26.  New  York.  The  Third  Ave- 
nue Elevated  Railroad  is  opened  to 
Forty  Second  Street. 

Aug.  29.  la.  By  the  washing  away  of  a 
railroad  bridge  near  Des  Moines,  17 
lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  *  Colo.    LeadviUe  is  settled. 

Aug.  *  la.  The  canal  around  the  Des 
Moines  rapids  is  opened  ;  it  is  7^^  miles 
long  and  cost  $4,500,000. 

Dec.  20.  New  York.  An  explosion 
and  fire  in  Greenfield's  confectionery 
works  cause  the  death  of  about  50  per- 
sons. 

*  *  Ala.    Birmingham  is  founded. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Back  Bay  Park  System 
comprising  1,009  acres  is  establishe^J  ; 
Charles  River  Embankment,  G9 ;  Back 
Bay  Park,  lOG  ;  Muddy  River,  110 ;  Ja- 
maica Park,  120;  Arnold  Arboretum, 
167;  West  Roxbury,  485.  English  bi- 
cycles are  first  imported  into  the 
United  States.  The  Produce  Ex- 
change is  organized. 


298     1877,  **-1878,  Nov. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1878  Apr.  12.  D.  C.  A  rehearing  of 
the  case  of  Fitz-John  Porter  by  a 
military  commission  is  granted ;  the 
board  consists  of  Maj.-Gens.  Schofield, 
Terry,  and  Getty.  [He  is  finally  restored 
to  the  army.] 

Nov.  29,  Ky.  Gov.  Jackson  sends 
troops  into  Breathitt  County  to  sup- 
press an  old  feud  which  was  revived  by 
a  mob  attacking  a  sheriff  while  in 
charge  of  a  prisoner. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1877  *  *  N.J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  com- 
mences experiments  with  incandescent 
platinum  at  Menlo  Park. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Xjenoz  Library  Art 
Gallery  is  opened. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Mozart  Club  is  organized 
at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  Close  of  Stormy  Day  is  painted  by 
Arthur  Quartley. 

*  *  Ponce  de  Leon  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Moran. 

*  *  Scene  in  New  Hampshire  Is  painted  by 
J.  W.  Casilear. 

*  *  Head  of  Jersey  Bull  is  painted  by  A. 
C.  Shaw. 

1878  Mar.  1.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid 
IBunike  is  discovered  by  Peters  at  Clin- 
ton.   [And  Menippe  on  June  18th.] 

June  20.  N.  Y.  Charles  B.  Everest, 
while  boring  for  oil  at  Warsaw,  discov- 
ers a  strata  of  rock  salt  70  feet  thick 
lying  1,272  feet  below  the  surface. 

June*JV.  Y.  "William  E.Sawyer  patents 
an  incandescent  carbon  lamp,  which 
he  places  on  exhibition. 

July  7.  N.  Y.  At  the  Rochester  Obser- 
vatory a  tailless  comet,  also  without  a 
nucleus,  is  discovered. 

July  29,  30.  Mich.  J.  C.  Watson  of 
Ann  Arbor  claims  to  have  seen  the 
planet  Vulcan  during  the  solar  eclipse. 

July  *  N.  J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  an- 
nounces the  invention  of  the  microtasi- 
jneter,  in  which  he  applies  the  princi- 
ple of  the  carbon  microphone  to  the 
measurement  of  infinitesimal  pressure. 

Aug.  6.  Eng.  McCormick's  automatic 
self-binding  grain  harvester  takes  the 
gold  medal  at  the  Boyal  Agricultural 
Society's  competitive  test. 

Aug.  21.  Mo.  The  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
meets  at  St.  Louis. 

Sept.  9.  N.  r.  The  asteroid  Phthia  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton. 
[Ismene,  on  Sept.  22,  and  Kolga,  on 
Sept.  30.] 

Oct.  21-24.  Phila.  A  great  storm  pre- 
vails ;  it  destroys  384  houses,  churches, 
and  many  public  buildings,  besides 
wrecking  eight  ships.     Loss,  $2,000,000. 

Oct.  *  ^V.  J.  Thomas  A,  Edison  an- 
nounces his  success  in  subdividing  the 
electric  current,  adapting  it  for  house- 
hold use.  He  invents  an  electric  pen 
for  copying.     He  also  announces  the  in- 


vention of  the  megaphone,  a  form  of 
telephone. 

Oct.  31.  Ga.  A  monument  to  com- 
memorate fallen  Confederate  soldiers  is 
uncovered  at  Augusta. 

*  *  D.  C.  A.  Graham  Bell  and  Sumner 
Tainter  of  Washington  invent  a  photo- 
phone. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS, 

1878. 
Jan.    16.    Bowles,   Samuel,  miscellaneous 
writer,  journalist,  A52. 

Jan.  18.  Hotlins,  (ieorge  N.,  commander 
U.  S.  N.,  com.  Confederate  N.,  A79. 

Feb.  11,  Welles,  Gideon,  editor,  sec.  navy, 
writer,  A76. 

Mar.  a.  Wade,  Benjamin  Franklin,  anti- 
slavery  leader,  senator  for  O.,  acting  Vice- 
President,  A78. 

Mar.  17.  PickerinR,  Charles,  phvsician, 
naturalist,  miscellaneous  writer,  A73. 

Mar.  18.  Hartt,  Charles  Frederic,  natural- 
ist, author,  A38. 

Apr.  12.  Tweed,  William  M.,  political 
"  boss,"  eml)ezzler,  A55. 

Apr.  31.  Feck,  John  James,  capt.  U.  S.  A. 
in  Mex.,  maj.-gen.  V.  S.  vols.,  A5l. 

Apr.  S3.  Orton,  William,  president  West- 
ern Union  Telegraph  Co.,  politician,  AS2. 

Apr.  34.  Dyer,  Charles  Volney,  surgeon, 
abolitionist.  A?!. 

Apr.  35.  Bashford,  Coles,  jurist,  Gov.  of 
Wis.,  A62. 

Apr.  30.  Simons,  Thomas  Young,  lawyer, 
politician.  Confederate  capt.,  editor,  A50. 

May  7.  Hoffman,  Murray,  jurist,  legal 
writer,  AS7. 

May  12.  Beecher,  Catherine  E.,  educator, 
writer,  A78. 

May.  13.  Henry,  Joseph,  physicist,  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  ASl. 

June  13.  Bonneville,  Benjamin  L.  E.,  sol- 
dier, explorer,  author,  A85. 

Brvant,  William  CuUen,   poet,   editor 

Evening  Pout  of  N.  Y..  author,  A84. 

June  19.  Hodge,  Charles,  Fre8.,cl.,  theolo- 
gian, professor  at  Princeton,  author,  A81. 

June  21.  Warren,  Fitz  Henry,  lawyer, 
politician,  journalist,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols., 
A62. 

July  13.  Eastman,  Harvey  G.,  educator, 
politician,  A 46. 

July  1 7.  Appleton,  George  S.,  publisher,  of 
N.  Y.,  A57. 

Aug.  13.  Duyckinck,  Evert  Augustus, 
journalist,  compiler  of  cyclopedias,  AT8. 

Prentiss,  Elizabeth,  bymnologist,  reli- 
gious writer,  A60. 

Aug*.  16.     Cpjohn,  Richard,  architect,  A7fi. 

Aug.  17.  Adrian,  Garnett  B.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  J.,  A62. 

Aug:.  23.  Day,  Horace  Hollister,  capitalist, 
A65. 

Sept.  2.    Haight,  Henry  Huntley,  lawyer, 

Go^.  of  Cal.,  A.'>3. 
Oct.  6.   Adams,  Nehemiah,  Cong,  clergyman, 
theologian,  author  of  devotional  and  other 
works,  A72. 

•  Pillow,    Gideon    J.,    lawyer,  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  vols..  Confederate  brig. -gen.,  A72. 

Oct.  30.    Paulding,  Hiram,  rear-adm.  V.  S. 

N.,  ASl. 
Oct.  21.    Roseerans,    Rvlvester   H.,    Rom. 

Cath.  bishop  of  Columbus,  0.,  A51. 
Nov.  29.     Godey,   Louis  Antoine,  founder 
of  Godey's  Ladies^  Booi,  A74. 


CHURCH. 

1877  *  *Mo.  The  Annual  Conven- 
tion (Disciples  of  Christ)  is  held  at  St. 
Louis  ;  W.  K.  Pendleton,  president. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  A  mission  to  the  Ztmis  is 
opened  by  the  Presbyterian  Home  Board. 

*  *  R.  T.  The  Annual  Meeting  (Bap- 
tist) is  held  at  Providence. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Eastern  Convention  (Bap- 
tist) is  formed. 

*  *  Utah,  The  Utah  Conference  (Metho- 
dist Episcopal)  is  formed. 

*  *  ControversyintheUnitedPresbyterian 
Church  respecting  in.'^trumental  music. 


*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  dioceses  of 
Quincy,  West  Virginia,  and  Springfield, 
111.,  are  organized. 

•  *Tlie  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Girla* 
Friendly  Society  is  formed. 

•  *  The  Baptists  labor  among  the  Chero- 
kees,  Creeks,  Seminoles,  Delawares, 
Shawanoe.s,  Kickapoos,  and  Sac  and  Fox 
tribe,  with  13  missionaries. 

*  *  Nicholas  Castle  is  elected  first  bishop 
of  the  United  Brethren. 

1878  Jan.  10.  The  Church  Society  for 
Promoting  Christianity  among  the  Jews 
is  organized. 

Feb.  20.  It.  Cardinal  GiacchinoPecci 
is  elected  successor  to  Pius  IX.,  under  the 
title  of  Leo  XIII. 

May  1.  Ga,  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets 
at  Atlanta. 

May  12.  Ind.  Francis  S.  Chatard  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Vincennes ;  and  Francis  Mora  bishop 
of  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles. 

May  15.  III.  Alexander  Burgess  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Quincy. 

May  24.  N,  T.  The  Brooklyn  Church 
Society  (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  incor- 
porated. 

May  30.  George  "William  Peterkin  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  West  Virginia. 

May  31.  Boston,  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  11.  George  Franklin  Seymour  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Springfield. 

Sept.  1.  Ind.  The  Indiana  Conference 
of  Unitarian  and  Independent  Religious 
Societies  is  organized  at  Hobart. 

Sept.  3.  Samuel  Allen  McCoskey,  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  bishop,  is  deposed. 

Sept.  17-20.  N.Y.  The  National  Con- 
ference (Unitarian)  is  held  at  Saratoga. 

LETTERS. 

1877  *  *  A  Knight  of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury ^  by  E.  P.  Roe,  appears. 

*  *  Being  a  Boy,  by  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Two  Men  of  Sandy  Bar,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears ;  also  Thankful  Blossom. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Avis,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

1878  Nov.  3.  The  New  West  (Cong.) 
Education  Commission  is  incorporated. 

SOCIETY. 

1877  *  *  Wis.  The  Legislature  legalizes 
the  practice  of  law  by  women. 

*  *  The  Knights  and  Xjadies  of  Honor 
is  founded. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  demand  for  the  rights  of 
labor  becomes  more  general  and  em- 
phatic. 

*  *  The  Order  of  the  Catholic  Knights 
of  America  is  founded. 

1878  Jan.  *  U.  S.  The  Workingman's 
Party  is  reorganized  as  •*  The  Social- 
istic Labor  Party." 


UNITED   STATES. 


1877,  **-1878,  Nov. 


299 


Feb.  *  Chicago.  The  Union  Club  is  or- 
ganized. 

Apr.  4.  Chicoffo.  The  Calumet  Club 
and  the  Illinois  Club  are  organized. 

June  13,  rhila.  The  Society  for  Or- 
ganizing Charity  is  founded. 

Aug.  5.  Boston.  Dennis  Kearney  of 
San  Francisco,  the  labor  agitator,  deliv- 
ers a  public  address  in  Faneuil  Hall. 

Oct.  *  N.  Y.  Jesse  Billings,  Jr.,  is  ac- 
quitted of  the  murder  of  his  wife  at 
Saratoga  on  Juno  4. 

Nov.  7.  New  York.  Thieves  take  the 
remains  of  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart  from 
the  family  vault  in  St.  Mark's  church- 
yard.   [Never  found.] 

Nov.  26.  K.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Bureau 
of  Charities  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1878    Feb.  21.    D.  C.    Congress:  The 

Senate  passes  and  returns  the  Bland 
Silver  Bill  with  two  amendments  —  one 
limiting  silver  coinage,  and  the  other 
providing  for  an  International  Mone- 
tary Conference.  Vote,  48-21. 
-Feb.  22.  O.  A  convention  at  Toledo 
organizes  the  National  Greenback 
party,  following  the  Greenback  party  of 
1874. 

It  advocates  the  nnlimited  coinage  of 
gold  and  silver,  the  substitution  of  green- 
backs —  national  bills  of  credit  made 
legal  tender— for  national  bank-notes, 
female  suflfrage,  and  the  advancement 
of  working  jieople. 

Feb.*  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Senate  amendments  to  the 
Bland  Silver  Bill.  Vote  on  money 
conference,  9&-71  ;  on  limiting  coinage, 
203-72.    This  concurrence  passes  the  bill. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  The  President  vetoes 
the  Bland  Silver  Bill. 

Congress :  The  Bland  Silver  Bill  is 
passed  over  the  President's  veto.  House 
TOte,  196-73 ;  Senate  vote,  46-19. 

It  revives  the  coinage  of  the  standard 
silver  dollars  of  412^^  grains,  to  the  ex- 
tent of  not  less  than  $2,000,000  or  more 
than  $4,000,000  per  month  —all  seignior- 
age to  accrue  to  the  Treasury.  These 
dollars  are  to  be  full  legal  tender  for  all 
debts,  public  or  private. 

Feb.i  *  U.  S.  Public  opinion  is  agitated 
respecting  the  payment  of  bondhold- 
ers in  gold. 

Mar,  11.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  Senate 
requests  the  President  to  transmit  the 
correspondence  which  preceded  the 
selection  of  Mr.  Belfosse  as  the  third 
comraisaioiier  in  the  Fishery  Dispute. 
[His  sole  vote  decided  the  issue.] 

Mar.  26.  Conn.  The  Legislature  meets 
in  the  new  Capitol  at  Hartford  for  the 
first  time. 

Apr.  17.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Thomas  W.  Ferry  of  Mich,  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore. 

Apr.  *- July*  N.  Mex.  The  Federal 
Government  removes  the  Ute  Indians 
from  New  Mexico  to  the  Colorado. 

May  2.  J>.  C.  Congress  votes  to  sup- 
press the  coinage  of  silver  pieces  of  the 
denomination  of  20  cents. 


May  17.  B.  C.  Congress ;  Senate: 
The  President  transmits  the  correspon- 
dence respecting  the  appointment  of 
Mr.  Delfosse  as  the  third  commissioner 
on  the  Fishery  Dispute. 

It  proves  his  disqualification  to  act  as 
arbitrator,  and  exhibits  the  persistency 
of  England  to  secure  bis  appointment. 

The  House  appoints  a  select  committee 
to  investigate  the  alleged  election 
frauds  of  November  18, 1876,  in  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida. 
May  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
votes  an  appropriation  to  pay  the  Hali- 
fax Award.    (See  Nov.  23,  1877.) 

It  is  to  be  paid  *'  if  the  Government  of 
her  Britannic  Majesty,  after  a  full  re- 
view of  all  the  facts  and  circumstances 
of  the  case,  shall  conclude  and  declare 
the  award  to  be  lawfully  and  honorably 
due." 

May  31.  2).  C.  Congress  forbids  the 
retirement  of  legal-tender  notes. 

June  7.  D.  C.  Congress  repeals  the 
Bankruptcy  Law  of  March  2,  1867,  to 
take  e£fect  Sept.  1. 

June  11.  Wash.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention assembles  at  Walla  Walla. 

June  18.  D.C.  Congress  restricts  the 
use  of  the  army  as  a  posse  comitatas  in 
the  execution  of  laws,  except  in  such 
cases  as  are  expressly  provided  for  by 
the  Constitution. 

It  provides  for  additional  stations  of 
the  life-saving  service. 

Jime  19.  D.  C.  Congress  relieves  Gen. 
E.  Kirby  Smith  of  Tenu.  from  politi- 
cal disabilities. 

June  20.  D.  C.  The  45th  Congress : 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1878. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $130,170,680;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $110,581,625  ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $1,079,743:  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  gold  coin,  $317,102;  miscellane- 
ous items,  $15,614,7:^8.  Total  revenue, 
$257,703,879;  excess  of  revenue  over  ex- 
penditures, $20,799,552.  Expenditures ; 
Miscellaneous  items,  $53,177,704;  War 
Department,  $32,154,148;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $17,365,301;  Indians,  $4,629,280; 
pensions,  $27,137,019 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $102,500,825.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $236,964,327.  Public  debt, 
$2,256,205,892.  Exports,  $694,865,766;  im- 
ports, $437,051,53'-'. 

Aug.  *  Cal.  Dennis  Kearney  starts  a 
political  agitation  against  the  resump- 
tion of  specie  payments,  and  against 
national  bondholders,  on  the  sand  lots 
of  San  Francisco. 

Sept.  28.  Cal.  A  convention  meets  to 
revise  the  Constitution. 

D.  C.  Secretary  of  State  Evarts  com- 
municates to  the  Britich  Government  his 
arguments  against  theHalif  ax  Awards. 
He  shows  by  fishery  statistics  that,  for 
five  years,  under  the  treaty,  the  profits 
to  fishermen  have  been  only  $25,000  a 
year. 

The  first  Chinese  embassy  to  the 
United  States  presents  its  credentials. 

Oct.  7.  D.  C.  The  President  by  procla- 
mation orders  disorderly  persons  in  New 
Mexico  to  desist  from  violence. 

Nov.  5.  Conn.  The  election  fails  to 
make  a  choice  of  State  officers,  and  it 
falls  to  the  Legislature  for  settlement. 


Nov.  *    Wash.     Tlie   people   ratify  the 

Constitution. 
Nov.  *    Kan.      John   P.    St.    John    is 

elected  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877  *  *  Chicago.  The  Exposition 
building  is  opened. 

*  *  U.  S.  Loss  by  fire  in  1877,  $68,265,800  ;. 
insurance  loss,  $37,398,000. 

*  *  Za.  By  means  of  jetties,  Capt.  James 
B.  Eads  secures  a  20-ft.  channel  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  which 
maintains  its  depth  by  the  force  of  the 
current. 

1878  Jan.  1.  Colo.  The  gold  and  silver 
production  up  to  date  is  80  tons  of  pure 
gold,  and  770  tons  of  silver,  l)esides  a 
large  quantity  of  copper  and  lead. 

Jan.  15.  Conn.  A  train  of  cars  falls 
through  a  bridge  at  Tariflfville,  killing 
16  persons. 

Jan.  31.  N.  C.  The  Stea-raeT  Metropolis f. 
bound  from  Philadelphia  to  Brazil,  goes- 
ashore  oflf  the  coast  in  a  gale  ;  about 
100  lives  lost. 

Mar.  *  S.  C.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
joint  resolution  to  settle  certain  debts^ 
at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent. 

It  includes  all  the  unfunded  debts  and 
liabilities  of  the  State,  including  the  bills 
of  the  Bank  of  the  State,  and  so  much  of 
the  debt  of  the  State  as  is  known  as  the 
Little  Bonanza. 

Apr.  29.  U.  S.  The  enactment  of  Con- 
gress to  prevent  the  introduction  of  con- 
tagious diseases  becomes  operative. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  A  trial  trip  is  made 
of  the  Gilbert  [Metropolitan— Ninth 
Avenue]  Elevated  Railroad.  [June  5. 
It  is  opened  to  the  public,  from  Rector 
Street  to  Central  Park.] 

May  2.  Minn.  The  "Washburn  Flour 
Mills  explode;  fire  follows,  which 
spreads  to  other  mills,  resulting  in  17 
deaths  and  the  loss  of  $1,500,000  in  prop- 
erty. 

May  23.  La.  The  first  case  of  yellow- 
fever  is  reported.  [About  4,500  deaths 
follow.] 

June  30.  U.  S.  Immigrants  for  the 
year,  138,469. 

July  12.  La.  Yellow  fever  appears  as 
an  epidemic. 

Sept.  *  -  Oct.  *  Yellow  fever  rages  in  the 
Southern  States  ;  20,000  cases  and  7,000 
deaths  are  reported.  Some  of  the  in- 
terior towns  in  Louisiana  are  depopu- 
lated. 

Oct.  8.  Mass.  An  excursion  train  on 
the  Old  Colony  Road  is  wrecked  at 
Quincy  by  a  misplaced  switch,  killing 
21  persons  and  injuring  150. 

Nov.  *  N.  Y.  Gas  stocks  fall  12  to  20 
per  cent  on  the  announcement  of  Edi- 
son's discovery,  subdividing  the  electric 
current  for  household  use. 

Nov,  25.  The  Pomerania,  a  Hamburg- 
American  mail  steamer,  is  sunk  about 
midnight  off  Folkestone  by  an  iron  bark 
of  Carnarvon;  162  persons  are  saved 
and  48  missing. 


300     1878,  Nov.  *-1879,  June  30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVy. 

1879  Mar.  4,  William  R.  Sliafter  is 
commissioned  oolonel  —  1st  infantry. 

July  *  The  Sioux  Indians  under  Sitting 
Bull,  being  defeated  in  a  raid,  retire  to 
Caiia<la,  where  they  remain. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  The  board  appointed 
to  rehear  the  Fitz-John  Porter  case 
reports,  exonerating  liis  conduct.  [He 
is  restored  to  the  army.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATtJRE. 

1878  *  *  Mich.  J.  C.  Watson  of  Ann 
Arbor  observes  two  intra-Mercurial 
planets. 

*  *  Me.  The  State  presents  a  statue  of 
William  King,  its  first  governor,  to  the 
Federal  Government,  to  be  placed  in 
Statuary  Hall  at  Washington. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Symphony  Society 
is  orgiuiized.  The  College  of  Music  is 
incorporated.  The  Society  of  Ameri- 
can Art  is  organized  for  the  advance- 
ment of  the  Fine  Arts.  Horace  Walcott 
Bobbins  and  R.  Swain  Gifford  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  •  N.  Y.  The  Vassar  College  Obser- 
vatory is  erectetl  at  Poughkeepsie. 

*  *  O.  The  Cincinnati  CoUege  of  Music 
is  incorporated.  The  Bach  Society  is 
organized  at  Cleveland. 

*  *  Philn.  The  first  telephone  exchange 
is  opened  for  business. 

*  *  Wis.  The  "Washburn  Observatory 
is  erected  at  Madison. 

*  *  Platte  River  la  painted  by  Worthing- 
ton  Whittredge. 

*  *  New  England  Village  Schoolis  pSLinted 
by  A.  F.  Bellows. 

*  *  Capri  is  painted  by  G.  L.  Brown. 

*  *  Landscape  is  painted  by  Geo.  Inness. 

*  *  Midsummer  Day  is  painted  by  J.  M. 
Hart. 

*  *  Bay  of  New  York  is  painted  by  S.  R. 
Giflford. 

*  *  View  on  the  Schemung  River  is  painted 
by  J.  W.  Casilear. 

1879  Mar.  21.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid 
Procne  is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters 
of  Clinton.    [Philomela,  on  May  17.] 

May  29.  Chicago.  The  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts  (Art  Institute)  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

May  30.  Mo.,  Kan.,  Neb.  An  extensive 
tornado  causes  40  deaths  and  destroys 
much  property. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1878. 

Dec.  15.  Alexander,  Barton  Stone,  brev. 
brig.-gen.,  U.  S.  A.,  A5v). 

Dec.  19.  Taylor,  Bayard,  historian,  poet, 
novelist,  traveler,  ASS. 

Dec.  25.    Hoflf,  Henry  K.,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A6ft. 
1879. 

Jan.  2.  Cushinp,  Caleb,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
M.  C.  for  Mass.,  atty.-gen.,  minister  to 
Spain,  orator,  jurist,  scholar,  author,  A79. 

Jan.  6.  McMtdiael,  Morton,  of  I'hila.,  ed- 
itor, orator,  A72. 

Jan.  10.  IMgelow,  Jacob,  physician,  bota- 
nist, writer,  A  92. 

Jan.  12.    (iuest,  John,  com.  U.  S.  N.,  A58. 

^an.  21.  iiillard,  George  Stillman,  lawyer, 
orator,  editor,  author,  A71. 


Peb.  2.  Dana,  Richard  Henry,  lawyer, 
poet,  essayist,  author.  A92. 

Feb.  31.  Haight,  Benjamin  J., P.  E.  clergy- 
man, theologian,  A7fi. 

Mar.  9.  liurritt,  Elihu,  blacksmith,  re- 
former, linguist,  autlior,  editor,  A69. 

Mar.  16.  Sherman,  Thomas  West,  maj.- 
geu.  r.  S.  A.,  \m. 

Mar.  19.  I>e  Koven,  James,  clergyman, 
educator,  A  48. 

Mar.  S5.  Malcom,  Howard,  Bapt.  clergy- 
man, author,  A80. 

Mar.  30.  Wood,  George  Bacon,  physician, 
medical  writer,  author,  A82. 

Apr.  13.  Taylor,  Richard,  lieut.-gen.  Con- 
federate army,  son  of  Zachary,  A53. 

Apr.  13.  Hays,  Isaac,  physician,  editor, 
scientist,  of  Phila.,  A83. 

Apr.  31.     Dix,  John  Adams,  lawyer,  A80. 

Apr.  36.  Ames,  Kdward  Raymond,  M.  £. 
bishop,  A73. 

Apr.  30.  Hale,  Sarah  Josepha  Buell,  ed- 
itor, writer,  A89. 

May  15.  (iarrard,  Kenner,  capt.  U.  S.  A., 
A61. 

May  17.  Packer,  Asa,  contractor,  capital- 
ist, R.  R.  president,  M.  C  for  Pa.,  donor 
Lehigh  I'niversily,  A73. 

May  26.  Garrison,  Wm.  Lloyd,  antisla- 
very  agitator,  editor  of  Liberator,  .A.68. 

June  26.  Anderson,  Richard  H.,  capt. 
l".  S.  A.,  lieut.-gen.  Confederate  army,  A6k. 

CHURCH. 

1878  Dec.  12.  Ga.  The  Georgia  Associ- 
ation (Congregational)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ga.  The  MToman's  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society  (Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  South)  is  organized  at  Atlanta. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  sends 
missionaries  to  the  Jemez  Indians. 

*  *  The  Central  Illinois  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  i.s  organized. 

*  *  Tlie  Maine  Eldership  (Church  of 
God)  is  organized. 

*  *  Minn.  A  Congregational  club  is 
founded  at  St.  Paul. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Foreign  Sunday  School 
Association  in  Brooklyn  incorporated. 

*  *  New  York.  A  Chinese  School  in 
organized  in  the  Trinity  Baptist  Church. 

*  *  The  Southern  and  Western  Baptists 
withdraw  from  the  consolidated  Ameri- 
can Baptist  Missionary  Convention. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Cincinnati ; 
A.  I.  Hobbs,  president.  The  General 
Assembly  (United  Presbyterian)  meets 
at  Cambridge;  S.  G.  Irvine,  moderator. 
The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting  is  held 
in  Cleveland.  The  Ohio  Conference 
(Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  American  Baptist 
Home  Missionary  Society  is  formed. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Pittsburg ;  F.  L. 
Patton,  moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  of  Middle  Tennessee 
is  organized. 

1879  May  25.  New  York.  St.  Patrick's 
Cathedral  (Koman  Catholic)  is  dedi- 
cated by  Cardinal  McCloskey.  (The  cor- 
ner-stone was  laid  August,  1858.) 

May  26.  -lV.  C.  The  North  Carolina  Con- 
ference (Congregational)  is  organized. 

May  30.  N.  Y.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1878  *  *  Ala.  Selma  University  (Col. 
Bapt.)  is  founded. 


*  *  Boston.  The  Daily  Evening  Record  is 
issued. 

*  *  La.  The  University  of  Xjouislana 
(non-sect.)  is  organized  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Journal  is  issued  at  Min- 
neapolis. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Southwest  Baptist  Col- 
lege is  founded  at  Bolivar. 

*  *  Neb.  Creighton  University  (Kom. 
Cath.)  at  Omaha  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y,  The  Chautauqua  Literary 
and  Scientific  Circle  is  organized  at 
the  instance  of  Lewis  Miller  of  Akron,  O. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Magazine  of  Art  ap- 
pears. The  Christian  Herald  and  Signs 
o/  our  Times  is  issued;  also  Texas  Si/t- 
ings. The  Neio- Yorker  Volkes-Zeitung 
founded. 

*  *  O.    The  Cleveland  Press  is  issued. 

*  *  O.  Ashland  College  (Ger.  Bapt.)  is 
organized. 

*  *  Pa.  Pittsburg  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 
is  organized. 

*  *  Utah.  The  Brigham  Young  Col- 
lege ia  opened  at  Logan. 

*  *  Wis.  The  National  German-American 
Teachers*  Seminary  at  Milwaukee  is 
opened. 

*  *  The  Baptist  Review  (later  Baptist 
Quarterly)  is  first  issued. 

*  *  Barriers  Burned  Away,  by  E.  P.  Boe, 
appears. 

*  *  Conscience,  Heredity ,  and  Marriage, 'by 
Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  ♦  Driftwood,  by  Celia  Thaxter,  appears. 

*  *  The  Europeans,  by  Henry  James,  ap- 
pears ;  also  Daisy  Miller  and  French 
Poets  and  Novelists. 

*  *  ^aicow6er,9,byH.H.Boyesen,  appears; 
also  Goethe  and  Schiller. 

*  *  Keramos,  by  Henry  "W.  liongfellow, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Poet  and  Bis  Master,  by  Kiehard 
Walton  Gilder,  appears. 

*  *  Prince  Deukalion,  by  Bayard  Taylor, 
appears. 

*  *  Roxy,  by  Edward  Eggleston,  appears. 

*  *  Sigurd,  by  E.  C.  Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  Story  of  a  Mine,  by  Bret  Harte,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Thistledown,  by  William  Winter,  a[>- 
pears. 

*  *  Under  the  Lilacs,  by  Louisa  May  Al- 
cott,  appears. 

*  *  The  Vision  of  Echard,  and  other 
Poems,  by  John  Greenleaf  "Whittier, 
appears. 

*  *  Songs  of  Italy,  by  Joaquin  Miller,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Geology,  by  Joseph  Le 
Conte,  appears. 

*  *  In  the  Wilderness,  by  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Poganuc  People,  by  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe,  appears. 

*  *  Naworth's,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett, appears. 

1879  May.  *  New  York.  The  Uni- 
versity Club  is  reorganized. 


UNITED    STATES.    1878,  Nov.  *-1879,  June  30.   301 


SOCIETY. 
1878  •  *  la.  The  Legislatiire  repeals  the 
Act  to  !ibulisl\  the  death  penalty,  ami 
empowers  the  hanging  of  convicted  pris- 
oners or  their  imprisonment  for  life. 

*  *  Kentucky,  The  Legislature  establishes 
a  State  Board  of  Health.  The  Ken- 
tuclcy  House  passes  a  bill  to  reestablish 
tlie  whipping  post.  Vote,  63-21.  It  is 
lost  by  one  vote  in  the  Senate. 

*  *  Md.  The  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  National  Con- 
vention at  Baltimore ;  Mrs.  Annie 
VVittenmyer,  president. 

♦  *  tnch.    A  State  Insane  Asylimi  is 
opened  at  Poutiac. 

*  *  Mo.  A  day  school  for  tlie  deaf  is 
established  .at  St.  Louis. 

*  *  Mass.  Tlie  twelfth  National  En- 
campment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Kepublic  is  held  at  Springfield ;  Gen. 
J.  C.  Robinson,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  A  general  assembly  of  tiie  National 
Association  of  the  Knights  of  Ijabor  is 
organized.  Terence  V.  Powderly  is 
elected  general  master-workman. 

*  •  The  American  Legion  of  Honor  is 
founded.  The  Improved  Order  of 
Heptasophs  and  the  Order  of  Scot- 
tish Clans  is  founded.  The  American 
Bar  Association  is  organized  in  New 
York. 

1879  Jan.  1.  Minn.  The  State  inebri- 
ate asylum  at  Rochester  is  opened. 

Jan.  10.  ^V.  J.  Benjamin  F.  Hunter 
is  hanged  at  Camden  for  the  murder  of 
,J.  F.  Armstrong,  at  Camden,  on  Jan. 
23,  1878. 

Feb.  15.  D.  C.  'Women  are  authorized 
to  practise  law  before  the  Supreme 
Court,  by  Act  of  Congress. 

Feb.  26.  Boston.  The  Associated 
Charities  is  organized. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  A  great  many  negroes 
emigrate  from  the  South  to  the  West. 

Apr.  10.  Vt.  John  P.  Fhair  is  hanged 
at  Windsor  for  the  murder  of  Ann  E. 
Frieze  of  Rutland,  on  June  9, 1874. 

Apr.  30.  Mass.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  law  abolishing  the  several  boards,  and 
establishing  the  Board  of  Health, 
Charity,  and  Liuiacy. 

Apr.  *  Kan.  The  first  influx  of  refugee 
colored  people  arrives  at  Wyandotte, 
from  the  former  slave  States  on  the 
Mississippi. 

May  5.  Miss.  A  meeting  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Iiabor  Convention  is  held 
to  consider  the  question  of  the  negro 
exodus. 

May  *  Mass.  An  Advent  fanatic  as- 
sumes to  imitate  Abraham  in  offering 
up  Isa:ic,  and  sacrifices  his  sleeping 
child  while  the  mother  looks  on. 

STATE. 

1878  Nov.*  D.C.  The  award  of  $5,- 
500,000  by  the  Fisheries  Commission 
is  paid  to  England  by  the  Government, 
with  a  protest  against  the  injustice  of 
the  award.    (Sec  May  17.) 


Deo.  2.    D.  C.    The   4Sth   Congress: 

the  third  session  opens. 
Dec.  *    />.  ('.    Congress ;  Senate  :  A  bill 
restricting   Chinese  inmiigration  is 
introduced. 

*  * D.  C.  The  "usufruct"  cipher  de- 
spatches, relating  to  the  bribery  of  elec- 
tors in  Florida,  South  Carolina,  and 
Oregon,  are  exposed. 

*  *  I).  C.  Congress  enacts  a  law  for  the 
encour.agement  of  timber  plantations, 
granting  a  quarter  section  of  land  to 
any  one  growing  10  acres  of  timber  on 
it  for  10  years. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the  per- 
manent government  of  the  District  by 
three  commissioners. 

*  *  V.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-82  *  •  Ala.    Rufus  W.  Cobb. 

-82  *  •  Ariz.  ( Tcr.).    John  C.  Fremont. 

-80  •  *  la.    John  H.  Gear. 

-80  *  *  La.    Francis  T.  Nicholls. 

-82  •  •  \.  Mex.  (Ter.).    Lewis  Wallace. 

-81  *  »  X.  J.    George  B.  McClellan. 

-80  »  *  O.    R.  M.  Bishop. 

-82  »  *  Ore.    William  W.  Thayer. 

-80  *  *  S.C.    William  D.  Simpson. 

-82  *  *  Co.    Fred  W.  M.  Holliday. 

-80  »  *  rt.    Redfield  Proctor. 

-82  •  »  Wis.    William  E.  Smith. 

1879  Jan.  1.  U.S.  Specie  payments 
are  resumed,  without  excitement  or 
excessive  demand  for  gold,  after  17  years 
of  suspension. 

Jan.  9.  Cmm.  The  Legislature  elects 
Charles  B.  Andrews  (Rep.)  governor. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
appoints  a  committee  to  investigate  the 
"cipher  telegrams;  "  they  relate  to 
the  purchase  of  presidential  electors  at 
the  South  in  the  interest  of  Samuel  J. 
Tilden. 

Feb.  3.  I).  C.  The  President  approves 
the  Act  of  Congress  declaring  the  incor- 
poration of  the  Society  of  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  of  New  Mexico  to  be  void. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  The  Chair  of  the  Senate 
is  first  occupied  by  a  colored  Senator 
—  Blanche  K.  Bruce  of  Mississippi. 

Feb.  15.  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes 
women  to  practise  before  the  Supreme 
Court. 

Congress :  The  Senate  passes  the  Wil- 
lis Bill  to  restrict  Chinese  immigra- 
tion ;  the  object  of  this  bill  is  to  limit 
the  number  of  passengers  that  may  be 
brought  over  by  a  single  vessel.  Vote, 
39-27. 

Feb.  22.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Chinese  Bill.    Vote,  155-72. 

Feb.  25.  la.  A  new  party  is  organized, 
called  Eeadjusters  —  of  the  State  debt. 

Mar.  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  President 
Hayes  vetoes  the  Chinese  Bill  as  violat- 
ing treaty  stipulations  without  notice. 
The  House  sustains  the  veto.  Vote,  95- 
109. 

Mar.  3.  f).  C.  Congress  makes  an  ap- 
propriation of  S250,00O,  the  income  from 
which  is  to  be  applied  for  the  support  of 
the  American  Printing  House  for  the 
Blind  at  Looisville,  Ky. 


It  provides  for  the  organization  of  a 
National  Board  of  Health  of  seven 
members. 
Mar.   4.    I).    C.    The   45th   Congress 

SDds. 

The  President  calls  an  extra  session 
of  the  46th  Congress  for  March  18. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C.  The  46th  Congress 
opens,  in  extra  session,  to  provide  for 
the  expenses  of  the  Government. 

Congress;  House  :  Samuel  J.  Ran- 
dall (Dem.)  of  Pa.  is  reelected  Speaker, 
receiving  143  votes  ;  James  A.  Gar- 
field (Rep.)  of  O.,  125  votes. 

Mar.  28.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  for  the  settlement  of  the  State 
debt  at  the  rate  of  60  cents  on  the  dol- 
lar. 

Apr.  15.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A. 
Q.  Thiu-man  (Dem.)  of  O.  is  elected 
President  pro  tempore.  Democrats 
control  both  House  and  Senate  —  for 
the  first  time  since  1856. 

Apr.  21.  La.  A  convention  is  held  at 
New  Orleans  and  a  new  Constitution  is 
formed ;  the  capital  is  changed  from 
New  Orleans  to  Baton  Rouge. 

Apr.  26.  D.  C.  The  President,  by  proc- 
lamation, orders  the  removal  of  settlers 
not  of  the  Indian  race  from  Oklahoma* 
in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Apr.  29.  />.  C.  President  Hayes  vetoes 
the  Army  Appropriation  Bill;  also 
the  Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  Bill. 

June  23.  D.  C.  A  second  Army  Ap- 
propriation BiU  is  approved. 

June  28.  J).  C.  Congress  provides  for 
the  appointment  of  a  commission  of 
seven  members  to  improve  the  mouths 
of  the  Mississippi  River. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1879. 
Revenue  :  Customs,  §137,260,048  ;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $113,661,611  ;  sales  of  public 
lands,  .^924,781  ;  premiums  on  loans  and 
sales  of  cold  coin,  $1,,'J06,048;  miscella- 
neous items,  $20,686,697.  Total  revenue, 
$273,827,184  ;  excess  of  revenue  f)ver  ex- 
penditures, $6,879,301.  Expenditures: 
miscellaneous  items,  $66,741,565;  War 
Department,  $40,425,661  ;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $15,125,127:  Indians,  $5,206,109; 
pensions,  S;36, 121,482 ;  interest  on  the 
public  dent,  $106,,327,949.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $266,947,883.  Public  debt, 
$2,340,232.  Exports,  $710,439,441  ;  im- 
ports, $445,777,775. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1878  Dec.  18.  A  gold  and  a  paper 
dollar  are  of  equal  value  for  the  first 
time  in  17  years. 

•  *  U.  S.  Loss  by  fire  In  1876,  $64,316,900  ; 
insurance  loss,  $36,675,900. 

1879  Jan.  1.  Mich.  The  new  Capitol 
is  formally  dedicated. 

Feb.  12.    N.  r.    The  new  Capitol  at 

Albany  is  opened. 
Mar.  1.    D.  C.    The  internal  revenue 

tax  on  tobacco  is  reduced. 
Mar.    2.    Xev.    A    fire    at   Reno   burns 

$1,000,000  worth  of  property. 
June  16-21.    London.    Edward  Payson 

Weston,  an  American,  walks  550  miles 

m  six  days  at  Agricultural  Hall. 


302     1879,  June  30-1880,  Apr.  18.       AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — HA  VY. 

1870  Sept.  20.  Colo.  Maj.  Thornbury 
and  17  men  are  killed  in  a  fight  with 
Indians  at  Milk  Creek,  near  Rawlins. 

Nov.  9.  Colo.  The  Apache  Indians  re- 
treat before  Gen.  Merritt,  then  suddenly 
turn  and  attack  their  pursuers,  and  kill 
.■52  men. 

J.880  Feb.  8.  Elwell  S.  Otis  is  com- 
missioned colonel  — 20th  infantry. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1870  Julys.  New  Yvrk.  James  Gordon 
Bennett,  proprietor  of  the  New  York 
Herald,  sends  out  the  Jeannette,  under 
the  sanction  of  Congress,  on  an  Arctic 
exploring  trips ;  it  sails  from  San  Fran- 
cisco under  Capt.  G.  W.  De  Long,  U.  S.  N. 
[A  few  survivors  reach  Siberia  and  finally 
the  United  States.] 

July  10.  Jf.  r.  The  asteroid  Byblis  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clin- 
ton.   [Dynamene,  on  July  28.] 

Aug.  16-20.  A  cyclone  wrecks  or  dis- 
ables 300  vessels  near  the  North  Atlantic 
-coast,  and  damages  inland  property ; 
the  wind  at  Cape  Lookout  attained  a 
Telocity  of  138  miles  an  hour. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Chryseis 
is  discovered  by  C.  11.  F.  Peters  of  Clin- 
ton.   [Pomi)eia,  on  Sept.  27.] 

•Oct.  15.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Hersilia 
Is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clin- 
ton.   [Dido,  on  Oct.  22.] 

Deo.  5.  Chicago.  The  Central  Music 
Hall  18  opened. 

Dec.  *  N.  J.  Edison  exhibits  his  incan- 
descent carbon  vacuum  lanii>8  at 
Menlo  Park. 

*  *  Colo.  The  first  large  discovery  of  sil- 
ver in  Gunnison  County  is  made. 

*  *  Mo.  The  St.  Louis  Choral  Society 
is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  monument  to  Maj.  Andr^ 
is  erected  at  his  grave  in  Tappan  by 
Cyrus  W.  Field. 

*  *  S.  C.  A  department  of  agriculture 
is  established. 

*  *  Shelford  Bidwell  announces  an  im- 
proved phonograph. 

*  *  Iiieut.  Sohwatka,  of  the  U.  S.  N., 
leads  a  Franklin  Search  Expedition 
overland,  and  discovers  some  human  re- 
mains of  Franklin's  crew  and  other 
relics  ;  he  sets  up  memorials,  and  brings 
home  the  remains  of  Lieut.  John  Irving 
of  the  Terror. 

-80  *  *  N.  Y.  The  'Warner  Observa- 
tory is  erected  at  Rochester. 

*  *  Pasture  (fa^cAijijr  is  painted  by  George 
Inness. 

*  •  Lake  Nemi  is  painted  by  J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  »  Quack  Doctor  is  painted  by  T.  W. 
Wood, 

*  *  Homeward  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  Clauds  is  painted  by  Jervis  McEntee. 

*  *  Catskill  Brook  is  painted  by  Worth- 
ington  Whittredge. 

*  *  Market  Boats  is  painted  by  William 
Bradford. 


•  *  Back  from  the  Beach  is  painted  by  F.  S. 

Church. 
1880    Feb.  16-17.    N.  Y.    The  asteroid 

liilaea  Is  discovered  by  0.  H.  F.  Peters 

of  Clinton. 
Mar.  30.    New   York,    President  Hayes 

opens  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 

Art. 
Spring.    Ga.    A  nugget  of  gold  is  foimd 

near  Nacooche  weighing  over  a  pound. 
Apr.    18.    Mo.    An   extensive   tornado 

strikes  Mansfield  ;  G5  persons  are  killed, 

200  injured,  and  the  town  destroyed ; 

loss,  $110,000. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1879. 
July  7.      OUn,    Abram    Baldwin,    jurist, 

M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  A71. 
July  11.     Allen,   William,  lawyer,  M.    C, 

senator.  Gov.  of  O.,  A73. 
July   18.     Harry,   William   Farquar,  brig- 
gen,  vols.,  .Vtil. 
Aug.   14.      odenheimer,    William    Henry, 

V.  E.  bialiop  of  N.  ,).,  author,  A62. 
Aug.  30.     Hood,  John  I!ell,  lieut.  U.  S.  A., 

lieut.-gen.  Confederate  army,  A48. 
Sept.  8.    Hunt,  William  Morris,  painter  of 

Boston,  A.^5. 
Sept.  19.     Drew,  Daniel,  capitalist,  founder 

Drew  Seminary,  A91. 
Oct.  13.    Carey,   Henry   Charles,  political 

economist,  A86. 
Oct.  31.     Abbott,    Jacob,    author,    Cong. 

clergyman,  .\76. 
Nov.  1.    Chandler,  Zacliariah,  senator  for 

Mich.,  secretary  of  interior,  A66. 
Nov.   23.      S(!liivetrer,    Charles   Frederick, 

Luth.  clergyman,  theologian,  author,  A72. 
Nov.  29.    Buddington,  William  Ives,  Cong. 

clergyman,  writer,  A64. 
Dec.   6.     Bigelow,    J'.rastus   Brigham,   in- 
ventor of  weaving  niacliines,  A6.5. 
Dec.  19.    Fowler,  Philemon  Halsted,  Pres. 

clergyman,  Ati5. 

1880. 

Jan.  10.  Leslie,  Frank,  (Henry  Carter), 
publisher,  A.W. 

Jan.  24.  Brewer,  Thomas  Mayo,  ornitholo- 
gist, author,  A66. 

Jan.  30.  Haven,  Gilbert,  editor,  author, 
M.  K.  bishop,  A.')9. 

reb.  5.    Borle,  Adolph  E.,  sec.  navy,  A71. 

reb.  17.  Lenox,  .lames,  founder  of  Lenox 
Library,  N.  Y.  City,  A80. 

Apr.  2.  Puncbard,  George,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, editor,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1870  July  22.  Peter  Fayssoux,  James 
Allen  Latane,  and  Alfred  Spencer  Rich- 
ardson are  consecrated  (Reformed  Epis- 
copal) bishops. 

Aug.  10.  Conn.  Lawrence  S.  McMahon 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Hartford. 

Aug.  10.  Hubert  Bower  is  consecrated 
(Reformed  Episcopal)  bishop. 

Sept.  7.  Mich.  Samuel  Smith  Harris  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Michigan. 

Sept.  14.  John  Vertin  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Marquette. 

Oct.  28.  Alas,  ^gidius  Junger  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Vancouver  Island  and  Alaska. 

Dec.  14.  Mont.  John  B.  Brondel  is  con- 
secrated the  first  (Roman  Catholic) 
bishop  of  Helena. 

•  *  HI.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Bloomington  ; 
W.  H.  Hopsou,  president. 

•  •  Me.-N.  Y.  The  Portland  and  the 
New  York  Congregational  Clubs  are 
formed. 


*  *  N.T.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Saratoga ;  H.  H. 
Jessup,  moderator. 

*  *  A^  I'.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 

»  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Wooster. 

*  *  O.  The  'Women's  Home  and  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  (Lutheran 
Church)  is  organized  at  Canton. 

*  *  Pa.  The  'Woman's  Foreign  Mis- 
sionary Society  (Methodist  Protestant) 
is  organized  at  Pittsburg. 

»  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  New  Wilming- 
ton ;  William  Bruce,  moderator. 

*  •  The  (Protestant  Episcopal)  Church 
German  Society  is  incorporated. 

*  •  The  Synod  of  the  Special  South  (Re- 
formed Episcopal)  is  organized. 

1880  Jan.  8.  N.  J.  Thomas  Alfred 
Starkey  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Northern  New  Jersey. 

Feb.  1.  Dak.  Martin  Marty  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Sioux 
Falls. 

Feb.  5.  La.  John  Nicolas  Galleher  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Louisiana. 

LETTERS. 

1870  Oct.  6.  Tex.  The  Prairie  'View 
Normal  School  at  Hempstead  is  opened. 

Nov.  17.  Mich.  The  Michigan  College 
of  Medicine  is  opened. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Free  Public  library  is 
founded  at  San  Francisco.    [45,004  vols.] 

*  *  Chicago.    The  Graphic  is  issued. 

*  *  Ccmn.  The  News  is  issued  at  New 
Haven. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Southern  Medical  College 
at  Atlanta  is  opened. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Polytechnic  Society  Li- 
brary is  founded  at  Louisville.  [39,879 
vols.] 

*  *  Mass.  Radcliffe  College,  annex  to 
Harvard,  is  founded  for  the  education 
of  women. 

»  *  Miss.  Jackson  College  (Col.  Bapt.) 
is  founded. 

*  *  Mo.  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  is  opened.  A  manual 
training  school  is  established  at  St. 
Louis.  Stewartsville  College  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Stewartsville. 

*  •  N.  J.  The  State  Normal  School  is 
opened  at  Newark. 

*  *  New  York.  John  Jacob  Astor  adds 
$250,000  in  improvements  to  the  Astor 
Library. 

Totcn  Topics,  The  Art  Amateur,  Brad- 
street's,  Harper's  Young  People,  and  /( 
Progreso  Italo- Americano  and  The  New- 
Yorker  Herotd  are  issued. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Telegram  is  issued  at 
Elmira. 

*  *  Ore.  Ashland  College  and  Normal 
School  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Daihj  Times  is 
issued. 


UNITED   STATES.  1879,  June  30-1880,  Apr.  18.  303 


*  *  Phila.    The  News  Is  issued. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Sam  Houston  Normal 
School  at  Hunts ville  is  opened. 

*  *  Wis.  A  compulsory  education  bill 
is  passed  by  the  Legislature. 

*  *  Archibald  Malmaisoiiy  by  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Boys^  Froissart,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Ethics,  by  John  Bascom,  appears. 

*  *  Figs  and  Thistles,  and  A  Fool's  Er- 
rand, by  Albion  Winegar  Tourg^e,  ap- 
pear. 

*  *  An  International  Episode,  by  Henry 
James,  appears ;  also  Hawthorne  (Kng- 
lish  Men  of  Letters  Series). 

*  *  Labor,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears." 

*  *  An  Old  Afaid's  Paradise,  by  Elizabeth 
Stuart  Phelps,  appears. 

*  *  Short  Studies  of  American  Authors,  by 
Thomas  W.  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Lyrics  and  Idylls,  by  Edmund  Clar- 
ence Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  Visions  of  the  Future,  by  Octavius 
B.  Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Old  Creole  Days,  by  George  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  *  Money,  Trade,  and  Industry,  by  Fran- 
cis A.  Walker,  appears. 

*  *  Locusts  and  Wild  Honey,  by  John 
Burroughs,  appears. 

*  *  Progress  and  Poverty,  by  Henry 
George,  appears.  ' 

*  *  Along  the  Way,  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge, 
appears. 

*  *  My  Desire,  by  Susan  Warner,  appears. 

*  *  Rudder  Grange,  by  Frank  R.  Stockton, 
appears. 

*  *  Detmold,  by  W.  H.  Bishop,  appears. 

*  /  Old  Friends  and  New,  by  Constance 
Fenimore  WooUon,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1870  July  2.  O.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  "Widow's  and  Old  Men*s  Home 
is  laid  at  Cincinnati. 

July  *  Ky.  Col.  Thomas  Buford  is  ac- 
quitted of  the  murder  of  Judge  Elliott 
at  Frankfort,  on  the  ground  of  insanity. 

Aug.*  Cal.  Political  disorder  abounds; 
Editor  De  Young  shoots  and  dangerously 
wounds  Mayor  Kallock  of  San  Francisco. 

Sept.  20.  Cal.  Gen.  Grant  is  received 
at  San  Francisco,  on  his  return  from 
his  tour  around  the  world,  with  a  grand 
procession  and  public  ceremonies. 

Sept.  29.  Colo.  Indians  massacre  N.  C. 
Meeker,  the  Indian  agent,  and  12  others, 
at  the  White  River  agency. 

Nov.  18.  O.  The  Associated  Charities 
is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

Dec.  12.  Ind.  The  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  of  Indianapolis  is  organ- 
ized. 

Dec.  17-24.  New  York.  A  banquet  is 
given  in  honor  of  Gen.  Grant  on  his 
return  from  bis  tour  around  the  world. 

*  *  Ala.  An  Act  is  passed  granting  a  pen- 
sion of  $75  to  citizens  who  lost  either  a 
leg  or  an  urm  in  the  Confederate  army. 


*  *  Co7in.  H.  H.  Hayden  is  acquitted  of 
the  miu-der  of  Mary  Stannard  at  New 
Haven. 

*  *  Ind.  The  School  for  Feeble-minded 
Youth  is  opened  at  Richmond. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Women's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  national  con- 
vention at  Indianapolis;  Frances 
"Willard,  president. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment  Bill  passes  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

*  *  Minn.  The  State  school  for  the 
feeble-minded  is  opened  at  Faribault. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Prohibitory  Bill  is  voted 
down.    Vote  50-37. 

*  *  Miss.  Mrs.  Dorsey  of  Beauvoir  be- 
queaths her  estate  to  Jefferson  Davis, 
to  which  he  retires,  and  here  devotes 
himself  to  literary  pursuits. 

*  *  N,  C.  The  colored  people  organize  a 
State  Industrial  Association. 

*  *  A',  y.  The  Oneida  commiuiity  is 
dissolved,  owing  to  opposition  led  by 
Prof.  Mears  of  Hamilton  College. 

*  *  N.  r.  The  13th  National  Encamp- 
ment of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  is  held  at  Albany ;  William 
Earnshaw,  commander-in-chief. 

*  *  0.  Rev.  William  H.  Delano's  ehurcli 
in  Garretsville  is  blown  up  with  gun- 
powder by  anti-temperance  rnen. 

*  *  The  Knights  of  Labor  increase  and 
flourish. 

*  *  The  Equitable  Aid  Union  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  The  Gaelic  Society  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Order  of  Chosen  Friends  is 
founded. 

*  *  The  Home  Circle  Association  is 
founded. 

*  *The  United  Order  of  Pilgrim 
Fathers  is  founded. 

1880  Feb.  11.  Mich.  An  Association 
of  Charities  is  organized  at  Detroit. 

Mar.  15.  Cal.  Dennis  Kearney,  a 
"sand-lot"  orator  and  leader,  is  sen- 
tenced to  six  months  imprisonment  and 
a  fine  of  $1,000  for  inciting  a  riot.  [Sen- 
tence reversed,  May  27.] 

Mar.  26.  Wis.  The  State  insane  asylum 
at  Milwaukee  opens. 

STATE. 

1879  July  1.  D.  C.  The  46th  Con- 
gress: the  first  session  closes. 

July  4.  Cal.  The  new  Constitution 
takes  effect. 

July  *  John  "Walsh,  minister  to  Eng- 
land, resigns. 

Aug.  19±.  D.  C.  James  Russell  Lowell 
is  appointed  minister  to  England. 

Aug.  27.  Tenn.  The  people  reject  the 
scaling  down  of  the  State  debt.  Vote, 
30,920  —  19,669. 

Oct.  *-Nov.  *  U.  S.  Election  returns 
are  favorable  to  Republicans. 

Dec.  1.  D,  C.  The  46th  Congress: 
the  second  session  opens. 


Dec.  8.  La.  The  new  Constitution 
and  the  debt  ordinance  are  ratified  by 
the  people  at  the  State  election. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  George  W.  MeCrary, 
Secretary  of  War,  resigns  ;  be  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Alexander  RamsSy  of  Minn. 

*  *  The  Government  reduces  the  annual 
interest  charge  from  $81,639,684  to  $61,- 
738,838,  by  issuing  low-rate  bonds,  and 
taking  up  those  bearing  a  higher  rate  of 
interest ;  $500,000,000  at  5  j?er  cent,  $185,- 
000,000  at  ^per  cent,  and  $710,345,950  at 
4iper  cent. 

*  *  Next}  York.  Sdward  Cooper  is 
elected  the  8l8t  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-83  *  *  Cal.    George  C.  Perkins. 
-81  *  *  Colo.     F.  W.  Pitkin. 

-81  *  *  Conn.    Charles  B.  Andrews. 

-83  *  *  Del.     John  W.  Hall. 

-83  *  *  Kan.    John  P.  St.  John. 

-83  *  *  Ky.    Luke  P.  Blackburn. 

-80  *  *  Mass.    Thomas  Talbot. 

-80  *  *  Me.    Alonzo  Garcelon. 

-83  *  *  Neb.    Albinus  Nance. 

-85  *  *  N.C.    Thomas  J.  Jarvis. 

-83  *  *  Nev.    John  H.  Kinkead. 

-81  *  *  N.  H.    Nathaniel  Head. 

-83  *  *  Pa.     Henry  M.  Hoyt. 

-81  *  *  Tenn.    Albert  S.  Marks. 

-83  *  *  Tex.    Oran  M.  Roberts. 
1880.    Jan.  *  Me.    Republicans  claim  a 

majority  of  members,  and  organize  the 

Legislature. 
Jan.  16.    Me.    The  Supreme  Court  recog- 
nizes the  Republican  Iiegislature  and 

Daniel  F.  Davis  (Rep.)  assumes  the  ofl&ce 

of  governor. 
Feb.  12.    D.  C.    The  President  issues  a 

second   proclamation    against   settlers 

entering  Oklahoma. 
Apr.  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senate  :  Allen 

G.  Thin^man  of  O.  is  elected  President 

pro  tempore.    [Again  May  6.] 

MISCELLAKEOUS. 

1870  Jime  30.  Nev.  The  completion 
of  the  Sutro  Tunnel,  four  miles  long, 
is  celebrated  in  the  Carson  Valley. 

Immigrants  for  the  year,  177,826. 

Sept.  *  I'enn.  The  yellow  fever  rages 
at  Memphis. 

Autumn.  The  grain  crops  are  reported 
to  be  the  largest  for  many  years. 

Nov.  15.  Mass.  The  French  cable 
is  landed  at  North  Fastham,  Cape  Cod. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Mississippi  Valley  Cotton 
Planters*  Association  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  South  Side  Park  at  Cleve- 
land is  purchased. 

*  *  U.  S.  Loss  by  fire  in  1879,  $77,703,700 ; 
insurance  loss,  $44,4&4,700. 

1880  Jan.  13.  Ga.  The  State  sells  at 
auction  the  Macon  and  Brunswick 
railroad  for  $1,125,000. 

Jan.  14.  La.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
Act  establishing  a  Bureau  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Immigration. 

Mar.  1.  New  York.  The  Second  Avenue 
Elevated  Railroad  is  opened  to  Sixty- 
Seventh  Street. 


304     1880,  Apr.  23- 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  HAVY. 

1880  Spring.  C.  S.  The  Apache  In- 
dians are  driven  liy  the  troops  iuto 
Mexico  ;  Victoria,  their  leader,  is  killed 
and  moa*  of  the  hand  captured. 

Nov.  *  U.  S.  About  1,500  of  Sitting 
Bull's  Indians  return  from  British 
America  and  surrender. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880  May  20.  Tenn.  A  statue  of  Gen. 
Jackson  is  unveiled  on  the  Capitol 
grounds  at  Nashville. 

May  28.  Tex.  A  storm  in  Fannin 
County  destroys  much  property  and  40 
lives;  83  persons  are  injured. 

*  *  Cat.  The  erection  of  the  Ijick  Ob- 
servatory is  begun  on  Mount  Hamilton, 
4,250  feet  above  the  sea  level.  [1888. 
Completed.] 

June  12.  Egypt.  The  Egyptian  obe- 
lisk is  shipped  in  a  special  vessel  from 
Alexandria  for  New  York.  [July  22  it 
arrives.! 

Nov.  8.  New  York.  Sarah  Bernhardt, 
the  French  actress;  makes  her  first  ap- 
pearance In  this  country  at  Booth's 
Dh  eater. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1880. 
Apr.  30.    Jannejr,  Samuel  M.,  Quaker  au- 
thor, A79. 
May  I.    Heintzelman,  Samuel  P.,  maj.-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A75. 
May  14.    Church,  Sanford  E.,  Jurist,  poli- 
tician, of  N.  Y.,  A65. 
May  20.      Foole,    Henry    S.,    senator   for 

Miss.,  Gov.,  ABO. 
May  27.    O'Oallaghan,  Edmund  B.,  histo- 
rian, A83. 
May  30.    Anderson,  Rufus,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, 34  years  sec.  Am.  Board,  author,  A84. 
June  13.     Bayard,  James  A.,  lawyer,  sena- 
tor for  Del.,  Aal. 
July  4.    Ripley.  George,  Unit,  clergyman, 
transcendentaliat,  scholar,  critic,  au.,  A78. 
July  6.    Sears,  Barnas,  Bapt.  clergyman, 
educator,  A78. 

Curtis,  William  E.,  jurist,  N.  Y.,  A54. 

July  33.    Hering,  Constantin,  German-Am- 
erican physician,  author,  A80. 
Aug.  8.     Buller,  William  0.,  M.  C.  for  Ky., 

brev.  maj.  U.  S.  A.,  A89. 
Aug.  9.    Bigler,  William,  senator  for  Pa., 

Gov.,  editor,  .\66. 
Aug   18.     Johnson,  Herschel  V.,  lawyer, 
senator  for  Ga.,  Gov.,  Dem.  candidate  for 
vice-presidency,  A68- 
Aug.  24.     Myers,  Albert  J.,  chief   signal 

olllcer  and  brig.-gen.  U.  .S.  A.,  A63. 
Aug.  28.    Jackson,  Charles  T.,  physicist, 

author,  A75. 
Aug.  29.    Glfford,  Sanford  R.,  landscape 
painter,  A57. 

Herbert,  Paul  O.,  Gov.  of  La.,  A62. 

Aug.  31.    Adams,   William,   Pres.  clergy- 
man, writer,  A73. 
Sept.  10.    Haldeman,  Samuel  S.,  natural- 
ist, phUologist,  author,  A68. 
Sept.  11.     Roberts,  Marshall  0.,  merchant, 

philanthropist,  of  N.  Y.,  A66. 
Sept.  1 9.     Foster,  Lafayette  S.,  senator  for 

Conn.,  A74. 
Sept.  20.    McKay,  Donald,  shipbuilder,  A70. 
Oct.  2.     Hallock,  William  A.,  ed.,  au.,  A66. 
Oct.  6.    Pence,   Benjamin,  mathematician, 
prof,  at  Harvard,  T'.  S.  Coast  Survey,  A7I. 
Oct.  13.    Sprague,  Peleg,  politician.  Jurist, 

of  Me.,  A87. 
Oct.  20.    Child.  Lydia  M.,  author,  editor, 

philantliroplst,  A78. 
Oct.  27.     Doggett,  David  S.,  bishop  M.  E. 

Chuxch  Soutli,  A70. 
Oct.  28.    .Seguin,   Edward,  physician,  fdr. 

of  training  school  for  idiots,  A68. 
Nov.  4.    Lewis,  Estella  A.,  poet,  dramatist, 

author,  AM. 
Nov.   11.     Mott.    liucretla  C,  social  re- 
former, Quaker  preacher,  Afi7. 
Nov.  23.    Watson,  James  C,  astronomer, 
author,  A42. 


Nov.  27.  Crittenden,  George  B.,  lawyer. 
Confederate  maj-gen.,  A68. 

Nov.  30.  Mackenzie,  Robert  S.,  journalist, 
author,  A7I. 

Dec.  6.  Ketchum,  Winthrop  W.,  jurist, 
M.  C.  for  Pa..  A60. 

Dec.  31.  Akerman,  Amos  T.,  attorney-gen- 
eral, A38. 

Dec.  27.  Chapln.  Edwin  EC,  Univ.  clergy- 
man, orator,  author,  Afiti. 

Dec.  31.  Sargent,  Kpes,  journalist,  au- 
thor, A.m. 


CHURCH. 
1880  Apr.  •  The  centennial  of  the  birth 
of  Channing  is  Celebrated  by  Unita- 
rians. 
May  1-28.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held  at  Cincin- 
nati. 

It  decides  that  "He"  "His"  and 
"  Him  "  in  the  Book  of  Discipline,  is  not 
to  be  construed  so  as  to  exclude  women 
from  the  office  of  stewards,  leaders,  and 
Sunday  School  superintendents. 

Henry    W.    Warren,  Cyrus    D.   Foss, 
John  F.  Hurst,  and  Erastus  O.  Haven  are 
ordained  bishops. 
June  18.    Chicago.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 
July  1.    Edward  Wilson  is  consecrated 

(Reformed  Episcopal)  bishop. 
Aug.  8.  John  A.  Watterson  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  the  Diocese 
of  Columbus. 
Sept.  10.    Mo.   The  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Kansas  City  is  established. 
Chicago.   Patrick  A.  Feehan  is  pro- 
moted (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop  of 
Chicago. 

Mo.    John  J.  Hogan  is  transferred  to 

the  (Roman  Catholic)  Diocese  of  Kansas 
City,  and  made  administrator  of  the  Dio- 
cese of  St.  Joseph. 
Sept.  21-24.   JV.  1'.   The  National  Con- 
ference (Unitarian)  is  held  at  Saratoga. 
Sept.  23.   The  Pan-Presbyterian  Con- 
vention commences  in  Philadelphia. 
Oct.  25.    The  American  Church  Build- 
ing  Fund    Commission    (Protestant 
Episcopal)  is  established. 
Nov.  21.    A\  ilex.    George  K.   Dnnlop 
is    consecriited    (Protestant   Episcopal) 
bishop  of  New  Mexico. 
Nov.  *  Ala.    A  convention  of  Southern 
Baptists  is  held  at  Montgomery;    the 
Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Convention 
of  the  United  States  is  organized. 
Deo.  2.    The  Kansas  Conference  (Unita- 
rian) is  organized. 
Dec.  8.    Legh  Richmond  Brewer  Is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  of  Montana. 
Dec.  15.     Wash.    John  Adams  Paddock 
is    consecrated    (Protestant    Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Washington  Terri- 
tory. 

LETTERS. 

1880  Oct.  6.  Miss.  The  State  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  at  Spark- 
ville  opens  for  white  students. 

Nov.  2.  N.  Y.  The  Long  Island  His- 
torical Society  opens  its  new  building 
at  Brooklyn. 

*  •  Cal.  The  University  of  Southern 
California  is  opened  at  Los  Angeles. 


'  *  la.  The  Dexter  Normal  College  is 
opened  at  Dexter. 

*  *  I.  T.  Tlie  Indian  University  (lud. 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Bacone. 

*  •  Ky.  The  Kentucky  College  of  Agri- 
culture and  Mechanics  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

*  *  La.  The  Southern  University  at 
New  Orleans  is  opened  ;  it  is  established 
for  the  higher  education  of  colored 
young  men. 

*  •  La.  The  States  is  issued  at  New  Or- 
leans. 

*  *  Mis>.  The  Mississippi  Agricultural 
College  (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Jack- 
son. 

SOCIETY. 
1880    May  18.   Nevi  York.  A  Board  of 

Health  is  authorized. 
May.  31.  R.  I.  The  League  of  American 

Wheelmen  is  organized  at  Newport. 
June  8.    O.    The  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  meets  in  the  14th  National 
Encampment  at  Dayton ;  John  Wagner 
of  Pa.,  commander-in-chief. 
July  16.    N.  T.    Chastine  Cox,  a  negro, 
is  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Mrs.  Jane 
D.  Hall,  on  June  10, 1879,  in  New  York. 
Aug.  6.    N.  Y.    Pietro  Balbo  is  hanged 

for  the  murder  of  his  wife. 
Aug.  20.      O.     Monroe  Robertson,  the 
murderer  of  nine  men,  is  hanged  at 
Greenville. 
Sept.   20.     Mich.     The    State   opens   a 

school  for  the  blind  at  Lansing. 
Oct.  5.  Tenn.  New  Rugby  is  inaugu- 
rated by  a  colony  of  British  farmers, 
following  the  suggestion  of  Thomas 
Hughes. 
Dec.  *  PUila.  The  Committee  of  One 
Hundred  is  organized  for  the  improve- 
ment and  purification  of  the  city  govern- 
ment. 

STATE. 
1880  May  4.  D.  C.  President  Hayes  a 
second  time  vetoes  the  Appropriation 
Bill. 
May  6.  Mo.  Republicans  who  oppose 
a  third  term  in  the  presidency  hold  a 
Convention  at  St.  Louis;  John  B. 
Henderson,  president. 

The  precedent  set  by  Washington  is 
Ignored  by  the  "Stalwarts";  this 
strong  faction,  led  by  Roscoe  Conkling 
of  N.  Y.,  claims  that  an  intervening 
presidency  makes  the  precedent  inap- 
plicable. 
May  25.  R.  I.  The  people  having  failed 
to  choose  a  governor,  the  Legislature 
elects  Alfred  H.  Llttlefleld  (Rep.). 
May  *  D.  C.    P.  M.-Gen.  David  McKay 

Key  resigns. 
June  2.  D.  C.  Horace  Maynard  of 
Tenn.  is  appointed  postmaster-general. 
Jvme  2-7.  Ill-  The  Republican  Na- 
tional Convention  is  held ;  George 
F.  Hoarof  Ma«8.,  president.  The  friends 
of  Blaine  and  of  Grant  conduct  a  spirited 
canvass. 

First  ballot :  James  A.  Garfield  of  0., 
0  ;  U.S.  Grant,  301 ;  James  G.  Blaine  of 
Me.,  284 ;  John  Sherman  of  O.,  93 ;  i..  B. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1880,  Apr.  21-*  *.     305 


WjwhlJurne  of  111.,  31 ;  William  Windom 
of  .Vlinn.,  10.  The  Blaiue  and  Sherman 
men  unite  on  the  36th  ballot.  Garfield, 
399  ;  Grant,  Mli  ;  Blaiue,  42  ;  E.  B.  Wash- 
burne  of  111.,  5 ;  Sherman,  3.    Chester 

A.  Arthur  of  N.  V.  is  nominated  for  vice- 
president.  Vote,  Arthur,  468 ;  Wash- 
burue,  193. 

June  7.  D.  C.  Congress  appropriates 
$100,090  for  the  erection  of  a  memorial 
of  Cornwallis's  surrender  at  Yorktown. 

June  9-11.  Chicago.  The  Greenback 
National  Convention  is  held ;  Kichard 
Trevellick  of  Mich.,  president.    James 

B.  Weaver  of  la.  is  unanimously  nomi- 
nated for  president,  and  B.  S.  Chambers 
of  Tex.  for  vice-president.  Vote,  Cham- 
bers, 403  ;  A.  M.  West  of  Miss.,  311. 

June  16.  n.  r.  The  46th  Congress ; 
the  second  session  closes. 

June  17.  O.  The  Prohibition  National 
Convention  meets  at  Cleveland,  and 
nominates  Neal  Dow  of  Me.  and  H.  A. 
Thompson  of  O.  as  presidential  candi- 
dates. 

June  18.  New  York.  Samuel  J.  Tilden 
writes  a  letter  declining  to  be  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency. 

June  22-24.  O.  The  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  is  in  session  at 
Cleveland  ;  John  W.  Stevenson  of  Ky., 
president.  'Winfield  Scott  Hancock 
of  Pa.  and  'WiUiam  H.  English  of  Ind. 
are  nominated  as  presidential  candi- 
dates. 

First  ballot :  Winfield  S.  Hancock, 
171;  Thomas  F.  Bayard  of  Del.,  163J ; 
Henry  B.  Payne  of  O.,  81 ;  Allen  G. 
Thucman  of  O.,  CSJ  ;  Stephen  J.  Field  of 
Cal.,  G5;  William  B.  ivforrison  of  111., 
62;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Ind.,  49J ; 
Samuel  J.  Tilden  of  N.  Y.,38;  Samuel 
J.  Randall  of  Pa. ,  0.  Second  ballot : 
Hancock,  .120 ;  Randall,  128J  ;  Bayard, 
113.  William  H.  Kngligh  is  unanimously 
nominated  for  Vice-President. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue  :  Customs,  §180,522,065  ; 
internal  revenue,  $124,009,374;  direct 
tax,  831;  sales  of  public  lands,  $1,010,- 
507 ;  premiums  on  loans  and  sales  of  gold 
coin,  SllO;  miscellaneous  items,  $21,978,- 
52.">.  Total  revenue,  .?:i33,52G,en  ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  expenditures,  $65,883,653. 
Expenditures:  Premium  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $2,795,.320;  miscel- 
laneous items,  .iS.''i4,713,530  ;  War  Depart- 
ment, .$38,116,916 ;  Navy  Department, 
$13,,''>36,9a5  ;  Indiana,  $5,915,457 ;  pen- 
sions, $56,777,174  ;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  .$95,7.57,575.  Total  ordinary  expen- 
ditures, $267,642,9,58,  Public  debt,  $2,128,- 
791,0.54.  Exports,  $835,638,658;  imports, 
$067,954,746. 

Sept.  1.  S.C.  Gov.  Simpson  resigns,  and 
is  succeeded  by  I,,ieut.-Gov.  T.  B.  .Jeter. 

Oct.  20.  U.  S.  The  "  Morey  letter," 
a  lithographed  forgery  in  imitation  of 
Garfield's  handwriting  and  signature,  ai>- 
proving  Chinese  immigration,  is  widely 
distributed  for  the  purpose  of  impairing 
his  vote. 

Nov.  2.  U.S.  24th  Presidential  Sec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote :  James  A.  Garfield 
(Rep.)  of  O.,  4,454,416;  'Winfleld  S. 
Hancock  (Dem.)  of  Pa.,  4,444,952; 
James  B.  Weaver  (Greenback)  of  la., 
308,.578  ;  Neal  Dow  (Prohib.)  of  Me., 
10,305;  John  "W.  Pheli>s  (American) 
of  Vt.,  707. 


Popular  Vote  for  President. 


Candidates. 

States. 

Garfield 

Hancock 

Weaver 

Dow 

Ala.  .    . 

56,221 

91,189 

4,642 

Ark..    . 

42,43B 

60,775 

4,079 

Cal.  .    . 

80,348 

80,426 

3,392 

Colo.     . 

27,450 

24,647 

1,435 

Conn.    . 

67,071 

64,415 

868 

'409 

Del. .     . 

14,133 

15,275 

120 

Kla.  .    . 

23,(io4 

27,»64 

lia.   .    . 

64,0»6 

102,470 

'  969 

111.    .    . 

318,037 

277,321 

26,358 

443 

Ind.  .     . 

232,164 

225,.522 

12,986 

la.     .     . 

183,927 

105,845 

32,701 

'592 

Kan.      . 

121,.54') 

59,801 

19,861 

25 

Ky.   .     . 

106,306 

149,068 

11,499 

268 

La.    .     . 

38,637 

65,067 

439 

Jle.   .     . 

74,03!l 

65,171 

4,408 

93 

M(l.  .     . 

78,515 

93,706 

818 

Mass.     . 

165,205 

111,%0 

4,648 

'682 

Mich.     . 

18.5,341 

131,597 

34,895 

942 

Minn.    . 

93,iJ03 

53,315 

3,267 

286 

Miss.     . 

34,K54 

75,750 

5,797 

Mo.  .     . 

1.53,567 

208,609 

35,135 

Neb..    . 

54,979 

28,523 

3,960 

Nev.      . 

8,7.32 

9,613 

N.  H.     . 

44,8.52 

40,794 

'  528 

'l80 

N.  J.      . 

120,-5.55 

122,.565 

2,617 

191 

N.  Y.     . 

6.55,5(4 

534,511 

12,373 

1,517 

N.  C.     . 

11.5,874 

124,208 

1,126 

0.      .    . 

375,048 

340,821 

6,4.56 

2,616 

Ore.  .     . 

20,619 

19,943 

249 

Penn.    . 

444,704 

407,428 

20,668 

1,939 

R. 1. .     . 

18,195 

10,779 

236 

20 

S.  C.     . 

58,071 

112,312 

,566 

Tcnn.    . 

107,677 

128,191 

5,917 

43 

Tex. .    . 

57,8113 

1.56,428 

27,405 

Vt.    .    . 

45,.567 

18,816 

1,215 

Va.    .    . 

84,020 

128,.5S6 

W.  Va. . 

46,243 

57,391 

9,079 

Wis..     . 

144,400 

114,649 

7,986 

69 

Total  . 

4,4.54,416 
48.31 

4,444,9,52 

308,,578 

10,305 

Per  et.  . 

48.20 

3.34 

0.11 

Plur.     . 

9,464 

Kan,    The  people   vote    to   approve 

the  prohibitory  amendment  to  the 
Constitution.     Vote,  92,302-84,301. 

Nov.  9,  D.  C.  A  treaty  with  China  is 
concluded. 

Dec. 6.  B.C.  The 46th Congress :  the 
third  session  opens  :  Hoi»se  :  SamuelJ. 
Randall  of  Pa.  is  reelected  Speaker. 

Dec.  15.  D.  C.  Kichard  "W.  Thompson 
of  Ind.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  resigns. 

*  *  Cal,  The  Legislature  passes  the  De- 
bris Helief  Bill,  providing  for  a  special 
tax  on  miners  to  relieve  agriculturists 
who  suffer  loss  by  the  dibris  washed  into 
the  valley  in  hydraulic  mining. 

*  *  B.  C.  "William  B.  Woods  of  Ga.  is 
appointed  Justice  in  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 

*  ♦  Ore.  The  Constitution  is  amended 
to  authorize  female  suffrage. 

*  *  Civil  Service  Reform  Associations 
are  formed  in  several  cities,  chiefly  in 
the  Eastern  States. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaug:iLrated : 
Se  *  *  la.    Buren  R.  Sherman. 
-83  *  *  La.    Louis  A.  Wiltz. 
-82  *  *  Mass.     John  D.  Long. 
-81  *  *  Me.    Daniel  F.  Davis. 
-83  *  *  .V.  r.    Alonzo  B.  Cornell. 

*  -84  *  *  O.    Charles  Foster. 
-83  *  •  It.  I.    Alfred  H.  Littlefield. 
-82  *  *  S.  C.    Johnson  Hagood. 
-86  *  •  UtahiTer.).     Eli  H.  Murray. 
-82*  *  Vt.    Roswell  Farnham. 
-84  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).    AVm.  A.  Xewell. 

MISCELLAIIEOnS. 

1880  Apr.  23.  W.  Africa.  The  steamer 
American,  Capt.  Maclean,  founders  oif 


Cape  Palmas  ;  nearly  all  the  passengers 
and  crew  escape  in  boats. 

May  2.  New  York,  llie  Ninth  Avenue 
Elevated  Railroad  is  reopened  after  be- 
ing entirely  rebuilt. 

May  17-24.  Teun.  Tlie  centennial  of 
the  settlement  of  Nashville  is  cele- 
brated. 

May  30.  Chicago.  The  Government 
buildings,  including  the  post-office  and 
custom-house,  are  completed. 

June  11.  N.  Y.  The  steamer  JViarra^ran- 
sett  collides  with  a  vessel  near  Cornfield 
Point  Shoal,  Long  Island  Sound;  27 
lives  are  lost. 

June  28.  N.  Y.  The  Seawanhaka  is 
burned  off  Ward's  Island ;  24  lives  are 
lost. 

June  *  The  10th  census  is  taken. 
States,  38:  whites,  43,402,970;  colored, 
6,580,793 ;  (slaves,  0) ;  total  population, 
50,155,783 ;  increase,  30.08  per  cent.  Cen- 
ter of  population,  eight  miles  west  by 
south  of  Cincinnati ;  westward  move- 
ment in  ten  years,  58  miles. 

July  4.  Minn.  The  second  centennial  of 
the  discovery  of  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony is  celebrated  at  Minneapolis. 

July  7.  New  York.  Dr.  Henry  S.  Tan- 
ner successfully  closes  his  fast  of  40 
days.  He  drank  water  occasionally, 
but  partook  of  no  food ;  his  loss  of 
weight  was  36  pounds. 

The  Harvard  freshmen  defeat  those 

of  Cohxmbia  in  a  boat-race  ;  time  11.32. 

July  21.  N.J.  Water  bursts  into  the 
Hudson  River  Tunnel  while  the  ex- 
cavators are  at  work,  and  drowns  20 
workmen. 

July  22.  Mich.  The  steam-yacht  Mamie 
collides  with  the  steamer  Garland  on 
the  Detroit  River ;  16  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  29.  Fla.  The  steamer  City  of  Vera 
Cruz  founders  in  a  hurricane  otf  the 
coast  of  Florida,  30  miles  from  shore ; 
only  II  out  of  82  persons  are  saved. 

Sept.  17.  Boston.  The  250th  anniver- 
sary of  the  settlement  of  Boston  is  cel- 
ebrated. 

Sept.  28.  Ind.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
new  State  House  at  Indianapolis  is  laid 
with  ceremonies. 

Oct.  10-15.  Md.  Tlie  150th  anniversary 
of  the  founding  of  Baltimore  is  cele- 
brated by  its  citizens. 

Oct.  15  +  Mich.  The  steamer  Alpena 
from  Grand  Haven  for  Chicago  is  lost ; 
about  70  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  15.  Minn.  The  asylum  for  the  In- 
sane at  St.  Peter  takes  fire,  and  30  lives 
are  lost. 

Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  1880. 
Production:  Gold,  $36,000,000;  silver. 
$38,45U.CK)0.  Bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  1,754,861,535;  wheat,  459.479,503; 
oats,  407,858,900 ;  barley,  44,113.495:  rye, 
19,831,595  ;  buckwheat,  11,817,327.  Bales 
of  cotton,  5,797,397.  Pounds  of  wool, 
232,500,000.  Barrels  of  petroleum,  26,- 
286,123.  Currency  in  circulation,  Juno 
30,  $973,382,228;  per  capita,  $J9.41.  Im- 
migrants (fiscal  year),  457,257.  Miles  ui' 
railroads  worked,  82,146  ;  capital  stock, 
$2,708,673,375  ;  total  accidents.  1,078  :  lives 
lost.  315;  injured,  1,172.  Fire  waste, 
$74,643,400;  insurance,  $42,525,000. 


306     1880,  *  *-1881,  July  2. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1881  Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Charles  H.  Tomp- 
kins is  commissioned  colonel  —  quarter- 
master's department. 

Feb.  18.  D.  C.  David  G.  Swaim  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880*  *  Boston.  The  Boston  Sym- 
phony Society  is  established. 

*  *  Chicago.  Theaudiphone  is  invented 
by  R.  G.  Rhodes. 

*  *  J^ew  York.  A  bronze  bust  of  the  poet 
Thomas  Moore,  and  a  bronze  statue  of 
Robert  Burns,  are  unveiled  in  Central 
Park.  George  H.  Yewell  and  Benjamin 
C  Porter  of  New  York  and  Louis  C. 
Tiffany  of  Chicago  are  elected  mem- 
bers of  the  National  Academy  of  De- 
sign. The  Madison  Square  Theater  is 
opened  with  the  performance  of  Hazel 
Kirke. 

*  *  Ruins  of  the  Partheiion  is  painted  by 
S.  R.  Gifford. 

*  *  On  the  Plains  is  painted  by  Worthing- 
ton  Whittredge. 

*  ♦  Muskrat's  Nest  is  painted  by  F.  S. 
Cburch. 

*  ♦  Touchstone  and  Audrey  is  painted  by 
P.  F.  Rotherrael. 

*  •  Old  Church  at  Arreton.  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *The  statue  of  Farragut  is  executed 
by  A.  St.  Gaudens. 

*  *  In  a  Rye  Field  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

*  *  The  Coming  Storm  is  painted  by 
George  Inness, 

*  *  Farmington  River  is  painted  by  J.  M. 
Hart. 

*  *  Edge  of  a  Wood  is  painted  by  Jervis 
McEntee. 

*  *  Bachelor^s  Breakfast  is  painted  by  G. 
W.  Maynard. 

*  *  Strictly  Confidential  is  painted  by  T. 
W.  Wood. 

*  *  Cupid  is  painted  by  William  Page. 

*  *  The  Trappist  is  painted  by  Frank  B. 
Mayer. 

1881  Jan.  22.  New  York.  The  Egyp- 
tian obeUsk  is  erected  on  Its  pedestal 
in  Central  Park. 

Height,  90  feet ;  weight  of  shaft,  443,- 
000  pounds  ;  cost  of  removal  and  erec- 
tion, defrayed  by  W.  H.  Vanderbilt. 
$103,732. 

Feb.  15.  O.  The  Cincinnati  Museum 
Association  is  incorporated. 

Apr.  4.  The  Chemical  Industrial  So- 
ciety is  founded. 

June  *  Lieut.  A.  W.  Greely  and  24  others 
start  on  the  Iiady  Franklin  Bay  Ex- 
pedition to  Northern  Greenland.  [July 
7.  They  leave  Newfoundland  on  the 
Proteus.] 

June  13.  The  Jeannette  of  the  De  Long 
Polar  expedition  is  crushed  in  the  ice, 
in  77"  15  N.,  155  E. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1881. 

Jan.  4.    Wood,  Alphonso,  botanist,  au.,  A71. 

Jan.  30.  Sothern,  Edward  Askew,  Eng.- 
Am.  comedian  (Dundreary),  A55. 

Feb.  3.  Diraan,  Jeremiah  Lewis,  Cong, 
clergj'man,  author,  prof,  of  history,  A50. 

Feb.  13.  Wood,  Fernando,  M.  C.  for  K.  Y., 
A68. 

Mar.  14.  Emerson,  George  Barrell,  educa- 
tionist, writer,  A84. 

Mar.  24.   Hollister,  Gideon  Hiram,  an.,  A  64. 

Mar.  26.  LawTence,  William  Beach,  jurist, 
autlior,  A8I. 

Apr.  26.  Palfrey,  John  Gorham,  Unit,  cler- 
gyman, author,  professor  at  Harvard,  his- 
torian, M.  C.  for  JIass.,  A85. 

Apr.  28.  Grtgsby,  Hugh  Blair,  historical 
scholar,  A75. 

June  2.  Street,  Alfred  Billings,  poet,  au- 
thor, A70. 

June  5.  Sabine.  Joseph,  Eng.  bibliophile 
in  America,  A60. 


CHURCH. 

1880  *  *  Chicago  is  created  a  (Roman 
Catholic)  archiepiscopal  see,  with  the 
bishops  of  Alton  and  Peoria  suffragans 
to  it. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Synod  of  Chicago  (Ke- 
forraed  Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Louisville ; 
T.  P.  Haley,  president. 

*  *  New  York.  The  General  Conven- 
tion (Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

It  constitutes  itself  a  Board  of  Mis- 
sions. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Xenia ;  E.  T. 
Jeffers,  moderator. 

*  *  U.  S.  Church  communicants  num- 
ber 10,065,963— about  one  in  five  of  the 
population. 

*  *  Wis.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Madison ;  William 
M.  Paxton,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Congregational  National  Coim- 
cil  meets. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Mennonites  sends  its  first  missionary  to 
the  American  Indians. 

*  *  The  Educational  Department  is 
added  to  the  American  Home  Mission- 
ary Society. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyte- 
rian Church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  opens 
a  school  among  the  Chilcat  Indians  ; 
also  a  school  for  the  Pueblos. 

1881  Feb.  2.  Me.  The  iirst  Yoimg 
People's  Society  of  Christian  En- 
deavor is  organized  at  Portland,  by 
Rev.  F.  E.  Clark  of  the  WiUiston  Con- 
gregational Church. 

Apr.  8.  Tenn.  The  Board  of  Missions 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church' 
South  is  chartered  by  the  Legislature. 

Apr.  *  Chicago.  The  Channing  Club 
(Unitarian)  is  organized. 

May  1.  La.  Francis  Janssens  is  pro- 
moted Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of 
New  Orleans. 

May  4.  Mo.  The  "Woman's  Western 
Conference  (Unitarian)  is  organized 
at  St.  Louis. 


May  8,  Tex.  John  C.  Neraz  (Roman 
Catholic)  is  consecrated  bishop  of  San 
Antonio. 

May  20.  D.  C.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets  at  Wash- 
ington. 

June.*  N.  Y.  The  International  Med- 
ical Missionary  Society  is  established 
for  ministering  to  the  poor. 

LETTERS. 

1880  *  *  Miss.  The  Shuqtialak  Female 
College  (Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Mo.  Pierce  City  College  (Bapt.)  is 
founded. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Sporting  News  is  issued  at 
St.  Louis ;  also  the  Daily  Chronicle. 

*  *  New  York,     The  Critic  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  The  Farmer's  Home  at  Dayton  Iss. 
The  Cincinnati  Daily  Post  is  established. 

*  *  Phila.     Golden  Days  is  issued. 

*  *  Tenn.  Memphis  Hospital  Medical 
CoUege  of  the  Southwestern  Baptist 
University  is  opened  at  Memphis. 

*  *  Bible  Dictionary  (illustrated),  by 
Philip  Schaff,  appears. 

*  *  Ben  Hur^  by  Lew  Wallace,  appears. 

*  *  The  Boys*  King  Arthur,  by  Sidney  La- 
nier, appears. 

*  *  Bricks  without  Straw,  by  Albion  W. 
Tourg^e,  appears. 

*  *  The  Iron  Gate,  and  Other  Poems,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Jack  and  Jill,  by  Ivouisa  May  A'lcott, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Kingdom  of  God,  by  Edward  Ev- 
erett Hale,  appears. 

*  *  Louisiana,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett, appears. 

*  *  Sebastian  Strome,  by  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  The  Stillwater  Tragedy,  hy  T.  B.Al- 
drich,  appears. 

*  *  Socialism,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  United  States  under  the 
Constitution,  by  James  Schouler,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  Tramp  Abroad,  by  Mark  Twain 
(Samuel  L.  Clemens),  appears. 

*  *  An  Undiscovered  Country,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Voices  of  Hope  and  Gladness,  by  Bay 
Palmer,  appears. 

*  *  The  Emotions,  by  James  M'Cosh,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  Pre-Adamite,  by  Alexander  Win- 
chell,  appears. 

.  *  *  Modem  Society,  by  Julia  Ward  Howe, 
appears. 

*  *  The  GrandisBimea,  by  G.  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  *  Rodman  the  Keeper,  by  C.  F.  Woolsen, 
appears. 

*  *  Odd  or  Even,  by  Adeline  D.  T.  Whit- 
ney, appears. 

*  *  Every  Day  English,  by  Richard  Grant 
White,  appears. 


I 


UNITED    STATES.  1880,  *  *-1881,  July  2.    307 


SOCIETY. 

1880  •  *  Chicago.  The  National  Far- 
zners'  Alliance  is  founded. 

*  *  Ja.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 
organized. 

*  *  Kan.  A  great  immigration  of 
colored  people  brings  40,000  negroes 
into  the  State. 

*  *  Mass.  The  antiscreen  law  respect- 
ing liquor  saloons  becomes  operative. 

*  *  N.  C.  An  asylum  for  insane  colored 
people  is  opened  by  the  State  at  Golds- 
borough. 

*  *  Ore,  A  Constitutional  Amendment 
authorizing  female  suffrage   is   passed 

.,  and  approved. 

*  *  Phila.  Dr.  Buchanan  is  detected  in 
the  extensive  and  fraudulent  sale  of 
diplomas  of  Doctor  of  Medicine — for 
$50  each ;  he  claims  to  be  the  dean  of 
the  American  University  (?)  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  State  school  for  deaf 
mutes  at  Sioux  Falls  is  opened. 

*  *  The  Memphis  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege (Southwest  Baptist  University) 
opens. 

*  *  The  National  Association  for  the 
Protection  of  the  Insane  and  for  the 
Prevention  of  Insanity  is  organized. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  National 
Convention  ;  Frances  Willard,  presi- 
dent. It  creates  the  department  of  Sci- 
entific Temperance  Instruction  in  public 
schools. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  census  returns  show  that 
5,107,993  white  and  colored  persons,  aged 
15  years  and  upward,  are  unable  to 
write. 

*  *  U.  8,  The  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical !Eng:ineers  is  organized. 

*  *The  Irish  Kational  League  of 
America  is  founded. 

1881  Jan.  5.  D.  C.  An  International 
Sanitary  Congress  meets  at  Washing- 
ton. 

Jan.  14.  O.  The  Society  for  Organiz- 
ing Charities  is  formed  at  Cleveland. 

*  *  Me.  "Women  are  partially  enfran- 
chised, being  made  legal  voters  for  su- 
pervisors of  schools,  and  also  eligible  to 
the  offices  of  supervisor  and  superin- 
tendent of  school  committees. 

Peb.  3.  Pa.  George  Smith  and  Mrs. 
Catharine  Miller  are  hanged  at  Wil- 
liamsport  for  the  murder  of  Mrs. 
Miller's  husband  on  Mar.  18,  1880,  near 
Jersey  shore. 

Feb.  22.  President  Hayes  issues  an  order 
prohibiting  "the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  at  military  posts  and  sta- 
tions ;  *'  this  order  is  for  the  government 
of  post-traders,  or  private  vendors. 

Feb.*  Neb.  Theenactment of the"Slo- 
cumb"  Law  starts  the  high-license 
crusade ;  fees  for  saloons  are  $500  to 
$1,000. 

Apr.  30.  Md.  The  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  is  formed  at  Baltimore. 


Jime  1-f .  Ky.  Iron  workers  of  Cov- 
ington and  Newport  strike  for  a  new 
scale  of  prices  ;  after  21  weeks  of  idle- 
ness and  the  loss  of  $300,000  in  wages, 
the  strike  ends  in  the  defeat  of  the 
strikers. 

June  7.  />.  C.  Tlie  Society  of  Associ- 
ated Charities  is  organized  at  Wash- 
ington. 

J\me  11.  ?r.  Va.  The  Legislature  es- 
tablishes a  State  Board  of  Health. 

June  15.  Ind.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Repubhc  meets  in  its  15th  Nation- 
al Encampment  at  Indianapolis  ;  George 
S.  Merrill  of  Mass.,  commander-in-chief. 

June  *  X.  V.  The  National  Temper- 
ance Convention  meets  at  Saratoga. 

July  2.  J).  C.  President  Garfield  is 
shot  in  the  Baltimore  and  Potomac 
Railroad  station  at  Washington  by 
Charles  Guiteau.  (See  State.)  [ITni- 
versal  sympathy  is  expressed  for  the 
wounded  President ;  deep  and  prolonged 
suspense  prevails.] 

STATE. 

1881  Jan. 6.  B.C.  Nathan Goff, Jr., 
of  W.  Va.,  is  confirmed  as  Secretary  of 
the  Navy. 

Feb.  4.  IJ.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
declares  the  President  of  the  Senate  not 
authorized  by  the  Constitution  to  count 
and  determine  the  presidential  vote. 
[The  House  concurs.] 

Feb.  9.  D.  a  Congress:  The  Vice- 
President  in  convention  of  both  Houses 
counts  the  electoral  vote. 

For  President :  Garfield,  214 ;  Han- 
cock, 155.  Vote  for  Vice-President: 
Chester  A.  Arthur  (Rep.)  of  N.  Y., 
214;  "WilHam  H.  English  (Dem.)  of 
Ind.,  155 ;  B.  J.  Chambers  (Greenback) 
of  Tex.,  0;  A.  M.  Thompson  (Prohib.) 
of  O.,  0;  S.  C.  Pomeroy  (Amer.)  of 
Kan.,  0. 

Mar.  3.  I).  C.  President  Hayes  vetoes 
the  Funding  Act,  which  proposes  the 
funding  of  about  700,000,000  of  the  na- 
tional debt  at  3  per  cent. 

Mar.  4.  J).  C.  The  46th  Congress 
ends. 

The  Senate  meets  in  special  session 
on  the  call  of  the  President  (Feb.  28). 

24th  Administration ;  Republican. 

James  A.  Garfield  of  O.,  the  20th 
President,  in  the  24th  term  of  the  presi- 
dency,  is  inaugurated.  Chester  A. 
Arthur  of  K.  Y.  is  Vice-President. 

Cabinet :  James  G.  Blaine  Of  Me. 
fState),  W^iiliam  Windom  of  Minn. 
(Treas.),  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood  of  la. 
(Interior).  Robert  T.  Lincoln  of  111. 
(War),  William  H.  Hunt  of  La.  (Navy), 
Thomas  L.  James  of  N.  Y.  (P.  M.-Gen.), 
"Wayne  McVeagh  of  Pa.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Mar.  28,  />.  C.  A  protest  against  the 
removal  of  Gen.  Merritt  from  the  col- 
lectorship  of  New  York,  and  the  ap- 
pointment of  William  H.  Robertson, 
without  the  consent  of  the  senators  of 
N.  Y.,  is  presented  to  President  Garfield. 
1 1  is  signed  by  Thomas  L.  James,  Chester 


A.  Arthur,  RoscoeConkling,  and  Thomas 
C.  Piatt.  [Its  influence  leads  to  the  as- 
sassination of  the  President]. 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  Assistant  Post- 
Master-General,  Thomas  A.  Brady, 
resigns  on  the  exposure  of  the  '*  Star 
Route  "  frauds. 

May  5,  D.  C.  The  Senate  confirms  the 
Chinese  Immigration  and  Commer- 
cial treaty,  also  treaties  with  Colombia 
and  Japan. 

May  16.  />.  C  Senators  Conkling  and 
Piatt  of  N.  Y.  resign  because  of  a  con- 
troversy with  President  Garfield  respect- 
ing appointments.    (See  Mar.  28.) 

May  20.  D.  C.  The  special  session  of 
the  Senate  closes. 

June  24.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine  issues 
a  circular  letter  to  ministers  at  European 
courts,  stating  that  the  United  States 
will  regard  with  disfavor  any  movement 
of  European  powers  to  jointly  guaran- 
tee the  neutrality  of  the  Panama 
Canal. 

Jime  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $198,159,676; 
internal  revenue,  $135,2(H,386 ;  direct 
tax,  91.517;  sales  of  public  lands, 
$2,201,863;  miscellaneous  items,  $25,154,- 
851.  Total  revenue,  $360,782, 2i>;j ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  expenditures,  $100,069,- 
405.  Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans, 
purchase  of  bonds,  etc.,  $1,061,249  ;  mis- 
cellaneous items,  $&4,4i6,32.'> ;  War  De- 
partment, $40,466,461  ;  Navy  Department, 
$15,686,672  ;  Indians,  $6,514,161  ;  pen- 
sions, $50,059,280;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  $82,508,741.  Total  ordinary  ex- 
penditures, $260,712,888.  Public  debt, 
$2,077,389,253.  Exports,  $902,377,346;  im- 
ports, $G42,664,628. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1880  *  *  Cal.  The  poor  squatters  of  San 
Francisco  are  ejected  from  the  Sand 
liOts  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
after  a  conflict.  In  which  several  persons 
are  killed. 

*  *  Fla.  About  1,800,000  acres  of  land 
are  conveyed  to  the  State  under  an  Act 
of  Congress. 

*  *  Kan.  The  people  oppose  the  Green 
drive-well  patent  as  invalid,  and  form 
four  associations  in  South  Kansas  to  de- 
fend users  of  driven  wells  in  litigation. 

*  *  New  York.  Bordeaux  Line  of  steam- 
ers is  established  to  run  between  New 
York  and  Bordeaux,  France. 

*  *  An  international  postage  rate  of 
five  cents  is  adopted. 

*  *  The  United  Pipe-Lines  Company  be- 
gins to  lay  pipes  for  conveying  petro- 
leum long  distances. 

1881  Jan.  17.  S.  C.  The  centennial  of 
the  Battle  of  Cowpens  is  celebrated  at 
Spartansburg ;  Gen.  Daniel  Morgan's 
statue  is  unveiled. 

June  1.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War 
prohibits  the  use  of  tobacco  by  the 
cadets  at  the  West  Point  Military 
Academy. 

June  27.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia 
in  the  boat-race  ;  time,  21.45. 

June  30.  Harvard  Freshmen  defeat 
Columbia  in  a  boat-race  ;  time,  9.05|. 

*  *  Immigrants  received  in  1881,  009,431. 


308    1881,  July  2-*  * 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1881  Dec.  15.  A\  Y.  The  old  frigate 
Constitution  (Old  Ironsides)  goes  out  of 
commission  at  Brooklyn.  (Launched  in 
1796.) 

ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1881  July  16.  Minn.  A  cyclone  de- 
molishes 100  houses  at  New  Ulni  ;  30  per- 
sons are  killed  or  injured, 

Aug:.  12.  Greenland.  Lieut.  Greely's 
expeditionarrivesat  Discovery  Harbor. 

Aug.  *  Mass,  Prof.  Dolbear  announces 
a  new  system  of  telephone,  with  an  im- 
proved receiver. 

Sept.  6.  Mass.  A  dense  fog  at  Salem 
makes  this  the  darkest  day  on  record 
since  the  **  dark  day  "  of  May,  1780 ;  a 
dry  fog  extends  from  New  Hampshire 
to  North  Carolina,  and  largely  conceals 
the  sun. 

Deo.  *  Russia,  Two  of  the  Jeannette's 
boats,  carrying  15  men,  arrive  at  the 
utouth  of  the  Lena  River,  Siberia;  one 
boat  is  missing.  [All  perish  except  two, 
who  were  sent  forward  for  relief.] 

Dec.  *  />.  C.  At  Washington  Alexander 
Graham  Bell  and  Sumner  Tainter  pro- 
duce sound  by  electricity  and  light. 

*  *  A'ew  Torfc.  Frederick  A.  Brldgman 
of  France  is  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  N.  T.  Henry  Draper  succeeds  in 
photographing  the  nebulee  in  Orion. 

*  *  O.  The  Case  School  of  Applied 
Science  is  opened  at  Cleveland. 

*  *  Green  River  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Moran. 

*  *  Sketching  in  the  Glen  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *  Bird  Song  is  painted  by  A.  F.  Bellows. 

*  *  Return  of  the  Fleet  is  painted  by  Ed- 
ward Moran. 

*  *  Glen  Mill  Brook  is  painted  by  J.  A. 
Brown. 


Dec.  4.  Kilpatrick,  .Tudson,  maj.-gen.  of 
cavalry,  minister,  A45. 

Dec.  9.  Forney,  John  Weiss,  journalist, 
The  Press,  clerk  of  House,  sec.  of  Senate, 
A64. 

Dec.  17.  Morgan,  Lewis  Henry,  ethnolo- 
gist, arcbsologist,  author,  A63. 

Hayes,  Isaac    Israel,    Arctic   explorer, 

author,  A49. 

Dec.  34.  Bacon,  Ivconard,  Cong,  clergy- 
man, theologian,  editor,  author,  A79. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1881. 

July  14.  Du  Hois,  William  Ewing,  numis- 
matist, writer,  ATI. 

Koberts,  William  Milnor,  civil  engineer, 

A71. 

July  17.  Tiittle,  Charles  Wesley,  astron- 
omer, lawyer,  A!i2. 

July  24.  Quackenlios,  George  Payn,  edu- 
cator, author  of  text-books,  A,55. 

Auer.  3.  Haven,  Krastus  Otis,  editor,  pres- 
ident of  college,  M.  K.  bishop,  Aei. 

Aug-.  3.  Fargo,  William  George,  president 
Am.  Kxpress  Co.,  A(>3. 

Aug:.  34.  Kiggs,  George  Washington, 
banker,  of  Washington  city,  A63. 

Sept.  8.  Lanier,  Hugh  Sidney,  critic,  poet, 
litterateur,  author,  A39. 

Sept.  1 3.  Burnside,  Ambrose  Everett, 
maj.-gen.  IT.  S.  A., sen.  for  K.  L,  Gov.,  A57. 

Sept.  19.  Qarfleld,  James  Abram,  col- 
lege pres.,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  BI.  C.  for 
O.,  senator,  20th  president  I'.  S.,  A50. 

Oct.  2.  Hams,  Caleb  Fiske,  book  collector, 
Ati3. 

Oct.  3.  Durant.  Henrv  Fowle,  founder  of 
Wellesley  College.  A59. 

Oct.  5.  Robinson,  Stuart,  Prea.  clergyman, 
author,  etlitor,  A65. 

Oct.  13.  Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert  (Timothy 
Titcomb),  author,  editor,  A62. 

Oct.  31.  Cox,  Samuel  Hanson,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, prof,  ecclesiastical  history,  A88. 

Oct.  30.  I)e  Long,  (;eorge  W.,  iJeut.  U.  S.  N., 
arctic  explorer,  A  37. 

Nov.  16.  Tappan,  Henry  Philip,  Cong, 
clergyman,  educationist,  author,  A76. 


CHURCH. 

1881     Aug.   24.     Killan  C.   Flasch   is 

consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 

the  Diocese  of  La  Crosse. 
Oct.   18.    N.  J.    Winand  M.  Wigger  is 

consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 

the  Diocese  of  Newark. 
Nov.  1.    N.  J.    Michael  J.  O'Farrell  is 

first   consecrated    (Roman  Catholic) 

bishop  of  Trenton. 

*  *  Alas.  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board 
opens  a  school  among  the  Ilydahs  in 
Southern  Alaska. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  lield  at  Indianapolis.  The  Annual 
Convention  (Disciples  of  Christ)  is  held 
at  Indianapolis  ;  R.  MofTett,  president. 

*  *  la.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Davenport  is  established. 

*  *  The  first  contingent  of  the  Salvation 
Army  lands  in  the  United  States. 

*  *  K  J.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Trenton  is  established. 

*  *  N.  r.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buffalo;  Henry 
Darling,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Allegheny ; 
David  W.  Carson,  moderator.  The 
General  Synod  (Evangelical  Lutheran) 
meets  at  Altoona. 

*  *  E.  B.  Kephart  is  elected  first  bishop  of 
the  United  Brethren. 

LETTERS. 

1881*  *  Ala.  The  Normal  and  Indus- 
trial School  established  by  the  State  at 
Tuskegee  is  opened.  [Also  the  Western 
Normal  College  is  opened  at  Shenan- 
doah, la. ;  the  State  Normal  School  at 
Plymouth,  N.  C,  and  another  for  col- 
ored students  at  Salisbury ;  and  the 
Tjllotson  Collegiate  and  Normal  Insti- 
tute, at  Austin,  Tex.] 

*  *  Chicago.    The  Herald  is  issued. 

*  *  La.  Southern  Academic  Institute  at 
New  Orleans  is  opened. 

*  *  Ta.  The  Drake  University  (Disci- 
ples of  Christ)  is  founded  at  Des  Moines. 

*  *  III.  St.  Joseph's  Diocesan  College 
(Rom.  Cath.)  is  chartered  at  Teutopolis. 

*  *  I.  T.  The  Levering  Manual  Labor 
School  (Ind.  Bapt.)  is  founded  at  We- 
tumpka. 

*  ^Ky.  The  South  Kentucky  CoUege 
(Christian)  is  organized  in  Hopkinsville. 

*  •  Kan.  Bethany  College  (Luth.)  is  or- 
ganized at  Linds. 

*  *JV.  Mex.  The  University  of  New 
Mexico  (non-sect.)  at  Santa  F^  is 
opened. 

*  *  New  York.    The  Judge  is  issued. 


*  •  Pa.  The  L.  P.  Linderman  Memorial 
liibrary  is  founded  at  Bethlehem. 
[50,000  vols.] 

*  *  Phila.  The  Medico- Chirurgical 
College  opens. 

*  *  S.C.  The  Cooper  Limestone  Institute 
(Fern.  Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Limestone 
Springs. 

*  *  Tex.  Bishop  College  (Col.  Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Marshall. 

*  *  Tex.  The  State  University  at  Austin 
is  organized. 

*  *  The  Boys*  Mabinogion,  by  Sidney  La- 
nier, appears. 

*  *  The  Choice  of  Books,  by  C.  F.  Richard- 
son, appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Breen's  Practice,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Esmeralda,  by  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett, appears  ;  also  A  Fair  Barbarian. 

*  *  Eve*s  Daughters,  by  Marion  Harland, 
appears. 

*  *  Ilka  on  the  Hill-Top,  by  H.  H.  Boyesen, 
appears ;  also  Queen  Titania. 

*  *  Josh  Billings's  Spice-Box,  by  Henry 
Wheeler  Shaw,  appears. 

*  *  The  King's  Missive,  and  Other  PoemSy 
by  John  Greenleaf  "Whittier,  appears. 

*  *  Memoirs  of  the  Jtfffersons,  by  William 
Winter,  appears. 

*  *  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Gov- 
ernment, by  JeflFerson  Davis,  appears. 

*  *  The  School  of  Life,  by  William  R. 
Alger,  appears. 

*  *  Science  of  Mind^  by  John  Bascom,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Somebody^s  Neighbors,  hy  Rose  Terry 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Without  a  Home,  by  E.  P.  Roe,  appears. 

*  *  Virginibus  Puensque,  and  other  papers^ 
Memoirs  and  Portraits,  by  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson,  appears. 

*  •  Science  of  English  Verse,  by  Sidney 
Lanier,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

I88I  Aug.l.  N.C.  The  people  reject  the 
Prohibition  Bill.    Vote,  48,370-16G,325. 

Sept.  2  +  .  La.  About  10,000  cotton  han- 
dlers at  New  Orleans  strike  for  in- 
creased wages  ;  in  two  weeks  the  strike 
ends  and  fails  ;  loss  in  wages,  $50,000. 

Sept.  6.  D.  C.  The  wounded  President 
is  removed  to  Elberon,  N.  J.  ;  flowers 
are  strewn  over  the  railroad  in  many 
places  by  sympathizing  multitudes. 

Sept.  13.  D.  C.  Sergeant  Mason,  one  of 
the  guards,  fires  at  Guiteau,  but  misses 
his  mark.  [For  this  act  Mason  was  tried 
and  sentenced  to  imprisonment.] 

Sept.  20.  U.  S.  Demonstrations  of 
grief  abound  from  all  parties  and  every 
class  over  the  death  of  the  President; 
the  cities  are  swathed  in  black  drapery. 

Sept.  20.  Eng.  Queen  Victoria  cables 
as  a  message  of  condolence  to  Mrs. 
Garfield:  "Words  cannot  express  the 
deep  sympathy  I  feel  with  you  at  this 
terrible  moment.  May  God  support  you 
as  He  alone  can." 


UNITED    STATES. 


1881,  July  2-*  * 


809 


¥ 


Sept.  21-28.  JUntj.  The  Court  is  or- 
dered to  go  into  mourning  because  of 
the  death  of  President  Garfield. 

Sept.  23.  O.  After  lying  in  state  at 
"Washington,  the  body  of  President  Gar- 
field is  buried  at  Cleveland. 

Oct.  26.  Mo.  An  Industrial  Convention 
for  the  people  of  the  ^Mississippi  Valley 
meets  at  St.  Louis. 

Oct.  *  Chicago,  The  Brewers*  Con- 
gress opposes  woman's  suiTrage. 

"  Ilesohed,  That  we  oppose  always  and 
everywhere  the  ballot  in  the  hands  of 
woman,  for  woman's  vote  ia  the  last 
hope  of  the  Prohibitionists." 

Nov.  2.  O.  The  American  Association 
of  Professional  Baseball  Clubs  is  or- 
ganized at  Cincinnati. 

Nov.  14.  D.  a  The  trial  of  Charles 
Guiteau  begins. 

Dec.  22.  Wis.  The  Charity  Organi- 
zation Society  is  formed  at  Milwaukee. 

Dec.  24-31,  S.  C.  Several  thousand 
colored  people  leave  Edgefield  County, 
being  terrorized  by  violence. 

Dec.  27.  -D.  C.  An  order  is  issued  for 
the  exclusion  of  women  from  the  em- 
ployment of  the  Government. 

*  *  Coto.  The  Legislature  provides  for  an 
Industrial  School  at  Golden  City, 

*  *  Z>.  C.  The  "Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  a  national 
convention  at  Washington ;  Frances 
■Willard,  president. 

*  *D.C.  The  Star  Boute  frauds  against 
the  Government  are  discovered.  (See 
Mar.  1882.) 

*  *  Del.  The  Legislature  passes  an  Act 
which  imposes  a  fine  on  any  person  who 
marches  in  a  torchlight  parade. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Legislature  passes  a  bill 
prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  alcoholic  beverages;  it  is  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  people.  This  so- 
called  Prohibitory  amendment  is  voted 
down  by  more  than  116,000  majority. 

*  *  A>w  York.  The  Church  Temper- 
ance Society  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  is  organized. 

"  This  Society  lays  down  as  the  basis  on 
which  it  rests,  and  from  which  its  work 
shall  be  conducted,  union  and  coopera- 
tion on  perfectly  equal  terms  for  the 
promotion  of  temperance  between  those 
who  use  temperately  and  those  who  ab- 
stain entirely  from  intoxicating  drinks 
as  beverages." 

*  *  N.J.  The  Charity  Organization  is 
formed  at  Newark  for  systemizing  pub- 
lic charities. 

*  *  O.  A  fund  of  $364,000  is  presented  to 
Mrs.  Garfield  by  admirers  of  the  mar- 
tyred President. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Benevolent  Legion 
is  founded ;  also  the  Order  of  the 
Golden  Chain  ;  the  National  Union ; 
the  Order  of  United  Friends  ;  the  So- 
ciety of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

*  *  A  movement  for  land  nationaliza- 
tion begins. 

It  is  warmly  advocated  by  Henry 
George  in  his  book,  Progress  and  Pov- 
erty, which  condemns  compensation  to 
former  holders  of  land ;  the  book  at- 
tracts wide  attention. 


STATE. 

1881  July  2.  n.C.  President  Garfield 
is  shot  and  fatally  wounded  by  Charles 
J.  Guiteau,  a  disappointed  office-seeker, 
in  the  Pennsylvania  depot  at  Washing- 
ton.   (See  Society.) 

July  16.  A'.  Y.  The  Legislature  elects 
"Warner  Miller  to  succeed  Senator 
Piatt.  [And  Elbridge  G.  Lapham  to 
succeed  Senator  Coukling,  on  July  22.] 

Aug.  12.  Capt.  Hooper  and  Mr.  Reynolds 
of  the  revenue  cutter  Corwin  take  pos- 
session, in  the  name  of  the  United  States, 
of  "Wrangel  Iiand,  in  the  Arctic  Sea. 

Sept.  19.  A.  J.  President  Garfield 
dies  at  Elberon ;  public  and  private 
buildings  throughout  the  country  are 
draped  in  mourning. 

Sept,  20.  New  York.  Chester  Alan 
Arthur,  vice-president,  is  sworn  into 
the  presidency  as  the  21st  President. 

The  24th  Administration  is  con- 
tinued by  Chester  A.  Arthur. 

Oct.  10.  D.  a  The  Senate  meets,  in 
special  session,  at  the  call  of  President 
Arthur.    (Sept.  23.)     [Closes  Oct.  25.] 

Thomas  F.  Bayard  of  Del.  is  re- 
elected President  pro  tempore.  [David 
Davis  of  111.  is  elected  Oct.  13.] 

Oct.  27.  -D.  a  Charles  J.  Folger  of 
N.  T.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury. 

Nov.  4.  r>.  C.  Sir  Iiionel  Sackville 
MTest,  the  new  minister  for  England, 
is  received  by  the  President. 

Wov.  14.  D.  C.  William  "Windom  of 
Minn,,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  re- 
signs. 

Nov.  •/).  C  "WayneMcVeaghof  Pa., 
Attorney-General,  resigns. 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  The  47th  Congress  opens. 

Dec.  5,  D.  C.  John  W.  Keifer  (Rep.) 
of  O.  is  elected  Speaker.  Vote,  Keifer, 
148 ;  S.  J.  Randall  of  Pa.,  129, 

Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Fred.  T.  Freling- 
huysen  of  N.  J.  is  appointed  Secretary 
of  State. 

Dec.  15.  D.  C.  James  G.  Blaine  re- 
signs the  office  of  Secretary  of  State. 

Dec.  19.  B.  C.  Benj.  H.  Brewster  of 
Pa.  is  appointed  Attorney-General. 

Dec.  20.  D.  C.  Timothy  O.  Howe  of 
Wis.  is  appointed  Postmaster-General. 

Congress  grants  the  postal  franking 
privilege  to  the  widow  of  President 
Garfield. 

*  *D.C.  Congress  passes  an  act  legaliz- 
ing trade-marks. 

*  *  D.  C.  Stanley  Mathews  of  O.  and 
Horace  Gray  of  Mass.  are  appointed 
Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States. 

*  *  D.  C.  Secretary  Windom  ex- 
changes about  $500,000,000  in  bonds 
bearing  6  per  cent  and  other  rates  of 
interest,  for  3J  per  cent  bonds. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State 
decides  that  the  prohibitory  amend- 
ment is  valid. 

*  *  New  York.  William  R,  Grace  is 
elected  the  82d  mayor. 


*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugturated : 
-83  *  *  Ark.    Thomas  J.  Churchill. 
-83  *  *  Co7m.    Hobart  B.  Bigelow. 
-85  *  *  Ma.    William  D.  Bloxham. 
-85  *  *  Ind.    Albert  G.  Porter. 
-83*  *  Me.    Harris  M.  Plaisted. 
-83  *  *  Mich.    David  H.  Jerome. 
-85  *  *  Mo.    Thomas  T.  Crittenden. 
-83  •  *  N.H.     Charles  H.  Bell. 
-84  *  *  N.J.    George  C.  Ludlow. 
-83  *  *  Tenn.    Alvin  Hawkins. 
-85  *  *  W.  Va.    Jacob  R.  Jackson 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881  Aug.  24.  Eng.  Two  American  sail- 
ors arrive  at  Falmouth  after  crossing 
the  Atlantic  in  the  City  of  Bath,  a  boat 
fomteen  feet  long. 

Sept.  6.  Wis.  An  exposition  is  opened 
at  Milwaukee. 

Sept.  14.  Tlie  steamer  Asia  is  wrecked 
on  Iiake  Huron;  about  100  lives  are 
lost. 

Sept.  *  Mich.  Forest  fires  devastate  over 
1,800  square  miles  in  Huron,  Sanilac, 
and  Tuscola  counties ;  2,900  families  are 
burned  out,  and  138  lives  lo.^t. 

Oct.  5-Dec.  31.  Ga.  An  International 
Cotton  Exposition,  the  first  in  the 
United  States,  is  held  at  Atlanta. 

Oct.  19.  Va.  The  centennial  of  the 
Battle  of  Yorktown  is  celebrated  on  a 
grand  scale.  [Military  review,  Oct.  20 ; 
naval  review,  Oct.  21.] 

Oct.  *  Md.  Citizens  celebrate  the  opening 
of  the  aqueduct  supplying  Baltimore 
with  water  from  the  Gunpowder  Kiver. 

If  ov.  4.  Colo.  Denver  City  becomes  the 
permanent  capital. 

Nov.  9.  The  American  sloop  Mischi^ 
defeats  the  Canadian  sloop  Atalanta  in 
a  race  for  the  America  cup. 

Wov.  29.  Mo.  A  Missouri  River  Im- 
provement Convention  meets  at  St. 
Joseph. 

Dec.  3.  Phila.  Electric  street-lights 
are  introduced. 

Dec,  26.  Va.  The  steamer  West  Point 
takes  fire  on  the  York  River  ;  19  lives 
are  lost. 

Dec.  31.    U.  S.   Statistics  for  1881. 

Production:  Gold,  $34,700,000;  silver, 
$43,000,000;  bales  of  cotton,  6.589,329; 
pounds  of  wool,  240,000,000;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  27,661 ,238.  Currency  in  circu- 
lation (June  30),  $1,114,238,419  ;  per  cap- 
ita, $21.71.  Immigrants  received  (fiscal 
year),  669,431.  Milesof  railroads  worked, 
92,971 ;  capital  stock,  $3,117,375,179.  Fire 
waste,  $81,280,900;  insurance,  $44,641,- 
900.  Railroad  accidents,  1,458;  persons 
killed,  414;  persons  mjured,  1,597. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  awards  Mrs.  Ida 
XjCwis  "Wilson,  the  daughter  of  the 
keeper  of  the  Lime  Rock  lighthouse,  a 
gold  medal  for  heroic  services  in  saving 
13  lives  at  various  times. 

*  *  Fla.  Philadelphia  capitalists  pur- 
chase 4,000,000  acres  of  State  land 
south  of  the  Ocala  and  east  of  the  Kis- 
simmee  Rivers  for  $1,000,000. 

*  *///.  The  streets  of  Aurora  are  lighted 
by  electricity  —  the  first  city  in  the 
world. 80  lighted. 


310     1881,  *  *-1882,  Dec.  28. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1882  May  4.  B.C.  President  Arthur 
remits  so  much  of  Fitz-John  Porter's 
sentence  by  court  martial  as  forever  dis- 
qualifies him  from  holding  office  under 
the  Government. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1881  *  *  T}ie  Cup  that  Cheers  is  painted 
by  T.  W.  Wood. 

*  *  Twilight  on  the  Hudson  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

*  •  Kaatskill  Itiver  is  painted  by  Jervis 
McKntee. 

*  *  Cows  by  the  Meadow  Brook  is  painted 
by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

*  *  Foggy  Day  is  painted  by  F.  S.  Church. 

*  *  Spring  is  painted  by  George  Inness. 

*  *  VieiD  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  painted 
by  J.  W-  Casilear. 

1882  Mar.  18.  N.  Y.  A  new  comet 
is  discovered  at  the  Dudley  Observatory 
at  Albany. 

Mar.  23.  Russia.  The  bodies  of  Capt. 
De  Long  and  others  of  the  Jeannette 
Polar  Expedition  are  found  by  G.  W. 
Melville  near  the  mouth  of  the  Lena 
River. 

Mar.  *  A  great  flood  prevails  on  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries ;  85,000 
persons  are  made  destitute ;  Congress 
votes  $150,000  for  relief. 

Apr.  16-17.  U.  S.  An  aurora  of  ex- 
traordinary magnificence  is  observed 
throughout  the  country  ;  it  lasts  from 
nine  in  the  evening  till  daylight  appears. 

Apr,  *  Tornadoes  occur  in  the  South  ; 
150  people  lose  their  lives. 

May  *  Ind.  Ter.  A  cyclone  kills  and 
wounds  120  people. 

May  15.  Arctic  Sea.  A  part  of  Lieut. 
Greely's  Expedition,  under  David  L. 
Brainard,  penetrates  to  latitude  83°  24^' 
north,  longitude  40°  46^'  west.  A  higher 
latitude  than  ever  before  reached. 

June  18.  la.  A  terrific  tornado  occurs 
at  Grinnell ;  60  persons  are  killed  and 
150  wounded.  Property  is  damaged  to 
the  amount  of  $600,000. 

Dec  *  III.  Sugar  is  manufactured  in 
large  quantities  from  sorghum. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Jan.  4.  Draper,  John  William,  chemist, 
physiologist, historian  (spectrum analysis), 
A71. 

Jan.  17.  Bullock,  Alexander  Hamilton, 
lawyer,  Gov.  of  Mass.,  writer,  A66. 

Jan.  21.     Pond,  Enoch,  Cong,  cl.,  au.,  A91. 

Jan.  29.  HoUey,  Alexander  Lyman, metal- 
lurgist, author,  A50. 

Jan.  30.  Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  Unit. 
cl.,  au.,  pres.  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commia.,  A68. 

Feb.  19.  .Johnson,  Samuel,  Unit,  clergy- 
man, author,  A60. 

Mar.  4.  Latham,  Milton  Scott,  lawyer, 
M.  C,  senator,  Gov.  of  Cal.,  A55. 

Mar.  31.  Dewey,  Orville,  Unit,  clergyman, 
writer,  A88. 

Mar.  34.  Ixingrfellow.  Henry  "Wads- 
worth,  poet,  author,  prof,  of  belles  lettres 
at  Harvard,  A75. 

Apr.  37.  Emerson.  Ralph  Waldo,  essay- 
ist, philosopher,  poet,  lecturer,  au.,  A79. 

May  3.  Maynard,  Horace,  M.  C.  for  Tenn., 
P.  M.  G.,  author,  A68. 

May  6.  Rodgers,  John,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  K., 
A70. 


May  14.  Barnard,  John  Gross,  gen.,  niilU 
tary  engineer,  writer,  A67. 

May  26.  Chester,  Joseph  Lemuel,  genealo- 
gist in  Eng.,  writer,  A61. 

May  30.  Kogers,  Wlliiam  Barton,  physi- 
cist, geologist,  A78. 

June  15.  Dennlson,  William, lawyer,  Gov. 
of  O.,  P.  M.  G.,  A66. 

June  21.  Hayes,  Augustus  Allen,  chemist, 
writer,  A76. 

July  10.    Giles,  Henry,  critic,  essayist,  A73. 

July  24.  Marsh,  George  Perkins,  philolo- 
gist, politician,  diplomatist,  A81. 

Aug.  8.  Warren,  Gouverneur,  Kemhle, 
maj.-gen.  U.  S.  vols.,  military  eng.,  A52. 

Aug.  19.  Hill,  Benjamin  Harvey,  lawyer, 
M.  C,  sen.  for  Ga.,  Confederate  sen.,  A59. 

Oct.  3.  Phillips.  Adelaide,  Anglo-Ameri- 
can contralto  singer,  A49. 

Nov.  20.  Draper,  Henry, scientist, educator, 
celestial  photographer,  A45. 

Kov.  22.  Weed,  Thurlow,  journalist,  poli- 
tician, author,  AKS. 

Dec.  1.  Coan,  Titus,  Cong,  missionary  at 
Hawaii,  A8I. 

Dec.  18.    James,  Henry,  au.,  novelist,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1881  *  *  The  American  Baptist  Publica- 
tion Society  organizes  a  special  Bible 
department,  with  a  secretary,  to  raise 
money  for  the  circulation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures at  home  and  abroad. 

*  *  The  Reformed  Episcopal  Synod  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  is  organ- 
ized. 

1882  Jan.  8.  S.  C.  H.  P.  Northrop  is 
consecrated  (Boman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Charleston. 

Jan.  25.  Pa.  Cortlandt  Whitehead  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Pittsburg. 

Apr.  30.  Tex.  N.  A.  Gallagher  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Galveston. 

May  3.  Tenn.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets  at 
Nashville. 

May  19.  Mich.  The  Roman  Catholic 
Diocese  of  Grand  Rapids  is  established. 

June  9.  Chicago.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

Sept.  19-22.  N.  r.  The  National  Con- 
ference (Unitarian)  is  held  at  Saratoga. 

Nov.  9.  Neb.  The  Nebraska  Association 
(Unitarian)  is  organized  at  Omaha. 

Dec.  28.  The  Utah  Association  (Congre- 
gational) is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1882.  Aug.  16.  Mass.  The  "Harvard 
Annex"  for  the  instruction  of  women, 
organized  in  1879,  is  incorporated. 

Oct.  1.  S.C.  The  State  reopens  its  mili- 
tary academy  at  Charleston. 

Nov.  16.  Wis.  The  Milwaukee  Daily 
Journal  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1882  Jan.  1.  Xeb.  The  State  Home  for 

the  FriendlesB  at  Lincoln  is  opened. 
Jan.  24.    D.  C.    Mrs.  "Wharton  is  tried 

and  acquitted  of  the  murder  of  Gen. 

W.  S.  Ketchum. 
Jan.  25.     D.  C.    Charles  J.   Guiteau, 

the  assassin  of   President    Garfield,  is 

found  guilty  of  murder,  and  sentenced 

to  be  hanged. 


Jan.  26.  Xew  York.  The  Charity  Or- 
ganization Society  is  formed. 

Feb.  22.  Boston.  The  National  Law 
and  Order  League  is  organized. 

Feb.  *  Many  Jews  find  refuge  in  Amer- 
ica from  European  oppression. 

Mar.  14  ^.  Mass.  About  5,255  weavers 
and  spinners  at  Lawrence,  unsuccess- 
fully strike  against  reduced  wages, 
holding  out  23  weeks,  at  a  loss  of  $800,- 
000  in  wages. 

Mar.  22.  D.C.  The  penalty  for  polygamy 
in  the  territories  of  the  United  States  is 
a  fine  not  exceeding  $5,000,  and  impris- 
onment not  exceeding  five  years.  (See 
State.) 

Mar.±*  D.  C.  Some  of  the  Star  Boute 
conspirators  are  brought  to  trial. 

Indictments  are  found  against  the 
second  assistant  Postmaster  Thomas  J. 
Brady,  Stephen  W.  Dorsey,  .John  W. 
Dorsey,  John  M.  Peck,  and  John  R. 
Miner,  who  had  made  fraudulent  mail 
bids.  [The  jury  disagree  on  the  first 
trial ;  there  are  no  convictions  on  the 
second  trial.] 

Apr.  1-h.  Pa.  More  than  2,000  coal 
miners  in  Western  Pennsylvania  un- 
successfully strike  against  reduced 
wages,  and  hold  out  20  weeks,  at  a  wage- 
loss  of  $500,000. 

Apr.  17+.  N.  Y.  About  5,000  cotton- 
mill  hands  at  Cohoes  unsuccessfully 
strike  against  reduced  wages,  and  hoI<I 
out  19  weeks,  at  a  wage-loss  of  $541,250. 

May  9^.  O.  About  5,000  rolling-mill 
hands  at  Cleveland  unsuccessfully 
strike  for  the  adoption  of  the  rules  of 
their  Association,  for  95  days,  at  a  wage- 
loss  of  $376,250. 

June  1+.  Pa.  About  30,000  iron-workers 
at  Pittsburg  unsuccessfully  strike  for 
a  new  scale  of  prices,  and  hold  out  four 
months,  at  a  wage-loss  of  $3,300,000. 

June  21.  Md.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  16th  Na- 
tional Encampment  at  Baltimore ;  Paul 
Van  Der  Voort  of  Neb.,  commander-in- 
chief. 

Jime  30.  B.  C.  Charles  J.  Guiteau  is 
hanged  at  Washington  for  the  murder 
of  President  Garfield. 

June  *  Conn.  James  Malley  is  acquitted 
of  the  murder  of  Jennie  E.  Cramer  at 
New  Haven  on  Aug.  5,  1881. 

July  1.  Nev.  An  asylum  for  the  insane 
is  opened  by  the  State  at  Reno. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  The  jury  on  the  "  Star 
Route*'  trials  disagree  respecting  the 
guilt  of  the  priucipals. 

Oct.  11.  Mass.  The  100th  anniver- 
sary of  the  birth  of  Daniel  Webster  is 
celebrated  at  Marshfield. 

Oct.  13.  Mo.  John  Cockrill,  editor  of 
the  St.  Louis  Post- Dispatch,  is  acquitted 
of  murder  in  fatally  shooting  Col.  Slay- 
back. 

Nov.  *  Xeb.  The  people  reject  the 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  ex- 
tending suffrage  to  women.  Vote, 
25,75&-50,693. 

Dec.  17.  .V.  Y.  St.  Mary's  General 
Hospital  at  Brooklyn  is  opened  for  the 
reception  of  patients. 


UNITED    STATES.       1881,*  *-1882,  Dec.  28.     311 


STATE. 

1882  Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  grants 
an  additional  pension  to  the  widow  of 
Abraham  Lincoln. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
fixea  ita  membership  at  325,  and 
changes  the  apportionment  according  to 
the  lute  census. 

Feb.  27.  />.  C.  Congress;  House: 
James  G.  Blaine  delivers  a  eulogy  at 
the  memorial  services  on  the  late 
President  Garfield. 

Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
drastic  Edmvmds  Bill. 

It  disfranchises  polygamists,  and 
places  the  elections  in  Utah  undercharge 
of  a  commission  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  extends  the 
northern  boundary  of  Nebraska  to  the 
43d  parallel. 

Mar.  31.  /).  C,  Congress  grants  a 
pension  of  $5,000  each  to  the  widows  of 
James  A.  Garfield,  James  K.  Polk,  and 
John  Tyler. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  Samuel  J.  Kirkwood  of 
la.,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  resigns  ; 
also  "William  H,  Hunt,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  "William  E.  Chandler  of 
N.  H.  is  appointed  Secretary  of  the 
Navy. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  President  Arthur  vetoes 
the  Anti-Chinese  Bill,  restricting  the 
immigration  of  Chinese  for  20  years, 

Apr,  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
confirms  Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  'William 
E,  Chandler  of  N.  11.  as  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  [The  latter  is  appointed 
minister  to  Russia.] 

Apr.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a 
second  Anti-  Chinese  Bill,  making  the 
term  of  exclusion  10  years,  and  prohibit- 
ing naturalization. 

May  3.  D.  C.  President  Arthur,  by 
proclamation,  orders  disorderly  persons 
to  desist  from  violence  in  Arizona. 

May  15.  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for 
a  Tariff  Commission. 

It  consists  of  nine  civilians,  who  are  to 
visit  various  sections  of  the  country,  in- 
vestigate the  sulnect  of  tariff  revision, 
and  report  to  Congress.  Members  : 
John  L.  Hayes,  president,  Henry  W. 
Oliver,  Jr.,  Austin  M.  Garland,  Jacob 
Ambler,  Kobert  P.  Porter,  John  W.  H. 
Underwood,  Duncan  F.  Kenner,  Alexan- 
der K.  Boetler,  and  William  H.McMa- 
hon. 

May  19.  D.  C  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  extending  the  national 
bank  charters  25  years. 

May  25-31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  is  in  a  deadlock  over  the  con- 
tested election  case  of  G.  M.  Mackey  of 
S.  C,  vs.  Samuel  Dibble;  Mackey  ob- 
tains the  seat. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  General  Award  Bill,  ap- 
pointing a  court  to  distribute  the  re- 
maining moneys  received  in  payment  of 
the  Alabama  claims.  [June  5.  Ap- 
proved.] 

Jime  30.  IT.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.     Revenue:   customs,  §220,410,730; 


internal  revenue,  8146,41)7,595;  direct 
tax,  $160,142;  sales  of  public  lands,  $4,- 
753,140;  miscellaneous  items,  $31,703,643. 
Total  revenue,  ;$403,525,250 ;  excess  of 
revenue  over  expenditures,  $145,543,811. 
Expenditures :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$57,219,325  ;  War  Department,  $43,570,- 
494  ;  Navy  Department,  $15,032,046  ;  In- 
dians, $9,736,747;  pensions,  $61,345,194; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  $71,077,207. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $257,981,440. 
Public  debt,  $1,926,688,678.  Exports, 
$760,&42,257 ;  imports,  $724,639,574. 

Aug.  1.  I).  C.  President  Arthur  vetoes 
the  River  and  Harbor  Appropriation 
Bill,  because  of  its  excessive  amount. 

Aug.  2.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
pass  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill  over 
the  President's  veto. 

Aug.  3.  D.  C.  Congrress  provides  for 
the  calling  of  an  international  confer- 
ence to  establish  a  common  prime  me- 
ridian for  the  world. 

Aug.  4.  U.  S,  The  Chinese  Exclusion 
Act  becomes  operative. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  George  H. 
Pendleton  of  O.  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
reform  of  the  civil  service,  having  as 
a  conspicuous  feature  open  competitive 
examinations.  [It  attracts  little  atten- 
tion in  Congress  till  after  the  elections, 
which  alarm  the  majority.] 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  The  47th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Aug.  23.  Chicago.  Organization  of  the 
Home-Protection  party. 

Nov.  7.  N.  T.  Grover  Cleveland 
(Dera.)  is  elected  governor  by  193,825 
majority  over  Charles  J.  Folger  (Rep.). 

N*ov.  *  Va.  The  people  ratify  the  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  abrogating 
the  clause  requiring  the  payment  of  a 
capitation  tax  as  a  condition  of  suffrage. 
Vote,  107,303-66,131. 

Dec.  4.  D.  C.  The  47th  Congress : 
the  second  session  opens. 

Congress :  The  Tariff  Commission 
reports  a  bill  favoring  protection. 

Kan.     A  Democratio  governor  is 

first  elected. 

Dec.  24.  />.  C.  Gen.  N.  M.  Curtis,  hav- 
ing appealed  to  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  against  a  fine  imposed  for  vio- 
lating the  civil  service  rules,  the 
court  declares  the  law  constitutional 
and  the  sentence  affirmed. 

Dec.  27.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Pendleton  Civil  Service  BUI  is  passed. 
Vote,  38-5.  [All  the  minority  are  Bem- 
ocrats.] 

Dec.  28.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  A 
bill  for  the  relief  of  Fitz-John  Porter 
is  introduced.  [Passes.  Vote,  33-27.  It 
is  strongly  opposed  in  the  House.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881  *  *  Great  Britain  pays  the  United 
States  $75,000  compensation  for  damages 
done  to  American  fishermen  in  Por- 
time  Bay. 

*  *  The  Standard  Oil  Trust  is  organized 
by  the  petroleum  companies. 


1882  Jan.  6.  la.  A  railroad  disas- 
ter causes  21  deaths  at  New  Albion. 

Jan.  13.  N.  Y.  A  collision  on  the  Hud- 
son River  Railroad  at  Spuyten  Duyvil 
Creek  causes  nine  deaths. 

Jan.  28.  Chicago.  The  new  cable  street- 
railroad  is  publicly  tried  for  the  first 
time. 

Feb.  4.  The  steamer  Bahama,  running 
between  Puerto  Rico  and  New  York, 
founders  at  sea  ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

Feb.  17.  Pa.  A  fireworks  factory  at 
Chester  explodes,  and  14  persons  are 
killed. 

K.  IT.  The  business  center  of  Haver- 
hill is  burned ;  loss  about  $2,000,000. 

Mar.  30.  The  steamer  Golden  City  is 
burned  on  the  Mississippi  near  Mem- 
phis ;  20  lives  are  lost, 

Apr.  9.  Keto  York.  The  huge  elephant 
called  Jumbo  arrives  from  London. 

Apr.  10.  La,  The  second  centennial 
of  the  discovery  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Mississippi  River  by  Sieur  de  La  Salle 
is  celebrated. 

July  1.  The  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  in  a  boat-race ;  time  10.5G. 

July  3.  Columbia  defeats  Harvard ; 
time  24.32. 

July  4.  The  steamer  Sciota  is  sunk  by  a 
collision  on  the  Ohio  ;  57  lives  are  lost. 

July  20,  The  steamer  Louisiana  runs 
from  New  Orleans  to  New  York  in  4 
days,  14  hours,  and  17  minutes. 

July  22.  Cat.  Miners  hold  a  conven- 
tion at  Nevada  City  to  consider  the  <le- 
bHs  question,  as  it  affects  streams  of 
water. 

Aug.  7.  The  steamer  Gold  Dust  on  the 
Ohio  River  bursts  her  boilers,  and 
kills  17  persons. 

Aug.  19.  Ky.  The  100th  anniversary 
of  the  battle  of  Blue  Iiicks  is  cele- 
brated. 

Sept.  26.  Cal.  Residents  and  property 
owners  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  .Joa- 
quin Valleys  hold  an  Anti-D6bris 
Convention  at  Sacramento. 

Sept.  29.  The  steamer  liobert  E.  Lee  is 
burned  on  the  Mississippi ;  20  lives  are 
lost. 

Oct.  8.  Cal.  Tlie  steamer  Arabic  runs 
from  Yokohoma,  Japan,  to  San  Fran- 
cisco in  13  days,  21  hours,  and  43  minutes. 

Oct.  10,  The  bark  Malleville  runs 
aground  in  Vancouver  Sound;  19  Uvea 
are  lost. 

Oct.  22-27.  Philadelphia  celebrates 
the  second  centennial  of  its  settle- 
ment. 

Oct.  22.  The  Wambe  is  wrecked  off  Van- 
couver Island ;  several  hundred  lives  are 
lost. 

Oct.  30.  New  York.  The  Park  Theater 
is  burned ;  two  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  *  Cal.  ITie  Big  Bend  gold  mining 
tunnel  is  begun.  [It  is  completed  Ajtril, 
1886;  length,  12,000;  size,  12  by  16  feet.] 

Nov,  *  jV.  J.  Work  is  suspended  on  the 
Hudson  River  Tunnel  from  the  New- 
Jersey  side,  for  financial  reasons. 


312     1882,  Dec.  31-1883,  June  24.        AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1882  *  *  The  cruiser  Trenton  is  lighted  by 
electricity;  the  first  war-vessel  in  the 
world  so  lighted. 

1883  May  *  Gen.  Crook  pursues  hos- 
tile Apache  Indians  into  Mexico,  with 
the  concurrence  of  the  Mexican  Gov- 
erumeut ;  he  captures  383  prisoners. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1882  *  *  Cojin.  A  new  observatory  is 
erected  for  Yale. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Veterinary  School  is  es- 
tablished at  Harvard. 

*  *  New  York,  Thomas  Hovenden  of  Pa., 
William  J.  Linton  of  New  Haven,  and 
Alfred  C.  Howland,  George  H.  Smillie, 
and  Gilbert  Gaul  of  New  York,  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  Nev.  Nickel  is  discovered  In  Hum- 
boldt County. 

*  *  San  Juan  Abajo  is  painted  by  Thomas 
Mo  ran. 

*  *  Princess  Lily  is  painted  by  J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  Rugged  Maine  is  painted  by  William 
Bradford. 

*  *  Uncle  Ned  and  J  is  painted  by  T.  W. 
Wood. 

*  *  Cattle  is  painted  by  A.  D.  Shattuck. 

*  *  The  Himtsinan  is  painted  by  George 
Inness,  Jr. 

*  ♦  Bathers  is  painted  by  G.  W.  Maynard. 

*  *  Indian  Summer  is  painted  by  Jervia 
McEutee. 

*  *  Venice  is  painted  by  G.  L.  Brown. 

*  *  A  colossal  statue  of  "Washington  is 
executed  by  J.  Q.  A.  Ward.  [It  is  set 
up  in  Wall  Street,  New  York  City.] 

1883  Feb.  23.    A  comet  is  discovered. 
Peb.  *  Floods  prevail  in  Pennsylvania 

and  Ohio  ;  50,000  people  in  the  valley  of 
the  Ohio  are  rendered  homeless ;  rise 
of  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati, 66  feet  ;  relief 
is  sent  from  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Feb.  *  JVi/o.  The  mercury  falls  to  57 
degrees  below  zero  at  La  Crosse. 

Apr.  22.  Miss.  A  cyclone  at  Beaiire- 
gard  destroys  200  houses  and  83  lives. 

Apr.*  Ga.~La.  Tornadoes  destroy 
millions  of  property  and  many  lives  in 
Georgia  and  Iowa. 

May  11.  New  York.  The  American 
Art  Union  is  incorporated,  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  art. 

May  18.  Wis.  A  cyclone  at  Kacine 
kills  16  people  and  injures  100 ;  52  build- 
ings are  destroyed ;  loss,  $175,000. 

May  24.  N.  Y.  The  East  River 
Bridge  is  opened  for  public  use. 


Feb.  10.  Jewell,  MarsbalL  Gov.  of  Conn., 
minister  to  Russia,  P.  M,  G.,  A66. 

Feb.  14.  Morgan,  Edwin  Deunison,  senator 
for  N.  Y.,  Gov.,  A72. 

Mar.  4.  Stephens.  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, senator  for  Ga.,  Gov.,  Confederate 
Vice-President,  M.  C.  for  Ga.,  A71. 

Mar.  35.  Howe,  Timothy  Otis,  lawyer,  sen- 
ator for  Wis.,  P.  M.  G.,  A67. 

Apr.  4.  Cooper.  Peter,  manufacturer, 
founder  of  Cooper  Union,  Greenback  can- 
didate for  prea.,  A92. 

Apr.  6.  Barnes,  Joseph  K.,  surg.-gen.  U.  S. 
A.,  A66. 

May  12.  Washburn,  Israel,  M.  C,  Gov.  of 
Me.,  A70. 

May  17.  Peck,  Jesse  Trueadell,  Chanc.  of 
Syracuse  Univ.,  M.  E.  bp.,  author,  A72. 

May  38.  Sharswood,  George,  jurist,  of  Pa., 
legal  writer,  A73. 

June  11.  Brooks,  Charles  T.,  Unit  cler- 
gyman, author,  A70. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1883. 

Jan.  3.  Krauth,  Charles  Porterfield,  Luth- 
eran clergyman,  theologian,  author,  A60. 

Jan.  10.  Merrill,  Lot  Myrick,  lawyer,  sen- 
ator. Gov.  of  Me.,  secretary  of  treas.,  A70, 

Jan.  13.     Mills,  Clark,  sculptor,  A6H. 

Jan.  23.  Beard,  George  Miller,  physician, 
author,  A44. 

Feb.  2.  Greene,  George  Washington,  au- 
thor of  historical  boolcs,  A82. 

Feb.  9.  Dodge,  William  Earl,  merchant,  of 
N.  Y.,  philanthropist,  A77. 


CHURCH. 
1882*  *  Cal.  Tbe  California  Conference 
(Free  Metbodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Board  of  Foreig^n  Missions  of 
the  Methodist  Protestant  Church  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  111.  The  General  Assembly  (Pres- 
byterian) meets  at  Springtield ;  Herrick 
Johnson,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  opens 
a  Choctaw  Orphan  School. 

*  *  ///.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ; 
David  Paul,  moderator. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Lexington  ; 
B.  B.  Tyler,  president. 

*  •  Mass.  The  Connecticut  Valley  Con- 
gregational Club  is  formed  at  Springfield. 

*  *  Mass.  A  Congregational  Club  is 
formed  at  Fitchburg. 

*  *  N,  Y.  A  Baptist  Ministers'  Home 
is  founded  at  West  Farms. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  The  Missouri,  Pittsburg,  South  Da- 
kota, and  West  Kansas  Conferences 
(Free  Methodist)  are  organized. 

*  *  The  American  Missionary  Society  re- 
ceives by  transfer  the  Indian  missions 
of  the  American  Board  ;  the  association 
withdraws  from  work  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

1883  Jan.  27.  S.  a  H.  P.  Northrop 
is  transferred  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Diocese  of  Charleston. 

Feb.  24.  Miss.  Hugh  Miller  Thompson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Mississippi. 

Mar.  31.  The  Congregational  Associa- 
tion of  Mississippi  is  organized. 

Apr.  22.  Mick.  Henry  Joseph  Richter 
is  consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Grand  Rapids. 

Apr.  23.  Wis.  Michael  Heiss  is  pro- 
moted (Roman  Catholic)  archbishop  of 
Milwaukee. 

May  17.  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Saratoga ;  E.  F. 
Hatfield,  moderator.  It  organizes  the 
Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges. 

May  24.  The  two  Bible  Societies  organ- 
ized by  Baptists  yield  their  work  and 
office  to  the  Missionary  Union  and  the 
Publication  Society. 


May  26.  The  General  Synod  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  (Reformed  Epia- 
copal)  is  granted  separate  organization 
by  the  General  Council. 

Jime  1.  Jio&ton.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  24.  Joseph  Bademacber  is  con- 
secrated (lioman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Nashville. 

LETTERS. 
1882  *  *  Cal.    The  Wormal  School  es- 
tablished by  the  State  at  Los  Angeles  is 
opened. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  opens. 

*  *  la.  The  West  Des  Moines  Training- 
school  is  opened. 

*  *  Ida.  The  "Wilbur  CoUesre  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  in  Lewiston. 

*  *  ///.  St.  Mary's  School  at  Knoxville 
receives  its  charter. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Christian  CoUese  (Disci- 
ples) is  founded  at  Columbia. 

*  *  Md.  The  Westminster  Theological 
Seminary  (Meth.  Prot.)  is  founded. 

*  *  Neb.  Gates  CoUege  at  Neligh  is 
opened. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Argosy  and  the  Morn- 
ing Journal  are  issued. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Saturday  Globe  is  issued 
at  Utica. 

*  *  O.  The  "Western  Reserve  CoUege 
is  removed  from  Hudson  to  Cleveland, 
and  its  name  changed  to  Adalbert. 

*  *  O.  The  Central  Ohio  College  (Dis- 
ciples) is  founded  at  East  Liberty. 

*  *  Pa.  Tlie  Holy  Ghost  CoUege  (Rom. 
Cath.)  at  Pittsburg  is  chartered. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Grit  is  issued 
at  Williamsport. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  Yankton  CoUege  is 
opened. 

*  *  Wash.  Spokane  College  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  founded  at  Spokane  Falls. 

*  *  W,  Va.  The  Normal  and  Classical 
Academy  established  at  Buckhannon  is 
opened. 

*  *  fPistory  of  the  American  People^  by  J. 
H.  Patton,  appears. 

*  ♦  Idyls  of  Norway^  by  H.  H.  Boyesen, 
appears. 

*  *  A  Modem  Instance,  by  W.  D.  Howells, 
appears. 

*  *  Mr.  Isaacs,  by  F.  Marion  Crawford, 
appears. 

*  *  Prince  Saroni's  Wife,  by  J.  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Sunday  Observance  and  Sunday  Laic, 
by  L.  W.  Bacon,  appears. 

*  *  Specimen  Days  and  Collect,  by  Walt 
Whitman,  appears. 

*  *  England  Witlioutand  jriMi/i,  by  Rich- 
ard Grant  White,  appears. 

*  *  Prince  and  Pauper,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  Randolph,  by  Henry 
Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Anne,  by  Constance  Feniniore  Cooper, 
appears. 


UNITED   STATES.   1882,  Dec  31.-1883,  June  21    313 


*  *  Life  of  Hamiltwi,  by  Ilenry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

*  *  An  Echo  of  Passion,  by  George  Par- 
sons Lathrop,  appears. 

*  *  Through  One  AdministratUmf  by  Fran- 
cis HoUgson  Burnett,  appears. 

1883  Apr.  5.  Ky.  An  educational 
convention  is  held  at  Frankfort ;  it  or- 
ganizes a  morement  against  illiteracy. 

SOCIETY. 

1882  Dec.  *  U.  S.  The  Indiana' 
Hights  Association  is  organizeu 

Dec.  +  *  D.  C.  New  trial  of  the  *•  Star 
Route  "  cases  begins,  and  continues  for 
six  months. 

There  were  296  contracts  dishonestly 
obtained  with  worthless  bonds  for 
58,000,000.  A  swindle  amounting  to 
$5,000,000  is  alleged,  in  "expediting" 
privileges. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Charity  Organization 
Society  is  formed. 

*  *  Colo.  Ijabor  Day  becomes  a  legal  hol- 
iday, to  be  observed  on  the  first  Monday 
in  September. 

*  *  la.  The  Prohibitory  Amendment 
is  adopted  by  the  people;  majority  — 
nearly  30,000  votes. 

*'  No  person  shall  manufacture  forsale, 
sell,  or  keep  for  sale  as  a  beverage,  any 
intoxicating  liquors  whatever,  including 
ale,  wine,  and  beer." 

*  *  Ky.  The  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  national  con- 
vention at  Louisville ;  Frances  Wil- 
lard,  president.—  The  Hatfield  faction 
in  Pike  County  capture  four  political 
murderers  of  the  McCoy  faction,  and 
shoot  them. —  The  "Regulators"  dis- 
band, surrender  to  the  civil  authorities 
at  Louisville,  and  furnish  the  names  of 
many  members  of  their  organization. 

*  *  Afich.  An  Insane  asylimi  is  located 
by  the  State  at  Traverse  City. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  law 
against  the  selling  or  giving  away  of 
intoxicating  liquors  within  five  miles 
of  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

*  *  The  Koyal  Society  of  Good  Fel- 
lows is  founded. 

*  *  N'ew  York.  The  Actors'  Fund  is  es- 
tablished, to  provide  aid  for  disabled 
and  needy  members  of  the  theatrical 
profession, 

*  *  Va.  The  Legislature  abolishes  cor- 
poral punishment. 

1883  Jan.  4.  Tenn.  It  is  announced 
that  the  defalcation  of  M.  T.  Polk,  the 
State  treasurer,  amounts  to  $4,000,000. 

Jan.  26.  Z>.  C.  The  Marquis  of  Lome 
visits  Washington. 

Jan.  *  Ala.  The  deficit  of  the  State 
treasurer,  I.  H.  Vincent,  is  found  to  be 
$212,000. 

Mar.  21.  Pa.  N.  L.  Bukes  is  acquitted 
of  the  murder  of  Col.  Nutt  of  Union- 
town. 

Mar.  28.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
council  of  State  charities  and  correc- 
tion. 

Mar.  *  Mo.  The  Downing  Ijaw  (high- 
license)  is  enacted. 


It  fixes  yearly  license  charges  at  $50  to 
S200  for  State  purposes,  and  $500  to  $800 
for  county  purposes  —  a  minimum  of 
$550  and  a  maximum  of  $1,000. 

Apr.  2K  Chicago.  Over  3,000  bricklayers 
successfully  strike  for  increased 
wages  ;  they  hold  out  G8  days  at  a  wage- 
loss  of  $5G0,000. 

June  9.  n.  C.  The  remains  of  John 
Howard  Payne,  removed  from  Tunis, 
are  interred  with  public  ceremonies  at 
Washington. 

June  11.  B.  C.  Thomas  J.  Brady  and 
the  Dorseys  are  acquitted  in  the  second 
Star  Houte  trial. 

STATE. 

1882  *  *  D.  C.    Samuel  Blatchford  of 

N.  Y.  is  appointed  justice  of  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court. 

*  ♦  Ay.  Commissioners  are  appointed 
to  consider  railroad  affairs. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-86  •  *  Ala.    Edw.  A.  O'Neal. 

-86  *  *  Ariz.  ( Ter.).  Frederick  A.  Tuttle. 

-83  *  *  t?a.    Alex.  H.  Stephens. 

-88  *  *  La.    Samuel  ]>.  M'Enery. 

-83  *  *  Mass.     Benj.  F.  Butler. 

-90  *  *  Miss.    Kobert  Lowry. 

-84  *  *  Mmil.iTer.).  J.  Schuyler  Crosby. 

-b6  *  *  N.  Mex.  { Ter.).    L.  A.  Sheldon. 

-o6  *  *  Ore.    Z.  F.  Moody. 

-od  *  *  S.  C.    Hugh  S.  Thompson. 

-86*  *  Va.     William  E.  Cameron. 

-84  *  *  [7.    John  L.  Barstow. 

-88  *  *  Wis.    Jeremiah  M.  Busk. 

1883  Jan. 4.  liostnn.  Gen. B.F.But- 
ler is  inaugurated  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Jan.  5.  J).  C.  Congress  ;  House  :  The 
Pendleton  Civil  Service  Bill  is  passed. 
Vote,  155-47. 

101  Republicans,  49  Democrats,  and  5 
Independents  vote  for  it ;  7  Republicans, 
39  Democrats,  and  one  Independent  vote 
against  it. 

Jan.  9.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  Presidential  Succession  Bill. 
Vote,  40-13. 

It  is  designed  to  provide  for  a  contin- 
gency when  neither  President  nor  Vice- 
President  is  selected,  and  where  no  Pres- 
ident pro  tempore  has  been  chosen  by  the 
Senate.     [Not  considered  in  the  House.] 

Jan.  10.  D.  C  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
tariff  bill  is  reported. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  reports 
a  tariff  biU. 

The  Civil  Service  Reform  Bill  is 
signed  by  the  President,  and  becomes 
the  law  of  the  land  ;  it  requires  compet- 
itive examination  for  admission  into 
certain  departments  of  the  civil  service. 

Jan.  26.  Va,  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Riddenberger  Act,  proposing  cer- 
tain terms  of  settlement  with  holders  of 
State  bonds. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  A  Confer- 
ence Committee  meets  to  consider  the 
tariff  bill.    [Mar.  2.    It  reports.] 

Mar.  3.  B.C.  Congress  approves  the 
tariff  biU.  Vote,  Senate,  32-31 ;  House, 
152-116.  The  President  immediately 
signs  the  bill. 

Tliis  act  reduces  the  internal  reve- 
nue and  repeals  the  tax  on  bank  checks, 


etc.,  also  on  matches  and  medicinal  pre- 
parations ;  the  protective  tariff  principle 
is  retained. 

Congress  authorizes  postal  notes  of 
less  sums  than  $5;  it  reduces  the  rate 
of  first-class  matter  from  three  cents  to 
two  cents  per  half-ounce. 

Mar.  4.    B.  C.     Congress  removes   the 
special  duty  of  10  per  cent  on  goods 
imported  from  ports  west  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 
The  47th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  5.  B.C.  Chief  Justice  Waitemakes 
a  decision  in  the  case  of  New  York  and 
New  Hampshire  vs.  Louisiana. 

"  One  State  cannot  create  a  contro- 
versy with  another  State  within  the 
meaning  of  that  term  as  used  in  the 
judicial  clauses  of  the  Constitution,  by 
assuming  the  prosecution  of  debts  ow- 
ing by  other  States  to  its  citizens." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882  Dec.  31.    U.S.  Statistics  for  1882. 
Production:    gold,   $32,500,000,    silver, 

$46,800,000;  bales  of  cotton,  5,435,845: 
pounds  of  wool,  272,000,000 ;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  30,000,000;  currency  in  circu- 
lation (Juno  30),  ^1,174,290,419  ;  per  cap- 
ita, $22.37.  Immigrants  received  (fiscal 
year),  788,992.  Miles  of  railroads  worked, 
104,971 ;  capital  stock,  $;i,511,(j;J5,424  ;  to- 
tal accidents,  1,365;  persons  killed,  380; 
injured,  1,588.  Fire  waste,  $84,505,024; 
insurance,  $48,876,131. 

•  *  Fla.  Philadelphia  capitalists  begin 
the  drainage  of  liake  Okeechobee  to 
reclaim  valuable  land. 

*  *N.  Y.  New  York  Yacht  Club  returns 
the  America  cup  to  one  of  the  surviv- 
ing donors,  that  he  may  make  new  con- 
ditions. 

1883  Jan.  10.  Wis.  The  NewhaU 
House  is  burned  at  Milwaukee,  causing 
71  deaths ;  George  Scheller,  lessee  of 
the  barroom,  is  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
arson. 

Jan.  19.  Cal.  A  passenger  train  on 
the  Southern  Pacific  is  wrecked  near 
Tehichipa;  15  persons  are  killed, 

Feb.  13.  Ga.  Savannah  celebrates  the 
150th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

Mar.  4.  The  steamer  Yazoo  sinks  in 
the  Mississippi ;  the  accident  is  caused 
by  an  obstruction  ;  19  lives  are  lost. 

Mar.  17.  Three  base-ball  clubs  form 
a  tripartite  or  national  agreement  —  the 
National  Xieague,  American  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Northwestern  League. 

Mar.  24.  Distinct  telephonic  commu- 
nication is  opened  between  New  York 
and  Chicago  —  distance,  1,000  miles. 

Mar.  30.  O.  An  accident  occurs  on 
the  Cincinnati  Southern  liailroad  near 
Mason's  Station  ;  53  persons  are  injured. 

May  3±.  The  steamer  Grappter  ia 
biurned  near  Vancouver  Island ;  70 
lives  are  lost. 

May  24.  N.  Y.  The  great  Sast  Biver 
Bridge,  connecting  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  is  opened  for  traffic  after  13 
years  have  been  spent  In  its  construc- 
tion.   Cost,  $15,000,000.    (See  Art,  1870.) 

May  30.  A  panic  occurs  on  the  East 
River  Bridge  ;  12  persons  are  crushed  to 
death,  and  many  injured. 


314      1883,  June  30.-**. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1883  July  2.  Judson  D.  Bingham  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  quarternuister's 
department.  ^ 

July  3.  Matthew  M.  Blunt  is  commis- 
sioned colonel  —  the  ICth  infantry. 

Oct.  31.  Philip  H.  Sheridan  is  ap- 
pointed (IGth)  to  command  the  army, 
and  (4ih)  to  rank  as  general. 

Nov.  1.  I>.  C.  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman 
relinquishes  command  of  the  17.  S. 
Army ;  Gen.  Sheridan  assumes  com- 
mand. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1883     Aug.  12.     2^.  r.    The  asteroid 

Barbara  is  discovered  hy  C.  H.  F.  Peters 

of  Clinton. 
Sept.  2.    Another  comet  is  discovered. 
Oct.  22.    Neio  York.    The  Metropolitan 

Opera  House  is  opened. 
Oct.*  Henry  Irving  (John  Henry  Brod- 

rib)  makes  his  first  appearance  in  the 

United  States. 
Oct.  *  Ellen  Alice  Terry  KeUy  makes 

her   first    appearance    in    the    United 

States.    (Ellen  Terry.) 

*  *A\J.  A  23-inch  Clark  equatorial, 
with  several  large  spectroscopes,  is 
mounted  in  the  Halstead  Observatory 
at  Princeton. 

*  *  Neio  York.  A  bronze  statue  of 
"Washington  is  unveiled  in  Wall  Street. 

July  13.  The  steamer  Proteus,  sent  to 
relieve  the  Greely  Arctic  Expedition  of 
1881,  is  crushed  in  the  ice  of  Smith's 
Sound  ;  it  is  the  second  imsuccessful  at- 
tempt to  send  relief. 

Aug.  21,  Minn.  A  tornado  destroys 
one-third  of  the  houses  in  Rochester 
and  many  lives ;  property  loss,  $1,000,000. 

*  *  Neio  York.  Frederick  Dielman,  H. 
Bolton  Jones,  Edgar  M.  Ward,  and 
Kruseman  Van  Elten  of  New  York  are 
elected  members  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Design. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  Tin  is  discovered  in  the 
Black  Hills. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Cfficilia  Ladies'  Vocal 
Society  is  organized  at  Brooklyn. 

*  "  The  American  Climatological  Asso- 
ciation is  organized. 

*  *  Campanini  makes  his  first  appear- 
ance in  the  United  States. 

*  *  Ancient  Mariner  is  painted  by  G.  W. 
Maynard. 

*  *  Cockle  Ga^Aerin^r  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  Scene  on  Long  Island  is  painted  by  J. 
W.  Casilear. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1883. 

July  4.  Pnrcell,  John  Baptist,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop of  Cincinnati,  O.,  writer,  A83. 

July  8.  Haldwin,  John  Dennison,  Cong, 
cl.,  editor,  author,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  A74. 

July  15.  Stratton,  Charles  Sherwood, 
dwarf  (Gen.  'J'om  Thunil>),  A45. 

July  21.     Mihnore,  Martin,  sculptor,  A39. 

July  27.  Blair,  Montgoniery,  lawyer,  P.  M. 
G.,  A70.  j>        .      » 

Aug-.  19.  Sikes,  William  Wirt,  writer,  au- 
thor, A47. 

Black,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  jurist,  of 

Pa.,  atty.-gen.,  secretary  of  state,  A73. 


Aug.  SO.  Baker,  William  Mumford,  Pres. 
clergyman,  novelist,  A58. 

Oct.  10.  Kwer,  Ferdinand  Cartwright,  P.  K. 
clergyman,  author,  A57. 

Oct.  12.  Smith,  John  Lawrence,  mineralo- 
gist, chemiBt,  author,  A65. 

Oct.  22.  Reid,  Mayne,  captain  in  Mexican 
war,  novelist,  A65. 

Nov,  7.  Randolph,  Theodore  Frellnghuy- 
sen,  Gov.,  sen.  for  N.  J.,  A57. 

Nov.  13.  Sims,  James  Martin,  phys.,  surg., 
inventor  of  medical  instruments,  A70. 

Nov.  15.  Le  Conte,  John  LawTence,  ento- 
mologist, naturalist,  author,  ASS. 

Dec.  27.  Himiphreys,  Andrew  Atkinson, 
brig.-gen.  U.  S.  A.,  A73. 

CHURCH. 

1883  July4.  O.  Wm.  H.  Elder  succeeds 
to  (Roman  Catholic)  See  of  Cincinnati. 

Sept.  16.  It.  Patrick  W.  Riordan  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Cabesa. 

Oct.  6.  The  Mormons  hold  a  great  meet- 
ing at  Salt  Lake ;  57  missionaries  are 
sent  out  to  make  converts. 

Oct.  14.  Ind.  David  Buel  Knicker- 
backer  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Indiana. 

Oct.  20.  N.  Y.  Henry  Codman  Potter 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  New  York. 

Oct.  21.  Va.  Alfred  Magill  Randolph 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Virginia. 

Dec.  6.  Fla.  The  General  Congrega- 
tional Association  of  Florida  is  organ- 
ized. 

Dec.  20.  J^.  Dak.  William  W.  Walker 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  North  Dakota. 

*  *  The  ■Women's  General  Missionary 
Society  (United  Presbyterian)  is  or- 
ganized. 

*  *  Boston.  The  Unitarian  Ministers* 
Monday  Club  is  established. 

*  *  The  Bureau  of  Woman's  "Work  is 
organized  by  the  American  Missionary 
Association. 

*  *  The  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  transfers 
all  their  Indian  missions  to  the  Ameri- 
can Missionary  Asssociation. 

It  becomes  responsible  for  the  Indian 
work  of  the  Congregational  Church , 
Tlie  missions  transferred  are  the  Fort 
Berthold  Mission  and  school,  among  tlie 
Mandans,  Gros  Ventres,  and  Rees,  in 
Dakota ;  the  Santee  Mission  and  a 
large  normal  training-school,  at  Santee 
Agency,  Nebraska;  and  the  Fort  Sully 
Mission,  with  its  out-stations,  on  the 
Cheyenne.    (Cyc.  of  Missions.) 

*  *K,  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  The  North  Dakota  General 
Congregational  Conference  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  meets  at  Springfield. 

*  *  O.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Cincinnati ; 
D.  R.  Dangan,  president. 

LETTERS. 

1883  *  *  Ala.  The  Normal  College  for 
girls  at  Livingston  and  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Jackson  are  opened. 

*  *  Ark.  I-ittle  Rock  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Little  Rock. 


*  *  Cal.  'Washington  College  (Disci- 
ples) is  founded  at  Irvine. 

*  *  Fla.  Stetson  University  (Bapt.)  is 
founded  at  Deland.  The  State  Uni- 
versity is  removed  from  Eau  Gallic  to 
Lake  City. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Gammon  Theological 
School  of  Clark  University  is  founded 
at  Atlanta. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Rose  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute at  Terre  Haute  is  opened. 

*  *  Ky.  Home  College  (Disciples)  is 
founded  at  Cambellsburg. 

*  •  Mo.  Ash  Grove  College  (Disciples) 
is  founded  at  Ash  Grove.  The  St.  Louis 
Evening  Star  Sayings  is  issued. 

*  *Mont.  The  CoUege  of  Montana. 
established  at  Deer  Lodge,  is  opened. 

*  *  AT.  J.  The  Evening  News  is  issued  at 
Newark. 

*  •  Neio  York.  The  World  is  bought  by 
Joseph  Pulitzer. 

*  •  Pa.    The  Press  is  issued  at  Pittsburg. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Ladies'  Home  Journal  is 
issued. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  State  Normal  Schools 
at  Spearfish  and  Madison  are  opened. 
Sioux  Falls  University  (Bapt.)  is 
foimded.  The  University  of  South  Da- 
kota (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Vermil- 
lion. Pierre  University  (Pres.)  is  or- 
ganized at  East  Pierre. 

*  *  Tex,  University  of  Texas  (non-sect.) 
is  organized  at  Austin. 

*  *  Va.  The  State  Normal  and  Collegiate 
Institute  is  located  at  Petersburg. 
Hartshorn  Memorial  College  (Col. 
Bapt.)  is  founded  at  Richmond.  The 
Southwest  Virginia  Institute  (Fem. 
Bapt.)  is  foimded  at  Glade  Springs. 

*  *  Wash.  "Witman  CoUege  at  Walla 
Walla  is  opened. 

*  *  From  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  by  T.  B.  Al- 
drich,  appears ;  also  Mercedes. 

*  *  The  Pay  of  Seven  Islands,  by  John 
Greenleaf  AAThittier,  appears. 

*  *  Beyond  the  Gates,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

*  *  Donald  and  Dorothy,  by  Mary  Mapes 
Dodge,  appears. 

*  *  Dr.  Claudius,  by  F.  Marion  Crawford, 
appears  ;  also  To  Leeward. 

*  *  The  English  Novel  and  Us  Develop' 
ment,  by  Sidney  Lanier,  appears. 

*  *  English  Rambles,  by  William  Winter, 
appears. 

*  *  Excursions  of  an  Evolutionist  ^  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  Farm  Festivals,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Forfune''s  Fool,  by  Julian  Hawthorne, 
appears  ;  also  Dust. 

*  *  History  of  Virginia,  by  JohB  Esten 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  The  Hoosier  Schoolboy,  by  Edward  Eg- 
gleston,  appears. 

*  *  Hot  Ploughshares,  by  Albion  Winegar 
Tourg^e,  appears. 

*  *  Lulu's  Library,  by  Louisa  M.  Alcott, 
appears. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1883,  June  30-* 


315 


*  •  .Wichael  Angela,  by  Henry  W.  long- 
fellow,  appears. 

*  *  Portraits  of  Places,  by  Henry  James, 
appears. 

*  *  Common  Sense  in  the  Kitchen,  by  Mar- 
ion Harland,  appears. 

SOCIETy. 

1883  June  *  III.  The  Legislature 
passes  the  Harper  law. 

Minimum  rates  of  §500  for  the  sale  of 
all  kinds  of  liquors,  anil  S150  for  the  sale 
of  malt  liquors  only,  are  tixed. 

July  19.  Pa.  The  great  strike  of  67,- 
000  telegraph  operators,  for  an  ad- 
vance of  15  per  cent  in  their  wages, 
begins  at  Pittsburg  [and  extends  to  sev- 
eral States]. 

July  25.  Colo.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  17th  National 
Encampment  at  Denver ;  Robert  B. 
Beath  of  Pa.,  commander-in-chief. 

Aug.  15.  The  successful  strike  of  tele- 
graphers ends. 

Sept.  1+.  Pa.  About  1,200  glass-blowers 
of  western  Pennsylvania  successfully 
strike  against  reduced  wages,  and  hold 
out  23  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $526,000. 

Sept.  24+.  Ky.  A  national  convention  of 
colored  men  is  held  at  Louisville ;  it 
claims  civil  and  political  rights. 

Sept.  ♦-Oct.  *  Chief  Justice  Coleridge 
of  England  visits  America. 

Oct.  30.  N-.  r.  Edward  N.  Rowell  of 
Batavia  is  acquitted  of  murder  in 
fatally  shooting  Johnson  L.  Lynch  of 
Utica,  his  wife's  lover, 

Nov.  3.  Va.  A  riot  breaks  out  between 
the  negroes  and  the  white  military  at 
Danville ;  seven  negroes  are  killed,  and 
seven  white  men  wounded. 

Nov.  26.  iVew  York.  The  Centenary 
of  the  British  Evacuation  is  cele- 
brated by  an  immense  procession. 

*  •  Chicago.  The  'Washington  Park 
Club  is  organized. 

*  *  III.  The  Chicago  Voice  and  Hearing 
School  for  the  Deaf  established  at 
Englewood  is  opened. 

*  *  Kg.  —  La.  The  Charity  Organization 
Society  is  formed  at  Louisville  ;  another 
at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
for  the  bringing  of  children  of  worth- 
less parents  before  the  court  and  provid- 
ing them  with  the  proper  guardianship. 

*  *  Mass.  About  50,000  voters  vainly  peti- 
tion the  Legislature  to  submit  a  Con- 
stitutional Amendment  against  the 
liquor  tralfic. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  a  national 
convention  at  Detroit ;  Frances  "Wil- 
lard,  president.  It  organizes  a  'World's 
AVoman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union. 

*  *  Me.  The  death  penalty  is  restored 
to  the  statutes. 

*  *Mo.  The  Legislature  passes  the  Down- 
ing High-Ijcense  law ;  foe  $1,200. 

*  *  Mo.  A  State  Board  of  Health  is  es- 
tablished. 


*  *  Mont.    Mormons  expelled  from  Utah       -85  *  *  N.  Y.    Grover  Cleveland. 


for  their  monogamic  apostasy  settle  in 
Deer  Lodge  and  Gallatin  Counties. 
»  *Jf.C.    The  State  hospital  for  the  in- 
sane is  opened  at  Morgsnton. 

STATE. 

1883  Jime30.  U.S.  Statistics  for  the 
fiscal  year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $214,- 
706,497;  internal  revenue,  $144,720,369; 
direct  tax,  $108,167  ;  sales  of  public  lands, 
$7,955,864;  miscellaneous  items,  $30,796,- 
395.  Total  revenue,  $398,287,582  ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  ordinary  expenditures, 
$132,879,444.  Expenditures :  Miscella- 
neous items,  $68,678,022;  War  Depart- 
ment, $48,911,383;  Navy  Department, 
$16,283,437;  Indians,  $7,362,590;  pen- 
sions, $66,012,574 ;  interest  on  the  pub- 
lic debt,  $59,160,131.  Total  ordinarv  ex- 
penditures, $266,408,138.  Public  debt, 
$1,892,547,412.  Exports,  $823,839,402 ;  im- 
ports, $723,180,914. 

Sept.  19.  S.  Dak.  A  Territorial  Conven- 
tion at  Sioux  Falls  frames  a  State  Con- 
stitution. 

Oct.  10.  U.  S.  Two-cent  letter  pos- 
tage goes  into  effect. 

Oct.  15.  £>.  a  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  Civil  Bights  Act  of 
March  1, 1875,  requires  that  equal  privi- 
leges be  given  to  colored  people  and 
whites  in  inns,  cars,  and  theaters,  is 
unconstitutional  except  within  the 
District  of  Coliunbia  and  in  the  Terri- 
tories. 

Nov,  6.  Dakota  adopts  by  a  popular  vote 
a  Constitution  erecting  South  Dakota 
as  a  separate  State. 

Xew    York.     Franklin  Edson   is 

elected  the  83d  mayor. 

Dec.  3.  D.  C.  The  48th  Congress 
opens. 

Congress ;  Senate  :  George  F.  Ed- 
munds of  'Vt.  is  elected  President  pro 
tempore.  House :  John  G.  CarUsle 
(Dem.)  of  Ky.  is  elected  Speaker  by  191 
votes  against  112  for  J.  'W.  Keifer  (Rep.), 
and  10  scattering. 

Dec.  31.  n.  C.  The  reduction  of  the 
public  debt  since  July  amounts  to  81 
millions. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Legislature  provides  for  a 
railroad  commission,  to  regulate  the 
passenger  and  freight  charges  of  rail- 
roads. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
for  funding  the  State  debt  at  a  discount 
of  24  per  cent  on  6  per  cent  bonds  ;  the 
others  are  cut  down  in  like  proportion, 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-85  •  *  Ark.    Jas.  H.  Berry. 

-87  *  *  Cal.    George  Stoneman. 
-85  *  *  Colo.    James  B.  Grant. 
-85  •  •  Conn.    Thomas  M,  Waller. 
-87  *  *  Del.    Charles  C.  Stockley. 
-86  *  *  Ga.    Henry  D.  M'Daniel. 
-84  »  *  /da.  (Ter.)    John  N.  Irwin. 
-85  *  *  Til.    John  M.  Hamilton. 
-85  *  *  Kan.    George  W.  Glick. 
-87  •  *  Kg.    J.  Proctor  Knott. 
-86  *  *  Mass.    George  D.  Robinson. 
-87  *  •  Me.    Frederick  Bobie. 
-85  *  *  .IficA.    Josiah  W.  Begole. 
-86  *  *  Minn.    Lucius  F.  Hubbard. 
-87  •  *  yeb.    James  W.  Dawes. 
-85  *  *X.  H.    Samuel  W.  Hale. 


-87  •  *  Neo.    Jewett  W.  Adams, 
-87  *  *  Pa.    Robert  E.  Pattisou. 
-85  *  *  R.  I.    Augustus  O.  Bourn, 
-87  *  *  Tenn.    William  B.  Bate, 
-87  *  *  Tex.    John  Ireland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883  July  4.  N.  Y.  The  first  intercol- 
legiate boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  at 
Lake  George,  IJ  miles  straight.  Cornell, 
11.57 ;  University  of  Pennsylvania,  12,29 ; 
Princeton,  12,40  ;  Wesleyan,  12.47. 

July  23.  Md.  Near  Baltimore  a  pier 
on  the  Patapsco  River  gives  way,  and 
70  exciu-sionists  lose  their  lives. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  Capt.  Matt.  'Webb  is 
drowned  while  attempting  to  swim 
across  the  Niagara  Whirlpool  Rapids. 

July  *  Nero  York.  Work  is  suspended 
on  the  Hudson  River  Tunnel  for  lack 
of  funds ;  the  amount  expended  on  the 
abandoned  tunnel  is  $1,000,000, 

Aug  1+.  Ky.  The  Southern  Exposi- 
tion is  held  at  Louisville. 

Aug.  11.  Mass.  'Vineyard  Haven  is 
almost  destroyed  by  fire. 

Sept.  1.  Ala.  The  State  Agricultiural 
Department  becomes  operative  ;  E.  C. 
Betts  is  appointed  commissioner. 

Sept.  3.  Boston.  The  Foreign  Exjio- 
sition  opens. 

Sept.  4.  III.  A  railroad  accident  near 
Grayville  causes  nine  deaths. 

Sept.  6.  N.  Y.  The  new  steamboat  Maid 
of  the  Mist  makes  a  perilous  passage 
through  the  lower  rapids  and  whirlpools 
of  the  Niagara  River. 

Sept.  8.  Mont.  The  last  spike  is  driven 
in  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  at 
a  point  near  the  mouth  of  Gold  Creek  ; 
the  road  is  1,674  miles  long. 

Oct.  1.  Miss.  An  Interstate  Levee  Con- 
vention meets  at  Vicksburg. 

Oct.  3.  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Exposition 
buildings  burn  with  the  exhibits  ;  loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Nov.  *  Six  New  England  fishing  schoon- 
ers founder  at  St.  George's  Bank  ;  76 
lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  14.  New  York.  The  Standard 
Theater  is  burned. 

Dec.  20.  N.  Y.  The  cantilever  rail- 
road bridge  across  Niagara  River  is 
opened. 

*  *  Florida  prospers  after  long  neglect ; 
its  wilderness  is  boomed  by  British  and 
American  capitalists. 

Deo.  31.     U.  S.    Statistics  for  1883. 

Production:  Gold,  $30,000,000;  silver, 
$46,200,000;  bales  of  cotton,  6,992,234: 
pounds  of  wool,  290,000,000  ;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  23,449,633,  Currency  in  cir- 
culation (June  30),  $1,230,305,696  ;  per 
capita,  $22,91.  Immigrants  received 
(fiscal  year)  603,322.  MUes  of  railroads 
worked,  110,414;  capital  stock,  $3,708,- 
060,583;  total  accidents,  1,019;  persons 
killed,  474;  persons  injure<l,  1,954.  Fire 
waste,  $100,149,228;  insurance,  $54,808,- 
6ftt;  lives  lost,  447, 

♦  *  Phila.  The  'William  Penn  cottage, 
erected  In  +1683  —  the  pioneer  brick 
house  —  is  transferred  to  Prospect  P.nrk, 
and  rebuilt. 


316     1883,  ** -1884,  Sept.  14. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1884  Apr.  18.  Peter  T.  Swaine  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  22d  infantry. 

July  2.  D.  C.  President  Arthur  vetoes 
the  bill  to  restore  Fitz-John  Porter 
to  the  army  as  unjust  to  other  officers. 
(See  State,  Feb.  1.) 

■July  5.  Guido  N.  Lieber  is  commissioned 
colonel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1883  •  *  Geysers  is  painted  by  Albert 
Uierstadt. 

»  ♦  Neglecting  Trade  is  painted  by  T.  W. 
Wood. 

*  •  Uplands  in  Autumn  is  painted  by  Jer- 
vis  McEntee. 

*  •  Waviayanda  Valley  is  painted  by  J. 
F.  Cropsey. 

»  •  Sunny  Day  in  the  Woods  is  painted  by 

Worthington  Whittredge. 
»  •  Hillside  is  painted  by  A.  F.  Bellows. 

*  *  July  Day  is  painted  by  A.  C.  Shaw. 

*  *  Thomas  he  Clear  is  painted  by  Wil- 
liam Page. 

*  *  Fishing  Craft  at  Sunset  is  painted  by 
William  Bradford. 

*  *  Niagara  Falls  Is  painted  by  George 
Inness. 

*  ♦  Willing  Captives  Is  painted  by  F.  S. 
Church. 

*  » Mother  of  the  Herd  is  painted  by 
George  Inness. 

1884  Feb.  7±.  Great inundationB oc- 
cur in  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  other 
regions  ;  about  15  lives  are  lost  and5,000 
people  are  liomeless.  [Congress  appro- 
priates $500,000  for  relief.] 

Feb.  14.  O.  The  flood  in  the  Ohio 
reaches  71}  inches  at  Cincinnati,  the 
highest  water  recorded. 

Feb.  18.  Tornadoes  in  the  Southern 
States  cause  the  loss  of  600  lives. 

May  10.  An  expedition  tmder  "W.  S. 
Schley  sails  in  search  of  Lieut.  Greely 
in  the  Arctic  regions ;  a  reward  of 
$25,000  is  offered  by  the  Government. 

May  24.  N.Y.  The  East  River  Bridge 
is  opened. 

Depth  of  the  New  York  foundation  be- 
low high-water  mark,  78  ft.,  6  in. ;  depth 
of  the  Brooklyn  foundation  below  high- 
water  mark,  45  ft.  Size  of  the  towers  at 
high-water  line,  140  x  59  ft.  —  at  roof 
course,  138  X  53  ft. ;  height  of  the  towers 
above  high-water  mark,  276  ft.,  6  in.; 
height  of  roadway  in  the  clear  in  the 
middle  of  the  East  Kiver,  135  ft.  ;  width 
of  bridge,  85  ft.  ;  length  of  main  span, 
1,595  ft.,  6  in. ;  length  of  each  land  span, 
930  ft. ;  length  of  the  Brooklyn  approach, 
971  ft.;  length  of  the  New  York  approach, 
1,560  ft.  ;  length  of  each  of  the  four  great 
cables,  3,578  ft.,  6  in. ;  diameter,  15}  in. ; 
number  of  steel  galvanized  wires  in  each 
cable,  5,434  ;  weight  of  each  cable,  about 
800  tons.  Ultimate  strength  of  each 
cable,  15,000  tons  ;  weight  of  gteel  in  the 
suspended  superstructure,  10,000  tons. 
Total  cost,  $15,000,000.  (Houghtaliug's 
Handbook.) 

June  18.  Conn.  A  memorial  of  Gov- 
ernor Buckingliani  is  unveiled  at  Hart- 
ford ;  sculptor,  Olin  1>.  Warner. 

June  22.  Arctic  Itegiim.  Capt.  Schley  of 
the   Thetis  finds  the   seven  survivors 


of  Ijieut.  Greely's  expedition  five 
miles  otf  Cape  Sabins,  on  Smith's  Sound, 
17  persons  having  starved  and  one  acci- 
dentally drowned.  The  expedition  had 
penetrated  to  83°  21'  N. 

July  17.  N.  F.  Ueut.  Greely  and 
party  arrive  at  St.  Johns.  [Aug.  1. 
They  arrive  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.] 

Aug.  5.  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  pedestal  for  the  Statue  of  Liberty 
on  Bedloe's  Island  is  laid. 

Aug.  10-11.  U.  S.  Slight  shocks  of 
earthquake  are  felt  in  the  region  be- 
tween New  York  and  Washington. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1884. 

Jan.  36.  Letcher,  John,  lawyer,  M.  C.  for 
Va.,  (iov.,  ATI. 

Feb.  2.  Phillips.  Wendell,  lawyer,  orator, 
antislavery  leader,  A73. 

Feb.  8.  (^.nyot,  Arnol<l  Henry,  naturalist, 
geographer,  author,  A77. 

Feb.  16.  Williams,  .Samuel  Wells,  prof,  of 
Chinese  at  Yale,  author,  A72. 

Feb.  37.  Hunt,  William  Henry,  lawyer, 
sec.  navy,  diplomatist,  A60. 

Mar.  31.  Abbot,  Ezra,  Biblical  scholar, 
theologian,  author,  .\6.5. 

Fuller,    <Jeorge,    figure    and    portrait 

painter,  A62. 

Apr.  17.  Appleton,  Thomas  Gold,  author, 
poet,  A72. 

May  3.  Toebbe,  Augustus  Mary,  R.  C. 
bishop  of  Covington,  Ky.,  .\5.^. 

May  6.  Gross,  .Samuel  David,  surgeon, 
author,  A79. 

May  8.  Benjamin.  Judah  Philip,  lawyer, 
senator  for  La. ,  Con  federate  atty.  -gen. ,  sec- 
retary of  state,  A73. 

May  13.  O'Conor.  Charles,  lawyer,  Dem. 
candidate  for  presidency,  A80. 

May  13.  McCormick,  Cyrus  Hall,  inventor 
of  reaper  for  harvesting  grain,  A7.5. 

June  7.  Hoffman,  Charles  Fenno,  poet, 
novelist,  A  78. 

Webb,  James   Watson,   journalist,   of 

N.  Y.,  A82. 

June  8.  Swayne,  Noah  Havnes,  jurist,  as- 
sociate justice  of  U.  .S.  S.  Ct.,  A80. 

June  18.  Simpson.  Matthew,  coll.  pres., 
M.  E.  bishop,  orator,  A74. 

July  1.  IMnkerton,  Allan,  detective,  au.,  A64. 

Aug.  8.  Whitehead,  William  Adee,  histo- 
rian, A74. 

Aug.  17.  Woodward,  Joseph  Janvier,  sur- 
geon, histologist,  author,  A72. 

A.\xe.  18.  Hudson,  Mary  Clemmer  Ames, 
writer,  author,  correspondent,  A45. 

Sept.  3.  Bowen,  Henry,  journalist,  editor, 
Gov.,  sen.  for  R.  I.,  A79. 

Folger,  Charles  James,  jurist  of  N.  Y., 

secretary  of  treasury,  AWj. 

CHURCH. 
1883  *  *  Pa.   General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)    meets    at    Pittsburg ; 
William  H.  McMillan,  moderator. 

*  *  Phila.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets ;  it  pro- 
vides for  the  enrichment  of  the 
Prayer  Book. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  East  Carolina  is  established. 

»  *  Congregational  Clubs  are  formed  in 
Omaha,  New  Haven,  Old  Colony,  San 
Francisco,  and  Central  New  York. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  starts 
a  day-school  among  the  Cherokees  at 
Fort  Gibson ;  also  a  boarding-scbool 
among  the  Sioux. 

*  *  The  Presbyterians  begin  mission-work 
among  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Aid  for 
Colleges  is  well  sustained. 

*  *  The  National  Council  (Congrega- 
tional) meets.  The  committee  presents 
a  Declaration  of  Faith. 


*  *  The  East  Michigan  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

±  *  •  The  'Woman's  Board  of  the  Evan- 
geUcal  Association  (German  Churches) 
is  organized. 

1884  Mar.  7.  Mont.  The  Eoman  Catho- 
lic Diocese  of  Helena  is  established. 

Apr.  17.  N.  C.  A.  A.  Watson  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  East  Carolina. 

Apr.  24.  Ga.  The  Southern  Conference 
( Unitarian  and  other  Christian  Churches) 
is  held  at  Atlanta. 

May  1-28.  Phila.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held. 

Charles  H.  Fowler,  William  X.  Ninde, 
Willard  F.  Mallalieu,  John  M.  Walden, 
are  elected  bishops ;  and  William  Tay- 
lor is  elected  missionary  bishop  for 
Africa. 

May  29.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  11.  N,  H.  Dennis  M.  Bradley  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
New  Hampshire. 

June  17.  The  Montana  Conference 
(Congregational)  is  organized. 

June  19.  The  General  Association  (Con- 
gregational) of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico 
is  organized. 

July  31.  Minn.  Bishop  John  Ireland 
succeeds  to  the  (Roman  Catholic)  Archl- 
episcopal  See  of  St.  Paul. 

Sept.  14.  la.  Henry  Cosgrove  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Davenport. 

LETTERS. 

1883  *  »  His  Somber  Rivals,  by  Edward 
Payson  Roe,  appears. 

»  ♦  Life  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  by  Ly- 
man Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  Life  on  the  Mississippi,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  Daniel  Webster,  by  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

*  *  Spanish  Vistas,  by  George  Parsons 
Lathrop,  appears. 

*  »  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  Vol.  I.,  by  John  Bach  McMaster, 
appears. 

»  *  The  Mate  of  the  Daylight,  by  Sarah 

Orne  Jewett,  appears. 
»  *  For  the  Major,  by  Constance  Fenimore 

Cooper,  appears. 

*  *  A  Daughter  of  the  Philistines,  by  H.  H. 
Boyesen,  appears. 

*  *  The  House  of  a  Merchant  Prince,  by 
William  Henry  Bishop,  appears. 

»  *  But  Yet  a  Woman,  by  Arthur  S.  Hardy, 
appears. 

1884  Apr.  7.  D.  C.  Congress  passes 
an  Educational  BUI  appropriating  $77,- 
000,000  to  be  apportioned  among  the 
States,  in  proportion  to  illiteracy. 

Apr.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  grants  46,080 
acres  of  land  to  the  State  of  Alabama, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Alabama  Uni- 
versity. 

SOCIETY. 

1883  ♦  *  The  Brewers'  and  Malsters' 
Association  define  the  political  atti- 
tude of  *'  the  trade." 


UNITED   STATES.        1883,  *  *-1884,  Sept.  14.    317 


Circulars  will  demand  answers  by  all 
candidates.  It  is  "  Jtesoived,  When  candi- 
dates of  botit  and  all  parties  answer  in 
the  affirmative  (that  is,  opposed  to  Pro- 
hibition), each  member  of  this  Associa- 
tion Bhall  be  at  liberty  to  vote  as  he 
deems  best.  Where  they  fail  to  commu- 
nicate it  will  be  consideretl  as  an  answer 
in  the  negative,  in  which  case  we  shall 
withhold  our  votes  or  select  an  indepen- 
dent caniiidate.  When  one  answers  in 
the  affirmative  and  tlie  other  in  the  neg- 
ative, we  shall  always  support  the  man 
who  cooperates  with  us,  whatever  may 
be  his  party." 

*  ♦  O.  Tlie  Prohibitory  Constitutional 
Amendment  is  adopted  by  the  people 
by  over  82,000  majority.  [Technicali- 
ties defeat  its  execution.] 

*  •  O.  The  Scott  Law  is  passed  taxing 
the  liquor  traffic ;  an  anti-license  ma- 
jority of  92,268  votes  is  given. 

*  *  Ore.  —  S.  Dak,  An  asylum  for  the  in- 
sane is  completed  by  the  State  at  Salem. 
Also  one  at  Yankton  in  South  Dakota  is 
opened. 

*  *  Wis.  The  school  for  the  deaf  is 
opened  at  Milwaukee. 

*  *  The  Choctaw  Indians  adopt  neEn*oes 
into  their  tribes. 

*  *  U.  S.  Memorial  services  are  held  in 
many  places  celebrating  the  400th  an- 
niversary of  the  birth  of  Luther. 

*  *  Va.  A  Baptist  Home  for  Aged 
Women  is  founded  in  Richmond. 

*  *  The  National  Provident  Union  is 
founded.  —  The  Brotherhood  of  Rail- 
road Trainmen  is  founded  in  America. 
—The  Fraternity  of  Modem  "Wood- 
men of  America  is  founded. 

1884  Peb,4+.  ^fass.  About 5,000 spin- 
ners at  Fall  River  strike  unsuccess- 
fully against  reduced  wages,  and  hold 
out  IQ  weeks,  at  a  wage-loss  of  $412,950. 

Feb.  26+.  Ind.  About  3,000  miners  at 
Brazil  strike  unsuccessfully  against 
reduced  wages,  and  hold  out  14  weeks, 
at  a  wage-loss  of  $300,000. 

Mar.  17+.  New  York.  About  6,000  paint- 
ers strike  successfully  for  increased 
wages,  and  hold  out  three  weeks,  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $324,000. 

Mar.  28.  O.  William  Berner,  a  confessed 
murderer,  is  convicted  of  manslaughter 
at  Cincinnati,  in  killing  William  H. 
Kirk. 

Mar.  28-Apr.  3.  O.  A  riot  eusues  in 
Cincinnati  upon  the  lenient  verdict  of 
manslaughter  against  the  murderers, 
Berner  and  Palmer;  20  more  murder 
cases  await  trial ;  the  court-house  with 
its  records  is  burned,  the  militia  is 
called  out,  and  42  rioters  are  killed,  and 
120  wounded. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  The  Union  Veteran  liegion 
is  organized  at  Pittsburg. 

May  17.  D.C.  Congress  prohibits  the  im- 
portation of  intoxicating  liquors  into 
Alaska. 

June  2.  Ore.  Tlio  people  defeat  the 
Woman  Suffrage  Amendment.  Vote, 
11,22»-28,716. 

June  lef.  Pa.  Nearly  7,000  miners 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State  unsuc- 
cessfully strike  for  increased  wages 
[they  lose  $727,480  in  wages]. 


June  23  f.  O.  Over  2,000  miners  in 
Hocking  Valley  strike  unsuccessfully 
against  a  reduction  of  wages,  and  hold 
out  nine  months,  at  a  wage-loss  of 
$727,480. 

July  4.  la.  The  prohibitory  liquor 
law  becomes  operative. 

July  10.  *  Tlie  National  Democratic  Con- 
vention in  its  platform  declares  :  '*  We 
oppose  sumptuary  lawB  which  vex  the 
citizen  and  interfere  with  individual 
liberty." 

July  23.  Minn.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  18th  Encamp- 
ment at  Minneapolis  ;  John  S.  Kuntz  of 
0.,  commander-iu-chief. 

Sept.  2.  Kan.  The  Prohibition  party 
organizes  at  Lawrence. 

STATE. 

1884  Jan.  14.  Mont.  A  Constitutional 
Convention  meets. 

Jan.  21.  J>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
votes  to  repeal  the  Iron  Clad  Oath 
£111  of  the  war  period  ;  only  one  vote  is 
cast  in  the  negative. 

Feb.  1.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  restore  Fitz-John 
Porter  to  the  army  with  emoluments. 
Vote,  184-78.  [Mar.  13.  It  passes  the 
Senate.  Vote,  36-25.  July  2.  The  bill  is 
vetoed  by  the  President ;  later  the  House 
repasses  it.  Vote,  168-78;  but  it  fails  of  a 
two-thirds  vote  in  the  Senate  — 127-27.] 

Feb.  15.  />.  C.  The  German  minister 
returns  the  resolution  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  laudatory  of  Herr  lja»- 
ker,  by  order  of  Prince  Bismarck,  who 
declines  to  present  it  to  the  Reichstag, 
because  opposed  to  his  political  convic- 
tions. 

Mar.  3.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Mexican  War  Pensions  Bill. 
Vote,  227-46. 

The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  decides  the 
XiCgal  Tender  Act  for  the  reissue  of 
Treasury  Notes  in  time  of  peace  con- 
stitutional, and  that  such  notes  are  a 
lawful  tender  for  all  debts. 

Mar.  11.  J).  C.  Congress  ;  The  Senate 
ratifies  a  commercial  treaty  with  Mex- 
ico. Vote,  41-20.  House:  The  Morrison 
Tariff  BiU  is  reported  ;  it  aims  **  to  re- 
duce import  duties  and  war  tariff  taxes." 

Apr.  7.  D.  C.  The  Educational  Bill 
passes.    (See  Letters.) 

Apr.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  the  Morrison  Tariff  Bill,  Vote, 
159-155. 

May  8.  I>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  api)ropriating  $1,000,000 
for  the  New  Orleans  Exhibition.  [It 
becomes  a  law.] 

May  29.  Ind.  The  National  Green- 
back Convention  nominates  B.  F. 
Butler  of  Mass.  for  President,  and  A. 
M.  West  of  Miss,  for  Vice-President. 

June  6.  rkir.nrfo.  The  Hepublican  Na^ 
tional  Convention  nominates  James 
G.  Blaine  for  President.  John  A. 
XfOgan  is  nominated  by  acclamation  for 
Vice-President. 


Fourth  ballot :  Blaine,  544 :  Chester  A. 
Arthur  of  N.  Y.,  207;  George  F.  F-dmunds 
of  Vt.,  41 ;  John  Sherman  of  O.,  25 ;  Jos- 
eph R.  Hawley  of  Conn.,  and  John  A. 
i^oganof  111.,  7;  and  two  each  for  W.  T. 
Sherman  of  O.,  and  R.  T.  Lincoln  of  111. 

June  30.  IT.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $195,067,490; 
internal  revenue,  $121 ,586,073;  direct  tax, 
$70,721 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $9,810,705  : 
miscellaneous  items,  ^21,984,882.  Total 
revenue,  $348,519,870  ;  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $104,393,626. 
Expenditures  :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$70,920,434;  War  Department,  $39,429,- 
603;  Navy  Department,  $17,292,601:  In- 
dians, $6,475,099;  pensions,  $55,42Jt,228 ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  $54,578,378, 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $244,126,- 
244.  Public  debt,  $1,838,904,607.  KxjKjrts, 
$740,513,609;  imports,  $667,697,693. 

July?.  D.  a  The 48th Congress :  the 
first  session  closes. 

July  10.  Chicago.  The  Democratic  Na^ 
tional  Convention  nominates  Grover 
Cleveland  of  N.  Y.  for  President  [and 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  of  Ind.  for 
Vice-President]. 

Third  ballot :  Cleveland,  683;  Thomas 
F.  Bayard  of  Del.,  81i  ;  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks of  Ind.,  45^^;  Samuel  J.  Randall 
of  Pa.,  4;  AUenG.  ThurmanofO.,4;  and 
Joseph  E.  McDonald,  2. 

July23.  Pa.  The  Fourth  National  Pro- 
hibition Convention  opens  at  Pitts- 
burg [it  nominates  John  P.  St.  John 
of  Kan.  for  President,  and  William 
Daniel  of  Md.  for  Vice-President]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884  Jan.  5.  ///.  The  Convent  of  the 
Immaculate  Conception  at  Belleville  is 
burned ;  38  lives  are  lost. 

Jan.  18.  Mass.  The  steamer  City  of 
Columbtis  is  wrecked  on  Devil's  Bridge, 
off  Gay  Head;  97  lives  are  lost. 

Jan.  31.  Ind.  A  passenger  train  is 
thrown  into  "White  River ;  six  persons 
are  killed. 

Feb.  28.  Phila.  PMre  destroys  19  build- 
ings valued  at  $1,500,000. 

Apr.  18.  The  Glasgow  steamer  State  of 
Florida  and  the  bark  Pomona  are  sunk 
in  collision  in  the  Atlantic,  olf  the  coast 
of  Canada  ;  about  123  lives  are  lost. 

May  6, 7.  New  York.  The  Marine  Na- 
tional Bank  suspends  payment ;  Grant 
and  Ward  fail,  owing  $16,000,000. 

May  12,  13.  New  York.  A  panic  oc- 
curs in  the  stock-market ;  Wall  Street 
is  demoralized. 

May  14.  Pa.  A  collision  of  trains  near 
ConneilsviUe  causes  14  deaths. 

Jiuie  18.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia 
in  a  boat-race ;  time,  24.21. 

June  26.  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  ;  time,  9.43^. 

July  7.  N.  Y.  The  second  intercol- 
legiate boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  at 
Saratoga;  IJ  miles.  Time:  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  8.393  ;  Cornell,  8.41  ; 
Princeton,  8.49;  Columbia,  9.25;  Bow- 
doin,  not  timed. 

July  27.  0.  The  first  regular  trip  by 
electric  street-cars  is  made  in  Cleve- 
land —  East  Cleveland  Street  line. 

Aug:.  1-  Jay-Eye-See  trots  one  mile  in 
two  minutes  and  10  seconds. 


318    1884,  Sept  22-1885,  Jan.  29.        AMERICA  : 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1884  Oct.  15.  Afass.  A  Statue  of  John 
Harvard  is  unveiled  at  Cambridge. 

Oct.  27.  Pa,  An  oil-well  is  sunk  on 
Thorn  Creek,  which  immediately  flows 
about  10,000  barrels  daily  [the  volume 
soon  diminishes]. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Thirty-six  years  after  the 
laying  of  the  corner-stone,  the  cap- 
stone of  the  "Wasliington  monximent 
is  placed  in  position.  Total  cost,  about 
$1,500,000. 

The  base  of  the  monument  is  55  ft.,  IJ 
in.  square,  and  the  walls  15  ft.,  i  in.  thick. 
At  the  500-foot  mark,  where  the  pyra- 
midal top  begins,  the  shaft  is  34  ft.  5|  in. 
square,  and  the  walls  are  18  in.  thick. 
The  height  above  tbe  ground  is  555  ft, 
The  pyramidal  top  terminates  in  an 
aluminum  tip,  which  is  9  in.  high  and 
weighs  100  ounces.  Tbe  mean  pressure 
of  the  monument  is  5  tons  per  square 
foot,  and  the  total  weight,  foundation 
and  all,  is  nearly81,000tons.  (Houghta- 
ling's  Handbook.) 

*  ♦  Cal.  The  liick  Observatory  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  New  York.  An  equestrian  statue  of 
Gen.  Simon  Bolivar  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park.  The  bronze  bust  of  Bee- 
thoven, on  a  pedestal  15  feet  high,  is 
imveiled  in  Central  Park.  Thomas 
Moran  of  New  York  is  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Pa.  Natural  gas  is  introduced  into 
Pittsburg  as  a  fuel. 

*  *  If.  S.  Cocaine  is  first  used  as  an  an- 
esthetic in  ophthalmic  and  other  surgi- 
cal operations. 

*  *  Va,  The  McCorraick  Observatory 
of  the  University  of  Mrginia  is  com- 
pleted. 

*  *  Springtime  in  England  is  painted  by 
J.  F.  Cropsey. 

*  *  Around  the  World  is  painted  by  G.  W. 
Maynard. 

*  *  Crab  Catching  is  painted  by  Edward 
Moran. 

*  *  Colorado  is  painted  by  Wortbington 
Whittredge. 

*  *  KaaisJdlls  in  Winter  is  painted  by 
Jervis  McEntee. 

*  *  So  Near  and  Yet  so  Far  is  painted  by 
J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  Return  of  Labrador  Fishing  Boats  is 
painted  by  William  Bradford,  also  Lofty 
and  Lowly. 

*  *  Peaceful  Days  is  painted  by  A.  D. 
Shattuck. 

*  *  Pandora  is  painted  by  F.  S.  Church. 

*  *  Portrait  of  Professor  Torrey  is  painted 
by  T.  W.  Wood. 

*  *  Ashen  Days  is  painted  by  A.  C.  Shaw. 

*  *  Market  Days  in  San  Juan  Abajo  is 
painted  by  Thomas  Moran. 

*  *  View  on  Kern  River  is  painted  by  Al- 
bert Bierstadt. 

*  *  Bacchantes  is  painted  by  Peter  F. 
Rothermel. 

*  *  Springtime  is  painted  by  J.  A.  Brown. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1684. 
Nov.  26.    Tvison,  Henry,  edacational  pub- 
lisher, of  N.  Y.,  A76. 
Dec.   1 1.     Greene,    Samuel     Dana,    com- 
mander U.  S.  M.,  A45. 


188S. 

Jan.  9.    Gaines,  Myra  Clark,  heiress,  A60. 
Jan.  12.    Jervis,  John  Bloomfleld,  engineer, 

A90. 
Jan.  13.    Colfax,  Schuyler,  Vice-President, 

M.  C.  for  Ind.,  speaker,  A62. 
Jan.    14.      Sillinian,    Henjamin,    chemist, 

author,  professor  at  Yale,  A69. 

CHURCH. 

1884  Sept.  22-26.  N.  Y.  The  Na- 
tional Conference  (Unitarian)  is  held 
in  Saratoga. 

Oct.  11.  N.  Mex,  Bishop  J.  B.  Sal- 
pointe  is  promoted  (Roman  Catholic) 
archbishop  of  Santa  F^. 

Nov.  7.  Md.  The  Third  Plenary 
Council  (Roman  Catholic)  meets  at 
Baltimore  j  about  70  bishops  and  arch- 
bishops are  present. 

Dec.  28.  Cal.  Patrick  W.  Hiordan 
succeeds  to  the  archbishopric  of  San 
Francisco. 

*  •  Can.  The  International  Mission- 
ary Union,  at  Niagara  Falls,  is  inau- 
gurated. 

*  *  Cal.  P.  Manogue  becomes  first 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Sacra- 
mento. 

*  *  Conn.  The  Eastern  Connecticut  Con- 
gregational Club  is  formed  at  Norwich. 

*  *  Ire.  The  Pan-Presbyterian  Con- 
vention meets  at  Belfast;  delegates 
from  the  United  States  attend. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Detroit. 

*  *  3/0.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  St.  Louis ; 
A.  G.  Thomas,  president.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (United  Presbyterian) 
meets  at  St.  Louis  ;  William  H.  French, 
moderator.  The  Congregational  Club 
is  formed  at  Kansas  City. 

*  *  N.  H.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Manchester  is  established. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Saratoga ;  Geo. 
P.  Hays,  moderator, 

*  *  Tbe  first  Women's  Missionary  So- 
ciety, auxiliary  to  the  Southern  Baptist 
Convention,  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Women's  Executive  (Mission) 
Board  of  the  Seventh-day  Baptist 
church  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Danish  (Evangelical  Lutheran) 
Association  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  National  Indian 
Association  begins  mission-work  among 
the  Indians. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  Home  Board  sends 
a  missionary  to  the  Papagoes  in  Arizona ; 
and  continues  its  work  among  the  Mis- 
sion Indians  of  Lower  California. 

*  *  The  Wabash,  Oregon  and  Washington, 
and  West  Iowa  conferences  (Free  Meth- 
odists) are  organized. 

*  *  Tlie  West  Virginia  eldership  (Church 
of  God)  is  organized. 

1885  Jan.8.  Afd.  WilliamParetlscon- 
secrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Maryland. 

Jan.  25.  Ky.  Camillus  Paul  Maes  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Kentucky. 


Jan.  *  William  E.  Dodge  (son  of  its 
former  president)  is  elected  president  of 
the  United  States  branch  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Alliance. 

LETTERS. 
1884  Sept.  25.     New  York.     The  Voice 
(Prohibition)  is  first  issued. 

*  *  La.  The  Tulane  University  (non- 
sect.)  at  New  Orleans  is  opened.  The 
Storm  Lake  Normal  and  Business 
School  is  opened  at  Storm  Lake,  and 
a  Normal  School  at  Woodbine. 

*  *  la.  XiCnox  College  (Pres.)  is  organ- 
ized at  Hopkinton. 

*  *  Ind.  The  School  of  Theology  of  De 
Pauw  University  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded 
at  Greene  as  tie. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  University  of  North  Da- 
kota (non-sect.)  is  organized  at  Grand 
Forks. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  The  State  opens  an  Agri- 
cultural College  at  Brookings. 

*  *  Tenn.  Doyle  CoUege  (Bapt.)  is 
founded.  Bloomington  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  ia  founded  at  Bloomington. 

*  *  Vt.  St.  Joseph's  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  established  at  Burlington. 

*  ♦  An  American  Politician^  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  appears,  also  A  Roman  Singer. 

*  *  Beatrix  Randolph^  by  Julian  Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

*  *  Complete  Poems,  by  Sidney  Lanier 
appears. 

*  *  The  Democratic  Party:  Its  History 
and  Influence,  by  J.  H.  Patton,  appears. 

*  *  The  Destiny  of  Man,  by  John  Fiske, 
appears. 

*  *  Memorie  and  Rime,  by  Joaquin  Miller, 
appears. 

*  *  Memoir  of  Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli,  by 
Thomas  W.  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Montcalmand  Wolfe,  by  Francis  Park- 
man,  appears. 

*  *  Nature's  Serial  Story,  by  E.  P.  Roe, 
appears. 

*  *  Newport,  by  G,  P.  Lathrop,  appears. 

*  *  The  Occident,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  Huckleberry  Finn,  by  Mark  Twain, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Fate  of  Mansfield  Humphries,  by 
Richard  Grant  White,  appears. 

*  * -89  ♦  *  Narrative  and  Critical  His- 
tory of  America  is  edited  by  Justin 
Winsor.    (8  vols.) 

*  *  The  Lady  or  the  Tiger?  and  Other 
Stories,  by  Frank  Richard  Stockton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Choy  Susan,  by  William  Henry  Bish- 
op, appears. 

*  *  A  Gentleman  of  Leisure,  by  Edgar 
Fawcett,  appears ;  also,  Tinkling  Cym- 
bals, and  Tfte  Adventures  of  a  Widow. 

*  *  Mingo,  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  ap- 


*  *  A  Country  Doctor,  by  Sarah  Orne  Jew- 
ett,  appears. 

*  *  In  the  Tennessee  Mountains,  by  Charles 
Egbert  Craddock,  appears  ;  also,  Wh^re 
the  Battle  was  Fought. 


UNITED    STATES.  1883,  Sept.  22-1885,  Jan.  29. 


319 


*  »  Poems  /or  Children,  by  Celia  Thaxter, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Study  of  Hindoo  Grammar  and 
the  Study  of  Sanskrit,  by  William  Dwight 
Wbitiiey,  appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Sevier,  by  George  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  *  Doctor  Zay,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  appears. 

*  •  Marse  Chan,  by  Thomas  Nelson  Page, 
appears. 

«  *  Studies  in  History,  by  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1884  Sept.  *  Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  ac- 
cepts the  nomination  for  the  presidency 
of  the  United  States  tendered  by  the  Cal- 
ifornia Woman  Suffrage  Convention. 

Nov.  20  f^.  Phila.  About  2,000  carpet 
weavers  partly  succeed  in  a  strike 
against  reduced  wages,  after  holding  out 
22  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $312,000. 

Dec.  *  Okta.  W.  L.  Couch  establishes  an 
armed  camp  at  Stillwcater,  and  defies 
the  troops  to  eject  the  intruding  settlers. 
[They  are  expelled  in  January.] 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Ephphatha  School  for 
the  Deaf  is  opened. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  creates  a  national 
Bureau  of  Iiabor. 

*  •  Fla.  The  State  institution  for  the 
blind,  deaf,  and  dumb  is  located  at 
St.  Augustine. 

*  *  la.  The  Eastern  Iowa  School  for  the 
Deaf  is  opened  at  Dubuque. 

*  *  Mass.  A  petition  having  106,000  signa- 
tures vainly  entreats  the  Legislature  to 
submit  a  Prohibitory  Amendment. 

*  •  Md.  The  third  Plenary  Council  of 
Roman  Catholic  Prelates,  at  Baltimore, 
declares  against  the  liquor  traffic. 

"  Both  love  of  religion  and  of  country 
therefore  urge  all  Christians  to  use  every 
effort  to  stamp  out  this  pestiferous  evil." 

*  •  Me.  The  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment  is  approved  by  the  people 
by  a  vote  of  three  to  one. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Charity  Organization 
Society  is  formed  at  Minneapolis. 

*  •  Mo.  The  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  national  con- 
vention at  St.  Louis ;  Frances  Wil- 
lard,  president. 

*  *  tfeb.  Lands  are  given  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  Omaha  Indians  in  severalty. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  An  orphans'  home  and  in- 
dustrial school  is  established  at  Santa 
F^  by  the  State. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Church  Temperance 
Society  reports  that  633  political  conven- 
tions and  primaries,  out  of  a  total  of 
1,002,  are  held  iu  saloons,  and  96  others 
in  places  next  door  to  saloons.  The 
"  Boodle  "  Board  of  24  Aldermen 
contains  12  saloon-keepers  or  ex-saloon- 
keepers and  four  saloon  politicians. 

*  •  Utah.  The  Deaf-Mute  Institute  at 
Salt  Lake  City  is  opened. 

■•  •  Va.  The  Legislature  provides  for  the 
establishment  of  the  Southwest  Luna- 
tic Asylum. 


*  ♦  The  Fraternal  Mystic  Circle  is 
founded.  The  American  Society  of 
Electrical  Engineers  is  organized. 

1885  Jan.  9.  New  York.  Richard  Short 
attempts  to  kill  Capt.  Thomas  Phelan 
as  a  suspected  traitor  to  the  Fenians. 

Jan.  12.  Miss.  The  East  Mississippi  In- 
sane Asylum  at  Meridian  is  opened. 

STATE. 
1884  Sept.  24.  U.C.  Walter Q.  Gresh- 

am,  Postmaster-General,  is  appointed 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  [Oct.  28.  lie 
is  succeeded  by  Hugh  McCulloch  of 
Ind.  Oct.  14.  Frank  Hatton  of  la.  is 
pointed  P.  M.  G.] 

Sept.  *  Me.  The  people  vote  to  adopt  the 
Prohibitory  Amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution.    Vote,  70,783-23,811. 

Oct.  29.  New  York.  Dr.  Samuel  D. 
Burchard,  one  of  a  delegation  of  clergy- 
men calling  on  James  G.  Blaine,  uses 
the  alliteration,  "  Rum,  Bomanism, 
and  Rebellion,"  as  connected  with  the 
antecedents  of  the  Democratic  party. 

Democrats  immediately  use  it  in  the 
political  canvass.  [It  is  alleged  to  h.ive 
turned  New  York  over  to  the  Democrats 
by  a  majority  of  1,047,  and  thus  defeated 
the  election  of  Mr.  Blaine  to  the  I)re8i- 
dency  ;  524  votes  taken  from  Mr.  Cleve- 
land would  have  changed  the  result.] 

Nov.  4.  Mont.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution. 

U.  S.  The  25th  Presidential  Elec- 
tion ;  Democrats  elected. 

Popular  vote:  Grover  Cleveland 
(Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  4,874,986;  James  G. 
Blaine  (Rep.)  of  Me.,  4,851,981 ;  John 
P.  St.  John  <Prohib.)  of  Kan.,  150,626; 
Benj.  F.  Butler  (People's)  of  Mass., 
133,825. 

Popular  Vote  for  President. 


Candidates. 

Statks. 

Blaine 

Cleveland 

Butler 

St.John 

Ala.      . 

59,591 

93,951 

873 

612 

Ark.     . 

50,895 

72,927 

1,847 

Cal.      . 

102,416 

89,288 

2,017 

2,920 

Colo.    . 

36,2M 

27,723 

1,958 

761 

Conn.  . 

65,923 

67,199 

1,688 

2,305 

Del.      . 

12,951 

16,964 

6 

65 

Fla.      . 

28,031 

31,766 

72 

Ga.  .    . 

48,603 

94,667 

■  145 

195 

111.  .    . 

337,474 

312,355 

10,910 

12,074 

Ind.      . 

238,463 

244,990 

8,293 

3,028 

la.    .    . 

197,089 

177,316 

1,472 

Kan.    . 

154,406 

90,132 

16,341 

4,495 

Ky.  .    . 

118,122 

152,961 

1,691 

3,139 

La.  .    . 

46,347 

62,540 

Me.  .    . 

72,209 

52,140 

3,953 

2,160 

Md. .    . 

85,699 

96,932 

531 

2,794 

Mass.  . 

146,724 

122,481 

24,433 

10,026 

Mich.  . 

192,669 

149,835 

42,243 

18,403 

Minn.  . 

111,923 

70,144 

3,583 

4,684 

Miss.    . 

43,509 

76,510 

Mo..    . 

202,929 

235,988 

bjl.M 

Neb.     . 

76,912 

54,391 

2,899 

Nev.     . 

7,193 

6,578 

26 

N.H.    . 

43,249 

39,183 

5S2 

1,571 

N.J.     . 

123,440 

127,798 

3,496 

6,159 

N.Y.    . 

562,005 

563,154 

16,994 

25,016 

N.C.     . 

125,068 

142,952 

454 

0.    .     . 

400,082 

368,280 

'5,179 

11,069 

Ore.      . 

26,860 

24,604 

726 

492 

Penn.  . 

473,804 

392,785 

16,992 

15,283 

R.  1.      . 

19,030 

12,391 

422 

928 

S.  C.     . 

21,733 

69,890 

Tenn.   . 

124,078 

133,258 

'  9,-)7 

i,131 

Tex.      . 

93,141 

225,309 

3,321 

3,5.34 

Vt.   .    . 

39,514 

17,331 

785 

1,752 

Va.  .    . 

139,356 

145,497 

138 

W.  Va. 

63,096 

67,317 

'  810 

939 

Wis.      . 

161,157 

146,459 

4,598 

7,656 

Total 

4,851,981 

4,874,986 

175,370 

150,369 

Perct.  . 

48.22 

43.48 

1.74 

1.49 

Plur.    . 

23,005 

Dec.  1.    D.  C.  The  48th  Congress :  the 

second  session  opens. 

Dec.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  South 
Dakota,  and  forms  the  domain  north  of 
the  46th  parallel  into  the  Territory  of 
Lincoln ;  the  House  passes  the  Reagan 
Inter-commerce  Bill. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-86*  *  Dak.  (Ter.).     Gilbert  .4.  Pierce. 
-8e  *  *  Ida  (Ter.).     Wm.  N.  Bnnn. 
-86  *  *  Mont.  (Ter.).    Piatt  Carpenter. 
-87*  *N.J.    Leon  Abbott. 
-86  *  »  O.     George  Hoadly. 
-86  *  *  Vt.    Samuel  E.  Pingree. 
-87  *  *  Wash.  (Ter.).  Watson  C.  Squire. 

1885     Jan.  5.    D.   C.    Congress:  The 

House  fails  to  pass  the  Mexican  War 
Pensions  BUI,  after  passing  the  Senate 
with  amendments.  Vote,  129-85 — a  two- 
thirds  vote  is  required. 

Jan.  6.  N.  Y.  Grover  Cleveland, 
President  elect  of  the  United  States, 
resigns  the  governorship,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  the  lieutenant-governor, 
David  B.  Hill. 

Jan.  7.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
defeats  a  bill  for  the  suspension  of 
silver  doUar  coinage. 

Jan.  14.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  submit  the  French 
Spoliation  Claims  to  the  decision  of 
a  Court  of  Claims.  [Later  it  passes  the 
Senate  and  becomes  a  law  Jan.  20, 1885.] 
In  1799  the  Government  offset  certain 
claims  of  France  by  surrendering  the 
claims  of  American  citizens  for  the 
spoliation  of  their  commerce  by  France 
when  at  war  with  England,  France  hav- 
ing seized  many  cargoes  of  vessels  trad- 
ing with  her  enemy. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
refuses  to  ratify  the  Nicaragua  treaty. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884  Oct.  *  New  York.  Fares  on  the 
elevated  roads  are  reduced  from  10  cents 
to  five. 

Oct.  3.  Chicago.  The  pacer  Johnston 
covers  one  mile  iu  2.0G^. 

Nov.  18-22.  Mo.  About  12,000  cat- 
tlemen hold  a  convention  at  St.  Louis, 
and  organize  a  National  Live  Stock  As- 
sociation. 

Dec.  16.  La.  The  World's  Industrial 
Cotton  Exposition  is  opened  at  New 
Orleans ;  President  Arthur  at  Washing- 
ton sets  the  machinery  in  motion  by 
electricity.    [It  closes  Mar.  31, 1885.] 

Dec.  31.     U.  S.    Statistics  for  1884. 

Production  :  (iold,  $30,800,000  ;  silver, 
$48,800,000;  bales  of  cotton,  5,714,052; 
pounds  of  wool,  300,000.000;  barrels  of 
petroleum,  24,218,438.  Currency  in  cir- 
culatiou  (June  30),  $1,243,925,909;  per 
capita,  $22.65.  Immigrants  received  (fis- 
cal year),  518,.';92.  Miles  of  railroads 
worked,  115,672;  capital  stock,  $3,762,- 
616,686:  total  accidents,  1,191;  persons 
killed.. ■isn;  persons  injured,  1,700.  Fire- 
waste,  $110,008,611 ;  insurance,  $60,679,- 
818;  lives  lost,  3»t. 

1885  Jan.  3.  Chicago.  The  County 
Court-house  and  City  Hall  are  opened. 


320      1885,  Feb.  1- 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  —  WAVY. 

1885  Mar.  3.  I).  C.  Congress  prohibits 
the  repairing  of  wooden  vessels  when 
the  expense  will  exceed  20  per  cent  of 
the  cost  of  a  new  vessel. 

Apr.  24.  Panama.  United  States  troops 
land,  arrest  Aizpuru,  the  insurgent 
leader,  and  protect  American  property 
[until  the  troubles  are  settled]. 

May  17.  N.Mex.  —  Ariz.  The  Apache 
Indians  under  Chief  Geronimo  take  the 
war-path.  [The  Apache  Indians  con- 
tinue to  make  raids  into  New  Mexico 
from  Arizona  until  October.] 

July  10.  Henry  C.  Merriam  is  commis- 
sioned colonel  — 7th  infantry. 

Sept.  1.  Gen.  Crook  captures  a  band  of 
Apache  Indians,  wlio  have  maintained 
warfare  for  three  years.  [They  escape  a 
few  days  later.] 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  pneumatic  dynamite  tor- 
pedo-gun is  built,  and  mounted  at  Fort 
Lafayette. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1885  Feb.  21.  D.  C.  The  "Washing- 
ton Monument  is  inaugurated  at  Wash- 
ington ;  orations  by  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
of  Mass.,  and  John  W.  Daniel  of  Va. 
(See  Dec.  6,  18M.) 

Mar.  16.  An  eclipse  of  the  sun  is 
observed. 

Apr.  13.  Va.  The  McCormick  Obser- 
vatory, costing  about  $70,000,  dedicated. 

June  19.  New  York.  Bartholdi's  co- 
lossal Statue  of  Liberty  is  received  — 
a  gift  of  the  French  people  to  the  United 
States. 

July?.  Tenn.  A  new  comet  is  ob- 
served. 

Aug.  3.  N.  J.  A  terrific  storm  sweeps 
Camden  County  ;  six  persons  are  killed 
and  500  buildings  destroyed  ;  property 
loss,  $500,000. 

Aug.  16.  W.  7.  The  asteroid  Use  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton. 

Aug.  18.  Chicago.  The  Chicago  Opera 
House  is  opened. 

Aug.  25±.  Ga.  —  S.  C.  Savannah  and 
Charleston  are  visited  by  destructive 
cyclones ;  22  persons  lose  their  lives ; 
property  loss,  $2,000,000. 

Aug.  *  New  York.  A  mechanical  tele- 
phone, invented  by  A.  A.  Knudson  and 
T.  G.  Ellsworth,  is  announced.  A  large 
galvanometer  is  made  by  William  A. 
Cornell. 

Sept.  8.  O.  Washington  Court-House  is 
nearly  destroyed  by  a  tornado. 

Oct.  23.  Cal.  Larkin  G.  Mead's  marble 
group,  Columbus  before  Isabella,  the 
gift  of  D.  O.  Mills,  is  placed  in  the  ro- 
tunda of  the  Capitol  at  Sacramento. 

Nov.  7.  Wis.  Thestatue  of  "Washing- 
ton by  Parks  is  unveiled  at  Milwaukee  ; 
it  is  the  gift  of  Miss  Elizabeth  Planking- 
ton. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1886. 
Feb.  87.    Drake,  Francis  Samuel,  author, 

A67. 
Mar.  1.    Preble,  George  Henry,  rear-adm. 
U.  S.  N.,  author,  A69. 


Mar.  18.    Warner,  Susan  (Elizabeth  Weth- 

erell),  novelist,  writer,  A66. 

Mar.  34.  Tiiompson,  Jacob,  M.  C.  for  Miss., 
seiTctary  of  interior,  A75. 

Apr.  8.  White,  Kioliard  Grant,  author, 
critic,  A63. 

May  4.  MacDowell,  Irvin,  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
A .,  A(i7. 

May  15.     Sunderland,  Le  Roy,  author,  A83. 

May  20.  Frelinehuysen.  Frederick  The- 
odore, lawyer,  senator  for  JJ.  J.,  secretary 
of  state,  A(jy. 

June  6.  Hough,  Franklin  Benjamin,  phy- 
sician, historical  writer,  At>3. 

June  21.  Coit,  Thoinaa  Winthrop,  r.  E. 
clergyman,  theologian,  Ay2. 

June  •  liarber,  John  Warner,  historical 
writer,  A.S7. 

July  6.  Gorringe,  Henry  H.,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
A44. 

July  10.  Gilbert,  Rnfus  Henry,  inventor  of 
the  elevated  railroad  system.  A53. 

July  1 8.  I*ri me,  Sam nel  I renae us,  Pres. 
clergyman,  author,  A72. 

July  33.  Grant,  Ulysses  Simpson,  gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  18th  rresidenl  of  r.  S.,  A63. 

Aug.  12.  Jackson,  Helen  Want  (nee  Fiske 
—  H.  11.),  poet,  novelist,  A54. 

Aug.  85.  Kenton,  Iteuben  Katon,  senator, 
Gov.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  Ab6. 

Aug.  29.  Allien,  Josej)!!,  tong.  clergyman, 
president  of  college,  editor,  author,  A78. 

Sept.  3.  Gwin,  William  McKendree,  phy- 
sician, M.  C,  senator  for  Cal.,  A80. 

Sept.  16.  Tefft,  lienjamin  Franklin,  M.  E. 
clergyman,  author,  diplomatist,  A72. 

Oct.  1.    I'age,  William,  painter,  A74. 

Oct.  10.  McCloBkey.  John,  archbishop, 
first  American  cardinal,  A75. 

Oct.  14.  Shaw,  Henry  Wheeler  (Josh  Bil- 
lings), humorist,  A67. 

Oct.  29.  McCIellan.  George  Brlnton. 
gen. -in-chief  of  U.  S.  armies,  (^.ndidate  for 
presidency.  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  A59. 

Nov.  8.  McCuUough,  John,  Irish-Ameri- 
can tragedian,  A  48. 

Nov.  14.  Claflin,  Horace  Brighton,  mer- 
chant, of  N.  Y.,  A74. 

Nov.  15.  Young,  John  Freeman,  P.  E. 
bishop,  of  Fla.,  A65. 

Nov.  17.  Seyffarth,  Gustav,  Luth.  clergy- 
man, archeologist,  Egyptologist,  A89. 

Nov.  21.  Wright,  Elizur,  journalist,  pub- 
licist, reformer,  A8I. 

Nov.  25.     Hendricks,   Thomas  Andrews, 

Vice-President  U.  S.,  M.  C,  senator  for  Ind., 
Gov.,  A66. 

Dec.  8.  Vanderbilt,  William  H.,  railroad 
president,  capitalist,  A64. 

Dec.  9.    Mulford,  Elisha,  P.  E.  cl.,au.,  A.52. 

Sibley.  John  Langdon,  librarian  of  Har- 
vard, AHl. 

Dec.  15.  Toombs,  Kol)ert,  senator  for  Ga.» 
Confederate  brtg.-gen.,  A75. 

Dec.  30.  Draper,  John  Christopher,  chem- 
ist, author,  A50. 

CHURCH. 

1885  Feb.  1.  Bishop  WiUiam  H. 
Gross  is  promoted  (Roman  Catholic) 
archbishop  of  the  province  of  Oregon. 

Feb.  24.  Neb.  George  Worthington 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Nebraska. 

Mar.  19.  La.  Anthony  Durier  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Natchitoches. 

Apr.  19.  Ida.  A.  J.  Glorieux  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Apol- 
lonia.     [Vicar-apostolic  of  Idaho.] 

Apr.  29.  The  Conference  of  the  Middle 
States  and  Canada  (Unitarian)  is  or- 
ganized. 

May.  1.  Ariz.  P.  Bourgade  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  vicar-apostolic  of  Ari- 
zona. 

May  28.  Cincinnati.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  20.  Alas.  A  band  of  Moravian 
missionaries  land  on  the  shores  of  Alas- 
ka, and  found  the  Bethel  Mission. 

July  25.  Mich.  Tlie  Pentecost  Bands 
at  Parma  are  organized  for  home  mis- 
sion work ;  [afterward  for  foreign  work]. 


Aug.  2.    Richard  Phelan  is  consecrated 

(Roman  Catholic)  bishop. 
Oct.  2.    The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 

Omaha  is  established. 
Oct.  10.    New  York.    Archbishop  Cor- 

rigan  succeeds  to  the  Roman  CathoUc 

See  of  New  York. 
Dec,  31.    The  Chicago  Church  Extension 

Society  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1885  May  22.  A'ew  York.  The  Re- 
vised Old  Testament  is  published  sim- 
ultaneously in  London  and  New  York. 

Oct.  22.  Miss.  The  Industrial  Institute 
and  College  is  opened  at  Columbus  for 
the  education  of  white  girls. 

*  *  Cal.  Maclay  College  of  Theology 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  San  Fer- 
nando. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Chicago  Training-school 
(Meth.  Kpis.)  is  founded  at  Chicago. 

SOCIETY. 

1885  Feb.  2.  New  York.  An  attempt 
is  made  to  kill  O'Donovan  Rossa,  a 
Fenian  ;  he  is  shot  in  the  street  by  Mrs. 
Lucille  Y.  Dudley.  [June  30.  She  is 
acquitted,  as  insane.] 

Feb.  14.  Phila.  The  Philadelphia 
Methodist  Episcopal  Hospital  is  incor- 
porated. 

Mar.  5+.  Pa.  About  4,000  miners  in 
Western  Pennsylvania  strike  unsuc- 
cessfully against  reduced  wages,  and 
hold   out   54   days    at    a    wage-loss   of 

Mar.  9-I-.  Pa.  Over  7,000  miners  in  West- 
em  Pennsylvania  strike  successfully 
for  increased  wages ;  they  hold  out  29 
days  at  a  wage-loss  of  $323,600. 

Apr.  30.  N.  Dak,  A  hospital  for  the 
insane  is  opened  at  Jamestown. 

Junel  +  .  Pa.  Over  15,000  iron-workers 
in  Western  Pennsylvania  strike  suc- 
cessfully against  reduced  wages ;  they 
hold  out  16  days  at  a  wage-loss  of  $442,- 
733. 

June  19.  New  York.  Bartholdi's  gigan- 
tic Statue  of  Liberty  is  received  with 
great  ceremonies. 

June  24.  Me.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  19th  National 
Encampment  at  Portland ;  S.  S.  Bur- 
dette  of  Washington,  D.  C,  commander- 
in-chief. 

July  1+.  O.  About  3,000  rolling-mill 
hands  in  Cleveland  strike  success- 
fully against  reduced  wages  ;  they  hold 
out  88  days  at  a  wage-loss  of  $410,000. 

July  4,  Utah.  Mormons  at  Salt  Lake 
City  place  the  United  States  flag  at  half- 
mast.    (See  State,  Mar.  23.) 

*  *  Phila.  The  "Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  National 
Convention  at  Philadelphia;  Frances 
Willard,  president.  The  Social  Pu- 
rity movement  is  inaugurated. 

Aug.  29+.  Wyo.  "White  miners  make 
murderous  attacks  on  400  Chinese  la- 
borers  at    Rock   Spring;    the  Federal 


UNITED  STATES. 


1885,  Feb.  1-^ 


321 


*'  Government  sends  troops  to  quell  the 
disturbance  after  many  Chinese  have 
been  massacred. 

Sept.  25.  S.  Dak.  The  proposed  Consti- 
tution is  framed  by  a  convention  at 
Sioux  Falls,  with  an  article  prohibiting 
the  liquor  traffic.  (See  1889,  May  14, 
Oct.  1.) 

Sept.  4.  f  Pa.  About  4,500  miners  in 
Western  Pennsylvania  strike  unsuc- 
cessfully for  increased  wages,  and  hold 
out  four  months  at  a  wage-loss  of 
$549,780. 

Oct.  17.  Mich.  The  National  Prison 
Association  meets  at  Detroit. 

Nov.  5,  Wash.  Gov.  Squire  issues  a 
proclamation  against  riotous  Knights  of 
Labor  who  attempt  to  expel  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Nov.  14f .  Mass.  Nearly  6,000  lasters 
and  bottomers  in  Brockton  partly  suc- 
ceed in  astrike  against  fixed  rates  ;  they 
hold  out  six  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of 
$430,000. 

*  *  Ga.  The  Legislature  passes  a  general 
local  option  law. 

Nov.  25.  Ga.  Prohibitionists  have  a 
majority  in  the  first  election  held  under 
the  local  option  law  in  Fulton  County. 

Nov.  *  Tlie  Irish  Parliamentary  Fund 
Association  is  organized. 

STATE. 

1885  Feb.  4.  D.  C,  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  CuUom  Interstate 
Commerce  Bill,  as  a  substitute  for  the 
Reagan  Bill.  Vote,  43-12.  [It  fails  in 
the  House.] 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress  counts  the 
electoral  vote. 

Vote  for  President :  Grover  Cleveland, 
219 ;  James  G.  Blaine,  182.  Vote  for 
Vice-President  ;  Thomas  A.  Hendricks 
(Dera.)  of  Ind.,  219 ;  John  A.  Logan  (Kep.) 
of  111.,  182. 

Feb.  27.  N.  Y.  President  elect  Cleve- 
land publishes  a  reply  to  the  silver 
advocates  in  Congress,  deprecating 
further  coinage  of  silver  as  tending  to 
produce  a  financial  crisis. 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  bill 
retiring  Gen.  Grant  with  the  full  pay 
($13,000)  of  the  retired  list. 

It  enlarges  the  weight  of  single  rate 
letters  from  one-half  an  ounce  to  one 
ounce,  for  two  cents  postage ;  news- 
papers from  the  publishers'  otfices  are 
reduced  to  one  cent  per  pound. 
The  48th  Congress  ends. 

The  26th  Administration;  Demo- 
cratic. 

Grover  Cleveland  of  N.  Y.,  the  22d 
President,  in  the  26th  term  of  the  prejsi- 
doncy,  is  inaugurated.  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks  of  Ind.  is  Vice-President. 

Great  rejoicing  among  Democrats 
follows  the  inauguration  of  Mr.  Cleve- 
land, as  the  party  has  been  excluded 
from  the  administrative  oflBces  for  25 
years. 

Cabinet:  Thomas F.  Bayard  of  Del. 
(State),  Daniel  Manning  of  N.  Y. 
(Treas.),  "William  C.  Endicott  of  Mass. 
'War),  "William  C.  "Whitney  of  N.  Y. 


(Navy),  liucius  Q.  C.  Ijamar  of  Miss. 
(Interior),  "William  F.  Vilas  of  "Wis. 
(P.  M.-Gen.),  and  Augustus  H.  Gar- 
land of  Ark.  (Atty.-Gen.). 

Mar.  *  Edward  J.  Phelps  of  Vt.  is 
appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  England. 

Mar.  23.  I).  C.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Edmunds  Anti-polygamy 
Bill  is  constitutional. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland 
declines  to  unite  with  European  govern- 
ments in  prohibiting  alcoholic  liquors, 
arms,  ammunition,  and  dynamite  for 
the  Pacific  Islands. 

Apr.  16.  N.  v.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  making  the  grounds  bordering  the 
Kiagara  Falls  a  State  reservation,  free 
to  visitors  ;  cost,  more  than  $1,400,000. 

May  15.  W.  i'.  The  Legislature  pro- 
vides for  the  appointment  of  three  forest 
commissioners. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $181,471,939; 
internal  revenue,  $112,498,726;  sales  of 
public  lands,  $5,705,986:  miscellaneous 
items,  $24,014,065.  Total  revenue,  $323,- 
690,706  ;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenditures, $63,463,771.  Expenditures: 
Miscellaneous  items,  $87,494,258 ;  War 
Department,  $42,670,578 ;  Navy  Depart- 
ment, $16,021,080;  Indians.  $6,552,495; 
pensions,  $56,102,267 ;  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  $51,386,256.  Total  ordinary 
expenditures,  $260,226,935.  Public  debt, 
$1,872,340,557.  Exports, $742,189,755;  im- 
ports, $577,527,329. 

Sept.  25 .  S.  Dak.  A  convention  at  Sioux 
Falls,  called  by  the  I^egislature,  frames 
a  State  Constitution. 

Nov.  4.  New  York.  'William  R.  Grace  is 
elected  the  84th  mayor. 

Nov.  9.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland 
issues  a  proclamation  against  the  bar- 
barous treatment  of  Chinese  laborers 
in  Washington  Territory. 

Nov.  25.  D.  C.  Vice-President  Thomas 
A.  Hendricks  suddenly  dies  at  his 
home  in  Indianapolis. 

Dec.  7.  D.  C,  The  40th  Congress 
opens. 

Dec.  *  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Sherman  (Rep.)  of  O.  is  elected  Presi- 
dent^ro  tempore.  House  :  John  G.  Car- 
lisle (Dem.)  of  Ky.  is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Presidential  Succession 
Bill ;  in  case  of  the  decease  of  both 
President  and  Vice-President,  it  invests 
the  presidency  in  the  secretary  of  state, 
or  other  Cabinet  officers  in  their  order, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  Feb.  19.  PhUa.  Fire  destroys 
nine  buildings  in  tl»*  business  section  ; 
loss  $3,000,000. 

Feb.  27.  D.  C.  The  National  Theater 
at  Washington  is  burned. 

Feb.  *  The  Alert,  used  by  the  United 
.States  in  the  search  for  Lieut.  Greely, 
is  returned  to  the  British  Government 
with  thanks. 

Apr.  12.  New  York.  Twelve  persons 
are  injured  in  the  collapse  of  eight 
buildings  while  workmen  are  completing 
them. 


May  14.  N.  Y,  The  first  five-mile  sec- 
tion of  the  Brooklyn  Elevated  road 
is  opened. 

June  20.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia  in 
a  boat-race  ;  time,  24.27. 

June  25.  Harvard  Freshmen  defeat 
Columbia ;  time,  12.22. 

July  4.  Mass.  Tlie  third  intercollegiate 
boat-race  for  fours. 

It  takes  place  on  Lake  Quinsigamond, 
near  Worcester,  1^^  miles  straight.  Time  : 
Cornell,  9.10J,  followed  by  Brown,  Bow- 
doin,  and  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Jtdy  15.  N.  Y.  The  Niagara  Inter- 
national Park,  purchased  by  the 
Federal  Government  for  public  use,  is 
opened. 

July  30.  O.  Maud  S.  trots  one  mile 
in  2.08J  at  Glenville. 

July  *  A  West  Shore  Road  train  runs 
from  East  Buffalo  to  Weehawken,  422.6 
miles,  in  9.23  hours  ;  speed,  45  miles  per 
hour,  including  stops,  or  51  mites  actual 
running  speed. 

A  ug.  5-7 .  New  York  honors  the 
memory  of  Gen.  Grant  by  obsequies 
worthy  of  royalty.  He  lies  in  state 
two  days ;  and  his  body  is  followed  to 
the  grave  by  a  funeral  procession  six 
miles  long. 

It  includes  the  General's  bereaved 
family.  President  Cleveland,  Gens. 
Hancock  and  Sherman,  and  other  offi- 
cers of  the  U.  S.  Army:  Gen.  Johnston 
and  many  ex-Confederate  officers  ; 
soldiers,  marines,  and  regiments  of 
State  militia  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific;  also  many  carriages.  The  pro- 
cession starts  at  nine  a.m.,  and  arrives 
at  the  teniporarv  tomb  in  Riverside 
Park  on  the  Hudson  at  five  p.m. 

Aug.  14.  N.  Y.  The  first  of  the  inter- 
national yacht-races  near  Sandy  Hook 
is  won  by  the  American  schooner-yacht 
Puritan  over  the  English  cutter  Geneata; 
lead,  16  minutes  48  seconds. 

Aug.  29.  New  York.  The  first  cable- 
road  begins  its  service. 

Sept.  16.  N.  Y.  The  J'uritan  again  beats 
the  Genesta  in  a  race  for  the  America 
cup;  lead,  Im.  38s. 

Oct.  10.  N,  Y.  Flood  Rock  in  Hell 
Gate  is  blown  up  with  285,000  pounds 
of  dynamite  and  powder. 

Oct.  18.  N.  J.  A  train  is  wrecked 
near  Hackensack  ;  nine  persons  killed. 

Nov.  10.  La.  The  North,  Central,  and 
South  Exposition  opens  at  New  Orleans. 

Dec.  15.  Ga.  Two  trains  collide  near 
Austell  ;  11  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  26.  Gloucester  fishing  schooners 
are  lost  at  sea  ;  42  fishermen  perish. 

Dec.  31.    Statistics  for  1885. 

Production:  Gold,  $31,800,000;  silver, 
$51,G(X),(MK> ;  bushels  of  grain:  Indian 
corn,  1,936,170,000;  wheat,  357,112,000; 
oats.  629,409,000;  barley,  58,360,000;  rye, 
21,756,000;  buckwheat,  12,626,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  5,669,021;  pounds  of  wool, 
308,000.000:  barrels  of  petroleum,  21,847,- 
205.  Currency  in  circulation  (.June  30). 
$1,292,568,615;  per  capita,  $23.02.  Im- 
migrants received  (fiscal  year),  395,34t>. 
Miles  of  railroads  worked,  123,320: 
capital  stock,  §3,817,697,832  j  railroad. 
accidents,  1 ,217 ;  persons  ki lied .  307 ; 
persons  injured,  1,538.  Fire-waste, 
$102,818,796;  insurance,  $57,430,789. 


322     1885  *  *-1886,  June  17. 


AMERICA 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1886  Jan.  21.  Gen.  Miles,  having  been 
appointed  to  succeed  Gen.  Crook,  con- 
tinues the  pursuit  of  the  Apaches; 
Capt.  Crawford  is  unintentionally  (?) 
killed  by  Mexican  troops. 

Feb.  7-9.  Wash.  Troops  are  ordered 
out  to  suppress  the  anti-Chinese  rioters 
at  Seattle. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Com.  James  E.  Jouett 
is  promoted  rear-admiral.      [Also  Mar. 

4.  Com.  John  H.  Russell.] 

Jliar.  4.  D.  C.  Capt.  John  Irwin  is  pro- 
moted commodore.  [Also  May  19. 
Capt.  James  A.  Greer.] 

Commander  Norman  H.  Farquhar  is 
promoted  captain.  [Also  May  19. 
Commander  Theodore  F.  Kane.  Dec. 
13.     Commander  Henry  B.  Seely.] 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Oliver  O.  Howard  Is 
commissioned  major-general. 

Thomas  H .  Ruger  is  commissioned  hrig- 
adier-general. 

The  military  board  (Gens.  Schofield, 
Terry,  and  Getty)  entirely  exonerate 
Fitz-John  Porter  of  the  charges 
under  which  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
army. 

Mar.  26.  7).  C.  The  Government  orders 
U.  S.  troops  to  protect  the  trausport.ation 
of  mails  against  interference  by  riotous 
strikers  at  .St.  Louis  and  other  points. 

Apr.  20.  Zenas  R.  Bliss  is  commissioned 
colonel  —  24th  infantry.  [Also  June  1 1. 
James  W.  Forsyth  — 7th  cavalry.  Sept. 
6.  Thomas  M.  Anderson  —  14th  infan- 
try. Sept.  16.  George  H.  Mendell  — 
corps  of  engineers.  Oct.  12.  Henry  L. 
Abbot  —  corps  of  engineers.  Oct.  13. 
Edwin  F.  Towns  —  12th  infantry.  Oct. 
19.  Robert  E.  A.  Crof ton  —  15th  infan- 
try.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1885  *  *  Cat.    The  Observatory  of  the 
University  of  the   Pacific  is  erected  at 
San  Jos^. 

*  *  Ind.  The  McKim  Observatory  is 
erected  at  Greencastle. 

*  *  yew  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  "Wil- 
liam F.  Bodge,  a  philanthropist  of 
New  York,  is  unveiled.  J.  C.  Nicoll, 
F.  D.  Millet,  F.  E.  Church,  and  George 
W.  Maynard  of  New  Vork  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  *  The  Jack  0*  Lantern  is  painted  by  T. 
W.  Wood. 

*  *  At  the  Watering  Trough  is  painted  by 
J.  M.  Hart. 

*  *  Sunset  is  painted  by  George  Innesa. 

*  *  Peacocks  in  the  Snow  is  painted  by  F. 

5.  Church. 

*  *  The  Strange  Gods  is  painted  by  G.  W. 
Maynard. 

*  *  The  Russet  Year  is  painted  by  A.  C. 
Shaw. 

*  *  Christmas  Eve  is  painted  by   Jervis 
*    McEntee. 

*  *  October  in  liamapo  Valley  is  painted 
by  J.  F.  Cropsey. 


*  *  Waiting  for  Bad  is  painted  by  Ed- 
ward Moran. 

*  *  Morning  at  Vera  Cruz  is  painted  by 
Thomas  Moran. 

*  *  Sunrise  over  the  Sea  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

1886  Jan.  19.  Cal.  Much  damage  is 
done  by  a  gale  at  San  Francisco. 

Jail.  *  Xew  York.  A  comet  is  discov- 
ered by  W.  R.  Brooks  of  Geneva. 

Mar.  1-3.  A  heavy  snowstorm  occurs 
in  New  England,  and  trains  are  stopped. 

Apr.  14.  Minn.  A  terrific  tornado  strikes 
St.  Cloud  and  Sauk  Rapids,  killing  34, 
and  wounding  136  persons ;  a  great 
amount  of  property  is  destroyed. 

Apr.  29.  Ala.  Jefferson  Davis  lays  the 
foundation  of  a  monument  to  Con- 
federate soldiers  of  the  State  at  Mont- 
gomery. 

May  6.  Mo.  A  terrible  tornado  in 
Kansas  city  kills  70  people  and  destroys 
many  buildings. 

May  12-15.  Destructive  tornadoes 
sweep  through  Southern  Ohio,  Indiana, 
and  Illinois. 

May  19.  0.  A  waterspout  devastates 
Xenia ;  loss,  100  houses  and  25  lives. 

June  17.  y.  II.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Daniel  "Webster  erected  in  the  State- 
bouse  Park  is  dedicated  ;  it  is  the  gift 
of  Benjamin  Cheney, 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1886. 
Jan.   16.      Hudson,  Henry  Norman,  P.  E. 

clergyman,  Shakespearian  scholar,  A72. 
Jan.  S6.    Atchison,  David  R.,  senator  for 

Mo.,  A79. 
Feb.  9.    Hancock,  'Wlnfleld  Scott,  maj.- 

gen.,  Dem.  candidate  for  President,  A62. 
Feb.  12.     Seymour,    Horatio,   Gov.    !N.   Y., 

Dem.  candidate  for  President,  A7ti. 
Feb.    18.    Gough.    John    B.,    temperance 

orator,  A69. 
Mar.  27.      Hunt,  Ward,   associate   justice 

IT.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A76. 
Apr.  13.    Noyes,  John  Humphry,  commu- 
nist at  Oneida,  N.  Y.,  A75. 
Apr.  28.     Richardson,   Henry   Hobson,  ar- 
chitect, A47. 
May  1.    Robertson,  Charles  F.,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  Mo.,  A51. 
Shepard,     Charles   Upham,   physicist, 

author,  A82. 
May  31.    Lewis,  Dio,  physician,  lecturer, 

A  68. 

Andrews,  Stephen  Pearl,  author,  A74. 

May  25.     Steele,  Joel  Dorman,  educator, 

A50. 
June  6.    Nevin,  John  Williamson,  Ger.  Kef. 

clergyman,  theologian,  A83. 
June  7.     Hoe,  Richard  March,  inventor  of 

revolving  press,  AT4. 
June  16.    Whipjile,  Edwin  Percy,  essayist, 

critic,  lecturer,  A67. 


CHURCH. 
1885*  *  Bostons.  The  Society  of  Chris- 
tians,   professing  "  to    etfect    physical 
healing  by  mental  effort,"  is  organized  ; 
Mrs.  M.  B.  G.  Eddy,  leader. 

*  *  Colo.  The  Colorado  Conference  (Free 
Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Congregational  Club  is 
formed. 

*  *  Kan.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Topeka ;  Wil- 
liam Johnston,  moderator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meet- 
ing is  held  at  Saratoga. 


*  *  O.  The  Annnal  Convention  (Disci- 
ples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Cleveland; 
L.  L.  Carpenter,  president.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  at 
Cincinnati ;  E.  R.  Craven,  moderator. 

*  *  Pa.  The  3i>d  General  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  meets  at  Harrisburg. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Icelanders'  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  is  organized. 

1886  Jan.  1,  Mont.  The  American 
Unitarian  Association  begins  its  work 
among  the  Indians. 

Jan.  13.  A'ew  York.  The  Christian  or- 
ders of  the  King*s  Daughters,  and  the 
King's  Sons  are  founded  by  ten  women. 
It  is  interdenominational,  and  its  in- 
dividual members  are  pledged  to  render 
service  of  mercy  or  help ;  its  motto, 
"  In  His  Name."  [Jan.  18.  The  pioneer 
circle  is  formed.] 

Mar.  26.  Ga.  Thomas  A.  Becker,  Roman 
Catholic  bishop,  is  transferred  to  Savan- 
nah. 

May  5.  Va.  The  General  Conference 
(Methodist  Episcopal  South)  is  held  at 
Richmond. 

W.  W.  Duncan,  Charles  B.  Galloway, 
E.  H.  Hendrix,  and  Joseph  S.  Key  are 
elected  bishops  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  South. 

May  26.  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May.*  Alas.  A  band  of  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries found  the  Carmel  Mission. 

June  7.  Md.  John  Gibbons,  Roman 
Catholic  archbishop  of  Baltimore,  is 
created  a  Cardinal. 

LETTERS. 

1885  *  ♦  Fla.  KoUins  College  (Cong.) 
is  organized  at  Winter  Park. 

*  *  La.  The  Normal  School  is  estab- 
lished at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mich.  The  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  at  Detroit  opens. 

*  *  Minn.  Macalester  College  (Pres.)  is 
organized  at  St.  Paul. 

*  *  Neb.  The  Nebraska  Central  College 
is  opened  at  Central  City. 

*  *  New    York.    The  Cosmopolitan  mag- 
azine is  founded. 

*  *N.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Institute  opens 
a  training-school  for  teachers. 

*  *  Pa.  Bryn  Mawr  College  (Orthodox 
Friends)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ore.  Provision  is  made  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  State  Normal  School  at 
Drain. 

*  *  S.  Dak.  Dakota  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Mitchell. 

*  *  Wis.  The  State  Normal  School  at 
Milwaukee  is  opened. 

*  *  A  Biography  of  Emerson,  by  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  Poets  of  America,  by  Edmund  Clar- 
ence Stedman,  appears. 

*  *  Elements  of  Moral  Science^  by  Noah 
Porter,  appears. 

*  *  The  fnsuppressible  Book,  by  Gail  Ham- 
ilton (Mary  Abigail  Dodge),  appears. 

*  •  Marvja,  by  Bret  llarte,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.       1885,  *  *-1886,  June  17.    323 


*  •  My  Lady  Pokahcmtas,  by  John  Esten 
Cooke,  appears. 

*  *  Problems  in  Pkilosophy,  by  John  Bas- 
coin,  appears. 

*  *  The  Bise  and  Fall  of  Silas  Lapham, 
by  William  Dean  Howells,  appears. 

»  •  Sliulies  in  Shakespeare,  by  Kichard 
Grant  White,  appears. 

*  *  An  Original  Belle,  by  Edward  Payson 
Roe,  appears. 

*  *  The  Idea  of  God  as  Affected  by  Modem 
Knowledge,  by  John  Fiske,  appears. 

*  •  The  Silent  South,  by  George  W.  Cable, 
appears. 

*  •  Cily  Ballads,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Miss  Cadogna,  by  Julian  Hawthorne, 
appears  ;  also.  Noble  Blood. 

*  *  The  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Moun- 
tains, by  Charles  Egbert  Craddock,  ap- 
pears ;  also,  Down  the  Ravine. 

1886  Jan.  3.  Md.  The  Public  Li- 
brary at  Baltimore,  the  gift  of  Enoch 
Pratt,  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1885  *  *  Boston.  The  Algonquin  Club 
is  organized. 

*  *  Cal.  The  State  Home  for  the  care 
and  training  of  feeble-minded  chil- 
dren at  Santa  Clara  is  opened. 

*  •  Ta.  The  prohibitory  liquor  law  is 
passed  by  a  Democratic  Legislature. 

*  *  Kan.  The  anti-saloon  Bepublican 
movement  is  organized  to  induce  the 
party  everywhere  to  adopt  "  a  platform 
of  uncompromising  hostility  to  the  sa- 
loon.'* 

»  •  Me.  A  State  Board  of  Health  is  es- 
tablished. 

»  *  iV.  C  A  Baptist  Orphanage  is 
founded  in  Thomasville. 

*  *  yeb.  The  Santees  are  granted  lands 
in  severalty. 

*  •  A'.  J.  A  State  school  for  deaf  mutes 
is  opened  near  Trenton. 

*  •  y.  Mex.  A  State  school  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  at  Santa  Fe  is  opened. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  establishes  a  State 
Board  of  Health. 

*  •  The  Knighta  of  Temperance  (Total 
abstainers)  are  organized  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Church  Temperance  Society. 
( Protestant  Episcopal.) 

*  *  U.  S.  Liberal  subscriptions  are  made 
for  advancing  Irish  Home  Hule  in 
Ireland. 

*  *  The  Daughters  of  the  King  are  or- 
ganized in  connection  with  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church. 

*  *  U.  S.  Indians  are  held  responsible 
under  the  laws  touching  murder,  man- 
slaughter, rape,  assault  to  kill,  arson, 
burglary,  and  larceny. 

*  *  Utah.  The  insane  asylum  at  Provo 
is  opened. 

1886  Jan.  1+.  N.  T.  More  than  7,000 
glove-makers  at  Gloversville  partly 
succeed  in  a  strike  for  increased  wages  ; 


they  hold  out  nine  weeks  at  a  wage-loss 
of  $&18,!)00. 

Jan.  21.  Judge  Brewer  of  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  renders  his  decision  in  the 
case  of  the  State  of  Kansas  ex  ret.  v. 
John  Walrufl,  upholding  oompensa^ 
tion  for  loss  in  brewing  property 
occasioned  by  prohibition  laws. 

Feb.  7.  Wash.  An  anti-Chinese  riot 
occurs  at  Seattle  ;  400  Chinese  are  driven 
from  their  homes  by  a  mob. 

Feb.  8.  Wash.  Gov.  Squire  proclaims 
martial  law  for  the  protection  of  the 
Chinese  against  rioters. 

Feb.  27+.  N.  Y.  Nearly  2,000  stove- 
molders  at  Troy  strike  successfully 
for  increased  wages  ;  they  hold  out  17 
weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $400,000. 

Mar.  6+.  About  9,000  employees  of  the 
Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  system  strike 
unsuccessfully  by  the  order  of  Mar- 
tin Jones,  because  of  the  discharge  of 
Knight  of  Labor ;  they  hold  out  two 
months  at  a  wage-loss  of  $1 ,400,000 ; 
seven  of  the  strikers  are  killed  by  the 
militia  in  East  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Mar.  10.  R.  I.  The  Legislature  votes 
unanimously  for  the  submission  of  a 
prohibition  amendment  to  a  popular 
vote.  [Apr.  7.  It  is  approved  by 
more  than  the  required  three-fifths 
vote.] 

Mar  17.  Miss.  A  band  of  50  whites 
kills  ten  negroes  in  CarroUton,  at  the 
court-house,  who  were  there  confined 
pending  trial  for  wounding  a  white  man. 

April  16+.  New  York.  About  1,300  em- 
ployees of  the  Third  Avenue  horse-car 
line  are  partly  successful  in  a  strike 
against  the  hours  of  labor  and  the  dis- 
charge of  men  ;  they  hold  out  60  days  at 
a  wage-loss  of  $50,000. 

April  *  An  ovation  is  given  to  Jefferson 
Davis  on  his  journey  through  the  South- 
ern States. 

May  1.  New  York.  About  20,000  cigar- 
makers  strike  unsuccessfully  for 
fewer  hours ;  they  hold  out  one  day  at 
a  wage-loss  of  $27,000. 

May  4.  Chicago.  An  anarchist  mob 
creates  a  riot  in  which  dynamite  is 
used  ;  the  police  disperse  the  anarchists 
by  hard  fighting  ;  six  of  the  police  are 
killed  and  61  wounded. 

May  5.  Wis.  An  anarchist  riot  occurs 
at  Milwaukee  ;  10  persons  are  killed  and 
15  wounded  ;  Herr  Most,  the  leader,  es- 
capes arrest. 

May  10+.  Chicago.  About  12,000lumber- 
shovers  strike  unsuccessfully  for 
fewer  hours  and  more  pay  ;  they  hold  out 
two  weeks  at  a  wage-loss  of  $270,000. 

May  12.  New  York.  Herr  Most,  the 
anarchist  leader,  is  arrested  for  inciting 
riots.  (See  May  5.)  [He  is  fined  and  im- 
prisoned.] 

May  18.  N.  T.  A  State  Board  of  Arbi- 
tration for  labor  disputes  is  provided 
for  by  the  Legislature. 

May  20.  New  York.  Henry  W.  Jahne, 
one  of  the  "boodle**  aldermen,  is  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment. 


May  27.  Chicago.  The  grand  jury  in- 
dicts 22  anarchists  for  murder. 

June  2.  B.C.  President  Grover  Cleve- 
land is  married  to  Miss  Frances  Fol- 
som  at  the  White  House. 

June  5.  New  York.  About  12,000  street 
car  employees  successfully  strike  in 
sympathy  with  other  strikers,  for  one 
day ;  wage-loss,  $25,000. 

STATE. 

1885  *  *  U.  S.  Governors  Inaugu- 
rated : 

-89  *  »  Ark.    Simon  P.  Hughes. 
-87  *  *  Colo.    Benj.  H.  Eaton. 
-87  *  *  Conn.    Henry  B.  Harrison. 
-89  *  *  Fta.    Edward  A.  Perry. 
-89  *  *  III.    Richard  J.  Oglesby. 
-89  *  *  Itid.    Isaac  P.  Gray. 
-89  *  •  Kan.    John  A.  Martin. 
-87  *  *  Mich.    Russell  A.  Alger. 
-89  •  *  Mo.    John  S.  Marmaduke. 
-89  *  *  N.C.    Alfred  M.  Scales. 
-87  *  *  N.  H.    Moody  Currier. 
-86  *  *N.  Y.    David  B.  Hill. 
-87  •  *  R.  I.    George  P.  Wetmore. 
-89  *  *  IT.  Va.    E.  Willis  Wilson. 

1886  Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  Edmunds  Bill  for  the 
suppression  of  the  Mormon  hierarchy. 
Vote  38-7. 

Jan.  25  +.  D.  C.  The  Senate  and  Presi- 
dent have  a  controversy  lasting  several 
months  respecting  the  latter's  refusal 
to  communicate  his  reasons  for  the  re- 
moval of  public  officers. 

Mar.  5.  Z).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Blair  Educational  Bill, 
appropriating  $79,000,000  to  be  divided 
among  the  States  for  free  public  schools 
pro  rata  to  illiteracy. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress  increases 
pensions  from  $8  per  month  to  $12. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
defeats  the  bill  for  the  free  coinage  of 
silver;  vote,  126-163. 

June  1.  Pa.  The  Legislature  passes  the 
Bullitt  Act,  granting  a  reform  charter 
to  Philadelphia.    [Operative  Apr.  1,  '87.] 

June  3.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  taxing  oleomargarine. 
Vote,  177-101.  [June  20.  Passed  by  the 
Senate.     Vote,  37-24.] 

June  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  repealing  the  preemi)tion, 
timber  culture,  and  desert-land  laws. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  *  *  Chicago.  The  new  Board  of 
Trade  building  is  completed. 

*  *  New  York.  The  National  Brotherhood 
of  ball-players  is  organized. 

1886  Mar.  14.  A'.  Y.  The  Cunard 
steamer  Orejron  collides  with  a  schooner 
ofif  Long  Island  ;  the  steamer  sinks,  but 
no  lives  are  lost. 

Apr.  7.  Mass.  The  derailing  of  a  train 
near  Deerfield  causes  12  deaths. 

June  7.  S.  C.  The  derailing  of  a  train 
near  Santee  Swamp  causes  seven  deaths 
and  injures  13. 


324     1886,  June  17-*  *. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1886     Jvdy   1.      D.  C.     The  President 

approves  the  act  restoring  Gen.  Fitz- 

John  Porter  to  his  rank  in  the  army. 

[Aug.  2.   He  is  appointed  to  a  colonelcy.] 
Sept.  4.     Ariz,     The   Apaches   under 

Chief  Geronimo  surrender  to  Gen.  Miles 

at  Skeleton  CaQon. 
Sept.  *  The  Apaches  cease  their  warfare 

and  surrender.    [They  are  removed  to 

Florida.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1886  June  21.  Mass.  Miss  Whitney's 
marble  statue  of  Harriet  Martineau 
is  dedicated  at  Wellesley  College,  Need- 
ham. 

June  28.  The  asteroid  Aletheia  is  dis- 
covered by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton 
observatory. 

Aug.  31.  S.  C.  A  series  of  earthquake 
shocks  begin  at  9.51  p.m.  at  Charleston, 
and  alarm  the  city  ;  57  persons  are  killed ; 
property  damages,  $500,000,000. 

Oct.  2.  Can.  Col.  Gilder's  polar  expe- 
dition starts  from  Winnipeg. 

Oct.  12.  A  violent  gale  occurs  In  Texas 
and  the  Southwest ;  more  than  250 
persons  and  thousands  of  cattle  are 
drowned ;  the  town  of  Sabine  Pass  is 
destroyed. 

Oct.  28.  New  York.  The  Bartholdi 
Statue  of  Xiiberty  Snlightening  the 
World  set  up  on  Bedloe's  Island,  in  the 
harbor,  is  dedicated  by  President  Cleve- 
land ;  it  is  151  feet  in  height,  and  stands 
on  a  pedestal  155  feet  high. 

Oct.  31.  JV.  Y.  The  asteroid  Prymno 
is  discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters.  [Iji- 
bussa  is  discovered,  Dec.  22.] 

*  *  Boston.  A  statue  of  Williaxn  Ijloyd 
Garrison  is  unveiled  in  Commonwealth 
Avenue. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Chabot  Observatory  is 
presented  to  the  city  of  Oakland. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Smith  College  Obser- 
vatory  is  erected  at  Northampton, 

*  *  Iifew  York.  The  opera  Erminie,  by 
Jacobowski,  is  first  sung  in  this  country. 

*  *  Dr.  Mott  reports  four  successful  in- 
oculations for  hydrophobia. 

*  *  J.  Alden  Weir  and  C.  Y.  Turner  of 
New  York  are  elected  members  of  the 

.  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  •  The  American  College  of  Musicians 
is  incorporated. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1883. 
June  26.    Davis,  David,    senator  for  III., 

justice  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A71. 
July  7.    Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton,  poet,  of 

S.  C,  A66. 
July  10.    Brown,  Henry  Kirlt,  sculptor,  A72. 
July  14.    Nicliols,  William  Ripley,  chemist, 

A39. 
July   16.     .Tudson,  Edward    Z.    C,    story 

writer  (Ned  lUmtline),  AB4. 
Aug.   4.      Tilden,   Samuel   Jones,   Gov.   of 

N.  Y.,  Dem.  candidate  for  President,  A76. 
Aug.  11.     llaniilton,  Frank   Hastings,  sur. 

geon,  author,  ATS. 
Aue.  0O,    Stephens,  Ann    Sophia,  author, 

A63. 
Au».  33.    Stowe,  Calvin  EUla,  Cong,  cler- 
gyman, professor,  author,  A84. 
Aue*.  35.    Perkins,  Charles  Callahan,   art 

critic,  A  63. 
Sept.  17.    Durand,  Asher -Brown,  landscape 

painter,  engraver,  A90. 


Sept  37.  Cooke,  John  Eeten,  novelist,  his- 
torian, .4.50. 

Nov.  18.  Arthur,  Chester  Alan,  lawyer, 
Vice-President,  2l8t  President  U.  S.,  A56. 

Nov.  21.  Adams,  Charles  Francis,  M.  C. 
for  Mass.,  minister  to  Kng.,  A79. 

Nov.  33.  Brooks,  Erastus,  ed.  New  York 
Express^  ATI. 

Dec.  8.     Lea,  Isaac,  naturalist,  author,  A94. 

Dec.  34.    Short,  Charles,  scholar,  au.,  A65. 

Dec.  36.  I^ogan,  John  Alexander,  M.  C. 
for  111.,  maj.-gen.  vols.,  Kep.  candidate  for 
Vice-President,  A60. 

CHURCH. 

1886  June  21.  Chicago.  The  Western 
Unitarian  Association  is  organized  at 
Chicago. 

Sept.  20-24.  N.  Y.  The  tweUth  Na- 
tional Council  (Unitarian)  is  held  in 
Saratoga. 

Oct.  14.  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania  Congre- 
gational Association  is  organized. 

Oct.  18.  Minn.  Mahlon  N.  Gilbert  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  Minnesota. 

Nov.  9.  Cal.  The  Pacific  Unitarian  Con- 
ference at  San  Francisco  is  organized. 

Nov.  14.  Del.  Alfred  A.  Curtis  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Wilmington. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  General  Convention 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  meets. 

*  *  hid.  The  North  Indiana  Conference 
(Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Minn.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  MiiUieapolis ; 
D.  C.  Marquis,  moderator. 

*  *  Mo.  The  Atitiiiii.1  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Kansas  City  ; 
F.  M.  Drake,  president. 

*  *  N.J.  The  Baptist  Aminal  Meeting 
is  held  in  Asbury  Park. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese 
of  Syracuse  is  established. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Hamilton  j 
John  T.  Browulee,  moderator. 

LETTERS. 
1886  *  *  Ark.  Ouachita  College  (Bapt.) 
is  founded. 

*  *  Kansas  "Wesleyan  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)is  organized  at  Salina. 

*  *  Kan,  Garfield  University  (Disci- 
ples) is  organized  at  Wichita. 

*  *  Kan.  Southwest  Kansas  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  organized  at  Winfield. 

*  •  Ind.  Tlie  Indiana  Normal  College  is 
opened  at  Covington. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Forum  is  issued  ;  also, 
Hlas  lAndn,  printed  in  Bohemian  ;  the 
Listy  and  the  Catholic  News. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Citizen  is  issued  as  a  daily 
at  Brooklyn.  The  Sunday  Telegram  is 
issued  at  Albany. 

*  *S.C.  The  Winthrop  Teachers'  Train- 
ing School  is  opened  at  Columbia. 

*  *  Va.  The  Titties  is  issued  at  Richmond. 

*  *  Wash.  The  Northwest  Normal  School 
is  opened  at  Lynden. 

*  *  The  Boss  Girl,  and  Other  Sketches,  by 
James  WMtcomb  Riley,  appears. 

*  ♦  Holy  Tid^s,  by  Adeline  D.  T.  Whitney, 
appears. 


*  *  Jo^s  Boys,  by  Louisa  M.  Alcott,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,  by  Frances 
Hodgson  Burnett,  appears. 

*  *  The  Orient,  by  Joseph  Cook,  appears. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Church  tn  America,  by 
John  Dawson  Gilmary  Shea,  appears. 

*  *  The  Casting  Away  of  Mrs.  Leeks  and 
Mrs.  Aleshme,  by  Frank  R.  Stockton, 
appears;  also,  The  Late  Mr.  Nail. 

*  *  Brueton'8  Bayou,  by  John  Habberton, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Bostontans,  by  Henry  James,  ap- 
pears ;  also.  The  Princess  Casamassima. 

*  *  The  Tale  of  a  Lonely  Parish^  by 
Francis  Marion  Crawford,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1886   June  *  The  Pamellite  Fund  for 

aiding  elections  in  Great  Britain  is  sus- 
tained by  large  contributions. 

July  1.  R.  L  The  Prohibition  Amend- 
ment becomes  operative. 

Aug.  3.  la.  Rev.  George  C.  Haddock, 
a  Prohibitionist,  is  murdered  at  Sioux 
City  by  a  prominent  friend  of  the 
brewers. 

Aug.  20.  Chicago.  Seven  Anarchists 
are  sentenced  for  murders  committed 
during  the  riots.     (See  Nov.  11,  1887.) 

Aug.  26.  Cal,  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  20th  National 
Encampment  at  San  Francisco ;  Lucius 
Fairchild  of  Wis.,  commander-in-chief. 

Aug.  *  New  York.  Alfred  Packer,  one  of 
six  starving  miners  in  Colorado,  having 
killed  and  eaten  his  companions,  is  con- 
victed of  manslaughter  and  sentenced  to 
40  years  imprisonment. 

Sept.  23.  N.  Y.  The  Unitarian  Church 
Temperance  Society  is  organized  at 
Saratoga. 

Its  purpose  is  "  to  work  for  the  cause 
of  temperance  in  whatever  ways  may 
seem  to  it  wise  and  right;  to  study  the 
social  problems  of  poverty,  crime,  and 
disease  in  their  relation  to  the  use  of 
intoxicating  drinks,  and  to  diffuse  what- 
ever knowledge  may  be  gained  ;  to  dis- 
cuss methods  of  temperance  reform  ;  to 
devise  and  ro  far  as  possible  to  execute 
plans  for  practical  reform  ;  to  exert,  by 
its  meetings  and  by  its  membership,  such 
influence  for  good  as  by  the  grace  of  God 
it  may  possess." 

Oct.  9+.  CAicago.  Over  9,000  meat-pack- 
ers strike  unsuccessfuUy  against  the 
10-hour  day  ;  they  hold  out  11  days  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $175,000. 

Oct.  11.  The  American  Convention  of 
the  Christian  Church,  in  quadrennial 
session,  declares  its  hostility  to  the 
liquor-trafilc. 

It  announces  "  itself  as  the  patron  and 
aider  of  all  activities  and  associations 
that  point  clearly,  definitely,  and  wisely 
to  a  direct   and  immediate  erasure  of 

fiermissJons  or  sanctions  of  society  or 
aw  upon  the  iniquitous  liquor-traflic.'* 

Oct.  20.  ///.  The  Illinois  Soldiers'  and 
Sailors*  Home  is  dedicated  at  Quincy. 

NOV.6+.  Chicago,  Over  10,000 meat^pack- 
ers  strike  unsuccessfully  against  an 
increase  of  hours  ;  they  hold  out  10  daya 
at  a  wage-loss  of  $11)9,680. 


i 


UNITED   STATES. 


1886,  June  17-**.     S25 


Hav.  13.  Chicago.  The  officers  of  the 
Knights  o£  Labor  order  the  pork-pack- 
ers to  abandon  their  strike. 

Nov,  17.  The  national  organization  of 
the  Union  Veteran  Ijegion  is  formed. 

Nov.  27.  Col.  The  observance  of  Arbor 
day  begins  ;  Adolph  Sutro  supplies  40,000 
trees  for  the  school  children  to  plant. 

Nov.  •  Miss.  Many  negroes  migrate 
from  the  hill-country  to  the  river-bottom 
in  the  Yazoo  section. 

Nov.  *  -Dec.  •  U.  S.  Speculation  be- 
comes general. 

Deo.  *  0.  The  trades-unions  meet  In  con- 
vention at  Columbus;  a  national  orga- 
nization is  formed,  called  The  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Xjabor. 

Deo.  20.  New  York.  Alderman  Mc- 
Quaid  is  sentenced  to  seven  years'  im- 
prisonment and  fined  for  bribery,  etc., 
in  connection  with  the  Broadway  car- 
line. 

Dec.  30.  ifich.  The  Soldiers'  Home 
near  Grand  Rapids  is  dedicated. 

*  *  />.  C.  Congress  enacts  that  instruction 
concerning  the  nature  and  effects  of 
alcoholic  liquors  shall  be  given  in  the 
schools  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
the  Territories,  the  military  and  naval 
academies,  and  all  other  schools  under 
Government  control. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  local  option 
law  for  the  District  of  Columbia. 

*  *  Ind.  The  school  for  the  deaf  at  Evans- 
Tille  is  opened. 

■*  ♦  La.  Provision  is  made  by  the  Legisla- 
ture for  the  relief  of  wounded  and  dis- 
abled Confederate  soldiers  and  for 
soldiers'  widows. 

*  *  La.  A  State  school  for  deaf-mutes  is 
opened  at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Mass.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is 
established  as  a  separate  body. 

*  •  Minn,  An  asylum  for  the  insane  is 
established  by  the  State  at  Fergus  Falls. 

*  •  Minn.  The  'Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  meets  in  National 
Convention  at  Minneapolis ;  Frances 
Willard,  president. 

*  *  Miss.  The  Legislature  passes  a  local 
option  law. 

*  *  New  York.  The  Commercial  Tem- 
perance Iicague  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Legislature  passes  the  Dow 
Law  for  the  regulation  of  the  liquor 
traffic. 

STATE. 

1886  June  17.  D.  C.  Congress; 
House :  The  Morrison  Bill  to  reduce 
the  taritf  taxes  about  15  or  20  millions 
fails.    Vote,  140-157. 

June  18..  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
indefinitely  postpones  the  bill  repealing 
the  Civil  Service  Law ;  it  passes  a  Con- 
stitutional Amendment  Bill,  by  a  two- 
tliirds  vote,  substituting  April  30  for 
March  4  as  the  beginning  of  all  Presi- 
dential and  Congressional  terms  of  office. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue :  Customs,  $192,905,023  ; 
Internal    revenue,    8116,805^36;    direct 


tax,  $108,240 ;  sales  of  public  lands  $5,- 
630,999;  miscellaneous  items,  $20,989,528. 
Total  revenue,  $336,439,727;  excess  of 
revenue  over  expenditures,  $93,906,589. 
Expenditures :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$74,166,930;  War  Department,  $34,324,- 
153;  Navy  Department,  $13,907,888;  In- 
dians, $6,099,158;  pensions,  $63,4(M,864 ; 
interest  on  the  public  delit,  $50,580,146. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $242,483,- 
138.  Public  debt,  $1,783,438,697.  Kxports, 
$679,624,830;  imports,  $635,436,136. 

June  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Chinese  Indemnity  Bill. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  resolution  ordering  the  Treas- 
ury to  pay  oiT  the  public  debt  in  sums 
not  less  than  10  millions  a  month.  Vote, 
209-05.  [The  Senate  approves,  but  the 
President  does  not.] 

July  24.  D.  C.  Congress  requires  the 
Treasury  to  issue  silver  certificates, 
in  one,  two,  and  five  dollar  notes,  rep- 
resenting silver  dollars,  for  general 
circulation. 

July  30.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  pro- 
motes civil  service  reform  by  cheek- 
ing the  political  activity  of  Government 
officials. 

Aug.  2.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the 
Alien  Xjandlord's  Bill,  limiting  the 
holding  of  land  and  mines  in  Territories 
by  foreigners. 

Congress  lays  a  special  tax  of  two 
cents  a  pound  on  olepmargarine,  be- 
sides a  tax  on  the  manufacturers  and 
dealers. 

Aug.  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  the 
issue  of  postal  letter-sheet  envelopes. 

Aug.  5.  ».  C.  The  49th  Congress: 
the  first  session  closes. 

Sept.  16.  Chicago.  A  meeting  is  held 
of  the  National  Conference  of  Anti- 
saloon  Bepublicans;  about  200  dele- 
gates are  present. 

Nov.  2.  Fla.  The  people  ratify  the 
new  Constitution. 

In  the  Congressional  elections  the 

Democrats  are  successful  in  168Uistricts, 
and  the  Republicans  in  152. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  The 49th  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Dec.  •  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  is  elected  President 
pro  tempore. 

*  *  Fishingdifflcultiesengageattention. 

American  vessels  visiting  Canadian 
ports  to  buy  ice  or  bait  are  seized  by  the 
Government,  and  condemned  for  acts 
"  preparatory  to  fishing  in  Canadian 
waters." 

*  *  Governors  Inaugurated: 
-88  *  •  Ala.    Thomas  Seay. 

-90  •  «  Ariz.  (Ter.).    C.  Meyer  Zulick. 
-90  •  •  Dak.  (Ter.).    Louis  K.  Church. 
-88  »  •  Ga.    John  B.  Gordon. 
-90  •  •  Ma.  (Ter.).    Ed.  A.  Stevenson. 
-88  *  •  la.    William  Larrabee. 
-89  *  *  Minn.    Andrew  R.  McGill. 
-90  »  *  Mont.  ( Ter.).    Preston  H.  Leslie. 
-90*  *  N.Mex.fTer.).  Edmund  G.Ross. 
-88  *  *  O.    Joseph  Benson  Foraker. 
-88  •  *  S.  C.    John  P.  Richardson. 
-90  *  *  U.  (Ter.).    Caleb  W.  West. 
-SO*  *  Fa.    FitzhughLee. 
-88  *  *  Vt.    IHwnezer  J.  Ormsbee. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1886  June  24.  Mo.  The  Merchant's 
Bridge  spanning  the  Mississippi  at  St. 
Louis  is  commenced.    [See  May  3, 1890.] 

June  25.  Columbia  defeats  Harvard 
in  a  boat-race  ;  time,  21.38. 

June  *  A  special  theatrical  train  Tuna 
from  Jersey  City  to  San  Francisco  — 
from  ocean  to  ocean  —  in  three  days, 
seven  hours,  39  minutes,  and  16  seconds. 

Jime  *  Pa.  The  vestibule  train  is  in- 
troduced on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

July  3.  N.  Y.  The  fourth  intercolle- 
giate boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  on 
Lake  George,  IJ  miles  straight.  Time  : 
Bowdoin,  8.06 ;  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, second ;  race  won  by  a  length  and 
a  half. 

Aug.  11.  N.  Y.  Carlisle  D.  Graham,  an 
Englishman,  in  a  great  buoy-shaped  bar- 
rel, passes  safely  through  the  Niagara 
Kapids. 

Aug.  14.  Mass.  E.  Hanlan  sculls  three 
miles  on  Lake  Quinsigamond,  in  19.23 
minutes. 

Aug.  18.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  Central 
Railroad  Company  runs  a  special  news- 
paper train  from  Syracuse  to  Buffalo, 
148.77  miles,  at  an  average  speed  of  61.6 
miles  an  hour. 

Aug.  22.  A^.  r.  Wm  J.  Kendall,  in  a  cork 
vest,  swims  through  the  Niagara  Rapids. 

Aug.  25.  N.  C.  A  runaway  train  near 
Saluda  causes  five  deaths  ;  eighty  other 
persons  are  injured. 

Sept.  7-11.  The  schooner-yacht  May- 
flower beats  the  English  cutter  Galatea, 
in  a  race  for  the  America  cup. 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y.  Trains  collide  on  the 
Nickel  Plate  Road  at  Silver  Creek  ;  13 
persons  are  killed,  and  20  Injured. 

Oct.  5.  Mo.  The  steamer  La  Mascotte 
bums  on  the  Mississippi  near  Craw- 
ford's Landing  ;  34  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  22.  Mass.  W.  A.  Rowe  rides  a  bi- 
cycle one  mile  in  2.29J,  at  Springfield. 

Oct.  28.  Wis.  A  wrecked  train  takes 
fire  near  Rio  ;  22  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  *  The  schooner  Flying  Scud,  bound 
for  Alaska,  disappears  with  24  persons 
on  board  ;  fate  unknown. 

Dec.  2.  Cat.  A  panic  in  the  Stock  Ex- 
change at  San  Francisco  causes  14  of 
the  principal  brokers  to  suspend. 

Dec.  27.  Phila.  Fire  destroys  Tem- 
ple Theater,  valued  at  $400,000;  two 
fireman  are  killed. 

Dec.  31.    U.  .S.    Statistics  for  1886. 

Production :  Gold,  $35,000,000  ;  silver, 
$51,000,000 ;  bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  1,660,441,000;  wheat,  457,218,000; 
oats,  624,134,000 ;  barley,  59,428,000 ;  rve, 
24,489,000;  buckwheat,  11,869,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  6,550,210  ;  pounds  of  wool,  302,- 
000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  28,064,841 
(including  all  production  of  oil  in  Ky. 
and  Tenn.  prior  to  1883).  Immigrants 
received  (fiscal  year),  334,203.  Currency 
in  circulation,  $1,202,700,525  ;  per  capita, 
$21.82.  Miles  of  railroads  worked,  125,- 
186;  capital  stock,  $3,999,508,508;  total 
accidents,  1,211,  persons  killed,  401  ;  per- 
sons injured,  1,433 :  Fire-waste,  $104,924,- 
750  ;  insurance,  $60,506,567  ;  344  lives  lost. 
Business  failures,  10,568;  liabiUties, 
$113,618,391. 


326     1886,  *  *-1887,  Nov.  26. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887  Jan.  3.  D.  C.  James  M.  Wbitte- 
more  is  commissioned  colonel  —  ord- 
nance department.  [Jan.  10.  William 
P.  Craigbill  —  corps  of  engineers.  Apr. 
21,  James  F.  Wade  —  5th  cavalry.  Oct. 
19.  Charles  E.  Compton  —  4th  cavalry. 
Nov.  17.  Charles  Page  —  medical  de- 
partment.] 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Com.  Iiewis  A.  Kim- 
berlyis  promoted  rear-admiral.  [Aug. 
25.  Com.  Bancroft  Gherardi.  Sept.  4. 
Com.  Daniel  L.  Braine.j 

Capt.  William  P.  McCann  is  promoted 
commodore.  [Jan.  29.  Capt.  Charles  H. 
Gillis.    Sept.  4.    Capt.  George  Brown.J 

Mar.  3.  Adolphus  W.  Greely  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general.  [Apr.  16. 
Wesley  Merritt.] 

Sept.  4.  D.  C.  Commander  Gilbert  C. 
White  is  promoted  captain.  [Mar,  6. 
Commander  J.  Crittenden  Watson. 
Aug.  25.  Commander  Henry  B.  Kobe- 
son.] 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1886  *  *  November  is  painted  by  Jervis 
McKntre. 

•  *  Coming  in  from  the  Fish  Pond  is 
painted  by  Edward  Moran. 

•  *  The  Secret  is  painted  by  T.  W.  Wood. 

•  *  Brook  Among  the  Hills  is  painted  by 
Worthington  Whittredge. 

1887  Mar.  3.  Col.  Gilder's  overland 
polar  expedition  returns  to  Winnipeg. 

Apr.  29,  Kan.  A  violent  storm  sweeps 
Prescott  County,  killing  20  persons,  in- 
juring 237,  destroying  330  buildings ; 
property  loss,  $1,000,000. 

May  13.  Tenn,  A  new  comet  is  discov- 
ered by  E.  E.  Barnard  of  the  Vanderbilt 
University  at  Nashville. 

Aug.  10.  New  York.  The  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  holds  its  36th  annual  meeting 
at  Columbia  College. 

Sept.  5-10.  D.  C.  The  Ninth  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress  is  held  in 
Washington. 

Oct.  7.  N.  Y.  The  asteroid  Anahita  is 
discovered  by  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Clinton. 

Nov.  21.  Neip  York,  A  practical  pho- 
nograph, invented  by  Thomas  A.  £di- 
son,  is  announced. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1887. 

Jan.  3.  Potter,  Horatio,  P.  E.  bishop  of 
N.  Y.,  A85. 

Jan.  11.  Youmans,  Edward  Livingston, 
scientist,  founder  Popular  Science  Month- 
ly. A  66. 

Jan.  16.  Hazen,  William  Babcock,  signal 
service  officer  U.  S.  A.,  A57. 

Feb.  13.  Green,  William  Mercer.  P.  E. 
bishop  of  Miss.,  A88. 

Mar.  8.  Beecher,  Henry  Ward.  Cong, 
clergyman,  author,  orator,  A74. 

Eads,     James     Buchanan,     engineer, 

builder  of  Mississippi  jetties,  A67. 

Mar.  39.    Palmer,  Ray,  Cong.  cl.,poet,A81. 

Mar.  31.  Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  poet,  hu- 
morist, journalist,  A71. 

Apr.  13.  Lee,  Alfred,  P.  E.  bishop  of  Del., 
A79. 

May  30.  Poore,  Benjamin  Parley,  author, 
journalist,  A67. 

June  4.  WTheeler.  William  Almon.  M.  C. 
for  N.  Y.,  19th  Vice-President  U.  S.,  AtiS. 


June  11.  Stevens,  William  Bacon,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  Pa.,  A71. 

June  16.  Hitchcock,  Roswell  D wight,  Pres. 
clergyman,  autliur,  professor,  A70. 

June  17.  Hopkins,  Mark,  president  of  Wil 
lianis  College,  autlior,  A  85. 

July  18.  Hunter,  Robert  Mercer,  M.  C, 
senator  for  Va.,  speaker,  Confederate  sec- 
retary of  state,  A78. 

July  33.  Dix,  Dorothea  Lynde,  philan- 
thropist, A82. 

Aug'.  18.  Tower,  Orson  Squire,  phrenolo- 
gist, A78. 

Aug.  19.  Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton,  natur- 
alist, author,  A64. 

Clark,  Alvan,  optician,  telescope  maker, 

A79. 

Aug.  30.     Green,  Seth,  fish  culturiat,  A72. 

Aug.  36.  EUiott,  Robert  W.  B.,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  W.  Texas,  A47. 

Oct.  3.  Finch,  John  Bird,  philanthropist, 
I'rohibition  candidate  for  Pres.  U.  S.,  A35. 

Oct.  33.  Washburne,  Elihu  Benjamin. 
M.  C.  for  111.,  secretary  of  state,  minister 
to  Pr.,  A71. 

Oct.  38.  Carnochan,  John  Murray,  surgeon, 
author,  A70. 

Nov.  19.    Lazarus,  Emma,  poet,  A38. 

CHURCH. 

1886  *  *  A  plan  of  cooperation  is 
adopted  by  the  American  Baptist  Mis- 
sionary Union  and  the  Baptist  General 
Association  of  the  Western  States  and 
Territories. 

*  *  The  Congregational  Clubs  of  Merrimac 
Valley,  Newton,  Denver,  and  St.  Louis 
are  organized. 

*  *  The  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
Christian  Denomination  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Auxiliary  to  the  Brook- 
lyn Mission  and  Tract  Society  is  organ- 
ized. 

*  *  The  Immanuel  German  Synod  (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  U,  S.  The  *'  Presbyterian  Chnrch 
in  the  United  States  "  formally  cele- 
brates its  quarter  centennial. 

1887  Mar.  26.  Boston.  The  Channing 
Club  (Unitarian)  is  organized. 

Apr.  14.  Ji.  I.  Matthew  Harkins  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Providence. 

Apr.  19.  Archbishop  Corrigan  is  made 
assistant  at  the  Pontifical  Throne. 

May  3.  Cal.  The  General  Association 
(Congregational)  of  Southern  California 
is  organized. 

May  4.  Kan,  Elisha  Smith  Thomas  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  Kansas. 

May  27.  Ethelbert  Talbot  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary  bishop 
of  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

Boston.  The  Unitarian  National  Bu- 
reau of  Unity  Clubs  is  organized. 

June  9.  Detroit.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  14.  D.  C.  The  Bureau  of  Indian 
Missions  (Boman  Catholic)  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

June  29.  Utah.  L.  Scanlan  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  vicar  apostolic 
of  Utah. 

June  *  Chicago.  The  first  Deaconesses* 
Home,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Chureh,  is  established. 

Aug.  2.  Neb.  The  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Lincoln  is  established. 

Aug.  9.  Wyo.  The  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Cheyenne  is  established. 


Aug.  *  The  first  church  for  the  Chi- 
nese on  the  Pacific  Coast  is  dedicated 
by  the  Baptist  Home  Missionary  Society. 

Oct.  25.  The  Arkansas  Association 
(Congregational)  is  organized. 

Oct.  28.  M.  F.  Burke  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Cheyenne. 

*  *  Colo,  The  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of 
Denver  is  established. 

Oct.  *  Colo.  Nicholas  C.  Matz  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Den- 
ver, 

Nov.  17.  Minn.  The  Minnesota  Confer- 
ence (Unitarian)  is  organized  at  St.  Paul. 

LETTERS. 

1886  *  •  The  Wind  of  Destiny  ,\)y  Avihw: 
S.  Hardy,  appears. 

*  *  The  Golden  Justice^  by  William  Henry 
Bishop,  appears. 

*  *  Olivia  Delaplaine,\ty  Edgar  Fawcett, 
appears  ;  also.  An  Ambitious  Woman. 

*  *  The  Minister's  Charge^  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  Snowbound  at  Eagles,  by  Bret  Harte, 
appears. 

*  *  Their  Pilgrimage,  by  Charles  Dudley 
Warner,  appears. 

*  *  East  Angels,  by  Constance  Fenimore 
Woolson,  appears. 

1887  May  20.  Cal.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  Stanford  University  at  Palo  Alto 
is  laid. 

Sept.  *  Wyo.  The  University  of  Wyo- 
ming at  Laramie  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1886  *  *  Tenn.  The  State  hospital  for 
the  Insane  is  located  at  Bolivar. 

*  *  Utah.  The  establishment  of  an  indus- 
trial home  at  Salt  Lake  City  for  women 
abandoning  polygamy  is  authorized  by 
Congress. 

*  *  U.  S.  Teachers  in  the  Indian  schools 
are  required  to  give  instruction  on  the 
effects  of  alcohol  on  the  human  sys- 
tem, 

*  *  Wash.  The  school  for  defective 
youth  established  by  the  Government  at 
Vancouver  is  opened. 

*  *  The  International  Young  ■Wom- 
en's  Christian  Association  is  formed. 

1887  Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress  passes 
a  bill  to  grant  pensions  of  $6  and  §8 
per  month  to  veterans  of  the  war  with 
Mexico,  who  are  physically  disabled  or 
over  62  years  of  age. 

Jan.  *  New  York.  The  National  As- 
sociation of  Naval  Veterans  is  organ- 
ized. 

Feb.  5.  rt.  The  State  locates  a 
Soldiers*  Home  at  Bennington. 

Feb.  *  N.  Y.  Mrs.  Roxalana  Druse,  con- 
victed of  the  murder  of  her  husband, 
is  hanged  at  Herkimer ;  her  daughter, 
an  accomplice,  is  imprisoned  for  life. 

Mar.  21.  N.  J.  James  Titus,  the  janitor 
of  Hackettstown  seminary,  is  sentenced 
to  be  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Tillie 
Smith,  a  servant,  on  Apr.  9,  18SG.    [His 


UNITED    STATES.       1886,  *  *-1887,  Nov.  26.     327 


sentence  is  commuted  to  imprisonment 
for  life.] 

May  5,  Miss.  Roderick  Dhu  Gam- 
brell,  a  prohibition  editor,  is  murdered  ; 
Col.  J.  S.  Hamilton  is  arrested,  and 
acquitted  through  partisan  influence. 

May  *  Neb.  A  State  institution  for 
youth  of  feeble  mind  is  opened  at 
Jieatrice. 

May*  The  Triennial  Meeting  of  the 
General  Eldership  of  the  Church  of 
God  declares  against  license. 

"All  kinds  of  license  or  tax  favoring 
the  liquor-traftic,  whether  high  or  low, 
are  wrong  iu  principle,  and  demand  the 
opposition  of  the  Church,  and  of  good 
men  and  women  everywhere." 

June  7.  Tex.  Bishop  H.  M.  Turner  (col- 
ored) is  mobbed  by  anti-prohibitionists. 

June  16.  Mass.  Labor  Day,  the  first 
Monday  in  September,  ia  established  as 
a  legal  holiday. 

June  22.  Kt/.  A  murderous  feud,  in 
Rowan  County,  of  ten  years'  standing, 
is  closed. 

Two  families,  the  Holbrooks  and  the 
Underwoods,  living  at  Morehead,  lead 
the  strife,  which  began  with  a  charge 
of  horse-stealing  and  sometimes  rose 
to  actual  war.  The  sheriff  kills  Craig 
Tolliver  and  his  gang,  which  ends  the 
feud. 

June*  O.  The  General  Synod  of  the 
German  Reformed  Church  at  Akron 

resolves  against  the  liquor-traffic. 

"  We  view  with  profound  regret  and 
sorrow  the  great  evil  of  intemperance, 
—  and  .  .  .  we  here  and  now,  before  God 
and  the  nation,  record  our  protest 
against  it,  and  earnestly  call  upon  our 
synods,  classes,  and  churches  to  unite 
with  us  in  zealous  and  persistent  Chris- 
tian efforts  looking  towards  its  speedy 
extermination." 

June  *  The  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church 

in  General  Synod  favors  temperance. 

'*  It  reiterates  the  deliverance  of 
former  synods  on  the  subject  of  temper- 
ance, and  urges  increased  interest  and 
zeal  throughout  the  denomination  in 
gospel  temperance  work." 

July  1.  Kan.  The  Soldiers'  Orphans' 
Home  at  Atchison  is  opened  for  the 
reception  of  children. 

July  14.  Neiv  York.  Jacob  Sharp  is 
convicted  of  bribery  in  securing  the 
favorable  action  of  the  Board  of  Alder- 
men, respecting  the  Broadway  surface 
road ;  he  is  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  four  years  and  to  pay  a  flue  of  $5,000. 
[The  Court  of  Appeals  reverses  the 
sentence.] 

Aug.*  Mo.  Several  Bald-Knob  **  Reg- 
ulators "  are  tried  and  fined  at  Ozark. 
iBept.  15.  Phita.  The  centenary  of  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  CoiMtitution 
in  this  city  is  celebrated  by  a  procession 
five  miles  long,  which  illustrates  the 
progress  of  trade  and  industry. 

Sept.  27.  Mo.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  In  its  21st  National 
Encampment  at  St.  Louis ;  John  P.  Rae 
of  Minn.,  commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Evangelical  Church  declares  for  pro- 
hibition. 

It  is  the  duty  of  Christians  "  To  faith- 
fully cooperate  with  all  proper  move- 


ments for  the  instruction  of  the  children 
and  youth,  the  reformation  of  the  ine- 
briate, and  the  restriction  and  prohibi- 
tion of  the  liquor-traffic."  It  also  dis- 
countenances the  use  of  tobacco. 

Sept.  29.  Tenn.  The  Constitutional 
Prohibitory  Amendment  is  defeated 
by  27,G93  majority.    Vote,  117,501-145,197. 

Oct.  15.  Mo.  The  State  Insane  asylum 
at  Nevada  is  opened. 

Nov.  11.  Chicago.  Four  of  the  An- 
archists engaged  in  the  May  riot :  Aug- 
ust Spies,  Adolf  Fischer,  George  Engel, 
and  Albert  R.  Parsons,  are  executed ; 
Fielden  and  Schwab  are  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  life ;  Oscar  Nebe,  for 
15  years  ;  and  one,  Lingg,  escapes  by 
suicide.  Great  efforts  have  been  made 
to  have  their  sentences  commuted. 

Nov.  15.  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  gives  Right  Hon.  Joseph 
Chamberlain  of  London  a  banquet. 

STATE. 

1887  Jan.  3.  U.  S.  Congress  extends 
the  postal  free-delivery  system  so  as 
to  include  all  towns  having  10,000  popu* 
lation. 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Interstate  Commerce  Bill, 
providing  for  the  appointment  of  five 
commissioners  with  large  powers  over 
railway  charges.  Vote,  219-41.  The  Sen- 
ate has  already  passed  the  bill.  Vote, 
43-15. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Bdmunds  Canadian  Pish- 
eries  Bill. 

Feb.  1.  B.C.  President  Cleveland  vetoes 
the  Dependent  Pension  Bill. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  refund  the  States  $20,- 
000,000  collected  by  the  direct  tax  Act 
of  1861. 

U.  S.    The  Interstate   Conmierce 

Bill  becomes  a  law. 

Feb.  6.  Kan.  "Woman  suffrage  goes 
into  effect. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  the  Fish- 
eries Retaliation  Bill. 

D.  C.  The  President  approves  the  Ed- 
munds-Tucker Act  for  the  suppression 
of  polygamy. 

Mar.  4.  £>.  C.  The  49th  Congress  ends. 

Mar.  31.  D.  C.  Charles  S.  Fairchild 
of  Npw  York  is  appointed  secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  as  successor  to  Daniel 
Manning. 

Apr.  *  M.  I.  The  Republicans  lose  Rhode 
Island  in  the  State  election,  for  the  first 
time  in  30  years. 

June  16.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  re- 
scinds his  order  to  restore  the  captured 
Confederate  flags. 

Jime  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue  :  Customs,  $217,286,893  ; 
internal  revenue,  $118,823,391 ;  direct 
tax,  $32,892 ;  sales  of  public  lands,  $9,254,- 
286;  miscellaneous  items,  $26,005,815. 
Total  revenue,  $371,403,278;  excess  of 
revenue  over  ordinarv  expenditures, 
$103,471,098.  Expenditures :  Miscella- 
neous items,  $85,264,826;  War  Depart- 
ment, $38,561,026;  Navy  Department, 
$15,141,127 ;  Indians,  $6,194,523 ;  pen- 
sions, $75,029,102;  interest  on  the  public 


debt,  $47,741,577.  Total  ordinary  expen- 
ditures,  $267,932,180.  Public  debt,  $1,664,- 
461,536  [on  Dec.  1st].  Exports,  $716,183,- 
211 ;  imports,  $692,319,768. 

Nov.  19.  D.  C.  British  members  of 
the  Joint  Commission  respecting  fish- 
eries are  received  at  Washington, — 
Joseph  Chamberlain,  Sir  Lionel  S.  West, 
and  Sir  Charles  Tupper. 

Nov.  21.  D.  C.  The  Fisheries  Joint 
Commission  holds  its  first  meeting  at 
Washington. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  Jan.  7.  Cal.  Thomas  Stevens 
arrives  in  San  Francisco  from  a  tour 
aroimd  the  world  on  a  bicycle ;  dis- 
tance, 11,700  miles  ;  time,  less  than  three 
years. 

Feb.  5.  Vt.  A  derailed  train  takes 
fire  near  White  River  Junction ;  30  lives 
are  lost,  and  37  persons  injured. 

Mar.  1.  Ala.  The  steamer  W.  If.  Gard- 
ner takes  fire  on  the  Tombigbee  River; 
21  lives  are  lost. 

IiS!ar.  14.  Mass.  A  train  on  the  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad  breaks  through 
a  bridge  near  Boston ;  32  persons  are 
killed. 

June  27.  Harvard  defeats  Columbia  in 
a  boat-race  ;  time,  ^.24. 

June  30.  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  ;  time,  11.13J. 

July  5.  Mass.  The  sixth  intercollegiate 
boat-race  for  fours  is  pulled  on  Lake 
Quinsigamond,  IJ  miles  straight.  Time, 
9.28f ;  the  Cornells  beat  the  Bowdoins 
by  two  feet. 

July  10.  N.  Y.  The  yacht  Mystery  cajp- 
sizea  in  Jamaica  Bay  ;  25  lives  are  lost. 

July  27.  ///.  Trains  collide  near  Hope- 
dale  ;  nine  persons  are  killed,  and  15 
injured. 

Aug.  10.  The  Inman  Line  steamer  City 
of  Montreal,  from  New  York  to  Liver- 
pool, loaded  with  cotton,  burns  at  sea, 
400  miles  off  Newfoundland. 

III.    An  excursion  train  falls  through 

a  burning  bridge  near  Chatsworth :  75 
persons  are  killed,  and  279  injured. 

Aug.  *  Ga.  An  Interstate  Farmers' 
Convention  meets  at  Atlanta. 

Sept.  15-17.  Phila.  The  Centennial 
of  the  signing  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion is  celebrated. 

Sept.  27-29.  Neio  York.  The  schooner 
Volunteer  defeats  the  cutter  Thistle 
(Royal  Clyde  Yacht  Club)  in  a  race  for 
the  America  cup. 

Sept.  30.  N.  Y.  The  new  Capitol  at 
Albany  has  cost  $17,914,875. 

Oct.  10.  Ind.  Trains  collide  near 
Ivouts,  killing  10  persons. 

Nov.  19.  The  steamer  Xa  Bourgogne  runs 
from  New  York  to  Havre  in  seven  days, 
eight  hours,  and  29  minutes. 

Nov,  20.  Conn.  P.  T.  Bamimi*s  great 
menagerie  at  Bridgeport  is  burned, 
and  many  animals  perish;  loss,  about 
$700,000. 

Nov.  26.  Cal.  The  horses  Arab  and 
Conde  trot  one  mile  (double)  in  2.183  ^.t 
San  Francisco. 


328     1887,  Nov.  30-1888,  Apr.  7.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — WAVY. 
1888    Jan.  31.    /).  C.    Com.  "Winfleld  S. 

Schley  is  promoted  captain  U.  S.  N. 
Mar.  *  O.    The    Regular  Army    and 

Navy  Union  is  organized  at  Cincinnati. 
Apr.  6.    John  R.  Brooke  is  commissioned 

brigadier-general.    [July  6.    Thomas  L. 

Casey.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1887  Nov.  •  I),  a  S.  P.  Langley,  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  makes 
public  the  result  of  his  experiments 
relative  to  the  moon's  temperature. 

Nov.  *  A  graphophone,  invented  by- 
Alexander  Graham  Bell,  is  announced. 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  The  gramophone,  in- 
vented by  Emilie  Berliner  of  Washing- 
ton, is  announced. 

*  *  Cat.  The  Legislature  makes  an  ap- 
propriation of  $5,000  for  the  erection  of 
a  monument  to  the  memory  of  James 
"W.  Marshall,  the  first  discoverer  of 
gold. 

*  *  la.  An  observatory -is  erected  for 
the  Iowa  College. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Legislature  makes  an  ap- 
propriation for  the  erection  of  a  sol- 
diers' and  sailors*  monument  in  Clyde 
Park,  Indianapolis  ;  cost,  $200,000. 

*  •  New  York.  J.  Francis  Murphy  of  this 
city  is  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  y.  y.  The  observatory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Syracuse  is  erected. 

*  *  Pa.  The  Bucknell  University  Obser- 
vatory is  founded  at  Lewisburg, 

*  *  Paper  bottles  first  appear. 

*  *  The  statue  of  Abraham  Inncoln  is 
executed  by  A.  St.  Gaudens  for  Lincoln 
Park,  Chicago. 

1888  Jan.  11-13,  U.  S.  A  terrific 
snow-storm  prevails  in  the  Northwest ; 
more  than  200  people  perish. 

Feb.  19.  III.  A  cyclone  visits  Mount 
Vernon ;  36  lives  are  lost,  and  125  per- 
sons injured  ;  the  town  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed. 

Mar.  11-13.  A  blizzard  of  extraordi- 
nary severity  prevails  along  the  North 
Atl&ntic  Coast ;  high  wind,  severe  cold, 
and  much  snow  combine  to  interrupt 
communication  between  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  and  Boston.  Many  wrecks 
are  made,  and  about  400  lives  are  lost ; 
food  is  at  famine  prices  in  the  cities  for 
a  few  days. 

Apr.  5.  }ris.  The  Layton  Art  Gal- 
lery at  Milwaukee  is  opened. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1887. 

Dec.  18.  Walter,  Thos.  Ustic,  architect,  A83. 

Dec.  23.     Hayden,    Ferdinaml    Vandeveer, 
author,  explorer,  geologist,  A58. 

Dec.   24.    Manning,    Daniel,    secretary    of 
treasury,  A66. 
1888. 

Jan.  30.    dray,  Asa,  botanist,  author,  pro- 
fessor at  Harvard,  A78. 

Feb.  5.    Tyron,  George  Washington,  con- 
chologist,  A50. 

Feb.   15.      Locke,  David    Ross,  humorous 
writer  (Petroleum  Vesuvius  Nasby),  A55. 

Kar.  4.    Alcott,   Amos   Bronson,  transcen- 
dental philosopher,  A89, 

Mar.  6.    Alcott,  Louisa  May,  author^  A55. 


Mar.   8.     Strother,  David   Hunter,  artist, 

illustrator  (Porte-Crayon),  A72. 
Mar.  IS.    Bergh,  Henry,  founder  Society 

for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  A65. 
Mar.  33.   Wsite.  Morrison  Kemick,  clilef 

justice  U.  S.,  A72. 
Mar.  27.     Darley,  Felix  Octavius  C,  artist, 

illustrator,  A66. 


CHURCH. 

1887  Nov.  30.  Kan.  Richard  Scannell 
is  consecrated  (Koman  Catholic)  bishop 
of  Concordia. 
Neb.  Thomas  Bonacum  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln. 
'  Dee.*  New  York.  The  Unitarian  Club  is 
organized. 

*  *  Alas.  W.  Duncan  establishes  a  vil- 
lage of  70  Christian  Indians — ^all  of 
them  removals  from  British  America. 

*  •  Colo.  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Colorado  is  organized. 

*  *  Ind.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Indianapolis  ; 
C.  L.  Loos,  president. 

*  *TheRoman Catholic DiocesesofBelle- 
ville.  111.,  Wichita  and  Concordia,  Kan., 
are  established. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Baptist  Aimnal  Meet- 
ing is  held  in  Minneapolis. 

*  *  Mich.  The  "Western  Michigan  Con- 
gregational Club  is  formed  at  Grand 
Rapids. 

*  ♦  Neb.  The  33d  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Omaha. 

*  *  Neb.  The  101st  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets  at  Omaha ;  J.  T. 
Smith,  moderator. 

*  *  N.  Y.  P.  A.  Ludden  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Syracuse. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Philadelphia, - 
M.  M.  Gibson,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  General  Assem- 
blies, North  and  South,  appoint  com- 
mittees to  consider  reunion. 

1888  Jan,  6.  Tex.  James  S.  Johnson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Western  Texas. 

Jan.  25,  Nev.  —  Utah.  Abiel  Leonard  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Nevada  and  Utah, 

Mar.  11.  Pa.  Thomas  McGovern  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Harrisburg. 

Mar.  22.  The  Cincinnati  Church  Exten- 
sion Society  is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1887  *  *  Ala.  The  Normal  School  is 
opened  by  the  State  at  Troy. 

*  *  Ata.  The  v4^c-//i?rairf  is  issued  at  Bir- 
mingham. 

*  *  Cal.  Los  Angeles  University  (Bapt.) 
is  founded.  A  State  tax  is  levied  for  the 
University  of  California  of  one  cent 
on  each  $1(X)  worth  of  property. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  Catholic  University  of 
America  is  organized  at  Washington. 

*  *  Ay.  Union  College  (Meth.  Epis.)  is 
founded  at  Barbourville. 


*  *  Mo,  Missouri  Wesleyan  Institute 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  founded  at  Cameron. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  State  opens  the  colored 
Normal  School  at  Goldsborough. 

*^  *  N.  Dak.    Fargo  College  is  opened. 

•■  *  New  York.  The  Evening  World  is 
founded  by  Joseph  Pulitzer;  the  Press 
by  Robert  P.  Porter.  Scribner's  Maga- 
zine is  founded. 

"  *  N.  Y.    JPratt  Institute  (non-sect.)  is 

organized  at  Brooklyn. 
'  *  O.  Shepardson  College  (Fem.  Bapt.) 

is  founded  at  Granville. 

*  *  Ore.  Mount  Angel  College  (Rom. 
Cath.)  is  organized  at  Mount  Angel. 

'  *  R.  I,  The  Legislature  passes  a  com- 
pulsory school  law. 

'  *  S.  Dak.  Black  Hills  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Hot  Springs.  State 
School  of  Mines  at  Rapid  City  opened. 

*  *  Wis.  The  Normal  School  at  Oshkosh 
is  opened  by  the  State. 

*  *  U.  S.  Number  of  American  and  im- 
ported books  published  in  1887,4,437,  be- 
sides minor  cheap  libraries. 

'  *  American  Literature,  by  Edwin  Percy 
Whipple,  appears  ;  also,  Pecollections  of 
Eminent  Men. 

'  *  American  Literature,  by  C.  P.  Rich- 
ardson, appears. 

■  *  The  Broader  Range  and  Outlook  of 
the  Modem  College  Training^  by  Richard 
Salter  Storrs,  appears. 

*  The  Fortunes  of  War,  by  Flora  Haines 
Longhead,  appears. 

*  A  Htimble  Romance  and  Other  Stories, 
by  Mary  E.  AVilkins,  appears. 

*  The  Gates  Between,  by  Elizabeth  Stu- 
art Phelps,  appears. 

*  Madrigals  and  Catches,  by  Frank 
Dempster  Sherman,  appears. 

*  Manual  of  North  American  Birds,  by 
Robert  Ridgway,  appears. 

*  The  Empire  State,  by  Benson  J.  Loss- 
ing,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Inquisition  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  by  Henry  Charles  Lea,  appears. 

*  The  Hundredth  Man,  h J  Fvajik  Richard 
Stockton,  appears. 

*  Modem  Italian  Poets,  by  William  Dean 
Ho  wells,  appears. 

*  The  Graysons,  by  Edward  Eggleaton, 
appears. 

*  Saracinesca,  by  Francis  Marion  Craw- 
ford, appears ;  also,  Marzio's  Crucijix, 
and  Paul  Patoff. 

*  The  House  at  High  Bridge,  by  Edgar 
Fawcett,  appears. 

*  Old  Virginia  and  Other  Stories,  by 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  appears. 

*  One  Hundred  Days  in  Europe,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  appears. 

*  Character  Sketches,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  appears  ;  also,  Afterwhiles. 

*  Ballads  About  Authors,  by  Harriet 
Prescott  SpofFord,  appears. 

*  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  by  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  appears. 

*  The  Great  Cryptogram,  by  Ignatius 
Donnelly,  appears. 


UNITED   STATES.   1887,  Nov.  30-1888,  Apr.  7.  329 


*  •  Recollections  of  a  Minister  to  France, 
by  Eligha  B.  Washburne,  appears. 

*  *  Patrick  Henry,  by  Moses  Coit  Tyler, 
appears. 

*  *  In  Realms  of  Gold,  by  James  Benj. 
Kenyon,  appears. 

*  *  Seth's  Brother's  Wife,  by  Harold  Fred- 
eric, appears. 

*  *  The  White  Sail  and  Other  Poems,  by 
ItouiBe  Imogen  Guiney,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1887  Nov.*  Tenn.  The  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  meets 
in  National  Convention  at  Nashville; 
Frances  "Willard,  president. 

Nov.  •  Minn.  The  State  opens  a  Sol- 
diers* Home  at  Minnehaha  Falls. 

Dec.  10.  Mich,  Ten  counties  vote  on 
local  option,  and  all  are  carried  for 
prohibition. 

Dec.  12.  Z>.  C.  Senator  Blair  introduces 
a  resolution  in  the  Senate  proposing 
Federal  prohibition  of  the  liquor- 
tratfic. 

Dec.  17.  The  Republican  League  of 
the  United  States  is  organized  at  Chick- 
ering  Hall,  N.  Y. 

Dec.  24+.  Pa.  About  30,000  em- 
ployees of  the  Reading  Railroad 
unsuccessfully  strike  for  increased 
wages ;  they  hold  out  two  months,  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $3,620,000. 

Dec*  Pa.  The  Knights  of  Labor 
order  colliers  and  railroad  employees  to 
strike ;  50,000  men  go  out  on  Dec.  28 ; 
the  strike  of  the  railroad  employees 
ends. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Asylum  for  the  Chronic 
Insane  is  completed  in  Santa  Clara 
County. 

*  *  Dak.  The  Territorial  Legislature 
passes  a  Local  Option  Law  in  the 
licensing  of  the  liquor-traffic.  Michigan 
and  Montana  pass  similar  laws. 

*  *  Ga.  The  prohibitionists  are  defeated 
at  the  Local  Option  election  in  Fulton 
County. 

*  ♦  Ind.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
School  for  Feeble-Minded  Youth  at 
Fort  Wayne. 

*  *  Kan.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
to  suppress  the  sale  of  liquor  as  a 
beverage  at  drug-stores. 

*  *  Mass,  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
prohibiting  the  begging  or  peddling 
in  the  streets  by  children. 

*  *  Mich.  The  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  is  defeated  by  5,645 
majority.  The  Citizens'  Union  is  orga- 
nized for  prohibition  on  a  non-partisan 
basis. 

*  *  Minn.  The  Legislature  provides  for 
High  License  where  prohibition  is  not 
adopted. 

*  *  N.  J.  Labor  Day,  the  first  Monday 
in  September,  is  established  as  a  legal 
holiday.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  bill 
giving  women  a  right  to  vote  at  school 
meetings. 


*  *  Mo.  Prohibition  is  adopted  in  50  out 
of  78  counties  holding  elections. 

*  *  New  York.  Forty-seven  women  vote 
at  the  election  and  are  not  punished. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Portland  Methodist  Hos- 
pital is  founded.  The  Constitutional 
Prohibitory  Amendment  is  defeated 
by  7,985  majority.  Labor  Day,  the  first 
Saturday  in  June,  is  made  a  legal  holi- 
day. 

*  *  S.  C.  The  Legislature  enacts  a  pen- 
Bxon  system  for  Confederate  soldiers, 
who  receive  $5  a  month  if  disabled,  and 
widows  of  those  killed  in  the  war  receive 
the  same. 

*  *  Pennsylvania  enacts  the  Brooks 
Law,  a  high-license  and  restrictive 
measure. 

*  *  The  New  England  Order  of  Pro- 
tection Is  founded. 

*  *  Tex.  The  Legislature  votes  to  sub- 
mit a  Constitutional  Prohibitory 
Amendment (80-21  and  22-8).  [Later  it 
is  defeated  by  91,357  majority.] 

*  *  W.  Va.  A  Democratic  House  votes 
to  submit  the  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  (55-10). 

*  *  U.  S.  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Wesleyan  Methodists  resolves  for 
prohibition. 

It  declares,  "That  law  must  be  an 
adjunct  of  moral  means,  in  order  to 
suppress  the  traffic  side  of  this  evil. 
The  appetite  may  be  reached  through 
the  church  and  home ;  but  the  public 
traffic  must  be  struck  through  the  law, 
and  back  of  the  law  should  be  a  political 
organization  in  sympathy  with  it,  and 
pledged  to  its  enforcement,  in  order  to 
Its  efficiency." 

*  *  The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
proposes  to  raise  a  permanent  fund  of 
$1,000,000  for  disabled  ministers 
and  their  families. 

1888  Feb.  26-Apr.  11.  III.  A  great 
strike  takes  place  on  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington, and  Quincy  Railroad. 

Mar.  25.  D.  C.  The  International  Coun- 
cil of  Women,  for  the  promotion  of  the 
welfare  of  women,  meets  at  Washington. 

STATE. 

1887  Nov.  *  Dak.  The  people  vote  to 
divide  the  Territory  into  North  and 
South  Dakota. 

Dec.  5.  D.C.  The  50th  Congress  opens. 
D.  a  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  decides 
against  the  compensation  claims  of 
brewers  whose  property  la  impaired  in 
value  by  prohibitory  laws;  the  court 
votes  7  to  1  in  favor  of  the  decision. 

Dec.  6.  7),  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  John 
J.  Ingalls  (Rep.)  of  Kan.  is  reelected 
President  pro  tempore.  House:  JohnG. 
Carlisle  (Dem.)  of  Ky.  is  reelected 
Speaker. 

*  •  Me.  Capital  punishment  is  again 
abolished.    Labor  Day  is  established. 

*  *  New  York.  Abrara  S.  Hewitt  is  elected 
the  85th  mayor. 

*  *  U.  S.    Grovemors  inaugurated : 

*  *  Cal.    "Wash.  Bartlett  (deceased). 
-91  *  *  Cal.    Henry  H.  Markman. 
-88  *   *  Colo.     Alva  Adams. 


-89  *  *  Conn.     Phineas  C.  Lounsbury. 

-91  *  *  Del.    Benjamin  T.  Biggs. 

-93  *  *  Kan.     Lyman  U.  Humphreys. 

-01  *  *  Ky.    Simon  B.  Buckner. 

-88  *  *  Me.    Sebastian  S.  Marble. 

-90  *  *  Mass.    Oliver  Ames. 

-91  *  *  Mich.    Cyrus  G.  Luce. 

Mo.    A.  G.  Morehouse  (acting). 

-90*  *  Nev.    Christopher  C.  Stevenson. 

-89  *  *  N.  H.     Charles  H.  Sawyer. 

-90  *  *  N.J.    Robert  S.  Green. 

-95  *  *  Ore.     Sylvester  Pennoyer. 

-91  *  *  Penn.    James  A.  Beaver. 

-88  *  *  R.  r.    John  W.  Davis. 

-91  *  *  Tenn.     Robert  L.  Taylor. 

-91  *  *  Tex.    Lawrence  S.  Ross. 
1888    Jan.  *    R.  I.    The  Legislature  re- 
moves   the    property    qualifications    of 

voters. 
Jan.  19.    Wyo.    "Woman  Suffrage  is  es- 
tablished by  law. 
Feb.  15.    D.  C.    The  treaty  respecting 

American  Fisheries  is  signed  at  Wash- 
ington by  the  Joint  High  Commission. 
Mar.  14.    7>.  C.    A  treaty  is  made  with 

China  prohibiting  the  immigration  of 

Chinese  laborers  for  20  years. 
Apr.  2.   D.  C,   Congress :  House  ;  Roger 

Q.  Mills  of  Texas  introduces  the  MiTls 

Tariff  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  Dec.  31.  Ky.  Trains  collide  and 
take  fire  near  Greenwood ;  six  persons 
are  killed  and  21  injured. 

U.  S.    Statistics  for  1887. 

Production  :  Gold,  $33,000,000  ;  silver, 
$53,357,000;  bushels  of  grain:  Indian 
corn,  1,456,161,000;  wheat,  456,329,000; 
oats,  659,618,000  ;  barley,  56,812,000;  rye, 
20,691,000;  buckwheat,  10,844,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  6,513,6*24 ;  pounds  of  wool, 
285,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  28,278,- 
866.  Immigrants  received  (fiscal  vear), 
^0,109.  Currency  in  circulation,  $317,- 
539,143;  per  capita,  $22.45.  Miles  of  rail- 
roads worked,  137,028 ;  capital  stock, 
$4,191,562,029;  total  accidents,  1,491 ;  per- 
sons killed,  656;  injured,  1,946.  Fire- 
waste,  $]20,283,an5  ;  insurance,  $69,659,- 
508 ;  lives  lost,  622.  Business  failures, 
9,740;  liabilities,  $130,605,000. 

*  *  Mass.  The  State  sells  its  interest  in 
the  Hoosac  Tunnel  and  the  Troy  and 
Greenfield  Railroad  to  the  Fitchburg 
Railroad  Company. 

*  *  The  Coronet  defeats  the  Dauntless  in 
a  yacht  race  across  the  Atlantic ; 
distance,  2,949  miles ;  time,  14  days,  23 
hours,  and  30  minutes. 

1888  Jan.  4.  Ire.  The  ship  Alfred  D. 
Snow  is  wrecked  oflf  Waterford  ;  28  lives 
are  lost. 

Jan.  10.  Mass.  A  train  is  wrecked  by 
a  broken  wheel  near  Haverhill  ;  nine 
persons  are  killed  and  13  injured. 

Feb.  22.  Cal.  The  ferry  boat  Julia  ex- 
plodes her  boiler  at  South  Vallejo  ;  36 
persons  are  killed. 

Mar.  17.  Ga.  A  dei^LJXed  train  breaks 
through  a  bridge  near  Blackshear ;  27 
persons  are  killed  and  35  wounded. 

Mar.  27.  Kan.  The  town  of  Ninnescah 
is  destroyed  by  a  gale. 

Apr.  7.  O.  The  Centennial  celebration 
of  the  founding  of  Marietta  is  cele- 
brated. 


330     1888,  Apr.  7-Dec.24. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1888  Apr.  7.  Cyrus  B.Comstock  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  corps  of  engineers. 
[Apr.  24.  Edwin  C.  Mason  —  3d  infantry. 
Apr.  25.  Henry  "W.  Clossou— 4th  artil- 
lery. July  23.  Orlando  M.  Poe  —  corps  of 
engineers.  Aug.  5.  Nathan  W.  Osborne 
—  5th  infantry.  Aug.  31.  Robert  P. 
Hughes.  Oct.  19.  Henry  C.  Hodges  — 
quartermaster  department.] 

Junel.  D.C.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan 
receives  the  rank  of  General  of  U.  S.  A. 
by  Act  of  Congress. 

July*  Kan.  State  troops  are  sent  to 
Stevens  County  to  preserve  the  peace, 
the  sheriff  having  been  murdered  in  the 
county-seat  contest. 

Aug.  14.  Brig.-Gen.  John  M.  Schofield 
is  appointed  18th  commander  U.  S.  A. 

Nov.  *  Ky.  State  troops  are  stationed 
in  Perry  County  to  protect  the  Circuit 
Court  from  partizaus  in  the  **  French- 
Eversole**  feud. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1888  June  *  Cal.  The  Lick  Observa- 
tory of  the  University  of  California  is 
equipped,  having  a  telescope  with  an 
aperture  of  36  inches  and  a  focal  length 
of  56  feet  6  inches ;  it  is  transferred  to 
the  regents  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia by  the  trustees. 

Aug.  7.  N,  Y.  A  new  comet  is  observed 
by  W.  R.  Brooks  of  Geneva. 

Oct.  31.  Tenn.  A  new  comet  is  ob- 
served by  E.  E.  Barnard  of  Nashville. 

Nov.  25.  A  storm  strikes  the  Atlantic 
Coast  region ;  it  causes  45  deaths  and 
wrecks  50  vessels. 

Nov.  *  Edison's  improved  phonograph 
is  exhibited. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1686. 

Apr.  7.     GiUmore,  Quincy  Adams,  maj.- 
gen.  U.  S.  A..  A63. 

Apr.   8.    Walling,  Henry  Francis,  cartog- 
rapher, A  63. 

Apr.  17.    Squier,  Ephraim  George,  archeol- 
oglst,  A67. 

Apr.     18.       Agnew,    Cornelius    Rea,    phy- 
sician, surReoii  professor,  A58. 

Conklins:.  Roscoe.  lawyer,  M.  C,  sen- 
ator for  N.  Y.,  A59. 

Apr.   36.      Lonier,  Clemence  Sophia,  phy- 
sician, A76. 

May   a.     llrown,  John  H.  H.,  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Fond-rtu-Lac,  A57. 

May   3.      Tarbox,    Increase   NUes,    Cong, 
clergyman,  author,  A73. 

May  6.     Northen,   Amos  Henry,   geologist, 
A75. 

June  28.    Jarves,  James  Jackson,  art  critic, 
A70. 

Hazard,    Rowland    Gibson,    manufac- 
turer, author,  A87. 

July  19.     Roe.  Edward  Payson,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, novelist,  A50. 

Aug.  6.     Sheridan.   Philip   Henry,   gen.- 
In-chief  U.  S.  A.,  AS7. 

Aug.  21.     Harris,  Samuel  S.,  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Mich.,  A46. 

Sept.  6.    wallack,  John  Johnstone  (Lester 
Wallack),  actor,  dramatist,  A68. 

Sept.    12.    Proctor,   Richard  Anthony,  as- 
tronomer, lecturer,  A54. 

Sept.   21.      Warren,     William,    comedian, 
A76. 

Oct.  16.    Wentworth,  John,  M.  C.  for  lU., 
journaliBt,  A73. 

Oct.  19.     Welles,  Edward  R.,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  Wis.,  A68. 
Wight,  Orlando  Williams,  author,  trans- 
lator, A64. 


Dec.  10.    Le  Roy,  Edgar,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  A., 

A70. 
Dec.  22.     Hecker,   Isaac  Thomas,  founder 
of  Faulists,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1888  Apr.  25.  Jit-  John  Janssen  is  con- 
secrated first  (lloman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Belleville. 

May  1.  Ill,  James  Ryan  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Alton. 

May  1  +  .  New  York.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Episcopal)  is  held. 

The  limit  of  the  pastoral  term  is  ex- 
tended to  live  years.  Bishops  elected  : 
John  H.  Vincent,  Isaac  W.  Joyce,  Daniel 
A.  Goodsell,  John  P.  Newman,  James  N. 
Fitzgerald  ;  James  M.  Thorburn,  mis- 
sionary bishop  for  India. 

May.  4.  Minn.  The  Roman  Catholic 
Diocese  of  St.  Paul  is  created  an  arch- 
diocese. 

May  13.  Neio  York.  Chinese  mission- 
work  is  begun  by  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

May  15.  Minn.  John  Ireland,  (Roman 
Catholic)  bishop  of  St.  Paul,  is  pro- 
moted archbishop  of  the  Province  of 
St.  Paul. 

May  18.  Mich.  The  Methodist  Prot- 
estant General  Conference  meets  at 
Adrian. 

May  19.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  24.  Phila,  The  first  century  of 
the  General  Assembly  is  celebrated 
by  the  two  Assemblies  (Northern  and 
Southern). 

May  *  Bishop  Taylor's  Self -support- 
ing Missions  have  received  about  100 
missionaries  in  three  years. 

July  1.  Leo  Haid  is  consecrated  (Roman 
Catholic)  titular  bishop  of  Messene 
[later,  bishop  of  North  Carolina]. 

July  *  The  Christian  Endeavor  Societies 
report  4,879  organizations  in  America. 

Sept.  *  The  General  Synod  (Moravian) 
meets. 

Oct.  18.  Del.  Leighton  Coleman  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Delaware. 

Oct.  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  act  for 
the  suppression  of  lawlessness  on  the 
part  of  the  Mormon  hierarchy. 

Nov.  4.  Mich.  John  S.  Foley  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  De- 
troit. 

Nov,  30.  Kan.  John  J.  Hennessey  is 
consecrated  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Wichita. 

Nov.  *  N.  J.  The  Arabian  Mission  is 
organized  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
(Reformed  Dutch)  in  New  Brunswick. 

Dec.  1 2 .  The  American  Sabbath 
Union  is  organized,  to  preserve  the 
Christian  Sabbath  as  a  day  of  rest  and 
worship. 

LETTERS. 

1888  May  10.  D.  C.  Congress  passes 
the  International  Copyright  Bill. 

May  24.  />.  C.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Catholic  University  of   America  is 


laid  at  "Washington  in  the  presence  of 

the  President  and  his  cabinet. 
Aug.  29.    Minn,    The  Normal  School 

is  opened  by  the  State  at  Moorhead. 
Oct.  *  Ga.    The  Technological  School 

is  opened  at  Atlanta  as  a  branch  of  the 

State  University. 

SOCXETY. 

1888  May  18.  Mo.  David  "Walker  and 
three  other  leaders  of  Bald  Knob  ter- 
rorists are  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion 
Church  (300,000  members)  resolves  in 
favor  of  temperance. 

'*  This  General  Conference  reaflRrms 
its  stand  against  intemperance  and  the 
use  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  any  form 
as  a  beverage ;  we  favor  every  means  that 
can  be  brought  to  bear  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  traffic  in  all  intoxicating 
drinks  as  a  beverage  in  State  and  na- 
tion. We  also  heartily  recommend  that 
unfermented  wine  be  used  in  the  sacra- 
mental service  as  far  as  possible." 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
(400,000  members)  resolves  in  favor  of 
temperance. 

**  That  we  indorse  the  great  Prohibi- 
tion movement  in  this  country,  .  .  .  and 
will  use  all  honorable  means  to  suppress 
the  evils  growing  out  of  intemperjince. 
,  .  .  That  it  shall  be  a  crime  for  any 
minister  or  member  of  the  A.  M.  E. 
Church  to  fight  against  temperance,  and 
if  convicted  of  this  crime  he  shall  lose 
his  place  in  the  Conference  and  Church." 

May  *  The  Bishops'  address  to  the  Gen- 
eral Conference  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  declares  against  licensing 
the  liquor-traffic. 

"  The  liquor-traffic  is  so  pernicioug  .  .  . 
that  the  only  i>roper  attitude  toward  it 
for  Christians  is  that  of  relentless  hos- 
tility. It  can  never  be  legalized  without 
sin.  License,  high  or  low,  is  vicious  in 
principle  and  powerless  as  a  remedy." 

June  1.  Pa.  The  Brooks  Law  goes  into 
effect ;  license  fee,  $500, 

June  25.  The  National  Republican  Con- 
vention resolves  for  temperance. 

*'  The  first  concern  of  all  good  govern- 
ment is  the  virtue  and  sobriety  of  the 
people  and  the  purity  of  the  home  :  the 
Republican  party  cordially  sympathizes 
with  all  wise  and  well-directed  efforts 
for  the  promotion  of  temperance  and 
morality," 

June  30.  Since  1840  the  average  annual 
consumption  of  all  kinds  of  liquors  for 
each  individual  has  increased  from  4.17 
gallons  to  14.30  gallons  ;  the  average  an- 
nual per  capita  consumption  of  malt 
liquors  advances  from  1.36  gallon  to 
12.48  gallons.  The  per  capita  consump- 
tion of  wine  has  nearly  doubled.  (Cyc. 
of  Prohibition.) 

July  *  Neb.  A  Home  for  Soldiers  and 
Sailors  is  opened  at  Grand  Island. 

July*  N.  Y.  Contract  labor  is  pro- 
hibited in  the  State  prisons. 

Aug.  10.  Mo.  Maxwell,  an  Englishman, 
is  executed  in  St.  Louis  for  the  murder 
of  Mr.  Preller. 

Sept.  10.  O.  The  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  meets  in  its  22d  National  Kn- 
campmeut  at  Columbus  ;  "William  "War- 
ner of  Mo.,  commander-in-chief. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1888,  April  7-Dec.  24.    331 


Sept.*  The  "Woman's  Republican 
League,"  headed  by  J.  Ellen  Foster,  is 
organized. 

*  *  Kan.  Oskaloosa  chooses  a  -woman  for 
mayor  and  five  women  for  the  city  coun- 
cil, thns  placing  the  entire  control  of  the 
municipal  administration  in  the  hands 
of  women. 

Sept.  •  The  General  Synod  of  the  Mora- 
vian Church  favors  temperance. 

Resolveil :  "  that  this  Synod  is  opposed 
to  all  traffic  in  intoxicating  drinlcs,  and 
the  use  as  a  l>everage  of  hard  cider, 
beer,  ale,  whisky,  wine,  brandy,  gin, 
rum,  patent  bitters,  etc." 

Oct.  23.  Minn.  The  General  Conference 
of  Seventh-day  Adventlsts  in  conven- 
tion at  Minneapolis  declares  :  — 

"  We  pledge  ourselves  to  labor  earn- 
estly and  zealously  for  the  prohibition 
of  the  liquor-trafBc." 

Nov.  14.  Mo.  Friends  of  the  condemned 
Bald  Knob  outlaws,  in  revenge,  seize 
and  hang  live  of  the  leading  witnesses 
against  their  condemned  companions. 

Dec.  17.  New  Y(yrk.  A  training-school 
for  nurses  is  opened  at  Bellerue  hos- 
pital. 

STATE. 

1888     Apr.    13.      D.  C.      Congress; 

House ;  the  deadlock  on  the  Direct 
Tax  Bill  is  passed. 

May  16.  Eng.  The  American  Fisheries 
Treaty  receives  the  royal  assent. 

May  17.  D.  C.  James  G.  Blaine  an- 
nounces that  he  will  not  be  a  candidate 
for  the  presidency. 

May  21.  J).  C.  Congress  makes  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  an  exec- 
utive department. 

May  30+.  Ind.  The  5th  Prohibition 
National  Convention  meets  at  Indi- 
anapolis, and  nominates  Gen.  Clinton 
B.  Fisk  of  N.  J.  for  President,  and  John 
A.  Brooks  of  Mo.  for  Vice-President. 

June6+.  Mo.  The  Democratic  National 
Convention  meets  at  St.  Louis,  and  re- 
nominates Grover  Cleveland  of  N.  Y. 
for  President,  and  Allen  G.  Thurman 
of  O.  for  Vice-President. 

June  25+.  Chicago.  The  Republican 
National  Convention  meets,  and  nom- 
inates Beniamin  Harrison  of  Ind.  for 
President,  and  Levi  P.  Morton  of  N .  Y . 
for  Vice-President. 

June  30.  U.  S.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal 
year.  Revenue:  Customs,  $219,091,174  ; 
internal  revenue,  $124,296,872;  direct 
tax,  $1,566;  sales  of  public  lands,  $11,- 
202,017 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $24,674,- 
446.  Total  revenue,  $379,266,065  ;  excess 
of  revenue  over  ordinary  expenditures, 
$111,341,274.  Expenditures :  Premium 
on  loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc. ,.$8,279,- 
842 ;  miscellaneous  items,  $72,952,261  ; 
War  Department,  $38„522,436;  Navy  De- 
partment, $16,926,438;  Indians,  $6,249,- 
308 ;  pensions,  $80,288,509  ;  interest  on 
the  public  debt,  $44,715,077.  Total  ordi- 
nary expenditures,  $207,924,801.  Princi- 
pal of  the  public  debt  [Dec.  1],  $1,680,- 
917,706;  Exports,  $095,954,507;  imports, 
$723,957,114. 

July  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Mills  Tariff  Bill.  Vote,  162 
-149.  [The  Senate  delays  action,  and  the 
bill  fails  to  become  a  law.] 


Aug.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
approves  the  treaty  with  China  pro- 
hibiting immigration  for  20  years. 

Aug.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
refuses  to  ratify  the  treaty  respecting 
the  American  Fisheries ;  vote,  30-27. 

Aug.  23.  D.  C.  Congress  receives  a 
message  from  the  President  respecting 
the  Fisheries  Treaty,  and  announcing 
a  policy  of  retaliation  against  Canada. 

Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  House  passes 
the  Anti-Canada  Retaliation  Bill. 

Oct.  20.  £>.  C.  The  50th  Congress: 
The  first  session  of  321  days  closes ;  it  la 
the  longest  session  in  congressional 
history. 

Oct.  23.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  ap- 
proves the  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill. 

Oct.  30.  n.  C.  The  Administration  sug- 
gests to  the  British  government  the 
recall  of  the  British  minister.  Lord 
Sackville-'West,  because  of  his  indis- 
creet letter,  published  two  weeks  before 
election,  and  recommending  a  corre- 
spondent to  vote  the  Democratic  ticket 
as  favorable  to  British  interests.  [Presi- 
dent Cleveland  refuses  longer  to  recog- 
nize Lord  West,  and  he  retires.] 

Nov. 6.  U.S.  26th Presidential  elec- 
tion ;  Republicans  elected. 

Popular  vote:  Grover  Cleveland 
<Dem.)  of  N.  Y.,  5,536,242 ;  Benjamin 
Harrison  (Rep.)  of  Ind. ,6,440,708;  Clin- 
ton B.  Fisk  (Prohib.)  of  N.  J.,  246,876; 
Alson  J.  Streeter (Union  Labor)ot  111., 
146,836;  Robert  H.  Cowdry  (United 
Labor)  of  111.,  3,073 ;  James  L.  Curtis 
(Amer.)  of  N.  Y.,  1,691. 

Popular  Vote  for  President. 


Candidates. 

States. 

Harrison 

Cleveland 

Streeter 

Flsk 

Ala.     . 

57,197 

117,320 

593 

Ark.     . 

68,752 

85,962 

10,613 

514 

Cal..    . 

124,816 

117,729 

5,761 

Colo.    . 

60,774 

37,567 

i,266 

2,191 

Conn.  . 

74,584 

74,920 

240 

4,234 

Del.      . 

12,973 

16,414 

400 

Fla.      . 

26,6.59 

39,.56I 

403 

Ga.  .    . 

40,446 

100,449 

1,808 

111.  .    . 

370,475 

348,371 

7,134 

21,703 

Ind.      . 

263,361 

261,013 

2,694 

9,881 

la.    .    . 

211,9.58 

179,877 

9,105 

3,650 

Kan.    . 

182,904 

102,745 

37,788 

6,779 

Ky.  .    . 

155,134 

183,800 

5,226 

La.  .    . 

30,701 

86,026 

39 

127 

Me.  .    . 

73,734 

60,482 

1,345 

2,690 

Mil..    . 

99,986 

106,168 

4,767 

Mass.  . 

183,892 

161,865 

8,701 

Midi.   . 

236,387 

213,469 

4,.556 

20,945 

Minn.  . 

142,492 

104,386 

1,097 

16,311 

Miss.    . 

30,096 

86,471 

222 

218 

Mo..    . 

236,253 

261,964 

18.589 

4,540 

Neb.     . 

108,425 

80,.562 

4,226 

9,429 

Nev.     . 

7,238 

5,326 

41 

N.  H.   . 

45,728 

43,466 

42 

1,593 

N.J.     . 

144,360 

161,508 

7,933 

N.  Y.    . 

6.50,.138 

636,966 

'  626 

30,231 

N.  C.    . 

134,784 

147,902 

.    , 

0.    .     . 

416,054 

396,4.55 

3,496 

24,3,56 

Ore.      . 

33,291 

26,622 

363 

1,677 

Penn.   . 

.523.586 

444,327 

3,877 

20,708 

R.  I.      . 

21,969 

17,.530 

.    . 

1,251 

S.  C.     . 

13,740 

65,825 

Tenn.   . 

138,988 

1.58,779 

6,969 

Tex.      . 

88,280 

234,883 

29,459 

4,749 

Vt.  .    . 

45,192 

16,788 

1,459 

Va.  .    . 

150,438 

151,977 

1,678 

W.Va. 

78,171 

78,677 

i,.5b8 

1,084 

Wis.     . 

176,553 

165,232 

8,552 

14,277 

Total 

5,440,708 

5,636,242 

146,836 

246,876 

Per  ct. . 

47.83 

48.63 

1.27 

2.16 

Plur.    . 

96,534 

Nov.  *  R.  I.  Republicaus  regain  the  as- 
cendancy. 

Nov.  *  R.  T.  An  amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution abolishes  the  property  qualifi- 
cation for  electors. 

Dec.  3.  D.  C.  The  50th  Congress ;  Tho 
second  session  opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888  May  6.  An  accident  occurs  on 
the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Rail- 
road ;  eight  persons  are  killed  and  30 
wounded. 

May  *  The  steamer  Etrtiria  runs  from 
Queenstown  to  New  York  in  six  days, 
one  hour,  and  55  minutes. 

June  28.  Columbia  Freshmen  defeat 
Harvard  in  a  boat-race;  time,  11.54. 

June  *  Wash.  A  t\ninel  16  by  18J  feet, 
and  9,850  long,  piercing  Cascade  Range, 
is  completed  ;  it  was  begun  Apr.  *,  1886. 

July  4,  O.  The  Centennial  Exhibi- 
tion for  the  Ohio  Valley  and  the  Central 
States  opens  at  Cincinnati. 

July  12.  Pa.  A  derailed  train  breaks 
through  a  bridge  near  Orange  Court- 
house ;  nine  persons  are  killed  and  22 
injured. 

Aug.  21.    ;V".    C.     The    Interstate   Far- 
mers' Association  meets  at  Raleigh. 
Sept.  *  The  steamer  La  Gascoigne  runs 
from  Havre  to  New  York  in  seven  days 
and  10  hours. 
Oct.  10.    Pa.    A  collision  of  excursion 
trains  occurs  near  Penn  Haven,  on  the 
Lehigh  Valley  Railroad ;  61  persons  are 
killed.     [On  Oct.   16  a  second  collision 
occurs  on  the  same  road,  in  which  14 
persons  are  killed.] 
Nov.  4.     Kan,     Delegates    to   the    Na- 
tional Farmers'   Congress  and  Far- 
mers' Trust  Association  meet  in  conven- 
tion at  Topeka. 
Nov.  12.    The  steamer  ?7mfrria  runs  from 
New  York  to  Queenstown  in  six  days, 
three  hours,  and  four  minutes. 
Nov,  17 +.    Fla.    Yellow  fever  prevails 
at   Jacksonville  ;    4,583    cases    and   396 
deaths  are  reported. 
Nov.  23.    hid.    A  fire  at  Fort  Wayne 

destroys  property  valued  at  $300,000. 
Dec.  12.  Ala.  The  Southern  Interstate 
Immigration  Convention  meets  at 
Montgomery.  Nearly  GOO  delegates  from 
the  Southern  States  are  present. 
Dec.  15,  O.  Three  acres  of  property  are 
destroyed  by  fire  in  Cincinnati. 

Afass.     Seven  acres  of  buildings  are 

burned  in  Marblehead  ;  loss,  $1,300,000. 
Dec.  23.  Me.  The  brigantine  Snow  Bird 
of  Brunswick  is  wrecked ;  two  of  the 
crew  are  drowned. 
Dec.  24.  The  steamer  Kate  Adams  bums 
on  the  Mississippi  near  Commerce  Land- 
ing; 33  lives  are  lost. 

La.    The  steamer  John  H,  Hannah, 

laden  with  cotton,  bums  near  Plaque- 
mine  on  tl^e  same  river  ;  22  lives  are  lost, 
and  many  persons  badly  burned. 


332     1888,  Dec.  25-1889,  Jan.  11.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1888  •  *  D.  C.  Congress  authorizes  the 
organization  of  the  Wavy  Heserves  for 
coast  and  harbor  defense. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1888  Bee.  26.  New  York.  Fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  are  granted  by  the  Board 
of  Estimate  to  the  Museums  of  Art 
and  I!fatural  History  on  condition  that 
they  be  open  and  free  to  visitors  on  two 
nights  of  the  week. 

*  *  Cal.  A  monument  is  erected  to 
Francis  S.  Key  in  Golden  Gate  Park ; 
the  cost  ($60,000)  is  provided  for  by  the 
legacy  of  James  Lick. 

*  *  Md.  The  linotype,  for  casting  type 
by  machinery,  operated  by  a  keyboard, 
is  perfected  by  the  inventor,  Ottmar 
Mergenthaler  of  Baltimore  —  speed  from 
3,000  to  6,000  ems  per  hour. 

*  *  New  York.  A  bronze  statue  of  Gari- 
baldi is  unveiled  at  Washington  Square. 

*  *  New  York.  Thomas  W.  Dewing,  Wal- 
ter Shirlaw,  and  Edwin  H.  Blashfield 
of  New  York  are  elected  members  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  Smith  Observatory  at 
Geneva  is  erected, 

*  *  U.  S.  Paper-pulp  is  first  bleached 
by  electricity  as  a  process  of  manu- 
facture. 

1889  Jan.  1.  Pacific  Slope.  The  great 
solar  eclipse  is  visible. 

•Jan.  3.  N.  Y.  Natural  gas  is  struck  in 
Steuben  County.  [Also  Jan.  20.  In 
Central  Ohio.  Oct.  16.  In  South  Dakota. 
Nov.  13.    Near  Chicago.] 

-Jan.  7.  Dak.  a  valuable  dei}08it  of 
coal  is  discovered  at  Centerville. 

Jan,  9.  Ind.  Shocks  of  earthquake 
are  felt  in  this  section. 

[Also  Feb.  26.  A  slight  shock  of  earth- 
quake is  felt  at  Marion,  Ind.  Mar.  8. 
Another  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, and  Maryland.  May  18.  At  An- 
napolis, Md.  June  5.  At  Nashville^ 
Tenn.  June  7.  At  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
July  7.  At  Farmiugton,  Me.  July  14. 
At  Covington,  Tenn.  July  31.  In  Cali- 
fornia. Aug.  10.  In  the  Adirondacks, 
N.Y.  Aug.  26.  In  North  Carolina.  Aug. 
28.  In  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Sept.  10.  At 
Wilkesbarre,  Ashley,  Kingston,  and 
Pittston,  Pa.] 

* —  Pa.  Tornadoes  cause  the  loss  of 
many  lives  and  much  property  in  Pitts- 
burg, and  Reading,  also  at  Sunbury, 
where  18  men  are  buried  in  the  ruins  of 
the  nail-mills ;  Buffalo  and  Lockport, 
N.Y.,  also  other  towns,  suffer ;  the  upper 
Suspension  Bridge  at  Niagara  Falls  is 
wrecked. 

CHURCH. 

1888  Dec.  28.  New  York.  The  Presby- 
terian Union  of  this  city  gives  a  recep- 
tion to  the  committees  of  the  two  Pres- 
byterian General  Assemblies. 

Dec.  30.  The  Papal  encyclical  appears  ; 
it  refers  mainly  to  the  materialistic  and 
atheistic  tendencies  of  the  times. 

*  •  Tbe  Reformed  Episcopal  Synod  of 
Canada  is  organized. 


*  *  I).C.  Tlie  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Washington. 

*  *  la.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Cedar  Rapids ; 
William  T.  Meloy,  moderator. 

*  *  III.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Springfield ; 
J.  H.  Garrison,  president. 

*  *  Mo.  The  English  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  Missouri  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  J,  The  International  Missionary 
Union  convenes  at  Bridgeton. 

*  *  Ore.  The  Woman's  Foreign  Mission- 
ary Society  (Baptist)  is  organized. 

*  *  Pkila.  The  General  Assembly 
(Presbyterian)  meets ;  Charles  L.  Thom- 
son, moderator. 

The  Board  of  Home  Missions  reports 
38  ministers,  25  native  teachers,  68 
churches,  2,863  church  members,  115 
teachers,  29  schools,  2,441  scholars. 

*  *  The  Brotherhood  of  Lay  Readers  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Western  Vermont,  Brooklyn,  and 
Fox  River  Congregational  Clubs  are 
organized. 

1889  Jan.  2.  D.  C.  The  national  Con- 
vention of  Colored  Catholics  opens 
at  Washington. 

Jan.  8.  New  York.  Tlie  Railroad  Branch 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation celebrates  its  13th  anniversary ; 
Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  C.  M.  Depew,  and 
others  speak. 

The  court  decides  against  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  authorities  in  refusing 
burial  to  the  remains  of  JohnMaguire, 
who  was  identified  with  the  Anti-Poverty 
Society. 

Jan.  9.  New  York.  A  new  Joss-house 
in  Mott  Street  is  consecrated  by  resident 
Chinese. 

Colo.  The  Channing  Club  of  Den- 
ver (Congregational)  is  organized. 

Jan.  11.  New  York.  The  Church  Stu- 
dents' Missionary  Association  begins 
its  annual  conference. 

LETTERS. 

1888  *  *  Cal.  The  Cogswell  Polytechnic 
College  is  opened  at  San  Francisco. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Saturday  Blade  is  issued. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  National  Economist  is  is- 
sued at  Washington. 

*  *  Md.  The  "Woman's  College  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Baltimore. 

*  ♦  Minn.  The  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Minnesota,  at  Minne- 
apolis, opens. 

*  *  Nebraska  "Wesleyan  University 
(Meth.  Epis.)  is  foimded  at  Lincoln. 

*  *  New  York.  Mail  and  Express  is  pur- 
chased by  Elliott  F.  Shepard. 

*  N.  C.  High  Point  Female  College 
(Bapt.)  is  founded. 

*  *  O.  The  Union  Gospel  News  is  issued 
at  Cleveland. 

*  *  U.  S.  Number  of  American  and  im- 
ported books  published  in  1888,  4,631, 
besides  minor  cheap  libraries. 


^  *  R.  I.  Tlie  State  establishes  an  Agri- 
cultural School. 

^  *  U.  S.  Volapiik  is  reported  success- 
ful, and  spreading  in  both  Europe  and 
America, 

*  *  American  Weather^  by  Adolphus  W. 
Greely,  appears. 

*  *  Around  the  World  on  a  Bicycle^  by 
Thomas  Stevens,  appears. 

^  *  The  Boyhood  of  Christy  by  Lew  Wal- 
lace, appears ;  also  Life  of  Benjamin 
Harrison. 

"  *  The  Black  Phalanx,  by  Joseph  T.  Wil- 
son, appears. 

''  *  A  Calabrian  Penelope,  by  Elizabeth 
Cavazza,  appears. 

*  *  Ca/i/omia,  by  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft, 
appears ;  also  History  of  Mexico. 

^  *  Colonial  Times  in  Buzzard^ s  Bay,  by 
William  Root  Bliss,  appears. 

*  *  The  Critical  Period  of  American  His- 
tory, by  John  Fiske,  appears. 

'  *  A  Phyllis  of  the  Sierras,  by  Francis 
Bret  Hart,  appears. 

*  *  Evolution  in  its  Relations  to  Religious 
Thought,  by  Joseph  Le  Conte,  appears. 

*  *  France  and  the  Confederate  Navy,  by 
John  Bigelow,  appears. 

''  *  The  Genesis  of  the  Cir>il  War,  by  Sam- 
uel Wylie  Crawford,  appears. 

^  *  Gouvemeur  Morris,  by  Theo.  Roose- 
velt, appears. 

"  *  The  Heart  of  the  Creeds,  by  Arthur 
Wentworth  Eaton,  appears. 

'■  *  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  by 
Philip  Schaff  (vol.  vi.),  appears. 

*  *  A  History  of  the  Negro  Troops,  by 
George  W.  Williams,  appears. 

*  *  John  Ward,  Preacher,  by  Margaret 
Deland,  appears. 

^  *  A  Library  of  American  Literature,  by 
Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  and  Ellen 
Mackay  Hutchinson  (vol.  i.),  appears. 

^  *  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century, 
by  Hugh  McCuUoch,  appears. 

^  *  Women  and  Men,  by  Thomas  Went- 
Torth  Higginson,  appears. 

*  *  Natural  Resources  of  the  United  States, 
by  Jacob  H.  Patton,  appears. 

*  *  Negro  Myths  from  the  Georgia  Coast, 
by  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  appears. 

'  *  The  Old  Northwest,  by  B.  A.  Hinsdale, 
appears. 

'  *  Philosophy  of  Theism,  by  Bordon  P. 
Browne,  appears. 

'  *  Political  Essays,  by  James  Russell 
Ijowell,  appears  ;  also  Heart's  Ease  and 
Rue. 

'  *  The  Viking,  by  Elwyn  Alfred  Barron, 
appears. 

*  The  Writings  of  Franklin  (10  vols.), 
edited  by  John  Bigelow,  appears. 

'  *  Miss  Lou,  by  Edward  Payson  Roe,  ap- 
pears. 

■  •  Bonaventure,  by  George  W.  Cable,  ap- 
pears. 

■  •  Romance  and  Reverie,  by  Edgar  Faw- 
cett,  appears. 

'  *  Free  Joe,  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris, 
appears. 


UNITED   STATES.    1888,  Dec. 25-1889,  Jan.  11.   333 


*  *  The  King  of  Folly  Island,  by  Sarah 
Orne  Jewett,  appears. 

*  *  The  Despot  of  Broomsedge  Cove,  by 
Mary  Noaillcs  Murfree,  appears. 

*  *  A  Brother  of  Dragons,  by  Amelie  Rives 
Chandler,  appears  ;  also  The  Quick  &r 
the  Dead,  and   Virginia  of  Virginia. 

*  *  Old  Fashioned  Roses,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  appears. 

*  *  With  the  Immortals  f  by  Francis  Marion 
Crawford,  appears* 

*  *  Two  Little  Confederates,  by  Thomas 
Nelson  Page,  appears. 

1889  Jan.  2.  Bost<m.  The  Interna- 
tional Cop3rright  Association  holds 
its  annual  meeting. 

Jan.  4.  Pa.  George  E.  Reed  is  elected 
to  the  presidency  of  Dickinson  College. 

SOCIETY. 

1888  Dec.  25.  O.  White  Caps  cruelly 
flog  a  prominent  physician  at  Hopedale. 

Del.  A  race  riot  occurs  at  Wilming- 
ton ;  one  white  man  is  shot  in  the  foot, 
and  several  colored  men  are  cut  and 
beaten  about  the  head ;  seven  arrests 
are  made. 

Dec.  27.  Dak.  At  Tripp  six  men  are  in- 
jured in  a  riot  over  the  ownership  of  a 
goose.  The  parties  are  American  and 
Russian  Mennonites. 

Dec.  28.  New  York.  The  Excise  Commis- 
sion makes  restrictions  for  the  liquor- 
traffic. 

"  The  employment  of  a  bartender  un- 
der 18  years  of  age  forfeits  license ; 
women  are  forbidden  to  sell  or  induce 
sales  of  liquor  ;  licenses  are  forbidden 
for  premises  within  200  feet  of  a  ceme- 
tery, college,  academy,  or  reformatory. 

Dec.  29.  la.  The  Sioux  City  liaw  and 
Order  League  commences  proceedings 
against  the  transportation  companies 
that  have  been  nullifying  the  prohibi- 
tory laws. 

Neto   York.    The  Excise  Commission 

decides  that  during  forbidden  hours  the 
interior  of  saloons  must  present  an 
unobstructed  view  from  the  street. 

Dec.  30.  Mo.  Amos  J.  Stillwell,  an  old 
and  wealthy  citizen  of  Hannibal,  is  mur- 
dered by  a  burglar. 

*  *  Ala.  The  Alabama  Academy  for  the 
blind  is  opened  at  Talladega. 

*  *  Chicago.  The  Wesley  Methodist 
Hospital  is  established. 

^  *  D.  C.  Congress  erects  the  Bureau  of 
Xiabor  into  a  Department. 
I  •  *  Ky.  The  Hatfield  and  McCoy  feud 
breaks  out  again ;  the  State  troops  are 
called  out  to  prevent  the  McCoys  from 
taking  nine  Hatfields  from  jail  to  mur- 
der them. 

*  *  Ky.  The  treasurer  of  the  State  for 
many  years,  is  announced  as  a  defal- 
cator to  the  amount  of  $229,000  and  sus- 
pended from  office. 

*  *  y.J.     A  home  for  the  training  of 
feeble  minds  is  opened  near  Vineland. 
!  •  *  O.    Tlxe  Legislature  passes  the  Sun- 
day Liiquor  Law. 


*  *  Phila.  The  George  Nugent  Home 
is  founded  at  Germantown. 

*  *  Mass.  The  High-License  and  Lim- 
itation Ijaw  is  enacted. 

*  *  Wyo.  A  school  building  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  is  erected  at  Cheyenne. 

*  *  }V.  Va.  The  Constitutional  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  is  defeated  by  34,887 
majority. 

*  *  The  Northern  Insane  Asylum  is 
opened  at  Logansport,  Ind.;  also  one  in 
Nebraska  at  Norfolk ;  in  Vermont  at 
Waterbury;  in  Washington  at  Steila- 
coom. 

1889  Jan.  2.  Ind.  President  Harri- 
son addresses  his  old  comrades  of  the 
Grand  Army,  at  Indianapolis. 

O.    Brakeman  and  yardmen  of  the 

Lake  Erie  and  Western  road  strike  at 
Lima. 

Jan.  3.  Minn.  The  coal-dock  laborers 
strike  at  Duluth.  [Jan.  4.  Riots 
occur.] 

Jan.  4.  la.  The  officials  and  strikers  of 
the  Btu-lington  road  finally  come  to  an 
agreement. 

Jan.  7.  Wash.  Alfred  Shafford  is 
lynched  for  a  murder  at  Gilman. 

Jan.  8.  N.  J.  Hunterdon  County  votes 
no  license  by  500  majority. 

STATE. 

1888  *  *  D.  C.  Congress  makes  the 
Ijabor  Bureau  an  independent  part  of 
the  Government.  It  authorizes  the  or- 
ganization of  tlie  iNaval  Heservea  by 
the  maritime  States. 

*  *  Mass.  The  Australian  Ballot  sys- 
tem is  adopted. 

*  *  Melville  W.  Fuller  of  III.  is  ap- 
pointed Chief  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Su- 
preme Court,  and  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar 
of  Miss,  an  Associate  Justice. 

*  *  CI.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-90  *  *  Ala.    Thomas  Seay. 

-92*  *  La.    Francis  T.  NichoUs. 
-91  *  *  Minn.    William  R.  Merriam. 
-93  *  *  Neb.    Algernon  S.  Paddock. 
-91  *  *N.  Y.    David  B.  Hill. 
-89  *  *  n.  I.     Royal  C.  Taft. 
-90  *  *  V(.     William  P.  Dillingham. 

1889  Jan.  1.  N.  Y.  Capital  punish- 
ment by  an  electrical  current  becomes 
the  legal  mode. 

New   York.    Hugh  J.  Grant  becomes 

the  86th  mayor. 

Jan.  2.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  BiU;  the  House 
attempts  to  amend  its  rules  so  as  to 
facilitate  its  business,  but  is  defeated  by 
filibustering. 

Jan.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
continues  to  discuss  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the 
House  passes  a  bill  to  incorporate  the 
Nicaragua  Canal  Company. 

Jan.  5.  Okla.  Martial  law  is  enforced 
and  order  is  restored  ;  the  squatters  de- 
part. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  resolution  reaffirming  the  Mon- 
roe Doctrine,  as  applicable  to  the  con- 


struction of  a  canal  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  Darien.     Vote,  49-3. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill  at  considerable 
length;  John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces 
a  bill  providing  for  changes  in  the  elec- 
tion of  Representatives;  the  House 
recommits  the  resolution  to  change  the 
rules.    Vote,  120-117. 

Cal.    George  Osgoodby  is  disclosed  as 

the  author  of  the  "  Murchison "  letter, 
whereby  he  entrapped  Lord  Sackville- 
West  into  recommending  a  person  to 
vote  the  Democratic  ticket  as  favorable 
to  British  interests. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  anti-free  coal  amendment  to 
the  Tariff  Bill. 

Jan.  10.  Ind.  The  Lieutenant-Governor 
is  prevented  by  hostile  partizans  from 
entering  the  Senate  chamber. 

D.  C.     Congress :  The  Senate  agrees 

to  strike  off  fish  from  the  free  list,  and 
make  it  dutiable  at  one-half  cent  a 
pound  ;  the  House  is  prevented  from 
doing  business,  both  in  the  afternoon 
and  evening,  by  dilatory  motions. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888  Dec.  26.  ///.  Gen.  John  A.  Lo- 
gan's body  is  removed  to  its  final  rest- 
ing-place in  Soldiers'  Home  Cemetery. 

Dec.  27.  S.  C.  The  Great  Seal  of  the 
Confederate  States  is  given  to  tliis  State. 

Dec.  29.  W.  I.  The  American  schooner 
Jennie  Hall  is  illegaUy  fined  $2,000  by 
the  Spanish  authorities  at  Porto  Rico. 

Dec.  30.  R.  I.  The  steamer  Bristol,  of 
the  Fall  River  Line,  is  burned  at  New- 
port ;  some  of  her  passengers  have  a 
narrow  escape. 

Dec.  31.  Md.  The  theft  of  $1,200  from 
the  Sub-Treasury  at  Baltimore  is  discov- 
ered. 

U.  S.    Statistics  for  the  year  1888. 

Production:  Gold,  $33,175,000;  silver,. 
$59,195,000 ;  bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  1,987,790,000;  wheat,  415.868,000: 
oats,  701,735,000;  barley,  63,884,593;  rye» 
28,412,011;  buckwheat,  12,000,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  7,017,707  ;  pounds  of  wool,  269,- 
000,000  ;  barrels  of  petroleum,  27,608,025. 
Currency  in  circulation  (June  30),  $1 ,372,- 
170,870  ;  per  capita,  $22.88.  Immigrants 
received  (fiscal  year),  546,889.  Miles  of 
railroads  built,  145,341  ;  capital  stock, 
$4,438,411 ,342 ;  total  accidents,  1,936 ; 
persons  killed,  5,282:  persons  injured, 
25,888.  Fire-waste,  $110,885,665;  insur- 
ance, $63,965,724 ;  lives  lost,  447.  Busi- 
ness failures,  10,587  ;  liabilities,  $120,- 
242,402. 

*  *  -92  *  *  Boston.  The  State  House 
is  enlarged  to  double  its  original  size. 

*  *  Kan.  A  convention  of  delegates  at 
Abilene  inaugurates  an  agitation  forthe 
removal  of  the  capital. 

1889  Jan.  1.  Mo.  The  Kichardson 
Drug  Company's  store  at  St.  Louis  is 
burned ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Jan.  10.  U.  S.  An  English  syndicate 
has  purchased  30  breweries,  and 
seeks  control  of  all  others  in  the^ 
country. 


334     1889,  Jan.  11 -Feb.  13 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Jan.  16.  X.  Y.  The  National 
Guard  Association  meets  at  Albany. 

Jan.  19.  The  Atlanta  sails  for  Port-au- 
Prince  to  reenforce  the  Galena. 

Jan.  25.  Loomis  L.  Langdon  is  commis- 
sioned colonel — 1st  artillery  U.  S.  A. 
[Feb.  12.  Also  Kdward  M.  Heyl.  Feb.  17. 
Henry  M.  Lazelle—  18th  infantry.  Feb. 
Adelbert  K.  Buffington —ordnance  de- 
partment.   June?.    George  D.  Ruggles.] 

Jan.  30.  Joseph  C.Breckinridge  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general  U.  S.  A. 

Peb.  9.  Rear-Adm.  Bancroft  Ghe- 
rardi  is  ordered  to  command  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron. 

Peb.  12.  £>.  C.  Commander  Silas  Casey 
is  promoted  captain  U.  S.  N.  [Mar.  26. 
William  T.  Samson  and  Bartlett  J. 
Cromwell.  Mar.  31.  John  W.  Philip. 
Aug.  4.  Henry  F.  Picking.]  Com. 
George  S.  Belknap  is  promoted  rear- 
admiral. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATXJRE. 

1889  Jan.  13.  A  mass  of  the  Horse- 
shoe Rock  drops  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Jan.  15.  X.  y.  Prof.  Brooks,  at  Smith 
Observatory,  discovers  a  comet.  [Also 
Dec.  25.    Another  comet.] 

Jan.  16±,  Xew  York.  Henry  G.  Mar- 
quand  gives  his  collection  of  paintlng^s 
by  the  old  masters  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art. 

Jan.  17.  Xew  Yorh.  Mrs.  Joseph 
Drexel  presents  to  the  Museum  of  Art 
the  antiquities  loaned  to  it  by  her  hus- 
band, and  adds  a  collection  of  casts  and 
coins. 

Jan.  18.  Colo.  Avalanches  occur  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  State. 

Jan.  19.  Xew  York.  A  carload  of  min- 
eral wax,  called  ozocerite,  arrives  from 
Utah. 

Jan.*  Ida.  A  floating  island  300  feet  in 
diameter  is  reported  at  Henry  Lake. 

Feb.  5.  X.  Mex.  The  remnant  of  a  tribe 
of  cliff-dwellers  is  discovered  in  the 
San  Mateo  Mountains.    (See  Nov.  23.) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889. 

Jan.  H.     Taylor,  Alva  B.,manuf.,  A86. 

Jan.  13.  31c(iUl,  Alexander  T.,  l^res.  cler- 
gyman, professor  at  Princeton^  A82. 

Jan.  1,4.  Fbillips,  George  8.,  journalist, 
A73. 

Jan.  19.  Mackenzie,  Ronald  Slidell,  brev. 
maj.-gen.,  A49. 

Jan.  33.    Dolaro,  Selina,  singer,  writer,  A36. 

Felton,   Samuel   Morse,  civil  engineer, 

A79. 

Jan.  36.  Jones,  Roger,  brig.-gen.,  dies  In 
Va. 

Jan.  27.  Cazauran,  Augustus  R.,  author, 
dramatist,  A69. 

Jan.  31.     Locke,  John,  poet,  journalist,  A41. 

Feb.  1.    Steins,  Fredrick  W.,  singer,  A53. 

Feb.  4.     Kisk,  Mary  H.,  writer, author,  dies. 

Cunningham,  Thomas,  R.  C.  clergyman 

of  Elmira,  dies. 

Feb.  1 1.  Dalton,  John  C,  physiologist,  A64. 
Hunt,  Henry  Jackson,  brev.  maj.- 
gen.,  U.  S.  A.,  A70. 

CHURCH. 
1880    Jan.  18.    AHz.    John  M.  Ken- 
dx*ick  is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) bishop  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


Jan.  19.  X.  Y.  A  split  occurs  in  the 
American  Salvation  Army,  one  fac- 
tion renouncing  allegiance  to  Gen. 
Booth. 

Jan.  *  Phila.  Two  members  of  the 
Kristhena  Society  sail  on  the  Gallia 
for  India  to  seek  the  tomb  of  Buddha. 

Jan,  20.  Xew  York.  Archbishop  Cor- 
rigan'a  circular  is  read  in  all  the 
churches  of  his  diocese. 

It  declares  that  every  person  attend- 
ing the  Anti-Poverty  meetings  is  guilty 
of  a  "reserved  sin,"  —  one  that  can  be 
condoned  only  by  confession  to  the  or- 
dinary of  the  diocese;  the  penitent  must 
bear  a  letter  from  the  confessor  explain- 
ing the  nature  of  the  offense. 

Jan.  23.  Pa.  A  Catholic  colonization 
society  is  formed  at  Pittsburg ;  its  ob- 
ject is  to  establish  colonies  in  the  South. 

Jan.  25.  O.  Boyd  Vincent  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Southern  Ohio. 

Jan.  27.  X.  Y.  The  35th  anniversary 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation is  celebrated  in  14  Brooklyn 
churches. 

Feb.  3-f.  Kan.  The  Mennonites  are 
removing  to  Colorado. 

LETTERS. 
1889    Jan.  12.    Cardinal  Melchers  is 

directed  by  the  Pope  to  prepare  a  report 
on  the  complaint  of  Irish  bishops  in 
America  concerning  education. 

Xe\o   York.    The  New  York  College 

for  the  Training  of  Teachers  [Teachers* 
College]  receives  a  provisional  charter. 

Jan.  18.  Mass.  At  Haverhill  a  dis- 
agreement exists  between  the  School 
Board  and  the  French  Catholic  paro- 
chial school ;  legal  steps  are  taken  to 
enforce  the  statute  respecting  public 
schools. 

Jan.  30.  Boston.  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  presents  his  valuable  medical 
library  to  the  Boston  Medical  Library 
Association. 

Jan.  *  Md.  Jacob  I.  Tome,  the  million- 
aire banker  of  Port  Deposit,  gives 
$2,500,000  to  a  board  of  seven  trus- 
tees to  found  a  training-school  in  that 
town. 

It  is  to  be  called  "  The  Tome  Male  and 
Female  Seminary  of  Port  De^sit ;  '* 
the  sum  of  $500,000  goes  for  buildings, 
and  $2,000»000  for  maintenance. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Jan.  22.  Pa.  The  joint  resolution 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  State 
Constitution  prohibiting  the  sale  or 
manufacture  of  intoxicating  liquors 
passes  the  House.    Vote,  132-58. 

Jan.  24.  Wis.  A  bill  is  introduced  in 
the  Legislature  making  prize-fighting 
a  penal  offense, 

Jan.  25.  Dak.  The  House  defeats  woman 
STiffrage  in  committee  of  the  whole. 
Vote,  17-28. 

Jan.  26.  X.  Y.  A  strike  for  higher 
wages  and  shorter  hours  occurs  on  the 
Brooklyn  street  railroads ;  the  em- 
ployees tie  up  the  roads. 


Jan.  29.  Ark.  John  M.  Clayton  (Rep.), 
who  claims  the  election,  is  assassi- 
nated while  searching  for  proofs  of  his 
election. 

Jan.  *  Md.  An  asylum  for  children  of 
feeble  minds  is  opened  at  Baltimore. 

Feb.  4.  Xew  York.  President  Cleve- 
land becomes  a  prospective  partner  in 
a  law  firm. 

Feb.  5.  Mass.  The  House  votes  to  sub- 
mit the  question  of  prohibition  to  the 
people.    Vote,  IG1-C9. 

Feb.  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  A  select  com- 
mittee of  the  Senate  reports  in  favor  of 
woman  suffrage.  [No  further  action 
is  taken.] 

Feb.  8.  Dak.  The  \Voman  Suffrage 
BiU  is  defeated  in  the  Legislature. 

Feb.  11,  Xev.  The  people  vote  on  14 
amendments  to  the  Constitution,  in- 
cluding one  extending  to  women  the  right 
to  hold  school  offices  ;  all  are  adopted 
except  the  one  authorizing  lotteries. 

STATE. 

1889  Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  continues  the  debate  on  the 
Tariff ;  the  House  is  paralyzed  by  a 
deadlock,  xmtil  J.  B.  Weaver  of  la., 
a  greenback  member,  makes  an  agree- 
ment with  the  Democrats ;  then  the 
Pension,  Military  Academy,  and 
Consular  Appropriation  Bills  are 
passed. 

jr.    Va.    The   State  Supreme  Court 

quashes  a  motion  intended  to  prevent 
the  Legislature  declaring  the  vote,  which 
on  the  face  of  the  returns  elects  Nathan 
Goff  for  governor. 

Jan.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  Bankruptcy  Bill  of  24  articles. 

U.  S.    The  electoral  coUeges  of  the 

different  States  meet  in  their  respective 
capitals,  cast  their  ballots  for  President 
and  Vice-President,  and  appoint  mes- 
sengers to  convey  the  certificates  of 
these  elections  to  Washington. 

Jan.  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill  and  considers 
the  admission  of  South  Dakota. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Tariff  Bill,  and  receives 
the  correspondence  in  the  Samoan  af- 
fair; also  that  relating  to  the  seizing  of 
the  Haitian  Ilepublic ;  the  House  con- 
siders the  Territorial  Bills  providing 
for  the  erection  of  States. 

Jan.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  BiH,  disposes  of  the 
tin-plate  paragraph,  and  reaches  the 
sugar  schedule,  and  then  passes  the 
Bankruptcy  Bill ;  the  House  considers 
the  Territorial  Bills. 

Jan.  18.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  sugar-bounty  section  of  the 
Tariff  BiU.  Vote,  37-23.  The  House 
adoi)ts  the  Springer  Omnibus  Bill  as 
a  substitute  for  the  Senate  bill,  admit- 
ting South  Dakota.  Vote,  133-120. 

Jan.  19.  D.  C.  President-elect  Harrison 
offers  the  secretaryship  of  the  interior 
to  Andrew  Carnegie.    [It  is  declined.] 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Jan.  11-Feb.  13.    335 


Congress :  The  Senate  debates  the 
Tariff  Bill ;  the  House  in  Committee 
of  the  Whole  passes  the  Fortifications 
Appropriations  Bill,  and  the  Ford 
Committee  introduces  a  bill  for  the 
stringent  repression  of  immigration, 
especially  of  the  criminal  class. 

The  Creek  Indian  delegates  cede  the 
western  part  of  their  domain  to  Con- 
gress for  $2,280,857.  [Ratified  by  the 
Creeks  on  Jan,  31.] 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  substitute  Tarriff  Bill;  vote, 
32-30. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
asks  for  a  conference  with  the  House  on 
the  Mills  Tariff  Bill,  and  discusses  the 
Trust  Bill  prohibiting  combinations  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  competition  ; 
the  House  adopts  several  amendments 
to  the  Sundry  Civil  Bill. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
only  is  in  session ;  it  refers  the  Senate 
Tariff  Bill  to  the  Ways  and  Means 
Committee. 

Jan,  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Senate  Pension  Bill. 

Jan.  29.  />.  C.  Congress ;  The  Senate 
decides  to  discuss  Samoan  affairs  with 
open  doors,  and  adopts  an  amendment 
to  raise  ministers  to  England,  France, 
Germany,  and  Russia  to  the  rank  of 
ambassadoi^;  the  House  appropriates 
$500,000  for  a  Library  building. 

Jan.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
considers  the  Samoan  question,  and 
discusses  the  British  £!xtradition 
Treaty;  the  House  debates  the  Okla- 
homa Bill  providing  for  its  opening  to 
settlers, 

Jan.  31.  D,  C,  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  Samoan  amendments  re- 
ported by  the  Foreign  Affairs  Committee 
and  refuses  to  raise  certain  ministers  to 
the  rank  of  ambassadors.  Vote,  26- 
25.  The  House  discusses  and  amends 
the  Oklahoma  Bill. 

Jan.*  Tenn.  The  Australian  Ballot 
System  is  adopted. 

Feb.  I,  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
appropriates  $600,000  for  the  pro- 
tection of  American  Interests  in  Sa- 
moa; it  rejects  the  Anglo-American 
Treaty.  Vote,  38-15.  The  House  passes 
the  Oklahoma  Bill.    Vote,  U8-102. 

The  President  informs  Congress  that 
the  State  Department  is  advised  that 
German  troops  will  be  withdrawn  from 
Samoa,  and  the  neutrality  of  the  islands 
preserved. 

Feb.  2.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Naval  Appropriation  BiU 
with  an  amendment  devoting  $100,000 
for  a  coaling  station  at  Pango-Pango, 
Samoa. 

Xeb.    The  State  Senate  accepts  the 

amendments  to  the  submission  resolu- 
tion made  by  the  House;  it  provides 
that  the  people  shall  vote  at  the  next 
election  whether  prohibition  or  high 
license  shall  be  incorporated  into  tlie 
Constitution. 

Feb.  3.  Eng.  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote 
is  appointed  to  succeed  Lord  SackviUe- 
Wegt  as  British  minister  at  Washington. 
(See  Jan.  8.) 


Feb.  5.  D,  C.  Congress:  The  House 
discusses  the  report  on  the  Nicaragua 
Bill. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Legislative  Appropriation 
Bill ;  the  House  agrees  to  the  conference 
report  on  the  Nicaragua  Canal  Bill. 
Vote,  177-60. 

The  bill  provides  for  the  incorporation 
of  a  company  to  construct,  equip,  and 
operate  a  ship  canal,  either  entirely 
through  the  territory  of  Nicaragua  or 
in  part  through  the  territory  of  Costa 
Rica,  and  otherwise  to  have  such  powers 
as  have  been  conferred  on  the  Nica- 
ragua Association.  The  capital  stock 
of  the  company  is  to  be  $100,000,000, 
with  authority  to  increase  it  to  $200,- 
000,000. 

Secretary  Bayard  informs  the  German 
minister  that  Bismarck's  proposal  for 
a  conference,  concerning  Samoa,  in 
Berlin,  has  been  accepted. 

JV,  y.    The  Senate  passes  the  Naval 

Militia  Bill. 

Feb.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
continues  the  discussion  of  the  Xiegls- 
lative  Bill ;  a  select  committee  report  in 
favor  of  an  amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion which  shall  provide  for  woman 
suffrage;  the  House  debates  the  Army 
Appropriation  Bill. 

Feb.  8.  /).  C.  Congrress :  The  President 
submits  the  proposal  of  Germany  for  a 
resumption  of  the  Samoan  Confer- 
ence. The  Senate  passes  the  Xiegisla- 
tive  Appropriation  and  the  Pension 
Appropriation  Bills;  it  discusses  the 
Union  Pacific  Hailroad  Funding 
BiU ;  the  House  passes  the  Army  BiU, 
after  making  several  amendments. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  establish  a  United 
States  Court  in  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  the  Fortifications  BiU ;  it  consid- 
ers the  Union  Pacific  Refunding  BiU ; 
the  House  debates  the  Post-office  Ap- 
propriation BiU. 

President  Cleveland  dismisses  Judge 
A.  P.  Edgerton  from  the  Civil  Service 
Commission, 

Feb.  10±.  The  Legislatures  of  10  West- 
ern States  resolve  to  investigate  the 
beef  trust. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  British  Fxtradition 
Treaty;  it  passes  the  bill  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  interests  of  the  United 
States  in  Panama. 

The  President  signs  the  bill  creating 
the  new  Department  of  Agriculture, 
and  sends  to  the  Senate  the  nomination 
of  the  present  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture, Norman  J.  Coleman,  as  Secre- 
tary of  the  Department. 

Utah.     The   GentUes  defeat  the 

Mormons  in  the  municipal  election  at 
Ogden. 

Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Presi- 
dent transmits  the  correspondence  with 
England  and  other  countries  relative  to 
the  Bering  Sea  Fisheries.  The  Senate 
considers  the  election  outrages  in 
Texas ;  it  passes  the  Naval  Appropri- 


ation BiU;  The  House  discusses  the 
Smalls-EUiott  contest  for  admission 
from  South  Carolina. 
Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress  :  A  joint  ses- 
sion is  held,  and  the  electoral  vote  is 
counted;  Benjamin  Harrison  is  offi- 
cially declared  elected  President,  and 
Levi  P.  Morton  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States. 

Vote  :  President :  Grover  Cleveland 
<Dem.>of  N.  Y.,  168  ;  Benjamin  Harri- 
son (Rep.)  of  Ind.,  233  ;  Clinton  B.  Fisk 
(Prohib.)  of  N.  J.,  0  ;  Alson  J.  Streetcr 
(Union  Labor)  of  111.,  0;  R.  H.  Cowdry 
(United Labor) of  111., 0;  James  L.Curtis 
(American)  of  N.  Y.,  0.  Fur  Vice-Presi- 
dent :  Allen  G.  Thurman  (Dem.)  of  O., 
168;  LeviP.  Morton(Uep.)of  N.  Y.,233; 
John  A.  Brooks  (Prohib.)  of  Mo.,  C.  E. 
Cunningham  ( L'nion  Labor)  of  Ark.,  W. 
H.T.Wakefield  (United  Labor)  of  Kan., 
and  James  B.  Greer  (American)  of  Tenn., 
each  0. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Jan.  13.  Keio  Yfrrk.  Many  of  the 
Fifth  Avenue  stac^ea  are  withdrawn 
from  Sunday  use. 

Jan.  14.  O.  A  passenger  train  runs 
into  a  freight  train  at  Tallmadge,  kill- 
ing the  engineers,  firemen,  and  eight 
passengers. 

Jan.  15.  Cal.  The  Santa  Monicahotel 
is  burned. 

Jan.  18.  President  Cleveland  is  named 
as  one  of  the  arbitrators  in  a  dispute 
between  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Kica. 

Jan.  21.  Mich,  A  car  is  thrown  from 
the  track  at  Watersmeet ;  the  lieuten- 
ant-governor and  others  are  killed  and 
several  wounded. 

Jan.  22.  X.  Y.  Senator  Cantor  intro- 
duces the  $1,000,000  canal  bill  at 
Albany ;  it  proposes  the  enlargement  of 
the  Erie  Canal. 

Jan.  23,  ^.  T.  The  victorious  yacht 
Volunteer  is  purchased  by  the  Seawan- 
haka  Yacht  Club. 

Jan.  24.  The  Union  Palace  Car  Com- 
pany sells  out  to  the  Pullman  Car  Com- 
pany for  less  than  $3,000,000. 

Jan.  26.  The  loss  of  several  vessels  and 
many  lives  at  sea  is  reported. 

The  schooner  Annie  E.  Had  and  the 
ship  Sarah  and  Emma,  each  lose  eight 
lives;  the  schooner  Auqust  Flower, 
seven;  and  the  schooner  icila  A.,  nine. 

Dak.  The  railroad  taxes  are  re- 
pealed. 

Jan.  29.  Mick.  The  first  convention 
of  furniture  manufacturers  meets  at 
Grand  Kapids. 

Jan.  *  Md.  A  train  is  thrown  from  the 
track  near  Lincoln  City,  and  36  persons 
are  injured, 

Feb.  1.  Pa.  A  mine  explosion  at 
Plymouth  causes  the  death  of  six  men. 

Feb.  2,  J.V.  y.  Extensive  business  prop- 
erty in  Buffalo  is  bmmed,  loss 
$3,000,000;  1,000  persons  are  thrown 
out  of  work, 

Feb.  5.  -\*.  }'.  Seven  loggers  and  24 
teams  break  through  the  ice,  and  are 
drowned  in  Pine  Lake,  Fulton  County. 

Feb.  6.  r.  S.  A  trust  is  formed  of  19 
of  the  largest  firms  making  sewer  pipes. 


336     1889,  Feb.  13-Mar.  21. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1889  Feb.  14.  Rear-Adni.  George  E. 
Belknap  is  sent  to  command  the  fleet 
on  the  Asiatic  station. 

Mar.  15.  Samoan  Is.  Three  war-ves- 
sels are  wrecked,  the  Nipsic^  seven  lives 
lost ;  the  Van(fatia,  43  lives  lost ;  and 
the  Trenton ;  all  lost  by  the  same  storm. 

D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War,  by  spe- 
cial order,  abolishes  Sunday  dress- 
parades  at  military  posts. 

Mar.  17.  Okta.  The  boomers  are  driven 
out  by  the  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1889    Feb.  18.    Ala.    Many  people  are 
killed  or  injured  by  a  cyclone  in  Bibb 
County. 
Feb.  21.    Ind.  Ter.    Gold  is  discovered. 
[Also  Apr.  23.    In  Franklin  Co.,  \a.. 
Aug.  1.    At  Ai-rowrock,  Ark.    Sept.  20. 
At  Irvington,  H.J.     Oct.  3.     In  Wyo- 
ming.] 

Feb.  23.  N.  Y.  At  Saranao  Lake  the 
mercury  falls  to  34"  below  zero. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1689 

Feb!  15.    McTyeire,  Meth.  Epis.  South,  cler- 
gyman, editor,  bishop,  At>5. 
Feb.  19.   Jones,  Justin  Edw., publisber,  A74. 
Feb.  21.    Flood,  James  C,"  bonanza  king," 

of  Cal.,  A63. 
Wharton,    Francis,    Boltcitor   of   State 

Department,  author,  A68. 
Hickey,    I'atrick,    editor,    author,     of 

Brooklyn,  A43. 
Mar.   5.     liooth,    Mary    Louise,    editor    of 

Harper^s  Bazar^  A58. 
Mar.  7.    liartlett,  Sidney,  lawyer,  of  Boston, 

A90. 
Williamson,  Isaiah  V.,  philanthropist,  of 

Phila.,  Am. 
Mar.  8.    Ericsson,  John,  engineer,  designer 

of  Monitor^  scientist,  AHi>. 
Mar.  e.    TowDShend,  Kicliard  W.,  M.  C.  for 

111.,  A 49. 
Mar.  12.    Davis,  John  Lee,  rear-adm.  r.  S. 

N.,  Af>4. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Feb.  14,  It,  The  Pope  and  con- 
sistory publicly  confirm  the  new  bishops 
of  Detroit,  Natchez,  and  Wichita. 

Feb.  17.  Chicago.  **  Billy"  Sunday,  a 
■well-known  base-ball  player,  makes  his 
appearance  as  an  evangelist. 

New  York.    A  circular  letter  from 

Pope  Leo  is  read  in  all  the  diocesan 
churches. 

It  affirms  that  the  rejection  of  Catho- 
lic doctrine  is  frauj^ht  with  evil,  and  that 
Cliristian  faith  is  the  cure  for  all  social 
evils. 

Feb.  21,  New  York.  The  Catholic  pil- 
grims to  the  Holy  Xiand  sail  on  the 
Wieland. 

There  are  over  500  priests  and  laymen 
—  the  object  being  to  raise  money  for 
the  maintenance  of  shrines  and  sacred 
places  in  Palestine ;  the  pilgrimage  is 
to  occupy  84  days. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Pope  Leo  writes  a 
letter  approving  the  statutes  of  the 
new  Catholic  university  at  Washington, 
and  lauding  the  zeal  and  intelligence  of 
the  Catholics  of  America. 

Feb.  27.  N.  Y.  The  Federate  Coimcil 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of 
New  York  forms  a  province  out  of  the 
fire  dioceses  of  the  State. 


Feb.  *  New  York.  The  New  York  Pres- 
bytery vote  93  to  43  for  a  revision  of 
their  creed. 

Feb.  *  Ph'Ua.  A  church  for  deaf- 
mutes  is  consecrated.  It  is  the  only 
congregation  in  the  world  entirely  man- 
aged by  the  deaf. 

Mar.  14.  O.  Thomas  E wing  Sherman, 
son  of  Gen.  Sherman,  becomes  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus.  [July  7.  He 
receives  final  orders  in  the  priesthood.] 

Mar.  18,  It.  The  American  pilgrims 
visit  Rome,  and  receive  the  Pope's  bless- 
ing.   (See  Feb.  2L) 

LETTERS. 

1889  Feb.  13.  The  third  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Newspaper 
Publishers*  Association  opens. 

Feb.  14.  Miss.  Mayor  R.  W.  Millsap 
of  Jackson  subscribes  $50,000  to  build 
and  endow  a  college  for  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  South. 

Feb.  22.  Me.  A  free  public  library, 
costing  $100,000,  is  presented  by 
James  P.  Baxter  to  the  city  of  Portland. 

Feb.  23.  Boston.  Amos  W.  Stetson 
of  Boston  gives  to  W^ellesley  College 
a  fine  collection  of  paintings,  65  in 
number,  valued  at  $30,000. 

Mar.  4.  Pa.  Dedication  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  school-building  in  Pittsburg. 

Bishop  Keane  of  Wheeling  severely 
denounces  the  American  public-school 
system ;  he  says  that  it  is  a  divorce 
from  moral  and  religious  training,  and 
that  the  only  way  to  counteract  its 
effect  is  to  establish  Christian  schools. 

.V.   //,      At   Camden   a  fine  public 

library  is  opened;  it  is  the  gift  of 
ex-Gov.  Smyth  to  his  native  town. 

Mar.  10.  New  York.  Dr.  M'Glynn  at- 
tacks parochial  schools  in  a  public 
address. 

Mar.  11.  Pa.  A.  J.  Drexel  purchases  the 
Lonella  Mansion  at  Wayne,  and  selects 
trustees  and  managers  for  the  Drexel 
Industrial  College  for  Women. 

Mar.  13.  D.  C.  Pope  Leo  issues  a 
brief  approving  the  statutes  of  the 
Washington  University. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Feb.  21.  Boston.  The  Board  of 
Police  Commissioners  increase  the 
cost  of  liquor  licenses  for  the  year 
commencing  May  1. 

Mar.  1.  Ariz.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
bill,  which  is  signed  by  the  governor, 
making  train-robbery  a  capital  crime. 

Mar.  8.  li.  I.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives passes  a  bill  to  resubmit  the 
Prohibitory  Amendment  to  the  peo- 
ple.    Vote,  41-25. 

Mar.  9.  Ind.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
bill  to  punish  bribers. 

Cal.    A  bill  allowing  women  to  vote 

for  school  comraissionera  passes  the 
Senate. 

Mar.  12.  A'  H.  The  people  vote  on 
seven  amendments  to  the  Constitu- 
tion and  reject  only  one,  the  prohibition 
of  the  liquor-traffic. 


Mar.  14.  /.  Ter.  Boomers  are  pouring 
into  the  Cherokee  strip  from  Arkansas. 

Mar.  21.  Conn.  The  Senate  concurs  with 
the  House  in  passing  a  bill  which  pro- 
hibits selling,  giving,  or  delivering  to- 
bacco in  any  form  to  persons  imder 
16  years  of  age  ;  it  also  prohibits  mi- 
nors from  using  tobacco  in  cigarettes  or 
in  any  other  form. 

O.    A  reform  ticket  is  put  in  the 

field  in  Cincinnati  by  the  Committee  of 
Five  Hundred ;  its  object  is  to  enforce 
the  laws,  and  keep  liquor^shops  closed 
on  Sundays. 

STATE. 

1889  Feb.  13.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  the  Texas  election  outrages ; 
the  House  decides  the  Smalls-Elliott 
election  contest  in  favor  of  Elliott. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Senate  on  the 
British  Extradition  Treaty  are  made 
public. 

Feb.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
receives  a  resolution  calling  for  the 
Byrnes  Report  on  the  alleged  customs 
fraud  in  New  York  City :  it  confirms 
the  nomination  of  Carroll  D.  Wright  as 
Commissioner  of  Labor. 

•  Afe.    The  House  of   Representatives 

rejects  the  Australian  baUot  system. 

Feb.  15.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
continues  the  discussion  of  the  Texas 
election  outrages:  The  House  sends 
back  to  the  Senate  the  Dakota  Bill. 
Vote,  149-101.  It  passes  the  Senate  Bill 
appropriating  $250,000  for  the  pro- 
tection of  American  interests  in  Pan- 
ama ;  Mr.  Mills  of  Texas  reports  ad- 
versely the  Senate  substitute  Tariff 
Bill. 

Feb.  16,  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  political  outrages  in  Texas ; 
in  the  House  four  Revenue  Bills  are 
reported,  and  the  Post-office  BiU  is 
discussed.  The  Committee  on  Fish- 
eries recommends  measures  to  secure 
American  rights  in  Bering  Sea. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
considers  changes  in  the  Sundry  Civil 
BiU;  the  House  has  trouble  in  consid- 
ering the  conference  report  on  the  Di- 
rect Tax  BiU  because  of  filibustering ; 
a  resolution  is  introduced  by  J.  B.  Mor- 
gan of  Miss,  inviting  Canadian  officials 
to  visit  this  country  for  observation. 

Feb.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
agrees  to  the  Springer  House  BiU  to 
admit  four  new  States  to  the  Union  — 
North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana, 
and  Washington ;  the  House  adopts  the 
conference  report  on  the  Direct  Tax 
BiU  and  sends  it  to  President  Clevehiud; 
the  President  signs  the  Nicaragua 
Canal  BiU. 

The  State  Department  is  notified  that 
a  supplementary  treaty  of  amity,  navi- 

gation,  and  commerce  \vith  Japan  has 
een  signed  by  Minister  Hubbard  on  be- 
half of  the  United  States. 
Feb.  21.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the   Sundry  Civil   BiU;    the 
House  passes  the  Post-office  BUI;  Mr. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1889,  Feb.  13 -Mar.  21.    337 


Randall  of  Pa.  introduces  a  resolution 
calling  for  the  consideration  of  the 
Cowles  Tobacco  Tax  Bill. 

/.'.  /.    The  Legislature  approves  the 

Australian  ballot  system. 

Feb.  22.  n.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
passes  the  Simdry  Civil  and  Agricul- 
tural Bills;  in  the  House  Mr.  Mills's 
resolution  regarding  the  Senate's  taritf 
action  is  defeated.  Vote,  143-S8.  The 
hills  to  retire  Gen.  Rosecrans  and  to 
pension  the  widow  of  Gen.  Sheridan 
are  passed ;  Mrs.  Sheridan  is  to  receive 
$50,000. 

The  President  signs  an  enabling  Act 
for  the  framing  of  State  constitutions 
for  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and 
"Washington,  and  for  their  admission 
into  the  Union  ;  provision  is  made  for 
the  division  of  Dakota. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  resolutions  relative  to  elec- 
tions in  the  South ;  the  House  debates 
tlie  Deficiency  Bill,  and  eulogies  are 
delivered  on  the  late  Congressman 
James  N.  Burnes  of  Mo. 

President  Cleveland  vetoes  the  River 
and  Harbor  Bill. 

Feb.  26.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sioux  Bill;  also  the  Army 
Appropriation  Bill,  with  some 
changes  ;  Mr.  Spooncr  of  III.  introduces 
bills  for  the  supervision  and  protection 
of  Congressional  elections ;  in  the 
House  bills  are  introduced  to  admit  into 
the  Union  the  Territories  of  Arizona, 
Idaho,  Wyoming,  and  New  Mexico. 
President  Cleveland  by  proclamation 
calls  a  special  session  of  the  Senate 
for  March  4th. 

Cal.    The  Anti-Insurance  Trust 

Bill  passes  the  Senate. 

Feb.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  protect  salmon  in 
Alaska  rivers ;  bills  are  introduced  to 
admit  Wyoming  and  Idaho  to  state- 
hood ;  the  House  passes  the  Indian 
Appropriation  Bill;  obstructive  tac- 
tics prevent  action  on  the  Cowles 
bin. 

Feb.  28.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Post-office  Bill,  and  votes 
down  the  House  amendments  to  the  In- 
terstate Commerce  Act;  the  House 
considers  conference  reports  on  various 
appropriation  bills. 

Mar.   1.     D.  C.     Congress  ratifies  the 
ceding  of  one  half  of  the  Creek  lands 
,  in    Oklahoma    to  the  Federal    govern- 

ment. 

Congress:  The  Senate  receives  from 
Secretary  Fairchild  the  result  of  the  in- 
vestigation into  alleged  sugar  frauds; 
the  House  passes  a  joint  resolution 
in  favor  of  commercial  union  with 
Canada. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
considers  the  Appropriation  BiUs,  and 
^  pjisses  the  Direct  Tax  Bill  over  Presi- 
A/  dent  Cleveland's  veto.  Vote,  45-9.  The 
^B-  House  is  occupied  with  Appropriation 
B  Bills. 
^K,        The  50th  Congress  closes. 


Itid.    Gov.  Hovey  decides  to  ask  the 

courts  to  pass  on  the  authority  of  tho 
Legislature  in  making  appointments. 

Kan.     The  J^egislature  passes  a  bill 

making  trusts,  combinations,  and 
pools  illegal. 

Mar.  3.  I>.  C.  President  Cleveland  signs 
the  bill  amending  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Act. 

The  23d  Administration;  Republi- 
can. 
Mar.  4,    7).  C.    Benjamin  Harrison  of 

Ind.,  the  23d  President,  in  tlie  26th  term 
of  the  presidency,  is  inaugurated.  Levi 
P.  Morton  of  N.  V.  is  Vice-President. 

The  Senate  meets  in  special  session 
chiefly  to  consider  the  nominations  to 
be  made  by  the  President. 

ir,  Va.    At  Charleston  both  Nathan 

Goff  and  President  Carrof  the  Senate 
take  the  oath  of  office  as  governor ;  they 
demand  that  Gov.  Wilson  shall  vacate 
the  governorship,  which  he  declines  to 
do. 

Mar.  5.  />.  C.  The  Senate  receives  and 
confirms  the  Cabinet  nominations  of 
President  Harrison. 

Cabinet:  James  G.  Blaine  of  Me. 
(State),  "William  Windom  of  Minn. 
(TreaR.),Redfleld  Proctor  of  Vt.  (War), 
Benjamin  F,  Tracy  of  N.  Y.  (Navy), 
John  W.  Noble  of  Mo.  ( Interior) ,  Jere- 
miah M.  Rusk  of  Wis.  (Agriculture), 
William  H.  H.  Miller  of  Ind.  (Atty- 
Gen.),  John  Wanamaker  of  Pa.  (P.  M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar.  6.  Ark'.  A  reform  ballot  law 
passes  the  Senate. 

Mar.  7.  D,  C.  The  Senate  elects  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  president  pro  tem- 
pore. 

Jf.    Va.      The  attorneys  of    Nathan 

Goff  begin  mandamus  proceedings  over 
the  governorship. 

Mar.  8,  Afe.  The  British  schooner  Glean- 
er, from  St.  John  for  New  York,  is  seized 
at  Boothbay  for  non-entry ;  the  fine  is 
$1,500. 

Mar.  9.  A".  V.  Ernest  H.  Crosby  intro- 
duces a  bill  in  the  State  Assembly  to 
make  New  York  City  and  Brooklyn 
one  municipality.  [Apr.  4.  It  is  or- 
dered to  a  tliird  reading.] 

jr.  Va.    The  Supreme  Court  of  W. 

Va.  decides  tliat  tho  failure  of  the  Legis- 
lature to  declare  the  result  of  the  late 
gubernatorial  election  creates  a  vacancy 
which  entitles  Gov.  Wilson  to  retain 
the  ofl3.ce  until  the  result  is  legally  de- 
clared. 

N.  v.    Mr.  Sheehan  introduces  in  the 

Legislature  a  substitute  for  the  Sax- 
ton  Ballot  Reform  Bill. 

Mar.  16.  OI:la.  The  Seminole  Indians 
formally  convey  their  lands  to  Congress, 
according  to  the  treaty  of  1886. 

Mar.  20.  New  york:  Ex-President 
Grover  Cleveland  is  elected  a  member 
of  the  Tammany  Society. 

Mar.  21.  Neb.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  to  tax  sleeping  and  dining  cars. 


R.  I.  Herbert  W.  Ladd  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Feb.  13.  Chicago.  The  South- 
ern hotel  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Feb.  15  ±.  N.  Y.  The  Rochester 
breweries  are  purchased  by  an  English 
syndicate.  [Mar.  5.  Five  Chicago  brew- 
eries are  sold  for  $1,800,000.  Mar.  6. 
Three  leading  breweries  in  New  York 
are  also  sold.] 

Feb.  17.  Chicago.  A  building  14  stories 
high  coUapses. 

Conn.   P.  T.  Bamum's  home  at  Sea 

Side  Park  is  burned  ;  loss,  $25,000. 

The  Park  Central  Hotel  at  Hartford 
collapses  after  a  boiler  explosion  ;  50 
persons  are  buried  in  the  ruins. 

The  Court  of  Claims  gives  judgment 

for  81,002,517  in  favor  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  in  its  suit  against 
the  United  States,  for  withheld  divi- 
dends. 

Feb.  20.  Cal.  The  town  of  Gueme- 
ville,  Sonoma  Co.,  is  nearly  destroyed 
by  fire. 

Fla.  The  Sub-Tropical  Exposition 

at  Jacksonville  opens  with  a  large  at- 
tendance. 

-* —  Ky.  A  railroad  bridge  at  Spottsville 
gives  way  ;  12  men  are  killed. 

Minn.      Two    children    are  attacked 

and  devoured  by  wolves  at  Aitkin, 

Feb.  21.  Belle  Boyd,  the  famous  colt, 
is  sold  for  $51,000. 

Feb.  24.  Pa.  More  than  50  people  are 
injured  in  a  railroad  accident  at  Koar- 
ing  Branch. 

Feb.  25.  Kan.  Fire  destroys  200,000 
bushels  of  wheat  in  a  flour-mill  at 
Leavenworth. 

Feb.  26.  Chicago.  The  Standard  Oil 
Company  gains  control  of  the  gas 
companies. 

Feb.  28.  Mo.  A  convention  of  delegates 
from  commercial  bodies  assembles  in 
St.  Louis  to  draft  a  new  bankruptcy 
law. 

Feb,  *  Wis.  At  a  fire  in  Milwaukee, 
12  firemen  are  buried  in  the  ruins  of 
a  building. 

Mar.  5.  Cal.  Many  persons  start  for 
the  alleged  new  gold  fields  in  Southern 
California.    [The  fraud  is  soon  exposed.] 

Pa.     The    Reading    Iron   "Works 

fail;  the  liabilities  are  estimated  at 
$1,000,000. 

Mar.  11.  Neto  York.  The  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  s,ucceeds  after  long 
endeavor  in  making  close  connections 
with  New  York  City. 

Pa.  Five  men  are  killed  and  11  in- 
jured by  a  boiler  explosion  at  Pitts- 
burg. 

Mar.  15.  The  sugar  trust  raises  the 
price  of  sugar  one  cent  a  pound. 

Mar.  16.  Va.  The  bark  PetfengMl  of 
Portland,  Me.,  is  wrecked  on  the 
Virginia  Cape ;  14  lives  are  lost. 


338     1889,  Mar.  22- May  13. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Mar.  25,  Ariz,  Chitachuan  and 
15  Indian  warriors  are  intrenched  14 
miles  north  of  San  Carlo's  agency. 

Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Com.  David  B.  Harmony- 
is  promoted  rear-admiral. 

Apr.  2.  The  Richmond,  Alert,  and  Adams 
are  ordered  to  Samoa. 

Apr.  20.  CaL  Lieut.  Ripley  and  29  sea- 
men, hurt  in  the  storm  off  Samoa,  arrive 
at  San  Francisco. 

Apr.  29.  New  York.  The  ^reat  centen- 
nial parade  includes  a  naval  proces- 
sion ;  300  vessels  sail  through  the  harbor 
in  celebration  of  the  adoption  of  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  A  centennial  mili- 
tary procession  of  65,000  men  marches 
through  some  of  the  principal  streets. 

Apr.  *  Va.  The  Pensacola,  while  being 
cleaned  and  repaired  at  her  dock  in 
Portsmouth,  fills  with  water  and  sinks. 

May  12.  ,Samoa.  The  battery  of  the  Tren- 
ton  has  been  saved  at  Apia,  and  efforts  are 
being  made  to  save  that  of  the  Vandalia. 

May  13.  Cal.  The  cruaier  Charleston 
arrives  at  San  Francisco  from  Santa 
Barbara. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Mar.  28.  Tex.  Tin  ore  is  discov- 
ered in  Pecos  county. 

Mar.  *  New  York.  John  Ericsson  ex- 
hibits his  apparatus  for  condensing  so- 
lar rays  for  motive  power. 

Mar.*  New  York.  Henry  G.  Marquand 
is  elected  president  of  the  Aletropolitan 
Museum  of  Art.  Mrs,  John  Crosby 
Brown  presents  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Ajrt  the  finest  private  col- 
lection of  musical  instruments  known 
to  exist  in  this  country  ;  estimated  value, 
$35,000.  President  Marquand  declines  a 
gift  of  $10,000  from  Mr. Walters  of  Balti- 
more, it  being  conditioned  upon  keeping 
the  doors  of  the  Metropolitan  Muse- 
um of  Art  open  on  Sunday. 

Apr.  1.  Cal.  A  new  comet  is  discov- 
ered by  Mr.  Barnard  at  the  Lick  Ob- 
servatory. 

Apr.  2,  Pa.  A  big  landslide  occurs 
on  Second  Avenue  at  Pittsburg. 

Apr.  3,  4.  .S'.  Dak. —  Minn.  "Wind 
storms  and  prairie  fires  damage  and 
destroy  fully  $2,000,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty ;  whole  villages  are  swept  out  of 
existence,  rendering  hundreds  of  fami- 
lies homeless ;  several  lives  are  known 
to  be  lost. 

Apr.  8.  N.  Y.  Rich  strikes  of  oil  are 
made  at  Andover. 

Apr.  16.  D.  C.  The  annual  session  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences 
begins  in  Washington.  [Apr.  17.  It  elects 
Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh  president.] 

Apr.  19.  O.  A  shower  of  snails  occurs 
at  Tiffin. 

Apr.  22.  New  York.  Centennial  Ixjan 
Exhibition  opens  at  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House.    [May  8.    It  closes.] 


Apr.  28.  Minn.  Helics  of  the  mound- 
builders  are  found, 

Apr.  *  All  the  States  and  Dakota  Terri- 
tory now  have  A^icultural  Experi- 
ment Stations  established  under  act  of 
Congress. 

Apr.*  N.  Y.  Natural  gas  in  large  quan- 
tities is  discovered  near  Canisteo  while 
drilling  an  oil-well. 

May  3.  Ind.  A  subterranean  water- 
course, 12  feet  wide  and  6  feet  deep,  is 
discovered  12  miles  from  Hartford  City. 

Dak.    A  shower  of  frogs  occurs  at 

Jamestown. 

May  9.  ///.  The  mercury  rises  to  94* 
at  Bloomington  —  the  highest  tempera- 
ture in  May  for  25  years. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889. 

Mar.  0S.  Campbell,  John  A., associate  Jus- 
tice of  U.  S.  S.  Ct.,  A77. 

Matthews.  Stanley.  Justice  U.  S.  S. 

Ct,  A65. 

Mar.  S3.  Tilton,  W.  S.,  brig.-gen.,  dieSt 
Mass. 

Mar.  31.  Sleeper,  Jacob,  philanthropist,  of 
lioston,  AST. 

Apr.  4.  Remington,  Phllo,  inventor,  manu- 
facturer of  flrearnis,  A73. 

Apr.  7.    Vroomau,  Henry,  sen.  for  Cal.,  A45. 

Apr.  9.  Patterson,  Tliomas  H.,  rear-adni., 
A69. 

Apr.  14.  Chittenden,  Simeon  B.,  million- 
aire merchant,  of  Brooklyn,  A75. 

Taylor.  William  R.,  rear-adm.,  A78. 

Apr.  S5.  Pearson,  Henry  G.,  postmaster  of 
N.  Y.  City,  A44. 

Apr.  27.  Barnard,  Frederick  Augustus  P., 
pres.  of  Columbia  College,  author,  A80. 

Apr.  29.  Croly,  David  G.,  journalist,  of 
N.  Y.,  A60. 

Apr.  30.  Bamum,  William  H.,  senator  for 
Conn.,  chairman  Pem.  Nat.  Com.,  A71. 

May  9.  Harney,  William  Selby,  maj.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A89. 

O'Connor,  William  Douglas,  au.,  A57. 

May  13.  Bishop,  Washington  Irving, 
"mind-reader  "  in  N.  Y.,  A42. 


CHURCH. 

1889   Mar.  26.    Wis.    Cyrus  F.  Knight 

is    consecrated    (Protestant    Episcopal) 
bisliop  of  Milwaukee. 

Mar.  *  President  Harrison  and  every 
member  of  his  Cabinet,  excepting  Secre- 
taries Proctor  and  Kusk,are  Presbyte- 
rians.   {World.) 

Mar.  *  Miss  Flavin,  an  English  Koman 
Catholic,  passes  through  America  on  her 
way  to  Honolulu  to  exile  herself  as  a 
missionary  in  the  leper  colony. 

Apr.  7.  Mo.  Tlie  world's  conference 
of  Latter-day  Saints  assembles  at  St. 
Joseph. 

There  are  12  apostles,  70  patriarchs, 
3,719  high-priests,  11,805  elders,  2,069 
priests,  2,292  teachers,  11.610  deacons, 
81,899  families,  115.915  officers  and  mem- 
bers, and  49,302  children  under  eight 
years  of  age. 

Apr.  7-14.  Neto  York.  A  week  of  prayer 
is  observed  for  the  Sabbath  reform 
movement. 

Apr.  10.  Md.  Cardinal  Gibbons  is- 
sues a  circular  letter  calling  upon  the 
Baltimore  Koman  Catholic  clergy  to 
hold  special  services  on  April  30  — Cen- 
tennial Day. 

Apr.  24.  Mo.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Bray  of  St. 
XjOuIs  is  deposed,  at  his  own  request, 
from  the  Episcopal  ministry. 


Apr.  25.    Mich.     Charles    C.   Grafton 

is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bisliop  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

Apr.  28.  Chicago.  The  American  The- 
osophists  meet. 

New  York.  Special  centennial  ser- 
vices are  held  in  St.  Paul's  Chapel. 

S.  C.     A  newspaper   reporter, 

Henry  D.  Howren,  preaches  a  ser- 
mon two  hours  long  to  1,500  people  in 
the  Grand  Opera  House,  Charleston. 

Apr.  30.    Centennial  Celebration. 
President  Harrison  has,  by  proclama- 
tion,   appointed    this    day   lor   general 
thanksgiving  and  prayer  tbroughout  the 
nation.    (See  Army  and  State.) 

May  1.  O.  Leading  Roman  Catholic 
divines  and  educators  form  a  Homan 
Catholic  Educational  Union. 

It  aims  to  give  to  all  who  find  it  diffi- 
cult to  pursue  their  studies  after  leaving 
school  an  opportunity  to  follow  a  pre- 
scribed course  of  secular  and  religious 
reading  and  study. 

May  ±  *  Pa.  Miss  Kate  Drexel,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Philadelphia  banlter,  and  heir- 
ess to  $2,000,000  (?),  becomes  a  Sister  of 
Mercy ;  she  enters  the  Mercy  Convent 
in  Pittsburg. 

May  8.  Phila.  The  28th  International 
Convention  of  the  Young  Men' s 
Christian  Association  is  held ;  about 
1,000  delegates  are  present. 

May  12.  Va.  Rev.  John  Jasper's  re- 
vival at  Richmond  prospers  ;  2(X)  colored 
converts  are  baptized  in  the  James 
River. 

May  13,  New  York.  The  bill  to  give 
school  moneys  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Protectory  is  defeated  in  the  Assembly. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Mar.  25.  New  York.  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet E.  Sangster  becomes  editor  of 
Harper's  Bazar. 

Mar.  *  Md.  Johns  Hopkins  University 
is  placed  beyond  fear  of  financial  dif- 
ficulty by  means  of  the  Emergency 
Fund  recently  raised  by  citizens  of 
Baltimore. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Mary  A.  Bingham  is 
chosen  president  of  Mount  Holyoke 
Seminary. 

Apr.  3.  N.  Y.  The  Madison  Univer- 
sity library  building  at  Hamilton  is 
to  be  built  at  once.  It  is  to  be  three 
stories  high,  128  feet  long,  and  82  feet 
wide.  The  whole  cost  ($100,000)  is  as- 
sumed by  James  B.  Colgate. 

Apr.  20.  New  York.  "Whitelaw  Reid, 
having  taken  oflBce  abroad  under  the 
Government,  retires  from  the  editorship 
and  control  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 

Apr.  *  Colo.  Mary  Ix>we  Dickinson  is 
professionally  employed  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Denver  at  a  salary  of  §3,300.  The 
women  of  Colorado  are  raising  an  endow- 
ment fund  of  $40,000  for  a  woman's 
chair,  always  to  be  filled  by  a  woman. 

Apr.  *  ±  Minn .  Ex-Gov.  John  S.  Pills- 
bury,  one  of  the  regents  of  the  State 
University,  gives  $150,000  for  the  im- 
mediate use  of  the  Institution. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Mar.  22-May  13.    339 


Apr.  •  Afast.    Natick  elects  three  women 

on  its  school  board. 
Apr.  *  It  is  said  that  the  author  of  Listen 

to  the  Mocking-Bird  has  made  $100,000 

by  that  one  effort. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Mar.  22.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly 
bill  allowing  women  to  vote  at  muni- 
cipal elections  is  defeated. 

Mar.  ±  »  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
bill  providing  for  a  line  of  $100,  impris- 
onment for  one  year,  and  disfranchise- 
ment for  10  years,  for  a  man  who  sella 
his  vote. 

Apr.  *  IVyo.  An  asylum  for  the  insane 
at  Evanston  is  opened. 

[Also  Aug.  1.  At  Hastings,  Neb.  Deo. 
15.  At  Clarinda,  la.  *  *  At  Evansville 
and  another  at  Richmond,  Ind. ;  hos- 
pitals for  the  insane  are  provided  for  in 
South  California ;  at  Los  Vegas,  N.  Mex., 
and  San  Antonio,  Tex.] 

May  1.  Neb.  An  industrial  home  for 
women  and  girls  is  opened  at  Milford. 

May  4.  Chicago.  Dr.  Patrick  Henry 
Cronin,  an  Irish  dynamiter,  is  suspected 
of  treachery,  expelled  from  membership 
and  condemned  to  death  by  members  of 
the  Clan-na-gael.  [May  22.  His  body  is 
found  at  Lake  View.] 

May  8.  Ark.  The  Sheriff  of  St.  Francis 
County,  the  city  marshal  of  Forest  City, 
and  two  other  citizens,  are  killed  in  an 
election  riot. 

May  10.  Mo.  David  and  William  "Walker 
and  John  Matthews  of  the  Bald  Knob 
gang  are  hanged  at  Ozark. 

STATE. 

1889  Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Bering  Sea  is 
closed  to  all  nations. 

President  Harrison  issues  a  proclama- 
tion prohibiting  under  heavy  penalties 
the  killing  of  any  otter,  mink,  marten, 
sable,  or  fur  seal  within  the  limits  of 
Alaska  Territory  or  the  waters  thereof 
without  a  special  permit  from  the  United 
States. 

Mar.  25.  Mmit.  Red  Lodge  is  thrown 
open  for  settlement. 

Mar.  26.  K.  J.  The  Assembly  Speaker 
refuses  to  permit  business  to  be  done, 
owing  to  the  absence  of  two  members 
of  his  own  party. 

Mar.  27.  President  Harrison  by  proc- 
lamation fixes  April  22,  at  noon,  as  the 
date  of  opening  Oklahoma  for  purposes 
of  settlement. 

-V.  J.  The  Assembly  passes  the  Re- 
districting  Bill ;  the  governor  signs  it, 
and  it  becomes  law. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
the  three  members  of  the  Oklahoma 
Commission. 
.Mar.  30.  D.  C.  The  Senate  rejects 
the  nomination  of  Murat  Halstead  as 
minister  to  Germany.    Vote,  19-25. 

'  Ind.    The  State  Senate  passes  the 
bill  adopting  the  Australian  system  of 
secret  voting. 
|Apr.  1.    N.  J.    The  Assembly  passes  the 
Ballot  Reform  Bill.    Vote,  48-2. 


Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Senate :  The  special  ses- 
sion closes. 

Chicago.     Dewitt    C.    Cregier,    the 

Democratic  nominee  for  mayor,  is 
elected  by  10,000  majority. 

Apr.  3.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the 
£!xcise  Commission  Bill  as  amended. 
Vote,  69-53. 

R.  I.    The  election  of  the  State  ticket 

is  in  doubt,  —  a  single  office  excepted. 

Apr.  4.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Doritch  Election  Bill. 

Apr.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  orders  the 
Nixon  Dressed  Beef  Bill  to  a  third 
reading.      Vote,  56-40. 

Apr.  6.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation  recommending 
that  the  hour  of  9  a.m.,  Tuesday,  Apr. 
30th,  be  set  apart  for  Thanksgiving 
services  in  all  the  churches  and  public 
places  of  worship  in  the  country  as  a 
part  of  the  celebration  of  the  oen- 
texmial  anniversary  of  Gen.  Washing- 
ton's inauguration. 

Apr.  9.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the 
Saxton  Ballot  Reform  Bill.  Vote, 
74-44. 

Apr.  13.  Va.  Ballot  reform  after  the 
Australian  secret  system  is  adopted  by 
the  House.    Vote,  63-17. 

Apr.  17.  N.  J.  The  Senate  passes  a 
substitute  for  the  Australian  Election 
System  BUI. 

Apr.  18.  III.  The  House  passes  an  An- 
ti-Trust BiU. 

N.   Y.    Senator  Fasaett  and  several 

other  Republican  senators,  after  vainly 
protesting  against  a  ruling  of  Lieut. - 
Gov.  Jones  as  unfair,  leave  the  Sen- 
ate Chamber  amid  much  excitement. 

The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 

decides  that  the  Grand  Trunk's  ship- 
ments to  Canadian  points  are  subject  to 
interstate  law. 

Apr.  21.  New  York.  Sir  Julian  Fatince- 
fote,  the  British  minister  to  Washing- 
ton, arrives. 

Apr.  22.  Okla.  The  Oklahoma  coim- 
try  is  thrown  open  to  settlers  at 
noon. 

N.    T.     The    Senate    passes    Mayor 

Grant's  Rapid  Transit  Bill,  and  the 
New  York  City  Police  Commission,  Park 
Commission,  and  Police  Justice  Bills. 

Apr.  27.  Okla.  A  municipal  govern- 
ment Is  organized  in  Guthrie  by  the 
election  of  a  mayor  and  town  council. 

Apr.  29.  New  York.  The  three  U.  S. 
Commissioners  to  the  Berlin  Con- 
ference respecting  Samoa  sail  ;  the 
members  are  William  Walter  Phelps  of 
N.  J.,  John  A.  Kasson  of  la.,  and  George 
H.  Bates  of  Del. 

May  1.  The  railway  V.  S.  mail  ser- 
vice passes  under  civil  service  rules. 

May  4.  Mo.  The  Australian  election 
system  is  adopted  by  the  Legislature. 

May  6.  Iai.  Armed  men  break  up  an 
election  in  Lafayette  to  prevent  ne- 
groes from  voting. 


May  7.  Berlin.  The  American  Com- 
missioners of  the  Samoan  Confer- 
ence, under  instruction  from  their  Gov- 
ernment, demand  the  neutrality  of  the 
islands  and  the  administration  of  Sa- 
moan affairs  by  Samoans  ;  they  also 
urge  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to 
the  right  to  establish  a  coaling-station 
at  Pango-Pango. 

May  13.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  vetoes  the 
Saxon  Ballot  Reform  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Mar.  26.  Chicago.  Forty  thou- 
sand cases  of  tea  are  burned  in  a 
warehouse :  loss,  about  81,250,000. 

Apr.  5.  Pa.  At  Wilkesbarre  16  ool- 
leries  resume  work. 

Apr.  7.  N.  C.  A  fire  nearly  destroys 
Smithfleld ;  28  houses  and  32  stores  are 
consumed. 

Ga.     Savannah  loses   $1,250,000  by 

fire. 

Apr.  10.  //(.  A  private  car  is  wrecked 
near  Joliet ;  four  persons  are  killed  and 
four  others  injured. 

N.    Y.    The  New  York   Yacht  Club 

accepts  liOrd  Dunraven's  challenge 
to  sail  for  the  America  cup. 

Apr.  13.  New  York.  A  fire  sweeps  the 
North  River  front  between  Fifty-ninth 
and  Sixty-fifth  Streets,  burning  many 
valuable  buildings  of  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad ;  loss,  nearly  $3,000,000. 

Apr.  16.  The  Richmond  and  Alle- 
ghany Railroad  is  sold  to  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio,  for  $5,000,000. 

New   York.     Mayor  Grant   and   the 

Board  of  Control  begin  the  attack  on 
the  electric  poles  and  wires;  many 
are  taken  down. 

Apr.  17.  The  Standard  Oil  Company 
absorbs  the  Ohio  Oil  Company. 

Apr.  21.  The  331  passengers  and  crew 
of  the  steamer  Vanmark  are  rescued  at 
sea  by  the  steamer  Missouri. 

Apr.  22.  Okla.  Settlers  lay  out  Guthrie, 
and  start  a  bank  in  a  tent  on  the  day 
the  Territory  is  opened  ;  capital,  $50,000. 
There  is  a  great  rush  of  settlers  and 
others  into  the  strip  of  land  now  thrown 
open ;  violence  and  bloodshed  attend 
the  inrush  of  people. 

Apr.  27.  Mo.  Grain  elevator  com- 
panies form  a  combination  in  St.  J^ouis. 

Apr.  28.  Ont.  An  excvirsion  train 
from  Chicago  for  New  York  is  wrecked 
near  Hamilton ;  17  persons  are  killed. 

May  8.  Mich.  At  Kalamazoo  an  engine 
collides  with  a  crowded  street-car, 
killing  six  persons  and  injuring  others. 

May  10.  Va.  A  storm  sweeps  25 
workmen  Into  the  Potomac,  and  the 
wreck  of  the  bridge  on  which  they 
worked  falls  on  them. 

May  11.  N.  J.  English  capitalists  buy 
several  large  breweries  near  Newark. 
[May  14.  Also,  the  brewery  of  George 
Ringler  and  Co.,  in  New  York.  May  15. 
Two  more  are  bought.  May  22.  The 
breweries  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.  June  14. 
The  Kastner  brewery  of  Newark.] 


340     1889,  May  13 -June  26. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1889  May  21.  D.  C.  President  Harrison 
issues  a  proclamation  forbidding  Sun- 
day parades ;  general  inspection  is  to 
be  made  on  Saturday  in  place  of  Sunday. 

May  27.  III.  Troops  are  ordered  to 
disperse  tlie  striking  miners  at  Braid- 
wood.  [May  28.  The  miners  are  taken 
prisoners  by  militia.j 

May  29.  Phila.  A  committee  repre- 
senting the  survivors  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Brigade  present  a  handsome  new 
silk  flag  to  the  survivors  of  Confederate 
Gen.  Pickett's  Virginia  division. 

June  7.  D.  C.  Col.  Kelton  is  appointed 
adjutant-general  of  the  United  States  iu 
place  of  Gen.  Drum,  retired. 

June  10,  D.  C.  The  Ossipee  has  been 
ordered  to  Port-au-Prince,  Haiti,  to  look 
after  national  interests. 

Pa.    Johnstown  is  under  military 

rule  for  the  preservation  of  order. 

June  14.  Minn.  Three  companies  of 
United  States  troops  are  sent  to  the 
scene  of  the  reported  outbreak  among 
the  Chippewa  Indians ;  400Chippewas 
are  in  war-paint. 

June  16.  The  Kearsarge  starts  for  Port- 
au-Prince,  Haiti. 

June  18.  Va.  The  United  States  steamer 
Constellation  goes  ashore  inside  Cape 
Henry. 

June  21.  Md.  The  Maxim  gvmia  tested 
at  Annapolis  ;  one  gun  fires  750  shots  in 
a  minute,  and  another  350. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  May  16.  Mich.  — Wis.  Snowfalls 
to  the  depth  of  from  three  to  five  inches. 

May  24.  Va.  A  monument  is  dedi- 
cated at  Alexandria  in  commemoration 
of  Confederate  soldiers  who  fell  at  this 
place. 

May  31,  Pa.  The  Johnstown  flood. 
(See  Miscellaneous  May  31  and  Sept.  *) 

May  *  Z>.  C.  The  site  of  the  new  Zoo- 
logical Park,  for  which  Congress  has 
appropriated  $200,000,  is  located  along 
the  banks  of  Rock  Creek,  northwest  of 
Washington  ;  area,  150  acres. 

June  1,  2.  Destructive  storm  in  the 
Middle  States.    (See  Miscellaneous.) 

June  4.  New  York.  The  International 
Medico-Legal  Congress  opens  in 
Steinway  Hall. 

June  6.  N.  Mex.  Lieut.  Schwatka  ar- 
rives at  Deuing,  and  gives  the  details 
of  the  discoveries  of  cave-  and  cliff- 
dweUers  in  Chihuahua. 

June  25.  R.  I.  The  fortieth  meeting  of 
the  American  Medical  Association 
opens  at  Newport. 

BIRTHS  ~  DEATHS. 

1889. 

May  16.  Rice,  Allen  Thorndike,  ed.  North 
American  Review,  Minister  to  Russia,  A  36. 

May  34.  Bridgman,  Laura,  of  Boston, 
blind  deaf-mute,  A  60. 

June  1.  Moore,  S.  P.,  surgeon-gen.  of  Con- 
federate Army,  dies. 

June  8.  S wett,  Leonard,  lawyer,  of  Chicago, 
A63. 


Juno  17.     Gilbert,  John   Gibbs,  actor,  in 

Boston,  A79. 
Hosmer,  William,   clergyman,   antisla- 

very  agitator,  temperance  advocate,  A79. 
June  30.    Myers,  A.  C,  quartermaster-gen. 

of  Confederate  army.  A77. 
June  35.     Hayes,  Lucy  Webb,  wife  of  ex- 
President,  friend  of  temperance,  A  58. 
June  36.    Cameron.   Simon,   senator  for 

Pa.,  minister  to  Russia,  first  secretary  of 

war  under  Lincoln,  AyO. 
Brown,  George  Loring,  of  Mass.,  painter, 

A76. 

CHURCH. 
1889  May  14.  Tenn.  The  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  in  session  at 
Memphis,  adopts  resolutions  denouncing 
the  liquor  traffic;  it  favors  prohibition 
and  opposes  licenses. 

The  Supreme  Council  of  the  Catho- 
lic Knights  of  America  meets  at  Chat- 
tanooga. 
May  14,  15.  O.  The  Epworth  League 
(Methodist  Episcopal)  is  organized  at 
Cleveland  at  a  conference  of  representa- 
tives of  young  people's  societies. 
May  16.  Neio  York.  The  General  As- 
sembly (Presbyterian)  begins  its  101st 
session. 

Dr.  C.  L.  Thompson  delivers  the  open- 
ing address ;  and  Dr.  W.  C.  Roberts  is 
chosen  moderator.  The  assembly  is  com- 
posed of  480  commissioners,  coming  fropi 
28synods  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  from  China;  it  represents  210  pres- 
byteries, containing  6,500  churches,  with 
about  767,000  communicants.  The  two 
paramount  questions  are  the  supply  of 
ministers  and  the  regulations  as  to  the 
confession  of  faith. 

(May  22.)  It  votes  to  discuss  the  pro- 
posed revision  of  the  Confession  of  Faith. 

(May  23.)  It  decides  to  cooperate  with 
the  Southern  Presbyterian  General  As- 
sembly of  Home  Missions. 

(May  24.)  It  votes  to  ask  the  presby- 
teries to  express  their  desires  respecting 
the  revision  of  the  creed.  It  agrees  to 
cooperation. 

(May  27.)  It  adopts  an  important  anti- 
license  resolution.    Vote,  193-83. 

It  favors  vigorous  efforts  until  laws 
shall  be  enacted  in  every  State  and  Ter- 
ritory prohibiting  entirely  a  tratfic  which 
is  the  principal  cause  of  drunkenness, 
and  its  consequent  pauperism,  crime, 
taxation,  lamentation,  war,  and  ruin  to 
the  bodies  and  souls  of  men  with  which 
the  country  has  so  long  been  afflicted. 

(May  28.)    The  session  closes. 

Tenn.      The     General     Assembly 

(Southern  Presbyterian)  meets  in 
Chattanooga. 

Mo.    The  General  Assembly  of   the 

Cumberland  Presbyterians  meets  in 
Kansas  City. 

(May  20.)  It  discusses  the  case  of  Dr. 
James  Woodrow,  an  evolutionist. 

(May  23.)  It  agrees  to  cooperate  with 
the  General  Assembly  of  Northern  Pres- 
byterians. 

May  18.  Boston.  Closing  session  of  the 
57th  annual  meeting  of  the  Baptist 
Home  Missionary  Society. 

La.    James   D.    Coleman   of    New 

Orleans  is  elected  supreme  president  of 
the  Catholic  Knights  of  America. 

iV.    T.      The     ^Methodist     Episcopal 

Home  for  the  Aged  in  Brooklyn  is 
dedicated. 

May  22.  Cat.  The  Greek  (Kussian) 
church  at  San  Francisco  is  burned ; 
arson  is  suspected. 


May  23.    Chicago.    Pope  Leo  authorizes 

Archbishop  Feehan  of  Chicago  to  "  take 
whatever  measures  he  may  deem  oppor- 
tune to  declare  the  Clan-na-Gael  in 
opposition  to  the  Church." 

May  25.  D.  C.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  26.  New  York,  The  yearly  meet- 
ing of  the  Society  of  Friends  begins 
at  Rutherford  Place. 

May  28.  Neio  York.  Mayor  Grant  in- 
sists that  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Natural  History  shall  be  opened  on 
Sundays. 

Otherwise  he  will  refuse  consent  to  the 
issuance  of  the  $400,000  bonds  authorized 
to  be  applied  to  the  erection  of  the 
museum  annex. 

May*  Seventy-third  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Bible  Society. 

It  reports  1,440,455  copies  of  the  Scrip- 
tures issued  from  the  l^ible  House  dur- 
ing the  year,  and  500,782  copies  sent  to 
foreign  lands.  Receipts :  for  general 
purposes,  $499,823.53  ;  for  permanent 
investment,  $1,447.72. 

May  *  About  18,500,000  persons  are  re- 
ported as  following  the  Interaational 
Sunday-school  Xjcsson  Course. 

May*  Pa.  The  General  Conference 
(United  Brethren)  is  held  at  York. 

May*  Boston.  The  Woman's  Foreign 
Missionary  Society  (Reformed  Epis- 
copal) is  organized. 

June  2.  New  York.  The  Roman  Catholic 
priests  read  in  their  churches  a  pastoral 
letter  denouncing  secret  societies  as 
'*  the  bane  of  the  social  order,  the  danger 
of  a  free  people,  and  the  great  slavery 
of  our  day." 

June  3.  Va.  A.  Van  de  "Vyver,  vicar- 
general  of  the  Diocese  of  Richmond 
(Roman  Catholic),  is  elevated  to  the 
bishopric. 

June  5.  N.  Y.  The  63d  annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Home  Missionary 
Society  opens  at  Saratoga. 

June  9.  New  York.  Collections  are 
taken  in  many  churches  for  the  Cone- 
maugh  Valley  relief  fund. 

Pa.     The  people  of  Johnstown,  in 

the  ConemaugU  Valley ,  meet  for  religious 
services  in  ruined  churches  and  under  the 
open  sky,     (See  Miscellaneous,  May  31.) 

June  12.  Pa.  The  National  Confer- 
ence (German  Baptist)  denounces  the 
use  of  tobacco  by  ministers  and  deacons, 
and  declares  that  it  is  wrong  to  install 
candidates  who  use  it. 

June  13.  Pa.  The  34th  biennial  session 
(Evangelical  liUtheran)  convenes  at 
Pittsburg.  It  unanimously  adopts  a 
resolution  approving  the  prohibition 
amendment  to  be  voted  on  in  Pennsyl- 
vania on  June  18. 

Hundreds  of  sick  persons  gftther  at 
the  Church  of  St.  Anthony  of  Padua, 
in  Allegheny  City,  in  the  hope  of  being 
healed  of  their  diseases. 

LETTERS. 

1889     May  18.     John   D.  Rockefeller 

offers  $000,000  for  the  Baptist  Univer- 
sity to  be  established  in  Chicago,  and  C. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  May  13-June  26.    341 


Hinckeley  of  Chicago  offers  $50,000  for 
the  same  purpose  —  there  remains  to 
be  raised  only  $350,000  of  the  necessary 
§1,000,000. 
May  22.  Xew  York.  Joseph  Pulitzer, 
owner  of  the  World,  donates  $16,000 
to  assist  poor  boys  of  this  city  in  getting 
college  educations. 

Each  boy  selected  will  receive  $250, 
and  12  boys  will  be  thus  assisted  each 
year  until  60  have  entered  college. 

May  *  Mich.  The  Michigan  House  of 
Representatives  passes  the  bill  to  confer 
upon  women  the  right  to  vote  at  all 
ei-hool,  village,  and  city  elections. 
Vote,  58—23. 

June  14.  Conn.  A  complete  set  of  the 
publications  of  Prince  Lucien  Bonaparte 
on  the  dialects  of  Europe  is  presented 
to  the  Tale  Library  by  a  citizen  of 
Xew  Haven. 

June  20.  ^V.  Y.  The  Madison  Univer- 
sity is  changed  to  Colgate  University. 

R.  I.    Dr.  E.  B.  Andrews  is  elected 

President  of  Brown  University. 

O.    Miami  University  confers  degree 

of  IJli.D.  upon  President  Harrison. 

June  24.  New  York.  Gen.  Daniel  Butter- 
field  presents  to  the  public  schools  the 
gold  medal  for  excellence  in  marching 
in  the  Centennial  parade. 

SOCIETY. 

1889   May  24.   ^V.  Y.   Train  wreckers 

ditch  a  train  in  Sullivan  County ;  45 
passengers  are  injured. 

June  4.  jVew  York.  Ferdinand  "Ward 
(Grant  and  Ward)  is  indicted  for  finan- 
cial frauds. 

Conn.     The  House  defeats  the  bill 

giving  women  the  right  to  vote  on 
questions  pertaining  to  the  sale  of  in- 
toxicating liquors. 

June  12.  .V.  J.  The  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  holds  its  20th 
annual  reunion  in  Orange. 

June  20.  Ji.  I.  The  people  vote  to  re- 
scind the  Prohibitory  Amendment. 

Jime  26.  /jirf.  The  Supreme  Court  at 
Indianapolis  decides  that  a  license  to 
sell  liquor  is  a  special  tax;  and  as  the 
power  to  grant,  withhold,  or  annul  li- 
censes to  sell  liquor  is  an  exercise  of  the 
police  power,  it  follows  that  no  limita- 
tion can  be  placed  upon  its  exercise  by 
any  statutory  provisions. 

STATE. 

1.1889  May  13.  2>.  C.  Charles  Lyman 
of  Conn,  is  chosen  president  of  the 
Civil  Service  Commission. 

v.  C.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act 
is  valid;  it  gives  an  opinion  in  favor 
of  the  heirs  of  Myra  Clark  Gains  in  their 
suit  against  the  city  of  New  Orleans  for 
property  valued  at  more  than  $500,000. 

May  14.  S.Dak.  The  people  approve  the 
Sioux  Falls  Constitution.  Vote,  37,710 
-3,414. 

May  21.  III.  The  Chicago  Drainage 
Bill  passes  the  Senate. 


May  22.  C(mn.  The  lower  House  passes 
a  secret  ballot  biU,  [May  27.  It 
passes  the  Senate.] 

III.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Hotch- 

kiss  Secret  Ballot  Bill.    Vote,  183-9. 

May  28.  R.  I.  The  people  having  failed 
to  elect  a  governor,  the  Legislature 
choose  H.  W.  Ladd  (Rep.). 

D.  C.  The  "Wool-growers  Associa- 
tion petitions  President  Harrison  to 
call  a  special  session  of  Congress  to 
take  action  on  the  tariff. 

New  York.  The  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission censures  the  examining  board 
of  the  custom-house. 

May  *    Wyo.    A  call  is  issued  for  a 

Constitutional  Convention  to  convene 
on  Sept.  3,  at  Cheyenne. 

June  7.  Conn.  Gov.  Bulkeley  vetoes 
the  Secret  Ballot  Bill;  it  is  passed 
over  his  veto.  Vote,  121-38;  after  which 
it  is  reconsidered  and  laid  on  the  table. 

Jime  11.  Conn,  The  Secret  Ballot 
Bill  is  amended  in  the  House  by  ex- 
empting city,  town,  and  borough  elec- 
tions from  its  operations ;  it  then  passes, 
and  goes  to  the  Senate.  [Jime  13.  Its 
passage  is  defeated.  Vote,  19-2.  It  is 
later  modified  and  passed  by  both 
Houses.] 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  signs  the  Anti- 
Bucket  Bill  to  restrict  speculation. 

Jime  12.  Calvin  S.  Brice  of  O.  is 
elected  chairman  of  the  Democratic 
National  Committee. 

Jime  17.  It  is  reported  that  U.  S. 
revenue  cutters  are  ordered  to  seize  all 
vessels  engaged  in  illicit  killing  of 
seals  in  Bering  Sea. 

June  19,  PhUa.  The  jtiry  in  the  hat^ 
trimmings  case  returns  a  verdict 
against  the  Government ;  this  is  a  test 
case  to  recover  excess  of  duties  levied 
on  material  used  as  hat-trimmings,  and 
by  the  verdict  the  Government  is  made 
liable  for  $30,000,000  or  more. 

June  26.  />.  C.  President  Harrison 
appoints  Ernest  H.  Crosby  Judge  in 
the  International  Court  of  Original 
Jurisdiction  at  Alexandria,  Egypt. 

O.  J.  B.  Foraker  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  May  14.  N.  C.  A  land  syndicate 
purchases  30,000  acres  of  land  in  Cur- 
rituck and  Camden  Counties  for  farms. 

May  15.  Ore.  The  steamer  Alaskan 
breaks  in  two  during  a  storm. 

May  18.  New  York.  A  second  autopsy 
is  performed  on  the  body  of  "Washing- 
ton Irving  Bishop,  but  the  cause  of 
death  is  not  discovered. 

May  19.  Dak.  The  Indian  council  at 
Standing  Rock  decides  not  to  sell  their 
lands  unless  they  are  paid  $11,000,000. 

May  25.  New  York.  The  first  expedi- 
tion of  the  Maritime  Canal  Company 
sets  sail  for  Nicaragua. 

May  26.  Chicago.  The  funeral  of  Dr. 
Patrick  H.  Cronin  a  Tictim  of  the 
Clan-na-Gael,  takes  place. 


May  29.  Tex.  The  Texan  Spring  Pal- 
ace at  Fort  Wayne  is  formally  opened  ; 
it  contains  a  complete  exhibit  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  State. 

May  31.  Pa.  The  Johnstown  flood 
sweeps  the  Conemaugh  Valley  ;  it  is  the 
most  disastrous  flood  ever  known  in 
America. 

At  3  P.M.  the  Conemaugh  Lake  (2J  by 
1^  miles),  18  miles  distant  from,  and  275 
feet  above  Johnstown,  is  flooded  by 
heavy  rains;  the  dam  weakens,  breaks, 
and  a  flood-wave  many  feet  high  runs  18 
miles  in  seven  minutes,  when  its  course 
is  arrested  by  the  railroad  bridge  below 
Johnstown  ;  the  waters  being  dammed, 
houses  are  swept  away  by  the  rising  tor- 
rents. [Several  hiuidred  bodies  are  found 
in  an  acre  of  drift  near  Kearnsville.  To- 
tal loss  of  life,  2,142,  including  99  entire 
families.  Contributions  for  the  relief 
of  sufferers  amounting  to  $12,912,346  are 
received  from  many  cities  in  America 
and  Europe;  contributions  from  Phila- 
delphia, $600,000;  Pittsburg,  $560,000; 
'New  York,  jS516,199;  various  other  cities 
.  contribute  through  Gov.  Beaver,  who 
turns  over  $1,236,146.]  (See  Miscellane- 
ous, Sept.  *.) 

May  *  Neio  York.  The  expenses  of  the 
Centennial  Celebration  are  estimated 
at  $461,000. 

The  military  parade,  $120,000 ;  the  civic 
parade,  $100,000;  the  fireworks,  $15,000; 
naval  parade,  $5,000 ;  the  Equitable  ban- 
quet, $60,000  (including  $15,000  for  wine) ; 
extras  for  troops,  $8,000;  the  ball,  $125,- 
000;  the  loan  exhibition, $6,000  ;  stands, 
$13,000.  The  receijits  are  estimated  at 
$465,000. 

May  *  N.  Y.  The  big  Rockaway  Beach 
hotel,  the  erection  of  which  cost  $1,000,- 
000,  has  been  sold  for  $27,000  to  a  dealer 
in  building  materials. 

May  *  D.  C.  The  Chinese  minister 
presents  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
with  a  jewel  connected  with  a  dynasty 
reigning  3500  years  ago. 

June  1.  Pa.  A  destructive  cyclone  visits 
Wilkesbarre  and  vicinity,  and  destroys 
property  valued  at  $1,000,000;  14  lives 
are  lost  and  180  persons  injured. 

June  1, 2.  Heavy  rains  cause  destruc- 
tive floods  in  several  of  the  Middle 
States ;  many  persons  are  drowned ; 
Washington  alone  suffers  a  loss  of  a 
$1,000,000. 

June  2.  Pa.  About  80  persons  watch- 
ing the  flood  from  a  bridge  at  Williams- 
port  are  swept  into  the  Susquehanna 
Kiver  and  drowned. 

June  6.  Wash.  Seattle  is  partly  de- 
stroyed by  fire ;  [loss  estimated  at  $15,- 
000,000 ;  contributions  for  relief,  $36,800]. 

June  12.  Mass.  A  broken  canal  wall  at 
Holyoke  releases  a  flood  of  water, 
which  destroys  property  to  the  value 
of  over  $100,000;  15,000  are  out  of 
work. 

Jime  13.  A  trust  is  formed  with 
$25,000,000  capital,  which  includes  all 
the  manufacturers  of  plug  tobacco. 

June  25.  N.  J.  A  Pottery  Trust  is 
formed  at  Trenton ;  20  pottery  represen- 
tatives sign  the  agreement. 

June  26.  Pa.  A  freight-train  collis- 
ion at  Latrobe  kills  25  men  and  injures 
a  number  of  others. 


342     1889,  June  27-Aug.  8. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  June  27.  D.C.  Secretary  Tracy 
issues  an  order  reorganizing  the  vari- 
ous bureaus  of  the  Navy  Department. 

June  28.  New  York.  Col.  Smmons 
Clark  of  the  7th  Regiment,  on  retir- 
ing, receives  from  Gov.  Hill  a  commis- 
sion as  brevet  brigadier-general.  [Aug. 
18.  Daniel  Appleton  is  chosen  his  suc- 
cessor.] 

Aug.  1.  Ga.  Veterans  of  the  Con- 
federate Third  Georgia  and  the  Union 
Ninth  New  York  regiments  hold  their 
first  friendly  union  at  Fort  Valley, 
they  having  met  frequently  on  battle- 
fields during  the  Civil  War. 

Aug.  4.  R.  I.  The  new  cruiser  Boston 
strikes  on  a  rock  in  Narragansett  Bay, 
and  is  seriously  damaged. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  June  29.  D.C.  Washington  suf- 
fers heavily  from  the  flooded  Potomac. 

Some  of  the  streets  are  flooded,  and 
the  only  traffic  is  by  means  of  boats ; 
damages,  $2,000,000. 

June*  Fta.  Valuable  phosphate  rock  is 
discovered  atDunellen,  Marion  County. 

June  *  N.J.  A  mural  statue  of  ex-Presi- 
dent McCoah  is  presented  to  Princeton 
University  by  the  class  of  '79 ;  it  is  life 
size,  in  high  relief,  and  cost  $10,000. 

June  *  Kan.  An  ice-dam  gives  way  at 
Fort  Scott,  in  Bourbon  county,  causing 
much  damage,  especially  at  Uniontown. 

June  *  Okla.  Rich  iron  ore  is  discov- 
ered a  short  distance  from  Guthrie. 

July  3.  Tex.  Serious  floods  are  caused 
by  the  heavy  rains. 

Rivers  are  swollen  and  flatlands  deso- 
lated ;  houses  are  washed  away  and  sev- 
eral persons  drowned  ;  crops  are  badly 
damaged.     Loss,  about  $2,000,000. 

July  7.  N.  r.  W.  K.  Brooks  of  Geneva 
discovers  a  new  comet. 

Prof.  Campbell's  air-ship  fails  in 
its  trial  trip. 

Its  navigator,  Edw.  D.  Hogan,  makes 
an  ascension  over  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn ;  but  the  air-ship  fails  to  submit  to 
his  guidance,  and  drifts  away  seaward, 
after  dropping  its  propeller  to  the  ground 
in  Brooklyn.  [Hogan  is  picked  up  at 
sea.] 

July  9.  N.  Y.  A  flood  occurs  in  the  Mo- 
hawk Valley ;  10  persons  are  drowned. 

July  22.  Me.  A  plumbago  mine  is 
discovered  in  Somerville. 

July  27.  Chicago  is  visited  by  severe 
wind-storms,  causing  the  loss  of 
about  20  lives  and  of  property  estimated 
among  the  millions. 

July  28.  Cat.  The  Broderick  Monu- 
ment in  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery  is  re- 
stored at  Senator  Fair*s  expense. 

July  *  U.  S.  Doctors  are  testing  the 
Brown-Sequard  elixir  for  the  renewal 
of  life  with  widely  varying  results. 

Dr.  Robert  Longfellow  of  Cincinnati 
reports  the  treatment  of  49  patients,  40 
per  cent  of  whom  were  greatly  bene- 
fited ;  while  other  physicians  report  al- 
most complete  failure  in  cases  treated 
by  them. 


July  *  Pa.  The  Lackawanna  Valley  is 
invaded  by  millions  of  loc\ists  that 
settle  on  every  green  thing. 

July  *  Tex.  Disastrous  floods  con- 
tinue. 

Rain  has  fallen  for  three  weeks,  and 
the  Colorado  River  is  31  feet  high  and 
rising. 

Aug.  1.  Mass.  A  national  monument  in 
honor  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathera  is  un- 
veiled at  Plymouth. 

Aug.  2.  New  York.  The  American  Art 
Association  pays  nearly  $100,000  for 
Millet's  Angelus.     [Oct.  13.  It  arrives.] 

N.  Y.  A  commission  of  experts  select 

a  design  for  a  memorial  arch  to  be 
erected  in  honor  of  Brooklyn's  soldiers 
and  sailors  who  perished  in  the  war. 

It  provides  for  a  structure  125  feet  wide 
and  96  feet  high,  surmounted  by  a  statu- 
ary group ;  the  height  of  the  arch  is  to 
be  64  feet  and  the  width  65  feet.  In  front 
of  each  abutment  is  a  pedestal  of  col- 
umns 36  feet  high,  crowned  by  a  bronze 
group  22  feet  in  height.  It  will  be  the 
second  largest  arch  in  the  world,  and 
will  cost  $250,000. 

Aug.  6.  Me.  The  fishing  schooner  I'an- 
nie  Chase  finds  a  big  lump  of  ambergris 
floating  on  the  water  just  outside  of 
Portland  harbor ;  value,  $25,000. 

New  York.   Seventeen-year  locusts 

appear  in  Central  Park. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889. 

June  28.  Mitchell,  Alaria,  of  Mass.,  astron- 
omer, mathentatician,  A71. 

July  1.  'WoolBey,  Theodore  Bwight, 
pres.  of  Yale,  author,  political  and  letral 
writer,  A88. 

July  6.  Watrous,  George  H.,  railroad  offi- 
cial, A60. 

July  10.  Barlow,  Samuel  L.  M.,  lawyer, 
A6.3. 

July  14.    Cole,  Asahel  N.,  agriculturiBt,  A68. 

July  21.  Johnston,  Alexander,  professor 
political  economy  at  Princeton,  author, 
A  40. 

July  24.  Turner,  Joseph  Edward,  physi- 
cian, founder  first  inebriate  asylmn,  AtiT. 

July  26.  Pugh,  Eliza  Loftus  Phillips, 
writer,  dies. 

July  31.  Kendrick,  James  Ryland,  pro- 
fessor, A  86. 

Aug.  3.  Fitzhugh,  William  E.,  U.  S.  A.,  in 
Phila.,  A57. 

Aug.  4.  Buckner,  James  F.,  Confederate 
general,  dies. 

Gray,  George  Zabriskie,  theologian,  A51. 


CHURCH. 

1889  June  27.  Mass.  Dwight  L. 
^loody's  fourth  annual  encampment 
of  college  students  begins  at  North- 
field. 

}Vash.  The  General  Congrega- 
tional Association  of  Washington  is 
organized. 

July  9,  Bishops  and  others  petition  the 
Vatican  to  canonize  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus on  the  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America.  [Their  petition  is 
refused.] 

July  14±.  It.  Pope  Leo  sustains 
Bishop  M'Quaid,  yet  Father  Lambert, 
who  criticised  the  bishop  unfavorably  in 
the  newspapers,  is  to  remain  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Diocese  of  Rochester. 

July  16.  N.  Y.  A  retreat  for  the  physi- 
cal recuperation  of  returned  women 
missionaries  is  opened  at  Round  Lake 
in  Saratoga  County. 


July  18.  Miss.  Thomas  Heslin  is  con- 
secrated (lioman  Catholic)  bishop  of  th& 
Diocese  of  Natchez, 

July  25.  0.  The  suspension  of  Dr. 
Quigley  of  Toledo,  formerly  of  St. 
Francis  de  Sales  church,  by  Bishop 
Gilmour  of  Cleveland,  is  not  approved 
at  Rome. 

July  27.  Tenn.  Two  hundred  people 
band  together  to  drive  Mormon  elders 
and  converts  from  Wilson  County. 

July  *  There  are  now  7,672  Christian 
Endeavor  Societies  in  America. 

July*  U.  S.  There  are  126  camp- 
meetings  announced  for  July,  August, 
and  September. 

July  *  London.  The  "World's  Sunday- 
school  Convention  is  held ;  more  than 
300  of  the  900  delegates  present  are 
from  the  United  States. 

July  *  Ga.  A  fanatic,  calling  himself 
Christ,  deceives  and  excites  the  negroes. 

They  abandon  their  patches,  turn  their 
cattle  on  their  crops,  desert  the  tur- 
pentine farms,  sawmills,  and  planta- 
tions ;  wives  separate  from  their  hus- 
bands, and  children  leave  their  parents, 
to  follow  him. 

July  *  The  General  Government  provides 
for  the  support  of  **  contract  schools" 
among  the  Indians. 

Congress  appropriates  for  this  work 
$506,994.  Of  this  sum  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics receive  $356,491 ;  the  Presbyterians, 
$47,650;  the  Congregational  Missionary 
Society,  $16,408  — the  remaining  $86,455 
being  scattered  in  small  amounts  among 
other  missionary  boards. 

Aug.  4.  N.  Y.  Prof .  "W.  R.  Harper  de- 
fends himself  at  Chautauqua  from  the 
charge  of  being  in  sympathy  with  Ger- 
man rationalism. 

Aug.  7.  N.  J.  A  Deaconess  Conven- 
tion is  in  session  at  Ocean  Grove. 


LETTERS. 

1889  Jxme  30.  The  Commissioner  of 
Education  reports  that  the  public- 
school  system  is  making  marvelous 
progress  in  the  South  ;  the  increase  in 
enrollment  greatly  exceeds  the  increase 
in  population. 

June*  Boston.  Several  prominent  women 
appoint  a  committee  of  50  to  carry  out 
plans  for  taking  the  city  schools  out 
of  politics  and  sectarian  influence. 

June  *  Ind.  Ter.  The  Cherokee  Indians 
dedicate  with  great  rejoicings  their  new 
seminary  for  girls  at  Tahlequah. 

The  building  is  three  stories  high,  con- 
tains more  than  100  rooms,  a  chapel^ 
study,  and  recitation-rooms;  it  Is  steam- 
heated,  supplied  with  water-works  of  its 
own,  and  cost  $200,000.  The  money 
comes  from  the  lease  of  the  Indians* 
lands  to  cattle  companies. 

June  *  N.  Y.  Work  is  begun  on  Cornell*8 
new  library  building  at  Ithaca;  it  will 
be  the  finest  university  library  build- 
ing in  the  country,  and  have  shelf-room 
for  475,000  volumes. 

July  7.  D.  C.  The  National  Edu- 
cational Association  is  in  session  at 
Washington  ;  it  discxisses  the  subject  of 
denominational  schools  in  a  broad  man- 
ner ;    Bishop    Keane   (Rom.    Cath.)   of 


UNITED    STATES. 


1889,  JuneZT-Aug.  8.    343 


WashiDgton  and  Edwin  D.  Mead  of 
Bostou  make  addresses. 

July  10.  Fa.  Gov.  Fitzhugh  Lee,  a 
nephew  of  Gen.  li.  E.  Lee,  accepts  the 
superintend ency  of  the  liCxington 
Military  Institute,  offered  to  him  by 
the  hoard  of  visitors. 

July  11.  Pa.  The  American  Philo- 
logical Society  concludes  its  meeting 
at  Easton. 

July  18.  Tenn.  The  National  Teach- 
ers' Association  is  in  session  at  Nash- 
ville. 

July  21.  N.  J.  The  American  Insti- 
tute of  Christian  Philosophy  holds  its 
regular  summer  meeting  at  Key  East 
Beach. 

July  *  More  than  43,000,000  copies 
of  the  Moody  and  Sankey  Gospel 
hymn-books  have  been  issued  in  this 
country  and  England. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  June  28.  Mich.  The  Legislature 
fixes  the  retail  liquor  tax  at  $500. 

July  *  Wash.  The  Washington  Territory 
Constitutional  Convention  adopts  wo- 
man suffrage  as  a  separate  proposi- 
tion, to  be  submitted  to  the  people  with 
the  Constitution. 

Aug.  1.  Ti.  I.  The  Legislature  enacts  a 
high-license  law. 

STATE.         • 

1889  June  28.  D.  C.  The  Criminal 
Court  orders  a  nolle  pros,  in  the  Star 
Route  trial  cases. 

. S.  Dak.  The  Republicans  call  a  con- 
vention to  nominate  of&cers  for  the  new 
State;  it  is  to  meet  at  Huron. 

June  30.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $223,832,742;  in- 
ternal revenue,  ^130,881,514;  sale  of 
public  lands,  $8,038,652;  miscellaneous 
items,  $24,297,151.  Total  revenue,  $387,- 
050,059.  Expenditures :  Premiums  on 
loans,  purchase  of  bonds,  etc.,  $17,292,- 
363;  miscellaneous  items,  $80,604,064; 
War  l>epartment,  $44,435,271 ;  Navy  De- 
partment, $21,378,809;  Indians,  $6,892,- 
208;  pensions,  $87,624,779;  interest  on 
the  public  debt,  $41,001,484.  Total  ordi- 
nary expenditures,  $299,288,978;  excess 
of  revenue  over  ordinary  expenditures, 
$87,761,081.  Public  debt  (Dec.  1),  $1,617,- 
372,419.  Exports,  $742,401,375;  imports, 
$745,131,652. 

Jtuie  *  Conn.  The  House  passes  over  the 
governor's  veto  the  bill  prohibiting  the 
coloring  of  oleomargarln  so  as  to  re- 
semble butter. 

July  3.  Wash.  A  Constitutional  Con- 
vention meets  at  Olympia. 

July  20.  Okla.  The  Territorial  Con- 
vention appoints  committees  on  Organic 
Law,  the  Judiciary,  the  Legislature, 
etc.;  it  decides  to  partition  the  Territory 
into  12  counties,  and  then  adjourns  until 
Aug.  20. 

July  27.  N.  IT.  The  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  declares  the  law  requiring  a 
license  for  the  practice  of  medicine 
and  dentistry  is  unconstitutional. 

July  29.  The  Chippewas  sign  a  treaty 
giving  their  consent  to  open  the  "White 
Xjarth  Reservation  for  settlement. 


Aug.  5.  Minn.  The  Chippewa  Indians 
on  the  Gull  Lake  Reservation  sign  a 
treaty  selling  over  4,000,000  acres  of  fine 
farming  and  timber  lands  to  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Aug.  6.  Dak.  The  requisite  number  of 
signatures  are  obtained  for  the  open- 
ing of  the  Sioux  Reservation. 

New  York.    The  Civil  Service  Com- 

m^ision  approves  of  a  request  that  cer- 
tain positions  in  the  N.  Y.  Post-office 
shall  be  reserved  from  competitive  ex- 
amination. 

Utah.    The  Gentiles  at  Salt  Lake 

City  are  elected  by  a  majority  of  41. 

Aug.  7.  Mont.  At  the  Constitutional 
Convention  in  Helena,  Bozeman  is 
chosen  as  the  capital. 

Aug.  8.  The  president  of  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  replies  to 
recent  criticisms  of  the  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral concerning  the  charges  for  Govern- 
ment messages. 

He  alleges  that  the  Government  has 
given  nothing  that  cost  it  anything,  or 
that  was  of  any  value  for  it  to  retain  ; 
also  that  the  Government  is  the  most 
favored  customer,  and  that  the  com- 
pany's rate,  considering  the  nature  of 
the  service  rendered,  is  lower  than  that 
given  to  any  other  patron. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889  June  27.  Conn.  The  seventh  in- 
tercollegiate university  boat-race  for 

eight-oars  and  3  miles  straight  is  rowed  ; 
Cornell  defeats  Columbia  and  University 
of  Pennsylvania;  time  not  accurately 
taken  ;  said  to  be  15  minutes,  three  sec- 
onds, and  15  minutes,  four  seconds. 

Harvard  Freshmen  defeat  Colum- 
bia in  a  boat  race  ;  time,  12.21. 

June  28.  Chicago  loses  $290,000  by 
the  burning  of  the  Burton  block. 

Minn.  Judge  Parish  directs  a  verdict 

in  favor  of  Fred  C.  Prentice  in  his  suit 
against  Mayor  Beaser  and  others  for  tlie 
possession  of  one-half  the  city  of 
Duluth,  valued  at  $10,000,000. 

±  Mont.    Fierce  fires  burn  over  100 

square  miles  of  forest  land. 

June  29.  Chicago  suddenly  becomes 
the  second  city  in  the  United  States. 

By  a  vote  taken  this  day,  the  suburban 
towns  of  Hyde  Park,  Lake,  Lake  View, 
Cicero,  and  Jefferson  are  soon  to  lie- 
come  a  part  of  Chicago.  The  annexed 
districts  (population  nearly  200,000)  make 
the  total  population  about  1,100,000 ;  the 
area  of  the  city  covers  172.18  square  miles 
—  the  largest  city  area  in  the  country. 

June  *  New  York.  A  second  canal  con- 
struction party  leaves  for  Nicaragua; 
a  large  quantity  of  necessary  material  is 
also  taken  for  work  on  the  canal. 

Julyl.  Colo.  Durango  is  almost  totally 
destroyed  by  fire. 

Wash.    Seattle  begins  to  recover 

from  the  great  fire ;  telegraph,  telephone, 
and  electric-light  service  are  nearly  com- 
pleted ;  business  houses  are  starting  in 
tents,  and  churches  resume  services. 

July  2.  Ida.  The  business  portion  of 
Hailey  is  destroyed  by  fire;  loss, 
$500,000. 


Va.  A  train  is  derailed  on  the  Nor- 
folk and  Western  Road,  at  Thaxton  ;  30 
persons  are  killed  and  60  wounded. 

July  4.  Wash.  EUensburg  is  burned ; 
10  blocks  in  the  business  portion  of  the 
city  are  consumed,  and  100  families 
homeless  ;  loss,  $2,000,000. 

July  6.  Cal.  Bakersfield  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss,  $1,250,000. 

Julys.  Colo.  Two  of  the  largest  brew- 
eries of  Denver  are  purchased  by  the 
English  syndicate.  [July  19,  A  Michigan 
brewery  is  bought  for  $200,000 ;  also,  on 
July  25,  breweries  in  Paterson  and  New- 
ark, N.J.] 

Miss.    John  L.  Sullivan  wins  the 

boxing  championship  of  America,  de- 
feating Jake  Kilrain  at  Richburg.  [July 
23.  He  receives  the  $20,000  stakes  and 
the  championship  belt.] 

July  11.  Minn.  An  English  syndi- 
cate combines  to  purchase  several  of  the 
largest  flour-mills  of  Minneapolis. 

July  13.  0.  An  English  syndicate 
becomes  the  owner  of  the  Cleveland 
Otis  Steel  Company,  with  a  capital  of 
£900,000. 

Jiily  24.  Strawboard  makers  of  the 
United  States  unite  in  a  trust  under  the 
name  of  "  The  American  Strawboard 
Company." 

July  25.  N,  T.  Lewis  Brothers  and 
Company,  dealers  in  dry-goods,  make 
an  assignment,  with  liabilities  exceed- 
ing $4,000,000. 

Md.     A  «* sweet  potato  trust"  is 

formed  in  Baltimore  by  a  combination 
of  dealers. 

The  British  Bciioonev  Black  Diamond 

is  seized  by  the  U.  S.  revenue  cutter  in 
Bering  Sea  for  illegal  sealing. 

JtUySl.  N.  Y.  The  City  of  Paris  ar- 
rives at  Sandy  Hook  lightship,  having 
completed  her  trip  in  five  days,  23 
hours,  and  10  minutes. 

Neb.    Negotiations  are  completed  for 

the  sale  of  all  the  breweries  in  Omaha 
to  a  European  syndicate  for  $1,500,000. 
[Aug.  15.  The  control  of  the  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  breweries  is  obtained.] 

Pa.  The  immense  plant  of  the  Head- 
ing Iron  Company,  which  recently 
failed  for  over  $1,000,000,  is  sold  in  its 
entirety  for  $150,000 ;  it  is  purchased 
for  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Rail* 
road  Company. 

Aug.  1.  O.  AU  trotting  records,  ex- 
cept those  of  Maud  S.  and  Jay-Eye-See, 
are  beaten  at  Cleveland  by  "Guy,** 
who  trots  a  mile  in  2.10J  — two  sec- 
onds more  than  the  record  of  Maud  S. 

Aug.  3.  Cal.  A  brandy  company  is 
organized  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000. 

Aug.  4.  Neio  York.  Special  delivery 
letters  are  distributed  for  the  first  time. 

Aug.  5.  Wash.  Spokane  Falls  suffers 
by  fire  ;  25  blocks  are  in  ashes ;  loss, 
$10,000,000. 

Aug.  7.  Wis.  A  Milwaukee  syndicate 
buys  the  Florence,  Youngstown,  and 
Iron  River  mines  in  the  Menominee 
District  for  $850,000. 


344     1889,Aug.  8-Oct.  1. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1889  Aug.  15.  I).  C.  The  Government 
orders  a  multicharge  dynamite  gun 
capable  of  throwing  long  shells  charged 
with  dynamite  from  six  to  ten  miles. 

Aug.  19.  D.  C.  The  Pension  Office  at 
AVashington  gives  a  ruling  that  dis- 
honorable discharge  is  specific  penalty 
for  a  specific  act,  but  is  no  bar  to  a 
pension  in  ease  of  disability. 

Aug.  20.  D.  C.  The  Pension  Office  issues 
an  order  allowing  the  evidence  of 
claimant  and  one  private  soldier  as 
to  origin  of  disability,  provided  they 
are  men  of  reputable  character. 

Aug.  22.  Cal.  The  cruiser  Charleston 
makes  an  official  trial  trip  in  Santa 
Barbara  Bay,  attaining  a  speed  of  19 
knots  an  hour ;  this  more  than  meets 
all  requirements  excepting  that  of  horae- 
power,  iu  which  she  shows  a  deficiency. 

Sept.  1.  Miss.  Gov.  Lowry  goes  to  Le 
Flore  county  with  a  company  of  militia 
to  prevent  a  race  war. 

Sept.  8.  Pkila.  The  cruiser  Philadel- 
phia is  launched. 

Sept.  19.  Teitn.  Survivors  of  both  the 
Northern  and  the  Southern  armies  at 
the  battle  of  Chickaraauga  assemble 
at  Chattanooga ;  they  resolve  to  pur- 
chase the  battle-field,  and  turn  it  into 
a  national  park. 

D.    C.      The    man-of-war    Galena    is 

ordered  from  Haiti  to  Navassa  Island, 
■where  several  Americans  are  reported 
to  have  been  killed  iu  a  riot. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Aug.  8.  Wis.  Clams  are  found  in 
the  Sugar  River  at  Albany  with  pearls 
between  the  membrane  and  shell,  some 
of  which  are  valued  at  $100. 

Aug.  10.  Xeb.  A  mammoth*s  skele- 
ton, with  a  backbone  36  feet  long,  is  un- 
earthed at  St.  James  ;  it  was  at  least  15 
feet  tall. 

Aug.  15.  Ind.  Gold  deposits  are  dis- 
covered in  Brown  county. 

Aug.  16.  Pa.  Experiments  with  the 
Brown-Sequard  life  elixir  cause  the 
death  of  10  persona  at  Shamokin. 

Aug.  18.  W.  Va.  The  Kanawha  Valley 
is  swept  by  a  terrible  storm. 

A  cloud-burst  completely  floods  the 
country,  destroying  many  lives  and 
thousands  of  dollars  worth  of  property  ; 
crops  are  ruined  throughout  an  area  or 
many  miles. 

Aug.  20.  Cal.  San  Francisco  is  infested 
with  millions  of  crickets. 

Aug.  22.  Ind.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Indiana  Soldiers'  and  Sailors*  mon- 
ument is  laid  at  Indianapolis,  in  the 
presence  of  President  Harrison ;  the 
monument  is  to  be  268  feet  high,  and 
will  cost  $222,000. 

Aug.  27.  N.  C.  A  cloud-burst  de- 
stroys dams  and  mills,  besides  tearing 
up  several  miles  of  railroad ;  loss  esti- 
mated at  $100,000. 

- — N.  Y.  C.  H.  F.  Peters  of  Hamilton 
College  discovers  a  new  planet  of  the 
asteroid  group. 


Aug.  28.  Can.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  begins  at  To- 
ronto. [Sept.  3.  George  L.  Goodale  of 
Harvard  University  is  elected  president.] 

Aug.  31.  Ky.  A  deposit  of  asphalt  is 
discovered  near  Cloverport,  13  feet  thick, 
and  covering  a  large  area. 

Sept.  6.  N.  T.  The  American  Social 
Science  Association  ends  its  session  at 
Saratoga  j  Andrew  D.  White,  president. 

— —  Utah.  An  ice-cave  is  discovered  in 
Ashley  Valley,  one  room  of  which  is  over 
1,200  feet  long. 

Wis.      Pearl-hunting      continues ; 

$3,500  is  refused  for  a  single  pearl. 

Sept.  7.  O.  In  Upper  Sandusky  anatm:al 
gas-weU  is  drilled,  which  shows  a  ca- 
pacity of  50,000,000  cubit  feet  daily ;  It  is 
conceded  to  be  the  largest  gas-well  in 
the  world. 

Sept.  10,  11.  Immense  damage  is  done 
by  strong  winds  and  tidal  waves  at 
Coney  Island,  causing  a  loss  to  property 
of  about  $250,000 ;  the  storm  extends 
along  the  New  Jersey  coast. 

The  loss  in  property  runs  up  into  the 
millions.  At  the  Delaware  Breakwater 
about  50  vessels  are  wrecked,  and  a  large 
number  of  lives  lost. 

Sept.  20.  Athens.  The  Greek  Govern- 
ment conditionally  offers  to  the  Ar- 
cheological  Institute  of  America  the 
privilege  of  excavating  the  site  of  the 
ancient  oracle  of  Delphi. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889. 

Aug-.  8.     Dupont,  Henry,  gen.,  A77. 

Aug-.  12.  Mott,  Alexander  B.,  physician, 
surgeon,  A  63. 

Aug-  14.  Looniis,  Elias,  astronomer,  pro- 
fessor  at  Yale,  A7S. 

Aug.  17.  Thaw,  WUUam,  railroad  official, 
A61. 

Aug-.  35.  Shaw,  Henry,  millionaire,  phi- 
lanthropist, A90. 

Aug-.  29.  Rowe,  George  Fawcett,  actor, 
dramatist,  A63. 

Sept.  6.  Ward,  Rodney  C.  brig.-gen.  of 
vols.,  politician,  A52. 

Sept.  lO.  Cox.  Samuel  Sullivan,  author, 
M.  C.  for  N.  Y.,  minister  to  Turkey,  A65. 

Sept.  25.  Hill.  Daniel  Harvey.  Confed- 
erate lieut.-gen.,  Atj8. 

Sept.  28.  Sturgis,  Samuel  1).,  maj.-gen., 
A  67. 

CHURCH. 
1889   Sept.  5.   N.Y.   Bishop  M'Quaid 

forbids  the  sacrament  to  two  of  Father 
Lambert's  friends  at  Waterloo.  [Oct. 
13.  They  resist  excommimication  and 
attend  the  church.] 

Sept.  8.  Pa.  The  Roman  Catholic 
priesthood  of  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny 
City  are  making  strenuous  efforts  to 
increase  parochial  school  attend- 
ance. 

Father  Corcoran  of  St.  Agnes  Church, 
Pittsburg,  warns  the  parents  of  his 
parish  against  sending  their  children  to 
the  public  schools  under  penalty  of  a 
denial  of  absolution. 

Sept.  10.  Ind.  The  National  Associa- 
tion of  Colored  Baptists  holds  its  an- 
nual session  in  Indianapolis. 

The  members  of  a  party  who  were 
assaulted  at  Baxley  Station,  Ga.,  while 
on  their  way  to  attend  the  gathering, 
appear  before  the  meeting  and  exhibit 
their  injuries. 


Sept.  13.  New  York.  The  Jewish  con- 
gregation Shaar  Hashomajim  cele- 
brates its  50th  anniversary,  and  dedi- 
cates its  new  temple ;  the  temple  of  the 
congregation  of  Mt.  Sinai  is  also  conse- 
crated. 

Sept.  27+.  N.  Y.  Eev.  George  P. 
Pentecost  of  Brooklyn  is  offered  the 
pastorate  of  Clermont  Presbyterian 
Church,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  with  a  sal- 
ary of  $5,000. 

Sept.  28.  The  Colored  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Conference  adopts  a  memorial  to 
the  General  Convention  of  that  Church 
on  the  standing  of  negro  preachens. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Aug.  21.  Mich.  The  Annual  Con- 
vention of  the  National  Editorial  As- 
sociation opens  at  Detroit. 

Sept.  5.  Pa.  President  Harrison,  P.M.- 
Gen.  Wanamaker,  and  Gov.  Beaver 
speak  at  the  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  Old  Log  College, 
the  cradle  of  A  merican  Presby  terianism, 
at  HartsviUe. 

Sept.  7.  Mass.  David  Prouty  presents 
to  the  town  of  Spencer  a  high-school 
building  costing  $46,000;  it  is  dedi- 
cated with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

Chicago.     Mrs.    Charles  B.  Pope 

gives  a  library  to  the  town  of  Danville, 
Vt.,  to  replace  one  destroyed  by  fire. 

Sept.  17.  *Conn.  Prof.  Loomis  of  New 
Haven  bequeaths  $300,000  to  Yale 
University. 

Sept.  20.  Neiv  Ym-k.  The  will  of  Rev. 
F.  A.  P.  Barnard  of  Columbia  is  made 
public ;  he  bequeaths  practically  his 
whole  estate  to  that  institution. 

Sept.  21.  Pa.  Andrew  Carnegie  agrees 
to  rebuild  the  library  at  Johnstown ; 
the  one  destroyed  cost  $30,000. 

Sept.  24.  Neio  York.  The  Daily  Graphic 
suspends  publication. 

Sept.  30  ir.  New  York.  A  law-school  for 
women  is  opened  by  a  practising  lawyer 
—  Miss  Emily  Kempen,  LL.D. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Aug.  12.  Kan.  Tlie  returns  from 
the  school  elections  show  that  many 
women  are  elected  to  office. 

Aug.  14.  Cal.  David  S.  Terry  is  shot 
dead  at  J^athrop  by  United  States 
Marshal  Wagle,  when  about  to  assault 
Judge  Stephen  J.  Field. 

Aug.  21.  Ala.  The  Southern  Interstate 
Farmers*  Association  meets  at  Mont- 
gomery. 

Aug.  27.  Wis.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  in  its  23d  encamp- 
ment at  Milwaukee;  Russell  A.  Alger 
of  Mich.,  commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  20.  Wyo,  The  election  law 
passed  by  the  Statehood  convention 
provides  that  women  may  vote  ;  that 
electors  shall  be  required  to  read  Eng- 
lish; that  they  shall  be  Uiuted  States 
citizens,  and  residents  of  Wyoming  for 
six  months. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Aug.  8- Oct.  1.      345 


STATE. 

1889  Aug.  9.  New  York.  Sheriff 
Flack  resigns  as  Grand  Sachem  of  the 
Tainniany  Society  and  from  the  General 
Committee,  he  having  gained  unpleasant 
notoriety  in  divorce  proceedings  against 
hit<  wife. 

Aug.  15.  la.  Tlie  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Jos.  G.  Hutchison  for  governor. 

Aug.  16.  iV".  Dak.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  decides  upon  Bismarck  as 
the  permanent  capital  of  the  new 
State,  and  agrees  upon  an  anti-trust 
clause  to  be  put  Into  its  Constitution. 

Aug.  17.  Mont.  The  Convention, 
having  adopted  a  Constitution,  adjourns. 

Aug.  22.  Va.  The  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Gen.  Wni.  F.  Mahone  for  governor. 

Aug.  23.  Cat.  Judge  Levy  decides  that 
the  daughter  of  a  slave  may  Inherit. 

Aug.  27.  Mont.  The  Democrats  nomi- 
nate Joseph  K.  Toole  for  governor. 

Aug.  28.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Charles  R.  Flint  of  N.  Y.  and  Henry  G. 
Davis  of  W.  Va.  delegates  to  the  Three- 
Americas  Congress. 

O.    The  Democrats  nominate  James 

E.  Campbell  for  governor. 

Aug.  29.  S.  Dak.  The  Republicans  nom- 
inate Arthur  C.  Mellette  for  governor. 

Aug.  30.  Ind.  Ter.  The  Progressive 
party  gain  in  the  election  in  the  Chick- 
asaw Nation. 

Sept.  3-3d.  fVyo.  A  Constitutional 
Convention  is  held  at  Cheyenne. 

Sept.  4.  la.  The  Union  Labor  party 
nominates  S.  B,  Downing  for  governor. 

Sept.  5.  S.  Dak.  The  Democrats  nomi- 
nate P.  F.  M'Clure  for  governor. 

Sept.  6.  JFash.  The  Republicans  re- 
nominate E.  P.  Ferry  for  governor. 

Sept.  9.  Ind.  Ter.  Disputes  occur  in  the 
Chickasaw  Nation  over  the  rig^ht  of 
white  men  to  vote. 

Xctv  York.     Ex-Judge  A.  B.  Tappen 

is  elected  Grand  Sachem  of  the  Tam- 
many Society,  as  the  successor  of  Sher- 
iff Flack. 

A^.  J.    The  Democrats  nominate  Leon 

Abbett  for  governor. 

fVask.      The     Democrats      nominate 

Eugene  Semple  for  governor. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  Pension  Commissioner 
James  Tanner  resigns  his  office  under 
great  pressure  of  public  criticism. 
[Sept.  12.     Resignation  accepted.] 

Sept.  17.  Mass.  Colored  men  in  con- 
vention pass  resolutions  demanding 
greater  recognition  in  political  life. 

^^.V.  J.  The  Republicans  nominate  E. 
li.  Grubb  for  governor. 

Sept.  18.  Cat.  Tsui  Kno  Yin,  the 
new  Chinese  ambassador  to  the  United 
States,  arrives  at  San  Francisco  with 
his  suite.  [Sept.  25.  He  arrives  at 
Washington.  Oct.  3.  He  presents  his 
credentials  to  President  Harrison.] 

fa.    The  Democrats  nominate  Horace 

Boles  of  Waterloo  for  governor. 

Sept.  19.  Ga.  The  Young  Men's 
Democratic  licague  mass-meeting  at 


Atlanta  resolves  adversely  as  to  the  pub- 
lishing of  negro  whipping,  by  the  Con- 
stitution of  that  city,  and  votes  down 
every  resolution  that  in  any  way  con- 
demns such  whippings. 

Sept.  23.  Minn.  The  Beef  Inspection 
Xiaw  is  decided  to  be  unconstitutional 
by  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  in  St.  Paul. 

Sept.  26.  Miss.  The  Republicans  nomi- 
luito  James  it.  Chambers  for  governor. 

Mich.      Unearned    railroad   lands 

are  surrendered  to  the  United  States 
authorities  by  the  governor. 

Sept.  27.  JVyo.  Cheyenne  is  selected 
as  the  State  capital. 

Sept.  30.  D.  C.  The  delegates  to  the 
Three- Americas  Congress  hold  a  pre- 
liminary conference  in  Washington. 

Sept.  *  N.  Mex.  A  Territorial  Conven- 
tion at  Santa  F4  adopts  a  State  Consti- 
tution. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Aug.  9.  Pa.  Bodies  of  ten 
more  victims  of  the  flood  are  recov- 
ered at  Johnstown. 

Aug.  15.  A'".  J.  After  an  interval  of  two 
years,  work  is  resumed  on  the  Hudson 
River  tunnel  to  connect  New  York 
city  with  Jersey  City. 

New  York.     The  trans-ocean  race 

between  the  City  of  New  York  and  the 
Teutonic  is  won  by  the  former  by  seven- 
teen minutes. 

Aug.  16.  New  York.  A  terrible  gas 
explosion  occurs  on  the  corner  of  Grand 
and  Clinton  Streets  ;  30  people  are  in- 
jured and  two  are  killed. 

Aug.  18i.  iVis.  The  pearl-finding 
craze  reaches  Prairie  du  Chien,  where 
many  fine  pearls  have  been  found  in 
near-by  streams. 

Aug.  21.  Minn.  A  log  jam  breaks  in 
the  rapids  at  Big  Rock,  and  50,000,000 
feet  of  logs  go  down-stream  together. 

Pa.    Allegheny  loses  $200,000  by 

tJie  burning  of  a  large  oil  refinery. 

Aug.  23.  Tejin.  The  first  train  over 
the  new  railroad  is  derailed  south  of 
Knoxville  ;  five  persons  are  killed  and 
26  injured, 

W.  Va.     Four  persons  are  killed  and 

16  injured  by  a  collision  on  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad  near  Parkers- 
burg. 

Aug.  25.  7?.  /.  Three  persons  are 
drowned  by  the  bursting  of  a  reservoir 
dam  near  Fiskville. 

Aug.  26.  Cat.  A  wheat  warehouse, 
42  cars,  three  ships,  and  10,000  tons  of 
wheat  are  burned  at  Port  Costa ;  loss, 
8700.000. 

Aug.  30.  Vt.  Several  persons  are  killed 
in  a  railway  collision  on  the  Central 
Vermont  IU)ad  near  Middlebury. 

N.  Y  The  Comstock  Tunnel  Com- 
pany files  a  certificate  of  incorporation 
at  Albany. 

The  capital  of  the  company  amounts 
to  ,54,000,000.  divided  Into  $2  shares,  and 
is  organized  forgeneral  mining  purposes. 


Fla.     A  company  is  incorporated  to 

cut  a  canal  across  the  peninsula  of 
Florida,  saving  800  to  900  miles  in  a  voy- 
age between  New  Orleans  and  northern 
ports,  and  nearly  as  much  in  sailing  to 
Europe ;  capital,  $GO,000,(XK). 

Sept.  1.  Minn.  The  wheat  crop  of  this 
State  amounts  to  50,000,000  bushels. 

Mass.    Yarmouth  celebrates  its  250th 

anniversary. 

Sept.  4.  Minn.  Winona  loses  by  fire 
22,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  7,000,000  shin- 
gles, a  three-story  brick  warehouse, 
sheds,  tramway,  and  other  property, 
valued  at  $314,000. 

Sept.  15.  N.  Y.  Walter  G.  Campbell 
swims  the  Niagara  Hapids  wearing 
a  cork  jacket. 

Sept.  16.  Mo.  The  New  Era  Exposi- 
tion main  building,  with  exhibits,  at  St. 
Joseph,  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  total  loss 
of  exhibits,  §259,000. 

Sept.  19.  The  Cincinnati,  Washington, 
and  Baltimore  Railroad  is  judicially 
sold  for  $5,000,000. 

Sept.  20.  N.  J.  Ijarge  refineries  at 
Shadyside  are  burned  ;  loss,  $500,000. 

Sept.  21.  N.  J.  A  fire  destroys  the  oil- 
yards  of  John  Ellis  and  Co,  at  Edge- 
water  ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Sept.  24.  ///.  Trains  collide  near  Au- 
burn Park  ;  six  persons  are  killed  and 
ten  injured. 

Sept.  25.  Mo.  The  American  Bankers' 
Association  opens  its  session  in  Kansas 
City. 

Sept.  28.  la.  At  Cresco  22  business 
houses  are  destroyed  by  fire;  loss, 
$100,000. 

Conn.   Milford  celebrates  its  250th 

anniversary  with  splendid  ceremonies. 
A  handsome  granite  bridge  and  tower 
is  dedicated  to  the  memory  of  the  first 
settlers  ;  several  memorial  tablets  and 
blocks  are  dedicated. 

N.  Y.     Several  persons  are  killed  and 

others  injured  by  a  colhsion  between 
two  sections  of  an  express-train  at 
Palatine  Bridge. 

Neiv  York.    The  steamer  City  of  New 

York  arrives  after  crossing  from  Queens- 
town  in  six  days,  four  hours,  and  17 
minutes. 

Sept.  *  N.  Y.  A  break  is  reported  in  the 
two  trans-Atlantic  cables  belonging 
to  the  Western  Union  Company, 

Sept.  *  Pa.  Thomas  rl.  Stewart,  Secre- 
tary of  Internal  Affairs  for  this  State, 
reports  on  the  floods  of  May  31  and 
June  1. 

The  rain  of  36  hours  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Conemaugh,  Susquehanna,  and 
upper  waters  of  the  Genesee  and  Poto- 
mac rivers,  causetl  an  estimated  loss  of 
$30,000,000;  to  corporations.  $13,000,000; 
to  farmers,  $5,000.fK)0;  to  merchants, 
$7,000,000,  besides  $5,000,000  losses  at 
Johnstown. 

Sept.  30.  Mon.  BuslnesB  houses  in  Butte 
are  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Oct.  1.  Kan.  Delegates  from  15  States 
and  Territories  meet  at  Topeka  to  pro- 
mote the  movement  for  securing  a  deep 
harbor  on  tlie  coast  of  Texas. 


346     1889.  Oct.  1 -Nov.  22. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Oct.  25.  Md.  The  Galena,  with 
the  leaders  of  the  Navassa  riot,  reaches 
Baltimore. 

Oct.  26.  Cal.  The  cruiser  San  Fran- 
cisco is  launched  and  christeued  at  the 
Union  Iron  Works'  shipyard. 

Nov.  4.  Ariz.  Apaches  ambush  a 
company  of  soldiers  near  Fort  Hua- 
chuca. 

ART  —SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1889    Oct.  6.    /.  T.    Gold  and  silver 

are    discovered   in    the   land   of    the 

Chicaksaw  Nation. 
Oct.  12.     Chicago.     The   statue    of  1j& 

Salle,  the  French  explorer,  is  unveiled. 
Oct.   16.     2^ew    York.     An  expedition 

leaves    in    the    steamer    Pmsacota   for 

Africa  to  view  the  solar  eclipse. 
Oct.  24±.     Colo.    The  inflow  of  water  to 

the  desert  lake  at  Salton  has  ceased, 

and  the  lake  is  drying  up. 

Oct.  30.  Del.  A  monument  to  Gen. 
Csesar  Rodney,  member  of  the  Continen- 
tal Congress  and  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier of  Delaware,  is  unveiled  at  Dover. 

N.  Y.    The  corner-stone  of  the  Soly 

diers'  and  Sailors*  Memorial  Arch, 
Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn,  is  laid  with 
becoming  ceremonies  by  Gen.  Sherman. 
(See  Aug.  2.) 

Nov.  7±.  Cal.  Millions  of  dollars  worth 
of  gold  are  taken  from  the  bed  of  the 
Feather  River. 

Nov.  16.  N,  C.  A  rich  silver  vein  is 
struck,  also  a  gold  vein,  at  Salisbury. 

N'.  Y.    A  new  comet  is  discovered  by 

Lewis  Swift  of  the  Warner  Observatory. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

Oct.  6.  Vail,  Thomas  H.,  P.  E.  bishop  of 
Kan.,  A76. 

Oct.  17.  Hartranft,  John  F.,  raaj.-gen.  of 
vols.,  Gov.  of  Pa.,  A59, 

Oct.  25.  Lesquereaux,  Leo,  botanist,  pale- 
ontologist, A  83. 

Oct.  36.  Root,  Francis  M.,  philanthropist, 
banker,  dies. 

Oct.  30.  Tavlor,  Isaac  E.,  physician,  of 
New  York,  A77. 

Nov.  13.  Dean,  Charles,  author,  historian, 
A7d. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Oct.  1.  O.  The  Pope  appoints  Car- 
dinal Gibbons  and  Archbishop  Riordan 
to  investigate  affairs  under  Bishop 
Gilmour  in  the  Diocese  of  Cleveland. 
Oct,  2+.  New  York.  The  34th  triennial 
meeting  of  the  Protesta-nt  Episcopal 
Gener^  Convention  begins  its  ses- 
sions in  St.  George's  church ;  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Dix  is  president-elect  of  the  House 
of  Clerical  and  Lay  Deputies. 

The  most  important  questions  to  he 
considered  are  the  change  in  the  mode 
of  presentation,  the  revision  of  the 
Prayer-book,  and  that  of  changing  the 
name  of  the  church. 

(Oct.  15.)  It  appoints  a  committee  to 
prepare  a  standard  revised  Prayer-book, 
to  be  sxibmitted  in  1890. 

(Oct.  24.)  It  adopts  a  canon  on  dea- 
conesses. 


(Oct.  25.)  The  High  Church  and  Low 
Church  factions  disagree  concerning  the 
proposed  revision  of  the  Prayer-book. 

Oct.  4.  Tenn,  White  Caps  drive  Mor- 
mon   missionaries     out    of     Wilson 

County. 

Oct.  5.  Utah.  The  Mormon  priesthood 
is  defiant ;  its  leaders  assert  that  the 
revelations  given,  including  polygamy, 
come  from  God  and  will  be  successful. 

Oct,  9.  Mass.  The  National  Council 
(Congregational)  begins  its  triennial 
session  at  Worcester. 

Oct.  12.  O.  "William  A.  Leonard  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Ohio. 

Oct.  13.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage's  Tabernacle 
in  Brooklyn  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

The  loss  on  the  building  and  contents 
amounts  to  between  $150,000  and 
$200,000;  the  grand  organ,  which  cost 
$20,000,  is  destroyed ;  insurance,  about 
$130,000. 

Oct.  15.  A'eic  York.  The  American 
Board  of  Comnaissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  celebrates  the  80th  anniver- 
sary of  the  Society.  [Oct.  17.  It  reelects 
the  Rev.  R.  S.  Storrs  of  Brooklyn  presi- 
dent.] 

The  Presbytery  forward  a  proposed 
revision  of  the  "Westminster  Confes- 
sion of  Faith  to  he  considered  by  the 
General  Assembly. 

Oct.  18.  Mich.  Thomas  F.Davies  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop 
of  Michigan. 

Oct.  20.  I'a.  The  Rev.  S.  Van  de  Vyver 
is  installed  (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
the  Diocese  of  Richmond. 

Oct.  21.  Conn.  Isaac  C.  Lewis,  Univer- 
salist,  deeds  a  $75,000  block  in  Mer- 
iden  to  the  City  Mission  (unsectarian) 
with  the  stipulation  that  it  shall  be  kept 
free  from  incumbrance  and  the  income 
used  in  carrying  on  mission-work  in 
that  city. 

Oct.  22.  Capuchins  sail  from  Dublin 
for  America  to  collect  funds  for  com- 
pleting a  memorial  church  to  the  tem- 
perance apostle.  Father  Mathew. 

Md.    The  2d  biennial  convention  of 

the  Young  "Women's  Christian  As- 
sociations of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  begins  at  Baltimore ;  delegates 
are  present  from  60  Associations. 

Oct.  26.  Neto  York.  An  archdiocesan 
union  of  the  Boman  Catholic  Total 
Abstinence  Societies  is  organized. 

Oct.  27.  Netv  York.  The  John  Street 
Methodist  Spiscopal  church  cele- 
brates the  123d  anniversary  of  Meth- 
odism in  this  country. 

Oct.  28.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage  breaks 
gromid  for  his  new  Tabernacle;  a 
umnber  of  prominent  ministers  partici- 
pate in  the  ceremony. 

Oct.  28-31.  Phila.  The  13th  Na- 
tional "Unitarian  Conference  opens. 

Oct.  29.  Chicago.  Tlie  43d  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Missionary  So- 
ciety begins. 

Oct.  *  J.  "W.  Holt  is  elected  first  United 
Brethren  bishop. 


Oct.  *  New  York.  The  103d  General 
Assembly  (Presbjrterian)  meets  ;  Wil- 
liam Charles  Roberts,  moderator. 

Oct.  *  Pa.  The  34th  General  Synod 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  meets  at  Alle- 
gheny. 

Oct.  ♦  The  Unitarian  "S"ounger  Minis- 
ters' Association  is  formed. 

Nov.  2-12.  Mil.  The  Congress  of  Ro- 
man Catholic  laymen  formally  opens 
at  Baltimore. 

The  Centennial  of  the  Establishment 
of  the  Catholic  Church  in  America  is 
celebrated  with  great  pomp  and  splen- 
dor. 

Two  Cardinals  in  scarlet  robes,  and 
hundreds  of  white-clad  clergy,  are  in  the 
procession  on  Sunday.  1,200  delegates 
are  called  to  order  on  Monday  by  ex- 
Gov.  Carroll. 

(Nov.  3.)  Archbishop  SatoUi,  the  papal 
representative,  arrives  at  Baltimore. 

(Nov.  11.)  Premier  Mercier  of  Canada, 
and  Daniel  Dougherty  of  New  York,  ad- 
dress the  Congress  ;  the  latter  speaks  in 
defense  of  the  Independence  of  the  Holy 
See. 

Nov.  4.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  Presby- 
tery decides  in  favor  of  a  revision  of 
the  Confession  of  Faith. 

Nov.  8.  N,  Y.  The  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn,  votes  to  install  Lyman  Ab- 
bottas  Henry  Ward  Beecher's  successor, 

Nov.  15.  Phila.  Archbishop  Ryan  sup- 
ports the  right  of  Catholic  writers  to 
criticise  the  faults  of  priests. 

Nov.  16.  Chicago.  The  2d  Annual  Con- 
ference of  the  Church  of  God  in  Christ 
Jesus  meets. 

Nov.  17.  Md,  Roman  Catholics  hold 
a  high-license  mass-meeting  in  Bal- 
timore ;  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Bishop  Ire- 
land, and  others  take  part, 

Nov.  18.  Boston.  National  Guild  Alli- 
ance (Unitarian)  is  organized. 


LETTERS. 

1889  Oct.  2.  Mass.  Clark  University 
at  Worcester  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  7.  NetD  York.  Ex-Mayor  Seth 
Low  of  Brooklyn  is  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  Columbia.  [Nov.  4.  lie  for- 
mally accepts.] 

Oct,  12.  Pa.  Andrew  Carnegie  ap- 
points a  Citizens'  Committee  to  select  a 
suitable  site  for  a  $600,000  free  li- 

.  brary  in  Pittsburg  which  he  proposes 
to  create. 

Oct.  17.  The  New  York  State  school 
superintendents  decide  to  revise  the 
Compulsory  Educational  Bill,  and 
urge  its  passage  by  the  Legislature. 

Oct.  19.  N.  Y.  Brooklyn  public  schools 
are  each  presented  with  a  United  States 
flag  by  U.  S.  Grant  Post  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  at  the  Academy 
of  Music. 

Oct.  20.  Boston.  Trouble  arises  over 
a  school  history  that  had  been  revised 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  Roman 
Catholic  critics ;  it  causes  much  con- 
troversy. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1889,  Oct.  1-Nov.  22.     347 


Oct.  21,  Mass.  At  Springfield  a  French 
Protestant  college  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  23.  Mass.  At  AVellesley  College  a 
School  of  Art  is  dedicated. 

Oct.  27.  Conn.  Yale  studenta  decide  to 
form  classes  for  the  systematic  study 
of  the  Bible. 

Oct.  30.  Xcw  York.  The  annual  fall 
meeting  of  the  American  Oriental  So- 
ciety begins  at  Columbia  College. 

Nov.  4.  Chicago.  John  Crerar  by  will 
leaves  $2,500,000  to  found  the  John 
Crerar  Library. 

Nov.  5.  Phila.  The  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania adopts  a  modified  form  of  a 
coeducational  system. 

Nov.  8.  Md.  Mrs.  Caroline  Donovan 
gives  $100,000  to  Johns  Hopkins 
University  to  found  a  chair  of  English 
literature. 

Nov.  9.  X.  J.  Dr.  J.  E.  Rankin  of  Orange 
is  elected  president  of  Howard  Uni- 
versity, as  successor  to  Dr.  W.  W. 
Patton. 

Nov.  13.  D,  C.  The  new  Roman  Cath- 
olic University  of  America  at  Wash- 
ington is  opened  with  customary  cere- 
monials. [Koman  Catholics  of  America 
raise  $50,000  to  endow  a  chair  in  memory 
of  Father  Mathew.] 

Nov.  18.  Neto  York.  Haines  W.  Con- 
ningham  succeeds  Robert  P.  Porter  as 
editor  of  the  Press. 

Nov.  20.  Boston.  The  city  provides  that 
the  American  flag  shall  float  from  each 
schoolhouse  in  this  city. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  Oct.  1.  JV.  Dak.  The  prohibi- 
tion clause  of  the  Constitution  is  ratified 
by  a  special  vote.     Vote,  18,552-17,393. 

S.  Dak.  The  people  approve  the  ar- 
ticle of  the  Constitution  which  prohibits 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicat- 
ing beverages.     Vote,  40,239-34,510. 

Wash.    Prohibition  and  tlie  woman 

suffrage  clauses  of  the  Constitution  are 
rejected  by  the  vote  of  the  people. 

Oct.  7.  C'onji.  Tlie  vote  on  the  Prohibi- 
tion Amendment  to  the  Constitution 
is  adverse  ;  majority  about  27,000. 

Oct.  21.  Ky.  The  Howard  faction, 
in  the  Howard-Turner  feud  in  Harlan 
County,  is  defeated  by  the  aid  of  the 
militia. 

STATE. 

1889  Oct.  1.  Mont.  The  people  ratify 
the  Constitution.    Vote,  ^,676-2,274. 

X.  Dak.     The  people  vote  to  ratify 

the  Constitution ;  it  prohibits  the 
liquor-traflfic. 

S.  Dak.    The  people  adopt  the  Sioux 

Falls  Constitution.    Vote,  70,131-3,267. 

Wash.  The  people  ratify  the  Con- 
stitution.   Vote,  40,153-11,879. 

Oct.  2.  D.  C.  Eighteen  independent 
American  nations  are  represented  in 
the  International  American  Conference 
which  opens  at  Washington  ;  the  Con- 
gress organizes ;   the  delegates  are  re- 


ceived by  President  Harrison  and  dined 
by  Secretary  Blaine. 

Mass.     The  Democrats  nominate  ex- 

Gov.  W.  E.  Kussell  for  governor. 

JV.  Y.    The  Civil  Service  Reform 

Lieague  adopts  resolutions  and  reelects 
George  William  Curtis  president. 

Oct.  8.  Xew  York.  The  Supreme  Court 
decrees  that  in  all  actions  for  abso- 
lute divorce,  where  no  answer  is  inter- 
posed, reference  to  take  proof  will  not 
be  granted. 

Oct.  9.  Minn.  The  Chippewa  Indians 
sell  their  surplus  reservation  to  the 
United  States. 

Oct.  11.  .V.  Y.  The  International 
Congress  delegates,  in  a  tour  of  obser- 
vation, reach  Albany,  and  are  addressed 
at  a  reception  by  Gov.  Hill. 

Oct.  15.  New  York.  Sir  Jnlian  Paunce- 
fote,  the  British  minister,  arrives. 

S.  Dak.  The  first  Xicgislature  meets 

and  organizes  at  Pierre,  the  capital. 

Oct.  23.  New  York.  At  a  citizens*  mass- 
meeting  a  city  ticket  is  nominated  in 
protest  against  Tammany  Hall,  and 
in  favor  of  clean  municipal  govern- 
ment. [Oct.  24.  The  citizens'  ticket 
is  approved  by  the  Republican  and  the 
County  Democracy  county  conventions.] 

Nov.  2.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  State  of  North  Dakota  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  the  39th  State.  South 
Dakota  is  admitted  into  the  Union  as 
the  40th  State. 

Nov.  5.  State  elections  are  held  in 
New  York  and  nine  other  States,  with 
TUiusual  Democratic  success;  Idaho 
and  Wyoming  Territories  vote  upon 
their  proposed  State  Constitutions. 

The  Democratic  plurality  for  gover- 
nor in  Iowa  is  6,073,  out  the  Republicans 
still  have  a  majority  in  the  Legislature. 
The  Democratic  plurality  for  governor 
in  Oliio  is  about  11,000,  the  remainder 
of  the  State  ticket  Republican :  the 
Legislature  is  Democratic  by  10  majority 
on  joint  ballot. 

Nov.  7.  N.  Dak.  The  State  officials 
first  assume  their  places. 

Nov.  8.  D.  C.  Montana  is  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  the  4l8t  State. 

Nov.  9.  The  free  delivery  of  letters 
is  extended  to  all  cities  in  the  United 
States  having  5,000  inhal)itants. 

Nov.  11.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation  admitting  Wash- 
ington into  the  Union  as  the  42d  State. 

Nov.  12.  Ind.  The  Union  League  at 
Jefferson  bums  President  Harrison 
in  effigy  to  express  the  resentment  of 
disappointed  office-seekers. 

Nov.  16.  Kan.  The  Republicaos  are 
making  {unsuccessful]  efforts  to  secure 
the  resubmission  of  the  Prohibition 
Amendment  to  the  people. 

Nov.  18.  N.  Y.  Judge  Edwards  decides 
that  the  Republican  election  inspectors 
of  Troy  must  sign  the  election  re- 
turns, their  duty  being  to  attest  the 
correctness  of  the  count  of  the  ballots 
they  find  in  the  ballot-boxes,  and  not  to 
judge  of  their  validity. 


Nov.  22.  Alaska  is  demanding  repre- 
sentation in  Congress. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889   Oct.  3.    The  boilers  of  the  steamer 

Corona  explode  on  the  Mississippi;  38 

lives  are  lost. 
Oct.   10.    New   York.    The  corner-stone 

of  the  new  building  of  the  New  York 

World,  at  the  corner  of  Park  Row  and 

Frankfort  Street,  is  laid. 

The  building  is  to  be  13  stories  high,„ 
and  from  the  roof  will  spring  a  dome  88 
feet  in  height  and  a  cupola  20  feet  high, 
and  the  top  300  feet  above  the  sidewalk,, 
a  30-foot  flag  staff  surmounting  all. 

Oct.  24.  Mo.  The  Wheat-growers* 
convention  at  St.  Louis  organizes  an. 
association. 

New  York.  The  World's  Fair  sub- 
scription-books are  opened,  and  $250,- 
000  is  at  once  subscribed. 

Oct.  28.  S.  Dak.  Twenty  thousand  peo- 
ple are  starving  and  destitute;  their 
condition  is  due  to  storms. 

Oct.  30.  Chicago.  A  great  horse-show 
opens ;  valueof  horses  exhibited,  $5,000,- 
000, 

Oct.  *  D.  C.  The  Government  is  informed 
of  the  awards  made  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition. 

The  United  States  exhibit  is  awarded 
53  grand  prizes,  199  gold  medals,  271  sil- 
ver medals,  218  bronze  medals,  220  hon- 
orable mentions. 

Oct.  *  Pa.  Gov.  Beaver  appoints  a  com- 
mission to  determine  the  feasibility  of 
constructing  a  ship-canal  to  connect 
the  water  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio 
River,  in  pursuance  of  a  joint  resolution 
of  the  last  Legislature. 

Oct.  ♦  S.  Dak.  The  selection  of  Pierre  as 
the  capital  of  the  State  creates  a  boom. 
Strangers  flock  into  the  city  by  thou- 
sands, every  train  being  loadecf  down 
with  prospectors  and  speculators.  Over 
$500,000  worth  of  property  change  hands 
in  one  day.  I^ots  have  risen  in  price 
from  $100  to  $1,000. 

Nov.  1.  Fla.  It  is  made  public,  that 
over  6,000,000  acres  of  land  are  con- 
solidated under  one  management  by  a 
syndicate  called  the  Associated  Land 
Department  of  Florida. 

Nov.  4.  Boston.  The  Maritime  Exhi- 
bition opens. 

Nov.  5.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  touches 
a  telegraphic  key  and  sets  in  motion  the 
wheels  of  the  Southern  Exposition  at 
Montgomery,  Ala. 

Chicago.     Horses  valued  at  $2,500,000 

are  exhibited  at  the  horse-show. 

Nov.  10.  Mo.  Eighteen  breweries  in 
St.  Louis  have  been  sold  to  an  English 
syndicate. 

New    York.    The  Broadway  Hoad 

guarantees  an  annual  payment  to  the 
city  of  $150,000  for  permission  to  change 
its  motive  power. 

Nov.  11.  Sunol,  the  famous  trotting 
filly,  is  sold  to  Robert  Bonner  for 
$45,000. 

Tlie    steamship    Oceanic    makes    a 

record  across  the  Pacific  of  13  days^ 
14  hours,  and  four  minutes. 


348      1889,  Nov.  22-** 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1889   Nov.  22.   Boston.  The  Squadron 
of  £!volution  arrives. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Nov.  23±.  Colo.  Remarkable 
cliff-dwellings  are  discovered  —  one  425 
feet  long,  with  124  rooms  on  the  ground 
floor.  It  is  80  feet  high,  and  would  ac- 
commodate 1,000  people. 

Nov.  *  ///.  The  State  Grange  offers 
SIO.OOO  for  a  practical  contrivance  to 
bind  grain  with  straw  bands. 

Some  40  inventors  compete,  but  only 
one  machine  is  entirely  satisfactory. 

Dec.  9.  Chicago.  Adelina  Patti  sings 
at  the  dedication  of  the  Auditorium 
building  and  the  Opera  House ;  Presi- 
dent Harrison  is  present. 

New    York.      Thirteen    patients    are 

inoculated  at  Mt.  Sinai  and  St.  Luke's 
Hospitals  with  Dr.  Koch's  lymph. 

Dee.  13.  Pa.  The  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric Company  devises  a  new  system  of 
lighting  at  Pittsburg. 

Dec.  14.  The  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science  is 
founded, 

Dec.  26.  New  York,  The  American 
Geological  Society  begins  its  annual 
meeting. 

Dec.  27.  New  York.  The  American 
Society  of  Naturalists  begins  its  an- 
nual session. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1689. 

Nov.  23.  Ruthveu,  James  Alexander, 
lawyer,  A68. 

Nov.  34  Pendleton,  Qeoree  H..  M.  C, 
senator  for  O.,  Dem.  candidate  for  Vice- 
President,  Alinister  to  Germany,  A  64. 

Dec.  6.  Davis.  Jefferson,  senator  for 
Miss.,  secretary  of  war,  rresident  of  Con- 
federate .States  of  America.  AHI. 

Palfrey,  F.  W.,  brig. -gen.  of  vols.,  histo- 
rian, A  58. 

Dec.  8.  Tuigg,  John,  bishop  of  the  R.  C. 
Diocese  of  Pittsburg,  A  79. 

Dec.  1 1.  Johnson,  Oliver,  abolitionist,  jour- 
nalist, A  80. 

Dec.  14.  Jeffrey,  Reuben,  Baptist  clergy- 
man, dies. 

Dec.  15.     Formes,  Carl,  basso,  A79. 

Dec.  31.  Day,  Benjamin  H.,  founder  of 
the  N.  Y.  Su7i,  ABO. 

Dec.  23.  Grady,  Henry  Woodfen.  ora- 
tor, editor  Atlanta  Constitution,  A39. 

Dec.  39.  Roiuandt,  Charles  R.  von,  pro- 
fessor in  Rutgers,  dies. 

Dec.  31.  Patton,  William  W.,  pres.  How- 
ard Tntversity,  A  68. 

Allen,  Horatio,  builder  of  first  locomo- 
tive in  U.  S.,  A71. 

CHURCH. 

1889  Nov.  23.  Greece.  Dr.  Talmage 
preaches  on  Mai^  Hill  at  Athens  ;  [be 
there  secures  a  stone  for  his  new  Taber- 
nacle]. 

Dec.  2.  New  York.  The  Reformed 
Episcopal  Church  celebrates  the  IGth 
anniversary  of  its  establishment. 

N.  Y.  The  presbytery  of  Buffalo  de- 
cides in  favor  of  the  revision  of  the 
creed. 

O.  The  General  Convention  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  opens  at  Cleveland. 

Dec.  4,  Boston.  A  General  Christian 
Conference  under  the  auspices  of  the 
American  Evangelical  AUiauce  of  the 
United  States  begins. 


Dec.  7.  Pa.  Bishop  Hichard  Phelan 
succeeds  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Dio- 
cese of  Pittsburg. 

Dec.  8.  New  York.  Dr.  M 'Glynn 
speaks  at  Cooper  Union  on  "  Church 
Despots  and  Popular  Rights." 

Dec.  10.  Pa.  The  Pope  decides  in 
favor  of  Sister  Alphonse,  as  againt^t 
Bishop  Phelan  of  Pittsburg,  in  the  con- 
test for  supremacy  in  the  Ursuline  con- 
vent of  Mt.  St.  Ursula  at  Pittsburg, 
restoring  the  French  nuns. 

Dec.  11-12.  Boston,  A  Congress  of 
Churches  is  held  in  Treniont  Temple 
to  consider  the  relation  of  the  secret- 
lodge  system  to  civil  liberty  and  the 
Christian  religion. 

Dec.  11.  Conn.  The  Yale  Roman 
Catholic  Club  holds  its  first  meeting ; 
it  is  recognized  by  President  Dwight  as 
a  Yale  College  organization. 

Dec.  15.  Conn.  Dwight  L.  Moody 
holds  services  at  Yale  University. 

Afd.    The  Catholic  Young  Men's 

Society  is  organized  at  Baltimore. 

Dec.  22,  Ga.  Prayers  are  offered  in 
all  the  churches  in  Atlanta  for  Henry 
W.  Grady's  recovery  from  serious  illness. 

Dec.  27.  Minn.  At  St.  Paul,  Rev.  John 
Slianley  of  St.  Paul,  Rev.  James  McGol- 
driclt  of  Minneapolis,  and  Rev.  Joseph 
B.  Cotter  of  AVinona,  are  consecrated 
Roman  Catholic  bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1889  Nov.  *  New  York.  Mayor  Grant 
appoints  seven  school  commissioners  — 
two  of  them  women. 

Dec.  2.  New  York.  Col.  John  A.  Cock- 
erill  is  reelected  president  of  the  Press 
Club. 

Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  The  Adelphi  Academy 
of  Brooklyn  is  burned  ;  loss,  $75,000. 

Dec.  25+:.  New  York.  The  Hebrews  are 
establishing  free  schools. 

Dec.  26-28.  New  York.  The  first  an- 
nual meeting  of  The  Music  Teachers* 
Association  is  held. 

Dec.  28-31.  Z>.  C.  The  American 
Historical  Association  holds  its  6th 
annual  meeting  in  Washington. 

Dee.  29.  N.  J.  The  valuable  library  of 
the  late  Dr.  George  L.  Janeway  is  pre- 
sented to  Rutgers  College. 

Dec.  30.  Mass.  A  library  building 
worth  $250,000  and  containing  10,000 
volumes  is  to  be  given  to  Arlington  by 
Mrs.  Maria  Bobbins  of  New  York. 

*  *  Cal.  —  N.Y.  A  Normal  School  is 
opened  by  the  State  at  Chico ;  and  an- 
other at  Oneonta,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y. 

SOCIETY. 
1889  Dec.  16.  Chicago.  Daniel  Cough- 
lin,  Martin  Burke,  Alexander  Sullivan, 
of  the  Clan-na-Gael,  are  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  life  for  the  murder 
of  Dr.  P.  H.  Cronin.  John  Kunz  is 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  three 
years,  and  John  F.  Beggs  is  discharged. 
[Couglilin  is  acquitted  on  a  new  trial, 
Mar.  8,  1894.] 


Dec.  18.  Neb.  A  central  prohibition 
organization  is  formed  by  a  convention 
at  Omaha ;  250  delegates  represent  five 
near-by  States. 

Dec.  19.  iV.  Dak.  A  prohibitory  law 
is  enacted  and  signed ;  it  is  to  become 
effective  on  July  1st. 

STATE. 

1889  Nov.  23.  Mont.  The  State  Le- 
gislature meets  for  the  first  time,  on 
the  call  of  the  governor. 

Nov.  26.  N.  Y.  Thomas  C.  Piatt  is 
removed  from  the  quarantine  conimis- 
sionership  by  decision  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals. 

Nov.  *  IVyo.  The  people  ratify  the  Con- 
stitution.   Vote,  6,272-1,923. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  The  Slst  Congress 
opens. 

Congress ;  Senate :  John  J.  Ingalls 
(Rep.)  of  Kan.  is  reelected  president  pro 
tempore.  House  :  Thomas  B.  Reed  of 
Me.  is  elected  Speaker ;  Edward  Mc- 
pherson of  Pa.,  clerk. 

President  Harrison  submits  to  Con- 
gress bis  first  message  ;  be  gives  warn- 
ing of  the  dangers  of  an  extravagant 
surplus,  and  shows  that  the  revenues  of 
the  last  year  exceed  the  expenses  bv 
$105,053,443.24,  and  that  the  excess  for 
this  year  will  be  .$83,000,000.  He  favors 
a  revision  of  the  tariff. 

Dec.  3.  N.  Dak.  The  first  State  Legis- 
lature meets  at  Bismarck. 
Dec.  4.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  ax)- 
points  David  J.  Brewer  of  Kan.  to  be 
Associate  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court.  [Dec.  18.  Confirmed  by  the 
Senate.] 

Congress;  Senate:  C.  K.  Daris  of 
Minn,  introduces  the  Dependent  Pen- 
sion Bill,  granting  pensions  to  soldiers 
who  are  incapacitated  for  manual  labor, 
also  for  dependent  relatives  of  deceased 
soldiers. 

J.  S.  Morrill  of  Vt.  introduces  the  bill 
to  repay  the  direct  tax  collected  from 
the  States  under  the  Tax  Act  of  Aug.  5, 
1861. 

J.  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  the  Anti- 
Trtist  Bill,  declaring  unlawful  trusts 
and  combinations  in  restraint  of  trade 
and  production. 

John  H.  Reagan  of  Tex.  introduces  a 
bill  for  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

James  F.  Wilson  of  la.  introduces  the 
Original  Package  Bill,  subjecting  im- 
ported liquors  to  the  provisions  of  the 
several  States. 

H.  W.  Blair  of  N.  H.  introduces  the 
^Educational  BUI,  appropriating  $77,- 
000,000   for    the    extension    of  common 
schools. 
Dec.  5.    D.  C.    Congress:  In  the  Senate 
John  J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  introduces  the 
"World's  Pair  Bill,  to  aid  in  commemo- 
rating the  400th  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America. 
Dec.  7.  D.C.  The  Pan- American  Con- 
gress provides  for  16  committees  to  be 
appointed  by  the  president,  James  G. 
Blaine. 
Dec.  9.    D.  C.   Congress ;  Senate  :  A  bill 
is  introduced  for  the  relief  of  the  as- 


UNITED  STATES. 


1889,  Nov.  22-**.      349 


signeesof  John  Roach;  a  bill  to  admit   Deo.  27.   S.C.   Anew  design  for  a  navy 


Idaho  as  a  State  is  introduced  by  O.  II. 
Piatt  of  Conn. ;  a  resolution  by  Senator 
Sherman  of  O.  in  favor  of  settlement 
of  international  disputes  by  arbitra- 
tion is  referred  to  tlio  Committee  on 
Foreign  Kelations. 

In  the  House  the  Speaker  appoints 
various  committees,  with  Judge  Har- 
rison Kelley  of  Kan.  as  chairman  on 
Manufactures,  W.  .McKinley  of  O.  on 
"Ways  and  Cleans,  and  J.  Q.  Cannon  of 
111.  ou  Appropriations. 
Deo.  10.  I).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  bill  is  introduced  proposing  New 
York  as  the  place  for  holding  the 
World's  Fair ;  the  Federal  Elections 
Bill  is  introduced  by  W.  E.  Chandler 
of  N.  H. 

A  Convention  of  the  governors  of  the 
States  and  Territories  opens. 

Boston.   T.  H.  Hart  (Rep.)  is  reelected 

mayor. 
Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  bill  is  introduced  for  a  service 
pension;  the  two  Houses  meet  in 
joint  session  to  commemorate  the  cen- 
tennial of  the  inauguration  of  Presi- 
dent Washington,  Chief-Justice  Fuller 
delivering  the  oration, 

J/rf,  —  Va.    The  Hog  Island  boundary 

dispute  between  Maryland  and  Virginia 
is  settled. 
Dec.  12.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  M. 
C.  Butler  of  N.  C.  introduces  the  Negro 
Emigration  Bill  relative  to  negroes 
leaving  the  Southern  States. 

John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  a  bill 
to  revive   the   grade   of  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  army. 
Deo.  16.    I).  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 
receives  from  the  President  the  new 
Extradition  Treaty  with  England. 
Neto  York.    The  Pan-American  Con- 
gress delegates  are  received  as  guests  of 
the  city. 
Dec.  18.     D.    C.      Congress;    House: 
George  W.  E.  Dorsey  of  Neb.  introduces 
a  National   Bank   Circulation   Bill, 
providing  for  the  issue  of  circulating 
notes  to  national  banks. 

Joseph  M.  Carey  of  "Wyo.  introduces  a 
bill  to  admit  Wyoming  into  the  Union 
as  a  State. 
Deo.  20.    D.  C.     Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution  for  repairing 
damages  by  the  Sacramento  floods. 
In  the  House,  B.  B.  Taylor  introduces 
a  Uniform  System  of  Bankruptcy  Bill. 
John  H.  O'Neall  of  Ind.  introduces  the 
Anti-Convict  Ijabor  BiU,  prohibiting 
convict  labor  on  public  works. 
Dec.  21.    D.C.    Congress ;  House :  The 
Committee  on  Appropriations  introduce 
the  District  of  Columbia  Appropria- 
tion Bill. 
Deo.  24.    D.  C.    Secretary  Windom  in- 
vites proposals  for  the  right  to  take  fur 
seals  on  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St. 
George,  Alaska. 
Dec.  26.    n.  C.    The  House  Commit- 
tee on  Ways  and  Means  begin  their 
sittings  on  the  tariff. 


flag  is  adopted,  to  take  effect  July  1 
18^1 ;  it  consists  of  a  rectangular  arrange- 
ment of  42  stars. 

Dec.  30.  X.  }'.  The  Electrocution 
Law  is  declared  to  be  constitutional 
by  the  General  Term  at  Rochester. 

Dec.  31.  7>.  C.  The  International 
Marine  Conference  finishes  its  work 
and  finally  adjourns. 

Dec.  *  Mont.  The  Legislature  is  in  a 
stubborn  deadlock,  the  Democratic 
members  of  the  Senate  absenting  them- 
selves from  that  body  till  the  session 
expires,  and  the  Republican  and  Demo- 
cratic members  of  the  House  holding 
separate  sessions. 

Dec.  •  W.  Va.  Gov.  Wilson  calls  the 
Legislature  to  meet  in  special  session 
on  Jan.  15  ;  the  most  important  business 
to  be  considered  is  the  settlement  of 
the  contest  between  A.  B.  Fleming  and 
Nathan  Goff  for  the  governorship. 

*  *  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  an  act 
against  the  organization  of  trusts. 

*  •  Mich.,  Minn.,  Mo.,  Mont.,  R.  I.,  Wis. 
The  secret  ballot  law  is  enacted. 

*  *    U.  S.    Governors  Inaugurated: 
-93*  *  Alas.  (Ter.).    Lyman  E.  Knapp. 
-91*  *  Ariz.  (Ter.).  Lewis  Wolfley. 
-93  *  *  Ark.    James  P.  Eagle. 

-90  *  *  Colo.    Job  A.  Cooper. 

-91  *  *  Conn.    Morgan  G.  Buckeley. 

-93  *  *  Fla.    Francis  P.  Fleming. 

-93  *  »  lit.    Joseph  W.  Fifer. 

-89  *  *  Ind.    Alvin  P.  Hovey  (deceased), 

-92  *  *  Me.    Edwin  C.  Burleigh. 

-93  ♦  *  Mo.    David  R.  Francis. 

Mont.  ( Ter.)  Benjamin  P.  White. 
-93  *  *  Mont.  (Ter.)    .Joseph  K.  Toole. 
-91  •  *  A'.  U.    David  H.  Goodell. 

N.  Mex.  (Ter.).    L.  B.  Prince. 
-93  »  *  N.C.    Daniel  G.  Fowle. 
-91  *  *N.  Dak.    John  Miller. 

B.  I.    H.  W.  Ladd. 
-91  *  *  S.  Dak.    Arthur  C.  Mellette. 
-93*  *  Utah. (Ter.).  Arthur L. Thomas. 
-91  •  •  Wis.    William  D.  Hoard. 
-90  ♦  *  Wyo.  (Ter.).    F.  E.  Warren. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Nov.  24.  Jap.  The  Pacific  mail- 
steamer  China  is  ashore  at  Yokohama ; 
she  is  valued  at  $1,000,000. 

Nov.  25.  ///.  Edwardsville  loses  J300,- 
000  by  fire. 

Nov.  26.  Mass.  A  great  fire  sweeps  over 
25  acres  of  Lsmn,  burning  330  build- 
ings, one-third  of  the  business  portion  of 
the  town,  and  rendering  175  families 
homeless. 

About  7,000  people  are  thrown  out  of 
work.  The  loss  on  buildings  alone  is 
nearly  81,500,000. 

Mo.  The  National  Silver  Conven- 
tion meets  in  St.  Louis ;  A.  J.  Warner 
of  O.  is  chosen  president. 

Nov.  27.  X'.  J.  The  German  bark  Ger- 
mania  from  Stettin  is  wrecked  at  XiOng 
Branch;  the  captain  and  eight  sailors 
are  drowned. 

Nov.  28.  Jlnston.  A  fire  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  85,000,000. 

Nov.  30.  Minn.  The  Tribune  building 
is  burned  out. 


At  the  time  of  the  fire  100  or  more  men 
are  at  work  in  the  upper  stories  of  the 
building  ;  10 persons  perish  in  the  fiames. 

Nov.  *  A'ew  York.  The  proprietor  of 
Judge  offers  the  Government  $100,000 
for  the  privilege  of  printing  adver- 
tisements on  the  back  of  the  United 
States  postage-stamps.  [Declined.] 
*  »  Tenn.  The  East  Tennessee  Land 
Company  is  organized  with  $3,000,000 
capital ;  Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk  of  New 
York,  president. 
Nov.  *    Va.    A  fire  destroys  property  in 

Petersburg  valued  at  $750,000. 
Dec.  7.    N.  Y.    Boscobel,  long  known  as 
Henry  AW.  Beecher's  country-place, 
is  sold  for  $75,000. 

N.  Mex.    The  Cerro  Blanco  mines 

are  sold  to  an  English   syndicate   for 
$1,500,000. 
Tenn.    An  English  syndicate  pur- 
chases  86,000   acres   of    coal    and 
mineral  laud   in  Marion  County  for 
$2,212,000. 
Dec.  9.    Phila.    Spreckel's  big  sugar 
refinery  begins  operations.    Its  capa- 
city is  2,000,000  pounds  every  24  hours. 
Dec.  12.      New    York.      The    World's 
Fair    Guaranty    Fund    amounts    to 
$5,224,434  ;  and  the  Washington  Me- 
morial Arch  Fund  to  $61,768.71. 
Dec.  14.    A".    Y.    The  United   Franklin 
and  Clyde  Glass  Companies  of  Syra- 
cuse consolidate  with  a  joint  capital  of 
$1,583,600. 

The  Citizens'  Steamboat  Company 
of  Troy  decides  to  sell  its  boats  and 
charter  to  an  English  syndicate  for 
$1,000,000. 
Dec.  28.  Miss.  The  Citizens'  ware- 
house, Y'azoo  City,  containing  6,000 
hales  of  cotton  and  seven  freight-cars, 
is  burned ;  loss,  $327,000. 

W.  Va.    At  White  Sulphur  Springs, 

near  Charleston,  six  cars  are  destroyed 
in  a  railroad  accident  caused  by  the 
spreading  of  the  rails.    In  the  wreck  11 
people  are  killed  and  25  injured. 
Dec.  *  Kan.     Thousands    of   bushels   of 
com  are  being  burned  for  fuel ;  in  some 
counties  the  market  price  of  corn  is  less 
than  15  cents  per  bushel,  while  coal  is 
from  25  to  35  cents  per  bushel. 
Dec.  *  Ky.    It  is  reported  th.at  260,000 
acres  of  coal  and  timber  land  near 
Middlesborough  h.ive  been  sold  to  Eng- 
lish capitalists  for  $1,500,000. 
Dec.  *  New   York.    Nearly   300   miles 
of  electric  wires  and  about  800  poles 
have  been  cut  down  to  clear  the  streets. 
Deo.  31.     U.S.    Statistics  for  1889. 

Production  :  Gold,  .?32,80O,00O  ;  silver, 
$64,646,000;  bushels  of  grain:  ln<liun 
corn,  2,112,892,000;  wheat,  4:i0,560,000 ; 
oats,  751 ,515,000;  barley,  60,000.000+  ;  rve, 
30,000,000+  ;  buckwheat,  11,000,000+  ; 
bales  of  cotton,  6,936,082 ;  pounds  of  wool. 
265,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  34.820,- 
306.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,380,361,- 
649  ;  per  capita,  $22.52.  Immigrants  re- 
ceived (fiscal  year),  444,427.  Miles  of 
railroads  worked,  152,689;  capital  stock. 
$4,495,099,318;  total  railroad  accidents, 
1,569 ;  persons  killed,  5,823  ;  persons  in- 
jured, 26,309.  Fire-waste,  $123.016.8.33; 
insurance,  $73,679,465.  Business  failures, 
11,719 ;  liabilities,  $140,359,490. 


850    1889,**-1890,Jaii.  15. 


AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889*  *  D,  C.  Congreas  provides  for 
the  establishment  of  a  gun-making 
plant  at  West  Troy,  New  York. 

1890  Jan.  11.  The  Squadron  of  Evo- 
lution in  the  Mediterranean  suffers 
severely  with  influenza;  180  cases  on 
.the  Chicago  alone. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  *  *  Cal.  The  floods  at  Los  An- 
geles change  the  channel  of  the  river 
below  the  city  and  turn  the  water  on  the 
fruit-lands.    Damage,  ^750,000. 

-*  *  iVew  York.  Hamilton  Hamilton  of 
Mount  Vernon,  Olin  L.  Warner  of  New 
York  City,  and  Augustus  St.  Gaudens 
are  elected  members  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  New  York.  A  committee  of  experts 
is  examining  the  obelisk  in  Central 
Park,  endeavoring  to  devise  some  means 
to  preserve  it  from  further  cracking  and 
crumbling.    [Coated  with  paraflBn.] 

*  *  5.  Dak.  Natural  gas  is  discovered  in 
Bedfield,  Spink  county  ;  the  pressure  is 
so  great  that  sand  and  gravel  are  forced 
60  feet  into  the  air. 

1890  Jan.  3.  Neic  Ym-k.  An  Amer- 
ican Fine  Art  Society  is  formed. 

-Jan.  6.  Professor  S.  W.  Burnham*s  tele- 
gram from  South  America,  announcing 
the  successful  observation  of  the 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  is  received. 

Jan.  8.  N.  Y.  A  large  spray  of  cherry- 
blossoms  is  picked  from  a  tree  at  Nyack- 
on-the-Hudson. 

Jan.  13.  Ky.  A  tornado  strikes  Clin- 
ton, demolishing  55  houses  and  killing 
11  people. 

^Jan.  15.  New  York,  Rev.  H.  B.  Elliot 
claims  to  possess  Raphael's  Madonna 
of  the  Veil,  long  supposed  to  be  lost. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1890. 

Jan.  1.    Pierson,  Henry  R.,  chancellor  of 
University  of  N.  Y.,  A71. 

Jan.  S.    Boker,  George  H.,  litterateur,  dip- 
lomat, A67. 

Jan.  7.    Claflin,  Aaron  B.,  dry-goods  mer- 
chant, of  New  York,  A83. 

Jan.  8.    Lapham,  Eldredge  G.,  senator  for 
N.  Y.,  A7(>. 

Radford,  W.,  adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A82. 

Woods,  George  L.,  Gov.  of  Ore.,  A68. 

Jan.  9.    Kelley.  William  D..  M.  C.  for 
Pa.,  Fatlierof  the  House,  A76. 

CHURCH. 
1889  *  *  Boston.    The  Baptist  Annual 
Meeting  is  held. 

*  *  The  Homan  Catholic  Dioceses  of 

MMnona,  Minn.,  of  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D., 
and  of  Jamestown  in  North  Dakota,  are 
established. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Louisville ; 
N.  S.  Haynes,  president. 

*  *  Neb.  The  Nebraska  Free  Methodist 
Conference  is  organized. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  International  Mission- 
ary Union  convenes  at  Hiughamton. 

*  *  O.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Springfield  ;  E. 
S.  McKitrie,  moderator. 


*  *  R.  I.     The  Congregational  Club  is 

formed  in  Providence. 

*  *  The  Central  Iowa,  Eastern  Michigan, 
Southern  California,  Puget  Sound,  Cen- 
tral Ohio,  Lincoln,  and  Berkshire  Con- 
gregational clubs  are  organized. 

*  *  The  Finnish  Suorai  Evangelical  Lu- 
theran Synod  is  organized. 

*  *  The  Woman's  Missionary  Union, 
auxiliary  to  the  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention, is  organized. 

1890  Jan.  1.  It.  The  Pope  grants 
a  benediction  to  the  people  of  America. 

Anson  R.  Graves  is  consecrated  (Prot- 
estant Episcopal)  bishop  of  the  Platte. 

Jan.  5.  Afass.  The  French  Canadians 
of  Fall  River  protest  against  tiie  action 
of  the  R.  C.  congress  at  Baltimore. 

Jan.  10.  New  York.  The  Chin-ch  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  the 
Interests  of  Labor  is  formed. 

Jan.  14.  It.  The  Peter's  pence, 
amounting  to  $37,000,  is  received  by  the 
Pope  from  North  America. 

LETTERS. 

1889  *  *  la.  The  Sioux  City  Training 
School  for  teachers  is  opened. 

*  *  La.  The  Evening  News  is  issued  at 
New  Orleans. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  The  Legislature  provides  for 
a  State  University  at  Albuquerque,  a 
School  of  Mines  at  Socorro,  and  an 
Agricultural  College  at  Las  Cruces. 

*  *  Neto  York.    Good  News  is  issued. 

*  *  New  York.  Barnard  College  (non- 
sect.)  is  organized. 

*  *  O.  The  Cleveland  Daily  World  is 
issued. 

*  *  American  and  imported  books 
published  during  the  year,  4,014,  besides 
minor  cheap  libraries. 

*  *  Accolon  of  Gaul,  with  other  PoemSt  by 
Madison  Curtis  Cawein,  appears. 

*  *  American  Literature,  by  Charles  F. 
Richardson,  appears. 

*  •  Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Biography,  by  James  Grant  Wilson  and 
John  Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  The  Beginnings  of  New  England,  by 
John  Fiske,  appears ;  also  The  War  of 
Independence. 

*  *  Bibliotheca  Washingtoniana  appears. 

*  *  The  Century  Dictionary,  Sec.  1,  edited 
by  William  Dwight  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  Commodus,  by  Lew  Wallace,  appears. 

*  *  Cyclopedia  of  Music  and  Musicians, 
by  John  Denison  Champlin,  appears. 

*  *  George  Washington,  by  Henry  Cabot 
Lodge,  appears. 

*  *  The  Germain  Emperor^  by  Poultney 
Bigelow,  appears. 

*  *  Greifenstein,  by  Francis  Marion  Craw- 
ford, appears  ;  also  SanV  Ilario. 

*  *  Hemdmi's  Lincoln,  by  William  H. 
Herndon  and  Jesse  W.  Weik,  appears. 

*  *  iristory  of  the  United  States,  by  Henry 
Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Hist<yry  of  Utah,  by  Hubert  Howe 
Bancroft,  appears. 


*  *  Jonathan  and  His  Continent,  by  Max 
O'Rell  and  Jack  Allyn,  appears. 

*  *  Liberal  Orthodoxy  of  To-day,  by  Ly- 
man Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  General  Lafayette,  by  Bayard 
Tuckerman,  appears. 

*  ♦  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America,  by  Justin  Winsor,  appears 
complete. 

*  *  The  New  Smith,  by  Henry  Woodfen 
Grady,  appears. 

*  *  Projit- Sharing  between  Employer  and 
Employee,  by  Nicholas  Paine  Oilman, 
appears. 

*  *  Strange  True  Stories  of  Louisiana,  by 
George  W.  Cable,  appears. 

*  *  The  State,  by  Woodrow  Wilson,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  A  Transient  Guest  and  Other  Episodes, 
by  Edgar  Evertson  Saltus,  appears. 

*  *  The  Viking  Age,  hyPa.\ilB.duChskin\i., 
appears. 

*  *  Studies  in  the  South  and  East,  by 
Charles  Dudley  Warner,  appears ;  also 
A  Little  Journey  in  the   World. 

*  *  A  Hazard  of  New  Eortunes,  hyWiUxAjn 
Dean  Ho  wells,  appears. 

*  *  City  Legends,  by  Will  Carleton,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Passe-Rose,  by  Arthur  S.  Hardy,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Jupiter  Lights,  by  Constance  Fenimore 
Woolson,  appears. 

*  *  A  Yankee  at  the  Court  of  King  Arthur, 
by  Mark  Twain,  appears. 

1890  Jan.  2.  New  York.  The  Lenox 
Lyceum  is  formally  opened. 

Jan.  4.  New  York.  The  Homeopathic 
Medical  College  is  formally  opened. 

Jan.  7.  Co^in.  The  Osborne  (recita- 
tion) Hall  of  Yale  is  dedicated. 

SOCIETY. 

1889  *  *  Cal.  The  Legislature  passes  an 
act  recognizing  the  Veterans'  Home 
at  Yountville  as  a  State  institution,  and 
making  it  a  beneficiary  under  an  en- 
abling Act  of  Congress. 

*  *  Cal.  The  Preston  School  of  In- 
dustry for  Youthful  Criminals  at  lone 
City  is  founded. 

*  *  Colo.  The  Legislature  establishes  a 
Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home  at  Monte 
Vista  ;  also  a  State  Normal  School  at 
Greeley. 

*  *  In4.  The  Legislature  passes  a  law 
to  suppress  riotous  conspiracy,  aiming 
especially  at  the  secret  societies  called 
"White  Caps. 

*  *  Ky.  The  Circuit  Court  is  suspended 
in  Perry  and  Knott  counties  by  the 
terrorism  caused  by  savage  and  lawless 
bands  of  armed  men ;  the  governor 
from  motives  of  economy  declines  to 
call  out  troops  to  preserve  the  peace. 

*  *  Minn.  Memorial  Day,  May  30,  is 
made  a  legal  holiday. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  negro  exodus  threatens  to 
depopulate  some  parts  of  the  State ;  it 
is  encouraged  by  emigration  agents. 


UNITED   STATES.         1889,  ♦  *-1890,  Jan.  15.    351 


*  •  Neb.  Labor  Day,  the  1st  Monday 
in  September,  is  established  as  a  legal 
holiday. 

*  »  jV.  H.  The  Soldiers'  Home  is  es- 
tablished by  the  State  at  Tilton. 

*  •  X.  J.  The  local-option  and  high- 
license  law  is  repealed,  and  another 
high-license  law  enacted. 

*  •  Wis.  A  local-option  bill  is  passed, 
providing  for  elections  on  the  petition 
of  10  per  cent  of  the  voters. 

1890  Jan.  2.  5.  Dak.  Liquor-dealers 
cause  much  excitement  by  continuing 
in  business  notwithstanding  the  prohibi- 
tory law. 


F.  Gllkeson,  of  Pa.,  Second  Compl.;  B.  S. 
HoUiday,  of  Pa.,  Commissi&ner  of  Customs. 
Auditors  :  George  1".  Fisher,  of  Del.,  first ; 
J.  N.  rattersoii,  of  N.  11.,  Second;  William 
H.  Hart,  of  Ind.,  Thtrd ;  John  li.  Lynch,  of 
Miss.,  Fourth ;  L.  VV.  Haberconib,  of  1).  C, 
Fifth ;  Thomas  B.  Coulter,  of  O.,  Sixth. 
James  N.  Huston,  of  Ind.,  Treas.  U.  S.;  Wm. 
S.  Hosecrans,  of  Oal.  (1885),  Itegister  of  the 
Treasury ;  Edward  a.  Lacey,  of  Mich., 
Compt.  of  the  Currency ;  John  W.  Mason,  of 
W.  Va.,  Com.  of  Internal  Revenue;  Wm. 
W.  Bates,  of  N.  Y.,  Com.  of  Navigation  ; 
Alphonso  Hart,  of  O.,  Solicitor  of  Internal 
Revenue  ;  Edward  O.  Leech,  of  I).  C,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Mmt ;  John  B.  Hamilton,  of  111. 
(1879),  Supervising  Surg.-Oen. of  the  Marine 
Hospital  Service  ;  James  A.  Dumont,  of 
N.  Y.  (1876),  Supervising  Inspector-Gen.  of 
Steam  Vessels;  Wm.  M.  Meredith,  of  111., 
Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing;  James 
H.  Windrim,  of  I'a.,  Supervising  Architect. 


S.  C.    Gov.  Richardson  malces  every    "^f^    Department —  Lewis   A.    Grant,  of 

eifort  to  bring  to  justice  the  white       TA.y^^\4Zl'-,ot'^>i  ^'iL^cki'^JiTe! 
lynchers  of   the   negroes   who  were       "'  ■•'"     '•-  "—  •  "'-' — '  "   ■ — •   •■    ' 


confined  in  Barnwell  jail 

X.  C.  —  S.  C.    The  negro  exodus 

increases. 

Over  4,000  have  passed  through  Charles- 
ton on  their  way  to  Florida,  Alabama, 
and  Southern  Georgia. 

Jan.  4.  S.  C.  Two  Northern  detec- 
tives are  driven  out  of  Barnwell  County 
by  the  lynchers'  friends. 

X.  C.    A  Methodist  preacher  and  his 

wife  apply  to  the  British  minister 
for  protection  from  brutal  assaults. 

Neio  York.  A  new  revolutionary  so- 
ciety is  organized,  and  called  "The 
United  Irishmen." 

Jan.  6.  Mo.  Alice  Jackson,  an  heiress, 
is  the  second  time  abducted  at  St. 
Louis. 

Neb.    The  Masonic  Grand  Lodge 

expels  saloon-keepers. 
Jan.  7.  New  York.   A  special  meeting  of 

the  Southern  Society  passes  eulogistic 

resolutions  on  the  memory  of  Jefferson 

Davis.     [.Jan.  8.     The  \  ice-President, 

W.  P.  St.  John,  ia  offended  and  resigns.] 

Jan.  8.  New  York.  The  Business  Men's 
Association  gives  a  dinner  in  honor  of 
the  Democratic  governors  of  several 

States. 

Jan.  9.  Nev)  York.  The  Union  League 
elects  Chauncey  M.  Depew  its  presi- 
dent. 

Fta.  Ten  thousand  visitors,  repre- 
senting every  State  in  the  Union,  attend 
the  opening  exercises  of  the  Subtropi- 
cal Exhibition  at  Jacksonville  ;  Gov. 
Francis  P.  Fleming  delivers  an  address. 

Jan.  12.  Neio  York.  Major  W.  H.  Clark 
of  the  Southern  Society  is  arrested  for 
shooting  at  Wilton  Xiaudolph. 

Jan.  13.  Mass.  Manufacturers  of  Haver- 
hill lock  out  3,500  employees  who  were  Government  Printing  Office.  —  Frank  W. 
preparing  to  strike.  Palmer,  of  111.,  Public  Printer. 

Jan.  15.  Chicago.  The  Afro-American  Department  of  I.abor.  —  Carroll  D.  Wright, 


of  Ky.,  Ins.-  Gen. ;  Richard  N.  Batchelder, 
of  N.  H.  C1890J,  §.  U.  a.;  Beekman  I)u 
Barry,  of  N.J.  ri890J,  Com.-Gen.;  Charles 
Sutherland,  of  Pa.  [1891],  Surg.-Oen. ;  Wm. 
Smith,  of  Vt.  [1890],  P.  M.  O.;  Thomas  L. 
Casey,  of  K.  I.  (1888),  Chief  of  Engineers; 
.Stephen  V.  BeniSt,  of  Fla.  (1874),  Chiif  of 
Ordnance;  Guide  N.  Licher,  of  N.  Y.  (1885), 
Acting  J.  A.  G. ;  Adolphus  W.  Greely,  of  La. 
(1887),  CAiy  Signal  Officer. 
Navy  Department. —James  Kussell  Soley, 
of  Mass.  [1890],  Assist.  Sec.  Bi;re,vi!s: 
ISorman  H.  Farquhar,  of  I'a.  [1890],  Yards 
and  Docks ;  F'rancis  M.  Ramsay,  of  L).  C, 
Navigation;  William  M.  Folger,  of  O.  [1890], 
Ordnance;  Edwin  Stewart,  of  N.  Y.  [1890). 
Provisions  and  Clothing;  J.  Mills  Browne, 
of  N.  H.  (1888),  Medicine  and  Surgery; 
Theodore  D.  Wilson,  of  N.  Y.  (1886),  Con- 
struction and  Repair ;  George  Dewey,  of 
Vt.,  Equipment  and  Recruiting  ;  George  W. 
Melville,  of  N.  Y.  (1887),  Steam  Engineer- 
ing. Wm.  B.  Remey,  V.  S.  Marine  Corps, 
of  la.  (1878),  J.  A.  a.;  Charles  G.  McCaw- 
ley,  of  Pa.  (1876),  Commandant  of  Marine 
Corps. 

Fost-ofllce  Department.  —  James  S.  Clark- 
son,  of  la..  First  Assist.  P.  M.  G. ;  Smith  A. 
Whitfleld,  of  ().,  Second  Assist.  P.  M.  G.  , 
Abraham  I).  Hazen,  of  I'a.,  Third  Assist.  P. 
M.  G.;  James  N.  Tyner,  of  Ind.,  Assist. 
Ally. -Gen.;  (Vacant),  Supt.  of  Foreign 
Mails ;  Charles  F.  Macdonald,  of  Mass. 
(1864),  Supt.  of  Money  Order  System;  J. 
Lowrie  Bell,  of  Pa.,  Gen.  Supt.  of  Raihcay 
Mail  Service  ;  David  P.  Leibhardt,  of  Ind., 
Supt.  of  Dead  Letter  Office ;  F;ste8  G.  Rath- 
bone,  of  O.,  Chief  Post-office  Inspector. 

Interior  Department.  —  George  Chandler,  of 
Kan.,  F'vst  Assist.  Sec. ;  Cyrus  Bussey, 
of  N.  Y.,  Assist.  Sec. ;  George  H.  Shields,  of 
Mo.,  Assist.  Atty.-Gen.  Commissioners: 
Lewis  A.  Grofr,of  Neb.,Oenerat  land  Office; 
Green  B.  Raum,  of  111.,  Pensions;  Thomas 
J.  Morgan,  of  It.  I.,  Indian  Affairs;  Charles 
E.  Mitchell,  of  (Jonn.,  Patent  Office  ;  Horace 
A.  Taylor,  of  Wis.,  Railroads;  William  T. 
Harris,  of  Mass.,  Education.  John  W.  Pow- 
ell, of  m.  (1881),  Director  of  Geological 
Survey;  Edward  Clark,  of  Pa.  (1865), 
Architect  of  the  Capitol. 

Department  of  Juetice.  —  Orlow  W.  Chap- 
man, of  N.  Y.,  Solicitor-Oeneral ;  John  B. 
Cotton,  of  Me. ;  William  A.  Maury,  of  D.  C, 
Assist.  Attys.-Gen. 

Department  of  Agriculture.  —  Edwin  Wil 
lits,  of  Mich.,  Assist.  Sec 


of  Mass.  (1888),  Commissioner. 
Library  of  Congress.  —  Ainsworth  R.  Spof- 

ford,  of  O.  (1865),  Librarian. 
Government  Directors  in  the  Union  Pa- 
cific R.R.  Company.  —  Rufus  B.  Bullock, 
of  Ga.;  Jesse  Spalding,  of  III.;  George  K. 
Leighton,  of  Mo.:  John  F.  Plummer,  of 
N.  Y.;  James  W.  .Savage,  of  Neb.  (1885). 
Civil  Service  CommtSBloners.  —  Charles 
Lyman,  of  Conn.:    Theodore  Roosevelt,  of 

, ,,..„.i„.,         N.  Y.;  Hugh  S.  Thompson,  of  S.  C. 

of  Mass.,  Assist.  Sec. ;  Alvey  A.  Adee,  o^  Interstate  Commerce  Commissioners.  — 
N.  Y.  (1882),  Second  Assist.  Sec;  John  B.  Thomas  .M.  Cooley,  of  .AIi<'h.,  Chairman; 
ilooie,oi  Del.  ilism),  Third  Assist.  Sec.  William    R.    Morrison,    of    HI,;    Augustus 

■Treasury  Department.  —(Vacant),  of  N.  Y. ;        Schoonniaker,  of  N.  Y. ;  Walter  L.  Bragg,  of 
Oliver  I..  Siiauldlng,  of  Mich.  [1890];  Allured        •^l".;   Wheelock  G.  Veazey,  of  Vt. 
li.  Nptlleton,  of  Minn.  [1890],  Assist.  Sees.,     Ministers  and  Envoys. —  John  R.  G.  Pitkin, 
Asa  C.Matthews,  of  III.,  First  Compt.;  Benj.        of  La.,  at  Buenos  Ayres;  Frederick  D.  Grant, 


Leagues  hold  a  convention. 

STATE. 

1889  *  •■  1).  C.  Principal  department 
officers  of  the  Federal  Government. 
All  appointments  were  made  in  1889  by 
President  Harrison,  except  as  indicated. 

State  Department.  —  William  F.  Wharton, 


of  N.y., at  Vienna;  Edwin  H.  Terrell,  of  Tex., 
at  Brussels  ;  Robert  Adams,  Jr.,  of  Pa.,  at 
Bio  Janeiro;  Lansing  B.  Mizner,  of  Cal.,  at 
Guatemala;  Patrick  Egan,  of  Neb.,  at  San- 
tiago; Charles  Denby,  of  Ind.  (lS85),at  Pe- 
king; John  T.  Abbott,  of  N.  H.,  at  Bogota- 
Whitelaw  Keid,  of  N.  Y.,  at  Paris;  William 
Walter  Phelps,  of  N.  J.,  at  Berlin;  Robert 
I.  Lincoln,  of  in., at  London;  Albert  G.  I'or- 
ter,  of  Ind.,  at  Home;  John  F".  Swift,  of  Cal., 
at  Tokyo  ( Yeddo) ;  Thomas  Ryan,  of  Kan.,  at 
Mexico;  Samuel  K.  Thayer,  of  Minn.,  at  The 
Hague;  John  Hicks,  of  Wis.,  at  Lima;  (Va- 
cant) at  St.  Petersburg;  Thomas  W.  Palmer, 
of  Mich.,  at  Madrid;  William  W.  Thomas, 
Jr.,  of  Me.,  at  Stockholm;  Solomon  Hirsch, 
of  Ore.  (1886),  at  Constantinople;  WUIiam 
L.  Scruggs,  of  Ga.,  at  Caracas. 

1890  Jan.  5.  D.  C.  Henry  B.Brown 
of  Mich,  is  sworn  in  as  Justice  of  the 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  [Also  Jan.  6. 
David  J.  Brewer  of  Kan.] 

Jan.  7.  S.  Dak.  The  first  session  of 
the  Legislature  of  the  new  State  opens. 

Jan.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  District  of  Colimibia  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Dec.  21. 

St.  Louis's  claims  as  the  site  of  the 
World's  Fair  are  presented  to  the  Sen- 
ate Committee. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  concerning  the  Alaska  Seal 
Fisheries;  the  House  in  Committee  of 
the  Whole  considers  the  bill  to  provide 
for  town  site  entry  of  lands  in  Okla- 
homa. 

Jan.  15.  D.C.  The  Postmaster-General 
orders  the  establishment  of  20  new 
branch  stations  of  the  New  York  Post- 
office. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  *  »  Boston.  Electric  street-rail- 
roads are  first  operated. 

•  •  A'aii.  The  Legislature  encourages  the 
silk  industry  by  appropriating  813,- 
000  for  the  establishment  of  a  silk  sta- 
tion. 

*  *  Tex.  Arbor  Day  is  fixed  for  the  22d 
of  February. 

1890  Jan.  1.  New  York.  A  fire  in  the 
Liberty  Silk  Mills  causes  a  loss  of  S25Q- 
000. 

Pa.    The  Shelton  Axle  Works  in  the 

Wyoming  Valley,  employing  1,000  men, 
is  bought  by  an  English  syndicate. 

S.  C.     The    colored    people   open 

their  first  State  Fair  at  Columbus. 

Jan.  2.  N.J.  A  rubber  trust  is  formed 
at  Trenton. 

Jan.  4.  New  York.  The  EWorld's  Fair 
Fund  amounts  to  $5,302,265. 

Jan.  6.  Me.  Lewlston  loses  $500,000 
by  fire. 

Jan.  7.  New  York.  There  are  150,000 
cases  of  "  grip  "  reported. 

Jan.  9.  Fla.  The  Sub-Tropical  Ex- 
position opens  at  Jacksonville. 

Ky.   The  caisson  of  the  new  bridge 

at  Louisville  breaks,  and  14  men  are 
drowned. 

Jan.  11.  D.C.  The  "World's  Fair  Com- 
mittee from  New  York  submits  its 
memorial  to  the  Senatorial  Committee, 
urging  its  location  in  their  city. 

Kij.     At     Versailles    35    valuable 

horses,  including  one  that  cost  $51,000, 
perish  in  a  fire  ;  total  loss,  $360,000. 

Wis.  Milwaukee  millers  combine, 

with  $5,000,000  capital,  to  resist  English 
cumpetition. 


352     1890,  Jan.  15 -Feb.  * 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Jan.  *  R.  I.  The  Cushing  is 
launched  at  Providence,  the  first  of 
the  modern  sea-going  torpedo  boats ; 
speed,   22.5  knots  per  hour. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Joseph  R.  Smith  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  medical  depart- 
ment. 

Feb.  28.  I).  C.  Commanders  Frederick 
Rogers  and  John  F.  McGlensey  are  pro- 
moted captains.  [Also  July  31.  Edgar 
C,  Merriman.] 

Feb.  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill  al- 
lowing brevet  promotion  in  the  army 
when  engaged  in  Indian  service. 

Feb,  *  The  Squadron  of  Evolution 
sails  for  Villefrauche,  France;  later  it 
reaches  Toulon. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Jan.  21.  Wash.  Ten  persons  and 
thousands  of  cattle  perish  by  a  storm. 

Jan.  25.  Tenn.  Earthquake  shocks  oc- 
cur. [Apr,  24.  Also  on  the  Pacific  coast 
for  two  hours.  May  24.  In  Montana, 
damaging  property.  May  25.  In  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  N.  Y.  May  28.  Nine 
shocks  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.  May  30.  At 
Dover,  Me.  Julyl.  Three  at  Santa  Rosa, 
Cal.    July  16.    For  one  minute  in  Ind.] 

Jan.  27.  Chicago.  The  stethotele- 
phone  is  patented  by  James  Louth. 

Jan.  *  The  Angelus  of  Millet  is  sent 
to  Chicago  for  exhibition. 

Jan,  *  Mo.  A  tornado  strikes  St.  Louis, 
blowing  down  scores  of  houses  and  kill- 
ing three  persons. 

Feb.*  Ida.  The  town  of  Burke  is  nearly 
destroyed  by  avalanches. 

Feb.*  N.  H.  Steps  are  taken  to  make  a 
State  park  of  the  White  and  Franconia 
Mountains  district. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Jan.  17.  Henderson,  Peter,  florist,  author, 
A67. 

Jan.  19.    Vallejo,  Manuel  G.,  pioneer,  A8l. 

Jan.  22.  Forepau^h,  Adam,  showman, 
A59. 

Jan.  24.  Kiddleberger,  Harrison  H.,  sen- 
ator for  Va.,  A  45. 

Feb.  22.  Aster.  John  Jacob,  8r.,  esti- 
mated wealth,  $150,000,000,  At»5. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Jan.  16.  It.  The  Pope  issues 
an  encyclical  ordering  Catholics  to 
give  implicit  obedience  to  papal  man- 
dates; they  must  obey  local  laws  that 
do  not  entail  disobedience  to  "divine 
law." 

N.  Y.    The  Rev.  Lyman  Abbott  ia 

installed  as  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn, his  theology  being  pronounced 
satisfactory  by  a  distinguished  Congre- 
gational council. 

New   York.    Archbishop  Corrigan 

sails  for  Home.  [June  2.  He  is  received 
by  the  Pope.  June  6.  His  action  in  re- 
gard to  Dr.  Burtsell  is  confirmed  by  the 
Pope.]     (See  July  27.) 

Feb.  6.  la.  Non-partisan  prayers  in 
the  House  are  ordered  by  enactment. 
Vote,  48  to  43. 


Feb.  8.  }y^is.  The  English-speaking 
priests  of  Milwaukee  organize  as  an 
American  Catholic  Clerical  Union, 
in  opposition  to  the  German  supremacy 
in  the  diocese. 

Feb.  12.  Pa.  Miss  Kate  Drexel  takes 
the  black  veil  at  Pittsburg. 

Miss  Drexel,  now  known  as  Sister 
Catherine,  gives  her  entire  fortune  to 
the  new  order  which  she  intends  found- 
ing, and  which  will  be  known  as  "The 
Sisters  of  the  Holy  Sacrament,"  of  the 
Koman  Catholic  Church. 

Feb.  17.   N.J.    Bishop  Wigger,  of  the 

Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Newark, 
orders  that  all  children  of  Catholic  par- 
ents be  taken  from  public  schools  and 
sent  to  parochial  schools. 

Feb.  *  Kan.  Bishop  Fink  objects  to 
Catholics  joining  the  Farmers'  Alliance. 

Feb,  *  N.  Y.  Over  7,000  people  welcome 
Dr.  Talmage  in  the  13th  Kegiment  Ar- 
mory on  his  return  from  Europe  and  the 
East. 

LETTERS, 

1890  Jan.  20.  Chicago.  Marshal  Field 
donates  $100,000  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Baptist  University. 

Jan.  22.  N.  Y.  Syracuse  University 
receives  the  Wolfe  Collection  of  engrav- 
ings, etchings,  etc.,  the  gift  of  Gen.  Lea- 
venworth's widow. 

Jan.  30.  N,  Y.  George  W.  Curtis  is 
elected  chancellor  of  the  New  York 
Board  of  Regents. 

Jan.*  Mo.  Property  worth  $1,000,000  is 
acquired  for  a  Methodist  college  in 
Kansas  City. 

Feb.  3.  New  York.  SethLowis  oflSci- 
ally  instaUed  as  president  of  Columbia. 

Feb.  6,  Pa.  Andrew  Carnegie's  plan 
for  a  public  library  in  Pittsburg,  in- 
cluding a  building  to  cost  §1,000,000,  is 
made  public. 

Feb.  20.  Pa.  The  Carnegie  Library 
in  Allegheny  is  dedicated  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison. 

Feb.  21.  A^  }{.  A  memorial  hall  and 
library  are  dedicated  at  Wolfboro. 

SOCIETY. 
1890  Jan.  16,  Phila,  The  Johnstown 
Relief  Committee  resolves  to  give  ^50 
annually  to  each  child  orphaned  by  the 
flood,  until  it  is  16  years  of  age ;  total 
expenditure,  $2,033,747. 

Jan.  19.  Okla.  The  manager  of  the  Im- 
migration Society  reports  that  20,000  exo- 
dus negroes  have  settled  in  Oklahoma. 

Jan.  24.  Chicago.  B.  P.  Hutchinson  ia 
robbed  of  from  §25,000  to  §40,000  by  a 
coufldential  clerk. 

New    York.    George  H.  Lounsberry, 

assistant  cashier  of  the  Post-office,  com- 
mits suicide,  having  defaulted  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $47,000. 

The  Knights   of  Iiabor  and  the 

Miners'  I^atlonal  Progressive  Union 
agree  on  the  details  of  a  common  consti- 
tution. 

Jan.  25.  Eng.  Rev.  T.  De'Witt  Tal- 
mage of  Brooklyn  is  entertained  at  Ha- 
warden  by  Mr.  Gladstone. 

Jan.  31.  New  York.  P.J.  Claassen,  presi- 
dent of  the  Sixth  National  Bank,  is  ar- 


rested, and  George  H.  Pell,  an  accused 
broker,  is  held  in  §25,000  bail ;  the  Sixth 
National,  Equitable,  and  Lenox  Hill 
banks  are  involved.  [July  14.  James 
A.  Simmons  is  arrested,  charged  with 
complicity  in  wrecking  the  bank.] 

Ind.    President  Harrison's  house, 

at  Indianapolis,  is  entered  by  burglars, 
and  §1,000  worth  of  valuables  are  taken. 

Jan.*  Minn.  The  National  Convention  of 
the  Master  Builders'  Association  meets 
in  St.  Paul. 

Jan.*  N.J.    A  glassmakers'  strike 

proves  successful. 

Jan.*  Pa.  The  will  of  the  late  John 
H.  Shoenberger  bequeaths  to  Pittsburg 
$1,000,000  for  a  public  hospital. 

Jan.  *  Phil  a.  Miss  Carrie  Rumham 
Kilgore,  the  fourth  of  her  sex,  is  ad- 
mitted to  practise  before  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court. 

Feb.  3.  Chicago.  James  J.  West  is  sen- 
tenced to  five  years  in  the  penitentiary 
and  a  fine  of  $1,000  for  the  fraudulent 
overissue  of  "Chicago  Times"  stock 
amounting  to  $13,000. 

Feb.  4,  New  York.  The  Centennial  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
is  celebrated  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House.  Ex-President  Grover  Cleveland 
presides ;  President  Harrison  delivers 
an  address. 

Feb.  5.  Tex.  F.  A.  "Walton,  Pacific  Ex- 
press Company's  money-clerk  at  Dallas, 
absconds  with  $50,000. 

Feb.  9.  N.  Y.  The  people  of  Schenec- 
tady commemorate  the  200th  anniver- 
sary of  the  massacre  by  the  >'reuch  and 
Indians. 

Feb.  10.  Mo.  The  temperance  women 
begin  a  crusade  in  Lathrop  [and  other 
towns], 

Utah*    The  Gentiles  elect  Mormons 

to  office  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

The  American  Ne'wspaper  Pub- 
Ushers'  Association  assembles. 

Feb.  13.  N.  J.  Over  500  false  ballots 
are  found  in  the  boxes  in  one  assembly 
district  in  Hudson  County. 

Feb.  15,  New  York.  Thefirst  of  aserles 
of  mass-meetings  is  held  to  promote  the 
World's  Fair. 

Feb.  16.  Mo.  The  Missouri  temperance 
crusade  is  marked  by  the  forcible  de- 
struction of  a  saloon  at  Spickardsville. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Ex-Congressman  Taul- 
bee  of  Ky.  is  shot  by  Charles  E.  Kincaid, 
a  newspaper  correspondent,  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Feb.  28  f.  La.  Tlie  State  Anti-Lottery 
Jjcague  is  organized  at  New  Orleans  to 
oppose  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the 
Louisiana  State  Lottery. 

New    York.     A    mass-meeting   of 

Hussian- Americans  denounces  the 
outrages  committed  upon  political  ex- 
iles in  Siberia. 

Feb.  *  Miss.  Col.  W.  L.  Hemingway,  for  14 
years  treasurer,  is  reported  to  be  $250,- 
000  short  in  his  accounts  with  the  State. 
[Dec.  1.  He  is  convicted  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  embezzlement ;  amount,  $315,- 
612.] 

Feb.  *  Ffa.  On©  thousand  employees  of 
the  Birmingham  llolling-Mill  strike. 

Feb.  *  D.  ( \  The  Colored  Men*s  Con- 
vention at  Washington  elects  ex-GoT. 
P.  B.  S.  Pinchbeck  president. 

It  urges  an  educational  bill,  no  sepa- 
rate cars  for  blacks  and  whites,  and  ro- 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Jan.  15 -Feb. 


353 


imbursement  for  the  depositora  in  the 
Freedraen's  Savings  and  Trust  Company. 

Feb.  *  />.  C.  Tho  American  Shipping 
and  Industrial  League  meets  at  WasU- 
iugtou. 

Feb.  *  N,  Dak.  The  Senate  passes  a  bill 
legalizing  a  branch  of  the  Louisiana 
Lottery.    Vote,  22-8. 

Feb.  *  N.  H.  A  bitter  strike  occurs  in 
the  Nashua  Mills,  owing  to  a  reduction 
iu  wages;  more  than  1,400  workers  are 
idle.    [Mar,  *    It  ends  successfully.] 

Feb.*  jV.  r.  Yardmen, conductors, and 
brakemen  on  the  New  York  Central  at 
Suspension  Bridge  strike;  they  demand 
extra  pay  for  Sunday  work. 


STATE. 

1890  Jan,  15.  Kan.  A  Republican 
league  meets  at  Wichita ;  it  atlvocates 
the  resubmission  of  the  prohibitory 
amendment  to  a  vote  of  the  people. 

Jan.  16-  W.  Va.  A  minority  report  is 
presented  to  the  Legislature  declaring 
that  Nathan  Gotf  received  a  majority  of 
the  votes  cast  for  governor. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Federal  Electionfl  ques- 
tion. 

Jan.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
passes  two  naval  bills,  and  debates  the 
bill  ordering  the  collection  of  farm 
statistics  for  the  census. 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
puts  the  Blair  Bill  on  the  order  of  un- 
finished business  [3G  discussions  follow] ; 
The  House  passes  the  Oklahoma  Town 
Site  Bill  introduced  Dec.  18, 1889. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tho  House 
passes  the  Administrative  Tariff  Bill 
introduced  Jan.  14. 

John  Most  is  rearrested,  the  Su- 
preme Court  having  confirmed  his  con- 
viction for  using  incendiary  language  iu 
connection  with  tlie  Chicago  anarchists. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  resolution  concerning  the 
recent  hanging  in  eflBgy  of  Secretary- 
Proctor  at  Aberdeen,  Miss. ;  the  House 
amends  and  passes  the  Fitch  Silk  Rib- 
bon Bill  placing  a  duty  of  50  per  cent 
on  silk  ribbons. 

The  correspondence  between  the  Chi- 
nese minister  and  tlie  Secretary  of  State 
relative  to  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Act  is 
laid  before  the  Senate. 

la.    The  Legislature,  having  a  tie 

vote,  has  failed  to  organize  for  two 
weeks  :  organization  is  at  length  effected 
by  a  compromise,  in  which  a  Democratic 
speaker  and  a  Republican  clerk  are 
elected;  the  minor  offices  are  to  be  di- 
vided. 

Jan.  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Direct  Tax  Bill  for  the  re- 
payment of  the  war  tax  of  18G1.  Vote, 
44-7.    It  debates  the  Aberdeen  outrage 

resolution. 

Mont.  Tlie  State  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Republican  Legislature  is 
the  legal  body. 

K.  Y.    The  Court  of  Appeals  decides 

that  the  power  of  inspectors  of  elec- 
tions is  ministerial  and  not  judicial. 

Jan.  29.  J).  C.  Senate  :  A  bill  is  intro- 
duced to  erect  a  monument  to  Abra- 
ham liincoln  at  Gettysburg. 

The  official  representatives  of  the 
United  States  of  Brazil  receive  a  cur- 


dial  welcome  and  recognition  at  Wash- 
ington from  President  Harrison. 

X.     Y.      The      Senate     passes     the 

amended  "World's  Fair  Bill.  Vote, 
2G-3.  [Jan.  30.  The  Assembly  rejects  the 
amendments,  and  passes  the  original  bill, 
which  is  sent  to  a  Committee  of  Confer- 
ence. Feb.  12.  The  Conference  Commit- 
tee disagree,  Feb.  19.  A  compromise 
bill  passes  both  Houses.]    (See  Feb.  18.) 

O.      A    deadlock    occurs    in     the 

Senate  over  an  attempt  to  unseat  the 
lieutenant-governor.  [Jan  30.  He  is 
unseated.] 

Jan.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  :  Tlie  Senate 
passes  the  Berry  Farm  Mortgage  Cen- 
sus Bill  introduced  Dec.  16,  1889. 

Feb.  1,  D.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  the  public  debt  reduced 
$11,500,000  iu  January. 

Feb.  4.  FT.  J'a.  The  Legislature  de- 
clares A.  B.  Fleming  (Dem.)  elected  gov- 
ernor     Vote,  43-40. 

Feb.  8.  Mont.  The  Senate  secures  a 
quorum  and  passes  the  appropriation 
bills.  [Feb.  21.  The  Legislative  session 
euLls  without  the  passage  of  asingle  bill.] 

Feb.  10,  S.Jkik.  The  President's  proc- 
lamation opens  for  settlement  9,000,000 
acres  of  the  Sioux  reservation ;  settlers 
rush  in  for  first  possession, 

Feb.  11.  Utah.  The  Salt  Lake  City 
elections  result  in  a  complete  victory 
for  the  Gentiles  —  the  first  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  city. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Tlatt  Oklahoma  Temporary 
Government  Bill  introduced  Dec.  5. 
1889. 

Feb.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
amends  and  passes  the  Berry  Farm 
Mortgage  Census  Bill.  [Feb.  18.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  Feb.  24.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

Feb.  18.  JV^.  r.  The  Legislative  Com- 
mittees agree  to  an  amendment  to  the 
World's  Fair  Bill,  that  no  important 
action  shall  be  taken  by  the  board  of  in- 
corporators e.*scept  by  a  two-thirds  vote. 

Feb.  19.  la.  The  Legislative  deadlock 
is  broken,  the   Democrats  getting  the 


speakership  with  14  other  offices,  and  the 
Kepublicans  the  remainder. 

N.  Y.   The  Senate  passes  the  Saxton 

Ballot  Reform  Bill  providing  a  secret 
ballot.  [Mar.  13.  It  passes  the  Assem- 
bly after  a  long  struggle.  Vote,  72-51.] 
(See  Mar.  31,) 

Feb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
World's  Fair  is  awarded  to  Chicago. 
Vote:  Chicago,  157;  New  York,  107;  St. 
Louis,  26 ;  "Washington,  18. 

Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  McKenna  Bill  f<jr  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  coinage  of  the  three-dol- 
lar and  one-<lollar  silver  pieces  and  the 
three-cent  nickel  piece  ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  21. 

Feb.  27.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  bill  for  the  purchase  of  lands  in  the 
Adirondacke  for  a  State  Park.  [Mar. 
11.    It  is  signed  by  Gov.  Hill.] 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  International 
Copyright  Bill,  after  eight  discussions. 
[Mar.  2,3.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Mar.  3.    Approved  by  the  President.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Jan.  16.  The  A.  T.Stewart  will 
case  is  settled  out  of  court ;  the  suits  are 
dismissed. 

Jan.  18.  O.  Six  Cleveland  breweries  are 
purchased  by  an  English  syndicate  for 

$975,000. 

Jan.  20.  III.  The  business  portion  of 
Utica  is  burned. 

The    Baltimore    and    Ohio   road 

makes  extensions  to  Lake  Erie ;  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  road  secures  con- 
trol of  the  Richmond  and  Alleghany 
road. 

Jan.  24.    O.    A  natural-gas  explosion 

at  Columbus  blows  up  two  houses,  kills 
several  persons,  and  injures  many 
others. 
Jan.  25.  New  York.  Miss  P.  E.  Corkran 
("  Nelly  Bly")  of  the  World  newspaper 
completes  a  tour  around  the  world  in 
72  days,  six  hours,  and  12  minutes. 

O.     Cincinnati    has    a   $3,000,000 

fire. 

Jan.  27.  O.  Six  persons  are  killed  and 
many  hurt  by  an  accident  on  the  Louis- 
ville, New  Albany,  and  Chicago  road. 

Jan.  30.  Me.  Lewistou  loses  $250,000 
by  a  fire. 

New  York.    Miss  Mary  Bisland  of  the 

Cosmopolitan  Magazine  completes  a 
tour  around  the  world  in  75  days  and 
12  hours,  unaided  by  special  convey- 
ances. 

The  Sixth  National  Bank  is  closed 
by  order  of  the  United  States  Examiner, 
and  a  warrant  is  issued  for  the  arrest  of 
its  president. 

Jan±. *  U.S.  Cigarette  manufactur- 
ers, representing  a  capital  of  $25,000,000, 
form  a  trust. 

Feb.  2.  Conn.  Five  blocks  are  burned 
in  Danbury  ;   loss,  $300,000. 

Feb.  3.  1).  C.  Secretary  Tracy's  resi- 
dence burns,  and  Mrs.  Tracy,  Miss  Tracy, 
and  a  French  maid  lose  their  lives. 

Nev.     Cattle-dealers  lose  heavily 

by  storms ;  estimated  loss,  $5,000,000. 

Feb.  4.  Ore.  Ten  men  are  killed  and  16 
wounded  in  a  railroad  accident  at  the 

Dalles. 
li.  I.    The  Providence  liadies*  Cy- 
cling Club  is  organized.     [It  is  the  first 
ladies'  club  admitted  to  the  League  of 
American  Wheelmen.] 

Feb.  8.  .V. ./.  Washington  Hall,  at  Pat- 
erson,  and  adjacent  building  are  burned ; 

loss,  $300,000. 

Chicago.      Lieut.    Schwatka    arrives 

from  Colorado  with  11  Torahumari  In- 
dians, cave-dwellers,  the  only  survivors 
of  their  race. 

Feb.  23.     Ariz.    A  reservoir  dam  on 

the  Hnlapias  River  bursts  ;  40  lives  are 
lost;  property  damages,  $1,000,000. 

Feb.  26.  Neiv  York.  John  Jacob  Aa- 
tor's  will  is  probated,  the  bulk  of  his 
estate  going  to  Wm.  Waldorf  Astor,  and 
$700,000  to  various  public  institutions. 

Feb.  *  /a.  An  English  syndicate  pur- 
chases the  Des  Moines  starch  factories. 
This  gives  it  the  control  of  all  the  large 
starch  factories  with  a  single  exception. 

Feb.  *  Me.  A  fire  in  Portland  de- 
stroys three  wharves  and  2,000,000  feet 
of  lumber. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  The  cracker-makers 
form  a  trust  with  a  capital  of  $3,500,000 


354    1890,  Feb.  =*-Apr.  6. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — KAVY. 

1890  Mar.  10.  D.C.  William  Smith  is 
commissioned  brigadier-general. 

Mar.  22.  /.  T.  United  States  troops 
drive  '*  boomers"  from  the  Cherokee 
strip. 

Mar.  29.  Mo.  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  is 
to  succeed  Gen.  Crook  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Missouri. 

Mar±.*  O,  John  A.  Ijogan,  Jr.,  a 
grandson  of  the  late  Gen.  Logan,  only 
five  weeks  old,  is  given  a  commission 
as  first  lieutenant  of  the  Logan  Rifles 
in  the  5th  Kegiment  of  the  Ohio  National 
Guard. 

Mar.  *  It.  The  Squadron  of  Evolu- 
tion visits  Genoa  [and  later  arrives  at 
Naples]. 

Apr.  5.  D.  C.  Nelson  A.  Miles  is 
commissioned  major-general. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Mar.  18.  Boston.  The  new  wing 
of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  is  opened. 

Mar.  26.  Miss. —  La.  The  Mississippi 
levee  breaks  down  at  Skipwith,  where 
the  water  is  up  to  the  eaves  of  the 
houses.  The  river  is  also  overflowing 
the  levees  at  many  points  in  Louisiana. 

Mar.  27.  Ky.  A  devastating  cyclone 
sweeps  a  tract  1,200  feet  wide  and  three 
miles  long,  killing  120  persons  in  Louis- 
ville ;  property  loss  in  the  city,  $2,500- 
000. 

Mar.  *  la.  A  rich  lead-mine  is  discov- 
ered near  Dubuque. 

Mar.  *  Keiv  York.  The  advance  sale  of 
seats  for  the  Patti  concerts  brings 
$117,000. 

Mar.  *  K.  T.  An  Institute  of  Art  and 
Sciences  in  Brooklyn  is  projected; 
cost,  $1,000,000. 

Mar.  *  W.  Va.  A  big  oil-well  is  struck 
near  Parkersburg  ;  more  than  1,000  bar- 
rels of  oil  are  produced  in  the  first  24 
hours. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Mar.  16.  Gabriel,  the  famous  mission  In- 
dian of  Cal.,  A151.  (?) 

Max.  21.  Crook,  Oeorgre.  maj.-gen.  U.  S. 
A.,  A62. 

Mar.  S3.  Schenck,  Robert  C.  maj.-gen., 
M.  C.  for  O.,  A81. 

Mar.  26.  Heiss,  Michael,  archbishop  of 
Milwaukee,  A72. 

Mar.  31.  Rowan,  Stephen  Clegg,  vice-ad- 
miral U.  S.  N.,  A82. 


CHURCH. 

1890  Mar.  1.  New  York.  The  100th  an- 
niversary of  the  death  of  John  "Wes- 
ley is  observed  in  Methodist  churches. 

Mar.  2.  N.  Y.  D.  L.  Moody  preaches 
in  Brooklyn  to  large  congregations. 

Mar.  5.  Mich.  The  General  Convention 
of  the  Seventh-day  Adventista  con- 
venes in  Battle  Creek ;  delegates  are 
present  from  30  States,  and  from  many 
European  countries. 

Mar.  8.  New  York.  Dr.  M'Glynn 
speaks  in  Cooper  Union  on  *'  Arch- 
bishop O'Brien,  a  Canadian  dictator." 


Mar.  16.  0.  By  a  vote  of  3  to  2,  the 
ecclesiastical  court  finds  Rev,  How- 
ard MacQuearey  (Protestant  Episco- 
pal) guilty  of  heresy,  as  charged.  [He  is 
suspended  —  later  deposed.] 

Mar.  31.  Neio  York.  The  Aznerican 
Bible  Society  reports  its  income  for 
the  year  as  $597,693.05. 

Mar.  *  Chicago.  Bishop  J.  J.  Esher  is 
found  guilty  of  lying,  slander,  and  con- 
tentions, in  the  same  way  that  Bishops 
Dubs  of  Cleveland  and  Bowman  of  Al- 
lentown  were  recently  found  guilty. 
The  Evangelical  Association  now  has 
no  bishops  in  good  standing. 

Apr.  3.  New  York.  Kepresentatives  of 
eight  prominent  mission  associations 
meet  and  protest  against  the  Chinese 
Enumeration  Bill  now  before  the 
United  States  Senate. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Feb.*  N.H.  A  bequest  of  $500,000 
is  made  to  found  an  agricultural  col- 
lege at  Dover. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  A  meeting  of  2,000 
people  of  the  School  Conference  is  held 
in  Cooper  Union. 

It  protests  against  the  inadequate  ac- 
commodations of  the  city  schools,  from 
which  some  20,000  children  were  deprived 
admission  during  the  past  year,  and  also 
denounces  the  Compulsory  Education 
Bill  before  the  Legislature  as  inadequate 
and  illogical. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  Over  $85,000  is  ob- 
tained at  the  auction  sale  of  the  Hbrary 
of  the  late  S.  L,  M.  Barlow.  A  true 
copie  of  the  Court  booke  of  the  Governor 
and  Society  of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New 
England  goes  to  the  Boston  Public  Li- 
brary for  $6,500. 

Mar.  18.  Wis.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides unanimously  that  the  Bible  has 
no  place  in  the  public  schools. 

Mar.  *  Co7in.  Hartford  citizens  sub- 
scribe $400,000  for  a  free  public  library 
and  an  art  gallery  in  that  city. 

Mar.  *  D.  C.  Senator  Morrill  introduces 
a  bill  to  establish  a  national  educa- 
tional fund  by  setting  apart  for  that 
purpose  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of 
public  lands. 

Senator  Blair  introduces  a  new  Edu- 
cational Bill,  providing  for  smaller 
appropriations  than  the  old  bill. 

Mar.  *  N.  J.  Sixty  scholarships  in  the 
Agricultural  College  are  provided  for 
by  a  bill  passed  by  the  State  Assembly. 

Mar.  *  Neio  York.  A  legacy  of  $450,000 
is  left  by  John  Jacob  Astor  to  the  Astor 
Iiibrary. 

Mar.  *  N.  Y.  Senator  Cantor  introduces 
in  the  Legislature  a  pension  measure. 

It  proposes  to  pension  at  half-pay 
male  teachers  60  years  old  in  the  iSew 
York  public  schools  who  have  taught  for 
30  years.  "Women  teachers  who  have 
served  25  years  may  be  retired  on  appli- 
cation at  50  years  of  age. 

Apr.  1.  Wis.  The  election  in  Milwaukee 
favors  the  repeal  of  the  State  law 
prescribing  the  study  of  English  and 
English  teaching  in  the  public  schools. 
Much  excitement  prevails. 


SOCIETY. 

1890  Feb.  *  N.  Y.  The  accounts  of 
John  A.  Davis,  city  treasurer  of  Koches- 
ter,  are  over  $100,000  short. 

Feb.  *  S.  C.  The  white  'longshore- 
men of  Charleston  secede  from  their 
Protective  Union  because  of  the  admis- 
sion of  negroes. 

Feb.  *  Tex.  Tom  James,  a  young  pugilist 
of  Dallas,  is  killedin  a  brutal  prize-tigbt 
in  that  city  with  Kilrain's  boxer,  Ben- 
ziah. 

Feb.  *  The  National  Convention  of 
Buildera  refuses  to  declare  for  the  eight- 
hour  movement ;  but  they  adopt  a  reso- 
lution favoring  the  payment  of  workmen 
by  the  hour. 

Mar.  3.  N.  Y.  A  monster  petition  for 
ballot  reform  is  presented  to  the  Le- 
gislature ;  it  contains  more  than  50,000 
names,  and  weighs  1,000  pounds. 

Mar.  4.  Mo.  E.  T.  Noland  is  charged 
with  defalcating  $32,745,  and  suspended 
from  the  office  of  State  treasurer. 

Mar.  11.  Cal.  Employment  is  given 
to  1,000  needy  men  in  Golden  Gate  Park 
by  public  subscription. 

Mar.  13.  New  York.  The  Russian- 
American  National  League  cele- 
brates the  ninth  anniversary  of  the 
assassination  of  Czar  Alexander  II. 

Mar.  14.  New  York.  The  trial  of  Sheriff 
James  A.  Flack  begins.  It  is  alleged 
that  he  obtained  a  divorce  from  bis 
wife  without  her  knowledge.  [Flaok,  his 
son  William  L.,  who  appeared  against 
his  mother,  and  Joseph  Meeks,  a  lawyer, 
are  found  guilty  of  conspiracy  to  obtain 
a  divorce  fraudulently.  Apr.  7.  Meeks 
accepts  sentence  and  goes  to  jail.]  (See 
State,  Mar.  31.) 

Mar.  17.  Wash.  "  Citizen  '*  George 
Francis  Train  and  Miss  Regina  Koth- 
schild  start  from  Tacoma,  matched  for  a 
race  round  the  world. 

Mar.  25.  .Y.  ./.  The  corrupt  Jersey 
City  election  officers  are  allowed  to 
serve  again  at  the  approaching  election. 

Mar.  27.  Md.  Stevenson  Archer,  State 
treasurer,  is  declared  a  defaulter ; 
amount,  $132,401.  [Sentenced  to  State- 
prison  for  five  years.] 

Mar.  29.  Pa.  The  American  Mechan- 
ics call  for  1,000  armed  men  to  help 
raise  the  American  flag  over  the  public 
schools  of  Mucklerat,  to  which  the  for- 
eigners are  opposed. 

Mar.  30.  Neio  York.  The  Chinese 
Charitable  and  Benevolent  Associa- 
tion of  this  city  is  incorporated. 

Mar.  *  Boston.  George  P.  Brown,  head 
of  Brown,  Theese,  and  Clark,  a  big  wool- 
firm,  is  charged  with  stealing  $1,700,000, 
and  absconding. 

Mar.  *  /.  T.  The  Choctaw  Indian  Nation 
passes  a  law  allowing  a  lottery  to  op- 
erate within  its  jurisdiction. 

Mar  *  Ky.  A  bill  to  abolish  lotteries 
is  passed  by  the  Senate. 

Mar.  *  Ky.  "White  Caps  raid  a  dwell- 
ing near  "Covington,  take  out  three  men 
accused  of  petty  thefts,  and  give  each  30 
lashes  with  blacksnake  whips. 

Mar.  *  Md.  The  bill  abolishing  pool- 
rooms passes  the  Legislature  and  is 
signed  by  the  governor. 

Mar.  *  Miss.  The  indictments  against 
J.  L.  Sullivan  for  prize-figliting  are  an- 
nulled by  the  Mississippi  Supreme  Court. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Feb.  *- Apr.  6.     355 


Mar.  *  N.  J.  The  Knights  of  Labor 
and  the  Farmers'  Alliance  of  New 
Jersey  form  a  new  organization,  to  be 
tailed  "  The  Industrial  Senate." 

Its  object  is  the  improvement  of  the 
condition  of  wage-workers  and  tillers  of 
tlie  soil. 

Mar.  *  N.  J.  A.  bill  is  passed  by  the 
Legislature  prohibiting  racing  on  any- 
State  track  more  than  30  days  in  the 
year. 

Mar.  *  New  York.  The  shirtmakers' 
strike  ends  by  tJie  bosses  yielding  every 
point  demanded. 

Mar.  *  Xeio  York.  The  Woman  Suf- 
frage League  prepares  a  petition  to 
the  Czar  to  personally  investigate  and 
reform  the  workings  of  the  Siberian 
system. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  About  800  men  employed  at 
the  Sheldon  Axle  Works,  in  Wilkes- 
barre,  strike  because  of  injustice  done 
to  three  employees. 

Mar.  •  Pa.  Over  1,000  bolt-makers  in 
Pittsburg  strike  for  higher  wages. 

Mar.  *  President  Corbin  of  the  Beading 
Railroad  orders  all  employees  dis- 
charged who  frequent  drinking-places, 
and  the  employment  of  total  abstainers 
in  preference  to  drinking-men. 

Mar.  *  Wis.  The  1,000  employees  of  the 
Lorrie  iron-mine  at  Ashland  strike  for 
liigher  wages. 

Mar.  •  The  striking  switchmen  on  the 
(Jliicago  and  Northwestern  Kailroad 
gain  a  complete  victory. 

Apr.  2.  la.  Many  Anti-Saloon  Republi- 
cans recommend  high  license  and  local 
option,  instead  of  prohibition. 

Apr.  5.  N.  J.  Election  officers  are  ar- 
rested in  Jersey  City  for  stuffing  ballot 
boxes. 

Apr.  6.  La.  Confederate  Memorial 
Day  is  observed.  The  New  Orleans 
cemeteries  are  visited  by  thousands  of 
persons. 

STATE. 

1890  Mar.  4.  Tenn.  The  annual  as- 
sembly of  the  National  League  of  Ke- 
publican  Clubs  meets  at  Nashville. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  Representa- 
tives appear  before  the  sulj-committee 
of  the  House  "World's  Fair  Commit- 
tee, and  convince  the  committee  that 
Chicago  has  raised  $5,000,000  and  can 
furnish  the  $10,000,000  guaranty  for  the 
Fair. 

Mar.  13.  D.  C-  Congress :  The  House 
amends  and  passes  tlie  Oklahoma  Tem- 
porary Government  Bill.  [Mar.  23, 
Apr.  23.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
May  3.    Approved  by  the  President.) 

Md.  The  Senate  passes  a  Ballot  Re- 
form BUI.  Vote,  23-1.  [Mar.  19.  By 
the  Legislature  of  Washington.  Apr.  8 
and  May  7.    By  New  Jersey.] 

Mar.  17.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  fixing  April  30  to  Oct.  20, 
1892,  as  the  period  for  the  World's 
Fair,  and  requiring  that  $  10,000,000  shall 
be  provided  to  meet  expenses  before  the 
President  invites  foreign  nations  to  par- 
ticipate ;  the  bill  goes  to  the  House. 

The  House  passes  the  Morrow  Cen- 
sus Amendment  Bill  introduced  Feb. 
G.    [-'^pr.  1.    Laid  on  table  in  Senate.] 


Mar.  18,  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  passes  the  Timber- Culture  Bill 
introduced  Feb.  19. 

Mar.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill. 

Mar.  20.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  the  Blair  fjducation  Bill,  Vote, 
31-37. 

Mar.  21.  D.C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Pension  Appropriation 
Bill  introduced  Feb.  18.  It  appropri- 
ates $100,000,000,  and  every  veteran  50 
years  old  who  served  for  60  days  may 
receive  a  pension. 

Xew   York.     The  Court  of  Appeals 

decides  that  the  Electrical  Execution 
Lawr  is  constitutional,  on  an  appeal  in 
the  Kemmler  case. 

Mar.  25.  D.C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Chicago  "World's  Fair  Bill, 
but  postpones  the  time  of  opening  to 
May,  1893.  Vote,  202-49.  It  authorizes 
the  appointment  of  a  board  of  lady 
managers. 

Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Wyoming  Admission  Bill  in- 
troduced Dec.  18,  1889. 

Mar.  27.  S.C.  The  farmers  hold  a  State 
Convention  in  Columbia  ;  they  nominate 
Benjamin  R.  Tillman  for  governor,  and 

J.  C.  Coit  for  lieutenant-governor. 

Mar.  28.  D.C.  Congress :  A  billis  in- 
troduced in  the  Senate  to  provide  for  a 
"World's  Fair  Annex  in  Washington 
or  New  York  in  October,  1892. 

Mar.  31.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Dependent  Pension  Bill 
Introduced  Dec.  4,  1889.  Vote,  42-12. 
(See  June  11.)  The  House  passes  the 
Army  Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  28. 

iV.  F.    Gov.  Hill  vetoes  the  Saxton 

Ballot  Reform  Bill,  providing  for  a  se- 
cret ballot,  on  the  ground  of  unconsti- 
tutionality :  Senator  Fassett  introduces 
a  bill  to  submit  the  question  of  an  offi- 
cial ballot  to  the  people  next  November. 

New  York.     Ex-Sheriff   Flack  is 

sentenced  to  a  fine  of  $500  and  two 
months'  Imprisonment ;  Referee  James 
Meeks,$i500audonemonth ;  and  William 
Flack,  the  son,  $.500  and  four  months  on 
Blackwell'slslaud.  (See Society, Mar.  14.) 

D.  C.    Reduction  of  the  public  debt 

in  March,  $11,389,857. 

Apr.  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Fortifications  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Mar.  18 ;  it  appro- 
priates $4,521,678.    Vote,  116-06. 

The  President  appoints  Col.  F. 
A.  Seeley  of  "Washington  and  Francis 
Forbes  of  N.  Y.  as  representatives  of 
the  United  States  to  the  International 
Conference  in  Madrid. 

The  new  extradition  treaty  with 
England  goes  into  effect. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  House 
passes  the  M'Adoo  Hudson  River 
Bridge  Bill,  to  connect  New  York  and 
Jersey  City,  introduced  Jan.  6. 

The  Pan-American  Conference  recom- 
mends the  establishment  of  an  inter- 
national monetary  union. 

la.    Anti-Saloon   Republicans   in 

convention  agree  to  advocate  a  change 
in  the  prohibition  law  so  as  to  introduce 
high  license  and  local  option. 


N.  Y,    The  Senate  passes  the  bill  for 

the  State  care  of  the  insane. 

Apr.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Struble  Bill  to  admit  Idaho ; 
bill  introduced  Jan.  13. 

It.  I.    The  indecisive  elections  leave 

the  choice  of  State  officers  to  the  Legis- 
lature. [Apr.  13.  The  Democrats  win  in 
the  Legislative  contest.  May  27.  The 
Legislature  elects  Democratic  State  of- 
ficers.] 

Apr.  4.  N.  r.  A  Ballot  Reform  BiU  is 
introduced  in  the  Assembly  ;  also  a  bill 
to  provide  for  a  non-partisan  police 
board  in  New  York  City. 

Apr.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Oklahoma 
Town  Site  BUI.  [May  2-5.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  May  19.  Approved 
by  the  President.] 

It  passes  the  Edmunds  Meat  Expor- 
tation and  Inspection  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  19. 

Apr.  6.  D.C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  Democratic  Representatives  decide 
not  to  carry  the  new  rules  before  the 
Supreme  Court. 

MISCELLAENOUS. 

1890  Mar.  6.  N.  Y.  A  rear  end  collis- 
ion near  Hamburg,  on  the  Lake  Shore 
Railroad,  causes  six  deaths,  besides  17 
wounded. 

Mar.  19.  Wis.  Five  miners  perish  in 
a  burning  mine  in  Hurley  ;  over  $100,000 
worth  of  property  is  destroyed. 

Mar.  20.  Ga.  The  new  Capitol  at  At- 
lanta, costing  $1,000,000,  is  completed. 

Mar.  23.  Coin.  Great  prairie  fires  raging; 
1,000,000  acres  have  been  devastated. 

Okla.    A  multitude  of  "Boomers" 

rush  into  the  Cherokee  strip. 

Mar.  28.  Md.  The  shortage  of  State 
Treasurer  Arclier  is  known  to  be  $127.- 
000,  antl  may  reach  double  this  .sum. 

Mar.  29.  Mo.  St.  Louis  loses  $300,000 
by  a  tire  started  by  an  electric-light  wire. 

Mar.  *  Ind.  Fifteen  men  are  killed  in 
a  burning  building  in  Indianapolis. 

Mar.  *  Mass.  Gov.  Br.ackett  appoints  a 
special  commission  for  the  extermina- 
tion of  the  gypsy  moth. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  English  syndicates  buy  six 
farms  at  Lenover ;  they  will  erect  two 
mammoth  cotton-mills^  and  dwelling- 
houses  to  accommodate  2,000  employees 
—  the  plant  will  cost  .$3,000,000. 

Mar.  *  Pa.  Street  railway  franchises 
amounting  to  $60,000,000  are  granted  in 
Pittsburg. 

Mar.  *  U.  ft.  The  big  smelting  organi- 
zations form  a  trust  with  a  capital  of 
$25,000,000. 

Mar.  *  The  deep  snow  in  the  Northwest 
deprives  the  cattle  of  range-grass  and 
fodder  :  they  perish  by  hmidreds. 

Apr.  1.  Utah.  Many  Mormons  are 
leaving  for  Chihuahua,  Mex.,  where 
they  have  purchased  an  immense  tract 
of  laud. 

Apr.  3.  Cat.  The  steamship  CAt7ia  breaks 
the  record ;  making  a  trip  from  San 
Francisco  to  Hongkong  in  20  days,  in- 
cluding a  stop  at  Yokohama. 

JV.   Y.    The   old  Greeley  home  at 

Chappaqua  is  destroyed  by  fire  ;  the  re- 
mains of  Horace  Greeley's  library  and 
many  unpublished  letters  are  burned. 

Apr.  5.  tf.  Y.  "Watertown  loses 
$150,000  by  fire  in  its  business  section. 


856     1890,  Apr.  6-Apr. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Apr.  8.  JSTew  York.  The  7th 
Regiment  is  invited  to  attend  the  un- 
veiling of  a  statue  to  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee 
at  Richmond,  Va. 

Apr.  15.  />.  ('.  John  K.  Mizner  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  10th  cavalry. 

Apr.  18.  A>.  Five  militiamen  are 
wounded  in  a  skirmish  with  outlaws 
in  Harlan  County. 

Apr.  22.  XeiP  York.  The  Old  Guard 
celebrates  its  G4th  anniversary. 

Apr.  23.  n.  C,  Charles  G.  Bartlett  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  9th  infantry. 

Apr.  *  D.  C.  Secretary  Tracy  orders  a 
court-martial  to  try  Commander  Mc- 
Calla  of  the  U.  S.  S.  Enterpriser  on 
charges  of  cruelty  to  his  crew.  [May  15. 
He  is  suspended  from  rank  and  duty  for 
three  years.] 

Apr.  *  -5.  Dak.  A  band  of  Cheyenne 
Indians  is  on  the  warpath,  led  by  a  bad 
chief  called  Big  Foot ;  two  companies 
of  troops  are  sent  to  subdue  them. 

Apr.  *  J^la.  The  North  Atlantic  Squad- 
ron is  ordered  from  Key  West  to  Haiti. 

ART-  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1890  Apr.  6.  Boston.  The  75th  anni- 
versary of  the  Boston  Handel  and 
Saydn  Society  is  celebrated. 

Apr.  12.  S.  Dak.  A  dust  blizzard  is 
raging. 

.  D.  C.     President  Harrison  presents, 

in  the  name  of  Congress,  a  gold  medal 

*  to  Joseph  Frances,  the  inventor  of  the 
life-saving  appliances  for  the  ship- 
wrecked. 

Apr.  13.  Ariz.  Kich  gold  deposits  are 
found  in  Grand  Caiion. 

Apr.  19.  Ala.  Several  people  are  killed 
and  much  property  is  destroyed  by  a 
tornado  in  Geneva  county. 

Apr.  20.  Xew  York.  A  Psychical  Re- 
search Society  is  formed. 

Apr.  30.  AVh'  York.  Ground  is  broken 
for  the  "Washington  Memorial  Arch. 
[May  30.  The  corner-stone  is  laid  with 
ceremonies.] 

Apr,  *  Alas.  An  expedition  organized 
by  Frank  Ltslie's  lllnstrated  Weekly 
starts  to  explore  Alaska. 

Apr.  *  Ark.  The  streets  of  Arkansas  City 
are  under  water  from  four  to  six  feet 
deep ;  the  town  is  deserted  by  at  least 
half  of  its  population. 

Apr.  *  Chicago.  An  imposing  monu- 
ment in  memory  of  Gen.  Grant  is  near- 
ing  completion  In  Lincoln  Park. 

The  pedestal  is  a  solid  terrace  wall  of 
granite,  pierced  by  an  arch  GO  feet  wide  ; 
the  terrace  is  150  feet  long  ami  42  feet 
high  ;  and  on  it  is  placed  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Grant  13  feet  in  height. 

Apr.  *  Pa.  Another  flood  occurs  in 
Johnstown  ;  the  water  in  the  streets  is 
four  feet  deep. 

Apr.  *  Pa.  A  rich  well  of  natural  gas  is 
struck  at  Pittsburg. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1800. 
Apr.  13.    Randall,  Samuel  J..  M.  C.  for 
Pa.,  speaker,  A62. 


CHURCH. 

1890  Apr.  27.  A'.  Y.  Members  of  the 
Salvation  Army  are  arrested  in 
Yonkers  for  singing  in  the  streets. 

Apr.  *  la.  Over  100  Mormon  mis- 
sionaries are  sent  out  from  Pes  JMoines. 

Apr.  *  New  York.  Bronze  doors  cost- 
ing not  less  than  $100,000  are  placed 
in  Trinity  Church,  as  a  memorial  to  the 
late  John  Jacob  Astor. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  Bev.  Theodore  L.  Cuy- 
ler,  for  30  years  pastor  of  the  Lafayette 
Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  of  Brook- 
lyn, retires  ;  he  is  presented  with  a  purse 
of  $30,000.  [Dec.  14.  Dr.  Gregg  becomes 
his  successor.] 

LETTERS. 

1890  Apr.  9.  Mass.  Mrs.  E.S.B.  Mead 
is  chosen  President  of  Mount  Holyoke 
College. 

Apr.  13.  Chicago.  The  friends  of  the 
public-school  system  organize  for  its 
protection,  owing  to  the  active  oppo- 
sition of  Roman  Catholics  and  Luther- 
ans to  the  Bennett  law  in  Milwaukee. 

Apr.  15.  Phila.  Archbishop  Ryan 
will  be  editor-in-chief  of  The  American 
Catholic  Quarterly  Review,  beginning 
with  the  July  nmnber. 

New    York.     E.    L.    Godkin   of  the 

Evening  Post  is  arrested  on  charge  of 
libel  for  articles  reflecting  on  Tam- 
many leaders. 

Apr.  21.  N^.  Y.  Miu:atHalstead,of  the 
Cincinnati  Commercial,  becomes  editor 
of  the  Brooklyn  .Standard- Union. 

Apr.  *  />.  C.  Mr.  Lawler  of  Illinois  in- 
troduces in  the  House  a  bill  to  test  the 
science  of  short  spelling  and  to  establish 
300  schools  for  that  purpose. 

Apr.*  Neio  York.  Andrew  Carnegie  gives 
$10,000  to  the  Authors'  Club,  to  be 
used  for  the  "  encouragement  of  litera- 
ture." 

Apr.  *  O.  A  Catholic  Educational 
Union,  similar  to  the  Chautauqua  Cir- 
cle, is  formed,  and  is  spreading  rapidly 
in  other  States. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Apr,  7.  Chicago.  The  Board  of 
Trade  attacks  the  "  bucket-shops." 

Five  thousand  carpenters  strike  for 

an  eight-hour  day  and  minimum  wages  of 
40  cents  an  hour.  [Apr.  11.  The  builders 
refuse.] 
Apr.  8.  Chicago.  The  plumbers'  strike 
is  settled  ;  the  men  get  a  portion  of  the 
increase  of  wages  demanded. 

Mass.  Tlie  "Worcester  People's  Sav- 
ings-bank teller,  F.  Kimball,  and  $40,000 
of  the  deposits,  are  missing. 

Apr.  10.  la.  High  license  is  defeated 
in  the  Legislature,  and  prohibition  sus- 
tained. 

Apr.  12.  Ark.  White  Caps  flog  a 
I>reacher  of  the  Latter-day  Saints. 

Apr.  14.  Cat.  Several  hundred  persons 
believe  the  predictions  of  Mrs.  Wood- 
worth,  George  Erickson,  and  other  false 
prophets,  declaring  that  San  Fran- 
cisco, Oakland,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukee 


would  be  destroyed  by  earthquake  and 
tidal  wave,  and  go  to  the  hills. 

New    York.      The    employees    of   70 

shops  of  clothing-makers  strike  for  an 
increase  of  wages  ;  more  than  1,000  men 
are  out. 

Apr.  16.  New  York.  The  Working 
Girls'  Societies  of  New  York,  Brooklyn, 
Boston,  and  Philadelphia  open  a  con- 
vention. 

The  Evening  Post  publishes  charges 
'against  Senator  Quay  of  Pennsylvania. 

Pa.  The  railroad  companies  in  Pitts- 
burg decide  not  to  recognize  any  fede- 
ration of  railroad  employees. 

Apr.  17.  Chicago.  A  conflict  between 
police  and  strikers  takes  place. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  A  General  Society  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Kevolution  is  organ- 
ized in  Washington,  with  ex-Gov.  John 
Lee  Carroll  as  general  president. 

N  Mex.  W.  H.  Pope  of  Ky.,  the  de- 
faulting cashier  of  the  Louisville  City 
National  Bank,  with  $70,000  of  its  funds, 
is  captured. 

Apr.  21.  Chicago.  The  eight-hour 
movement  is  spreading.  Carpenters 
make  new  demands,  requiring  boss  car- 
penters to  employ  seven-eighths  of  the 
carpenters  in  the  city. 

The  carpenters'  Council  refuses  to 
allow  men  to  work  for  the  masters' 
associations. 

[Apr.  22.  The  strikers  become  riot- 
ous. Apr.  25.  They  assault  32  non- 
union men.  Apr.  26.  'IHte  masters 
refuse  to  arbitrate.  Apr.  29.  The 
strikers  a^ree  to  resume  work  in  con- 
nection with  tlie  new  organization  of 
employers.  May  3.  The  strike  practi- 
cally ends  in  the  failure  of  the  car- 
penters.] 

Apr.  23.  Neuy  York.  A  convention  of 
the  General  Federation  of  Women's 
Clubs  is  held. 

Apr.  24.  New  York.  The  Actuarial 
Society  of  America  assembles. 

Apr.  28.  la.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides the  seizure  of  beer  sent  into  the 
State  in  sealed  kegs  from  Illinois  in 
original  packages,  and  sold,  to  be  in  vio- 
lation of  the  Constitution. 

Apr.  30.  Neio  York.  Two  thousand 
framers  resolve  to  strike  on  May  Day. 

A  mass-meeting  is  held  in  Chickering 
Hall ;  it  is  called  by  the  Ladies'  Health 
Protective  Association  to  demand 
clean  streets. 

Apr.  *  Boston.  The  bricklayers  have 
signed  an  agreement  not  to  strike  for 
three  years  in  return  for  eight  hours  and 
an  advance  in  wages. 

Apr.  *  Boston.  Nine  hours  without  re- 
duction of  wages  is  granted  the  2,200 
workmen  employed  in  12  of  the  marble 
factories. 

Apr.*   Chicago.  The  Daily  Newshasheen 
exposing  wholesale  gambling. 
It  estimates  that  the  receipts  of  the 

§  ambling-houses,  which  are  controlled 
y  a  syndicate,  aggregate  310,000,000  a 
year,  and  that  $500,000  are  paid  to  mem- 
Ders  of  the  administration  for  immunity 
from  police  interference,  and  a  much 
larger  sum  to  the  police  themselves. 

Apr.  *  Ga.  Northern-born  citizens  resid- 
ing in  Atlanta  organize  a  Northern 
Society. 

Apr.  *  La.  The  Iiouisiana  Iiottery 
Company  offers  to  pay  the  State 
§12,500,000  for  a  renewal  of  its  charter 
for  25  years. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Apr.  6-Apr.*      357 


Apr.  *  Mo,  Kansas  City  passes  an  onii- 
nance  fixing  eight  hours  as  a  day's  work 
for  all  city  employees  and  all  laborers 
employed  ou  city  contracts. 

Apr.  *  N.  //.  The  woman  suffragists  of 
Concord  elect  Mrs.  M.  H.  Woodworth  to 
the  Board  of  Education  by  a  majority  of 
773  in  a  total  of  3,826  votes. 

Apr.  *  Neic  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  passes  a  resolution  for  purifying 
the  city  government  by  obtaining  evi- 
dence against  the  police  protection  of 
criminals. 

STATE. 

1890  Apr.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  refuses  to  suspend  the  rules 
and  pass  the  Dependent  Pension  Bill. 
Vote,  169-87. 

Apr.  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Trust  Bill  introduced 
Dec.  4  ;  vote,  52-t  (absent,  20) ;  the  House 
reconsiders  the  vote  by  which  it  recently 
defeated  the  bill  to  appropriate  $75,- 
000  to  supply  the  deficiency  caused  by 
the  Silcott  defalcation ;  the  bill  is  passed 
(the  Senate  also  passes  the  bill) ;  the 
House  also  passes  the  M*Ad.oo  Alien 
Navy  Enlistment  BiU  introduced 
Dec.  18 ;  referred  to  Senate  Committee 
on  Naval  Affairs. 

X.  Y.    The  Senate  passes  a  resolution 

providing  for  the  submission  of  a  Pro- 
hibition Amendment  to  the  Constitution 

to  the  vote  of  the  people  April  17,  1891. 
Vote,  58-1. 

Apr.  9.  jV.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the 
AVeekly  Payment  Bill,  a  measure  fa- 
vore<l  by  all  labor  organizations.  [May 
21.    Gov.  Hill  signs  the  bill.l 

Apr.  10.  la.  The  Legislature  defeats 
the  High-License  BiU.    Vote,  21-29. 

■  Mass.  The  House  passes  a  Bill  mak- 
ing nine  hours  a  legal  day's  work  in 

State  and  municipal  employment. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
World's  Fair  Bill  is  reported  to  the 
Senate ;  an  amendment  provides  for  a 
naval  review  in  New  York  Harbor  in 
April,  1893. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  houses 
adjourn  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  the  late 
Samuel  J.  Randall. 

The  United  States  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  State  of  California  has  no 
jurisdiction  in  the  case  of  Deputy-Mar- 
shal Nagle,  who  killed  the  would-be 
assassin  of  Associate  Justice  Field. 

Apr.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Naval  Appropriations  Bill. 
Vote,  117-100.     Introduced  Apr.  1. 

It  passes  the  Roger  bill,  introduced 
Apr.  4,  defining  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
U.  S.  Courts. 

la.    The  Legislature  gives  physicians 

and  pharmacies  the  right  to  sell  liquor 
free  of  license  tax. 

Apr.  16.  V.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
rejects  the  Chinese  Enumeration  Bill. 
Vote,  5-12.  The  Senate  now  has  47  Re- 
publicans and  37  Democrats. 

In  the  House  the  McKinley  Tariff 
Bill  is  introduced  by  the  majority  of  the 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means ;  it  pro- 
poses "  to  equalize  duties  on  imports  and 
to  reduce  the  revenue  of  the  Govern- 


ment;" a  minority  report  is  also  sub- 
mitted. 

Secretary  Windom  issues  the  new  reg- 
ulations governing  the  landing  of  im- 
migrants. 

N'.  Y.    The  Senate  repeals  the  Two- 

doUars-a-day  Bill.  Vote,  17-11.  It 
passes  the  bill  providing  for  the  Hudson 
River  Suspension  Bridge  from  New 
York  City  to  the  Jersey  shore.  Vote, 
20-8. 

The  bridge  is  to  have  at  least  six  rail- 
road tracks  and  capacity  for  four  more, 
and  to  cost  about  $40,000,000.  It  is  to  be 
finished  within  10  years,  and  will  be  the 
largest  bridge  in  tlie  world, 

Apr.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senate; 
John  H.  Regan  of  Texas  introduces  a 
joint  resolution  proposing  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  for  the  elec- 
tion of  Senators  by  popular  vote ;  the 
House  Committee  on  Rivers  and  Har- 
bors completes  its  appropriation  bill  — 
$20,901,500. 

Mass.     The    Legislature  rejects  the 

bill  to  grant  municipal  suffrage  to 
women. 

Apr.  18.  D.  a  The  Pan-American 
Conference  ends. 

N.  H.    The  Supreme  Court  decides 

that  President  Taggert  of  the  State  Sen- 
ate is  acting  governor. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine  makes 
a  farewell  address  to  the  delegates  to 
the  Pan-American  Conference. 

Samoa.     The    Samoan    treaty    is 

signed  at  Apia. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Chicago  World's  Pair  Bill, 
including  an  amendment  providing  for  a 
naval  review.    Vote,  43-13. 

N.  Y.    The  Senate  votes  against  the 

proposal  to  submit  the  Prohibition 
Amendment  to  the  people  in  April  in- 
stead of  at  a  general  election. 

Apr.  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  District  of  Co- 
liunbia  Appropriation  Bill.  [July  31. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  8. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  House  debates  the  Legislative, 
Executive,  and  Judicial  Appropria-, 
tion  Bills. 

N.  Y.    The  Senate  amends  and  passes 

the  new  Saxton  Ballot  Reform  BiU. 
[Apr.  29.  It  passes  the  Assembly.  May 
2.    Gov.  Hill  signs  it.j 

Apr.  25.  B.  C.  Congress  :  The  Presi- 
dent approves  the  act  creating  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

The  bill  is  entitled  :  "  An  act  to  pro- 
vide for  celebrating  the  400th  anniver- 
sary of  the  discovery  of  America  by 
Christopher  Columbus,  by  holding  an 
international  exhibition  of  arts,  indus- 
tries, manufactures,  and  the  product  of 
the  soil,  mine,  and  sea,  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago, in  the  State  of  Illinois." 

President  Harrison  signs  the  joint 
resolution  of  Congress  appropriating 
$150,000  for  the  relief  of  the  Missis- 
sippi flood  sxifferers. 

Apr.  26.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Legislative,  Executive,  and 
Judicial  Appropriation  Bill  after  six 
discussions  ;  bill  introduced  Apr.  7. 

N.  Y.      The    Senate    Committee    on 

Cities,  while  investigating  the  munici- 


pal department  in  New  York  City,  learns 
liow  $180,000  was  raised  to  buy  the 
Board  of  Aldermen  in  favor  of  Hugh  J. 
Grant. 

Representatives  of  10  American  repub- 
lics sign  the  International  Arbitration 
Treaty  for  the  settlement  of  national 
disputes  instead  of  war. 

The  United  States  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Iowa  law  providing  for 
seizure  of  liquors  in  "original  pack- 
ages" is  unconstitutional. 

Apr.  29.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Land  Grant  Forfeiture 
BiU,  restoring  to  the  United  States  its 
title  to  lands  granted  to  aid  railroads  in 
certain  cases. 

It  passes  the  Plumb  Ijand  Forfeiture 
Bill  after  seven  discussions ;  bill  intro- 
duced Feb.  20. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Davis  De- 
pendent Pension  BiU.  Vote,  179-71. 
[June  11,  23.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  June28.  Approved  by  the  President.] 

Apr.  30.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Worsted  BiU  introduced 
Apr.  21. 

Reduction   of   the   pubUc    debt   in, 

April,  $7,636,901. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Apr.  9.  New  York.  Mayor  Grant 
appoints  August  Belmont,  C.  S.  Smith, 
J.  H.  Starin,  William  Steinway,  and 
O.  B.  Potter  commissioners  of  rapid 
transit. 

Apr.  11.  New  York,  The  maiden  trip 
of  the  steamship  Majestic,  in  6  days, 
10  hours,  30  minutes,  is  the  quickest 
maiden  trip  on  record. 

Apr.  12.    Boston.    Four  breweries  are 

purchased  by  an  English  syndicate. 

Chicago.  A  panic  occurs  in  the  Board 

of  Trade. 

Apr.  18.    New  York.    Castle  Garden 

ceases  to  be  the  depot  for  receiving  im- 
migrants, the  Government  barge  office 
taking  its  place. 

Apr.  30.  Phila.  The  suspension  of 
the  Bank  of  America,  a  State  bank,  is 
announced. 

Apr.  *  Chicago.  Ice-dealers  form  a  trust 
and  advance  prices  25  to  50  per  cent. 
The  crop  in  the  vicinity  is  1,000,000  tons 

short. 

Apr.  *  Chicatfo.  The  World's  Fair  of 
1893  is  fully  incorporated  and  orga- 
nized. 

The  directors  adopt  a  report  of  the 
finance  committee  recommending  that 
the  capital  stock  be  increased  to  ^10,000,- 
000. 

Apr±.*  New  York.  An  English  syndicate 
buys  up  the  Murphy  Varnish  Company 
of  New  York,  the  largest  varnish  com- 
pany in  America. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  The  water-power  of  Ni- 
agara Falls  is  to  be  utilized  for  mills 
and  electric  lights  in  Niagara  and  Buf- 
falo. 

Contracts  are  signed  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  tunnel  and  raceways  under  the 
falls;  the  capital  stock  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company  is  $2,000,000. 

Apr.  *  N.  Y.  A  two-thirds  interest  in 
four  large  paper-mills  in  New  York 
State  is  transferred  to  an  English  syndi- 
cate for  $8,000,000. 


358     1890,  Apr.  *-May30. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  May  15.  1),  C,  Secretary  Tracy 
coufirius  the  finding  of  the  court-martial 
sentencing  Commander  McCalla  to 
suspension  of  rank  and  duty  for  three 
years. 

May  23.  New  York,  The  Pensacola  re- 
turns from  the  East  Africa  eclipse  expe- 
dition. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1990    May  3.    Mo.    The  Merchants' 
Bridge,  2,420  feet  long,  spanning  the 
Mississippi    at    St.   Louis,   and   costing 
$6,000,000,  is  completed. 
May  5.    New  York.    The  Metropolitan 
Museum    of   Art  is  reopened   to    the 
public. 
May  6.     Tex.    A  hurricane  prevails. 
May  9,  10.    ra.    Near  Franklin  a  tor- 
nado tears  a  path  300  feet  wide  and  25 
miles  long;  two  persons  are  killed  and 
several  others  badly  hurt ;  houses  and 
barns  are  demolished,  trees  uprooted, 
and  cattle  killed. 
May  13.    New  York.     The  corner-stone 
of  the  Carnegie  Music  Hall  is  laid  by 
Mrs.  Carnegie. 
May  16.    Alas.    A  volcano  is  reported 

to  be  in  a  state  of  eruption. 
May  23.    IlL     A  new  wheat-pest,    the 

saw-fly,  appears. 
May  29.    Md.    The  12th  aimual  Congress 
of  the  American  Liaryngological  As- 
sociation begins  its  sessions  in  Balti- 
more. 

Va.    An  equestrian  statue  of  Gen. 

Bobert   E.  Iiee  is    unveiled  at  Kicli- 
mond. 
May  30.    O.    The  Garfield  Memorial 
is    dedicated    at    Lakeview    Cemetery, 
Cleveland. 

La.   The  Red  River  rises  many  feet, 

and  sweeps  away  the  levees  near  Shreve- 
port ;  thousands  of  homes  are  rendered 
desolate,  and  immense  damage  is  done 
to  property  and  crops. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1890. 

May  3.  Beck,  James,  senator  for  Ky.,  A68. 
May  18.    Hopes,  Ripley,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

A70. 
May  22.      Harper.     Fletcher     (Harper 

Bros.),  publisher,  A62. 

CHURCH. 

1890  May  7.  Mo.  The  General  Con- 
ference (Methodist  Ejiiscopal  South) 
meets  at  St.  Louis.  [May  9.  It  decides 
to  admit  laymen  as  members.  May  19. 
Revs.  Atticus  G.  Haygood  and  Oscar  P. 
Fitzgerald  are  elected  bishops.] 

May  8.  S.  C.  The  Episcopal  Diocese 
votes  not  to  exclude  a  colored  minis- 
ter who  is  at  present  a  member  of  that 
body. 

May  15.  N.  C.  The  Southern  Gteneral 
Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  atAshe- 
ville  ;  Rev.  James  Park,  moderator. 

The  body  embraces  2,321  churches, 
with  1,145  ministers.  161,000  communi- 
cants, and  over  100,000  Sunday-school 
pupils. 


N.  Y.  The  Northern  General  As- 
sembly (Presbyterian)  meets  at  Sara- 
toga; Rev.  W.  E.  Moore  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  moderator. 

The  great  question  that  agitates  the 
conference  is  the  revision  of  the  Confes- 
sion of  Faith.  The  change  proposed  will 
blot  out  of  the  Confessicm  of  Faith  — 
Reprobation  ;  the  damnation  of  infants; 
the  damnation  of  the  heathen  ;  the  clas- 
sification of  Roman  Catholics  as  idola- 
ters, and  the  statement  that  the  Pope  is 
Anti-Christ.  Its  reports  show  133  Pres- 
byteries favor  revision,  66  oppose  any 
change,  seven  decline  to  express  an 
opinion,  and  seven  are  unheard  from. 

[May  24.  A  committee  is  appointed 
to  nominate  a  Committee  on  Revision. 
May  26.  Committees  on  Revision  and  a 
Consensus  Creed  are  appointed.] 

May  17.  Colo.  The  Rocky  Mountain 
Conference  of  Unitarian  and  other 
Liberal  Christian  Churches  is  organized 
at  Denver. 

May  22.  Neje  York.  Missionaries  sail 
for  theSoudan  Pioneer  Mission  in  Africa. 
Tliey  are  volunteers  from  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations;  and  all 
venture  "  in  faith,"  with  no  promise  of 
financial  support  except  the  promises  of 
the  Bible. 

May  27.  New  York.  The  Jewish  Min- 
isters' Association  of   America  is  in 

session. 


LETTERS. 

1890  May  6.  New  York.  Arrangements 
are  completed  for  accepting  the  gift  of 
Charles  Butler  of  $100,000  each  to 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York 
and  to  Union  Theological  Seminary. 
Steps  are  taken  to  unite  the  two  insti- 
tutions in  an  alliance. 

May  10.  li.  I.  The  School  Committee 
of  Providence  banishes  the  Bible  and 
devotional  exercises  from  its  schools. 

Mlay  14.  D.C.  Senator  Edmimds  intro- 
duces a  bill  to  establish  the  University 
of  the  United  States  in  the  City  of 
"Washington ;  the  bill  calls  for  $5,000,- 
000,  the  income  of  which  is  to  be  used 
for  the  expenses  of  the  institution. 

May  19±.  N.  Y.  The  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court  decides  the  Fisk  will  case 
against  Cornell,  the  University  there- 
by losing  $2,000,000. 

May  22.  N.  Y.  The  Presbyterian  Gen- 
eral Assembly's  Committee  on  Bills  juid 
Overtures  presents  a  report  urging  that 
the  Bible  be  restored  to  its  true 
place  in  our  system  of  education,  it 
not  being  sectarian,  but  the  source  of 
the  highest  moral  teaching. 

May  28.  IVis.  German  Catholic  socie- 
ties organize  against  the  Bennett 
Xiaw. 

Mass.  Tlie  New  England  Intercolle- 
giate Association  holds  its  annual  ses- 
sion in  Worcester. 

May  29.  Fla.  The  University  of 
Florida  is  founded  at  Tarpon  Springs. 

SOCIETY. 

1890     May  1.     Chicago.     About   25.000 

men  unite  in  a  labor  parade. 
D.  C.    The  Secretary  of  War  directs 

that  the  provisions  as  to  canteens  at 


military  posts  shall  be  retained,  except 
that  no  ardent  spirits  or  wine  shall  be 
sold  in  canteens,  sales  of  **  light  beer  *' 
only  being  tolerated. 

Del.    A  private  citizen  is  allowed  the 

privilege  of  w^hipping  a  criminal. 

U.  S.  Ex-President  Grover  Cleve- 
land is  admitted  to  practise  before  the 
Bar  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

May  3.  Chicago.  Over  7,000  men  join 
the  dissatisfied  strikers,  making  the  total 
number  out  32,000. 

Boston.    Carpenters  prepare  letters 

urging  foreign  working  men  to  remain 
away. 

May  4.  Chicago.  Leaders  among  the 
striking  carpenters  endeavor  to  continue 
agitation,  and  postpone  settlement  of 
the  strike.  It  is  commonly  believed  to 
have  failed  and  ended. 

May  6.  New  York.  The  Society  for  the 
Enforcement  of  the  Criminal  Law  is 

incorporated. 

N.  Y.    The  carpenters  in  New  York 

and  Brooklyn  succeed  in  the  eight-hour 
strike. 

May  7.  />.  C.  The  Decennial  Conven- 
tion of  Pharmacists  of  the  United  States 

is  in  session  at  Washington. 

New  York:    The  annual  meeting  and 

election  of  the  Civil  Service  Reform 
Association  takes  place. 

May  9.  />.  C.  A  reception  is  given  to 
Gen.  Sherman  in  Washington. 

May  10.  la.  Liquor-selling  under  the 
"  original  package  "  decision  is  increas- 
ing. 

Kan.     The  women  who  were  recently 

elected  officers  of  Edgerton  all  resign 
because  of  criticism  ;  they  say  the  men 
can  conduct  the  government 'in  the  fu- 
ture. 

N.  Y.  The  defalcation  of  $100,000 

by  G,  P.  Whitney  in  the  Albany  City 
National  Bank  is  reported. 

May  11,  Neio  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  denies  admission  to  the  delegates 
from  the  Saloon-Keepers'  Associa- 
tion, on  the  ground  that  its  members  are 
not  wage-workers. 

May  13.  Fla.  A  reign  of  terror  at  Ce- 
dar Keys  is  caused  by  Mayor  W.  W.  Cot- 
trell,  who  threatens  the  lives  of  all  who 
oppose  him.  [May  22.  Citizens  flee 
from  the  city  through  fear  of  the  re- 
turn of  Mayor  Cottrell.]     (See  Nov.  6.) 

La.    The  Louisiana  Lottery  offers 

$1,000,000  a  year  to  the  Legislature  for 
the  continuance  of  its  charter. 

Neio  York.     The  25th  anniversary  of 

the  National  Temperance  Society  is 
celebrated. 

May  14.  N.  T.  The  National  Confer- 
ence of  Charities  and  Corrections  be- 
gins at  Buffalo. 

N.  Y.  Ex- Alderman  John  0*NeiIl 

of  **  boodle"  notoriety  is  released  from 
Sing  Sing. 

May  16.  Ala.  Two  Mormon  elders  are 
severely  whipped  in  Clay  County  by  40 
farmers,  among  whose  families  the  Mor- 
mons have  been  proselyting  for  several 
weeks. 

May  19.  N.Y.  The  Democrat  and  Chroni- 
cle of  Rochester  announces  that  it  will 
cease  to  issue  a  Sunday  edition  on 
July  6 ;  this  is  in  deference  to  public 
sentiment. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Apr.  *.-May  30.      359 


May  20.  Chicago.  A  strike  of  waiters 
is  in  full  force. 

May  21.  Cat.  Plans  for  a  filibustering 
expedition  to  annex  Lower  California 
to  the  United  States  are  revealed  at  Los 
Angeles. 

D.  C.    The  United  States  Brewers' 

Association,  representing  $195,000,U00 
of  invested  capital,  opens  its  session  in 
Washington. 

S.  C.  The  State  Convention  of  col- 
ored people  assembles  at  Columbia  to 
organize  a  State  branch  of  the  National 
Afro-American  League. 

May  23.  Pa.  The  Cincinnati  Brewing 
Company,  amid  much  excitement,  opens 
an  "original  package"  store  in 
Ijeechburg,  a  dry  town  for  years. 

May  24.  Chicof/o.  An  Anarchist  plot 
comes  to  naught.  A  bomb  heavily  loaded 
with  dynamite  is  found  at  the  base  of 
the  Hayraarket  monument ;  but  a  rain 
puts  out  the  fuse  and  averts  the  injury. 

May  25.  Conn.  The  meeting  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engi- 
neers at  New  Haven  is  addressed  by 
Chauncey  M.  Depew. 

May  26.  Chicago.  The  friends  of  Dr. 
Cronin  are  incorporated  as  an  associa- 
tion to  erect  and  maintain  a  monument 
to  his  memory. 

A'.  J.  IndlctmentB  are  found  against 

68  elections  officers  in  Jersey  City  for 

ballot-box  stuffing. 

.Miss.    The  Blue  and  the  Gray  hold 

a  reunion  at  Vicksburg,  amid  great  en- 
thusiasm. 

May  27.  X.  T.  The  missing  John 
Keenan,  ex-alderraan  of  "  boodle  "  no- 
toriety in  connection  with  the  Broad- 
way street  railroad,  returns,  and  fur- 
nishes bonds  in  S40,000  to  answer  the 
"boodle"  indictment.'  I^June  2.  The 
indictment  against  Patrick  Farley  is 
dismissed.  June  9.  Ex-Alderman  John 
O'Neil's  fine  of  $2,000  is  remitted.  July 
9.  Ex- Alderman  DeLacy  and  "  Billie" 
Maloney  return  and  give  bail  in  $40,000 
for  trial.] 

May  28.  D.  C.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  State  Railroad  Commissioners 

begins  its  sessions  at  Washington. 

May  29.  D.  C.  The  Judiciary  Commit- 
tee of  the  House  reports  a  bill  for  a 
Constitutional  Amendment  to  secure 
suffrage  to  the  women  of  the  whole 
country.    [No  further  action  is  taken.] 

.^fiss.    A  reunion  of  the  Blue  and 

the  Gray  is  held  on  the  battlefields  of 
Port  Gibson  and  Champion  Hills. 

. Va.  Richmond  is  decorated  with  Con- 
federate flags,  in  honor  of  the  unveiling 
of  a  statue  to  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee. 

STATE. 

1890  May  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
House  passes  the  Sherman  Anti-Tmat 
Bill. 

[June  18, 20.    Conference  report  agreed 
to.   July  2.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

May  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Customs  Administration 
Bill.  [May  27.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  June  12.  Approvedby  the  President.] 
The  House  defeats  the  Adams  Interna- 
tional Copyright  Bill.    Vote,  98-126. 


May  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Diplomatic  and  Consular 
Appropriation  Bill  introduced  Apr.  22. 

lit.    The  Knights  of  Labor,  Patrons 

of  Husbandry,  and  Farmers'  Mutual 
Benefit  Association  unite  for  political 
action. 

May  5.  U.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
adjourn  out  of  respect  to  the  memory 
of  Senator  James  B.  Beck,  of  Ky. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
begins  its  debate  on  the  Silver  BUI. 
(See  July  14.)  In  the  House  the  debate 
on  the  Tariff  Bill  is  opened  by  William 
McKinley  of  O.  for  the  measure,  and 
R.  Q.  Mills  of  Tex.  against  it. 

X".  T.  Tlie  Senate  passes  the  Black- 
well's  Island  Bridge  Bill :  the  .Vssembly 
votes  to  submit  the  Prohibition  Amend- 
ment to  the  people  on  April  9, 1891. 

May  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Dingley  Worsted  Bill. 

May  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  regular  Pension  Bill.  [June 
24.  The  Senate  recedes  from  its  amend- 
ment.   July  1.    Approved.] 

May  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill 
with  the  anti-canteen  amendment.  [May 
28,  June  2,  4.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  June  16.  Approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent.] 

May  12,  13.  D.  C.  Congress  :  In  the 
Senate  the  Silver  Bill  is  debated  ;  the 
House  passes  six  paragraphs  of  the  Mc- 
Kinley Tariff  BiU. 

May  13,  Kan.  Judge  Crozier  decides 
that  a  part  of  the  State  Prohibitory  Law 
is  unconstitutional. 

May  14.  n.  C.  Congress  :  In  the  Sen- 
ate G.  F.  Edmunds  of  Vt.  introduces  a 
bill  for  the  establishnient  of  a  National 
University.    (See  Letters.) 

May  17.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  appropriating  $300,000  for 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Gen.  Grant  at 
Washington ;  bill  introduced  Apr.  16 ;  re- 
ferred to  House  Committee  on  Library. 
The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  declares 
Minnesota's  Dressed  Beef  Law  uncon- 
stitutional. 

May  19.  Ky.  The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
decides  in  favor  of  the  claim  of  Ken- 
tucky to  the  ownership  of  Green  Island 
in  the  Ohio. 

May  21.  l>.  C.  Congress:  In  the  .Sen- 
ate the  Silver  Bill  and  the  bill  restoring 
the  control  of  the  liquor-traffic  to  the 
States  within  their  own  borders  are  dis- 
cussed ;  the  House  passes  the  McKin- 
ley Tariff  Bill.  Vote,  Yea,  104  Rep. ; 
Nay,  140  Dem.,  1  Rep.  (Wheeler)  ;  ab- 
sent, 6  Rep.,  15  Dem. 

^V.  J.    State  Senator  E.  F.  M'Don- 

ald  (Dem.)  of    Hudson    County  is  un- 
seated by  the  Republicans. 

May  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  McKinley  Tariff  BiU  Is  intro- 
duced and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Finance. 

May  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
refuses  to  strike  out  the  provision  for 
three  battle-ships  in  the  Naval  Bill; 
also  rejects  an  amendment  asking  Great 
Britain  to  disaim  her  naval  and  military 
forces  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 


It  amends  and  passes  the  Naval  Ap- 
propriation BiU.  [June  24,  25.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  1.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

May  27.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  ••  Original  Package  ** 
Liquor  BiU  in  its  constitutional  as- 
pects ;  in  the  House  a  joint  resolution 
is  offered  appropriating  $250,000  for 
the  completion  of  the  Grant  monu- 
ment at  Riverside  Park,  in  New  York 
City,  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Library. 

The  President  transmits  to  both 
houses  the  plan  of  the  Pan-Ameri- 
can Conference  for  an  international 
American  Bank. 

May  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  BiU  in- 
troduced Apr.  18. 

The  Senate  Finance  Committee  de- 
cides to  consider  the  different  schedules 
of  the  Tariff  Bill  separately. 

May  29.  fj.  C.  Congress :  The  Sen- 
ate passes  the  ••  Original  Package  •* 
Liquor  BiU.  Vote,  34-10.  Introduced 
Dec.  4, 1889. 

In  the  House  a  select  committee  report 
in  favor  of  the  enfranchisement  of 
the  women  of  the  whole  country,  about 
13,000,000  in  number. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Apr.  •  IF.  Va.  Hundreds  of  cat- 
tle are  dying  for  want  of  food. 

Apr.*  Publishers  of  cheap  novels  form 
a  trust,  and  advance  the  price  of  paper- 
backed books  of  light  reading  33  per 
cent. 

Apr.  *  The  valleys  flooded  by  the  tribu- 
taries of  the  Mississippi  River  suffer  im- 
mense damage. 

May  5.  I'a.  Easton  celebrates  its  first 
centenary. 

May  6.  N.  J.  The  Singer  Sewing- 
machine  Works  at  Elizabethport  are 
partly  burned,  and  3,1300  persons  are 
thrown  out  of  employment:  estimated 
loss,  $1,000,000. 

May  8.  N.  Y.  Ten  lives  are  lost  in  fire 
in  an  insane  asylum  in  Preston. 

Pa.  Five  more  victims  of  the  Johns- 
town fiood  are  found. 

May  9.  New  Yirrk.  The  Postal  Tele- 
graph CableCompany  increases  its  <-;ipi- 
tal  stock  from  $5,000,000  to  $10,00U,OO(J. 

May  15.  Pa.  Thirty-one  men  are  buried 
by  a  rock-faU  in  a  mine  at  Ashley. 

May  17.  Mich.  Grand  Rapida  loses 
$125,000  by  Hre. 

May  20.  The  steamer  Beacon  tir/lit 
strikes  an  iceberg,  and  narrowly  es- 
capes sinking. 

O.  The  remains  of  President  Gar- 
field are  placed  in  the  crypt  in  the 
monument  in  Lake  View  Cemetery, 
Cleveland,  their  final  resting-place. 

May  23.  X.  Y.  The  Owego  National 
Bank  suspends  payment ;  its  cashier  has 
departed. 

May  24.  Wash.  George  Francis  Train 
reaches  Tacoma. 

He  completes  his  trip  around  the 
world  in  67  days,  13  hours,  three  min- 
utes, and  three  seconds,  thus  beating 
Nellie  Bly's  record  by  about  tive  days. 

May  30.  Cat.  A  train  falls  through  a 
drawbridge  at  Oakland  ;  13  persons  are 
drowned. 


860     1890,  May  SO-June  21. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1890  May  26+:.  Jtliss.  A  reunion  of 
soldiers  of  both  he  Union  and  Confed- 
erate armies  Is  held  at  Vicksburg; 
it  is  a  great  success. 

May  *  The  new  U.  S.  torpedo-boat  Cusk- 
ln(j  surpasses  all  records,  making  in 
one  hour  24,32  knots,  or  28  miles. 

May  *  The  Squadron  of  Evolution  is 
ordered  to  sail  from  Europe  to  Brazil, 
to  prevent  outside  interference  with  the 
elections  in  that  country  in  September. 

June  2.  Boston.  The  Ancient  and 
Honorable  Artillery  Company  cele- 
brates its  252d  anniversary. 

June  3.  Pa.  The  gunboat  Bennington 
is  launched  at  Chester. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  May  *  S.  C.  The  largest  deposit 
of  mang^anese  ever  found  in  the  United 
States  is  opened  at  Tredegar,  Calhoun 
County. 

May*  Tex.  A  destructive  cyclone 
visits  Salt  Creek,  in  Hood  County,  and 
kills  15  persons,  besides  doing  great 
damage  to  property. 

June  4.  Neio  York.  A  ball  of  fire 
strikes  the  Commercial  Advertiser  build- 
ing, but  does  little  damage. 

June  9.  Va.  A  monument  to  the  Con- 
federate dead  is  unveiled  at  Petersburg. 

June  14.  O.  An  earthquake  is  felt 
in  Toledo. 

June  16.  Cat.  One  of  the  peaks  of 
Motuit  Shasta  is  reported  to  have  dis- 
appeared ;  it  is  believed  to  have  fallen 
into  the  crater. 

D.   C.      In  the   Senate  the    Finance 

Committee  restores  the  duty  on  works 
of  art. 

June  21.  III.  Forty  lives  are  lost  by 
a  destructive  cyclone ;  Paw-Paw  is  al- 
most swept  away. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1890. 
June  8.     Moffat,  James  Clement,  professor 

at  Princeton,  A79. 
June  33.    M'Crary,  George  W.,  secretary 
of  war,  A55. 

CHURCH. 

1890  June  1.  JV^.  Y.  Many  Sunday- 
schools  in  Brooklyn  are  presented  with 
United  States  flags  by  the  Grand 
Army  posts. 

The  7tb  annual  session  of  the  Inter- 
national Missionary  Union  begins  at 
Clifton  Springs. 

Jime  6.  The  General  Synod  (Ke- 
formed)  adopts  a  report  recommending 
union  with  the  Reformed  Church  in  the 
United  States. 

June  12*.  Minn.  The  Norwegrian 
Lutheran  Church  of  America  holds  its 
annual  session  in  Minneapolis.  [The 
three  sects  of  the  church  will,  as  a  result 
of  the  meeting,  unite  under  the  name  of 
the  United  Norwegian  Lutheran  Free 
Church  of  America.] 

T  Mo.  The  9th  International  Con- 
vention of  Christian  Endeavor  Soci- 
eties meets  at  St.  Louis  ;  8,000  delegates 


are  present,  representing  660,000  mem- 
bers. 

June  14.  Wis.  The  "Welsh  Presbyte- 
rians—  300  in  number  —  in  convention 
at  Milwaukee,  denounce  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  for  deciding  as  uncon- 
stitutional the  jeading  of  the  Bible  in 
the  public  schools,  and  decide  to  indorse 
the  Bennett  law. 

June  21.  Chicaffo.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

LETTERS. 

1890  May*  la.  The  State  Congrega- 
tional Association,  in  session  in  Des 
Moines,  decides  to  take  up  the  fight 
for  public  schools  and  against  the 
Catholic  position. 

May*  ///.  The  Lutherans  and  German 
Catholics  are  about  to  make  a  com- 
bined attack  at  the  poUs  on  the  Com- 
pulsory Education  Law  to  secure  its 
repeal. 

May  *  Wis.  Republicans  divide  on  the 
Bennett  School  Law  issue. 

June  1±.  Mass.  The  Faculty,  the  Aca- 
demic Council,  and  the  corporation  of 
Harvard,  favor  reducing  the  period 
of  study  for  B.A.  to  three  years. 

Wis.  Guido  Phster  presents  the  Ger- 
man and  English  Academy  in  Mil- 
waukeenrith  grounds  valued  at  $20,000, 
and' $35,000  in  cash  to  erect  academy 
buildings. 

June  9.  N.  J.  Class-day  exercises  are 
held  at  Princeton  ;  Mrs.  Susan  Brown 
gives  the  college  $100,000  for  a  new 
dormitory. 

June  10.  O.  Father  Quigley,  pastor 
of  St.  Francis  de  Sales  Koman  Catholic 
church  at  Toledo,  is  indicted  by  the 
grand  jury  *'  for  misdemeanor,  for  neg- 
lecting to  report  pupils  to  the  Board  of 
Education." 

June  13.  Mass.  A  young  woman  of  the 
Harvard  Annex  wins  the  Sargent  prize 
for  a  translation  from  Horace. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  May  30.  Chicago.  The  Gar- 
field Memorial  is  dedicated  at  Lake- 
view;  President  Harrison  and  others 
make  addresses. 

^,'ew  York.    The  Presbyterian  General 

Assembly,  in  session  at  Saratoga,  com- 
mends  prohibition. 

"  While,  as  a  church,  we  neither  advo- 
cate nor  antagonize  any  political  party, 
we  earnestly  commend  to  our  ministers 
and  people,  as  Christian  citizens,  such 
vigorous,  persevering  efforts  as  may 
seem  wisest  to  them  towards  the  enact- 
ment in  every  State  and  Territory  of 
statutes  whitdi  shall  hopefully  secure 
entire  prohibition  of  a  traffic  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  bulk  of  the  drunken- 
ness, crime,  pauperism,  and  social  mis- 
eries which  afflict  our  land." 

+  \ew  York.  A  National  Conven- 
tion of  "  Christian  Scientists  "  meets. 

May  *  I).  C.  Members  of  Congress  re- 
ceive an  appeal  from  1,600  imem- 
ployed  men  in  San  Francisco,  stating 
the  causes  of  their  destitution  and  ask- 
ing a  loan  of  $6,000,000  from  the  Govern- 
ment. 


May  *  Miss.  The  governor  refuses  to  ac- 
cept any  aid  whatever  from  the  Federal 
Government  for  the  flood  sufferers,  on 
the  ground  that  it  would  demoralize 
the  plantation  hands. 

*  *  Xew  York.  The  "  Consumers' 
Xieague  "  is  formed. 

Its  purpose  is  to  patronize  only  such 
storekeepers  as  are  humane  to  their 
saleswomen  ;  nearly  100  prominent  local 
clergymen  approve  the  scheme. 

May  *  New  York.  The  Radical  Club 
is  organized. 

May  ♦  .V.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  signs  the  bill  re- 
quiring manufacturing,  mining,  quarry- 
ing, lumbering,  mercantile,  railroad, 
steamboat,  telegraph,  telephone,  ex- 
I)ress,  water,  and  municipal  corporations 
to  pay  their  employees  weekly. 

May*  S.  Dak.  A  great  number  of 
woman  suffrage  societies  are  organ- 
ized in  the  interest  of  the  Woman  Suf- 
frage Constitutional  Amendment  to  be 
voted  on  next  fail. 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Protestant  Church  declares 
against  license. 

"  We  are  unalterably  opposed  to  any 
form  of  license,  high  or  low,  as  being 
wrong  in  principle  and  pernicious  in 
practice.  We  believe  the  time  has  fully 
come  when  Christian  men  should  rise 
above  party  prejudice  and  sectional  jeal- 
ousy, and  give  their  suffrages  to  any 
party  which  has  for  its  object  the  protec- 
tion of  our  homes  by  the  destruction  of 
the  unholy  traffic." 

June  1,  Kan.  A  lively  whisky  war 
prevails  over  the  "  original  package  " 
decision. 

Jxme  3.  Pa.  TheAmalgamatedAsso- 
ciation  of  Iron  and  Steel  Workers  is  in 
session  at  Pittsburg. 

Mont.    Three  Indian  chiefs  meet  near 

the  Crow  agency  to  behold  the  great 
spirit ;  the  Messiah  delusion  spreads. 

June  4.  Ind.  The  Grand  Lodge  takes  a 
firm  stand  in  favor  of  the  exclusion  of 
liquor-dealers  from  the  Order  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias. 

O.     About  1,700   carpenters  are 

out  on  strike  in  Cincinnati. 

June  5.  Kan.  Judge  J.  S.  West  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  at  Fort 
Scott  declines  to  enforce  the  State 
Prohibitory  Xjaw  in  an  original  pack- 
age case. 

June  6.  Chicago.  Irish  beer-drinkers 
boycott  the  breweries  which  have  been 
sold  to  English  syndicates. 

AVtp  Yark.  The  American  Patriotic 

Xieague  holds  its  initial  meeting  in 
favor  of  political  purity. 

Wash.    Seattle  celebrates  the  first 

anniversary  of  the  great  fire. 

During  the  first  succeeding  year,  out 
of  the  $12,000,000  worth  of  buildings 
destroyed,  nearly  $6,000,000  have  been 
rebuilt,  and  the  town  is  again  pros- 
perous. 

Wis.    Indians  are  mutinous. 

A  wealthy  Norwegian,  Segwald  A. 
Qval,  of  Eau  Claire,  provides  by  will 
§1,000,000  for  establishing  a  hospital  in 
Madison  for  persons  crippled  and  de- 
formed from  birth.  . 


UNITED    STATES.  1890,  May  30 -June  21.      361 


June  8.  Xew  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  onters  a  strike  against  pool  beer ; 
tUd  Socialists  witUiiraw  I'rom  the  Uuiuu. 

J}'i/o.  Tongue  Kiver  settlers  are  aban- 

domng  their  homes,  owing  to  thefts 
and  attempted  murders  by  northern 
Cheyenne  Indians. 

June  9.  O.  Riotous  strikers  prevent 
the  running  of  Btreet-cars  in  Columbus. 
[July  11.  The  strike  paralyzes  business 
by  diverting  trade  to  other  cities:  mer- 
chants  are  losing  thousands  of  dollars 
by  the  strike.  June  13.  The  strike  is 
settled  by  compromise.] 

Miss.  Ex-State  Treasurer  W.L.  Hem- 
ingway is  indicted  on  the  charge  of  em- 
bezzling $315,612.19. 

June  10.  A''.  Y.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  Superintendents  of  Insane  Asylums 
begins  at  >(iagara  JTalls. 

Tex.    An  express-train  is  held  up 

and  robbed  by  six  masked  men. 

June  11,  12.  A^ejy  YoH:  About  800 
delegates  meet  in  a  Temperance  Con- 
vention; all  sides  of  the  question  are 
discussed ;  the  convention  is  practically 
unanimous  for  prohibition. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Kailroad 

Company  issues  a  circular  giving  notice 
that  it  will  not  employ  men  addicted  to 
intemperance. 

June  13.  S.  C.  Lynchers  are  ac- 
quitted at  Lexiugtou. 

June  14.  Ky.  A  meeting  is  held  at 
Middlesboro  to  organize  permanently 
the  Grant  and  Lee  Monument  Asso- 
ciation ;  subscriptions  amounting  to 
$14,000  are  reported. 

Tex.    Prominent  citizens  of  Texar- 

kana  are  under  arrest  for  train-robbing. 

Jiuie  16.    La.     A  pro-lottery  man  is 

lynched  by  indignant  citizens. 
Jiuie  17       fiostnn  —  Chicafjo.      The  an- 
niversary of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill 

is  celebrated. 

D.  a    Miss  Mary  B.   Caldwell  of 

Washington  is  married  to  Baron  von 
Zed^vitz,  German  minister  to  Mexico. 

Jime  18.  O.  The  switchmen  strike 
at  Cleveland. 

Xew  York.   Jay  Gould  is  fined  $100 

for  not  doing  duty  as  a  juryman. 

The  Reform  Party  is  announced  to 
meet  in  convention  in  Syracuse  on  Aug.  5. 
It  favors  a  national  currency,  absolute 
suppression  of  the  liquor-trattic  for  bev- 
erage purposes  by  national  Constitu- 
tional enactment,  no  taxation  without 
representation  except  in  the  case  of 
aliens,  etc. 

y.  T.     The    Railway    Telegraph 

Superintendents  begin  their  convention 
at  Niagara  Falls. 

Pa.  The  freight  brakemen  at  Pitts- 
burg strike. 

June  19.  New  York.  An  association  is 
organized  to  work  for  new  excise  laws; 
it  is  to  be  known  as  the  **  New  York 
Citizens'  Alliance." 

June  21,  Ga.  A  Mormon  elder  is 
tarred  and  feathered  n«ar  (Jibstm. 

Mass.    The  carpenters  and  joiners 

of  Worcester  agree  to  strike  for  nine 
hours  a  day  and  ei^lit  hours  on  Satur- 
day, without  reduction  in  pay. 

Mich.     Striking    miners    stop   the 

work  of  others  in  machine  and  black- 
smith shops  in  the  Tamarack  mine 
region. 

STATE. 

1890  May  31.  7).  C.  First  Assistant 
P.  M.-Gen.,  J.  S.  Clarkson,  retires  from 
office. 


Neh.    The  Legislature  is  called  in 

special  session  to  consider  railroad  and 
ballot  reform  measures. 

June  2.  ]J.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  amendment  to  the  Army 
Bill  providing  that  no  liquor  shall  be 
sold  to  soldiers  by  post-traders,  and  none 
by  canteens  in  prohibition  States. 

Professor  Wiley  reports  to  the  Treas- 
ury Department  that  the  Government 
has  lost  $z,oco,ooo  by  the  polariscope 
sugar  tests  in  the  New  York  Custom- 
house. 

Ore.    The  State  election  results  in 

the  reelection  of  Binger  Hermann  to 
Congress,  and  a  probable  Republican 
majority  on  joint  ballot  in  the  Legisla- 
ture: but  it  gives  the  governorship  to 
the  Democratic  nominee,  Sylvester  Pen- 
noyer. 

June  3.  Xew  York.  The  commission 
on  consolidation  of  New  York  and  the 
neighboring  cities  holds  its  first  session. 

June  4.  7>.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Fortifications 
Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  7,  8,  13. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  20. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

///.    Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Me.    F.  M.  Hill  (Dem.)  is  nominated 

for  governor. 

June  6.  />.  C  Congress :  Both  Houses 
consider  the  silver  question ;  Preston 
B.  Plumb  of  Kan.  opposes  the  Republi- 
can position  on  the  Silver  Bill. 

June  9.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  substitute  for  the  Silver  Bill  is 
passed.  Vote,  13.'»-U9.  It  provides  for 
the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  on  the  de- 
posit of  silver  bullion. 

June  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senator 
George  F.  Edmunds  of  Vt.  introduces  a 
bill  providing  that  all  property  of  the 
Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Ijatter-day 
Saints  to  which  it  shall  appear  there  is 
no  lawful  private  right  shall  be  forfeited 
to  the  State,  and  devoted  to  the  benefit 
of  public  common  schools  in  Utah.  The 
House  passes  the  Post-offlce  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Apr.  29. 

June  11.  n.  ('.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Dependent  Pension  BiU. 
Vote,  145-56. 

It  provides  for  the  payment  of  pen- 
sions to  dependent  parents  of  deceased 
soldiers  who  would  have  been  entitled 
to  pensions  if  they  had  survive<I.  [June 
27.    Approved.] 

June  12.  D.C.  Congress:  W.M.Evarts 
of  N.  Y.,  John  T.  Morgan  of  Ala.,  and 
Z.  B.  Vance  of  N.  C,  speak  on  the  Silver 
Question  ;  the  House  passes  the  Agri- 
cultural Appropriation  and  Urgent 
Deficiency  Appropriation  Bills. 

June  13.  I>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
lays  on  the  table  the  MorriU  Silver  Bill 
after  26  discussions ;  it  authorizes  tbe 
issue  of  Treasury  notes  on  the  deposits 
of  silver  bullion. 

TU.    Gov.  Pifer  calls  a  special  session 

of  the  Legislature  to  take  action  on  tlie 

World's  Fair. 

June  14.  Knn.  Judge  Caldwell  of  the 
IT.  S.  Circuit  Court  at  Leavenworth  hands 
down  an  opinion  nullifying  the  prohibi- 
tory laws  of  the  State. 


June  15.  Kan.  Judge  Ney  renders  a 
decision  .it  Independence  that  sealed 
bottles  of  beer  in  sealed  cases  are  original 
packages;  but  they  must  be  sent  tnun 
outside  the  State,  and  not  from  any  other 
person  in  the  State. 

Jime  17.  U.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Conger  Free  Coinage  Sil- 
ver Bill-  Vote,  43-24.  The  House  passes 
the  Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  BiU 
introduced  June  11.  [July  7-12.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  14.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

June  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Tariff  Bill  is  reported  from  the 
Finance  Committee  ;  the  House  receives 
the  amended  SUver  Bill  from  the  Sen- 
ate, and  passes  tbe  Indian  Appropria- 
tion BiU  introduced  June  4. 

June  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  from  President  Harrison  the 
report  of  the  Pan-American  Confer- 
ence Committee  on  Customs  Union. 
In  the  House  the  Federal  ^Elections 
BiU  is  reported. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  JLtegislative, 
Executive,  and  Judicial  Appropri- 
ation BiU.  [July  2.  The  Conferences 
having  disagreed,  the  Senate  recedes 
from  its  amendments.  July  II.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 


MISCELLANEOUS. 
1890    May  30.      Utah.     The  dam  of  a 

reservoir  on  the  Sevier  River  gives  way. 
June  2.     U.  S.     The  work  of  taking  a 

new  census  is  begun. 

June  6.  Five  persons  are  klUed  on  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Bailroad  in 
consequence  of  a  broken  wheel. 

New  York.     The  Hudson  River 

Bridge  Commission  organizes  for 
work. 

Andrew  H.  Green  is  chosen  chairman  ; 
Charles  N.  Vail,  secretary  ;  with  Charles 
H.  Swan,  assistant  secretary. 

Junes.  Ire.  ThesteamahXp  City  of  Home 
runs  on  the  rocks  at  Fastnet ;  no  serious 
damage  is  done. 

Many  cattle  are  dying  of  starvation 

on  the  Southwestern  ranges. 

June  9.  Mo.  Trains  collide  near  War- 
renton ;  eight  persons  are  killed  and  11 
injured. 

June  11.  N.  F.  The  elevated  roads 
in  the  First  Ward  of  Brooklyn  are  sold 
for  unpaid  taxes. 

Southampton,  Long  Island,  cele- 
brates its  250tli  anniversary. 

A   Canadian    schooner  is  seized 

for  smuggling  Chinese  into  the  United 
States. 
June  13.  New  York.  The  Hamburg 
American  steamship  Columbia  arrives, 
having  made  the  best  record  between 
Southampton  and  New  York  ;  time,  six 
days,  16  hours,  two  minutes. 

June  16.  Pa.  Thirty-one  miners  are 
killed  by  a  firedamp  explosion  in  a 
mine  at  Hill  Farm,  Dunbar. 

June  17.  Cat.  Miles  of  grain-fields 
near  Merced  are  burned  over. 

June  20.  Chiraffo.  The  Park  National 
Bank  closes  its  doors  ;  its  president  says 
it  is  solvent. 


)2    1890,  June  21-JTily  11. 


AMERICA ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  June  26.  The  trial  trip  of  the 
cruiser  Philadelphia  shows  that  lier 
speed  is  19J  knots  at  the  maximum. 

D.  C,  Richard  N.  Batcheider  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general. 

June  *  Mont.  The  governor  sends  the 
residents  of  Miles  City  1,000  stands  of 
arms  as  a  defense  against  the  Chey- 
enne Indians. 

June  *  Wis.  An  uprising  of  the  Me- 
nominee and  Oneida  Indians  is 
threatened,  and  troops  are  called  for ; 
the  disorder  is  incited  by  an  agent  who 
had  been  dismissed  by  the  Government. 

July  11.  D.C.  Alexander  McD.McCook 
is  commissioned  brigadier-general. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  1.  Ind.  A  monument  to 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  is  unveiled  at 
Indianapolis. 

Vt.  The  corner-stone  of  the  Fair- 
banks Museum  of  Isfatural  Sciences 
is  laid  at  St.  Johnsbury. 

July  5.  ///.  A  Soldiers*  and  Sailors' 
Monument  is  unveiled  at  Sterling. 

July  7.  A'".  Dak.  A  tornado  sweeps 
over  the  State ;  several  persons  are 
killed,  and  an  immense  amount  of  prop- 
erty is  destroyed.  [July?,  11.  Tornadoes 
visit  Illinois.] 

July  8.  New  York.  The  heat  is  oppres- 
sive ;  the  mercury  reaches  101",  in  conse- 
quence of  which  many  people  are  pros- 
trated. 

July  9.  A  destructive  drought  prevails 
in  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  some  parts 
of  Colorado,  no  rain  having  fallen  for 
months ;  thousands  of  range-cattle  are 
lying  dead  in  parched  valleys,  and  thou- 
sands more  are  dying  for  \fant  of  grass 
and  water. 

S.  Dak.    A  vein  of  lead,  containing 

80  per  cent  of  the  pure  metal,  is  dis- 
covered in  Rock  Bluffs  near  Bad  River. 

July  10.  K.  H.  The  Signal  Station 
thermometer  at  Mount  Washington  in- 
dicates 25*"  above  zero,  and  the  sum- 
mit is  white  with  snow. 

July  II.     Va.    A  July  frost  occurs. 

N.  Y.    Workmen  strike  natural  gas 

while  drilling  for  water  in  Utica. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1800. 

July  9.  FisX,  Clinton  B..  abolitionist,  pro- 
hibitionist, brig.-gen.  of  vols.,  <;andidate  for 
presidency,  capitalist,  pbilaiithroj)ist,  A62. 

July  lO.  McCreedy,  Thomas  C,  senator 
for  Ky.,  A73. 

CHURCH. 

1890  June  24.  Cal.  William  F.  Nichols 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  California. 

June  24-27.  Pa.  The  6th  Interna- 
tional Sunday-school  Convention 
meets  in  Pittsburg;  nearly  1,300  dele- 
gates are  present,  representing  112,897 
schools,  1,178,301  teachers,  and  9,149,997 
scholars. 


June  26.  Wyo,  The  first  Mormon 
church  in  this  State  is  incorporated  in 

Cheyenne. 

June  29.  New  York.  The  first  rabbi  of 
the  First  Hxmgarian  Church  meets 
with  a  hearty  reception  among  his 
people. 

June  30.  Mass.  The  Christian  Col- 
lege Students*  Conference  opens  at 
Northfield. 

New    York.      The    corner-stone  of  a 

Baptist  institutional  church  in  mem- 
ory of  Adoniram  Judson  is  laid  at  the 
corner  of  Thompson  Street  and  Wash- 
ington Square. 

Phila.  The  Roman  Catholic  Ca- 
thedral, the  corner-stone  of  which  was 
laid  in  1846,  is  consecrated. 

June  *  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  adopts  resolu- 
tions prohibiting  clergymen,  elders,  stu- 
dents, and  laymen  from  using  tobacco 
in  any  form. 

Jiuie  *  The  Synod  (Reformed  Pres- 
byterian) adopts  a  petition  asking  Con- 
gress to  amend  the  Constitution  so  as  to 
recognize  the  divinity  of  Christ. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Jtme  26.  Me.  Bowdoin  confers 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  on  Speaker  Thomas 
B,  Reed.  [Yale  confers  the  same  degree 
on  William  Walter  Phelps,  and  Dart- 
mouth on  Senator  George  Franklin  Ed- 
munds.] 

June  28.  Mr.  Stanley*8  new  book.  In 
Darkest  Africa,  is  published  simultane- 
ously in  the  United  States,  England, 
Germany,  and  other  countries. 

July  4.  Minn.  The  National  Council 
of  Education  begins  its  sessions  at  St. 
Paul.  It  has  the  largest  attendance 
known  in  its  history. 

July  7.  Chicago.  Papers  of  incorpora- 
tion of  the  Chicago  Baptist  University 
signed  by  John  I).  Rockefeller,  Francis 
E.  Hinnckley,  and  others,  are  received  by 
the  Secretary  of  State  at  Springfield. 
[July  10.  The  first  meeting  of  the  trus- 
tees is  held.] 

New  York.     Samuel  P.  Avery  gives 

$50,000  to  establish  and  endow  an  archi- 
tectural library  in  Columbia  College, 
in  memory  of  his  son. 

O,  President  Gates  of  Rutgers  is  of- 
fered the  presidency  of  Amherst,  t-^ug. 
28.    He  accepts.] 

July  8.  Conn.  The  21st  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Philological 
Association  opens  in  Norwich. 

July  10,  Minn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
addresses  the  National  Education  Asso- 
ciation at  St.  Paul  on  the  compulsory 
education  laws. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  June  22.  Mass.  Unknown  per- 
sons deface  with  red  paiut  the  statue  of 
John  Harvard  at  Harvard  University. 

June  23.  Kan.  A  State  Convention  at 
Topeka,  having  3,000  delegates  present, 
protests   against  the  Missouri  whisky 


invasion  and  the  "original  package'* 
liquor-shops. 
N.  Y.     Mrs.  Delia  Cross  of  Brook- 
lyn qualifies  as  captain  of  the  schooner 

Oregon,  of  which  she  is  the  owner. 

///.     The  strike  of  the  trainmen 

and  switchmen  puts  a  complete  stop  to 
the  running  of  trains  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad.  [June  25.  The  strike 
extends  to  the  freight  handlers  at  East 
St.  Louis.  June  27.  The  strike  ends  in 
a  practical  victory  for  the  company.] 

June  24.  Conn.  Cornell  freshmen  de- 
feat Harvard  and  Yale  in  a  boat-race ; 
time,  n.l6i. 

June  25.  La.  The  Assembly  favors  the 
lottery.    (See  State,  June  25.) 

Conn.  The  Intercollegiate  boat- 
race,  three  miles  straight,  takes  place 
at  New  London ;  Cornell  defeats  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania ;  time,  14 
minutes  and  43  seconds. 

June  27.  D.  C.  A  dependent  pension 
bill  is  approved  granting  $6  and  §12  per 
month  to  ex-soldiers  who  served  90  days 
or  more  in  the  Civil  War,  and  who  are 
physically  or  mentally  disabled  from 
self-support  by  manual  labor,  and  to  aid 
their  widows. 

June  *  New  York.  Nine  of  the  principal 
cloak  manufacturers  lock  out  their  em- 
ployees, numbering  about  10,000  persons. 
[July  8.  A  parade  of  8,000  locked-out 
cloakmakers  takes  place.  July  14. 
They  reject  the  overtures  of  the  manu- 
facturers, and  insist  that  none  but  union 
men  shall  be  employed.  July  17.  The 
strike  takes  a  new  start.  July  21.  The 
union  makes  new  demands  on  the  man- 
ufacturers' association.  July  25.  The 
strikers  return  to  work.] 

June  *  S.  Dak.  The  Farmers'  Alliance 
and  the  Knights  of  Labor  unite  and  form 
a  new  party,  called  the  **  Independent 
party,"  favoring  woman  suffrage, 
graded-service  pension,  free  coinage  of 
silver,  prohibition,  and  tariff  for  reveuue 
only. 

June  *  The  Non-Partisan  "Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  is  form- 
ed of  seceders  from  the  older  society. 

July  1.  New  York.  A  meeting  of  the 
Boiler  Manufacturers*  Association  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada  is  held. 

July  3.  Me.  Annual  reunion  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
is    held  at  Portland. 

Tenn.    The  reunion  of  Confederate 

veterans  is  held  at  Chattanooga. 

July  0.  N.  Y.  The  7th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Confectioners'  As- 
sociation takes  place  at  Niagara  Falls. 

July  10.  Ga.  Fatal  fighting  between 
whites  and  blacks  occurs  at  Star's 
Mill,  15  miles  south  of  Palmetto  ;  six 
white  men  are  shot  and  a  number  of 
blacks. 

N.  Y.  —  Ky.    Labor  strikes  occur  at 

Poughkeepsie  and  Louisville. 

The  46tli  annual  meeting  of  the  Sons 

of  Temperance  of  North  America  is 
held. 

A  resolution  is  adopted  calling  upon 
Congress  to  prohibit  the  exportation  of 
intoxicating  ueverages  from  the  United 
States  to  Africa  and  the  Western  Pacific 
Islands  ;  also,  that  the  bill  to  prohibit 
all  interstate  original-package  traffic  in 
intoxicating  drinks  in  Prohibition  States 
be  speedily  passed. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  June  21 -July  11.     363 


I 


STATE. 

1890    June  21.    J).  C.    Congress:  The 

Senate  i)<'i.sses  the  Edmunds  Bill  devoting 
the  property  of  the  Mormon  Church 
to  the  common  schools  of  Utah.  )  ntro 
ducod  June  10.  [Sept.  26.  The  Commit- 
tee on  Judiciary  reports  it  back  to  the 
House.] 
Jime  23.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Disability  Pension  Bill  and 
the  Agricultural  College  Bill  intro- 
duced Apr.  30. 
June  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Post-offlee  Appropriation 
Bill,  calling  for  $72,461,691.  It  passes 
the  Dolph  Bill  for  the  prevention  of 
collisions  at  sea  introduced  3Iay  22. 

It  araeiKis  and  passes  the  Diplomatic 
and  Consular  Appropriation  Bill. 
[.July  7-10.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.  July  14.  Approved  by  the  President.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Post-offlce 
Appropriation  BUI.  [June  28.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  1.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

J\r.  Y.  Tlie  Court  of  Appeals  main- 
tains the  constitutionality  of  the  Elec- 
trocution La^v,  an<l  athrius  the  sentence 
of  William  Kemmler. 

The  Court  of  Appeals  hands  down  a 
decision  in  the  case  of  the  North  Kiver 
Sugar  Refining  Company,  dissolving  the 
Sugar  Trust  on  the  ground  that  a  trust 
to  increase  prices  is  illegal,  and  that  a 
company  by  becoming  a  member  of  a 
trust  forfeits  its  charter. 

June  25.  B.C.  Congress :  The  House 
defeats  a  motion  to  concur  In  the  Sen- 
ate Free  Coinage  amendment  to  the 
Silver  Bill.  Vote,  135-152.  A  conference 
is  ordered.    (See  July  7.) 

La.    The  House  of  Representatives 

passes  the  bill  to  submit  to  poi>ular  vote 
a  constitutional  amendment  bill  extenil- 
ing  the  charter  of  the  Louisiana  Stat© 
Lottery  Company  for  25  years  at  $1,000,- 
000  a  year.  [In  the  Senate  the  bill  is 
amended,  increasing  the  amount  to  be 
paid  from  $1,000,000  to  $1,280,000  a  year  ; 
the  Lottery  Company  agrees  to  the 
amendment.]     (See  July  1.) 

Pa,    George  W.  Delamater  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

June  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  the  admission  of  'Wyoming, 
and  the  House  discusses  the  Federal 
Elections  BUI  providing  for  Federal 
supervision  of  elections  for  Members  of 
Congress. 

June  27.  7).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  admit  'Wyoming  into 
the  Union  as  the  44th  State.  [June  8. 
House  concurs.  July  10.  Approved  by 
the  President.)  The  House  debates  the 
Federal  Elections  Bill;  the  Democrat- 
ic Representatives  of  the  Northern  States 
frame  a  protest  against  it,  on  the  ground 
of  its  being  unconstitutional ;  the  Com- 
mittee on  Banking  and  Currency  report 
favorably  a  biU  to  charter  the  Inter- 
national American  Bank;  capital, 
$10,000,000  to  $25,000,000. 

June  28.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Hudson  Eiver  Bridge  BUI. 
[July  12.  Approved  by  the  President.] 
The  House  Judiciary  Committee  amends 
the  Senate  Original  Package  BUI  so 


as  to  make  it  applicable  to  all  articles 
whatsoever,  declaring  that  all  articles 
of  commerce  shall  be  considered  to  be 
within  the  control  of  a  State  as  soon  as 
they  reach  their  destination ;  the  debate 
on  the  Federal  Elections  Bill  is  con- 
tinued. 

The  Indian  Land  Commission  has 
agreed  with  the  Shawnees,  Pottawato- 
mies,  and  partially  with  the  Kiekapoos, 
for  the  sale  of  their  lands,  paying  the 
Indians  $1.22J  per  acre  for  the  land 
taken. 

June  30.  B.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropriation 
BiU.  [July  3,  10.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.  July  14.  Approved  by  the 
President.]  The  House  continues  the  "^^^^  ^7.  Chicago.  The  World's  Fair 
discussion  of  the  Federal  Elections      National  Commission  is  assembled  and 


July  9.  Congress :  The  House  adopts  a 
resolution  requesting  President  Harri- 
son to  furnish  it  with  the  correspond- 
ence between  the  Government  and 
Great  Britain  touching  the  subjects  in 
dispute  in  Bering  Sea  since  Mar.  4, 
1889. 

July  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  Conference  report  on  the  Sil- 
ver BUI.    '\'ote,  39-26 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  June  24.  X.  J.  The  American 
Gas  Investment  Company,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $50,000,000,  is  incorporated  at 
Trenton. 


BUI. 

C  S.    Redaction  of  the  debt  in  June, 

$20,683,726. 

Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year.  Rev- 
enue: Customs,  S229,66Ji,585 ;  internal 
revenue,  $142,606,700;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $6,368,273;  miscellaneous  items, 
$24,447,420.  Total  revenue,  $403,080,983. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  $20,.'i(M.244  ;  miscellane- 
ous items,  $81,403,2.'»6  ;  War  Department, 
$44,582,8;i8 ;  Navy  Department,  $22,006,- 
206  ;  Indians,  $6,708,047  ;  pensions,  $106,- 
936,855;  interest  on  public  debt,  $36,- 
099,284.  Total  ordinary  expen<litures, 
$318,040,711;  excess  of  revenue  over  or- 
dinary expenditures,  $85,040,272.  Ex- 
ixirts,  $857,828,684  ;  imports,  $789,310,409. 
Public  debt  (Dec.  1.),  $1,549,200,126. 

JtUy  1.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
passes    the   Idaho    Admission    BiU. 
[July  9.    Approved;  Idaho  is  the  4.'!d    June*  D.  C.   The  11th  census  locates  the 
State] ;  in  the  House  the  debate  on  the 
Federal  Elections  BUI  is  continued. 

La.     The   Legislature  conditionally 

accepts  the  amen<led  offer  of  the  Louisi- 
ana State  Lottery.  (See  .June  25.)  [July 
6.    Gov.  Nichols  vetoes  the  bill.] 

JiUy  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Ijodge  Federal  Elections 
BiU,  after  seven  discussions.  Vote,  155- 
149;  introduced  June  19.  [July  7.  Re- 
ferred to  Senate.  Aug.  7.  The  Commit- 
tee on  Privileges  and  Elections  reports 
it  back.]  The  measure  is  stigmatized 
as  a  "  Force  Bill  "  and  persistently  op- 


organized. 

It  elects  Thomas  'W.  Palmer  of  Mich, 
president ;  John  T.  Dickinson  secretary ; 
and  Thomas  M.  Waller,  Conn.,  M.  H. 
De Young,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Davidson 
R.  Penn,  Penn.,  G.  W.  Allen,  N.  Y.,  and 
A.  T.  Andrews.  N.  C,  vice-presidents. 

Jime28±.  Pa.  The  Roach  ship- buUd- 
ing  works  at  Chester  are  said  to  have 
been  sold  to  an  English  syndicate  for 

$3,000,000. 

June  30.      The  Standard  OU  Plant  at 

Louisville  is  partially  destroyed  by  tire  ; 
five  acres  are  covered  with  burning  oil. 
New  York.  The  new  Croton  aque- 
duct for  New  York  City  is  completed  ; 
it  increases  the  water  supply  from  100,- 
000,000  gallons  to  250,000,000  gallons  a 
day,  and  costs  $20,000,000  and  about  100 
lives. 


center  of  population  removed  from 
eight  miles  west  by  south  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  to  20  miles  east  of  Columbus,  Ind., 
—  a  distance  of  48  miles  in  10  years. 

Population  of  each  State. 


Alabama    . 

Arizona 

Arkansas  . 

California  . 

Colorado    . 

Conn.     .    . 

Delaware  . 

Dist.  ofCol. 

Florida  .    . 

Georgia .    . 

Idaho     .    . 

posed  by  the  Democrats,  it  being  chieily    Illinois  .    . 

directed  against  the  election  methods    Jowa^"*"    ' 

prevailing  in  some  parts  of  the  South.    Kansas  .    ! 

-  Me.   William  P.  Thompson  (Dem.)  is    Louisiana  '. 


nominated  for  governor. 

The  Conference  Committee  on  the  Sil- 
ver Bill  agrees  that  there  shall  be  a 
monthly  purchase  of  4,500,000  ounces  of 
silver,  with  certiticates  to  tie  issued  as  a 
full  legal  tender ;  that  2,000,000  ounces 
of  silver  shall  be  coined  monthly  until 
July  1,  1891 ;  after  that  date  so  much 
coined  as  may  be  necessary  to  redeem 
outstanding  certillcates. 


Maine 
Maryland  . 
Mass.  .  . 
Michigan  . 
Minnesota . 
Mississippi 
Missouri  . 
Montana  . 
Nebraska  . 


1,513,017 
5!),620 
1,I2«,179 
1,208,130 
419,lil8 
746,2.58 
168,493 
230,392 
391,422 
1,837,3.53 
84,385 
3,826,351 
2,192,404 
1,911,895 
1,427,096 
l,a58,635 
1,118,587 
661,086 
1,042,390 
2,238,943 
2,093,889 
1,301,826 
1,289,600 
2,679,184 
132,159 
1,058,910 


Nevada .  , 
New  Hamp. 
New  Jersey 
New  Mex. . 
New  York . 
N.  Carolina 
N.  Dakota . 
Ohio  .  .  . 
Oklahoma . 
Oregon  .  . 
Penn.  .  . 
Klio«ie  Isl.  . 
S.  Carolina 
S.  Dakota  . 
Tennessee  . 
Texas  ,  . 
Utah .  .  . 
Vermont  . 
Virginia 
Washi'gton 
W.Virginia 
Wisconsin. 
Wyoming  . 

Total  .    . 


45,761 

376,530 
1.444,933 

1.53,.593 
5,997,863 
1,617,947 

182,719 

3,672,316 

61,834 

313,767 
5,258,014 

345,.506 
1,151,149 

328,808 
1,767,518 
2,235,523 

207,905 

332,422 
1,665,980 

349,390 

762,794 
1,686,880 

60,705 


62,622,250 


N.  J.    Four  delinquent  election  offi- 


JtUy  2.  Mass.   Haverhill  celebrates  the 
250th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

:%'sefulte]Hj;,til?p'pS[t^;78  -^^y*-    ""'■   ThelOOthaimiversaryofthe 
months  in  State  prison  and  to  pay  costs       settlement  of  Morristown  is  celebrated, 

of  court.  July  7_    Pa,    Roseville  is  nearly  de- 
July  8.     D.C.     Congress:   the   House       strpyed  by  Are;  2.i  building.s,  including 
.,     „       .    .TTf         ...       .  a  church,  are  burned, 

passes  the  Senate  bill  providing  for  reg-  .,  ,       „ 

ulations  designed  to  prevent  coUisions  "^'jJrk?  in^Cin^<S^ri''are'^^StiSerfS; 
at  sea.    Vote,  125-45.  $6,500,000 ;  no  share  of  it  goes  abroad. 

La.     The   lower   House   passes    the  Jvdy  11.    Chicago.   An  explosion  on  the 

Lottery    Bill    over    the   veto    of   Gov.       lake  steamer  Tiooa  kills  17  men  and  in- 
Nichols.    Vote,  68-31.    (See  Aug.  7.)  jures  a  number  of  others. 


364     1890,  July  11-Aug.  7. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1890  July  12.  Me.  The  North  Atlan- 
tic Squadron  arrives  at  Bath. 

July  14.  D.  C.  Melville  A.  Cochran  is 
commissioned    colonel  —  6th    infantry; 

•  also  Michael  R.  Morgan  —  subsistence 
department. 

The  President  issues  the  commissions 
of  Brig.-gen.  McCook  and  Q.M.-gen.  Du- 
barry. 

July  25.  Mich.  Militia  men  and  mol- 
ders  at  Battle  Creek  engage  in  a  street 
flght. 

July  28.  D.  C.  The  cruiser  Philadel- 
phia is  placed  in  commission. 

July  29.  Jf.r.  The  Squadron  of  Evo- 
lution passes  Sandy  Hook  on  its  return 
from  its  long  foreign  cruise. 

July  31.  n.C.  Com.  A.  E.K.Benham 
is  promoted  rear-admiral. 

Aug.  2.  Thomas  M.  Vincent  is  commis- 
sioned colonel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  12.  Chicaijo.  The  corner- 
stone of  the  new  armory  of  the  1st 
Regiment  Illinois  N.  G.  is  laid ;  the 
building  will  be  one  of  the  most  impos- 
ing armories  in  the  country. 

July  13.  Minn.  A  destructive  cyclone 
occurs  near  St.  Paul ;  100  lives  are  lost, 
and  much  property  is  destroyed. 

N.    Y,     The   first    instalment   of   a 

vpood  department  in  the  State  Museum 
at  Albany  is  received,  consisting  of 
43  specimens  of  wood  native  to  New 
York  State. 

July  19.  Wyo.  The  Excelsior  Geyser 
in  Yellowstone  Park  becomes  active  — 
the  first  time  in  two  years. 

July  20.  Chicago.  A  brilliant  meteor 
passes  over  this  city,  looking  like  a  ball 
of  flre  with  a  broad  trail  of  light  in  its 
wake,  and  emitting  a  hissing  sound. 

Boston.     A   monument   to    Count 

Schwab  is  dedicated. 

July  21.  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Md.  Frost  oc- 
ciu^  at  several  places  in  Litchfield 
County,  Conn. ;  in  Onondaga  Valley, 
and  Delaware  County,  N.  Y.,  and  in 
Maryland. 

July  22.  Cloud-bursts  in  Colorado  and 
Arizona  do  great  damage.  Seven  lives 
are  lost  iu  a  tornado  in  Cass  County, 
N.  Dak.  [July  20.  A  cyclone  damages 
the  suburbs  of  South  Lawrence,  Mass. ; 
loss,  $100,000.] 

July  27.  N.J.  A  heliograph  is  invented 
by  Thomas  A.  Edison  ;  it  will  be  tested 
on  the  Dunderberg. 

July  31.  D.  C.  One  hundred  years  ago 
to-day  the  United  States  issued  its  first 
patent  —  to  Samuel  Hopkins  for  "mak- 
ing pot  and  pearl  ashes." 

Mich.    Numerous  gold  nuggets  are 

found  by  miners  near  Ishpeming. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
a890. 
July  13.     Fremont.  John  C.  maj.-gen., 
senator  for  Cal.,  pathfinder,  explorer,  A77. 
July  18.    Walker,  James  P.,  M.  C.  for  Mo., 
dies. 


July  27.  Collier,  Robert  Laird,  Cnit.  cler- 
gyman, A5y. 

Auk.  3.  .Sands,  Elizabeth,  army  nurse  in 
the  War  of  1812,  A 101. 


CHURCH. 

1890  July  11.  Boston.  The  centen- 
nial anniversary  of  the  first  sermon 
l>reached  in  New  England  by  Rev.  Jesse 
Lee,  the  apostle  of  New  England  Meth- 
odism, is  celebrated  on  the  site  of  the 
old  Elm  Tree  on  Boston  Common. 

July  17.  Vt.  The  golden  jubilee  of 
Bishop  de  Goesbriand  is  celebrated  at 
Burlington. 

July  18.  N.  J.  Rev.  Patrick  Corrigan. 
Roman  Catholic  pastor  in  Hohoken,  is 
accused  by  an  aged  parishioner  of  wrong- 
fully obtaining  her  property.  (Chancel- 
lor Bird  files  an  opinion  in  the  case, 
setting  aside  the  conveyance.] 

July  20.  Chicago.  A  large  meeting 
adopts  resolutions  asking  the  Legisla- 
ture to  see  that  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  is  closed  on  Sunday. 

July  23.  Mass.  The  Roman  Catholic 
archbishops  of  the  United  States  hold 
their  annual  meeting  at  Brighton. 

July  26.  Minn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
is  severely  criticised  in  Catholic  papers 
for  saying  in  his  address  at  the  National 
Educational  Convention  that  he  is  the 
friend  and  advocate  of  State  schools. 

July  27.  New  York.  Dr.  Burtsell,  pas- 
tor of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  of  the 
Epiphany,  preaches  his  farewell  sermon  ; 
he  has  been  removed  by  the  Propa- 
ganda at  Rome  for  his  sympathy  with 
Dr.  M'Glynn  and  the  Anti-Poverty  move- 
ment. [July  .31.  He  celebrates  his  last 
mass  in  this  church.  Nov.  7.  He  decides 
to  go  to  the  parish  at  Rondout,  N.  Y.] 

Aug.  1.  Mass.  The  Bible  Conference 
begins  at  Northfleld. 

Aug.  3.  Tex.  Peter  Verdaguer  is  ap- 
pointed (Roman  Catholic)  vicar-apostolic 
of  Brownsville. 

Aug.  4.  New  York.  The  12th  Conven- 
tion of  the  American  St.  Cecilia  Soci- 
ety meets  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral. 

LETTERS. 

1890  July  13.  Conn.  The  Suffleld  Sum- 
mer School  has  503  summer  scholars, 
making  it  the  largest  in  New  England, 
and  perhaps  in  the  country. 

Jtily  16.  N.  Y.  William  H.  Webb  en- 
dows the  College  and  Home  for  Ship- 
builders with  .$1,000,000. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  The  Regents' Committee 
reports  that  the  form  of  lease  from 
Catholic  churches  to  Catholic  schools 
meets  all  the  legal  requirements,  and 
the  latter  can  thereby  become  a  part  of 
the  State  system  of  education. 

July  29.  N.  r.  The  Business  Educa- 
tors' Association  of  America  closes  its 
12th  annual  convention  at  Chautauqua. 

July  30.  Mass.  Merrill  E.  Gates  is 
elected  President  of  Amherst  CoUege. 

July*  Boston.  The  Girls'  Latin  School 
succeeds     in     dramatizing    Vergil's 


.Alneid,  and  performing  it  before  the 

public. 

July  *  Mo.  The  Lutheran  Synod  adopts 
resolutions  opposing  the  public  school 
system  as  now  constituted.  The  reso- 
lutions also  approve  the  opposition  made 
against  the  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  school 
laws. 

Aug. 4^-.  U.S.  TolstoVs Kreutzer SoTiota 
is  excluded  from  the  mails. 

Aug.  5.  Utah.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
Utah  University  (Meth.  Epis.)  is  laid 
by  Bishop  Vincent. 

Aug.  6.  N.J.  The  annual  session  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Christian 
Philosophy,  at  Avon-by-the-Sea,  opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  July  12.  New  York.  The  200th 
anniversary  of  the  battle  of  theBoyne 
is  celebrated  by  the  largest  parade  of 
Orangemen  ever  witnessed  in  this  city. 

Tex.    Factions  flght  at  an  election 

in  Ysleta  for  the  partizan  control  of  the 
local  government ;  several  are  killed  or 
wounded. 

July  14.  Neil}  York.  Frenchmen  cele- 
brate the  101st  anniversary  of  the  fall  of 
the  Bastile. 

July  15.  la.  The  citizens  of  Leland 
pass  a  resolution  declaring  *'  that  it  be 
unlawful  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  of 
any  kind  in  Leland,  and  that  any  person 
violating  this  ordinance  shall  be  tarred, 
feathered,  and  cowhided  out  of  the  vil- 
lage." 

5.  C.    A  race-riot  occurs  in  Kearse, 

Barnwell  County. 

July  16.    N.  J.    Nearly  300  workmen 

strike  at  theCoo per,  Hewitt  and  Co. 's  Iron 
and  Steel  Works,  because  the  firm  re- 
fuses to  sign  the  new  scale  of  prices  sub- 
mitted by  the  Amalgamated  Association 
of  Iron  and  Steel  ^^\)rkers. 

July  17.  Ami.  Judge  Phillips,  at  To- 
peka,  grants  an  injunction  restraining 
County  Attorney  Welch  and  Sheriff  Wil- 
kerson  from  interfering  with  agents  of 
brewing  companies  selling  original 
packages  of  intoxicants  in  that  place. 

July  19.  Ala.  John  Steele,  mayor  of 
Tuscumbia,  is  shot  dead,  and  several 
persons  are  injured,  in  a  feud. 

July  22.  Ind.  White  Caps  at  Lebanon 
are  sentenced  to  pay  $5,000  damages 
to  a  man  they  liad  whipped. 

July  23.  New  York.  A  strike  of  the 
employees  of  the  Street  Cleaning  De- 
partment occurs. 

July  24.  Ga.  A  meeting  at  Atlanta 
protests  against  the  passage  of  the  Fed- 
eral Elections  Bill  ("  Force  Bill "). 

Xew   York.    All  union  workmen  on 

public  school  buildings  are  ordered  to 
strike.  [July  30.  W.ilking  delegates 
order  more  strikes  on  the  school  build- 
ings.] 

July  25.  N.  H.  Mrs.  Marilla  Rioker 
of  Dover  is  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Concord,  the  courts  holding  that  sex  is 
no  disqualification. 

N.  C.     'White   Caps  kill  one  man 

and  tar  and  feather  another  in  Greene 
County. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  July  11-Aug.  7.    365 


July  27.  New  York.  The  Prison  Asso- 
ciation meets  with  sxiccess  in  securing 
places  for  ex-convicts  who  desire  to  live 
honestly  ;  it  is  announced  that  1,600  have 
secured  places  during  the  past  year. 

July  30.  Xeb.  Several  city  officials  of 
Oinaha  are  under  indictment  for  of- 
fering bribes  in  connection  with  grant- 
ing the  right  of  way  through  the  city  for 
the  Chicago,  Kock  Island,  and  Pacific 
Kail  road. 

July  *  Ala.  Six  thousand  coal-miners 
strike  for  higher  wages  and  against  the 
sliding  scale. 

Jtily  *  Boston.  Tlie  Gth  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Editorial  Associa- 
tion  is  held. 

Aug.  4±.  Ala.  Two  men,  one  white 
and  one  colored,  are  c<iuvictcd  of 
equal  guilt  in  robbing  a  store  in  Whist- 
ler ;  the  white  man  is  sentenced  to  five 
years  in  prison  and  the  colored  man  to 
25  years. 

Aug.  5.  7).  C.  Congress  passes  a  hill  to 
pension  army  nurses. 

Aug.  6.  2i.  T.  William  Keminler,  the 
first  person  to  suffer  the  death  penalty 
by  electricity,  is  executed  at  Auburn 
Prison  for  wife-murder. 

Aug.  7.  La.  The  State  Convention  of 
the  Anti-Ijottery  League  meets  at 
New  Orleans  with  500  delegates  present. 
[Aug.  8.  It  issues  an  address  denoun- 
cing the  lottery  and  demanding  Congres- 
sional action  in  reference  to  it.] 

STATE. 

1890  July  12.  J).  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  two  shipping  bills 
introduced  by  William  P.  Frye  of  Me. ; 
the  House  adopts  the  Conference  report 
on  the  Silver  Bill.  Vote,  122-90.  (See 
July  7.)    [July  14.    Approved.] 

The  President  sends  to  Congress  the 
report  of  the  Pan-American  Congress 
Conference  on  monetary  union,  with 
his  indorsement. 

July  15.  7>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  bill  appropriating  the  $636,189 
for  additional  clerk  hire  made  neces- 
sary by  the  Dependent  Pension  Act,  as 
it  greatly  increases  the  number  of  appli- 
cations received  at  the  Pension  office. 

July  16.  IPi/o.  Gov.  Warren  appoints 
Sept.  1 1  as  the  date  of  the  first  State 
election. 

July  17.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Land  Grant  Forfeiture 
Bill,  after  five  discussions.  [Sept.  11. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Sept.  29. 
Approved  by  the  President.]  (See 
Apr.  29.) 

Ind.  Judge  Howland  renders  a  decis- 
ion in  the  Circuit  Court  at  Indianapolis 
in  favor  of  the  Germans  in  reference  to 
the  teaching  of  German  in  the  public 
schools. 

~——  Minn.  S.  M.  Owens  is  nominated  for 
governor  hy  the  Farmers'  Alliance. 

July  18.  Tenn.  John  P.  Buchanan, 
president  of  the  State  Farmers'  Alli- 
ance, is  nominated  for  governor  by  the 
Democratic  Convention  at  Nashville. 


J\ily  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Sundry  Civil  Appropria- 
tion Bill.  [Aug.  25,  26.  Conference  re- 
port agreed  to.  Sept.  3.  Approved  by 
the  President.]  The  House  discusses 
the  Original  Package  Bill. 

July  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
begins  the  debate  on  the  Tariff  Bill. 

July  22.  l).  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  sul)stitute  of  the  Senate 
Original  Package  Bill.  Vote,  176-38. 
[Aug.  6.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Aug.  8.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

July  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill. 
[Aug.  13, 15.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.    Aug.  22.    Approved.] 

The  House  passes  the  Taylor  Bank- 
ruptcy Bill.  Ijitroduced  Dec.  20.  [Sept. 
19.    Debated  in  Senate.] 

Minn.     William  R.  Merriam  (Rep.)  Is 

renominated  for  governor. 

Neb.  L.  D.  Richards  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

July  25.  J).  C.  Congress:  Senate;  the 
House  passes  a  bill  granting  a  pension 
of  $2,000  per  annum  to  the  Tinadow  of 
Gen.  George  B.  McCleUan.  Bill  in- 
troduced Apr.  19. 

July  26.  Z).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill  [also  July  28]. 
It  passes  the  bill  to  pension  the  widow 
of  John  C.  Fremont.  Bill  introduced 
July  16.  [Sept.  24.  It  pa-sses  the  House. 
Sept.  29.  Approved  by  the  President.] 
The  House  adopts  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Rules  recommending  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  Pension  Bureau. 

July  29.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill;  three  amend- 
ments are  defeated. 

President  Harrison  sends  a  message 
to  Congress  urging  legislation  which 
will  enable  the  Post-office  Department 
to  close  the  mails  against  lottery 
companies. 

July  31.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
considers  the  chemical  schedule  of  the 
Tariff  BiH,  adopting  a  few  amendments, 

Ill,      The    Legislature    agrees    to    a 

change  in  the  Constitution  jiroviding 
tV)r  the  ii>sue  of  $5,000,000  in  bonds  by 
the  city  of  Chicago  to  aid  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition. 

Aug.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  Bill;  the  House 
goes  into  Committee  of  the  Whole  on 
the  General  Deficiency  Appropria- 
tion BiU. 

Aug.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
iiniahes  the  earthenware  and  glassware 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the  House 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  reports  a 
substitute  for  two  bills  on  Chinese 
immigration;  it  prohibits  all  Chinese 
from  coming  to  the  United  States  except 
diplomatic  and  consular  officers  and 
commercial  agents. 

III.    Gov.  Fifer  signs  the  World's 

Fair  Bill. 

Okla.    The  first  territorial  election 

is  held  :  a  Republican  representative  to 
Congress  and  a  Republican  Legislature 
are  chosen.  [Aug.  27.  The  first  Legis- 
lature meets.] 


Aug.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  metal  schedule  of  the  Tar- 
iff Bill;  the  House  agrees  to  the  Con- 
ference report  on  the  Original  Package 
BiU. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890    July  11.    O.    A  derailed  train. 

near  King's  Mills  causes  nine  deaths, 
besides  injuring  30  persons. 

July  13.  Pkila.  A  fire  destroys  Carey 
Brothers'  wall-paper  factory  and  other 
buildings ;  loss,  $(KX),000. 

Minn.  The  steamer  Sea  Wing  is  cap- 
sized by  a  cyclone  while  crossing  Lake 
Pepin ;  the  crew  and  passengers,  num- 
bering 100,  are  drowned. 

July  15.  Minn.  The  Security  Warehouse 
Company's  warehouse  is  destroyed  by 
fire;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

O.    Ten  persons  are  killed  and  about 

30  injured  by  the  explosion  of  16  tons  of 
powder  near  Cincinnati. 

July  17.  New  York.  The  superintendent 
of  tlie  census  office  announces  the  pop- 
ulation of  New  York  City  to  be 
1,513,501,  an  increase  of  25.4  per  cent 
in  10  years. 

July  18.  New  York.  Four  floors  of  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Company's 
building,  including  the  Associated  Press 
offices,  are  burned  ;  loss,  $250,000. 

July  21.  .v.  Y.  A  sjmdicate  is  f ormed 
in  Brookljm  to  secvu'e  the  payment 
of  arrears  of  taxes,  giving  delinquent 
owners  the  privilege  of  obtaining  prop- 
erty in  arrears  at  five  per  cent,  instead 
of  the  charges  under  the  law,  and  to  se- 
cure the  same  by  paying  arrears  at  any 
time. 

July  22.  Colo,  In  a  milroad  accident 
near  Limon  the  engineer  is  killed  and 
13  passengers  are  injured. 

July  23.  The  American  schooner  WU~ 
Ham  nice  is  lost  at  sea ;  16  persons 
perish. 

Chicago.    The  City  Council  resolves 

to  fill  150  acres  of  the  lake  front  to  make 
part  of  the  "World's  Fair  site.  Vote, 
44-15. 

July  25.  N.J.  The  Edison  Industrial 
Works,  with  headquarters  at  Silver 
Lake,  are  incorporated  with  a  capital  of 
$1,000,000  in  stock,  of  which  $500,000  is 
preferred. 

K.  Y.    A  combination  of  the  principal 

label  printers  in  the  country  is  formed. 

July  27.  Ida.  The  town  of  "Wallace 
is  destroyed  by  fire. 

July  29.  Mich.  Five  acres  of  valuable 
property  are  in  flames  at  East  Saginaw^ ; 

loss,  $750,000. 

July  30.  N,  Y.  Seneca  Falls  loses 
$700,000  by  fire. 

July  31.  Mo,  A  Missouri  Pacific  pas- 
senger-train is  wrecked  five  miles 
from  Kansas  City. 

Three  of  the  coaches  are  thrown  down 
an  emlsankment  and  29  persons  are  in- 
jured, two  fatally. 

Aug.  6.  New  York.  Mr.  Leary's  mon- 
ster raft  arrives  at  Hiker's  Island. 

It  is  1,250  feet  long,  and  contains  8,000 
tons  of  lumber,  consisting  of  Norway 
pines,  spruce,  prince's  pine,  and  hack- 
matack. 

Aug,  7.  N,  Y.  A  coffin  trust,  called 
the  National  Casket  Company,  is  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000. 


366     1890,  Aug.  7 -Sept.  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1890  Aug.  9.  Conxmodore  "William 
P.  McCann  formally  assumes  commaud 
of  the  South  Atlantic  Squadron ;  the 
Pensacola  is  designated  the  flagship  with 
appropriate  ceremonies. 

Neto  York.    President  Harrison  is 

received  on  board  the  cruiser  Baltimore 
^ith  naval  honors,  as  titular  Admiral  of 
the  United  States  Navy. 

He  proceeds  to  Boston  in  time  to  be 
present  at  the  National  Encampment  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  the 
city  being  dressed  in  holiday  attire. 
The  Baltimore  is  accompanied  by  the 
Atlanta,  Kearsarge,  and  Yorktoivn. 

Aug.  12.  Minn.  The  governor  orders 
out  the  militia  to  quell  the  riotous 
striking  lumbermen. 

Aug.  23,  New  York.  The  cruiser  5a/- 
timore,  with  the  body  of  Capt.  John 
Ericsson  on  board,  sails  for  Sweden 
after  a  parade  and  imposing  ceremo- 
nies in  the  bay.  [Sept.  16.  It  arrives  at 
Stockholm.] 

Aug.  26.  N.  Y.  The  private  trial  of 
Dr.  Justin's  dynamite  shell  at  Perry- 
ville  again  results  in  the  explosion  of 
the  gun. 

Aug.  28.  Bernard  J.  D.  Irwin  is  com- 
missioned colonel  — medical  department. 

Aug.  *  The  National  organization  of  the 
Regular  Army  and  Navy  Union  is 
perfected. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Aug.  9.  N.Dak.  Prof«  J.  H.  Lew- 
is, archeologist,  is  exploring  the  coun- 
try around  Jamestown  for  relics  of 
motind-builders ;  he  has  already  sur- 
veyed 200  mounds  among  the  bluffs 
bordering  the  valley  and  some  35  around 
Spirit  Wood  Lake. 

Aug.  19.  Pa.  A  terrific  tornado 
sweeps  the  "Wyoming  Valley ;  200  build- 
ings are  demolished  in  Wilkesbarre,  and 
over  $1,000,000  worth  of  property  is  de- 
stroyed ;  180  persons  are  injured. 

Colo.,  N.  Y.     Snow  falls.     [Aug.  23. 

Also  in  western  New  York.] 

—  A^ew  York.  The  New  York  Institute 
for  Eye  and  Ear  Diseases  is  incorpo- 
rated, and  opened  to  the  public  as  a  free 
hospital. 

Sept.  3.  Minn.  Bones  of  mound- 
builders  are  exhumed  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Minnetonka. 

The  mound  opened  is  about  30  feet  in 
diameter,  and  rises  seven  feet  above 
surrounding  lands. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Auff.  10.     O'Keilly,  Jolm  Boyle,  journalist, 

Irish  poet,  A 46. 
Aug.  35.     Watson,  Lewis  F.,  M.  C.  for  Pa., 

A70. 
Sept.  4.    Noyes,  Edward  F.,  Judge  supreme 

court  of  O.,  Gov.,  A68. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Aug.  9.  N.  J.  The  Interde- 
nominational Bible  Confess  opens 
at  Long  Branch. 

Aug.  18.  Md.  The  35th  annual  Conven- 
tion of  the  German  Roman  Catholic 
Societies  meets  in  Baltimore. 


LETTERS. 

Aug.*  Boston.  A Volapiik convention 
is  held. 

Sept.  4.  Utah.  The  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Logan  is  opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Aug.  8.  D.C.  Congress  makes  an 
appropriation  of  $47,000  for  the  relief  of 
destitute  persons  in  Oklahoma  ;  it  also 
passes  the  "Wilson  Bill,  under  which 
the  people  of  Kansas  can  suppress  the 
*'  original  package  "  shops. 

.V.  r.    A  strike  of  the  Knights  of 

Labor  on  the  New  York  Central  and 
Hudson  Kiver  Railroad  begins ;  engi- 
neers, firemen,  brakemen,  freight  hands, 
and  switchmen,  numbering  3,000  men, 
stop  work,  suspending  nil  traffic.  The 
strike  is  causeii  by  the  dismissal  of  cer- 
tain of  their  meml)ers.  [Aug.  10.  In- 
coming trains  are  delayed  ;  no  freight 
is  moved;  all  tlie  Brotherhood  men  on 
the  Hudson  division  join  the  striking 
Knights  of  Labor.  Aug.  16.  Three  hun- 
dred switchmen  quit  work  at  the  West 
Shore  and  New  York  Central  Kailroad's 
yards  in  Buffalo.  Aug.  20.  Master 
Workman  Powderly  issues  an  official 
statement  of  his  side  of  the  Central 
Kailroad  question.  Aug.  26.  The 
Knights  of  J^abor  in  the  employ  of  the 
Railroad  company,  numbering  1,000,  are 
ordered  out  because  of  the  discharge  of 
some  of  their  members.  Aug.  27.  Tlie 
strike  fails,  and  strikers  at  Albany  ask 
to  be  taken  back  in  the  employ  of  the 
company.  Aug.  30.  The  Company  re- 
fuses to  take  the  Buffalo  strikers  back 
as  employees.  Aug.  31.  Strikers  at 
Poughkeei>sie  boycott  every  business 
man  who  does  anything  for  the  working 
employees  of  the  Central  Road.] 

Aug.  9.  Me.  The  New  England  Mor- 
mons are  in  general  session  at  Jones- 
port  ;  125  delegates  are  in  attendance. 

Aug.  12.  Boston.  The  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  meets  in  its  24th  Na- 
tional Encampment ;  G.  Veazy  Whee- 
lock  of  Vt.  commander-in-chief. 

Aug.  15.  /).  C.  The  annual  convention 
of  the  Photographers'  Association 
meets  at  Washington ;  the  Memorial 
Statue  of  Daguerre  is  unveiled  in  the 
rotunda  of  the  National  Museum. 

Aug.  16.  Vt.  The  113th  anniversary  of 
the  Battle  of  Bermington  is  celebrated. 

Aug.  17.  Mo.  The  Missouri  Pacific  ex- 
press-train from  St.  Louis  for  Kansas 
City  is  robbed  near  Otterville,  by  seven 
masked  highwaymen,  of  $30,000  worth 
of  express  matter. 

Pa.      A    Farmers'    Encampment    is 

held  at  Mt.  Gretna. 

Tenn.    The  104tb  anniversary  of  the 

birth  of  David  Crockett  is  celebrated  at 
Lawrence  burg. 

Aug.  18,  Colo.  The  remnant  of  a  tribe 
of  Indians  hitherto  almost  luiknown  is 
discovered  in  a  cafion. 

Aug.  19.  Boston.  The  6th  annual  con- 
vention of  the  Societj  of  American 
Florists  begins  its  session  in  Horticul- 
tural Hall. 

N.  Y.    The  13th  annual  session  of  the 

American  Bar  Association  opens  at 
Saratoga,  with  Heiiry  Hitchcock  in  the 
chair. 

New  York.    The  Daughters  of  the 

Revolution  is  organized.  [Mrs.  Har- 
rison, wife  of  the  President,  accepts  the 
presidency  of  the  society.] 

Aug.  21.  Boston.  The  North  Ameri- 
can Volapiik  Association  is  in  session. 


Aug.  23.  Neto  York.  Imposing  civic 
and  naval  ceremonies  are  observed  in 
memory  of  John  Ericsson  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  embarkation  of  his  body 
for  Sweden  on  the  U.  S.  cruiser  Balti- 
more. 

The  International  Convention  of  In- 
structors of  Deaf  Mutes  opens;  400  dele- 
gates are  present. 

N.  Y.     Yardmen  on  the  Delaware 

and  Hudson  Railroad  quit  work  ;  they 
refuse  to  handle  Central  freight. 

Aug.  25,  New  York.  The  Brick  Man- 
ufacturers' Association  decides  to  fight 
to  the  last  the  walking  delegates  who 
boycott  brickniakers  in  the  interest  of 
the  striking  bricklayers.  [Aug.  29.  The 
boycott  on  brick  is  raised.  Aug.  30. 
bnckmakers  return  to  work  at  the  old 
rate,  40  cents  a  thousand.]  (See  Sept, 
3.) 

Ind.      The  Supreme  CoHnci)  of  the 

Federation  of  Railway  Employees  in 
session  at  Terre  Hamate  does  not  order  a 
strike,  but  indorses  Powderly's  position. 
(See  Aug.  8.) 

- —  O,  Steubenville  holds  a  celebration 
in  honor  of  Baron  Steuben. 

Aug.  26.  A'eio  York.  The  Bavarian 
Volksfest,  lasting  four  days,  is  opened. 

Aug.  27.  New  York.  The  4th  annual 
convention  of  the  Inspectors  of  Public 
Buildings,  Factories,  and  "Workshops  of 
North  America  begins  in  the  City  Hall. 

Chicago.    The  switchmen's  strike 

at  the  Stock  Yards  is  declared  off,  and 
the  men  return  to  work. 

Aug.  29.  N.  Y.  A  daring  attempt  to 
wreck  an  express-train  is  made  near 
Albany. 

The  switchmen  and  guards  are  locked 
in  their  houses,  and  a  pile  of  ties  placed 
on  the  track  ;  but  the  train  is  signaled  in 
time  to  prevent  disaster. 

Aug.  31.  N.  Y.  Two  attempts  to  btUTl 
crowded  tenement  houses  are  foiled ; 
seven  attempts  have  recently  been  made 
in  Brooklyn. 

Aug.  *  N.  Mex.  Wliite  Caps  are  ter- 
rorizing the  people,  and  Gov.  Prince 
asks  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to 
send  troops  to  stop  their  outlawry. 

Sept.  1.  O.  Kight  thousand  carpenters 
go  out  on  strike  in  Cincinnati. 

Neio  York,  Iiabor  Day  is  cele- 
brated in  various  parts  of  the  country ; 
over  20,000  working  men  parade  in  this 
city. 

N.    Y.      A    law    prohibiting    youths 

under  IG  years  of  age  from  smolong  in 
pubhc  places  goes  into  force. 

Sept.  2.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  State 
Board  of  Arbitration  begins  an  investi- 
gation of  the  recent  strike  on  the  N.  Y. 
Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad ; 
Mr.  Webb  and  Mr.  Powderly  testify. 

Twelve  hmidred  members  of  the  Uni- 
ted Brotherhood  of  Progressive  Varnish- 
ers  and  Painters  go  on  a  strike. 

Sept.  3.  New  York.  The  walking  dele- 
gates of  the  building  trades  agree  un- 
conditionally to  submit  their  side  of  the 
brick  boycott  to  the  State  Board  of 
Arbitration.  [Sept.  4.  The  brick  man- 
ufacturers  refuse  arbitration,  and  de- 
cide to  cut  off  a  large  proportion  of 
"  contract "  brick  from  the  local  mar- 
ket.] 

X.  Y.  The  American  Banking  As- 
sociation begins  its  annual  session  in 
Saratoga. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Aug.  7-Sept.4.      367 


Sept.  4.  Mo.  White  Gaps  nearly  kill 
a  preacher  65  years  old  because  he  pro- 
poses marriage  to  a  widow  aged  45. 

STATE. 
1890  Aug.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  disposes  of  six  paragraphs  of  the 
metal  schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill;  a 
substitute  for  the  Ijodge  lEUections  Bill 
is  reported  by  the  Elections  Committee ; 
it  strips  the  bill  of  many  of  its  objec- 
tionable features ;  there  will  be  no  troops 
at  the  polls,  and  the  fiues  and  punish- 
ments are  greatly  modified. 

La.      Gov.    Kichols  vetoes    the   bill 

extending  the  charter  of  the  Louisiana 
Lottery. 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  Congress  approves  the 
amendment  to  the  Wilson  Original 
Package  Bill,  by  which  the  decision  of 
the  Supreme  Court  is  overruled,  and  all 
intoxicating  liquors  become  subject  to 
the  laws  of  the  State  into  which  they 
are  brought.  It  is  approved  by  the 
President.  The  House  passes  the  Gen- 
eral Deficiency  Bill  introduced  July 
19. 

Aug.  9.  Z>.  C.  President  Harrison  recom- 
mends that  Congress  provide  relief  for 
the  starving  families  in  Oklahoma. 

Aug.  11.  />.(".  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate George  F.  Edmunds  of  Yt.  submits 
a  resolution  limiting  all  debate  on  the 
Tariff  Bill  to  one  five-minute  speech 
from  each  Senator  on  each  amendment. 

JVyo.    The  first  State  Conventions 

of  the  Democrats  and  Kepublicans  are 
held  at  Cheyenne^  George  W.  Baxter 
(l>em.)  and  Francis  F.  Warren  (Rep.) 
are  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  12.  7>.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate ^Ir.  Quay  introduces  an  amend- 
ment to  the  rules  i>roviding  for  a 
postponement  of  the  consideration  of 
the  Federal  Elections  Bill.  The 
House  Committee  favorably  reports  the 
Anti-IiOtteiTr  Bill  introduced  July  28. 
The  House  amends  and  passes  the 
Dolph  Bill  for  the  prevention  of  coUia- 
ionsatsea.  [Aug.  13.  The  Senate  con- 
curs.   Aug.  19.   The  President  approves.] 

Del.     Robert  J.  Rej-nolds  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Miss.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion meets  at  Jackson  ;  its  alleged  pur- 
pose is  to  secure  white  supremacy  in 
the  State. 

Aug.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate Henry  W.  Blair  of  N.  H.  reports 
favorably  from  the  Committee  on  Edu- 
cation and  Labor  a  joint  resolution 
proposing  an  amendment  to  the  Consti- 
tution to  prohibit  forever  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  all  alcoholic 
liquors  used  as  beverages. 

Cal.     Henry  H.  Markham   (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 
Aug.  14.    /.  T.    Gov.  Byrd  is  reelected 

by  the  Indians ;  he  surrounds  the  jrolls 

with  militia,  and  does  not  allow  votes 

to  be  cast  for  his  opp(»nents. 

Aug.  16.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  Bill. 
[Sept.  2+.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Sept.  27.  Approved.]  The  House  passes 
the  Anti-Lottery  Bill. 


—  X.  V.  The  Constitutional  Commis- 
sion at  Albany  agrees  to  the  abolition 
of  the  Superior  Courts  of  New  York  and 

Bullalo. 

Aug.  18.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  General  Deficiency  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [Sept.  29.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.    Oct.  1.    Approved  by 

the  President.] 

N.  Mex.    The  Territorial  Convention 

having     reassembled,    it     proceeds    to 
amend  the  Constitution. 

Aug.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
disposes  of  21  paragraphs  of  the  metal 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill;  the  House 
passes  the  Agricultural  College  Bill. 
[Aug.  30.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

Tlie  Treasury  Department  issues  a  cir- 
cular providing  for  the  immediate  re- 
demption of  $15,000,000 4^  per  cent  bonds 
at  104A. 

Aug.  20.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Meat  Inspection  Bill. 
[Aug.  30.  Approved.]  It  lays  the  bill  to 
amend  the  alien  land  law  on  the  table. 

Wis.    William    D.    Hoard   (Rep.)   is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  21.  D.C.  Congress:  The  special 
House  Committee  begins  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  charges  made  against  Pen- 
sion Commissioner  Haiun. 

Pa.    Charles  W.  Miller  (Prohib.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  27.  B.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  tobacco  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill. 

Wis.  The  Democratic  State  Conven- 
tion adoi)ts  a  resolution  opposing  the 
Bennett  School  Lav^. 

Aug.  28.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate N.  W.  Aldrich  of  R.  I.  of  the  Finance 
Committee  announces  two  proposed 
amendments  to  the  Tariff  Bill  in  the 
direction  of  reciprocity,  —  one  giving  the 
President  power  to  suspend  the  free  Im- 
portation of  sugar  and  other  articles ; 
the  other  in  reference  to  the  Canadian 
Fisheries  policy  ;  the  House  passes  the 
Conger  Xjard  Bill,  introduced  July  28, 
after  six  discussions;  referred  to  Senate 
Committee  on  Agriculture  and  Forestry. 

Mick.    James  W.    Turner   (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  29.  JJ.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  Agricultural  and  the 
wine  and  spirits  schedules  of  the 
Tariff  Bill  ;  the  House  ]jasses  the  Om- 
nibt^  Southern  War-Claims  measure 
and  sundry  private  bills. 

Aug.  30.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
rejects  J.  G.  Carlisle's  motion  to  strike 
out  the  wool  paragraphs  (357  to  369)  in 
order  to  put  wool  on  the  free  list. 
Vote,  47-27.  The  House  passes  the  bill 
prohibiting  the  employment  of  convict 
labor  on  public  works.  Bill  introduced 
Jan.  6.  Also  the  bill  to  prevent  the  pur- 
chase of  supplies,  the  product  of  convict 
labor,  by  the  United  States.  Bill  intro- 
duced Dec.  20. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  issues 
a  circular  for  the  redemption  of  $20,- 
000,000  additional  4^  per  cent  bonds. 

Sept.  1.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  wool  and  silk  sched- 
ules of  the  Tariff  Bill.    John  Sherman 


of  O.  offers  an  amendment  to  the  Tariff 
Bill  favoring  reciprocity  with  Can- 
ada; it  provides  specifically  for  the  free 
admission  of  Canadian  coal  into  this 
country  in  return  for  the  free  admission 
of  American  coal  into  Canada. 

Reduction    of    the    pubUc    debt    in 

August,  $833,072. 

Ariz.  John  N.  Irwin  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

■  Wis.    Many  leading  Democrats  bolt 

their  party  ticket  on  the  school-la\v 
issue. 

Sept.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  sugar  schedule  of  the 
Tariff  Bill. 

Xew  York.    A  single  tax  convention 

meets,  and  adopts  a  platform  proposing 
a  tax  on  the  rental  value  of  land  exclu- 
sive of  improvements,  and  abolishing  all 
other  taxes. 

Sept.  3.  £>.  a  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate Messrs.  Evarts,  Edmunds,  and  Voor- 
hees  speak  on  the  sugar  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Aug.  13.  New  York.  The  White 
Star  steamship  Teutonic  arrives  after 
making  the  voyage  from  Queenstown 
in  five  days,  19  hours,  and  five  minutes, 
the  quickest  ocean  passage  ever  made. 

Boston.    The  letter  carriers  of  the 

United  States  hold  their  first  annual 
convention  ;  100  delegates  are  present. 

Aug.  14.  Ky.  The  Kentucky  Company's 
plant  in  Louisville  is  burned  ;  25,000 
barrels  of  whisky  are  consumed. 

Aug.  19.  I).  C.  Congress  establishes  a 
Ifational  Park  on  the  Chickamauga 
battle-field  in  Georgia. 

Mass.    A  derailed  train  near  Quincy 

causes  20  deaths,  besides  injuring  31  per- 
sons. 

Aug.  21.  Phila.  Four  persons  are  killed 
and  a  number  injureti  by  the  blowing 
down  of  a  \vail  during  a  stornt. 

Pa.  A  Gravity  Hoad  car  at  Read- 
ing breaks  loose  while  going  down 
grade  at  the  rate  of  80  miles  an  hour  ;  it 
plunges  over  a  50-foot  embankment,  kill- 
ing four  and  seriously  injuring  10  per- 
sons. 

Aug.  23.    Chicago.  Bonner's  Sunol  trots 

one  mile  in  two  minutes,  lOJ^  seconds. 

Aug.  26.  Chica(fo.  M*Vicker*s  Thea- 
ter is  burned  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Aug.  28.  N.J.  The  horse  Salvator  riuis 
one  mile  at  Monmouth  Park  in  1.35^ 

minutes. 

Aug.  30  ±.  N.  Dak.  A  prairie  fire  rav- 
ages many  thousands  of  acres  along  the 
Little  Missouri  River. 

Aug.  *  La.  It  is  ofiicially  reported  that 
the  total  loss  caused  by  the  recent  over- 
flow of  the  Mississippi  River  in  Loui- 
siana is  $1,213,040. 

Aug.*  N.  Y.  S.J.  IMxon,  a  photographer 
of  Toronto,  walks  over  Niagara  Falls 
on  a  slender  wire  cable. 

Sept.  2.  ///.  Shot-tower  companies 
in  the  United  States  form  an  incorpora- 
tion under  the  laws  of  Illinois,  with  a 
capital  of  $3,000,000,  to  be  known  as  the 
American  Shot  and  Lead  Company. 

Sept.  4.  Netc  York.  Sawyer,  Wallace  and 
Co.,  one  of  the  largest  commission  hf)uses 
in  the  country,  make  an  assignment ; 
the  liabilities  are  over  $1,000,000. 


368     1890,  Sept4-0ct  7. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY— WAVY. 

1890  Sept.  27.  N.  Mex.  Citizens  and 
soldiers,  nearHillsboro,  pursue  Indians, 
who  are  charged  with  killing  cattle  and 

stealing  horses. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Sept.  5.  Pa.  Two  very  large 
natural-gas  wells  are  developed  near 
Pittsburg. 

JS'ew    York.      The    Grant    Monument 

Association  chooses  a  design  by  J.  H. 
Duncan. 

The  monument  is  to  stand  on  a  base 
100  feet  square,  and  in  height  will  be  160 
feet  from  base-line,  with  an  equestrian 
statue  of  General  Grant  in  center  of 
front,  and  the  same  of  each  of  the  gen- 
erals commanding  the  four  principal  ar- 
mies on  an  elevated  position  behind  that 
of  Grant. 

Sept.  10.  III.  During  a  shower  at  Cairo 
a  number  of  live  fish,  four  inches  in 
length,  fall  in  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Sept.  12.  ///.  The  bones  of  a  masto- 
don are  unearthed. 

S.  Dak.    Gold  is  discovered. 

Sept.  13.  Ind.  A  big  gas- well  is  struck 
near  Tipton,  which,  it  is  estimated,  will 
reach  20,000,000  cubic  feet  a  day. 

Wis.    Pearl-producing  clams  are 

found  in  the  Manitowoc  Kiver,  Chilton. 

Sept.  20.  Nevy  York.  The  bronze  statue 
of  Horace  Greeley  in  the  archway  of 
the  Tribiine  Building  is  unveiled,  Chauu- 
cey  M.  Depew  delivering  the  oration. 

Sept.  24.  New  York.  The  famous  Smile- 
Brugsch-Bey  collection  of  ancient 
Egyptian  textiles  and  embroideries  is 
presented  to  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Art  by  G.  F.  Baker  of  this  city. 

Sept.  29.  New  York.  Tlie  American  In- 
stitute of  Mining  Engineers  opens  its 
57th  meeting  in  Chickering  Hall. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  The  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute  opens  its  American  meeting. 
[Oct.  3.  Nearly  350  members  leave  for 
a  tour  through  the  manufacturing  and 
mining  sections  of  the  United  States.] 

Oct,  3.  N.  Y.  The  first  sod  is  turned  in 
the  work  of  constructing  the  Niagara 
Falls  Tunnel,  for  utilizing  the  water- 
power. 

Oct.  6.  Alas.  Prof.  Russell  and  Mark 
Kerr  (U.  S.  surveyors)  discover  an  im- 
mense glacier,  10  miles  wide,  flowing 
25  miles,  and  moving  15  feet  daily  ;  they 
name  it  the  Lucia  Glacier. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1890. 
Sept.  8.    Chriatiancy,  Isaac  P.,  senator  for 

Wis.,  A78. 
Sept.     18.      Boucicault,    Dion,    dramatist, 

manager,  actor,  AtiK. 
Sept.  27.     Duryea,  Abram,  brig.-gen.  vols., 

organizer  of  Duryea  Zouaves,  A76. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Sept.  6.  Ncio  York.  Rev.  George 
F.  I*entecost  starts  for  India  at  the  head 
of  an  evangelistic  mission. 

Sept.  7.  Pa.  The  Presbyterian  Commit- 
tee to  revise  the  "Westminster  Con- 
fession convenes  at  Pittsburg.  [Oct.  7. 
At  Allegheny  City.] 


Sept.  23-25.  Pa.  The  German  Cath- 
olic Congress  meets  in  Pittsburg. 

It  protests  against  the  indignities 
heaped  upon  the  Pope ;  demands  that 
children  be  educated  as  parents  see  lit: 
it  athrms  both  obedience  to  the  United 
States  and  allegiance  to  the  Pope,  and 
expresses  a  preference  for  the  German 
language.    (See  page  348.) 

Sept.  29.  Chicago.  The  Presbytery  pe- 
titions the  Board  of  Education  to  have 
the  Bible  read  in  the  public  schools. 

Oct.  6.  Utah.  The  Gist  Conference  of 
the  Mormon  Church  at  Salt  Lake 
City  decides  to  abolish  polygamy,  and 
President  Woodruif  issues  an  order  for- 
bidding plural  marriages. 

Oct.  7.  7).  C.  The  Roman  Catholic 
Young  Men's  National  Union  Con- 
vention opens  with  high  mass  in  St. 
Patrick's  Church,  Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Sept.  8.  New  York.  The  public 
schools  reopen;  about 5,000 children  are 
turned  away  for  want  of  room. 

Sept.  11.  Pa.  Rev.  John  S.  Stahr  is  in- 
augurated President  of  Franklin  and 
Marshall  College,  Lancaster. 

Sept.  12.  N.  11.  The  12th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Library  Associ- 
ation Conference  is  held  at  Fabyan. 

Sept.  14.  Md.  Negroes  are  excluded 
from  the  State  Law  School. 

Fla.    St.  Leo's  College  (Rom.  Cath.) 

is  opened  in  San  Antonio. 

Sept.  18.  ///.  William  R.  Harper  of 
Yale  is  elected  president  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago. 

Sept.  19.  ///.  J.  D.  Rockefeller  gives 
$1,000,000  to  the  University  of 
Chicago;  the  income  of  which  is  to  be 
used,  but  the  principal  to  remain  intact. 

Sept.  *  Minn.  John  J.  Hill,  president  of 
the  Great  Northern  Railroad,  gives  ?500,- 
000  for  the  erection  of  a  Catholic  college 
at  Groveland, 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Sept.  4.  New  York.  The  United 
Association  of  Typothetae  is  in  session. 

0.      George  Gilbert,  a  Youngstown 

miser,  dies  ;  he  bojisted  that  his  living 
the  year  round  did  not  cost  him  more 
than  three  cents  a  day. 

S.  Dak.    The  Prohibition  Law  goes 

into  effect;  it  is  bitterly  opposed  by 
saloon-men  and  their  friends  in  Dead- 
wood,  Lead  City,  and  in  the  Black  Hills 
mining-towns. 

Many  of  the  richest  corporations  in 

tlie  country  unite  in  an  alliance  against 
strikes. 

They  agree  to  stand  by  each  other 
in  allowing  the  strikers  against  one 
firm  to  remain  idle  until  they  see  fit  to 
return  to  work,  and  no  one  firm  is  to 
employ  workmen  during  a  strike  that 
leave  others  of  the  couf eilerated  firms  by 
striking. 

Sept.  7.  New  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Federation  decides  to  fight  the  Knights 
of  Laljor  for  making  war  on  the  open 
unions. 

Russian  Hebrews  organize  for  edu- 
cational,   social,   and    protective    pur- 


poses, and  to  promote  intelligence  by 
lectures  and  a  spirit  of  Americanism 
among  their  countrymen. 

W.  Va.     The  Law  and  Order  League 

of  Wheeling  succeed  in  stopping  every 
form  of  Sunday  traffic  except  drug- 
stores ;  their  headquarters  are  stormed 
by  an  angry  mob,  and  the  president  of 
the  League  is  badly  hurt. 

Sept.  10 dr.  Cal.  The 40th anniversary 
of  California's  admission  into  the  Union 

is  celebrated. 

±.  U.  S.  The  window-glass  work- 
ers and  bottle-blowers,  numbering 
10,000,  decide  to  leave  the  Knights  of 
Labor. 

—  N.  Y.  The  Society  of  the  War  of 
1812  is  formed  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

Sept.  11.  la.  Incendiaries  burn  nearly 
all  the  business  portion  of  Oxford,  as 
well  as  many  residences. 

Sept.  13.  ^f(f.  Baltimore  celebrates 
the  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  North 
Point.    (See  Army,  p.  122.) 

Sept.  14.  Sweden.  The  body  of  John 
Ericsson  is  transferrred  from  tlie  U.  S. 
man-of-war  Baltimore  to  the  custody  of 
the  authorities  at  Stockholm  with  im- 
posing ceremonies ;  the  funeral  proces- 
sion is  viewed  by  100,000  people. 

Sept.  20.  Ida.  President  Rich  and 
liishop  Donaldson,  Mormon  dignita- 
ries, are  under  arrest  for  advising 
Mormons  to  violate  the  election  laws. 

O.    An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made 

to  wreck  a  crowded  passenger-train 
on  the  Cincinnati,  Sandusky,  and  Cleve- 
land Railroad. 

Sept.  22.  Boston.  Old-time  abohtion- 
ists  celebrate  the  28th  anniversary  of 
the  issuance  of  the  Emancipation  Proc- 
lamation by  President  Lincoln. 

Sept.  23.  N.  Y.  The  mayor  of  Brooklyn 
forbids  a  meeting  of  Hebrew  anar- 
chists. 

Sept.  27.  O.  The  entire  edition  of  this 
week's  issue  of  the  Cincinnati  Volks- 
freuvd  is  seized  for  violating  the  anti- 
lottery  law. 

n.  I.  The  Slater-Cotton  Cente- 
nary at  Pawtucket  begins  with  a  Suii- 
dii^'-school  children's  celebration ;  the 
cotton  exhibition  opens. 

Oct.  1.  N.  Y.  Oftlcial  notice  is  issued 
that  no  Knights  of  Labor  will  be  em- 
ployed on  the  New  York  Central  road, 
owing  to  their  action  in  a  late  strike. 

New  York.      The  Convention  of  the 

People's  Municipal  League  is  held ; 
1,000  delegates  attend. 

Oct.  3.  Mo.  Alfred  Wanamaker  com- 
mits suicide  in  St.  Louis,  after  dissi- 
pating a  fortune  of  $60,000;  cause, 
liquor  and  don\estic  trouble. 

New   York.     The  Comte  de  Paris 

and  the  Due  d*Orl6ans  arrive.  De 
Paris  is  welcomed  by  his  old  army  com- 
rades ;  he  served  as  aid  to  Gen.  M'Clel- 
lan  in  the  Civil  War. 

Oct.  6.  Chicago.  The  Board  of  Health 
issues  an  order  forbidding  leg-vacci- 
nation. 

Utah.  A  general  conference  of  Mor- 
mons at  Salt  Lake  City  decides  to  re- 
nounce polygamy. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1890,  Sept.  4- Oct.  7.       369 


t 


Oct.  7.    A'.   Y.    A  large  number  of  mer- 

ehiints  determine  to  form  anon-partisan 
New  Vork  State  Business  Men*s  Pro- 
tective Association,  to  watch  and  o|h 
pose  unjust  and  annoying  action  by  the 
Legislature. 

STATE. 
1890    Sept,  5.    D.   C.    Congress:  The 

Senate  passes  over  the  Stewart  Convict 
Labor  Hill. 

Sept.  6.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  bill  granting  a  pension  of  $100 
a  month  to  Gen.  H.  A.  IJaruum. 

Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
agrees  to  the  Conference  report  on  the 
River  and  Harbor  BiU, 

Ky.  The  State  Constitutional  Con- 
vention begins  its  session  at  Frankfort. 

Sept.  9.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate adopts  the  Aldrich  Reciprocity 
Amendment  reported  from  the  Fi- 
nance Committee,  and  passes  the  Tariff 
Bill  to  a  third  reading. 

Del.  H.  J.  Richardson  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

■  Minn.  Thomas  Wilson  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

jV.  //.  J.  M.  Fletcher  (Prohib.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Sept.  10.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  McKinley  Tariff  Bill  with 
amendments.  Vote,  40  (Uep.)-29  (Dem.) ; 
it  passes  the  House  bill  to  set  apart  a 
certain  tract  of  land  in  California  on 
which  the  big  trees  stand  as  a  public 
park. 

Sept.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
considers  the  Conference  reports  on  the 
Iiand  Grant  Forfeiture  Bill. 

S.  C.    Benjamin  R.  Tillman  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Wyo.      The  Republicans    elect  the 

governor  and  Congressman,  and  se- 
cure a  majority  in  the  Legislature. 

Sept.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
listens  to  speeches  eulogistic  of  the  late 
Samuel  J.  Randall  of  Pa.,  and  ad- 
journs ;  in  the  House  James  B.  Mc- 
Creary  of  Ky.  introduces  a  resolution 
demanding  an  immediate  investigation 
of  the  killing  of  Gen.  Barrundia  when 
on  board  an  American  ship  and  while 
under  the  protection  of  the  U.  S.  flag. 

New    York.     The    Secretary   of    the 

Treasury  consults  with  bankers  and 
merchants  with  reference  to  the  strin- 
gency of  the  money  market ;  he  issues 
a  call  for  proposals  for  the  sale  of 
$16,000,000  in  4  per  cent  bonds. 

Sept.  15.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  House 
non-concurs  in  the  Senate  amendments 
to  the  Tariff  Bill.    Vote,  120-82. 

Sept.  16.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Lottery  Bill.  [Sept. 
27.  Approved  by  the  President.]  Also 
the  Land  Grant  Forfeiture  Bills,  and 
it  votes  to  purchase  at  a  cost  not  exceed- 
ing $."50,000  the  TowTisend  National 
Records.  It  amends  and  passes  the 
Timber- Culture  BiU.  [Feb.  28,  Mar. 
2.  Conference  report  agreed  to.  Mar.  2. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 


Coim,     Luzon  B.  Morris  (Dem.)  and 

<Jen.  E.  S.  Merwin  (Rep.)  are  nominated 
for  governor. 

Okla.  The  Upper  House  of  the  Terri- 
torial Legislature  jtasses  a  bill  making 
Oklahoma  City  the  capital  of  the  Terri- 
tory. 

Sept.  17.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  confer- 
ees on  the  Tariff  Bill  meet,  but  without 
arriving  at  any  agreement. 

Afass.      Gov.  J.  Q.  A.  Brackett  (Rep.) 

is  renominated  for  governor. 
A'.  H.     H.  A.  Tuttleof  Pittsfield(Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  18,  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  reestablish  the  grade  of 
Iiieutenant- General  of  the  United 
States  Army.  Bill  introduced  Dec.  12. 
[Sept.  22.  Referred  to  Senate  Commit- 
tee on  Military  Alfairs.]  The  House 
conferees  on  the  Tariff  Bill  accept  the 
Aldrich  reciprocity  amendment. 

Mass.    William  E.  Russell  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  19.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  McKenna  Bill  for  the  discon- 
tinuance of  the  coinage  of  the  three- 
dollar  and  one-dollar  gold  pieces  and 
the  three-eent  nickel  piece.  [Sept.  27. 
Approved  by  the  President.]  The  House 
is  prevented  from  doing  business  by 
Democrats  purposely  absenting  them- 
selves. 

Cofo.  John  L.  Routt  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Sept.  21.    I).  C.    Notices  are  issued  from 

the  Post-office  Department  that  all  pa- 
pers containing  lottery  advertisements 
will  render  the  publishers  liable  to 
arrest. 

Sept.  22.  New  York.  Mayor  Grant  chal- 
lenges the  correctness  of  the  Federal 
census,  and  decides  upon  the  plan  for 
taking  a  new  census  of  the  city  under 
the  direct  supervision  of  the  mayor  and 
with  the  cooperation  of  the  police  force 
acting  as  canvassers. 

Sept.  24.  IX  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  William  M.  Evarts's  substitute  for 
the  House  bill  defining  and  regulat- 
ing the  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States  Courts  after  si  x  discussions. 
[Sept.  24.  Referred  to  the  House  Com- 
mittee on  the  Judiciary.] 

The  House  passes  the  bill  granting  a 
pension  to  the  widow  of  Gen.  George 
B.  McClellan.  [Sept.  29.  Approved 
by  the  President.] 

Sept.  25.  /).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  over  the  O'Neall  Anti-Convict 
Labor  Bill. 

Sept.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the 
House  the  Conference  Committee  re- 
ports the  McKinley  Tariff  Bill. 

Sept.  29.  I).  C.  Congress ;  House  :  Tlie 
Conference  Committee's  report  on  the 
Tariff  Bill  is  adopted.    Vote,  152-81. 

Sept.  30.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Conference  report  on  the 
McKinley  Tariff  Bill,  Vote,  33-27. 
[Oct.  1.  It  is  approved  by  the  President. 
Oct,  6.    The  law  becomes  effective.] 

Oct.  1,    D.   (\    Congress    provides    for 

the  transfer  of  the  "Weather  Service 

from  the  Signal  Corps  of  the  Army  to 

the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

It  repeals  the  internal  revenue  tax 


laid  on  dealers  in  tobacco ;  it  reduces 

the  tax  on  tobacco  and  snuff. 
The  51st  Congress:  the  first  session 

ends. 
Ida.    The  Republicans  elect   the 

State  ticket  and  44  of  the  B4  members 

of  the  Legislature. 
Oct.  7.    N.  Mex,    The  i)eople  accept  the 

State  Constitution.    Vote,  16,180-7,943. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Sept.  5.  Mich.  Eight  miners 
are  imprisoned  by  a  cave-in  in  the  l^ake 
Angeliue  mine. 

N.  T,    The  steamers  C.  II.  Northern 

a.nd  Continental,  of  the  New  Haven  Line, 
collide  in  the  East  River ;  three  persons 

are  injured. 

Sept.  6.    Okla.    President  Manvel,  of  the 

Santa  F(S  Railroad,  announces  that  his 
company  will  supply  Oklahoma  farmers 
with  $60,000  worth  of  seed-wheat  at 
cost,  and  wait  until  harvest  for  the  pay. 
[25,000  bushels  of  seed-wheat  are  fur- 
nished to  the  farmers  along  the  line  of 
this  road.] 

Sept.  7.  Colo.  Trains  collide  near  Flor- 
ence :  five  persons  are  killed  and  33  in- 
j  ured.. 

Wash.  A  premature  explosion  bur- 
ies 45  men  under  many  tons  of  rock  at 
Spokane  Falls. 

Sept.  9.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Pair 
Directors  decide  upon  Jackson  Park 
and  the  Lake  Front  as  the  site  for  the 
exhibition. 

Sept.  10.  Ga.  A  Direct  Trade  Con- 
vention is  organized  at  Atlanta ;  dele- 
gates are  present  from  six  cotton-pro- 
ducing States. 

Sept.  15.  Chicago.  The  National  Com- 
mission of  the  "World's  Fair  meets  to 
organize  and  inaugurate  the  movement. 

Sept.  19.  III.  Col.  George  R.  Davis  of 
Chicago  is  appointed  director-general  of 
the  "World's  Fair. 

Pa.    Twenty  persons  are  killed  and 

32  injured  in  a  train  accident  at  Shoe- 
makersville. 

Sept.  23.  N.  J.  A  fire  in  the  Eagle  Oil 
Refinerv  Works,  in  Bayonne,  causes  a 
loss  of  $250,000. 

Sept.  25.  Tlie  American  fishing  schooner 
David  Crockett  is  seized  in  Canadian 
waters  for  violation  of  the  Fisheries 
Law. 

Sept.  28.  Cliicago.  The  Anglo-Ameri- 
can Packing  Comnany's  buildings  are 
damaged  by  fire;  loss,  $400,000. 

Sept.  29.  li.  I.  The  centennial  of  the 
establishment  of  the  first  American 
COtton-miU  is  celebrated  at  Providence. 

Sept.  *  D.  C.  Congress  provides  for  the 
improvement  of  Galveston  harbor, 
Texas ;   estimated  cost,  $6,200,000. 

Sept.  *  Mich.  The  longest  river  tun- 
nel in  the  U.  S.  Is  completed,  under 
the  St.  Clair  River,  connecting  Michigan 
and  Canada;  it  is  6,050  feet  in  length, 
2,300  feet  of  which  is  under  the  river- 
bed. 

Sept.  *  Okla.  Many  families  in  the  Ter- 
ritory are  in  extreme  want  of  food. 


870     1890,  Oct.  7-Nov,  19. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1890  Oct.  10.   Kan.   President  Harrison 

attends  the  reunion  of  old  soldiers  at 

Topeka. 
Nov.  17.    S.  Dak.     Troops  are  massing 

at  Pine  Kidge  Agency  in  anticipation  of 

an  outbreak  of  Sioux  Indians. 
Nov.  18.    .V.  Y.    The  battle-ship  ^VaiHc 

is  launched  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Oct.  17.  Ga.  A  bust  of  Sidney 
Lanier  is  unveiled  in  the  library  of 
Macon. 

Oct.  23.  N.H.  Astatue  of  Gen.  Stark 
is  unveiled  in  the  State-house  Park  at 
Concord  ;  cost,  $12,000. 

Oct.  27.  S.  Dak.  Rich  placer  deposits 
of  gold  are  found  in  the  Sioux  Reserva- 
tion, near  Black  Hills.  \pct.  *  Gold  is 
also  discovered  in  the  Arbuckle  Moun- 
tains, I.  T.] 

Oct.  30.  Afd.  A  monument  to  explorers 
who  perished  in  the  Jeannette  Explor- 
ing Expedition  of  1881  is  unveiled  in  the 
Naval  Academy  Cemetery,  Annapolis. 

Kov.  1±.  Millet's  famous  painting,  The 
Angelus,  is  sold  by  the  American  Art 
Association  to  persons  in  Paris  for 
$150,000. 

It  is  estimated  that  400,000  persons 
have  attended  the  exhibition  since  the 
picture  was  brought  to  America. 

Nov.  7.  Chicago.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  "Woman's  Temple,  which  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
is  building,  is  laid  with  impressive  cere- 
monies ;  it  is  to  be  in  French  Gothic 
style,  13  stories  high,  and  cost  $1,100,000. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1890. 

Oct.  13.  Delknap,  William  W.,  maj.-gen., 
sec.  of  war  under  Pres.  Grant,  A61. 

Oct.  13.  Miller,  Samuel  F.,  justice  of  U.S. 
Supreme  Ct.,  A74. 

Nov.  13.  Dexter,  Henry  M.,  editor  of  The 
Congregationalist,  A69. 

Appleton,  Daniel  S.,  publisher,  A76. 

CHTTRCH. 

1890  Oct.  8.  Mimi.  The  American 
Board  of  Foreign  Missions  begins  its 
81st  annual  meeting  in  Minneapolis. 
[Oct.  10.  Rev.  Dr.  B.  S.  Storrs  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,is  reelected  President.] 

Oct.  13.  New  York.  The  Presbytery  pass 
a  resolution  requesting  the  Commission- 
ers at  Chicago  to  close  the  coming  ex- 
hibition on  Sundays. 

Oct.  14.  Mo.  Edwin  R.  Atwill  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
West  Missouri. 

Boston.   The  celebrated  "  Andover 

case,"  which  has  been  pending  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts  for 
more  than  three  years,  comes  up  for  a 
final  hearing. 

Oct.  17.  A\  Y.  The  golden  jubilee  of 
Bishop  Loughlin  is  celebrated  in 
Brooklyn  ;  he  is  presented  by  the  priests 
of  the  diocese  with  a  purse  of  $20,000. 

Oct.  21.  Boston.  The  celebration  of  the 
Centennial  of  New  England  Meth- 
odism opens. 


Oct.  27.  N.  J.  The  Koman  Catholic 
churches  of  the  Newark  Diocese  collect 
$20,000  for  the  poor  in  Ireland. 

Chicago.  Archbishop  Feehan's  sil- 
ver jubilee  commences  with  pontifical 
high  mass  in  the  cathedral. 

Oct.  28.  Boston.  A  winter  school  for 
scientific  Bible  study  opens. 

Nov.  6-13.  Conn.  The  fifth  annual  Con- 
vention of  Christian  'Workers  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada  meets  at  Hart- 
ford. 

Nov.  11.  Phila.  The  13th  Annual  Con- 
gress of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  meets. 

Conn.    The  9th  annual  meeting  of  the 

Baptist  Congress  opens  in  New  Haven. 

Nov.  13.  Ketc  York.  The  Interstate 
Congress  of  the  Salvation  Army 
opens. 

Nov.  17.  New  York.  The  conference  of 
the  Protestant  denominations  of  the 
State  on  moral  instruction  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  begins ;  Dr.  Crosby  is  chosen 
permanent  chairman. 

LETTERS. 

1890  Oct.  8.  Mass.  The  Committee  of 
the  Board  of  Harvard  College  reports 
unfavorably  as  to  the  shortening  of 
the  coUege  course. 

Oct.  27.  Md.  Mrs.  Davis,  Mrs.  Mary  Gar- 
rett, and  other  ladies  present  to  the 
trustees  of  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity $100,000  to  found  a  Woman's 
Medical  College ;  the  money  is  ac- 
cepted subject  to  the  terms. 

Nov.  4.  Wis.  The  Bennett  School  Law 
of  1889  is  rescinded  by  the  vote  of  the 
people. 

It  required  schools  recognized  by  the 
State  to  use  the  English  language  in 
teaching  reading,  writing,  anthmetic, 
and  the  history  of  the  United  States. 

Nov.  11.  New  York.  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley delivers  his  first  lecture  of  his 

second  tour,  in  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  The  opening  of 
the  8th  Annual  Indian  Conference  at 
Lake  Mohonk,  for  the  protection  and 
elevation  of  American  Indians. 

Oct.  9.  Ga.  The  weekly  edition  of  the 
Atlanta  Constitution  is  seized  for  adver- 
tising its  prize   distribution  at  the 

Christmas  drawing. 

Oct.  10.  Neiv  York.  The  Cuban  colony 
celebrates  the  22d  anniversary  of  the 
proclamation  of  Cuban  independence. 

Oct.  11.  D.  C.  The  American  Board 
of  Mi&sions  adopts  a  resolution  peti- 
tioning Congress  to  take  steps  toward 
the  prohibition  of  the  exportation  of  in- 
toxicating liquors  to  those  countries 
where  the  missions  of  the  Board  are 
located. 

Mo.    Four  masked  men  hold  up  and 

rob  a  train  near  Schell  City. 

Mich.    The   Local-Option  Law  is 

decided  constitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court  at  Lansing  ;  also,  that  all  citizens, 


white  and  black,  have  equal  rights  luat 
must  be  observed. 
Oct.  12.    Neiv  York.    Thomas  P.  GUI, 
one  of  the  Irish  members  of  the  British 
Parliament,  arrives. 

He  comes  in  the  interest  of  the  Home 
Rule  cause  [and  lectures  to  many  en- 
thusiastic audiences  of  I rLsh- Americans, 
who  contribute  large  sums  of  money  to 
aid  in  the  achievement  of  the  legislative 
independeuoe  of  their  native  land]. 

Oct,  15.  Mo.  The  30th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  Loyal  Legion  begins  in  St. 
Louis  ;  ex-President  Ilutherford  B, 
Hayes  presides. 

±.  New  York.  George  William  Cur- 
tis is  chosen  president  of  the  National 
Civil  Service  Reform  League. 

La.    David  C.  Hennessy,  chief  of 

police,  is  waylaid  and  shot  by  Italians 
at  New  Orleans,  who  are  alleged  to  be 
agents  of  the  Mafia ;  Hennessy  had  re- 
cently traced  a  number  of  grave  crimes 
to  this  secret  society. 

Oct.  16.  Va.  An  emancipation  cele- 
bration by  colored  people  takes  place 
at  Richmond. 

Oct.  20.  Cat.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Railway  Trainmen  begins  its  annual 
convention  in  Lus  Angeles. 

Neio  York.    The  Comte  de  Paris  is 

entertained  at  a  dinner  at  the  Plaza 
Hotel  by  the  officers  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac. 

Oct.  21.  N.  Y.  Patrick  Gleason, 
miiyor  of  Long  Island  City,  is  sentenced 
to  five  days'  imprisonment  and  to  pay  a 
fine  of  ?250,  for  assault. 

Oct.  22,  Tenn.  The  American  Hu- 
mane Society  meets  in  Nashville. 

D.  C.    The  annual  convention  of  the 

American  Institute  of  Architects  begins 
its  sessicm  at  Washington  with  a  large 
attendance. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  The  "Wage-workers' 
Political  Alliance  of  Washington  peti- 
tions President  Harrison  to  appoint 
airs.  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  a  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  place  of  the  late  Justice  Miller. 

Oct.  27.  III.  The  Illinois  Steel  Com- 
pany of  Joliet  divides  about  $4,000 
among  its  employees  on  a  profit-shar- 
ing basis. 

/.  T.  I^ee  Allen,  the  leader  of  a  no- 
torious cattle-thieving  band,  is  captured 

by  United  States  officers. 

Kan,    The  Leavemcorth  Times  of  this 

day  is  excluded  from  the  mails  for 
publishing  results  of  a  raffle  at  a  Catho- 
lic church  fair. 

Minn.    The  Chippewas  welcome  their 

old  foes,  the  Sioux,  to  their  village  by 
a  sham  fight,  after  which  they  smoke 
the  pipe  of  peace. 

Mo.     Telegraphers    go    out    on   a 

strike  at  St.  Louis. 

Oct.  31.  Ne\r  York.  Rev.  Dr.  Heber 
Newton  asserts  that  a  prominent  clergj-- 
man  was  offered  $1,000  to  make  a 
speech  for  Tammany  HaU. 

Oct.*  Ala.  A  colony  of  about  25  families 
of  Northern  farmers  secure  3,000  acres 
of  farm-land  in  Cullman  County,  on 
which  to  locate  a  cooperative  farm. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Oct.  7-N6V.  19.       371 


Oct.  31.  la.  The  prohibition  of  the  sale 
of  liquor  in  original  packages  becomes 
effective  in  this  State.    (See  State.) 

Oct.  *  K.  J.  All  the  licensed  cigar- 
dealers  in  Cape  May  City  sign  a  con- 
tract, under  a  forfeiture  of  $50,  not  to 
sell  another  cigarette  to  either  man  or 
boy  during  the  coming  winter. 

Oct.  *  Fr.  The  I2th  session  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Americanists  is  held  in  Paris. 
Prof.  Quatrefages,  the  founder  of  the 
science  of  anthropology,  presides. 

N"ov.  1.  Keiv  York.  The  General  So- 
ciety of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen  of 

the  City  of  New  York  celebrates  its  105th 
anniversary. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  "William  O'Brien* 
John  Dillon,  Timothy  Harrington,  and 
T.  D.  Sullivan,  the  Irish  agitators, 
arrive.    (See  Oct.  12.) 

Nov.  3.  Ne^o  Ycrrk.  Dr,  Crosby,  in  a 
speech,  says  that  he  can  prove,  "for  a 
Commissioner  told  him,"  that  a  police 
captain  received  $70,000  in  blackmail 
from  the  saloons  in  his  precinct. 

Nov.  4.  Aw.  The  superintendent  of  pub- 
lio  schools  and  two  other  persons  are 
shot  in  Irvine. 

.Ve6.  The  people  reject  a  Prohibi- 
tory Amendment  to  the  Constitution. 
Vote,  82,292  for  the  amendment ;  111,728 
against  it. 

y.  J.    Twice  in  the  ninth  precinct  of 

the  First  Assembly  District,  Jersey  City, 
all  the  Hepublican  ballots  are  stolen, 
hut  each  time  discovered  and  replaced 
in  time  to  prevent  much  loss. 

Nov,  5.  New  York,  Henry  M.  Stanley, 
wife,  and  party  arrive  on  the  Teutonic^ 

T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P.,  the  last  of  the 
Irish  delegation,  arrives  in  New  York. 
(See  Oct.  12.) 

Nov.  6.  Fla.  The  notorious  ex-Mayor 
"W.  "W.  Cottrell  of  Key  West,  a  fugitive 
from  justice,  is  killed  by  the  chief  of 
police  of  Montgomery,  Ala. 

New  York.    The  250th  anniversary 

of  the  death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  is 
celebrated  with  appropriate  ceremonies 
by  the  Swedes  of  the  city. 

Nov.  7.  Fia.  The  Democrats  of  Jack- 
sonville are  accused  of  suppressing 
the  entire  Republican  vote. 

N.  J.  In  Newark  the  anarchists  at- 
tempt to  hold  a  celebration  in  memory 
of  the  hanging  of  the  Chicago  Hay- 
market  murderers ;  Lucy  Parsons  and 
10  of  her  followers  are  arrested. 

Pkila.    The  Irish  Nationalists  hold 

a  great  meeting  in  the  Academy  of 
Music  ;  Gov.  Beaver  presides  ;  addresses 
are  made  by  Messrs.  Dillon,  O'Brien, 
Sullivan,  and  O'Connor. 

Nov.  9.  Boston.  The  visiting  Irish  mem- 
bers of  Parliament  make  addresses  in 
the  Boston  Theater  and  the  Globe 
Theater. 

Chicago.     The   anarchists    celebrate 

the  memory  of  the  Haymarket  mur- 
derers. 

Nov.  10.  New  York.  A  reception  is 
given  to  the  visiting  Irish  members  of 
Parliament  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House ;  $37,000  is  subscribed.  (See  Oct. 
12.) 


Nov.  11.  New  York.  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley is  warmly  received  by  enthusiastic 
admirers  of  the  explorer  on  his  return 
to  America. 

The  57th  birthday  of  Edwin  Booth  is 
celebrated. 

Nov.  13.  O.  Judge  Allen  G.  Thur- 
man's  77th  birthday  is  celebrated  by  a 
grand  banquet  in  Columbus,  at  which 
1,000  guests  are  present. 

Nov.  17.  Colo.  The  Childs-Drexel 
Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  Printers 

is  located  at  Colorado  Springs,  where  80 
acres  of  land  have  been  given  for  that 
purpose. 
Ga.  The  National  "Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  meets  in 
National  Convention  at  Atlanta ;  it 
reelects  as  president  Miss  Frances  E. 
"Willard. 

New  York.  The  American  Copy- 
right League  officers  are  selected,  the 

president  being  James  Kussell  Lowell. 

Pa.    The  first  National  Non-Parti- 

san  "Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  opens  its  session  in  Pittsburg, 
with  Mrs.  Ellen  J.  Phinney  in  the  chair 
and  about  100  delegates  present. 

Nov.  19.  Boston.  The  Women's  Na- 
tional Indian  Association  annual  meet- 
ing opens. 

——  Chicago.  The  "Women  Managers 
of  the  "World's  Fair  effect  a  tempo- 
rary organization. 

Neio  York.     Sailmakers   go    on    a 

strike  for  increased  wages. 

STATE. 

1890  Oct.  9.  n.  C.  The  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  issues  a  circular  offering  to 
redeem  4.V  per  cent  bonds,  with  interest 
to  Aug.  31,  1891. 

Oct.  17.  la.  In  the  Superior  Court  Judge 
Stoneman  decides  that  the  State  Prohio- 
itory  Law  is  null  and  void  in  regard  to 
the  sale  of  original  packages. 

Kan.    In  the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  at 

Topeka  a  decision  is  rendered,  allowing 
the  reopening  of  the  original  package 
liquor-houses  in  the  State,  and  declar- 
ing that  the  Wilson  Bill  does  not  restore 
the  power  of  the  Kansas  Prohibitory 
Law. 

Oct.  20.  Miss.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention refuses  to  entrust  the  Legisla- 
ture with  power  to  divide  the  State. 

Oct.  31.  la.  Judge  Caldwell  of  the  U.  S. 
Circuit  Court  renders  decision  in  the 
Iowa  original  package  case  sustaining 
the  Iowa  Prohibitory  Law  and  the  Wil^ 
son  Law ;  this  decision,  with  that  of 
Judge  Shiras,  will  prevent  the  sale  of 
liquor  in  Original  Packages  in  Iowa  until 
the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  shall  finally 
decide  upon  the  validity  of  the  laws 
affected, 

Nov.  1.  I).  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  the  increase  of  the  public 
debt  $3,668,012  in  October. 

Miss.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion at  Jackson  adjourns  after  promul- 
gating a  new  Constitution. 

Nov.  4.  New  Ym-k.  Hugh  J.  Grant,  the 
Tammany  candidate,  is  elected  the  89th 
mayor, 

Wash.    The  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 

of  Nesqually  has  brought  a  suit  to  get 
possession  of  430  acres  of  land  occupied 
as  a  United  States  military  reservation 
at  Yaneouver,  and  valuetf  at  ^750,000 ; 
he  bases  his  claim  on  the  ground  that  a 
missionary  station  was  established  there 
with  the  "consent  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company. 


State  and  Congressional  elections 

are  held  in  many  of  the  States ;  the 
Democratic  party  is  generally  victori- 
ous ;  the  Farmers'  Alliance  gains  a  clear 
majority  in  the  Kansas  Legislature, 
having  92  votes,  while  the  Republicans 
have  62  and  the  Democrats  11. 

Nov.  8.  Wyo.  The  first  State  election 
is  held, 

Nov.  13.  Wyo.  The  first  State  Legis- 
lature meets  at  Cheyenne  ;  it  is  Repub- 
lican in  both  branches. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Oct.  7.  Del.  An  explosion  kills  12 
men  and  injures  20  more,  at  the  Dupont 
Powder  Works,  near  Wilmington. 

Oct.  12.  Chicago.  Four  persons  are 
burned  to  death  in  a  hotel. 

Oct.  15±.  Mich.  The  R.  G.  Peters 
Salt  and  Lumber  Company  of  Manis- 
tee fails  ;  liabilities,  $3,000,000. 

Oct.  20.  Colo.  The  last  spike  is  driven 
in  completion  of  the  Pike's  Peak 
Mountain  Railroad. 

Oct.  22.  Ky.  Trains  collide  near  Sloan's 

Valley  ;  seven  persons  are  killed  and  10 
injured. 

Oct.  20.  N.  J.  The  steamer  Vizcaya, 
bound  for  Havana  collides  with  the 
schooner  Cornelius  Haryraves  o&  Barne- 
gat  Light ;  65  lives  are  lost. 

Oct.  30.  Pa.  A  case  of  leprosy  is  dis- 
covered at  Chester. 

New   York.    The  police  recount  of 

the  city  shows  the  population  to  be  over 
1,700,000,  instead  of  1,513,501  as  enume- 
lated  by  the  Federal  officials  in  June. 

Oct.  31.    N.  J.    The    Sugar  Trust  is 

incorporated  as  "  The  American  Sugar 
Refining  Company,"  with  a  capital  of 
$50,000,000. 

Cal.   SanFranciscoloses$500,000 

by  fire. 

New   York.    Judge  Pratt  grants  the 

application  for  receivers  for  the  Sugar 
Trust,  which  takes  the  matter  out  of 
the  hands  of  the  trustees  ;  many  certifi- 
cates change  hands. 

Nov.  3.  Phila.  Tlie  Standard  Oil  Com- 
XJany  organizes  a  trust  to  buy  up  all  the 
bulk  oil-carrying  craft  plying  between 
Philadelphia  and  Europe;  $1,000,000  is 
paid  for  six  of  the  largest  tank  vessels 
afloat. 

Nov.  4.  Chicago.  The  area  of  the  city 
is  increased  by  annexation  to  180.2 
square  miles. 

Nov.  11.  New  York.  Financial  dis- 
tress increases  ;  the  Clearing  House  As- 
sociation votes  its  certificates  to  banks 
in  need  of  assistance.  [Nov.  17.  That 
of  Boston  does  the  same.] 

Chicago.    The  National  World's  Fa,ir 

Commission  passes  resolutions  accept- 
ing the  double  site  —  Jackson  Park 
and  the  Lake  Front  —  for  the  Co- 
lumbian Exposition. 

-^— 3/b.  Nine  men  are  killed  and  several 
injured  by  a  train  falling  through  the 
bridge  over  the  Kaw  River  at  Kansas 
City. 

Phila.    The  banking  firm  of  Barker 

Brothers  and  Co.  suspends,  with  liabili- 
ties placed  at  $5,000,000. 

Nov.  19.  New  York.  A  run  on  the 
Citizens*  Savings-bank  takes  place. 

A  receiver  is  appointed  for  the  North 
River  Bank. 


372     1890,  Nov.  20  -  Dec.  29. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Nov.  22.  S.  Dak.  Armedlndian 
warriors,  15,000  strong,  appear  about 
the  Pine  Kidge  Agency  ready  to  dance 
or  fight. 

Wov.  23.  S.  Dak.  The  Sioux  ghost 
dances  are  discovered  to  be  part  of  a 
plot  to  draw  the  United  States  troops 
into  ambush. 

Nov.  25,  2iew  York.  Two  Brazilian 
war-ships  arrive,  bringing  a  medal  from 
the  new  republic  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States. 

Dec.  1.  Ind.  Ter.  The  Cherokee  Strip 
is  cleared  of  cattlemen,  hunters,  and 
campers  by  Government  troopers. 

Dec.  7.  S.Dak.  The  hostile  Sioux  chiefs 
from  the  Bad  Lands  come  into  the  Pine 
Kidge  Agency  to  hold  a  powwow  with 
Gen.  Brooke. 

Dec.  8.  S.  Dak.  Kanchmen  and  In- 
dians fight  each  other  near  the  Bad 
Lands. 

Dee.  13.  5.  Dak.  Troops  and  Sioucs 
Indians  are  in  conflict  near  the  Bad 
Lands ;  troops  of  the  6th  Cavalry  cap- 
ture Chief  Kicking  Bear. 

Dec,  19.  Ked  Cloud,  a  Sioux  chief, 
recommends  the  surrendering  of  the 
Indians. 

Dec.28J:.  The  remains  of  Sitting  Bull's 
band  join  Big  Foot  to  avenge  the  death 
of  their  leader. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Nov.  *  Afo.  Two  great  cavema 
abounding  with  onyx  are  discovered 
in  the  Ozark  Mountains,  about  70  miles 
from  St.  Louis ;  estimated  value,  $3  to 
$15  per  cubic  foot. 

Nov.  +.  *  Pa.  New  wells  of  natural 
gas  are  discovered. 

Dec.  5.  Xew  York.  The  Societies  of 
£!thical  Culture  begin  their  annual 
convention. 

Dec.  8.  iVew  York.  A  meeting  is  held 
to  form  a  sub-branch  of  the  English 
Society  for  Psychical  Research, 

Dec.  9.  O.  The  will  of  Horace  Kelley 
gives  $500,000  for  a  National  Gallery  of 
Arts  to  be  established  in  Cleveland, 

Dec.  10.  liew  York.  Thirteen  patients 
of  Mount  Siiiai  and  St.  Luke's  hospitals 
are  inoculated  with  Dr.  Koch's 
lymph. 

1890        BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Nov.  no.      Glisson,    Oliver    S.,   rear-adnu 

U.  S.  N.,  A81. 
Johnson,  Daniel  V.  M.,  P.  E.  clergyman 

in  Brooklyn,  A 7 8. 
Nov.  23.     Beckwith,  John  Watrns,  P.  E. 

bishop  of  Ga.,  A6t». 
Nov.  34.      Ilelmont,    August,    banker,    of 

New  York,  A74. 
Nov.  85.     Shillaber,    Benjamin    P.    (Mrs. 

Partlngrton),  humorist,  A76. 
Nov,  ae.    Corrigau,  J.  H.,  R.  C.  priest  of 

N.  J.,  dies. 
Dec.  1.    Colby,  George,  abolitionist,  dies. 
Dec.  4.    Baxter,  Jedediah  H.,  surgeon-gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  Asa. 
Dec.  16.    Terry,  Alfred  H.,  niaj.-gen.  U.  S. 

A.,  A63, 

CHURCH. 

1890  Nov.  27.  ^€w  York.   Collections 

are  taken  in  Koman  Catholic  churches 


for  the  benefit  of  the  bishops  and  priests 
of  the  famine-stricken  districts  in 
Ireland. 

Dec.  3.  Ga.  The  General  Convention 
(Congregational)  of  Georgia  is  formed. 

Dec.  7.  -AVtp  York.  Bishop  Potter 
preaches  an  illustrated  sermon,  in 
which  he  shows  by  diagram  that  in  a 
certain  section  of  the  city,  between 
Seventieth  and  Eightieth  Streets,  ofl  the 
East  Side,  with  a  population  by  census 
of  160,000  persons,  there  are  280  saloons, 
and  only  eight  churches,  and  of  the 
churches  only  two  or  three  are  Protes- 
tant. 

A  tablet  is  unveiled  in  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  in  memory  of  the  centennial 
celebration  of  the  inauguration  of  Pres- 
ident Washington. 

X.  Y.    The  friends  of  Father  M.  J. 

Moran,  Roman  Catholic  pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  Nativity,  Brooklyn,  give 
him  a  purse  of  $25,000  on  the  eve  of 
the  25th  anniversary  of  his  ordination. 

Dec.  9.  Phila.  The  American  Sabbath 
Union  begins  its  sessions. 

Dec.  13.  Two  hundred  Protestant 
clergymen  issue  an  appeal  in  defense 
of  the  Christian  Sabbath,  especially 
iu  connection  with  the  World's  Fair. 

LETTERS, 

1890  Nov.  25.  N.J.  Prof.  Austin  Scott 
is  elected  president  of  Hutgers  Col- 
lege. 

Dec.  1.  Pa.  William  Dudley  Foulke  is 
elected  president  of  Swarthmore  Col- 
lege. 

Dec.  8.  Kew  York.  By  the  will  of  Daniel 
B.  Fayerweather,  bequests  aggregating 
$2,100,000  are  made  to  hospitals 
and  colleges, 

Dec.  9.  N.  Y.  Stelnway  and  Sons  offer 
the  Board  of  Education  of  Long  Island 
City  a  free  circulating  hbrary  and 
kindergarten  school  to  be  maintained 
at  their  expense  [the  gift  is  accepted]. 

Dec.  *  Conn.  New  Haven  decides  not 
to  furnish  free  text-books  to  the 
Homan  CathoUc  parochial  schools. 

*  *  Webster's  Inttmational  Dictionary,  hj 
Noah  Porter,  appears. 

*  *  Wilbur  FiskCf  by  George  Prentice, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Principles  of  Psychology^  by  Wil- 
liam James,  appears. 

*  *  A  History  of  Greek  Literature^  by 
Thomas  Sergeant  Perry,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  N"ov.  21.  La.  The  New  Orleans 
grand  jury  finds  a  true  bill  against  nine 
principal  members  of  the  Mafia  and 
eight  accessories  in  the  Hennessy 
assassination  case,    (See  Oct.  15.) 

S.  Dak.    The  Indians  at  Pine  Ridge 

Agency  are  busily  engaged  in  ghost- 
dances  in  honor  of  the  new  Christ, 
who  pretends  to  give  the  Indians  reve- 
lations that  the  white  man  will  be  de- 
stroyed and  that  they  will  possess  all  as 
of  old. 


Nov.  22.  Ind.  A  big  system  of  trunk- 
robberies  is  discovered  in  Indianapolis. 

Kan.    Two  horse-thieves  are  shot 

and  five  escape  of  a  gang  in  the  western 
part  of  Pratt  County  ;  the  sheriff  and  100 
men  are  in  pursuit. 

Nov.  23.  New  York.  A  big  meeting  ig 
held  in  Chiekering  Hall  in  memory  of 
the  Manchester  •*  martyrs." 

Nov.  26.  Ga.  A  Grand  Army  Post  at 
Macon  buys  the  site  of  AndersonviUe 
Prison,  and  will  make  of  it  a  Grand 
Army  park. 

Nov.  27.  Ala.  William  B.  Hunter,  edi- 
tor of  the  Sylacauga  Bee,  shoots  and 
kills  Towu-Marshal  Nickerson,  wlio  at- 
tempted to  arrest  him  for  disorderly  con- 
duct. 

Phila.  John  R.  Baker,  Jr..  the  miss- 
ing broker,  is  charged  with  abstracting 
$1,000,000  from  the  estate  of  his  granu- 
father. 

Amateur  photographers  meet  to 

form  a  national  association. 

Nov,  29.  Chicago.  The  Irish  delegates 
address  a  great  meeting ;  Mayor  Cregier 
welcomes  them. 

Nov.  30.  The  Irish  delegates  in  this 
country  send  an  address  to  London,  con- 
demning Parnell's  recent  manifesto,  and 
demanding  his  retirement  from  the 
leadership,  he  having  become  notorious 
in  a  divorce  case. 

Nov.  *  D.  C.  Attorney-General  Miller 
decides  that  ••  guessing  contests  "  con- 
ducted by  newspapers  are  not  violations 
of  the  Anti-Lottery  Law. 

Nov.  *  Vt.  The  Legislature  rejects  a  bill 
giving  municipal  suffrage  to  women. 
Vote,  98-118. 

Nov,*  U.S.  The  Census  Bureau  reports 
that  three-tenths  of  the  population 
reside  in  cities. 

Dec.  2.  Ffa.  The  National  Farmers* 
Alliance  and  Industrial  Union  Conven- 
tion is  held  at  Ocala. 

Dec.  3.  Mass.  ''No  License"  is 
adopted  in  Cambridge  City  by  564  ma^ 

jority, 

Dec.  4,  Cal.  King  Kalakaua  of  Ha- 
waii lands  at  San  Francisco. 

Dec.  7.  New  York.  At  Chiekering  Hall 
the  Convention  of  Ethical  Culture  So- 
cieties is  addressed  by  Kev.  Stanton  Coit 
of  London,  Pelix  Adler,  and  others. 

Dec.  8,  Mich.  Tlie  annual  convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  is 
held  at  Detroit.  Also  the  National  con- 
vention of  retail  clerks  of  America. 

New  York.    The  Society  for  the  Pro- 
tection of  Legal  Bights  is  incorpo-  . 
rated  to  render  gratuitous  legal  advice 
and    services   to  needy  and    distressed 
persons. 

Dec.  9.  Ark.  A  dissappointed  lover 
kills  six  persons  out  of  revenge  near 
Fort  Smith,  and  then  kills  himself. 

— —  Cal.  The  corner-stone  of  an  Insane 
Asylum  is  laid  at  Ukiah.  [Dec.  16.  An- 
other at  San  Bernardino.] 

Ky.    One  White  Cap  is  killed  and 

■  two  'wounded  while  attempting  a  raid 
upon  a  farmer  at  his  home  in  Meade 
County. 

S.  Dak,    From  25  to  30  Indians  are 

killed  in  a  contest  to  decide  whether 
Short  Bull  or  TVo  Strikes  shall  be  chief 
at  the  Pine  Bidge  Agency. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1890,  Nov.  20 -Dec.  28. 


Dec.  10.  N.  J.  Over  3,000  employees  in 
the  Clark  thread  mills  at  Newark  ami 
Kearny  strike. 

Deo.  14.  Chicago.  George  K.  Sima  is 
sentenced  to  15  months  in  jail  for  issu- 
ing fraudiJent  decrees  of  divorce. 

■  A'ew  York.  A  general  strike  is  or- 
dered on  a  new  school  building  by  the 
Walking  Delegates'  Board. 

Dec.  17.  -Vcw  York.  Mayor  Grant  ap- 
points "  Paddy  "  Divver,  a  saloon- 
keeper, and  J.  J.  Kyan  police  justices. 

Afass.  The  poet  Whittier  celebrates 

his  83d  birthday  at  Oak  Knoll,  his  Dan- 
vers  home. 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  The  American  Historical 
Association,  the  Geological  Society  of 
America,  and  the  American  Economic 
Association  are  in  session  in  Washing- 
ton. 

•  »  y.  Dak.  A  school  for  deaf  mutes  is 
established  at  Devil's  Lake. 

»  •  WasA.  An  insane  asyliun  is  com- 
pleted at  Medicine  Lake. 

Reported  members  of  Masonic 
Grand  Lodges  in  the  United  States 
and  British  America,  673,643. 

STATE. 

1890  Nov.  25.  New  York.  Brazilian 
war-ships  arrive,  bearing  an  embassy 
of  peace  and  a  medal  for  the  President 
of  the  United  States.  [Nov.  26.  The 
ortieers  are  officially  received  and  enter- 
tained at  dinner.] 

. — -  fFis,  A  recount  gives  the  Republi- 
cans control  of  the  State  Senate ;  they 
are  opposed  to  a  repeal  of  the  Bennett 
Law.    (See  Letters,  Nov.  4.) 

Nov.  27.  U.  S.  The  verified  census 
returns  are  published,  showing  that  tlie 
total  population  of  the  United  States  is 
62,622,250. 

Nov.  •  Fla.  A  constitutional  amend- 
ment is  approved  by  the  people,  chan- 
fiug  the  day  of  the  State  election  to  the 
'uesday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
October. 

Dec.  1.    D.  C.    The 51st  Congress:  the 

second  session  opens. 

The  debt  statement  shows  an  increase 
of  the  public  debt  in  November  amount- 
ing to  46,130,813. 

Dec.  2.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
gives  the  Federal  Elections  Bill  the 
first  place  as  unfinished  business  ;  Henry 
M.  Teller  of  Colo,  and  Preston  B.  Plumb 
of  Kan.  each  introduce  a  bill  for  the 
Free  Coinage  of  Silver,  both  bills  are 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  Finance  ; 
the  bill  for  Federal  supervision  of 
Congressional  elections  is  debated  [till 
Jan.  21] ;  the  House  resolves  to  recon- 
sider the  Copyright  Bill.    Vote,  132-74. 

Deo.  3.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
begins  to  debate  the  Elections  Bill ; 
the  House  passes  the  Copyright  Bill. 
Vote,  135-95.  The  Democrats  in  caucus 
resolve  to  oppose  the  Elections  Bill  to 
the  end. 

-V.  H.    A  combination  is  entered  by 

members  of  the  Legislature  at  Concord 
to  obstruct  legislation. 

Deo.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  joint  resolution  to  supply 
anna  against  the  Indians,  to  the  States 
of  North  Dakota,  Sonth  Dakota,  Wyo- 


ming, and  Nebraska;  the  House  consid- 
ers the  Pension  Appropriation  Bill. 
[Dec.  5.  Passed  by  the  Senate.  Dec.  11. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

A'.  //.     The  lower  House  kills  the 

Senate  bill  enacting  legislation  for  the 
guidance  of  the  clerk  ;  37  Kepublicans 
vote  with  the  Democrats. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Elections  Bill,  which  is 
stigmatized  as  a  Force  Bill ;  the  House 
passes  the  Pension  Appropriation 
Bill,  introduced  Dec.  4 ;  the  bill  is  so 
amended  as  to  reduce  the  fees  of  claim 
agents  ;  a  bill  is  introduced  to  disarm 
the  Indians,  for  the  protection  of  set- 
tlers, and  to  punish  any  persons  who  sell 
arms  and  ammunition  to  them. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Blections  Bill. 

y.  Y.    Despite  the  decision  of  the 

court  to  recount  the  vote,  the  State 
Board  of  Elections  declares  the  opponent 
of  H.  A.  Noyes  the  candidate-elect  for 
the  28th  Congressional  District. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Federal  Elections  Bill; 
the  House  passes  the  Atkinson  Rail- 
road Bill  and  the  Tobacco  Rebate  BiU. 
[Dec.  10.  The  latter  is  passed  by  the 
Senate.  Dec.  15.  Approved  by  the 
President.] 

Dec.  9.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Flections  BiU ;  the  House 
rejects  the  Senate  resolution  to  move 
Gen.  Grant's  body  from  Riverside  to 
Arlington.     Vote,  153-92. 

Secretary  Windom  announces  that  no 
more  4  per  cent  bids  will  be  accepted. 

Boston.    Nathan  Matthews,  Jr.  (Dem.) 

is  elected  mayor. 

Dec.  11.  J).  ('.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Fortifications  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Dec.  9.  It  passes 
the  Deficiency  Appropriation  Bill  in- 
troduced Dec.  9. 

Dec.  13.  I>.  ('.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  debate  on  the  Elections  Bill  is 
resumed  ;  the  House  considers  the  Pub- 
be  Lands  claims,  and  passes  the  U.  S. 
Land  Court  Bill. 

Dec.  15.  1).  ('.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Elections  Bill  is  discussed  by 
Messrs.  Wilson,  Colquitt,  and  Vance ; 
the  House  passes  the  Indian  Depreda- 
tions Bill. 

Dec.  17.  O.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Reapportionment  Bill  in- 
troduced Dec.  9.     Vote,  180-82. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate .lohn  Sherman  of  *>.  introduces  the 
caucus  financial  measiu-e;  it  meets 
the  opposition  of  the  silver  Senators. 

Dec.  19.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  O.  H. 
Piatt  of  Conn,  introduces  a  joint  resolu- 
tion appropriating  $100,000  to  enable  the 
President  to  take  action  to  obtain  from 
the  German  government  a  supply  of 
Dr.  Koch's  lymph  and  the  formula 
for  its  manufacture. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  The  Defi- 
ciency Appropriation  Bill.  [Jan.  5,  7. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Jan.  12. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 


Dec.  20.  I).  C.  Congress:  the  Honse 
discusses  the  Deficiency  Bill,  as 

amended  in  the  other  House,  and  sends 
it  back  to  the  Senate. 

Dec.  22.  D.  V.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate Messrs.  Higgins  and  Voorhees  dis- 
cuss the  Elections  Bill;  E.  E.  Hoar  of 
Mass.  fails  in  his  attempt  to  have  a 
night  session. 

Dec.  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate N.  W.  Aldrich  of  K.  I.  gives  notice 
of  his  intention  to  introduce  the  Clo- 
sure Rule  in  order  to  secure  a  vote  on 
the  Elections  Bill,  which  is  further  dis- 
cussed. 

The  President  nominates  Henry  B. 
Brown  of  Mich,  to  succeed  Justice  Mil- 
ler in  the  Supreme  Court.  [Dec.  29.  He 
is  confirmed.] 

Dec.  24.  Phila.  Judge  Reed  delivers  a 
decision  that  the  State  law  forbidding 
the  sale  of  oleomargarin  in  original 
packages  as  iniporteil  from  another 
State  is  unconstitutional. 

—  n.  C.  A  proclamation  is  issued  by 
President  Harrison,  inviting**  all  na- 
tions of  the  earth"  to  participate  in 
the  Columbian  Exposition. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Nov.  22.  Chirniio.  TheUnited 
States  Rolling-stock  Company  makes 
an  assignment,  with  liabilities  at  9tO,851,- 
000,  and  assets  .$6,033,000. 

y.  J.      Bamford   Brothers'  silk-mill 

at  Pateraon  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
8400,000. 

Nov.  25.  Chicago.  A  big  window- 
glass  trust  is  formed,  to  be  known  as 
the  American  Window-Glass  Company, 
with  a  capital  of  $500,000 ;  it  comprises 
a  total  of  41  firms. 

Nov.  26.  />.  C.  The  amount  of  4J  per 
cent  bonds  redeemed,  under  the  circu- 
lar of  Oct.  9,  is  $31,300,  making  the  total 
to  date  85,874,500. 

Xfin  York.  About  $200,000  in  Clear- 
ing House  certiiicates  are  retired. 

Miss.      Five    lives    are    lost    by    the 

burning  of  a  Mississippi  steamer  near 

Fort  Auama. 

Nov.  28.  Phila.  B.K.  Jamison  and  Co., 
bankers,  fail ;  liabilities,  nearly  $2,000,- 
000. 

Nov.  *  UL  A  new  stock-yard  com- 
pany is  organized  at  Springfield,  witli 
$10,000,000  capital. 

Nov.  *  Neb.  A  com  famine  is  threat- 
ening. 

The  yield  is  less  than  10  bushels  to  the 
acre  because  of  drouth  ;  much  suffering 
exists  ;  churches  and  persons  of  means 
are  organizing  measures  of  relief. 

Dec.  4.  ///.  Five  men  are  killed  and 
three  fatally  injured  by  a  falling  furnace 
at  Joliet. 

Dec.  6.    La.    The  cotton  firm  of  V.  and 

A.  Mever  and  Co.  of  New  Orleans  fails, 
with  liabilities  aggregating  $2,000,0(10. 

Pa.    The  Oliver  Iron  and  Steel  Mills 

in  Pittsburg  are  shut  down,  and  the 
3,000  employees  are  paid  off. 

Dec.  8.  S.  Dak.  Destitution  is  an- 
nounced as  worse  than  last  year. 

Dec.  0.  Mont.  The  Crow  Indians  cede 
1,850,000  acres  of  their  lands  for  $»16,000 
to  the  Government. 

Dec.  25.  Md.  Masonic  Temple  in 
Baltimore  is  destroyed  by  fire. 


374     1890,  Dec.  29-1891,  Jan.  16.         AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1890  Dec.  29.  5.  Dak.  The  U.  S. 
troops  under  Maj.  Whiteside  have  a  bat- 
tle with  Indians  at  Wounded  Knee 
Creek. 

Chief  Big  Foot's  fugitive  band  is  or- 
dered to  surrender  ;  they  suddenly  turn 
and  attack  the  troops.  Capt.  Wallace, 
Lieuts.  Case^v  and  Mann,  besides  29 
others,  are  killed,  and  39  are  wounded. 
Big  Foot's  band  is  nearly  exterminated. 
Among  the  killed  are  44  squaws  and  13 
papooses. 
Dec.  31.  S.  Dak,  The  Indians  burn  the 
Catholic  mission  at  Clay  Creek ;  six 
men  of  the  7th  Cavalry  are  killed. 

*  *  D.  C.  The  navy  yard  begins  the  man- 
ufacture of  heavy  ordnance. 

1891  Jan.  1.  S.  Dak.  Gen.  Brooke 
is  relieved  of  the  command  at  Pine 
Ridge  Agency,  and  is  succeeded  by  Gen. 
Miles  in  person. 

Jan.  2.  S.  Dak.  The  9th  Cavalry  ar- 
rives in  time  to  prevent  a  massacre  of 
tlie  7th  by  the  Indians  at  Pine  Ilidge. 

Gen.  Miles  is  encircling  the  hos- 
tiles  with  troops,  hoping  to  compel  their 
subjection  by  starving  them  and  so  sav- 
ing further  bloodshed.  [Skirmishing  oc- 
curs.] 

Jan.  7.  S.  Dak.  Orders  are  issued  di- 
recting that  army  officers  act  as  In- 
dian agents  at  Pine  Kidge  and  other 
agencies  ;  Indians  are  gradually  return- 
ing to  Pine  Ridge  Agency,  but  mean- 
while settlers  are  flocking  to  the  towns. 

Jan.  8.   Ida.  Indians  are  causing  trouble. 

Jan.  9.  S.  Dak.  A  cordon  of  troops  is 
drawn  closer  around  the  camp  of  the  hos- 
tile Sioux,  but  peace  negotiations  con- 
tinue. [Jan.  n.  Pine  Ridge  is  menaced 
by  the  near  approach  of  3000  hostiles. 
Jan.  12.  Gen.  Miles  holds  a  conference 
with  some  of  the  chiefs.  Jan.  14.  Some 
agree  to  a  surrender.  Jan.  15.  The  sur- 
render of  the  Indians  is  completed.] 

Jan.  15.  />.  (\  John  J.  Coppinger  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  23d  infantry. 
[Also  Jan.  31.  Alfred  Mordecai  — ord- 
nance department.  Feb.  7.  Abraham 
K.  Arnold  —  1st  cavalry.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  Dec*  S.  C.  P.  A.  Emanuel 
claims  to  have  discovered  a  process  by 
which  aluminum  can  be  freed  from 
kaolin  at  a  cost  of  only  $2.50  per  ton. 

*  *  Pa.  Many  monuments  are  dedi- 
cated during  the  year  at  Gettysburg  by 
surviving  veterans  of  the  great  battle. 

*  *  IT.  S.  The  pneumatic  tire  safety 
bicycles  are  introduced. 

*  *  Thomas  A.  Edison  adapts  his  phono- 
graph to  a  water-motor. 

1891  Jan.  9.  O.  An  earthquake  dis- 
turbs the  people  at  Toledo. 

[Jan.  16.  A  shock  at  Pepperell,  N.  H. 
May  20.  Seven  distinct  shocks  at  Susan- 
ville,  Cal.  June  23.  Slight  shock  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  and  June  28.  another 
at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  (See  Aug.  9.  Cal.) 
Aug.  21.  Several  shocks  in  the  West  and 
South.  Aug.  28.  Several  in  Conn.  Oct. 
14.  Shocks  at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Nov. 
8.  A  severe  shock,  damaging  buildings, 
in  Texas.  Nov.  13.  A  heavy  shock 
through  California.] 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1880. 
Dec.  30.     Peterson,    Theophilus   B.,   pub- 
lisher, of  Phila.,  A67. 
Dec.  31.     Spinner,   Francis,  treasurer  of 
r.  S.,  M.  C.  forij.  Y.,  A88. 
1891. 
Jan.  5.    Abbott.  Emma,  opera  singer,  A42, 
Jan.   7.     Devens,    Charles,    jurist,    orator, 
r.  S.  atty.-gen.,  A71. 


CHURCH. 

1890  *  *Alas.  Bethel,  in  ■Western 
Alaska,  on  the  river  Kuskokwim,  be- 
comes a  mission  station  of  the  Mora^ 
vian  Brethren. 

*  *  Cal.  The  South  California  Confer- 
ence (Free  Methodist)  is  organized. 

*  *  I.  T.  Isidore  Robot  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. 

*  *  la.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Des  Moines ; 
T.  W.  Phillips,  president. 

*  *  Kan.  Elisha  S.  Thomas  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  Kansas. 

*  *  N.  Y.  The  General  Assembly 
(United  Presbyterian)  meets  at  Buffalo; 
Andrew  Watson,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Toledo  Congregational  Club  in 
Toledo,  Ohio,  and  the  Northern  Iowa 
Club,  Charles  City,  Iowa,  are  formed. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Medical  Mission,  de- 
signed to  reach  the  masses  untouched 
by  other  agencies,  is  established. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  American  Bible  Society 
reports  2,293,665  copies  of  Scriptures 
issued,  and  a  total  of  52,736,075  copies  is- 
sued to  date. 

*  *  U.  S.  The  Woman's  Foreign  Itfis- 
sionary  Union  of  Friends  is  consum- 
mated. 

1891  Jan.  1.  Md.  The  memorial 
church  of  Corpus  Christi  in  Balti- 
more is  consecrated  by  Cardinal  Gib- 
bons. 

Jan.  4.  N.  J.  The  First  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Newark  celebrates  the 
lOOth  anniversary  of  the  dedication  of 
the  building. 

Jan.  7.  O.  The  trial  of  Rev.  Howard 
MacQueary  (Protestant  Episcopal)  for 
heresy  is  begun  at  Cleveland. 

[Sept.  23.  Under  a  sentence  of  suspen- 
sion he  withdraws  from  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  and  joins  the  Univer- 
salists.  Sept.  25.  He  is  formally  de- 
posed, at  Trinity  Cathedral  in  Cleveland, 
by  Bishop  Leonard.] 

LETTERS. 
1890    *  *  La.     The  New  Delta  is  issued 
at  New  Orleans. 

*  *  Iiid.  The  Taylor  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  of  Fort  Wayne  is  founded. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  Normal  schools  are  estab- 
lished by  the  State  at  Valley  City  and 
Mayrille. 

*  *  N.  Dak.  The  Legislature  establishes 
an  Agricultural  College  at  Fargo. 

*  *  Nein  York.  Das  Morgen  Journal  is 
founded  by  Albert  Pulitzer. 

*  *  miD  York.  The  Weiber  Zeitung  (the 
Women's  Journal),  in  the  Polish  tongue 
and   in  Hebrew  characters,  is  issued; 


it   advocates    the    right   of   women   to 
vote. 

*  *  Okla.  A  university  is  located  at 
Norman  by  the  Legislature. 

*  ♦  Ore.  Portland  University  (Meth. 
Epis.)  is  founded  at  Portland. 

*  *  Utah.  The  Methodist  University 
at  Ogden  is  established. 

*  *  Utah.  The  Legislature  makes  public 
schools  free  to  all. 

*  *  Wash.  The  Telegraph  is  issued  at 
Seattle. 

*  *  [/.  .9.  American  and  imported 
books  published  during  the  year,  4,559, 
besides  minor  cheap  libraries. 

*  *  The  American  of  1S90,  by  Henry 
Adams,  appears. 

*  *  Dramatic  Action,  by  Joseph  Jefferson^ 
appears;  also  Autobiography. 

*  *  Boston  Unitarianismf  by  Octavius  B.^ 
Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Civil  Government  in  the  United  States, 
by  John  Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  Clubs  for  Working  Girls,  by  Maude 
Stanley,  appears. 

*  *  The  Economic  Basis  of  Protection,  by 
Simon  N.  Patten,  appears. 

*  *  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New 
England,  by  Wm.  B.  Weeden,  appears. 

*  *  Over  the  Tea  Cups,  by  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  appears. 

*  *  The  Tragic  Muse,  by  Henry  James, 
appears. 

*  *  Ballads,  by  Francis  Marion  Crawford^ 
appears, 

*  *  Essays,  Speculative  and  Suggestive,  by 
John  Addington  Symonds,  appears. 

*  *  Five  Years  with  the  Congo  Cannibals^ 
by  Herbert  Ward,  appears. 

*  *  A  Hazard  of  New  Fortunes,  by  William 
Bean  Howells,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  American  Episcopal 
Church,  by  S.  D.  McCounell,  appears. 

*  *  The  Life  of  Bishop  Simpson,  by  George- 
R.  Crooks,  appears. 

*  *  The  Life  of  George  H.  Stuart,  hy  Robert 
Ellis  Thompson,  appears. 

*  *  Alexia,  by  Mary  Abbott,  appears. 

*  *  The  Negro  Question,  by  George  W. 
Cable,  appears  ;  also  The  Silent  South. 

*  *  The  North  Shore  Watch  and  Other 
Poems,  by  George  Edward  Woodberry, 
appears. 

*  *  Pactolus  Prime,  by  Albion  Winegar 
Tourg^e,  appears. 

*  •  The  Political  Beginnings  of  Kentucky^ 
by  John  Mason  Brown,  appears. 

*  *  A  Short  History  of  the  Roman  People^ 
by  William  F.  Allen,  appears. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Tonty,  by  Mary  Hartwell 
Catherwood,  appears. 

*  *  The  (7njt7iowft  God,  by  C.Loring  Brace, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1890    Dec.  31.     New  York.     The  Com- 
missioners of  Excise  report  8,885  places 
licensed  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  in 
the  city. 

The  total  number  of  licensed  drinking- 
places  other  than  hotels,  restaurants, 
and  steamboats,  is  6,742 ;  there  are  1,098 
storekeepers  licensed. 


I 


UNITED    STATES.   1890,  Dec.  29-1891,  Jan.  16.  375 


Dec.  *  Xew  York,  The  Sun  estimates 
that  every  year  3,000  women  find 
themselves  **  stranded  "  in  this  city  ; 
not  only  homeless,  penniless,  and  with- 
out work,  but  unable  to  work, 

Dec.  *  Chicago.  The  Bureau  of  Jus- 
tice, a  society  to  aid  the  poor  and  de- 
fenseless in  obtaining  their  rights  or 
defending  themselves  against  aggression 
by  legal  methods,  is  organized. 

*  *  U.  S,  The  wrecks  of  society  are 
reported  :  penitentiary  convicts,  45,233  ; 
prisoners  in  county  jails,  19,538;  juve- 
niles in  reformatories,  14,846;  paupers 
in  almshouses,  73,045.  Total  prisoners  in 
the  country,  82,329. 

*  •  New  York,  Sergius  Stepniak,  the 
leader  of  the  Kussian  Kevolutionary 
party,  arrives. 

*  *Ia.~  0.  Labor  Day  becomes  a  legal 
holiday — the  first  Monday  in  Septem- 
ber. 

*  *  Ind.  Tlie  Marion  branch  of  the  Na- 
tional Soldiers*  Home  is  opened. 

*  *  Md.  A  high-license  law  is  enacted 
for  Baltimore  city. 

1891  Jan.  2.  Xew  York.  The  Xew  York 
Herald  fund  provides  1,500  newsboys 
each  with  a  pea-jacket. 

Jan.  9.  Pa.  G.  W.  Delamater,  late  Re- 
publican candidate  for  governor,  is  ar- 
rested for  embezzlement. 

Jan.  13.  Ark.  A  shortage  of  $138,800 
is  discovered  in  the  accounts  of  William 
E.  Woodruff,  the  State  treasurer.  (See 
June  26.) 

Jan.  15.  Colo.  A  police  official  is  killed 
and  an  attempt  made  to  kill  Speaker 
Hanna  in  the  State  House  by  a  jwlitical 
faction  ;  the  Assembly  is  surrounded  by 
a  cordon  of  police  and  State  militia. 

STATE. 

1890  Dec.  30-31.  D.  C.  Congress: 
The  Senate  debates  the  Mections  Bill. 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-92  *  *  Ala.    Thomas  G.  Jones  (Dem.). 
-94*  *  Oa.   William  J.  Northen  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  la.    Horace  Boies  (Rep.). 

Ida.    Oeorge  L.  Shoupe  (Rep.) ; 
later  Norman  B.  Willey  (Rep.). 
-91  *  *  Afas3.     J.  Q.  A.  Brackett  (Rep.). 
-93  *  •  Miss.    John  M.  Stone  (Dem.). 
-93  *  *  X.J.     Leon  Abbett  (Dem.). 
-92  *  *  O.    James  E.  Campbell  (Dem.). 
-91  *  *  li.  I.    John  W.  Davis  (Dem.). 
-04  *  *  S.C,    Benj.  R.  Tillman  (Dem.). 
-82  •  •  Vt     Carroll  S.  Page  (Rep.). 
-94*  *  Va.  PhilipW.McKinney(Dem.). 
-93  *  *  TF.  Va.    A.  B.  Fleming  (Dem.). 

1891  Jan.  1.  Afiss.  The  new  Con- 
stitution becomes  operative. 

Jan.  2.  D.C.  The  Treasury  Department 
reports  the  public  debt  reduced  $11,005,- 
397  in  December. 

Kan.   The  New  XjCgislature  stands : 

Senate  —  Republicans,  38 ;  Democrats, 
1  ;  Alliance,  1.  House  —  Republicans, 
2G  ;  Alliance,  91  ;  Democrats,  8. 

Jan.  5.  /).  r.  Congress:  The  Senate 
votes  to  set  aside  the  consideration  of 
tlio   Elections   Bill  (Force  Bill),  and 


takes  up  the  Finance  Bill  to  provide 
against  the  contraction  of  the  currency. 
Vote,  34-29.  The  House  passes  the  De- 
ficiency Bill. 

President  Harrison  submits  to  Con- 
gress the  correspondence  on  the  Bering 
Sea  controversy,  with  a  letter  from  Sec- 
retary Blaine  to  the  British  minister. 

Lord  Salisbury  insists  that  Bering  Sea 
must  be  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  ;  Secretary  Blaine  answers 
that  it  was  not  so  considered  in  the 
treaties  between  Englan<I  and  Russia  ; 
and  although  he  does  not  contend  that 
it  must  be  regarde<l  as  a  closed  sea,  he 
argues  that  the  rights  of  the  United 
States  extend  to  the  protection  of  the 
seal  fisheries. 

Mont.    A  Senate  and  two  Houses 

are  in  session  —  one  Republican  and  the 
other  J>emocrjitic  ;  the  Democrats,  hav- 
ing four  majority  in  the  Senate,  recog- 
nize the  Democratic  House,  so  also  does 
Gov.  Toole. 

Jan.  6.  /».  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  silver  debate  is  continued  ;  the 
House  discusses  the  Shipping  Bill. 
(See  Mar.  3.) 

X.  H.    The    Supreme   Court   of    the 

State  delivers  an  opinion  dismissing 
the  cases  against  Clerk  Jewett  on  the 
ground  of  want  of  jurisdiction;  this 
leaves  the  making  up  of  the  roll  of 
members  of  the  House  in  Jewett's 
hands,  which  is  favorable  to  the  Repub- 
licans. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress  :  In  the  Sen- 
ate H.  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  introduces  a 
bill  for  negro  colonization  in  Lower 
California. 

The  International  Monetary  Con- 
ference meets  in  Washington  ;  Secre- 
tary Blaine  makes  an  address  of  wel- 
come. 

///.     In  the   Legislature    the    House 

elects  a  Democratic  speaker,  and  the 
Senate  a  Republican  president  pro  tem- 
pore. 

X.  H.  The  Republicans  of  the  Legis- 
lature organize,  and  elect  Hiram  A. 
Tuttle  governor  by  a  majority  of  35. 

Jan.  8.  Minn.  In  the  Legislature  the 
Farmers'  Alliance  candidate,  E.  T. 
Champlin,  is  elected  Speaker. 

Xeb.     The   Alliance  men  on  one 

side,  and  the  Republicans  and  Demo- 
crats on  the  other,  are  struggling  for 
ascendency  in  the  J^egislature. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
J.  C.  S.  Blackburn  of  Ky.,  and  J.  T. 
Morgan  of  Ala.,  speak  in  advocacy  of 
the  Free-Coinage  Amendment  to  the 
Silver  Bill. 

III.    In  the  Senate  a  bill  is  introduced 

for  the  repeal  of  the  Compulsory  Ed- 
ucation Ijaw. 

Xeb.      James   E.    Boyd   (Dem.)   is 

sworn  in  as  governor,  but  Gov.  Thayer 
refuses  to  vacate  the  office,  declaring 
that  Boytl  has  never  been  naturalized, 
and  therefore  is  ineligible  ;  Powers,  the 
Alliance  candidate,  takes  the  oath  of 
office.  [Jan.  15.  Gov.  Thayer  surren- 
ders the  office  under  protest.] 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations, 
by  unanimous  report,  recommend  that 
the  bonds  of  the  Ificaragi;ia  Canal 
Company  bo  guaranteed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment to  the  extent  of  $100,000,000. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate M.  S.  Quay  of  Pa.  introduces  a  sub- 


stitute for  the  Elections  Bill ;  in  the 
House  a  select  committee  is  appointed 
to  investigate  the  alleged  Silver  pool. 
At  Wiishington  the  Bering  Sea  con- 
troversy is  brought  into  the  Supreme 
Court,  with  the  sanction  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, upon  petition  for  a  writ  of  prohibi- 
tion in  re  the  Canadian  sealer  }V.  P. 
Sayward,  confiscated  in  1887  by  the  Dis- 
trict Court  of  Alaska. 

X.  Y.     The   Cbaniber  of  Commerce 

passes  resolutions  opposing  the  Silver 
Bill. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate Messrs.  Sherman,  Allison,  and  Al- 
drich  speak  against  free  coinage. 

Conn.    At  Hartford  the  Democratic 

candidates  for  State  offices  are  s^Arorn 
in  by  the  Senate,  and  make  lormal  de- 
mands for  the  offices,  which  the  incum- 
bents refuse  to  surrender. 

X.  J.    The  Senate  reinstates  E.  F. 

McDonald  (unseated  last  May)  rice  Mr. 
Stuhr  of  Hudson  Co.,  now  luiseated. 

X.  Y.    The  Court  of  Appeals  reserves 

judgment  in  the  Flack  case,  and  orders 
a  new  trial. 

Jan.  14.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Free  Coinage  Silver  Bill, 
adopted  June  17, 1890,  is  passed  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  Financial  Bill.  Vote,  39- 
27.  The  Elections  Bill  is  again  taken 
up.  Vote,  34-33,  the  Vice-President  cast- 
ing the  deciding  vote.  The  House  passes 
the  Army  and  Navy  Appropriation 
Bill  after  five  discussions  ;  bill  intro- 
duced Dec.  11,  1890. 

Colo.     Rival  factions  in  the  Lower 

House  of  the  Legislature  quarrel ;  troops 
are  called  out  and  successfully  quell  the 
disturbance. 

Jan.  15.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  consideration  of  the  Elections 
Bill  is  resumed. 

Jan.  16.  /).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  debate  on  the  Elections  Bill 
continues  all  night. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Coin  and 
Currency  Bill  to  provide  against  the 
contraction  of  the  currency,  after  four 
discussions.  Bill  introduced  Dec.  IS, 
1890. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Dec.  31.  U.  S.  Statistics  for 
1890.  Production:  Gold,  $32,845,000; 
silver,  $70,404,000  ;  bushels  of  grain  :  In- 
dian corn,  1,489,970,000;  wbeal,  399,'J(i'2,- 
000;  oats,  523,621,000:  barley,  (J;i,000,000 ; 
rye,  28,000,000 ;  buckwheat ,  1 1 .000,000 ; 
bales  of  cotton,  7,313,726;  pounds  of 
wool,  76,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum, 
45,822,672.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,- 
429,251,270;  per  capita,  $22.82;  immi- 
grants received  (fiscal  year),  455,302. 
Fire-waste,  $108,993,792;  insurance  loss, 
$65,015,465.  Total  railroad  accidents, 
2,146;  6,335  persons  are  killed  and  29,027 
injured.  Business  failures  for  the  year, 
10,673;  liabilities,  $175,032,836. 

1891  Jan.  2.  Xc?n  York.  The  Fifth 
Avenue  Theater  is  burned. 

Jan.  3^r.  Pa.  The  Scottdale  rolling 
mills  and  pipe  v/orks  and  the  Charlotte 
furnace  and  coke  v.'orks  are  closed  in- 
definitely ;  10.000  men  are  out  of  em- 
ployment at  Scottdale, 

Jan.  14.  Minn.  Station  agents  and 
telegraph  operators  on  the  St.  Pau\ 

Railroad  resign. 

Xew  York.    Three  fires  on  the  Hud- 

soa  River  front  destroy  a  grain  elevator 
and  two  large  buildings ;  loss,  $300,000. 


376    1891,  Jan.  16-Feb.  11. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Jan.  23.  X>.  C.  Daniel  W.  Flag- 
ler is  commissioned  brigadier-general. 

Feb.  1.  Ala.  Troops  are  sent  to  Car- 
bon Hill  to  quell  a  nme  riot ;  several 
negro  miners  are  shot  by  the  whites. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Jan.  27±.  la.  A  16-mch  vein 
of  silver  is  found  on  a  farm  near  Fair- 
port. 

Jan.  28.  New  York.  W.  W.  Astor  gives 
22  ne w  paintingrs,  valued  at  $75,000,  to 
the  Astor  Library. 

Jan.  29.  Chicago.  The  30-foot  model 
of  a  new  air-ship  in  exhibited ;  it  does 
not  work. 

BIRTHS  — BEATHS. 

1891. 
Jan.  17.    Bancroft,  Oeorg'e,  historian, A 90. 
Jan.  18.    Cougdon,  Charles  T.,  journalist, 

A70. 
Jan.  19.    Ralakaua,  King  of  the  Hawaiian 

Islands,  X!)b. 
Jan.  34.    Wadlelgh,  Kainbridge,  senator  for 

N.  }!.,  A60. 
Dodworth,    Harvey     II.,   band-master, 

coinluctor,  of  N.  Y.,  A69. 
Jan.  27.      McKntee,      JarrlSi     landscape 

painter,  Ati3. 
Jan.  29.      Windoni,   William,    senator    for 

Minn.,  aenretary  of  treasury,  A64. 
Feb.  10.    Redpatli,  James,  journalist,  labor 

reform  agitator,  A57. 

CHURCH. 

1891  Jan.  18.  New  York.  The  Mar- 
onite  Syrians  dedicate  a  chapel. 

Jan.  20.  New  York.  Kev.  Dr.  Charles 
A.  Briggs  is  installed  professor  of  Bib- 
lical theology  in  Union  Theological 
Seminary. 

Jan.  21.  Ala.  Henry  M.  Jackson  is 
consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  assis- 
tant bishop  of  Alabama. 

Jan.  26.  Minn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
of  St.  Paul  issues  an  edict  against  church 
lotteries  in  his  jurisdiction  ;  he  makes 
no  exception  whatever. 

Feb,  6.  New  York.  Archbishop  Corri- 
gan  issues  a  call  for  a  conference  of 
the  clergy  to  consider  the  cases  of  per- 
sons who  have  attended  Anti-Poverty 
Society  meetings. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Jan.  24.  Boston.  The  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  celebrates 
its  centennial. 

Jan.  27.  It.  The  Ajiglo-American 
Archeological  Society  is  in  session  at 
liome,  with  Lord  Dufferin  in  the  chair. 

Jan.  28.  O,  W.  G.  Ballantine  is  elected 
president  of  Oberlin  as  successor  to  C.  S. 
Fairchilds. 

Feb.  2,  Mass.  A  conditional  addition 
of  $100,000  to  Amherst's  endow- 
ment fund  is  announced  by  President 
Gates. 

Feb.  4.  O.  Rev.  C.  F.  Thwing  is  in- 
stalled as  President  of  Western 
Eeserve  University  and  Adelbert 
College  in  Cleveland. 

Feb.  6.  N.  Mex.  New  Mexico  has  a 
free-school  law  for  the  first  time. 


Feb.  11.  New  York.  The  Board  of  Re- 
gents of  the  University  approves  a  plan 
of  University  extension.  [Feb.  12. 
The  Regents  decide  upon  three  library 
degrees,  one  to  be  honorary.] 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Jan.  19.  The  "Woman's  Prison 
Association  reports  its  wants. 

(!)  Matrons  in  station-houses;  (2)  a 
reformatory  for  women  ;  (3)  a  graded 
sentence  law,  with  power  to  pardon  to 
be  withdrawn  from  police  justices ;  (4) 
all  prisoners  to  serve  their  sentences  in 
prisons,  not  in  charitable  institutions : 

(5)  a  woman  commissioner  for  each  de- 
partment of  cliarities  and  corrections : 

(6)  that  drunkenness  should  be  treated 
according  to  class,  whether  as  inebriates 
or  criminals. 

Va.    The  first  public  observance  of 

Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee's  birthday,  made 
a  legal  holiday  by  the  previous  Legisla- 
ture, is  celebrated. 

Jan.  21.  Neir  York.  The  American  So- 
ciety of  Civil  Engineers  is  in  session. 

Jan.  24.    Kan.    The  trial  of  35  ladies, 

who  raided  the  illegal  whisky-joints  of 
Lathrop  last  February,  destroying  liq- 
uors and  bottles,  is  concluded  by  an  ac- 
quittal of  the  defendants. 

Jan.  28.  N.  J.  G.  H.  Engeman  and  four 
other  managers  of  the  Clifton  race-track 
are  fined  $1,000  and  are  to  be  imprisoned 
for  one  year  for  allowing  pool-selling  on 
the  track. 

Jan.  29.  New  York.  "William  "Windom, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  dies  of  cere- 
bral hemorrhage  and  coma,  at  Delmoni- 
co's,  after  making  an  address  as  a  guest 
of  the  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and 
Transportation. 

Jan.  30.  New  York.  Hughes  and  Buttner, 
two  bogus  divorce  lawyers,  are  sen- 
tenced respectively  to  fave  and  seven 
years'  imprisonment. 

Jan.  31.  Ind.  White  Caps  in  Harrison 
and  Crawford  Counties  wliip  a  farmer's 
wife  nearly  to  deatli,  laying  the  flesh 
open  the  length  of  her  back. 

Feb.  1,  Ala.  Negro  miners  in  consid- 
erable numbers  at  Carbon  Hill  have 
been  shot  by  whites ;  troops  are  sent 
to  quell  the  disturbance. 

Feb.  3,  Ind.  The  Legislature  passes  bills, 
(1)  requiring  cigarette  dealers  to  pay  a 
State  license  of  $200  a  year,  and  (2)  to 
give  w^ife-beaters  at  least  60  lashes  pub- 
licly when  found  guilty. 

Feb.  4±.  Cal,  The  police  of  San  Fran- 
cisco are  destroying  the  joss-houses  of 
the  highbinders  in  that  city. 

Feb.  6.  Tenn.  The  Morning  Journal  of 
Kuoxville  is  seized  by  the  postmaster 
for  violation  of  the  anti-lottery  law. 

-b  N.  Mex.     Two  Republican  coun- 

cilmen  are  fired  upon  by  assassins  in 
Santa  F6  ;  $15,000  reward  has  been  of- 
fered for  their  arrest  and  conviction. 

Feb.  7.  Cal.  Tlie  International  Society 
for  the  Colonization  of  Russian  Jews 
is  incorporated  in  San  Francisco,  with  a 
capital  of  $1,000,000. 

Baron  Hirsch  authorizes  the  use  of 

$2,500,000  to  establish  a  fund  for  He- 
brew immigrants  to  this  country. 
[Sept.  4.    The  fund  is  denounced  by  a 


mass-meeting  of  Hebrew  working  men 
in  New  York.] 

Feb.  8.  Chicago.  Organized  labor  passes 
resolutions  against  the  employment  of 
non-union  labor  on  the  "World's 
Fair. 

Feb.  9.  La.  The  Mardi  Gras  Festi- 
val begins  in  New  Orleans. 

New  York.  The  5th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Association  of 
Builders  of  the  United  States  begins  its 
session  in  Masonic  Hall ;  300  delegates 
are  present  from  the  principal  cities. 

Pa.    About  10,000  miners  go   on  a 

strike  in  the  Connellsville  coke  region. 
(See  Mar.  30 ;  Apr.  18.) 

Feb.  10.  Pa.  Some  300  employees  of  the 
Pittsburg  and  Western  Railroad  go  on 
strike. 

O.    The  United  Mine  "Workers  of 

America  are  in  session  at  Columbus, 
with  300  delegates  from  15  States  pres- 
ent. 

STATE. 

1891  Jan.  16.  Mass.  The  House  of 
Itep  resent  at  ives  adopts  by  a  large  ma- 
jority resolutions  against  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver. 

Jan.  17.  I>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate, 
after  a  contijiuous  session  of  30  hours 
devoted  to  the  final  discussion  of  the 
Elections  Bill,  adjourns  at  6  p.m.  (see 
July  2,  1890);  the  House  Silver  Pool 
Investigating  Committee  begins  its 
inquiry ;  it  is  alleged  that  members 
speculated  in  silver  during  the  discus- 
sion of  the  Silver  Bill. 

■ Can.   The  Dominion  Ministry  return 

the  trade  reciprocity  proposals  of  the 
United  States  Government  to  the  Co- 
lonial ofiioe  ;  they  express  hostility  to 
full  and  complete  reciprocity,  but  favor 
reciprocity  in  natural  products. 

Jan.  18.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Coin  and  Currency  Bill,  to 

provide  against  the  contraction  of  the 
currency,  after  10  discussions.  Intro- 
duced Dec.  18,  1890. 

Jan.  19.    Cann.    Gov.  Bulkeley  issues 

a  proclamation  warning  the  Democratic 
claimants  from  attempting  to  exercise 
the  functions  of  State  officers. 

la.    At  Vinton  Judge  Hoff  holds  the 

Wilson  Bill  constitutional,  and  the  Iowa 
Prohibitory  Law  to  be  in  force  as  to  im- 
ported liquors. 

Jan.  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
the  Closure  Resolution  to  limit  debate 
is  called  up,  and  obtains  the  right  of 
way  for  consideration  on  the  21st  inst. 
It  debates  the  Federal  Elections  Bill 
—  the  36th  discussion  —  without  decisive 
results. 

Boston.    A  meeting  of  business  men 

is  held  in  Faneuil  Hall  to  protest  against 
the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

Coiin.    The  state   Senate  allows  the 

llepublican  hold-over  officers  to  preside. 

JTis.  In  both  Houses  of  the  Legisla- 
ture bills  are  introduced  for  the  repeal 
of  the  Bennett  Compulsory  Education 
Law.  [Passed,  Feb.  G,  signed  by  Gov. 
Peek.] 

Jan.  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Aldrich  Closure  Resolution 

is  made  the  imfinished  business  ;  in  the 
House  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill  is  passed  after  six  dis- 
cussions ;  bill  introduced  Dec.  17,  1^90. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1891,Jan.  16-Feb.  11.    377 


Jan.  23.  The  Legislatures  of  Missouri, 
North  Carolina,  and  Arkansas  pass  reso- 
1  utions  against  making  appropria- 
tions for  the  "World's  Fair  while  the 
Elections  Bill  is  pending. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
takes  another  recess  without  voting  on 
the  Closure  Resolution. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  lu  the  Senate 
the  Aldrich  Closure  Hesolution  is  dis- 
placed. Vote,  35-34.  The  House  passes 
the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill  intro- 
duced Dec.  20,  1890. 

Senator  Cameron  of  Pa.  testifies  be- 
fore the  Silver  Pool  Investigating  Com- 
mittee tliat  he  bought  and  sold  100,(XK) 
ounces  of  silver  on  margin  before  the 
Silver  Bill  passed  the  Senate. 

Spain  agrees  to  the  proposal  of  the 

U.  S.  Government  for  the  negotiation 
of  a  treaty  of  reciprocity  with  Cuba. 

Jan.  27.  D.C.  Attorney-General  Miller 
Iiresents  his  answer  in  the  Bering  Sea 
case  before  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court ; 
he  holds  that  the  seal-fisheries  question 
is  for  the  Executive,  and  not  for  the 
Judicial  Department. 

Jan.  28.  Conn.  Tlie  House  Committee 
on  Canvass  of  ^'otes  reports  that  of  tlie 
State  officers  only  Nicholas  Staub,  State 
Controller,  is  elected. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Apportionment  Bill  for 
members  of  Congress,  under  the  11th 
census,  without  amendment,  by  a  strict 
party  vote  (37-34) ;  [Feb.  10.  Approved.] 
It  passes  the  Dnrmell  Reapportion- 
ment Bill.  [Feb.  10.  Approved  by  the 
President.] 

Mont.    The  contesting  parties  in  the 

Legislature  agree  to  a  compromise  giv- 
ing the  Kepublicaiis  28  members  ;  and 
the  Democrats  27,  together  witli  the 
Speaker,  the  inferior  oflicers,  and  the 
control  of  committees. 

Jan.  30.  D.  C.  Congress  adjourns  as 
a  mark  of  respect  to  the  late  Secretary 
"Windom,  he  having  been  a  member 
of  both  Senate  and  House. 

Jan.  31.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Military  Academy  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Jan.  6;  four 
witnesses  testify  before  the  Silver  Pool 
Investigating  Committee. 

Keb.    The  Senate  adopts  a  memorial 

to  Congress  urging  the  appropriation  of 
$1,000,000  for  the  relief  of  Western 
farmers  suiferiug  from  crop  failure. 

Jan.  *  ffl.  Tlie  Legislature  indorses  the 
Free  Silver  Coinage  Bill. 

Jan.  *  La.  Judge  Buckner  of  the  Baton 
Kouge  District  Court  refuses  to  grant 
a  writ  of  mandamus  compelling  the 
Secretary  of  State  to  promulgate  the 
lottery  amendment  which  was  passed 
by  the  last  Legislature,  and  which  Gov. 
I^icholls  refuses  to  sign. 

Feb.  1.  Mo7it.  Speaker  Witter  (Rep.) 
of  the  Lower  House  dies,  leaving  the 
House  a  tie  politically. 

Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
the  Hawaiian  Treaty,  the  Fortifica- 
tions Bill,  and  the  defenseless  condition 
of  the  country,  are  discussed. 

Tlie  U.  S.  Supreme  ('ourt  holds  that 
it  lias  jurisdiction  by  way  of  pn^hibition 
to  revie\v  the  proceedings  of  the  Alaska 
Court  in  the  case  of  the  forfeiture  of 


the  Saywnnt  for  unlawful  sealing;  it 
sets  the  time  for  the  hearing. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  some  amendments  to  the  Forti- 
fications Bill,  and  passes  the  House  Bill 
extending  the  time  to  30  days  for  which 
the  President  may  designate  a  temporary 
succession  to  the  Cabinet. 
Feb.  4.  n.  (\  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Fortification 
Appropriation  Bill,  after  four  discus- 
sions. [Feb.  17.  Conference  report 
agreed  to,  Feb.  2G.  Approved  by  the 
President.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Military 
Academy  Appropriation  Bill.  [Feb, 
28.  Conference  report  agreed  to.  Mar. 
2.  Approved  by  the  President,]  It  be- 
gins the  debate  on  the  Nicaragua  Canal 
Bill.    [Nine  discussions  follow.] 

The  House  passes  the  Diplomatic 
and  Consular  Appropriation  Bill  in- 
troduced Jan.  13. 

The  presidents  of  the  State  organiza- 
tions of  the  National  Farmers*  Al- 
liance meet  in  Washington. 

The  Committee  on  Silver  Legislation 
submits  a  report  urging  upon  Congress 
the  demand  for  the  free  coinage  of  silver 
upon  the  same  terms  and  conditions  that 
gold  is  now  coined. 

President  Harrison  asks  the  Senate  to 
take  action  relative  to  the  suppression 
of  the  African  slave-trade  and  liquor- 
traffic. 

Conn.  The  Senate  refuses  to  recog- 
nize the  report  of  the  House  Commit- 
tee on  Canvass  of  Votes. 

A".    Y.      The  Senate  passes  the   bill 

providing  for  tlie  submission  of  the 
Prohibition  Amendment  to  the  voters 
of  the  State  on  April  14. 

Feb.  5.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Pension  Ap- 
propriation Bill.  [Mar.  3.  A  confer- 
ence report  is  agreed  to.  Mar.  3. 
Approved.]  The  bill  appropriates  for 
pensions  $133,173,085. 

The  President  issues  a  proclamation 
declaring  that  a  satisfactory  treaty  has 
been  made  with  Brazil  under  the  terms 
of  the  reciprocity  amendment  to  the 
Tariff  Bill.    (Effective  April  1,  1891.) 

Ind.    Tlie  Senate  passes  a  sweeping 

measure  against  trusts. 

Feb.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
recommits  the  Eight-hour  Labor  Bill. 
Vote,  27-24.  The  House  passes  the 
World's  Fair  clause  of  the  Sundry  Civil 
Appropriation  Bill ;  the  minority  report 
of  the  Ilaum  Investigating  Committee 
offers  a  substitute  for  the  majority  reso- 
lution offered  Feb.  6,  condemning  the 
course  of  the  Commissioner  of  Pen- 
sions. 

S.  Dak.    The  Senate  by  one  majority 

decides  to  substitute  life  imprisonment 
for  the  deatli  penalty. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Sundry  Civil  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  after  five  discussions  ;  bill 
introduced  Feb.  3, 

Feb.  10.  T).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [Feb.  IG.  The  House 
concurs.      Feb.    2G.     Approved   by    the 


President.]  It  also  discusses  Com- 
mander Reiter's  case  in  connection 
with  the  Barruudia  affair. 

•Tos^  Martin  Barrundia,  a  Guatemalan 
insurrectionist,  a  passenger  on  an  Amer- 
ican vessel  touching  at  San  Jos^,  is 
killed  hj  Guatemalan  otflcials,  Aug.27i, 
1890,  while  attempting  his  arrest.  Com- 
mander Reiter  of  the  Hanger  refused 
to  interfere  for  his  protection. 

The  President  approves  the  Act  pro- 
hibiting the  sale  of  tobacco  to  minors 
under  16  years  of  age  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

N.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  a  bill  is 

introduced  to  authorize  the  construction 
of  two  bridges  across  the  East  River. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Naval  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [Feb.  21.  A  conference 
report  is  agreed  to  and  the  bill  approved 
by  the  President.] 

A',  r.  The  Silver  Pool  Investigat- 
ing Committee  continues  to  take  testi- 
mony. 

The  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce 
delegation  opposes  the  Free  Coinage 
Bill  before  the  House  Committee  on 
Coinage. 

N.  Y.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Acker 

State  Care  of  the  Insane  Bill  appropriat- 
ing $4r>4,000,  and  another  for  a  State 
printing-bureau. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Jan.  18.  K.  Y.  Buffalo  loses 
$225,000  by  fire.    [Mar.  10.    A  like  loss.] 

O.    At  Findlay  a  hotel  is  wrecked  and 

several  persons  are  killed  by  an  explo- 
sion of  natural  gas. 

Jan.  19.  Mo.  The  American  National 
Bank  of  Kansas  Citv  sus|)eiids,  with  lia- 
bilities estimated  at  $2,250,000. 

Jan.  22.  Cal.  The  Funeral  Services 
of  King  Kalakaua  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  are  held  in  San  Francisco. 

Jan.  23.  K.  Y.  Tlie  Buffalo  Clothing 
Exchange  is  burned  ;  the  falling  walls 
kill  two  firemen  ;  loss,  ©350,000. 

Jan.  27.  Pa.  An  explosion  of  fire- 
damp in  a  shaft  at  the  cc:)ke  works  near 
Mt,  Pleasant  kills  100  miners, 

Jan.  29.  Cal.  The  canneries  organ- 
ize with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000. 

Feb.  2.  Conn.  George  M.  Bradley,  the 
first  patient  in  the  United  States  treated 
with  Koch's  remedy  for  tuberculosis, 
dies  at  New  Haven. 

Feb.  3.  N.Y.  The  Hecla  Iron  "Works, 
Brooklyn,  take  fire  ;  loss,  $400,000. 

Feb.  6.   III.    The  Pullman  Car  "Works 

are  burned;  loss,  $200,000. 

K.  Y.  E.  D.  Church  and  Com- 
pany's soda  works  in  Brooklyn  are 
burned;  loss,  $200,000;  500  persons  are 
thrown  out  of  employment. 

Pa.  A  $4,000,000  contract  to  fur- 
nish armor  for  the  Navy  is  awarded  to 
Carnegie,  Pliipps,  and  Company  of  Pitts- 
burg. 

The  nut  and  bolt  works  of  J.  H. 

Stern bergh  at  Heading  are  burned  ;  loss, 
$350,000. 

Feb.  8.  Cal.  The  San  Miguel  Consoli- 
dating Mining  Company  is  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  $15,000,000. 

Feb.  9.  New  York.  Table  glassware 
manufacturers  form  a  trust  witli  a  capi- 
tal of  $1,000,000. 


i78    1891,Feb.  ll-Mar.  9. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Feb.  12.  D.  C.  Col.  Forsyth  is 
exonerated  from  charges  against  bim 
relative  to  the  fight  at  Wounded  Knee, 
in  which  women  and  children  were 
killed. 

Mar.  2.  U.  S.  Congress  appropriates 
$25,000  for  the  equipment  of  the  Naval 
Reserve. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  The  cruisers  Philadel- 
phia and  San  J''r<iitcisco  are  formally 
accepted  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Secretary  Proctor  decides 
to  enlist  2,000  Indians  as  soldiers. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Feb.  14.  \etr  York.  The  George 
I.  Seney  collection  of  pictures  (106)  is 
sold  at  public  auction,  and  realizes 
$300,700. 

The  American  Academy  of  Po- 
litical and  Social  Science  is  incorpo- 
rated. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1691. 
Feb.   13.    Porter.  David  D..  adm.  U.S.  N., 

A78. 
■ Stuart,  Alexander  H.  H.,  M.  C.  for  Va., 

secretary  of  the  interior,  A84. 
Feb.  14.    Sherman,  WiUlam  T, .  gen.  U.  S. 

A.,  A7I, 
Feb.  18.    Sibley,  Henry  H.,  maj.-gen.,  first 

Gov.  of  Minn.,  ASO. 
Feb.  19.     Winchell,  Alexander,  geologist, 

University  of  Micliigan,  A67. 
Feb.  34.    Wilson,  Kphraim  K.,  senator  for 

>Id.,  A70, 
Feb.  28.     Hearst,  George,  sen.  forCal.,  A71. 
Mar.  3.     Furman,  .lames  C,  Bapt.  clergy- 
man, presidentof  Furman  I'niverslty,  A82. 
Mar.  6.    Hill,  Joshua,  senator  for  Ga..  A79. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Feb.  14.  Boston.  The  Xew  Na- 
tion, by  Edward  Bellamy,  appears  as  a 
weekly. 

Feb.  17.  Prof.  A.  Graham  Bell  gives 
$25,000  to  the  Association  for  Teach- 
ing Deaf -Mutes. 

Feb.  19.  Chicago.  H.  W.  Rogers  is  in- 
stalled as  president  of  the  Northwest- 
em  University. 

Mass.    The  will  of  Mary  A.  Kevins 

bequeaths  $20,000  to  the  Nevins  Memo- 
rial liibrary  of  Methuen. 

Feb.  28.  Neic  York.  The  Friends  hold 
an  educational  conference. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress  passes  an  inter- 
national copyright  law.    [See  July  1.] 

Mar.  7.  Mass.  Harvard  receives  $100- 
000  by  the  will  of  Edwin  Conant  of 
Worcester. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Feb.  11.  New  York.  The  Ameri- 
can Newspaper  Publishers*  Associa- 
tion meets  in  annual  session. 

■  Chirafjo.    George  J.  Gibson,  secretary 

of  the  Whisky  Trust,  is  4-hfirf:ed  with 
bribing  a  gauger  to  blow  up  Shufeldt's 
anti-trust  distillery  ;  he  is  arrested  and 
hehi  in  $20,000  bail.  [Apr.  20.  The  Fed- 
eral grand  jury  at  Chicago  tinds  a  true 
bill  against  him.] 

Feb.  12.  N.  J.  People  in  sympathy  with 
the  striking  spinners  at  the  Clark 
Thread  Works  at   Kearney  join  in  a 


riot,  and  several  thousand   dollars  of 

damage  to  property  is  the  result. 
Feb.  13.    Chicago.    Italians  stop  work 
on  the  World's  Fair  site  through  fear  of 
the  mobs  of  unemployed  workmen. 

Feb.  14.  Tnd.  Charles  Bitter,  teller  of 
the  P'irst  National  Bank  of  Evansville, 
is  a  defaulter  iu  the  sum  of  $25,000. 

Feb.  16.  n.  C.  Senator  Matt.  Quay 
of  Pennsylvania  denies  all  the  charges 
that  have  been  made  against  him  reflect- 
ing upon  his  public  life. 

Neb,     S.  B.  Cowles,  bank  president  of 

Clarke,  is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  mur- 
dering his  wife. 

Feb.  17.  Neto  York.  Hebrew  private 
schools  in  tenement  houses  are  closed 
by  the  Board  of  Health,  owing  to  their 
filthy  condition. 

7?.  /.    The  National  Electric  Ijight 

Association  is  in  session  at  Providence. 

Feb.  18.  Fla.  Two  outlaws,  Mike 
Kelly  and  Jim  Champion,  are  taken  from 
jail  at  (lainesville,  and  lynched  for 
murder  and  robbery. 

New  York.    The  Peoi.>le'8  Municipal 

Xieague  effects  a  permanent  organiza- 
tion. 

Feb.  19.  New  York.  The  remains  of 
Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  are  escorted  by  an 
imposing  parade  of  soldiers,  Grand 
Army  men,  and  others  to  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad  station,  en  route  to  St. 
Louis. 

Feb.  22.-Mar.  1.  D.  C.  The  "Women's 
National  Triennial  Council  is  in  ses- 
sion. 

It  opens  with  religious  services,  and 
considers  the  subject  of  temperance  ; 
it  eulogizes  Mrs.  Windom  for  not  serv- 
ing wine  in  social  life,  and  discusses 
woman's  suffrage. 

Ga.    A  mob  lynches  two  negroes 

near  Brunswick. 

Feb.  23.  Tex.  John  A.  Williams,  a 
notorious  train-robber,  is  sentencetl  at 
Linden  to  imprisonment  for  99  years. 

Feb.  25.     F/a.    A  "bulldozer"  is 

fined  $1,000  and  costs  iu  a  Federal  court. 

Xeiv    York.     The    opposition  to  the 

Fayerweather  will  is  withdrawn. 

The  residuary  legatees  agree  to  give 
the  immense  sum  in  their  hands  to  nu- 
merous colleges  and  charitable  institu- 
tions ;  the  will,  minus  the  codicils,  is 
admitted  to  probate. 

Feb.  28.   Boston.   A  strikeatDobson's 

plush  mill  is  satisfactorily  ended,  and 
the  men  return  to  work. 

N.  Y.   The  Senate  Committee  is  again 

investigating  the  Sugar  Trust  —  this 
time  having  several  of  the  prominent 
Trust  officers  before  it ;  some  of  its 
books  are  missing. 

Feb.  *  New  York.  A  strike  of  the  em- 
ployees of  the  Troy  Laundry  Company 
ends  in  victory  for  the  strikers. 

Mar.  1.  Mo.  Fight  negroes  are  iajured 
in  a  race-fight  in  St,  Louis. 

Md.  Cardinal  Gibbons,  i  n  the  cathe- 
dral at  Baltimore,  preaches  against 
women  taking  part  in  politics. 

Mar.  2.  Def.  Ex-State  Treasurer  Her- 
bert is  a  defaulter  to  the  State  to  the 
amount  of  $30,000. 

Mar.  5.  New  York.  A  riot  of  striking 
cloakmakers  in  Broadway  is  speedily 
<iuelled  by  the  police. 


The  Union  Prisoners  of  War  Na- 
tional Memorial  Association  holds  an 
enthusiastic  meeting. 

The  coroner's  jury  in  the  ease  of  the 
tunnel  disaster  holds  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Railroad  officials  re- 
sponsible for  the  death  of  the  victinih. 
(Mar.  G.  Messrs.  Depew,  Clark,  and 
Park,  as  officials  of  the  road,  give  bonds 
in  $25,000  each.  Mar.  31.  'i'he  grand 
jury  indicts  the  directors  for  misde- 
meanor in  violating  New  York  laws 
against  heating  cars  by  stoves.  May  6. 
They  are  acquitted,  (bee  Feb.  20,  Mis- 
cellaneous.) 

Fla.     Twenty-six  illicit  stills  ar& 

destroyed,  several  lots  of  illicit  rum 
seized,  and  30  men  arrested  in  a  ten 
days'  raid  in  West  Florida. 

- —  Pa.  Burglars  rob  the  Freeport 
bank  of  valuable  bonds,  money,  and 
stamps  ;  total  loss  estimated  at  $59,000. 

Mar.  7.  Miss.  Colored  lawyers  at 
Greenville  organize  a  State  Bar  Asso- 
ciation. 

Mar.  8.  N.  J.  Delaware,  Lackawanna^ 
and  Western  trainmen  are  discharged 
for  signing  petitions  of  saloon-keex>- 
ers  for  licenses. 

Mar.  9.  N.  Y.  A  mob  of  Poles  raids 
an  employing  cloakniaker's  establish- 
ment iu  Jamaica ;  they  destroy  bis  sew- 
ing-machines and  furniture,  and  scatter 
vitriol  on  his  goods  and  child. 


STATE. 

1891  Feb.  11.  S.  Dak.  The  high-license 

men  in  the  House  carry  the  motion  to 
resubmit  the  Prohibition  question. 
Vote,  3:i-'29. 
Feb.  12.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar.  2. 
Conference  report  agreed  to  and  ap- 
proved by  the  President.]  In  the  House 
the  appropriation  for  the  clerical  force  of 
the  Civil  Service  Commission  is  struck 
out  of  the  Legislative  Appropriation 
Bill  on  a  point  of  order. 

-V.    I*.     The  Assembly  defeats   the 

"Stadler  Special  License  Bill."     Vote, 

63-00. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  Sherman  amendment  to  the 
Copyright  Bill  (vote,  25-24),  and  lays 
the  bill  aside.  The  House  passes  the 
Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  Bill,  after  five  discus- 
sions.    Introduced  Jan.  10. 

President  Harrison  approves  the  Act 
for  the  tunnel  between  Staten  Island 
and  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 

Ala.    The  Senate  passes  the  House 

Bill  to  so  redistrict  the  State  into  nine 
Congressional  districts  so  as  to  give  a 
solid  white  Democratic  delegation  to 
Congress  by  making  two  Congressional 
districts  each  200  miles  long  and  one 
county  wide. 

N.   Y.     A  bill  is  introduced  in  the 

State  Assembly  prohibiting  the  use  of 
machinery  in  the  State  prisons. 

Feb.  16.  J).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
adoi>ts  an  amendment  to  the  Diplo- 
matic and  Consular  Appropriation 
Bill,  pledging  the  support  and  assist- 
ance of  the  United  States  to  any  cor- 
poration  that   is  willing  to  undertake 


UNITED   STATES. 


1891,  Feb.  11-Mar.  9.     879 


tho  construction  of  a  telegraphic  cable 
from  the  Pacific  Coast  to  Hawaii ;  also 
another  ameudment  providing  that 
Mexico  shall  rank  as  a  first-class 
diplomatic  mission. 

The  House  Committee  on  Coinage 
having  reported  adversely  the  Coin 
and  Currency  Bill,  it  is  indefinitely 
postponed. 
New  York.  The  U.  S.  Senate  Com- 
mittee begins  its  investigation  of  the 
Sugar  Trust. 

Feb.  17.  />.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Diplomatic  and 
Consular  Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar. 
3.  A  conference  report  is  agreed  to  ; 
^lar.  2.    Approved.] 

Feb.  18.  D,  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Copyright  Bill,  with  the  Sher- 
man and  Frye  amendments,  is  passed 
after  15  discussions.  Vote,  36-14.  [Mar. 
3.  Conference  report  agreed  to  and  bill 
approved.]  The  bill  for  a  new  Custom 
House  in  Bowling  Green,  New  York 
City,  is  passed  ;  the  House  passes  the 
Indian  Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Jan.  27. 

Feb.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  bill  for  the  adju- 
dication of  claims  arising  from  Indian 
depredations.  [Mar.  2.  Conference  re- 
port agreed  to  and  bill  approved.]  John 
J.  Ingalls  of  Kan.  formally  resigns 
the  office  of  President  pro  tempore  of 
the  Senate,  which  he  has  held  for  nearly 
four  years  ;  for  the  first  time  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  House  that  body  holds  two 
distinct  legislative  sessions  during 
the  same  calendar  day. 

Kan.    The  House  reconsiders  the  vote 

by  which  the  bill  authorizing  women 
to  vote  was  defeated,  and  passes  the  bill. 

Mass.  The  Senate  passes  the  Con- 
stitutional amendments  providing  for 
biennial  instead  of  annual  elections. 

Feb.  20.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Nicaragua  Canal  BiU; 
the  House  Coinage  Committee  decides 
(vote,  8-4)  to  report  the  Senate  Free 
Coinage  Bill  adversely,  with  a.recom- 
mendation  that  it  be  not  passed. 

N.  Y.    Ex-President  Cleveland  denies 

the  report  of  liis  alleged  withdrawal 
from  the  presidential  campaign. 

Peb.  21.  Cat.  The  State  Senate  passes 
the  House  bill  appnipriatiuff  $300,000 
for  its  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair. 

Peb.  23.  D.  a  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Post-office  Appropriation 
Bill  after  five  discussions.  Introduced 
Feb.  6. 

-  Ark.  The  House  puts  all  the  elec- 
tion machinery  in  the  hands  of  the 
governor,  tbe  people  not  having  any- 
thing to  do  with  either  judges  or  clerks 


thin":  t"  do  V 
of  election. 


Feb.  24.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
confirms  by  a  unanimous  vote  the  nomi- 
nation  of  Charles  Foster  of  O.  to  be 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and  passes 
tho  bill  to  establish  a  tJ.  S.  Land 
Court.  [Feb.  28.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.  Mar.  2.  Bill  approved.]  The 
House  passes  the  Direct  Tax  Bill. 
(See  Mar.  2.)    Vote,  172-101. 


Feb.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Feb.  9.  It  lays  on 
the  table  the  Flower  resolution  for  the 
reenumeration  of  New  York  City, 
the  report  of  the  census  officers  being 
approved  as  correct. 

Feb.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Sundry  Civil 
Appropriation  BiU.  [Mar.  2.  The 
House  concurs  ;  approved.] 

The  House  passes  the  General  De- 
ficiency Bill  introduced  Feb.  17. 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Post-office 
Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar.  3.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  Mar.  2.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the  Sax- 
ton  Anti-Pool-Selling  Bill. 

Kan.  The  bill  providing  for  the  re- 
submission of  the  Prohibitory  Amend- 
ment to  a  vote  of  the  people  is  defeated 
in  the  Lower  House. 

Feb.  27.  I).C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  theliCgislative,  Executive,  and 
Judicial  Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar. 
3.  Conference  report  agreed  to  ;  bill  ap- 
proved.] It  passes  over  the  Direct  Tax 
BiU.  [Mar.  3.  Approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent.] 

The  House  amends  and  passes  the 
Shipping  BiU  or  the  Postal-Aid  Bill 
aiming  to  place  the  American  merchant 
marine  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade  on 
an  equality  with  that  of  other  nations 
competing  for  the  sanxe  service.  Vote, 
139-120.  [Mar.  2.  The  Senate  concurs 
in  the  House  amendment.  Mar.  3.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes  the  Indian  Appropriation  BiU 
with  the  House  amendment.  [Mar.  2. 
Conference  report  agreed  to  and  bill 
approved.} 

It  passes  over  the  Eight-Hour  X^aw 
BiU  after  nine  discussions. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate adopts  the  Uthographers*  amend- 
ment to  the  Copyright  Bill  ;  the  House 
passes  the  Sundry  Civil  BiU. 

Mar.  2.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
adopts  the  House  Postal  BiU,  includes 
an  appropriation  of  $1,250,000  in  the 
Post-office  BiU  for  the  foreign  mail 
service,  and  amends  and  passes  the 
Agricultural  Appropriation  Bill. 
[Mar.  2.  Conference  report  agreed  to 
and  bill  approved.]  Senator  Mander- 
son  is  elected  President  pro  tempore. 
The  Senate  passes  the  Gener^  De- 
ficiency Appropriation  BiU.  [Mar.  2. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  House  indefinitely  postpones  the 
bill  to  provide  against  the  contraction 
of  the  currency. 

The  President  approves  the  bill  for 
the  repayment  of  315,227,632  collected 
as  a  direct  tax  from  the  States,  under 
the  Act  of  Aug.  15, 1861,  levying  $20,000,- 
000  for  the  maintenance  of  the  war. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
the  International  Copyright  Bill  is 
passed  without  the  Sherman  amend- 
ment;  the  General  Deficiency  BiU 


is  passed  with  several  amendments. 
[Mar  3.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Mar.  2.  Bill  approved.]  The  Brussels 
Treaty  is  rejected  in  executive  session  ; 
the  House  passes  the  International 
Copjrright  BiU. 

Congress  passes  the  French  SpoUa- 
tion  Claims  BiU,  appropriating  $1,304,- 
095  to  pay  the  findings  of  the  Court 
of  Claims  for  indemnity  for  spoliations 
by  the  French  prior  to  July  31,  1801. 
(Senate  vote,  41-14  ;  House  vote,  99-80.) 

After  an  all-night  session  the  usual 
resolution  of  thanks  to  Speaker  Heed 
is  passed  amid  great  confusion  and  by 
a  strict  party  vote  (152-116). 

The  President  approves  the  Shipping 
BiU,  providing  for  the  safe  transport 
and  humane  treatment  of  export  cattle, 
and  for  the  inspection  of  export  live 
stock  and  carcasses. 

The  51st  Congress,  the  "Billion 
Dollar  Congress ;  "  the  second  session 
ends. 

Gen,  Barrundia*s  widow  makes  a  claim 
of  $1,000,000  upon  the  United  States  for 
the  loss  of  her  husband's  life. 

Mar.  4.  N.  Y.  The  State  Assembly 
passes  an  amendment  transferring 
contested  election  cases  from  the 
Legislature  to  the  Courts.  [Mar.  6.  It 
passes  the  Senate  by  a  unanimous  vote.] 

Mar.  9.  /).  C.  Sugar  Refineries  Com- 
pany officials  refuse  to  show  the  books 
of  constituent  concerns  to  the  Senate 
Investigating  Committee. 

J'fr.  Tlie  Legislature  passes  a  gerry- 
mandering reapportionment  bill,  which 
is  expected  to  give  a  Democratic  major- 
ity of  about  fifteen  ou  joint  ballot. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Feb.  20.  Neio  York.  A  New 
Haven  train  crashes  into  a  Harlem  local 
in  the  Park  Avenue  tunnel ;  six  per- 
sons are  killed  and  several  injured. 

Feb.  21.  Mo.  The  remains  of  Gen. 
"William  T.  Sherman  arrive  in  St. 
Louis,  and  are  escorted  to  their  resting- 
place  in  Calvary  Cemetery  by  a  parade 
of  soldiers,  Grand  Army  men,  and 
others. 

Feb.  22.  Cal.  Tlie  Elizabeth  is  wrecked 
at  the  entrance  of  San  Francisco  har- 
bor; the  captain  and  17  sailors  are 
drowned. 

Feb.  24.  Pa.  Four  miners  are  res- 
cued after  being  entombed  20  days  at 
Jeanesville. 

Feb.  28.  N.  Y.  Traffic  is  resumed  on 
the  Central  Railroad  notwithstanding 
the  strike. 

Mar.  1.  New  York.  The  ashes  of  Her- 
mann Meyer,  a  Staten  Island  saloon- 
keeper, are,  in  accordance  with  his  dying 
request,  scattered  to  the  winds  from  the 
Statue  of  Liberty  after  the  cremation  of 
his  body. 

Mar.  3.  Mass.  A  gingham  mill  is 
burned  at  Adams,-   loss,  $700,000. 

Mar.  7.  Tex.  Archer  City  court- 
house is  burned ;  nearly  all  the  county 
records  are  destroyed. 


380    1891,Mar.  9~Apr.  13. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Mar.  15.  Mass.  The  torpedo- 
boat  Triana  is  wrecked  olf  Cuttyhuuk, 
while  taking  provisions  to  the  crews  of 
the  stranded  Government  vessels  Galena 
and  jS'iila. 

ART  -  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Mar.  12.  KeiP  York.  Several 
men  of  ineaiis  subscribe  §15,000  to  pur- 
chase 99  Japanese  swords  for  the 
Metropolitan  ^luseuni  of  Art. 

Mar.  21.  III.  Natural  gas  is  discovered 
while  boring  for  water  at  Monticello. 

Apr.  3.  Conn.  New  Haven  women  pre- 
sent the  Greek  tragedy  Antigone  with 
great  success, 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 

Mar.  9.  Paddock,  Benjamin  H,,  Prot.  Epis. 
bisliop  of  Mass.,  Ab'i. 

Mar.  10.  Swift,  John  F.,  U.  S.  minister  to 
Japan,  A62. 

Mar.  16.  Brady,  John  R.,  justice  N.  Y. 
Supreme  Court,  A69. 

Mar.  18.  Herndon,  William  H.,  law  part- 
ner, biographer  of  Lincoln,  A7^. 

Mar.  19.  Young,  Alexander,  "Taverner," 
author,  journalist,  A53. 

Mar.  20.  Barrett.  Lawrence,  tragedian, 
AJiS. 

I'pham,  Frederick  W.,  Meth.  Epis.  cler- 
gyman, A92. 

Mar.  21.  Johnston.  Joseph  E..  Confed- 
erate gen.,  A84. 

Mar.  aa.  Wells,  Elija  K.,  brev.  maj.  U.  S. 
A.,  A 58. 

Mar.  33.  Robinson,  Lucius,  lawyer,  Gov. 
of  N.  Y.,  AHl. 

Mar.  26.     Day,  Hannibal,  briR.-gen.,  A87. 

Mar.  27.     iK-Euery,  John,  l.lov.  of  La.,  A.^8. 

Mar.  39.  Crosby,  Howard.  I'res.  clergy- 
man, philanthropist,  AttS. 

Apr.  1.  HatfleUi,  Robert  M.,  Meth.  Epis. 
clergyman,  author,  A73. 

— —  Spear,  Samuel  T.,  Pres.  clergyman, 
author,  A79. 

Apr.  3.  Pike,  All>ert,  poet,  journalist,  Con- 
federate brig.-gen.,  grand  com.  of  Scottish 
Rite  of  Masonry  in  U.  S.,  A82. 

Apr.  7.  Kowle,  Daniel  G.,  Gov.  of  N.  C, 
A6i. 

Barnum.  Phineas  T..  veteran  show- 
man, AHl. 

Prime,  Edward  D.  O.,  F'res.  clergyman, 

editor  yetc  Vori'  Observer^  A77. 

Apr.  13.  Tourj6e,  Eben,  musical  composer, 
founder  N.  E.  Conservatory  of  Music,  A57. 

Waterman,  Robert  W.,  Gov.  CaL,  AHo. 

Apr.  13.  Gilmour,  Richard,  Roman  Catho- 
lic bishop  of  Cleveland,  O.,  A67. 


CHURCH. 

1891  Mar.  27.  Mo.  Archbishop  Keu- 
rick  washes,  wipes,  and  kisses  the  feet  of 
12  boys  in  St.  John's  Catholic  Church, 
St.  Liouis. 

Mar.  29.  Pa.  According  to  cnstom,  at 
5  A.M.  2,000  persons  gather  and  hold 
Easter  service  in  the  Moravian  grave- 
yard at  Bethlehem. 

Apr.  6.  O.  The  39tb  annual  Confer- 
ence of  the  Reorganized  Church  of 
the  Latter-day  Saints  begins  at  Kirt- 
land. 

LETTERS. 
1891  Mar.  11.  NewYork.  The  friends 
of  univeraity  and  school  extension 
hold  a  mass-meeting,  with  addresses  by 
well-known  educators.  [Apr.  16.  The 
Legislature  appropriates  $10,000,000  in 
support  of  the  plan  of  University  Ex- 
tension.] 


Mar.  12.  Mass.  A  copy  of  the  recently 
discovered  treatise  on  the  Consti- 
tution of  Athens,  by  Aristotle,  is 
received  by  Harvard.  [Mar.  13.  Colum- 
bia and  Cornell  also  receive  copies.] 

Mar.  23.  Cat.  David  S.  Jordan  accepts 
the  presidency  of  the  Leland  Stanford, 
Jr.,  University. 

Mar.  30.  Nexo  York.  The  American 
Society  of  Authors  is  organized  at 
the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel. 


SOCIETY. 

1891    Mar.  10.    Miss.    David  H.  Poston, 

a  prominent  lawyer  of  Memphis,  is  shot 
by  H.  Clay  King.  [July  3.  King  is 
louud  guilty  of  murder  in  the  first  de- 
gree. Sept.  17.  He  is  sentenced  to  be 
hanged  on  Nov.  6.] 

Mar.  11,  New  York.  James  A.  Simmons 
is  found  guilty  of  embezzling  $622,000 
of  the  funds  ot  the  Six  th  National  Bank. 
[.June  26.  He  is  sentenced  to  six  years 
imprisonment.] 

Mar.  13,   Wash.    Cattle-thieves  in 

J>ougla8  and  Lincoln  Counties  run  off 
12,000  head  of  cattle  and  several  hun- 
dred horses. 
Mar.  14.  Union  Pacific  telegraph  opera- 
tors are  required  to  either  abandon 
labor  organizations  or  leave  their 
positions. 

La.    The  jury  brine  In  a  verdict  of 

not  guilty  at  New  Orleans  in  the  case 
of  six  of  the  alleged  murderers  of  Chief 
of  Police  Hennessy,  and  disagree  as 
to  the  others  ;  a  desperate  mob  breaks 
into  the  jail,  and  shoots  and  hangs  ix 
of  the  imprisoned  Sicilians.  [.Mar.  31. 
The  remaining  prisoners  are  released 
on  bail.  Apr.  7.  The  grand  jury  ac- 
tively enters  upon  an  investigation  of 
the  massacre.  Apr.  17.  Two  arrests  are 
made  for  the  alleged  bribery  of  jurors 
in  this  case.]     (See  May  5.) 

New  York.   The  Sugar  Trust  is  again 

under  investigation. 

Mar.  15.  Netv  York.  The  Pamell  dele- 
gates arrive  from  Ireland  and  are  re- 
ceived by  a  friendly  delegation.  [Mar. 
19.  They  are  given  a  warm  welcome  at 
a  meeting  in  Cooper  Union.] 

Mar.  16.  Neio  York.  The  Grant  Mon- 
ument Fund  now  amounts  to  $1-45,- 
97S.U5. 

Mar.  18.  New  York.  Gen.  Peter  J. 
Claassen,  ex-president  of  the  Sixth  N;i- 
tional  ISank,  is  sentenced  to  six  years  in 
the  penitentiary  for  embezzlement. 

The  New  York  City  Woman  Suffrage 
XiCa^Tue  gives  a  reception  to  Mrs.  Clara 
B.  Colley,  editor  of  the  IVomaji's  Tri- 
bune, At  the  Park  Avenue  Hotel,  about 
500  persons  being  present. 

Mar.  20.  New  York.  Italians  hold  a 
meeting  at  Cooper  Union  to  protest 
against  the  New  Orleans  lynching.  (See 
Mar.  14.) 

Mar.  21.  Ga.  Robert  Willink  is  killed 
by  a  knock-down  blow  in  an  amateur 
prize-fight  before  the  athletic  club  at 
Savannah. 

Ja.    Three  children  die  in  Springville 

because  of  the  neglect  of  their  parents 
to  provide  medical  attendance. 

ir.  Va.  —  Ky.     It  is   announced  that 

the  long-standing  Hatfield-McCoy 
vendetta  is  romantically  ended  by  an 
engagement  of  marriage. 


Mar.  24.  New  York.  The  Sherman 
Statue  Fund  is  now  reported  complete ; 

total  amount  collected,  $44,786. 

Mar.  26.    N.  Y.    A  woman  is  robbed 

in  Brooklyn  of  $1,300  by  highwaymen. 

Mar.  27.  O.  Men  and  women  in  a  tem- 
perance crusade  wreck  a  saloon,  and 
destroy  liquors,  cigars,  and  billiard 
tables,  at  Bloomville. 

Mar.  29.     Ala.     Two  negroes   are 

lynched  for  alleged  complicity  in  burn- 
ing the  town  of  Kussellville. 

Mar.  30.  Ala.  The  National  Real  Es- 
tate Congress  convenes  in  Birmingham. 

Pa.  Riotous  mobs,  numbering  be- 
tween 2,000  and  3,000  men  and  women, 
terrorize  the  Connellsville  coke  regions. 
They  drive  away  the  non-union  work- 
ers, tear  up  railroad  tracks,  and  destroy 
much  property  ;  at  l-eith's  works,  near 
Uniontown,  women  disarm  and  beat  the 
Superintendent,  and  drive  away  the 
workmen. 

[Apr.  2.  Striking  coke-workers  attack 
the  Moreland  works,  and  are  tired  upon 
by  deputy-marshals  ;  11  are  killed  and 
over  40  wounded.  Apr.  3.  The  presence 
of  the  militia  causes  quiet.  Apr.  7. 
Coke-workers  are  resuming  work.]  (See 
Apr.  21.) 

Apr.  1.  Me.  The  Legislature  passes  a 
rigid  temperance  law.    (See  May  4.) 

Mass. — N.  11.    This  day  is  observed 

as  a  fast-day  by  the  proclamation  of 
the  governors  in  observance  of  a  custom 
which  has  been  continued  for  many 
years. 

Apr.  3.  La.  Detective  D.C.O.O'Malley, 
accused  of  jury  bribery,  surrenders  to 
the  authorities  at  New  Orleans.  [Apr. 
9.  He  is  arraigned  for  perjury,  con- 
spiracy, and  attempted  bribery  of  jurors 
in  the  Hennessy  case.]    (See  May  5.) 

Apr.  4.  N.  J.  Warrants  are  issued  for 
the  arrest  of  the  mayor  and  other  offi- 
cials of  Hoboken,  for  allowing  viola- 
tions of  the  Sunday  liquor  law.  [Apr.  5. 
The  Sunday  law  is  enforced,  and  the 
theaters  are  closed.] 

Kan.    At  Osage  City,  George  Hoover, 

editor  of  the  Times,  is  mortally  shot 
by  James  McNales. 

Apr,  6.  New  York.  The  Christian  League 
for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Purity 
holds  its  first  annual  meeting. 

Apr.  10.  />.  C.  Inventors  and  makers 
of  patented  articles  organize  a  Na- 
tional Association  in  Washington. 

O.  W.  Dales,  murderer  of  a  police- 
man on  March  31,  is  lynched  at  Ken- 
ton. 

Apr.  12.  N.  Y.  A  free  kindergarten 
movement  is  organized  at  Buffalo. 

Apr.  13.  N.  J.  Father  M'Nulty  of  Pat- 
terson is  beaten  by  a  law-breaking 
saloon-keeper. 

New  York,  The  American  Copy- 
right IiCague  at  its  Sth  annual  dinner 
celebrates  the  enactment  of  the  Copy- 
right Law  in  Congress. 

Samuel  Fisher,  a  pool-room  *' man- 
ager," is  sentenced  by  Judge  Barrett  to 
pay  31,000  fine  and  be  imprisoned  for 
three  mouths. 

STATE. 
1891  Mar.  10.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine 
receives  Lord  Salisbury's  communica- 
tion relating  to  the  Bering  Sea  negotia- 
tions, offering  a  basis  upon  which  to 
settle  the  difficulty. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,Mar.  9-Apr.  13.      381 


n,  I.  Herbert  W.  Ladd  (Rep.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

Mar.  11.  A'.  Y.  The  State  Senate  passes 
the  Acker  State  Care  of  the  Insane 
Bill,  appropriating  §450,000  for  that 
purpose ;  the  Assembly  passes  the  An* 
ti-Finkerton  Bill,  and  the  measure 
providing  for  a  garden  over  the  Forty- 
second  Street  reservoir  in  New  York 
City. 

Mar.  12.  It.  I.  The  Democratic  State 
Convention    renominates     the    present 

State  officers. 

CaL    The  Assembly  passes  the  Anti- 
Chinese  Bill. 

Mar.  13.  N.  Y.  New  York  makes  the 
first  application  for  repayment  of  the 
direct  tax  under  the  act  of  the  last 
Congress  ;  the  sum  called  for  is  $2,225,- 
000. 
—  Pa.  The  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  decides  against  the  present 
coal  rates  of  the  Lehigh  Valley  Bailroad 
and  requires  a  reduction. 

Mar.  14.  HI.  The  Republican  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago  nominates  Hempstead 
Washbnme  for  mayor. 

Mar.  15.  D,  C.  Secretary  Blaine  sends  a 
telegram  to  Gov.  NichoUs  of  La.  express- 
ing the  President's  regrets  for  the  law- 
less violence  of  the  Anti-Matia  mob, 
and  demanding  protection  for  Italian 
subjects  in  New  Orleans,  and  the  pun- 
ishment of  the  otfenders. 

Mar.  16.  X.  Y.  The  State  Assembly 
passes  the  bill  incorporating  a  company 
to  construct  a  tunnel  between  New 
York  and  Brooklyn;  also  tlie  bill  ex- 
empting bank  cashiers  and  tellers  from 
jury  duty. 

Mar.  17.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  refuses  to  permit  the  Assay 
office  to  furnish  $1,000,000  in  gold  bars 
for  shipment  to  Europe. 

■  Conn.    The  House  passes  the  Judson 

Bill  for  taking  the  controversy  respect- 
ing the  State  offices  to  the  Supreme 
Court. 

A',    r.     The    Assembly  defeats    the 

Stadler  '•  Dance  Hall  "  and  the  Hildreth 
Liquor  Bills  for  open  sale  on  part  of 
Sunday. 

Mar.  18.  D.  C  Mr.  Cannon,  Chairman 
of  the  House  Committee  on  Appropria- 
tions of  the5l8t  Congress,  makes  a  state- 
ment of  the  appropriations  of  that 
Congress  ;  the  total  is  $988,410,120. 

Mar.  19.  N.  H.  Anti-license  men  refuse 
to  vote  in  the  House,  which  adjourns  for 
want  of  a  quorum. 

Mar.  21.  Chicago.  Carter  Harrison's 
friends  bolt  the  Democratic  city  con- 
vention, and  nominate  him  for  mayor ; 
the  regular  convention  renominates 
Mayor  Cragier. 

Mar.  23.  N.Y.  The  State  Assembly  by 
a  party  vote  (62-48)  refuses  to  submit  the 
Prohibition  Amendment  to  the  vote  of 
the  people  in  April ;  it  substitutes  No- 
vember. 

Mar.  24.  Mo.  The  State  receives  its 
share  of  the  direct  tax  from  the  Fed- 
eral government. 

ha.  Gov.  Nicholls  replies  to  a  des- 
patch from  Mr.  Blaine  of  Mar.  15  con- 
cerning the  New  Orleans  lynching 
affair. 

Mar.  25.  .V.  J.  The  Legislature  passes 
a  bill  at  the  instance  of  liquor  dealers, 


giving  absolute  powerto  County  Boards 
of  Excise  to  grant  or  revoke  licenses  at 
their  pleasure,  the  Boards  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor. 

N.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  the  Vedder 

Bill  taxing  direct  heirs  of  personal  prop- 
erty valued  at  over  $10,000  is  passed. 

Mar.  26.  .V.  H.  The  House  rejects  the 
Local-Option  Bill.     Vote,  166-148. 

Mar,  27.  Mt.  The  House  passes  a  bill 
requiring  that  every  voter  shall  be 
able  to  read  and  to  write  his  own 
name. 

Mar.  30.  Wyo.  The  Wyoming  forest 
reservation  is  set  apart  by  proclama- 
tion of  the  President.  [Another  procla- 
mation follows  Sept,  10.] 

Mar.  31.  D.  a  Baron  de  Fava,  Italian 
Jliuister  at  Washington,  is  peremp- 
torily recalled  by  his  government  on 
account  of  dissatisfaction  growing  out 
of  the  negotiations  concerning  the  kill- 
ing of  alleged  Italian  subjects  in  New 
Orleans ;  the  correspondence  between 
Baron  de  Fava  and  Secretary  Blaine  is 
made  public. 

Del.    The  State  Senate  passes  a  Free 

School  Bill  which  places  white  and  col- 
ored schools  on  an  equal  plane. 

Me.  The  Legislature  passes  the  Gen- 
eral Temperance  Bill,  which  is  charac- 
terized by  its  friends  as  one  of  the  most 
important  prohibition  measures  ever 
adopted  in  the  State. 

U.  S.    The  new  Free  Sugar  Xjaw 

and  the  new  Immigration  Iiaw  go  into 
effect. 

Apr.  1.  Ji.  /.  The  election  returns 
are  announced. 

Davis,  Dem.,  22,249;  Ladd,  Rep.,  20,- 
995;  Larry,  Prohib.,  1,829;  Burton,  Nat., 
384.  Davis  lacks  960  votes  of  the  major- 
ity over  all  necessary  to  elect;  conse- 
quently the  Legislature  will  elect  a 
governor. 

Apr.  2.  7>.  C.  Minister  Rudini  informs 
the  Italian  Secretary  of  Legation  at 
Washington  that  his  government  de- 
mands only  the  prompt  prosecution 
of  the  New  Orleans  lynchers. 

Apr.  6.  I).  C.  Congress:  George  F. 
Sdmtmds  resigns  the  office  of  U.  S. 
Senator  for  Vermont,  which  he  has  held 
for  26  years;  the  resignation  will  take 
etfect  Nov.  1. 

Sir  Charles  Tupper  and  his  colleagues 
of  the  Canadian  Cabinet  call  upon 
Secretary  Blaine  for  the  purpose  of 
continuing  reciprocity  negotiations,  but 
leave  Washington  on  being  informed  of 
the  desire  of  the  President  that  the  Con- 
ference be  postponed. 

y.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  the  Bill 

appropriating  $200,000  for  the  Chicago 
world's  Fair  is  unanimously  passed. 

Apr.  7.  Chicago.  Five  candidates  run 
for  the  office  of  mayor. 

Tlie  present  mayor.  De  Witt  C.  Cre- 
gier  fDem.),  Carter  H.  Harrison  (Per- 
sonal Rights  League  and  brewers), 
Hempstead  Washburne  (Rep.).  Elmer 
Washburn  ('Citizens  and  Prohibition- 
ists), and  Thomas  Morgan  (Socialist) ; 
Hempstead  Washburne  is  elected. 

Apr.  8.  /).  C.  President  Harrison  issues 
the  Bering  Sea  proclamation,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  statute. 


Apr.  10.  D.  C.  A  despatch  from  Rome 
says  that,  in  case  the  United  States 
Government  fails  to  answer  by  the  fol- 
lowing day  Minister  Rudini's  note  relat- 
ing to  the  killing  of  Italians  in  New 
Orleans,  the  American  Minister  will  be 
ordered  to  leave  Italy. 

Apr.  11.  Ky.  The  Constitutional 
Convention    completes    its   work    and 

adjourns. 

Apr.  13.  X.  Y.  In  the  State  Assembly 
Speaker  Sheehan  refuses  to  permit  the 
reading  of  the  minority  report  on  the 
Schatf  Excise  Bill,  permitting  the  sale 
of  liquor  on  a  part  of  Sunday. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Mar.  13±.  Colo.  The  city  of 
Denver  is  without  a  mayor  ;  the  acting 
mayor,  after  holding  the  office  for  nearly 
a  year,  being  declared  illegally  elected. 

Mar.  14.  X.  Y.  Two  fires  destroy 
3600.000  worth  of  business  property  in 
Syracuse. 

Tenn.  The  Central  Insane  Asy- 
lum, near  Nashville,  is  burned  ;  six  lives 

are  lost. 

Sp.    The  Anchor  line  vessel  Utopia  is 

sunk  ofif  Gibraltar  by  collision  with  the 
Anson;  574  persons  perish. 

Xevj  York.    A  fire  destroys  property 

worth  $1,650,000. 

Mar.  18.    X.  J.    The  Cordage  Works 

at  Klizabeth  are  burned;  loss  $600,000; 
tiOO  hands  are  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment. 

Mar.  21,   Xew  York.   Hughes  wins  with 
a  score  of  558  miles  the  six  days  go-as- 
you-please  walking  match. 
A  sperm  whale  is  discovered  and 

killed  near  East  Hampton,  Long  Island. 

Tex.  A  soap  manufacturing  com- 
pany is  organized  at  Houston,  with  a 
capital  of  §15,000,000 ;  it  proposes  to  es- 
tablish plants  in  the  principal  cities  in 
the  cotton-belt  of  the  South. 

The  grip  epidemic  is  prevalent  in 
Pittsburg  and  Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  and  Chicago,  111. 

Mar.  25.  X.  C.  The  Earn  line  steam- 
ship .S^ra^AaiWy  is  wrecked  on  the  coast  ; 
19  of  the  crew  of  26  are  lost. 

Mar.  28.     Chicago.     It  is  announced  that 

the    death-rate    has   been  more   than 

doubled  by  the  prevalence  of  the  grip. 

A  sash  and   door  combination  is 

effected. 

Mar.  31,  Xew  York.  Mayor  Grant  issues 
orders  for  the  removal  of  telegraph 
poles  and  wires  from  the  streets. 

Apr.  2h.  A  combination  between 
Spreckels  and  the  Havemeyers  is 
completed;  it  is  to  be  known  as  the 
West  Coast  Sugar  Refining  Company, 
the  arrangement  being  that  while  one 
side  is  working  the  other  side  ceases. 

Apr.  4.  /irk.  The  State  Legislature  re- 
fuses to  appropriate  money  for  the 
World's  Fair. 

Apr.  11.  Chicago.  James  W.  Scott  is 
chosen  to  succeed  Lyman  J.  Gage  as 
president  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of 
the  World's  Fair. 

Apr.  12.  Chicago.  A  fire  canses  a  loss 
of  nearly  $1,000,000. 

Apr.  13.  X.  .7.  Elizabeth  loses  prop- 
erty valued  at  $750,000  by  fire. 


582    1891,  Apr.  13 -May  15. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1891  Apr.  19.  Md.  At  Baltimore  the 
"  Old  Sixth  **  Massachusetts  Voltm- 
teers  are  entertained  in  the  city  where 
they  suffered.    (See  Army,  Apr.  19, 1861.) 

.jft.pr.  20.  7).  C.  James  J.  Van  Horn  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  8th  infantry. 
[Also  George  G.  lluntt  —  2d  cavalry.] 

Xew  York.    The  9th  Kegiment  of 

Volunteers  entertains  the  survivors  of 
the  Confederate  3d  Georgia  liegiment 
with  a  reception  and  dinner. 

May  6.  Cal.  The  Chilean  insurg^ent 
steamer  Itafa  is  seized  by  the  authori- 
ties at  San  Diego,  at  the  instance  of  the 
Chilean  minister. 

3ttay  7.  Cal.  The //aM,  with  a  deputy 
U.  S.  marshal  in  custody  of  it,  sails 
from  San  Diego  harbor  and  escapes ; 
cannon  are  hoisted  from  the  hold  and 
mounted,  while  the  marshal  is  gent 
ashore  in  a  boat,  eight  miles  from  port. 

May  9.  The  cruisers  Charleston^  Balti- 
more,  and  San  Francisco  are  under 
orders  to  recapture  the  fugitive 
steamer  Itata. 

May  13.  Pa.  Troops  are  withdrawn 
from  the  coke  region,  order  being  re- 
Stored. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Apr.  17.  Tex.  A  fatal  tornado 
occurs. 

[May  19.  Tornadoes  do  much  damage 
in  Texas.  Oct.  24.  One  in  Mississippi. 
Not.  27.  One  at  lied  Bud.  111.,  kills  two 
persons  and  wre5k8  35  buildings.] 

Apr.  25.  N.  Y.  Natural  gas  and  oil  are 
discovered  at  Newfane. 

Apr.  27.  Neio  York.  Ground  is  broken 
for  the  Grant  monument  with  imposing 
ceremonies.    (See  Sept.  5, 1890.) 

May  2.  Alas.  The  exploring  party  dis- 
covers a  large  lake,  which  proves  to  be 
a  reservoir  of  Sakhr  River ;  it  is  claimed 
to  be  the  source  of  the  Yukon  River. 
.May  5.  New  York.  The  Carnegie  Mu- 
sic Hall  is  opened  by  singing  the  dox- 
ology,  and  an  address  by  Bishop  Potter. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

asei. 

Apr.  14.  Spinola,  Francis  11.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y..  A70. 

Apr.  17.  Hamilton,  Charles  S.,  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  A 69. 

Apr.  19.  Taylor,  Alfred,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A81. 

Apr.  30.  Darling,  Henry,  president  of 
Hamilton  College,  AtiS. 

I'ettengill,  Saiimel  M.,  pioneer  advertis- 
ing agent,  A68. 

Thaeher,  James  K.,  prof esaor physiology 

at  Yale,  A44. 

Apr.  23.  Moen,  Philip  L.,  manufacturer  of 
farm  machinery,  A67. 

Apr.  29.  I^ong,  ArmiBtead  L.,  Confeder- 
ate gen.,  Lee's  chief  of  staff,  A64. 

Apr.  30.  Conant,  Thomas  J.,  Bapt.  cler- 
gyman, Biblical  scholar,  A89. 

LeCoiite,   Joseph,    physicist,   professor 

University,  of  Cal.,  A73. 

Hay  4.  Pratt,  Charles,  millionaire,  philan- 
thropist, founder  of  Pratt  Institute,  A61. 

May  8.  Hilgard,  Julius  E.,  physicist,  super- 
intendent coast  surrey,  A66. 

CHURCH. 
1891    Apr.  26.    N.  Y.    The  Rev.  Dr. 
Tahnage's  new  tabernacle  in  Brook- 
lyn   is    formally    opened.      (The    third 
Tabernacle.) 


Apr.  30.  Mass.  Rev.  Dr.  Phillips 
Brooks  is  chosen  Protestant  Episcopal 
bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

May  3.  New  York.  The  Ajnerican  Bi- 
ble Society  celebrates  its  75th  anniver- 
sary. 

May  11.  New  York.  The  Presbytery 
hears  Br.  Briggs's  protest  against  the 
appointment  of  the  committee  to  exam- 
ine his  inaugural  address ;  but  it  de- 
clines to  censure  a  sister  presbytery. 
[May  12.  It  decides,  44  to  40,  to  put  Dr. 
Briggs  on  trial  for  heresy.] 

LETTERS. 

1891  Apr.  16.  New  York.  Rev.  James 
il'Mahon  gives  real  estate  worth  $500,- 
000  to  the  Catholic  University  at 
"Washington,  I).  C. 

Apr.  19.  Md.  Col.  J.  T.  Scharf's  notable 
collection  of  curios,  historical  matters, 
and  manuscripts  are  presented  by  him 
to  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Apr.  22.  New  York.  A  valuable  collec- 
tion of  books  — 11,000  volumes,  valued 
at  $15,000  — is  given  to  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History, 

May  6.  New  York.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic Press  Association  of  the  United 
States  is  in  session. 

SOCIETY. 
1891  Apr.  13.  I).  C.  The  President 
and  Mrs.  Harrison  and  party  leave 
Washington  at  midnight  for  their  trans- 
continental trip;  the  train  bears  in 
tetters  of  gold  the  inscription,  *'  The 
Presidential  Special." 

[Apr.  14.  He  is  welcomed  and  makes 
addresses  at  several  stopping-places  in 
Virginia  and  Tennessee.  Apr.  15.  He 
is  welcomed  at  Chattanooga,  Ga.  Apr. 
IG.  He  is  received  at  Birmingham  and 
other  places  along  the  route  from  At- 
lanta. Apr.  18.  He  is  welcomed  at 
Houston  and  Galveston,  Tex.  Apr.  20. 
At  San  Antonio.  Apr.  21.  At  El  Paso, 
Tex.  Apr.  22*-.  Along  the  road  from 
Tucson,  Ariz.,  to  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Apr. 
25.  In  San  Francisco  with  imposing  cer- 
emonies. Apr.  30.  At  Monterey.  May 
6.  At  Portland,  Ore.  May  7.  At  Scut- 
tle, Wash.,  from  whence  he  returns 
East.  May  9.  At  Salt  Lake,  Utah.  May 
10.  At  Glen  wood  Springs,  Colo.  May  12. 
By  an  oration  at  Denver,  Colo.  May  13. 
At  Omaha,  Neb.  May  15.  He  returns 
to  Washington.] 

Apr.  14.  Mo.  The  Commercial  Con- 
gress begins  at  Kansas  City;  a  letter 
from  President  Harrison  is  read. 

New  York.    W.  Heeney,  a  Bricklayers* 

Union  walking  delegate,  is  arrested  and 
held  in  :;?  1,000  bail. 

Apr.  15.  New  York.  Ex-President  N. 
Niles  of  the  Tradesman's  National 
Bank  is  rearrested  and  arraigned  on  a 
charge  of  embezzlement. 

Apr.  18  ±.  /.  T.  Seven  negroes  are  shot 
at  Okmulgee,  capital  of  the  Creek  Na- 
tion, for  the  murder  of  two  Creek  In- 
dians. 

Pa.    In  the  Connellsville  coke  region 

strikers  attack  deputy-sheriffs  at  one  of 
the  Friek  Company's  plants  ;  shots  are 
exchanged,  and  one  deputy  is  seriously 
wounded.  [Apr.  21.  Pinkerton  guards 
arrive  and  protect  property.  Apr,  23. 
Violence  and  bloodshed  occur ;  three 
men  are  shot.  May  4.  The  sheriff's  dep- 
uties shoot  a  striker.  May  19.  Serious 
riots  occur.] 


Apr.  21.  Boston.  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler  is 
declared  disorderly  in  tlie  United  States 
Court,  and  is  quietly  ejected  by  order  of 
Judge  Carpenter. 

Apr.  22.  Okla.  Chief-Justice  Green,  at 
Guthrie,  decides  that  women  are  eligi- 
ble to  public  office ;  and,  further,  that 
a  woman  may,  in  the  absence  of  a  stat- 
ute, hold  any  office  not  incompatible 
with  her  sex. 

Apr.  23.  Mich.  Street-car  strikers  in 
Detroit  cause  much  disorder. 

.Ve?P  York.    The  Patria  Club  holds  its 

first  meeting. 

Apr.  24.  New  York.  The  dead  body  of 
a  woman,  mutilated  in  the  manner  of 
'*  Jack  the  Ripper,"  ia  found  in  a  lodging- 
house  at  Water  and  Catharine  Streets. 

Apr.  25.  Chiraqo.  Over  400  marble-cut- 
ters are  out  on  a  strike. 

N.  Y,    Women  are  organized  into  the 

Flushing  Citizens'  Iicague;  officers 

are  elected. 

Apr.  26.  Boston.  Mrs.  Annie  Besant 
addresses  the  opening  session  of  the  Na- 
tional Convention  of  Theosophists. 

Apr.  27.  La.  The  Supreme  Court  at 
New  Orleans  sustains  the  application  of 
the  Lottery  Company  for  a  mandamus, 
despite  the  veto  of  Gov.  Nicholls. 

It  compels  the  promulgation  of  the 
proposed  amendments  to  renew  the  char- 
ter of  the  Lottery  Company  for  25  years 
at  $1,250,000  a  year,  the  same  to  be  voted 
on  at  the  election. 

Apr.  28.  Chicago.  The  first  official  act 
<)f  Mayor  Washburne  is  to  order  all  the 
gambling-houses  in  the  city  to  be  closed. 

Neiv   York.     John  T.  Hill,  deceased, 

late  president  of  the  Ninth  National 
Bank,  has  been  discovered  to  be  a  de- 
faulter to  the  amount  of  $400,000. 

Apr.  29.  N.  Y.  Arthur  C.  Gilman,  who 
died  in  Flushing,  Long  Island,  is  foimd 
to  be  a  defaulter  for  nearly  $223,006. 

O.    Three  recent  attempts  have  been 

made  to  blow  up  Springfield's  newr  City 
Hall,  costing  §400,000. 

Wis.    A  statue  and  fountain  erected 

in  Milwaukee,  to  the  memory  of  Henry 
Bergh,  is  unveiled  in  the  presence  of 
a  large  assemblage. 

Apr.  *  A  Census  Bureau  bulletin  shows 
24.6  per  cent  increase  of  white  pop- 
ulation in  the  South  Atlantic  States, 
Missouri,  and  Kansas,  and  only  13.9  per 
cent  increase  of  the  colored  race. 

Apr.  *  U.  S.  The  Superintendent  of  Im- 
migration reports  that  the  number  of 
immigrants  from  Italy  exceeds  those 
from  every  other  country. 

Apr.  *  Del.  It  is  enacted  by  the  Legis- 
lature that  all  tramps  may  be  arrested 
and  sent  to  work  for  60  days  breaking 
stone  for  mending  roads. 

They  are  to  work  eight  hours  a  day, 
and,  if  refractory,  to  he  put  in  solitary 
confinement  on  bread  and  water. 

May  1.  Ind.  About  3,000  miners  make 
an  unsuccessful  strike  for  a  wage-scale. 
[They  hold  out  for  two  months  at  a 
wage-loss  of  $875,000.] 

New  York.    Rev.  C.  H.  Parkhurst 

is  elected  tosucceed  Rev.  Howard  Crosby 
as  president  of  the  Society  for  the  Sup- 
pression of  Crime. 

A  meeting  is  held  to  celebrate  the 
abolition  of  the  poorhouse  system  of 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  Apr.  13 -May  15.     383 


I 


care  of  the  insane ;  speeches  are  made 
by  Joseph  H.  Choate,  Bishop  Potter, 
Grover  Cleveland,  and  others. 

Work  is  practically  stopped  in  the 
building  trades  by  a  strike  of  the  house- 
smiths. 

Strikes  are  general  in  the  North 

and  East  for  the  8-hour  day  and  higher 
wages. 

May  2.  A'an.  The  female  Mayor  of 
Kiowa  has  shut  up  all  its  gambling- 
houses  and  saloons,  aiul  will  allow  uf 
no  action  to  reopen  them. 

May  3.  X.  V.  Three  horse-car  lines  in 
Long  Island  City  are  tied  up  by  striking 
drivers. 

Neio  York.    The  Poles  of  New  York 

City  and  Chicago  celebrate  the  100th 
anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  their 
liberal  constitution. 

May  4.  Me.  The  new  liquor  law,  which 
provides  for  a  fine  of  $100  with  60  days 
in  jail  for  the  first  offense,  goes  into 
effect  to-day;  result,  a  general  closing 
up  of  liquor-shops. 

May  5.     La.     The  New  Orleans  grand 

jury,  after  an  in vestipition  for  six  weeks, 
indicts  O'Malley  and  five  associates 
for  jury  bribing,  and  accuses  three  of 
the  jury  of  being  bribed  ;  but  refuses 
to  indict  the  lynchers  of  the  Italians. 
[June  8.  Bernard  Glaudi  is  convicted 
of  offering  a  bribe  to  a  juror.  July  24. 
The  last  Mafia  bribery  case  ends ;  ver- 
dict, not  guilty.  Oct.  9.  The  State  aban- 
dons the  case  against  O'Malley.]  (See 
Mar.  14.J 

Me.  The  East  Maine  (Methodist)  Con- 
ference protests  against  the  acts  of  the 
Administration  in  endeavoring  to  en- 
large the  malt-liquor  trade  with  Cen- 
tral American  States. 

Xew  York.    The  26th  annual  meeting 

of  the  National  Temperance  Society 
is  held ;  Dr.  Theodore  L,  Cuyler  is  re- 
elected president. 

May  6.  Mo.  The  29th  International 
Young  Men's  Christi-an  Association 
Convention  opens  in  Kansas  City. 

X.  J.      Westfield     is     terrorized    by 

tramps. 

May  7.  -A^.  Y.  A  memorial  service  in 
honor  of  Gen.  Sherman  is  held  in  the 
Academy  of  Music,  Brooklyn  ;  speeches 
by  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Gens.  Howard, 
Slocum,  Swayne,  Porter,  and  others. 

The  Brooklyn  Memorial  Hospital 
for  "Women  and  Children  is  formally 
opened. 

May  8.  Del.  The  lower  House  of  the 
Legislature  passes  the  Local- Option 
Bill.    Vote,  14-4. 

.V.  Y.  The  will  of  Mrs.  M.  A.  Os- 
borne, admitted  to  probate,  gives  Yale 
College  $150,000  for  a  memorial  hall 
to  her  husband,  and  makes  provision  for 
a  Memorial  Home  for  Aged  Women  in 
Westchester  County. 

Xew  York.  The  Lumber  Dealers'  As- 
sociation resolves  to  boycott  the  Lumber 
Handlers'  Union. 

Wis.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  the  An- 
cient Order  of  United  "Workmen  at 
Milwaukee  decides  that  liquor-makers 
and  saloon-keepers  are  eligible  to  be- 
come members.    Vote,  114-81. 

May  10.  Minn.  John  Mehan.  the  leader 
of  a  band  of  robbers  operating  in  Vir- 


ginia, is  captured  and  brought  into  St. 
Paul. 

New  York.    Beth  Israel  Hospital  is 

opened  in  its  new  house  with  addresses 
by  prominent  Hebrews. 

May  11.  Kan.  A  convict  forges  his 
own  pardon  and  raises  a  draft  from  $1 
to  $20,000,  but  is  discovered  before  being 
released. 

N.  Y.    The  116th  anniversary  of  the 

capture  of  Ticonderoga  is  celebrated 
by  the  Sons  of  the  Kevolution. 

May  12.    Md.    A  negro  is  lynched  at 

Centerville  by  masked  men  after  being 
sentenced  to  21  years  for  assaulting  a 
woman. 

Phila.     The    Typographical    Union 

celebrates  the  63d  birthday  of  G.  "W. 
Childs  by  a  banquet. 

May  14.  La.  The  mayor  of  New  Orleans 
appoints  a  committee  of  over  50  citizens 
to  investigate  the  matter  of  oath-bound 
societies  in  the  city,  and  how  to  sup- 
press them. 

STATE. 

1891  Apr.  14.  N.  J.  Gov.  Abbett  signs 
the  Congressional  Reapportionment 
and  Assembly  Districting  Bill,  thereby 
giving  to  the  democrats  six  out  of  eight 
Representatives,  and  40  out  of  60  Assem- 
blymen. 

Apr.  18.  N,  Y.  The  Legislature  unani- 
mously passes  a  bill  appropriating  $10,- 
000  for  carrying  out  a  plan  of  university 
extension  under  the  Board  of  Kegeuts. 

Apr.  19.  D.  C.  It  is  announced  that  an 
agreement  has  been  reached  between 
Secretary  Blaine  and  the  Belgian  Min- 
ister by  which  the  Kongo  Treaty  will 
be  saved. 

Apr.  21.  O.  The  Fourth  Annual  As- 
sembly of  League  of  Republican  Clubs 
holds  its  first  session  at  Cincinnati. 

Apr.  22.    O.    James   S.    Clarkson    of 

la.  is  chosen  President  of  the  Republi- 
can National  League  at  Cincinnati. 

Apr.  23.  Pa.  The  House  passes  an 
amended  Brooks  Wholesale  License 
Bill. 

Apr.  30.  Mich.  The  I^egislature  passes 
a  bill  for  the  election  of  Presidential 
electors  by  Congressional  districts, 
Avith  two  delegates  at  large,  one  each 
from  the  Eastern  and  Western  districts 
—  a  measure  to  divide  the  Presidential 
vote. 

May  5.  Neb.  The  Supreme  Court  decides 
tliat  James  E.  Boyd  (I)em.),  being  an 
alien,  is  ineligible  to  the  governorship, 
and  it  reinstates  Gov.  Thayer  (Rep.). 

May  6.  Cat.  Upon  the  representation 
of  the  Chilean  Minister,  orders  are  is- 
sued from  Washington  for  the  seizure 
of  the  steamer  Itata,  supposed  to  have 
on  board  arms  intended  for  the  Chilean 
insurgents  ;  she  is  taken  in  charge  at 
San  Diego  by  the  U.  S.  marshal. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Secretary  Blaine's  latest 
letter  to  Sir  J.  Paimcefote,  stating  the 
conditions  on  which  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment is  willing  to  submit  to  arbitra- 
tion the  Bering  Sea  dispute,  is  made 
public  ;  it  is  dated  April  14. 

May  8.  Mass.  The  House  passes  a  hill 
fixing  125  feet  as  the  limit  of  height  for 
houses  in  cities. 


May  9.  Kan.  Mrs.  Mary  F.  Burton, 
postmistress,  is  elected  police  judge  at 
Jamestown,  Cloud  County. 

May  14.  New  York.  The  Union  League 
Club  memorializes  Congress  on  the  dan- 
gers of  unrestricted  inmiigration,  natu- 
ralization, and  suffrage. 

May  15.  />.  C.  Green  B.  Raimi,  Jr., 
resigns  his  position  as  assistant  chief 
clerk  in  the  Pension  Office.    (See  Feb.  6.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Apr.  14.  Mo.  The  first  Western 
States  Commercial  Congress  meets  at 

Kansas  City. 

[Apr.  17.  Two  reports  are  presented ; 
after  a  heated  debate,  the  majority  re- 
port, favoring  unlimited  coinage  of  sil- 
ver and  a  tariff  exclusively  for  revenue, 
is  adopted.] 

Apr,  15.  ///.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
Whisky  Trust  takes  place  in  Peoria. 
It  reports  sales  for  the  year  of  44,748,171 
gallons,  nearly  4.000,000  gallons  over  last 
year,  and  9,000,000  gallons  over  the  pre- 
vious year. 

Apr.  18.  O.  The  east-bound  fast  mail 
colhdes  with  the  Toledo  Express  at 
Kipton  Station,  on  the  Lake  Shore  road ; 
both  engines,  three  mail-cars,  and  one 
Itaggfige-car  are  wrecked,  and  eight  per- 
sons killed. 

Apr.  26.  Phila.  The  National  Pub- 
lishing Company's  building  is  de- 
stroyed by  fire  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Apr.  29.  Teun.  Nearly  20  acres  of  build- 
ings are  burned  at  Chattanooga  ;  loss, 
6250,000. 

Apr.  *  The  Brewers'  Journal  says  £18,- 
934,000  of  Unglish  capital  are  now  in- 
vested in  American  breweries. 

May  2±,  Forest  fires  are  raging  in 
JIaryland  and  in  the  Alleghanies. 

May  4.  N.  Y.  Breaker  Island  Steel 
Works  are  burned ;  loss,  $400,000 ; 
nearly  1,000  employees  are  deprived  of 
work. 

May  5.   Pa.  Coal-breakers  are  burned 

at  PMwardaville ;  loss,  $250,000 ;  about 
800  men  and  hoys  are  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment. 

May  6.  N.  Y.  Acres  of  lumber  are 
burning  at  Long  Island  City :  loss, 
$000,000. 

May  8.    N.  Y.     The     school     children 

throughout  the  State  choose  the  rose  as 
the  State  flower.  Vote,  rose,  294,816 ; 
goldenrod,  206,402. 

Phila.  The  Spring  Garden  Na- 
tional Bank  closes  its  doors  by  order  of 
the  Bank  Kxaminer  ;  the  Penn  Safe  De- 
posit and  Trust  Company  makes  an  as- 
signment. 

May  10,  X.  Mex.  Four  tramps  and 
360  cattle  are  killed  in  a  train-wreck 
on  the  Santa  Fe  Road. 

New    York.      F.    H.    Xjeggett    and 

Company's  warehouse  and  stock  are  in- 
jured by  tire  ;  loss,  $430,000. 

May  11.  N.  Y.  Brooklyn  Bridge  Trus- 
tees formally  vote  to  make  the  promen- 
ade free  after  June  1. 

Pa.    In  Pine  Grove  Township  22  oil 

and  four  gas  wells  take  fire. 

May  13.  O.  By  the  purchase  of  the 
Alexander  Plant  in  Akron,  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  gains  full  control  of 
the  oil  trade  in  the  United  States. 

May  14 ±.    Mich.    The  loss  by  forest 

fires  is  estimated  at  over  $2,000,000. 


384    1891,  May  15-Juiie  17. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  May  16.  D.  C.  Capt.  Henry  Er- 
beii  is  selected  to  command  Brooklyn 
Navy  Yard,  vice  Adm.  ttraine. 

May  17.  The  ships  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific, inchuling  the  CharlestoHy  are 
placed  under  command  of  Acting 
Rear-Adm.  M'Cann. 

May  19.  I).  (\  Isaac  D.  de  Russy  la 
commissioned  colonel  —  11th  cavalry. 
[Also  May  22.    La  Rhett  L.  Livingston 

.  —3d artillery.  Julyl.  William  M.Gra- 
ham—5th  artillery.  James  Biddle — 9th 
cavalry.] 

Com.  John  Irwin  is  promoted  rear- 
admiral.  Commander  Louis  Kempif  is 
promoted  captain.  [Also  Sept.  27.  Fran- 
cis J.  Higginson.  Oct.  2.  George  W. 
Sumner.    Nov.  6.    Benjamin  F.  Day.] 

May  24.  Sealed  orders  are  issued  to  the 
commander  of  the  Hush  relative  to  the 
fur-seal  fishery  tn  Bering  Sea. 

June  4.  The  Chilean  insurgent 
steamer  Ifata  surrenders  to  American 
naval  vessels. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  May  23.  7'enn.  The  bronze 
monument  to  the  Andrews  raiders 
of  1863  is  erected  in  the  National  Ceme- 
tery at  Chattanooga. 

June  3.  ///.  A  bronze  statue  of  Gen. 
Grant  is  unveiled  at  Galena  ;  Chauncey 
M.  Depew  delivers  the  address. 

Md.    A  monunient  is  erected  at  Old 

St.  Mary's  to  Leonard  Calvert,  the  first 
colonial  governor. 

Afiss.  The  monument  to  Confeder- 
ate soldiers  at  Jackson  is  xuiveiled. 

June  6.  Cal.  The  solar  eclipse  is  sue- 
cessfully  observed  at  Lick  University, 
Mount  Hamilton. 

JV.  Y.    A  statue  of  J.  S.  T.  Strana- 

han,  philanthropist  of  Brooklyn,  is  un- 
veiled at  Prospect  Park. 

Pa.     A    monument    to  Gen.  Har- 

tranft  is  unveiled  at  Norristown. 

June  9.  Cal.  A  valuable  collection  of 
Hussian  minerals,  containing  800  speci- 
mens (valued  at  $30,000),  ia  presented  by 
the  Czar  of  Russia  to  the  Art  Museum 
of  Leland  Stanford  University. 

Jime  10.  N.T.  A  soldiers*  monument 
is  unveiled  at  Salisbury  Mills. 

Trt.  A  Confederate  soldiers'  mon- 
ument is  unveiled  at  Fredericksburg. 

June  13.  ^V.  r.  A  Froebel  Society  is 
incorporated  in  Brooklyn  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  education  and  the  promo- 
tion of  self-culture. 

June  14±.  Pa.  The  Burlington  Air- 
ship Company,  with  a  capital  of 
$10,000,000,  is  organized  and  incorpo- 
rated at  Burlington. 

June  15.  /).  C.  The  Signal  Service 
Bureau  declares  this  to  be  the  hottest 
15th  of  June  on  record. 

June  17.  /'7a.  A  monument  to  Con- 
federate soldiers  is  unveiled  at  Pensa- 
cola ;  it  is  the  first  to  give  monumental 
honors  to  Jefferson  Davis. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891. 

May  30.  Taft,  Alphonso,  atty.-gen.,  sec.  of 
war,  nunister  to  Hussia,  to  Austria,  A81. 

May  25.  Uouk,  I^onidas  C.  M.  C.  for 
Tenn.,  A55. 

May  36.  Carter,  Samuel  P.,  rear-adui. 
U.  S.  N.,  A72. 

May  37.  Van  Dyke,  Henry  J.,  Pres.  cler- 
gyman, A69.  ^ 

May  30.  Barker,  P'ortlyce,  physician,  sci- 
entist, medical  writer,  A73. 

May  31.  Brooks,  David,  electrical  inventor, 
A71. 

June  3.     Lossing,  Benson  J.,  historian,  ATS. 

June  5.  Vibbard,  Chauncey,  railroad  mag- 
nate of  N.  Y.,  A79. 

June  8.  Kuight,  Cyrus  F.,  Prot.  Epis. 
bishop  of  Milwaukee,  A60. 

June  10.     Fisher,  ('liarles,  comedian,  ATS. 

June  15.  Emmett,  Joseph  K.,  comedian, 
A  50. 

June  17.  Ludington,  Harrison,  Gov.  of 
Wis.,  A78. 

CHURCH. 

1891  May  16.  Neip  York.  The  protest 
of  a  number  of  clergrymen  against  the 
unorthodox  teachings  of  Rev.  Dr.  New- 
ton is  sent  to  Bishop  Potter.  [May  19. 
The  Bishop  decides  to  act.] 

May  19.  Neiv  York.  The  directors  of 
Union  Theological  Seminary  receive 
a  statement  from  l>r.  Briggs,  and  pass  a 
resolution  commending  his  views. 

May  20.  N.  Y.  Judge  Hilton  gives 
S500,000  to  the  Garden  City  Cathedral 
(Protestant  Episcopal). 

May  21.  Mich.  The  103d  meeting  of  the 
General  Assembly  (Presbyterian)  is 
held  at  Detroit ;  William  Henry  Green, 
moderator. 

[May  22.  The  committee  on  the  Re- 
vision of  the  Confession  of  Faith  report ; 
the  Assembly  votes  to  send  the  report  to 
the  presbyteries  for  their  action  during 
the  ensuing  year.  May  29.  It  adopts 
the  report  of  tlie  Committee  on  Semi- 
naries. Vote,  440-00.  The  report  disap- 
proves of  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Briggs.] 

N.  Y.    Judge  Pratt  renders  a  decision 

in  Brooklyn,  that  a  religious  corpora- 
tion is  not  liable  for  the  negligence 
of  its  servants ;  he  dismisses  a  suit 
lor  personal  injuries. 

May  23.  Phila.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  24.  New  York.  Rev.  Dr.  Bridg- 
man,  who  resigned  from  the  Mailison 
Avenue  Baptist  Church,  is  confirmed 
by  Bishop  Potter  in  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  faith.  [Dec.  14.  He  is  or- 
dained a  deacon.] 

May  27.  O.  The  13th  General  Coun- 
cil (Reformed  Episcopal)  meets  at 
Cleveland. 

Pa.     The  62d  Synod  (Reformed 

Presbyterian)  convenes  at  Pittsburg. 

May  31.  Md.  The  Annual  Encamp- 
ment of  Dunkards  is  held  in  Hagerstown. 

-—  Thomas  "W.  Campbell  is  conse- 
crated (Reformed  Episcoi)al)  bishop. 

June  1.  U.  S.  The  Young  People's 
Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  re- 
ports a  membership  of  1,000,000. 

June  4,  Mich.  The  Diocese  of  Western 
Michigan  consents  to  the  consecration 
of  Dr.  Phillips  Brooks  as  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Massachusetts  ;  this  gives 
him  the  necessary  majority,  as  28 
Dioceses  have  given  consent.  [fJuly  10. 
The  House  of  Bishops  confirms  the  elec- 
tion.]   (See  Oct.  14.) 


June  8,  New  York.  The  official  transla- 
tion of  Pope  Leo's  encyclical  letter  on 
the  condition  of  labor  is  made  public. 

Jime  10.  Pa.  The  Reformed  Presby- 
terian Synod  at  Pittsburg  expels  five 
ministers  for  asserting  the  right  to  vote 
and  to  hold  office. 

June  15.  New  York.  The  13th  annual 
Convention  of  the  Jewish  Rabbis' 
Association  of  America  begins;  it 
passes  a  resolution  asking  the  President 
of  the  United  States  to  protest  against 
the  treatment  of  Jews  in  Russia. 

June  16.  New  York.  The  Hebrew  clergy 
take  action  relative  to  their  people 
properly  observing  the  Jewish  Sabbath  ; 
they  resolve  to  form  a  Sabbath  Xieague 
in  every  synagogue  and  temple  rep- 
resented in  the  conference. 

LETTERS. 

1891  May  18.  N.  Y.  Congressman 
Belden  offers  to  build  and  give  to  Syra^ 
cuse,  a  fireproof  library  and  art  build- 
ing, to  cost  not  less  than  $150,000. 

May  19.  Tex.  W.  M.  Rice,  formerly  of 
Texas,  now  of  New  York,  gives  Houston 
$200,000  to  establish  an  institute  for 
the  advancement  of  Literature,  Science, 
and  Art,  similar  to  Cooper  Institute  of 
New  York.    (See  July  21,  1892.) 

May  24.  Pa.  Dr.  W.  Pepper  offers  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  850,000 
toward  an  endowment  fund  of  S250.000, 
and  $1,000  annually  for  five  years  toward 
a  guaranty  fund  of  $20,000  annually  for 
five  years. 

May  25.  Conn.  The  Yale  graduating 
class  of  *91  decides,  by  a  vote  of  64  to  42, 
to  wear  the  cap  and  gown  on  Com- 
mencement Day. 

May  28.  />.  (\  The  American  Uni- 
versity of  'Washington  (Meth.  Epis.) 
is  chartered. 

May  29.  N.Y.  The  will  of  Charles  Pratt 
is  tiled  for  probate ;  his  gifta  to  Pratt 
Institute  amount  to  $2,500,000. 

June  1.  Ne7c  York.  Rev.  John  Hall  re- 
signs the  chancellorship  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  City  of  New  York.  [June 
11.  Rev.  H.  M.  MacCracken  is  elected 
his  successor.] 

June  15.  The  "Western  Reserve  His- 
torical Society  becomes  the  ovrner  of 
the  famous  glacial-grooved  limestone 
ledge  on  Keeley's  Island,  Lake  Erie. 

June  16.  N.  Y.  James  B.  Colgate,  of 
New  York  City,  formally  presents 
$1,000,000  to  Colgate  University, 
at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  to  endow  the  Dodge 
Memorial  Fund. 

D.  c.    The  National  Chautauqua 

at  Glen  Echo,  near  Washington,  opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  May  18.  New  York.  The  trustees 
of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art, 
by  a  vote  of  12  to  4,  decide  to  open  its 
doors  on  Simdays  from  1  p.m.  to  within 
half  an  hour  of  sunset.  [Several  thou- 
sand petitioners  urge  Sunday  opening. 
May  31.    About  10,000  visitors  appear  on 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  May  15 -June  17.    385 


tlie  first  Sunday  ;  the  number  soon  de- 
clines to  a  few  hundred.] 
May  19.    Colo.    The  Trans- Mississippi 
Congress  begins  at  Denver. 

Ind.    A  villainous  attempt  is  made 

to  %vreck  an  express-train  near  Wabash 
on  a  40-foot  embankment ;  wreckers  un- 
known. 

May  20.  O.  The  Wational  Brewers* 
Association  is  in  session  at  Cleveland, 
with  200  delegates  present. 

The  trustees  report  that  they  rejoice 
at  the  defeat  of  the  bill  to  create  a  Gov- 
ernment commission  of  inquiry  on  the 
alcoholic  liquor-traffic. 

May  21.  R.  I.  A  State  Soldiers'  Home 
at  Bristol  is  opened. 

Another  Irish -American  Society 

is  formed  to  collect  funds  for  Home 
Rule  in  Ireland  ;  it  is  called  "  The  ]Na- 
tioual  Federation  of  America." 

May  22.  New  York.  Eugene  Kelley, 
treasurer  of  the  Irish  Home  Rule 
Fund,  cables  $15,000  to  Archbishop 
Croke  in  Ireland. 

May  23.  New  York.  A.  Elbogen,  theat- 
rical agent,  is  sentenced  to  five  years 
and  11  months  imprisonment  for  kidnap- 
ping a  girl  for  immoral  purposes. 

May  25.  Phila.  Ex-City  Treasurer  John 
IJardsley  is  charged  with  an  additional 
embezzlement  of  over  $360,000  of  State 
funds.  [May  29.  He  is  sent  to  prison  in 
default  of  bail.  June  9.  He  pleads  guilty 
to  17  of  the  indictments  found  by  the 
grand  jury.  June  12.  Another  deficit  is 
discovered  of  $400,000 :  total  amount 
about  $1,000,000.  June  27.  Another  dis- 
crepancy is  discovered  —  a  due-bill  for 
$30,000.]    (See  July  2-13.) 

D.  C.    The  Federal    Supreme  Court 

upholds  the  constitutionality  of  the 
Original  Package  Ijaw ;  it  does  not 
annul  State  prohibitory  laws. 

May  26.  Nexo  York.  The  will  of  John 
T.  Parish  provides  for  the  distribution 
of  $280,000  to  hospitals  and  other 
public  charities. 

May  28,  New  York.  An  aged  couple  are 
driven  by  poverty  to  commit  suicide. 

Phila.    F.  W.  Kennedy,  president  of 

Spring  Garden  Bank,  is  charged  with 
embezzling  $100,000.     (See  May  8,  Misc.) 

May  31.  La.  A  negro  is  burned  to 
death  by  lynchers  because  he  kills  one 
of  a  mob  attempting  a  raid  on  his  home. 

May  *  Fla.  The  South  Florida  Presby- 
tery condemns  the  efforts  of  the  govern- 
ment to  extend  the  trade  in  alcoholic 
beverages  among  serai-civilized  people 
of  the  Central  American  States. 

June  1.  Boston.  The  253d  anniversary 
of  the  orgajiization  of  the  Ancient  and 
Honorable  Artillery  is  celebrated ; 
Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Talmage  preaches  the 
sermon  in  the  Old  South  Church. 

U.  S.     The  reported  membership  of 

the  Royal  Arcanum  is  118,454. 

June  3.  ^V.  Y.  The  2d  annual  session 
of  the  Lake  Mohonk  Negro  Confer- 
ence is  formally  opened  ;  ex-President 
R.  B.  Hayes  is  elected  chairman. 

Jime  8.  Afass.  Lizzie  "Witherell,  20 
years  of  age,  is  sentenced  to  10  years' 
hard  labor  in  the  House  of  Correction 
at  East  Cambridge  for  burglary. 

Jime  9.  N.  Y.  The  Excise  Reform 
Association  is  incorporated  for  the 
purpose   of  promoting  the   passage   of 


more  stringent  excise  laws,  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  excise  system  that 
shall  impose  adequate  regulations  upon 
the  sale  of  liquor  in  this  State. 

June  10.  Mich.  Riotous  strikers  at 
Granil  Rapids  attack  tlie  police  and  are 
tired  upon  ;  13  arrests  are  made. 

Mont.     W.  J.  Penrose,  editor  of  The 

.\hning  Journal,  and  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  is  shot  dead  near  his  home 
in  Butte. 

New  York.     A    $25,000    house    is 

transferred  to  Mrs.  M.  E.  Williams,  a 
Spiritualist  medium,  by  the  widow  of 
the  late  John  Anderson,  tobacconist, 
for  a  one  dollar  consideration. 

June  11.  New  Ym-k.  John  H.  Starin 
gives  his  annual  excursion  to  Cnion 
veteran  soldiers  and  sailors,  about 
G,000  in  number,  with  their  families. 

Pa.     The    American    Protestant 

Association,  having  a  membership  of 
100,000,  holds  its  annual  convention  at 
Pittsburg. 

June  12.  Kail.  In  the  District  Court, 
Topeka,  an  original  package  agent, 
representing  a  Kansas  City  litjuor-house, 
is  fined  $1,5(X>,  and  sentenced  to  90  days 
in  the  coiuity  jail. 

New    York.      .Julio     Mergbacher,    a 

trusted  ofiicer  of  the  New  York  Life  In- 
surance Company,  Spanish-American 
I>epartment,  has  fled  the  country,  leav- 
ing a  deficit  in  his  accounts  of  $325,000. 

Rutgers  Female  College  brings  suit 
against  Jacob  B.  Tallman,  former  pres- 
ident and  treasurer,  to  recover  $180,000 
which,  it  is  alleged,  he  obtained  by 
fraud. 

June  14.  Ariz.  The  notorious  Mexican 
stage-robber  Geromino  is  killed,  and 
his  accomplice  Leon  is  under  arrest  at 
Tucson. 

Cal.    A  Chinaman  acquitted  of  the 

charge  of  murdering  an  Indian  is 
dragged  from  the  court-room  at  Bridge- 
port, and  cut  into  pieces  by  Indians. 

Jtme  16.  New  York.  The  Court  of  Ap- 
peals decides  against  John  Most,  the 
anarchist.  The  question  involved  was, 
**J)<i08  the  constitutional  right  of  peace- 
ful assembly  and  freedom  of  speech  in- 
clude the  inciting  to  riot  and  mibridled 
license  of  the  tongue  of  malicious  per- 
sons?" [June  19.  Ho  is  sent  to  the 
penitentiary  on  Blackwell's  Island.] 

A*.  /,  The  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers  opens  its  four- 
days'  session  at  Providence. 


STATE. 

1891  May  15.  ///.  The  lower  House  of 
the  Legislature  strikes  from  the  Com- 
pulsory Education  Bill  the  provision 
requiring  the  use  of  the  English  lan- 
guage in  private  and  parochial  schools. 

May  17.  La.  Mayor  Shakespeare  of  New 
Orleans  requests  the  U.  S.  Government 
to  recall  the  exequatur  of  Corte, 
Italian  consul  of  that  city,  because 
of  his  assuinpti<ms. 

May  19.  O.  The  National  Union  Con- 
ference opens  in  Cincinnati  ;  commit- 
tees are  appointed  ;  (May  20)  it  adopts 
a  platform,  a  name, —  The  People's 
Party  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica,—appoints  a  national  committee, 
and  adjourns. 


May  21.  Oolo.  The  silver  men  are  prac- 
tically defeated  in  the  Trans-Mississippi 
Congress  at  Denver. 

- —  JJ.  C.  The  President  hy  proclamation 
announces  that  1,G00,000  acres  of  the 
Indian  reservation  at  Fort  Berthold, 
N.  Dak.,  are  open  for  settlement  under 
the  Homestead  Law. 

May  26.  7^  /.  The  Legislature  in  grand 
committee  declares  the  Republican 
candidates  for  State  offices  elected. 

June  2.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  issues  a  circular  giving 
notice  that  the  outstanding  4i  per  cent 
bonds,  principal  and  interest,  will  be 
redeemed  on  Sept.  2,  1891. 

Jime  3.  La.  A.  J.  "Westf  all  (People's 
Party)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Mich.  The  House  passes  the  Con- 
gressional   Reapportionment    Bill. 

[.June  19.     It  pjisses  the  Senate.] 

Mass.    The  House  passes  the  bill  for 

reapportioning  the  State  into  Congres- 
sional districts. 

June  6.  Del.  At  Wilmington  the  Repub-' 
li(rans  for  the  first  time  in  20  years  elect 
the  entire  city  ticket. 

June  12.  Conn.  Gov. Bulkeley refuses 
to  resigrn  his  office  to  the  contestant. 

June  15.  D.  C.  President  Harrison 
issues  a  proclamation  declaring  a 
close  sealing  season  in  Bering  Sea, 
in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the 
modus  Vivendi  between  tlie  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  ;  the  full  text  of  the 
diplomatic  correspondence  on  the  sub- 
ject is  published. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  May  17.  Mich.  Twenty-two 
blocks  are  burned  in  Muskegon,  includ- 
ing the  court-house,  which  cost  $100,000. 

May  19.  Colo.  The  Trans-Missis- 
sippi Commercial  Congress  meets  at 
Denver  ;  1,200  delegates  are  present. 

N.  Y.    Near  Tarrytown  13  men  are 

killed,  15  wounded,  and  a  portion  of 
the  New  York  Central  Road  track  is 
wrecked,  by  a  dynamite  explosion  on  a 
running  car. 

May  23.  Ala.  By  a  mine  explosion 
at  the  Pratt  mines,  near  Birmingham, 
11  men  are  killed. 

June  10.  Md.  The  Concordia  Opera 
House,  Baltimore,  is  burned ;  loss, 
$280,000. 

June  11.  Minn.  The  whaleback 
steamer  Charles  W.  Wetmorc,  laden 
with  grain,  starts  from  Duluth  for  Liv- 
erpool. 

June  13.  N.  Y.  The  Long  Island  Bicy- 
cle Railroad  Company  is  incorporated  to 
operate  a  single  track  on  Long  Island 
for  twenty  miles  from  Rocky  Point 
Landing,  Suffolk  County,  to  a  point  on 
the  Great  South  Beach. 

June  15.  Cal.  San  Francisco  receives 
the  first  shipment  of  block  tin  from  the 
Temescal  mines. 

June  16.  N.  J.  A  fire  at  Seabrlght, 
caused  byadrmiken  stableman,  destroys 
$350,000  worth  of  property,  and  renders 
KK)  families  homeless. 

O.  The  American  Cereal  Com- 
pany, incorporated  at  Columbus,  with  a 
capital  of  $3,400,000,  organizes  at  Akron. 


386      1891,  June  17- July  15. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  July  2.  AHz.  The  hostile  In- 
dians are  overawed  by  the  troops. 

July  14.  Cal.  The  arms  and  ammuni- 
tion on  board  the  Itata  at  San  Diego  are 
formally  libeled  by  U.  S.  Marshal  Gard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  June  19.  N.  Y.  A  plague  of 
caterpillars  infests  the  town  of  IJurke, 
Franklin  County  ;  they  are  devouring 
herbage  in  a  track  nearly  a  mile  in 
width, 

June  24.  A'.  }'.  The  statues  of  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  in  front  of  the  Brook- 
lyn City  Hall,  and  of  Archbishop 
Hughes  at  St.  .John's  College,  Fordham, 
are  unveiled  with  impressive  ceremonies. 

Jixne  27.  N.  Y.  The  corner-stone  for 
the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors*  monument 
is  laid  at  Yonkers. 

June  29.  Cal.  An  inland  lake  sud- 
denly and  mysteriously  appears  in  the 
lowest  part  of  the  Colorado  desert. 

[July  2.  The  water  continues  to  rise, 
duly  8.  A  stream  is  discovered  which 
flows  from  the  Colorado  River  into  the 
Salton  l>ake  about  eight  miles  from  El 
Kio.] 

JtJy  4.  X.  Y.  A  Soldiers*  and  Sailors* 
monument  is  unveiled  at  Owego. 

Kew  York:  A  bronze  statue  of  Sam- 
uel S.  Cox  is  unveiled  ;  it  is  a  testimo- 
nial to  Mr.  Cox  by  the  letter-carriers  of 
the  United  States,  and  cost  ®10,000. 

July  5.  Conn.  The  monument  to  Adju- 
tant Oampbell  of  the  British  army,  who 
fell  in  an  attack  on  New  Haven,  July  5, 
1775,  is  unveiled  ;  it  is  erected  as  a  token 
of  gratitude  for  his  merciful  conduct. 

July  8.  TFash.  Gophers  and  squirrels 
are  destroying  the  wheat-crop. 

July  11.  Ore.  A  rival  of  the  Mam- 
moth Cave  in  Kentucky  is  discovered. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891. 
June  21.     McDonald,  Joseph    E.,    senator 

for  Ind.,  A72. 
July  4.    Hamlin,  Hannibal,  senator  for 

Me,,  Vice-Presi(leiit  with  Lincoln,  A82. 
July  12.     Burgess,  Edward,  yacht-builder, 

A43. 
Harrison,  Thomas,  Confed.  gen.,  A78. 


CHURCH. 

1891  June  17.  Phila.  Rev.  Isaac 
Nicholson  is  elected  Protestant  Epis- 
copal bishop  of  Wisconsin. 

June  18.  New  York.  The  Industrial 
Christian  Alliance  is  incorporated.  Its 
object  is  to  help  men  and  women,  who 
have  become  degraded  through  misfor- 
tune or  vice,  in  such  a  way  that  their 
self-respect  will  be  reawakened. 

June  24.  La.  Davis  Sessums  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  Louisiana. 

June  29.  Afass.  The  Northfield  Con- 
ference, under  the  direction  of  D.  L. 
Moody,  is  opened  for  the  summer.  [A  ug. 
6.  He  raises  $3,600  in  ten  minutes  for 
the  education  of  Indian  youth.] 

July  1.  Iff  a.  The  Rev.  Ethelburt 
Talbot,  missionary  bishop  of  Western 
Idaho,  is  elected  bishop  of  Georgia. 


July  6.  Md.  The  Central  Conference 
of  American  Rabbis  opens  its  session 
at  ISaltimore,  Dr.  Isaac  M.  Wise  of  Cin- 
cinnati presiding. 

July  7.  Wis.  Father  Durin  of  De  Pere 
organizes  **  The  Deliverance  So- 
ciety," which  proposes  to  deliver  souls 
from  purgatory. 

July  9.  Minn.  The  tenth  annual  Inter- 
national Convention  of  the  Young  Peo- 
ple's Society  of  Christian  Endeavor 
is  opened  in  Minneapolis  ;  14,000  del- 
egates are  present.  [July  10.  Centen- 
nial Day  is  oT^erved.] 

July  11.  Neio  York.  A  large  party  of 
iMethodists  starts  on  the  Etruria  as  pil- 
grims to  Bpworth,  England,  the  early 
home  of  John  Wesley,  and  the  birthplace 
of  Methodism. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Jime  19.  Pa,  Gov.  Pattison  ve- 
toes the  Compulsory  Education  Bill. 

June  24.  Mass.  Merrill  E.  Gates  is  in- 
augurated president  of  Amherst  College. 

June  27.  HI.  The  first  number  of  The 
National  Picket,  the  ofBcial  organ  of  the 
Woman's  Relief  Corps  of  the  United 
States,  is  issued  at  Monticello. 

June  29.  Boston.  Col.  W.  W.  Clapp  re- 
tires from  the  management  of  the  Boston 
Journal. 

July  1.  D.  C.  president  Harrison  pro- 
claims the  benefits  of  the  United  States 
copyright  extended  to  citizens  of  for- 
eign countries,  they  having  complied 
with  the  conditions  imposed. 

July  2.  N.  Y.  The  first  summer  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Association  to  pro- 
mote the  Teaching  of  Speech  to  the 
Deaf  is  held  at  Lake  George. 

July  3.  O.  The  Cincinnati  German 
Teachers'  Association  decides  in  favor 
of  printing  German  literature  in  Roman 
text,  and  to  use  English  script  in  all 
German  writing. 

July  5.  N.  J.  The  Seaside  Assembly 
opens  as  a  school  of  philosophy  at  Avon- 
hy-the-Sea. 

July  7.  N.  J.  The  23d  annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Philological  Associ- 
ation meets  in  University  Hall,  Prince- 
ton. 

July  8.  N.  Y.  The  University  con- 
vocation is  opened  in  Albany;  George 
William  Curtis  presides. 

Conn.    Miss  Irene  W.  Coit  of  Norwich 

is  notified  that  she  will  be  admitted  to 
Yale ;  this  is  the  first  time  that  the  Uni- 
versity has  granted  a  certificate  of  ad- 
mission to  a  woman. 

July  10.  Cliicafjo.  The  trustees  of  the 
new  Chicago  University  decide  to  erect 
buildings  to  cost  $350,000. 

July  11.  New  York.  A  charter  of  incor- 
poration is  secured  for  the  New  York 
Law  School. 

July  14.  Minn.  The  National  Edito- 
rial Association  is  in  session  at  St.  Paul. 

Utah.  The  Liberals  defeat  the  Mor- 
mons in  a  school  election  in  Salt  Lake 
City. 


SOCIETY. 

1891  Jime  17.  Wis,  A  tie  placed  on 
the  track  at  Coon  River  Crossing  causes 
a  wreck  on  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
St.  Paul  Railroad  ;  three  persons  are 
killed  and  many  injured. 

N.  J.    The   Master  Mechanics  of 

the  United  States  railroads  are  in  ses- 
sion at  Cape  May. 

The  International  Congress  of 
Homeopathists  opens  at  Atlantic  City. 

June  19.  Boston.  A  convention  of  ac- 
tive and  retired  naval  officers  meets  in 
Faneuil  Hall. 

June  20.  Chicago.  The  Molders' Union 
decides  that  its  members  shall  not  work 
on  any  architectural  work  during  the 
strike  of  the  architectural  iron-worKei*s ; 
2,000  molders  are  influenced  by  this  ac- 
tion ;  the  strike  is  spreading  to  other 
trades. 

Ga.    The  mayor  of  Atlanta  vetoes 

all  beer  licenses. 

Pa.     The    fishing-club    whose    dam 

caused  the  Johnstown  disaster  has 
been  [unsuccessfully]  sued  for  several 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 

June  22,  Ga.  Seven  guanis  and  con- 
victs are  killed  in  an  attempted  jail  de- 
livery at  Cole  City. 

Mo.  The  new  Missouri  law  prohib- 
iting pool-selling  on  races  outside  the 
State  goes  into  effect ;  every  pool-room 
in  St.  Louis  but  one  is  closed. 

N.  Y.  The  Italians  in  Brooklyn  pa- 
rade in  honor  of  Mazzini's  birthday; 
the  Italian  flag  floats  over  the  City  Hall, 
and  Mayor  Chapin  and  other  officials  re- 
view the  procession. 

June  23.  Cal.  A  trust-deed  for  9100,000 
is  executed  by  Mrs.  Leland  Stanford  in 
favor  of  five  free  kindergartens  in 
San  Francisco  which  she  has  founded. 

June  25.  The  presiding  elders  of  the 
negro  Methodist  Church  of  the  South 
adopt  a  resolution  that  the  colored 
I)eople  of  the  South,  as  a  race,  boycott 
all  railroads  not  providing  first-class 
accommodations  for  colored  people. 

La.      The    anti-lottery   campaign 

opens  in  New  Orleans  with  a  large  and 
enthusiastic  meeting  in  the  Grand  Opera 
House. 

June  26.  Ark,  Ex-state  treasurer  Wood- 
rutf  is  indicted  for  embezzlement  of 
State  funds.  [Oct.  *  First  trial  jury  ; 
disagree.  Apr.  2,  1892.  Second  trial, 
verdict^  not  guilty  ;  released.] 

Wash.    A  band  of  100  Italians  make 

an  attack  on  labor  camps. 

June  27.  Mich.  Twenty-eight  stri- 
kers are  arraigned  at  Gran<l  Rapids, 
charged  with  conspiring  to  destroy  the 
wheel-pit  of  the  cable  street-railroad 
with  dynamite. 

Wis.  An  Anti-Prohibition  Con- 
vention is  held  at  Janesville. 

Jime  29.  Chicago.  Prince  George  of 
Greece  arrives  at  Chicago  on  his  way 
to  New  York. 

The  TypothetsB  rejects  the  request 
of  Typographical  Union  No.  6  for  a 
work-day  of  nine  hours. 

Labor  Unionists  insist  on  the  employ- 
ment of  union  men,  and  declare  a  boy- 
cott on  two  car-lines  and  a  theater. 

June  30.  Wash.  Two  persons  are  killed 
and  seven  injured  in  a  fight  bet^veen 
w^hite  strikers  and  negro  laborers. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1891,  June  17-July  15.     387 


Iwi.     In    Crawfoni    County    "White 

Caps  whip  a  man  and  his  step-daughter 

on  an  unproved  charge  until  they  faint 
from  exhaustion. 

U.  S.      Pensioners    in   1891,  156,486; 

pensions,  $118,548,959.  Total  amount  of 
pensions  since  1862,  $1,277,261,263. 

July  1.  Wash,  Armed  men  are  guard- 
ing the  striking  miners  at  New  Castle. 

July  2.  Phila.  John  Bardsley,  ex-city 
treasurer,  is  sentenced  to  15  years'  im- 
priscmment  and  a  fine  equal  in  amount 
to  his  embezzlement.     (See  May  25.) 

I'a.    The  Pittsburg  carpenters' 

strike,  by  driving  the  smaller  contrac- 
tors to  tne  wall,  has  strengthened  the 
lUiilders'  Association,  making  it  more  of 
a  monopoly  than  before. 

July  3.  N.  J.  The  President  arrives 
at  Cape  May,  where  he  is  to  spend  the 
summer. 

.V,  Y.    The  reunion  of  the  Army 

of  the  Potomac  begins  at  Buffalo  ;  the 
various  corps  elect  officers,  and  Gen. 
Slooum  delivers  an  address. 

July  4.  Boston.  The  Naval  Order  of 
the  United  States  is  established. 

La.     New  Orleans   celebrates   the 

Fourth  of  July  for  the  first  time  since 
1860. 

A'.  Y.    The  National  Prohibition 

Park,  on  Staten  Island,  near  Port  Kicli- 
mond,  is  formally  dedicated. 

Xeic   York.    The  letter-carriers  of 

the  United  States  hold  a  reunion,  and 
participate  in  the  ceremonies  of  unveil- 
ing the  statue  of  Hon.  Samuel  S.  Cox. 

S.  C.    J.  D.  Shaw,  editor  of  the  Bish- 

opville  Eagle,  is  shot  dead  at  a  picnic, 
by  two  drunken  men  that  he  and  others 
were  trying  to  keep  in  order. 

July  5.    Cal.    A  Chinese-Indian  feud 

is  progressing  at  Bridgeport. 
Xetv    York.      Sir    George    Caden- 

Powell,   British  commissioner   on  the 

Bering  Sea  question,  arrives. 
Tenn.    A  negro  is  shot  by  a  white 

mob  at  Trenton. 

July  6.  Neiv  York.  A  notorious  diamond- 
thief  is  arrested  at  the  Astor  House 
after  stealing  diamonds  worth  $30,000. 

O.  A  big  tri-State  labor  demon- 
stration is  held  at  .Stubenville. 

July  9,  Ga.  Fifty  armed  men  break 
into  the  jail  at  Blackshear,  take  there- 
from a  negro  prisoner,  tie  him  to  a 
sapling,  and  riddle  him  with  bullets. 

-V.  J.  Several  Jersey  City  ballot- 
box  stuffers  are  sentenced  each  to  18 
months  in  State  prison.  [J^'y  -4.  Three 
more  are  sentenced  to  like  penalty. 
Nov.  14.  Two  more  are  sentenced  to 
nine  months  in  the  penitentiary.  July 
9,  1892.     Four  more  are  convicted.] 

JV.   Y.        Dr.  Griffin,  Superintendent 

of  the  Brooklyn  Health  Department,  ap- 
points a  corps  of  20  physicians  to  visit 
the  sick  free  of  charge  in  the  summer. 

Two  handsomely  furnished  robber- 
caves  containing  stolen  articles  are  dis- 
covered near  Islip,  Long  Ishmd. 

July  12.  D.  C.  Italo- Americans  at 
"Washington  hold  a  meeting  for  pro- 
moting the  "World's  Fair  and  honoring 
Columbus. 

»ris.    The  Northwestern  Saenger- 

fest  at  Milwaukee  closes  with  a  deficit 
of  from  $2,000  to  $3,000. 


July  13.  Phila.  Tlie  treasurers  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  secure  upwards  of 
$1,000,000,  which  was  deposited  in 
bank  in  John  Bardsley's  absence  by  his 
chief  clerk. 

July  14.  Minn.  The  National  Edito- 
rial Association  opens  its  7th  aunual 
convention  at  St.  Paul. 

Tenn.  The  Afro- American  League 

of  the  United  States  meets  in  annual 
session  in  Knoxville  ;  the  separation  of 
races  on  railway  trains  is  denounced. 

STATE. 

1891  June  17.  O.  William  McKinley, 
Jr.  (Rep.),  is  nominated  for  governor. 

June  18.  Pa.  Gov.  Pattison  vetoes  the 
Compulsory  Education  BxU. 

Jioie  20.  Russia  unites  with  America 
and  England  for  a  close  sealing  season 
in  Bering  Sea. 

June  24.  D.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment issues  a  statement  showing  a  net 
surplus  of  $1,566,571. 

Conn.     Morgan  G.   Bulkeley's  claim 

that  he  is  dejure  governor  of  the  State 
is  upheld  by  a  decision  of  the  Superior 
Court  at  Hartford. 

la.  Horace  Boies  (Dem._)  is  renomi- 
nated for  governor. 

June  26.  Sp.  The  new  Spanish  Com- 
mercial Treaty  with  the  United  States 
is  signed  at  INIadrid  (operative  on  Sept.  1). 

June  30.  1).  C.  The  "Weather  Btireau 
is  transferred  from  the  "War  to  the 
Agricultural  Department,  and  Mark 
W.  Harrington  appointed  its  chief. 

Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year.  Rev- 
enue :  Custpms,  $219,522,205 ;  internal 
revenue,  .^145,686,249;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $4,029,535;  miscellaneous  items, 
§23,374,457.  Total  revenue,  $392,612,446. 
Expenditures:  Premiums  on  loans,  pur- 
chase of  bonds,  etc.,  $10,401,221 ;  miscel- 
laneous items,  $110,048,167 ;  War  Depart- 
ment, $48,720,005 ;  Navy  Department, 
$26,113,896;  Indians,  $8,527,409 ;  pen- 
sions, $124,415,951 ;  interest  on  the  public 
debt,  $37,547,135.  Total  ordinary  expen- 
ditures, $365,773,904:  excess  of  revenue 
over  ordinary  expenditures,  $26,838,542. 
Exports,  $884,480,810  ;  imports,  $844,916,- 
196.     Public  debt  (Dec.  1),  $1,546,961,695. 

July  1.  Cal.  The  Australian  Ballot 
Law  becomes  operative. 

D.  C.    President  Harrison   issues 

a  proclamation  that  Belgium,  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  Switzerland  have 
complied  with  the  first  conditions  of 
the  International  Copyright  Act ;  the 
act  goes  into  effect. 

The  Treasury  Department  reports  a 
reduction  of  $20,000,000  of  debt, 
and  $53,853,808  surplus  for  the  fiscal 
year. 

la.  Hiram  C.  Wheeler  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

July  2.  D.  C.  At  a  special  meeting  of 
the  Cabinet  it  is  decided  to  extend  the 
4i  per  cent  bonds  at  2  per  cent  after 
Sept.  2 ;  a  circular  is  issued  to  this  effect. 

July  7.  Cal.  The  Attorney-General  or- 
ders that  the  Itata,  now  at  San  Diego, 
be  libeled  for  attempting  to  carry  mu- 
nitions of  war  to  the  Chilean  insurgents. 


[July  9.  Another  libel  is  filed  for  violat- 
ing the  Neutrality  Law.] 

July  9.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  ap- 
points T.  C.  Mendenhall,  of  the  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  C.  H.  Merriam, 
of  the  Agricultural  Department,  Com- 
missioners to  visit  Alaska  and  gather 
information  on  the  Bering  Sea  question. 

July  15.  D.  C.  The  Postmaster-General 
issues  a  notice  to  bidders  to  carry  the 
U.  S.  mail  to  foreign  countries  in  vessels 
of  American  build. 

O.  James  K.  Campbell  (Dem.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891    June  21.    O.   On  the  Nickel  Plate 

Road  near  Dover  15  cars  are  wrecked ; 

one  man  is  killed  and  more  than  30  are 

injured. 
June  23.    .AT.  Y.    Nearly  20  people   are 

injured  by  a  collision  of  two  trains  at 

White  Plains. 
June  24.    Co7in.    Columbia  freshmen 

defeat  Harvard  and  Yale  in  a  boat-race  ; 

time,  9.41. 

June  25.  Conn.  In  the  Oth  intercol- 
legiate boat-race,  three  miles  straight, 
the  Cornell  crew  breaks  the  record,  and 
defeats  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
by  six  lengths,  and  Columbia  by  13 
lengths ;  time,  14  minutes,  27^  seconds. 

June  27.  X.  Y.  Commissioners  con- 
demn 50  acres  on  Plum  Island  for 
Government  purposes,  fixing  the  price 
at  $90,000. 

June  30.  Colo.  The  first  passenger-train 
ascends  the  inclined  railway  on  Pike's 
Peak. 

Ifew  York.    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

decide  against  the  Slevated  Railroad's 
occupancy  of  part  of  the  Battery  Park. 
Vote,  10-8. 

July  1.  Mass.  Ilolden  celebrates  the 
150th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

July  3.  O.  A  freig:ht- train  crashes 
into  an  express-train  at  Ravenna ;  the 
wreck  takes  tire  from  the  lamps,  and  19 
of  the  passengers  are  burned  to  death. 

U.   S.      It   is   reported    that    during 

the  first  six  months  of  the  current 
year  16  complete  railroads  — mileage, 
2,590,  bonded  debt  and  capital  stock, 
$100,531,000  — have  been  sold  to  satisfy 
creditors'  claims. 

July  4.  iV.  Va.  In  an  accident  on  the 
Kanawha  and  Michigan  Railroad  14 
persons  are  kiUed  and  many  injured. 

July  6.  N.  Y.  The  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn Bridge  trustees  turn  over  the 
bridge  funds  to  the  two  cities  —  $100,000 
to  Brooklyn  and  $50,000  to  New  York. 

July?.  AVw  Y(yrk.  The  Empire  Print- 
ing Works  are  burned  ;  loss,  $175,000. 

July  8.  0.  A  large  building  and  a  valu- 
able stock  of  furs  are  destroyed  by  fire 
in  Cincinnati ;  loss,  nearly  $900,000. 

July  9±.    Cal.     Bush  fires  burn  over 

10,000  acres  of  grain,  feed,  and  timber 

lands. 
July  11.    Pa.    A  syndicate  purchases  for 

$1,000,000  the  stores  of  the   Cambria 

Iron  Company  at  Pittsburg. 


388    1891,  July  15-Aug.  15. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1891  July  20.  Temi.  A  body  of  1,000 
miners  at  Briceville  compel  the  militia 
to  withdraw  with  the  convicts  sent  to 
work  in  the  mines  ;  the  governor  orders 
10  companies  of  militia  to  the  place. 

July  21.  iV.  }'.  The  Waval  Reserve 
and  the  Squadron  of  Svolution  unite 
in  a  drill  in  the  North  River. 

Aug.  1.  />.  C.  John  S.  Poland  is  com- 
missioned colonel —  17th  infantry. 

Aug.  11.  N.  y.  A  satisfactory  test  is 
made  of  the  Sims-Edison  torpedo- 
boat  at  Willet'3  Point ;  its  speed  is  20 
miles  an  hour  under  perfect  control. 

JV.  J.    A  charge  of  440  pounds  of 

jKJwder  is  used  in  the  13-inch  gun  at  the 
Government  proving-grounds,  Sandy 
Hook  ;  the  French  smokeless  powder  is 
also  satisfactorily  tested. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  July  21.  Va.  A  monument  to 
"Stonewall"  Jackson  is  unveiled  at 
Lexington.  Gen.  Juhal  A.  Early  is  the 
orator. 

July  23.  Prof.  Herbert  B.  Adams  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University  is  appointed 
chief  of  the  World's  Fair  Department 
of  liiberal  Arts. 

July  28.  Commander  Perry  of  the  North 
Greenland  exploring  party  reports 
his  vessel,  the  steamer  Kite,  ice-bound 
in  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle. 

Aug.  5.  Pa.  A  cloudburst  floods  the 
country  near  Harrisburg.  [Aug.  23.  An- 
other at  Pottsville.] 

Aug.  9.  Cat.  A  great  earthquake  and 
tidal  wave  occur  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Colorado  River,  accompanied  by  wonder- 
ful phenomena ;  the  whole  region  is 
stirred  by  hundreds  of  mud  volcanoes 
and  sulphur  eruptions. 

Aug.  12.  D,  a  The  14th  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Society  of 
Microscopists  meets  at  Washington. 

Aug.  13.  Mass.  The  Soldiers*  Memo- 
rial Monument  at  Cottage  City  Is  dedi- 
cated. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 

July  17.    Browne,  Thomas  M.,  statesman, 
A62. 

July  30.    Davenport,  Fanny  K.  V.,  actor, 
A62. 

July  35.  Newcomb,  Richard  S.,  lawyer,  A47. 

-July  36.    IJillingliam,  Paul,  (Jov.  of  Vt.,  A92. 

July  38.     Havemeyer,  Frederick  C,  sugar 
refiner,  A84. 

Aug-.  6.    Axtell,  Samuel  B.,  Gov.  of  New 
Mexico,  A72. 

Aug*.  7.    Bocock,  Thomas  S.,  speaker  Con- 
federate Congress,  A66. 

Augr.  8.     Blgelow,    Allen    Gilman,  author, 
poet,  musician,  A37. 

Aug.  9.    Campbell,  Jabez  Pitt,  bishop  Afri- 
can Meth.  Kpis.  Church,  A76. 

Aug.  13.    .Jones,   George,    proprietor    New 
York  Times,  A 80. 

Lowell,  James  Kussell,  poet,  professor 

at  Harvard,  minister  to  England,  A72. 

CHURCH. 
1891  Aug.  2.  X.  J.  The  relics  of  St. 
Quietus  the  Martyr  (discovered  in 
1849,  and  given  to  the  Rev.  A.  Curren  by 
Pope  Pius  IX.,  with  authority  to  expose 
them  for  public  veneration)  are  trans- 


ferred with  great  ceremonial  from  old 
St.  Mary's  Church  to  a  new  resting-place 
in  Hoboken. 
Aug.  13.  The  Pan-Republic  Congress 
Executive  Committee  calls  upon  min- 
isters and  others  to  use  for  their  text  on 
Discovery  Day,  Oct.  16,  the  words  cast 
on  the  Independence  Bell  of  Philadel- 
phia—a  bell  rung  on  July  4,  1776,  (See 
Lev,  XXV.  10,) 

LETTERS. 

1891  July  17.  I.T,  The  Indian  Bureau 
makes  contracts  this  year  with  Cath- 
olic Indian  Schools  directly,  instead 
of  through  the  Bureau  of  Catholic  In- 
dian Missions  as  before  ;  amount  given, 
$400,000,  as  against  $3ti0,000  last  year. 

July  26,  Chicago.  Orrington  Lunt  has 
presented  $50,000  to  found  anew^  library 
building  for  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity. 

July  27 1.  Pa.  The  University  of 
Pennsylva^a  receives  several  large 
bequests  for  the  "  School  of  American 
History  and  Institutions." 

Aug.  15.  Tex.  The  attorney-general  de- 
cides that  nuns  are  eligible  to  teach 
in  the  public  schools  of  this  State. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  July  15.  Cal.  A  riot  occurs  in 
San  Diego,  when  deputy  marshals  try 
to  arrest  some  of  the  Charleston  sea- 
men ;  one  sailor  is  killed  and  one  fatally 
woiuided. 

2i.  Y.    The  National  Temperance 

Convention  begins  its  session  at  Sara- 
toga. 

The  International  Medical  Con- 
gress, called  for  the  discussion  of  the 
use  of  alcohol  by  physiciaus,  meets  at 
the  National  Prohibition  Park,  Staten 
Island  ;  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  of  Chicago  pre- 
sides. 

Tenn.  Armed  miners  oppose  con- 
vict labor  in  mines  ;  the  authorities  de- 
termine to  have  the  convicts  work,  even 
if  blood  is  shed. 

[July  20.  The  free  miners  attack  the 
militia  at  Briceville,  and  force  the  con- 
tractors to  withdraw  the  convict  miners 
from  their  work.  July  24.  A  compro- 
mise is  agreed  to ;  the  convicts  are 
allowed  to  return  to  work  without 
military  protection,  and  the  Legislature 
must  change  the  law  to  suppress  such 
labor  within  60  days.]  (See  Aug.  31, 
Sept.  11.) 

July  16.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  awards  a  silver  life-saving 
medal  to  Mabel  Mason  for  saving 
Thomas  Jones  from  drowning  in  the 
Detroit  Kiver  on  May  11. 

Afass.     At  Greenfield  the  grand  jury 

reports  the  indictment  of  County  Treas- 
urer C.  M.  Moody,  who  pleads  guilty  to 
the  last  count  —  the  embezzlement  of 
$i6,ooo. 

Mo.    The  glassblowers'  conventional 

St.  Louis  votes  to  withdraw  from  the 
Knights  of  Labor. 

.V.  Y.  The  National  Photogra- 
phers* Association  is  in  session  at 
Buffalo. 

July  18.  iV*.  H.  Frank  Almy  shoots 
Miss  Christie  V/arden  at  Hanover,  be- 
cause of  her  refusal  to  marry  him. 


[Aug.  20.  Almy  is  captured  in  a  barn 
on  the  Warden  place ;  he  surrenders  only 
after  long  parleying  and  much  sliooting 
on  both  sides,  iu  which  one  man  is 
wounded.] 

N.  Y.     Charles  Runels  bequeaths  six 

thousand  dollars  to  the  Methodist 
Old  People's  Home  in  Brooklyn. 

July  19.  N.  J.  A  Chinaman  is  imder 
arrest  for  abducting  a  15-year-old  girl 
in  Camden. 

July  20.  Minn.  A  mass-meeting  is  held 
at  St.  Paul,  to  protest  against  allowing 
the  Hall-Fitzsimmons  prize-fight  to 
take  place  there. 

At  the  close  of  the  meeting  about  5,000^ 
people  proceed  to  the  State  Capitol  to 
present  a  memorial  to  Gov.  Merriam 
concerning  jt.  [July  22.  The  governor's 
resolute  action  prevents  the  tight.] 

7?.  /.  The  American  "Whist  Con- 
gress meets  at  Providence. 

July  22.  Boston.  The  Republican  Press 
Club  of  Massachusetts  is  organized; 
Joseph  L.  Shipley  of  the  Springjield 
Union  is  elected  president. 

Ga.      H.    C.    Brown,    editor    of    the 

Southei^  Alliance  Farvier  of  Atlanta,  is 
arrested  for  editorially  advertising  a 
lottery  in  his  paper. 

///.    The  Highland  Association  of 

Illinois  unanimously  elects  Sir  William 
Gordon-Curaming  honorary  chief,  in 
place  of  the  late  Sir  John  Macdonald. 

Minn.    The  General  Grand  Chapter 

of  the  Royal  Arch  Masons  of  the 
United  States  begins  its  28th  triennial 
convocation  in  Minneapolis. 

July  23.  Boston.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Patriotic  Order  Sons  of  America,  an 
anti-Catholic  State  ticket  is  nominated. 

New    York.     The  city  editor  of  the 

Daily  Neics  is  indicted  for  violating 
the  law  forbidding  papers  publishing 
detailed  accoimts  of  executions  by 
electricity. 

Phila.     The   Jewish   Alliance   of 

America  issues  a  circular  containing 
a  detailed  plan  of  distributing  Kussian 
Jews  in  communities  throughout  the 
West  and  South. 

July  24.  N.  Y.  Augustus  Lewis  is  ar- 
rested for  bigamy  in  Kllenville  ;  he  has 
jio  less  than  eight  living  wives,  ranging 
in  age  from  22  to  50  years,  while  he  him- 
self is  but  47  years  old, 

July  25.  New  Yorh.  S.  W.  Lewis  is  con- 
victed of  defrauding  his  wife  of  over 
$50,000,  and  sentent-eil  to  seven  years 
and  six  mouths  iu  prison. 

July  26.  N.  Y.  Spiritualists  open  a 
Congress  at  Cassadaga  Lake,  Chautau- 
qua County  ;  it  is  to  last  six  weeks. 

Tenn.    A  negro  is  lynched  by  men 

armed  with  AVinchester  rities,  in  Jack- 
son. 

July  27.  N.  J.  Tlie  street-car  lines  of 
Newark  are  tied  up  by  a  strike. 

Jtdy  28.  O.  "W.  E.  Elliott,  former  pro- 
prietor and  editor  of  the  Sundaij  Capital, 
Columbus,  who  killed  a  reporter  of  the 
Sunday  World,  is  convicted  of  murder 
in  the  second  degree. 

July  29.  ///.  The  National  Memorial 
Hall  Association,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  of  Decatur,  is  incorporated, 
its  purpose  being  to  build  a  hall  in  which 
to  preserve  official  records  of  the  Grand 
Army,  war  relics,  trophies,  etc. 


UNITED    STATES.         1891,  July  15 -Aug.  15.      389 


X.  y.  The  American  Paper  Man- 
ufacturers* Association  begins  its  Hth 
annual  meeting  at  Saratoga. 

Xew  Yor/.-.    'J'ho  New  York  Herald  is 

indicted  for  publishing  the  details  of 
the  recent  executions  uy  electricity  in 
Sing  Sing  pri.son. 

July  31.  III.  Farmers  notify  the  mer- 
chants of  Tlionipsonville  that  if  the 
three  saloons  located  there  are  not 
closed  at  once  they  will  boycott  the 
town. 

Chicago.  Raih'oad  strikers  are  fined 

for  conspiracy. 

July*  U.  S.  The  Knights  Templars 
report  a  membership  of  85,443. 

Aug.  1.  Afick.  A  farmer  named  "Wil- 
liam Kepke,  in  Rf)ger8  City,  near  Alpena, 
confesses  having  killed  two  men  — 16 
years  ago ;  he  says  he  is  conscience- 
stricken,  and  can  get  no  rest. 

Aug.  2.  Xeb.  A  mob  of  several  hun- 
dred drunken  men  attacks  the  Omaha 
and  Granite  Smelting  Works  in  Omaha, 
driving  out  the  workmen  in  defiance  of 
all  the  authorities. 

ATcw  York.  C.  E.  Goodwin,  a  commis- 
sion njerchant,  is  fatally  shot  at  his  own 
door  by  B.  C.  Webster  while  under  the 
iutluence  of  liquor. 

S.  liak.  Judge  Aiken  puts  an  estop- 
pel upon  the  wholesale  granting  of  di- 
vorces in  this  State  by  affirming  that 
divorce  papers  will  be  issued  only  on 
good  grounds  to  actual  residents. 

Aug.  3.  N.  J.  Asbury  Park  and  Ocean 
Grove  have  a  baby  parade,  which  is 
two  hours  in  passing. 

Aug.  4.  la.  A  bloody  fight  takes 
place  near  the  Texas  line  between  cat- 
tlemen and  thieves  ;  16  men  are  killed 
and  several  wounded. 

Mich.    The   Grand  Army  of   the 

Republic  meets  in  its  25th  National 
Encampment  at  Detroit ;  [John  Palmer 
of  N.  Y.,  commander-in-chief;  40,000 
veterans  march  in  the  parade]. 

Pa.     The  Pottsville  Iron  and  Steel 

Company  are  running  five  large  double 
furnaces  with  non-union  men. 

Aug.  5.  D.  C.  The  CathoUc  Total 
Abstinence  Union  opens  its  21st  an- 
nual session  in  Washington,  Bishop  Cot- 
ter, of  Winona,  Minn.,  presiding;  total 
membership  represented,  53,000,  besides 
several  detached  societies. 

Afich,     The  Women's   Relief   Corps 

meets  in  convention  at  Detroit,  Mrs. 
Mary  S.  M'Henry,  national  president,  in 
the  chair. 

Its  membership  (77,779)  is  divided  into 
2,022  corps,  and  represents  nearly  every 
State  and  Territory  in  the  Union. 

Nem  York.      The  police  make  a  raid 

on  10  Chinese  **  fan-tan,"  dens  captur- 
ing 36  Chinamen. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  gives  a 
dinner  to  the  oflacers  of  the  Squadron 
of  Evolution. 

Aug.  8.  Masn.  Calvin  Page  of  Boston 
recovers  his  two  daughters  from  the 
Pai  Ute  Indians  of  Dakota;  they  had 
been  held  prisoners  for  12  years. 

Aug.  9.  ^fich.  The  mayor  of  Escanaba 
forbids  by  pr( K-lamatii ui  'ex-Priest  Chini- 
quy  lecturing  in  the  city ;  he  also  for- 
bids own»^rs  ami  managers  of  public 
places  of  assembly  renting  the  same  for 
the  delivery  of  the  Cliiniquy  auti-Catho- 
lic  lectures. 


X.    Y.      Brooklyn    police    capture    a 

girl  burg;lar,  making  three  females  ar- 
rested within  two  weeks  for  that  crime. 

Aug.  10.  Chicago.  The  president  and 
vice-president  of  the  '*  National  Capital 
Building  and  Loan  Association  of  Is  orth 
America,"  with  stock  for  *'JO,<X>0,0(K),  are 
arrested  by  the  post-office  authorities 
for  swindling. 

Aug.  11.  Mass.  The  19th  annual  con- 
vention of  Fire  Engineers  assembles 
at  Springfield. 

Aug.  12.  Ga.  The  g(:)vernor  signs  the 
bill  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor 
within  three  miles  of  any  church  or 
school,  except  in  incorporated  cities  ; 
this  nearly  approaches  virtual  prohibi- 
tion In  Georgia. 

Aug.  13.  1).  C.  President  Harrison  re- 
ceives from  Queen  Victoria  a  despatch 
expressing  her  sorrow  and  regret  on  the 
death  of  James  Hussell  Lowell. 

New  York.    Over   1,000  cloakmakers, 

cutters,  tailors,  and  pressors  go  out  on 
strike. 

A.  Backer,  who  recently  failed  for 
$4,000,000,  is  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
grand  larceny. 

Aug.  14-  Mass.  James  Russell  Lowell 
is  buried  from  Aiipleton  Chapel,  Har- 
vard University,  with  simple  and  unos- 
tentatious services. 

N.  Y.    A  Brooklyn  boy,  15  years  old, 

one  of  a  gang  of  "  iaeard-pullera  "  (He- 
brews being  tue  victims),  is  sentenced  to 
25  days  in  jail. 

Aug.  15.  la.  The  National  Colored 
Congress  is  in  session  in  Red  Oak. 

New  York.     The  Foresters  have  a 

grand  parade  of  about  15,000  men. 

STATE. 

1891  July  16.  D.  C.  The  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  issues  a  call  on  Na- 
tional Bank  depositories  for  nearly 
$4,000,000  of  Government  funds  in  their 
possession. 

July  25.  Alas.  The  British  and 
American  Bering  Sea  Commission- 
ers meet  for  consultation  at  Ounalaska. 

July  29.  U.  S.  Senator  Quay  and 
Col.  Dudley  resign  their  offices  in 
the  National  Republican  Comnuttee ; 
Gen.  James  S.  Clarkson  of  la.  is  elected 
chairman. 

July  31.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues aproclamation  announcingatreaty 
of  reciprocity  with  San  Domingo. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  Bering  Sea  is  divided 
into  districts  for  patrol  purposes ;  one 
legal  warning  is  given  to  sealing  vessels. 

Aug.  3.  Ky.  In  the  State  election  a 
Democratic  governor  and  other  officers 
are  chosen,  and  the  new  Constitution  is 
ratified.    Vote,  312,950-74,446. 

Aug.  6.  La.  The  Farmers*  Alliance 
and  the  anti-lottery  Democrats  unite 
upon  a  joint  ticket. 

O.     John  Seitz  (People's    Party)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  11.  7V.F.  The  people  ratify  five 
Amendments  to  the  State  Constitution 
so  as  to  authorize  :  Registration  of  voters 
in  cities  of  10,000  and  over ;  legal  rate  of 
interest,  10  per  cent,  but  where  In  con- 
tracts rate  is  not  stated,  6  per  cent ; 
extended    facilities    for    adopting   and 


enforcing  local  prohibition;  creation  of 
additional  courts  and  criminal  appeals. 
Aug.  13.    n.     C.    Tlie     President     pro- 
claims the  Cherokee  strip  in  Oklahoma 

closed  to  settlers. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891    July  15.    Neto  York.    A  lumber 
raft  arrives  from  St.  John,  N.  B.,  con- 
taining 3,500,000  feet. 

Pa.      Glassware     manufacturers 

combine  with  those  of  Ohio  and  West 
Virginia,  forming  one  associatiim  of  IS 
firms,  called  the  United  States  Glass 
Company ;  capital,  §1.000,000. 

July  17.  Mass.  A  fire  at  Lynn  de- 
stroys two  business  blocks  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

O.    Nine  men  are  killed,  a  number 

injured,  and  two  locomotives  and  12  cars 
wrecked,  at  Hepburn. 

The  Southeastern  Mississippi  A'alley 

Association  of  Bailroads  is  organized. 

July  19.  O.  The  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany obtains  all  the  wells  of  the  Mar- 
ion Natural  Gas  Company. 

July  22.  NeteYork.  The  Eapid  Tran- 
sit Commission  decides  upon  a  route 
for  a  four-track  underground  railway 
for  the  East  Side. 

JYash.    Five    car-loads    of   stolen 

horses,  valued  at  $10,000,  are  shijjped 
from  Pampa  to  Chicago  over  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad. 

July  23.  Mich.  The  Detroit  Street  Rail- 
ways, over  80  miles  long,  are  purchased 
by  a  New  York  and  Boston  syndicate 
for  about  $5,000,000. 

July  24.  Phila.  Campbell  and  Elliott's 
cotton-milU  are  burned  ;  loss,  $KiO,000. 

July  25.    O.     An    exclusion- train   is 

wrecked  near  Middletown;  seven  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  injured. 

Tex.  Ballaslosesabout$2,000,000 

by  a  fire  in  its  business  section. 

JVis.    All  the  street-railway  lines  and 

electric-lighting  facilities  in  Milwaukee 
are  placed  under  the  control  of  the  Vil- 
lard  syndicate. 

July  31.  Ky.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Louisville ;  13  persons  are  killed  and  18 
injured. 

Aug.  1.  Boston.  A  Kindling  Wood 
Trust  is  formed. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  The  Richmond  County 
Electric  Light,  Heat,  and  Power  Com- 
pany's works  at  St.  George  are  destroyed 
by  fire;  loss,  $150,000. 

Aug.  5.  Neiv  York.  The  White  Star 
steamship  Majestic  arrives  from  Queens- 
town,  after  breaking  the  record,  hav- 
ing made  the  voyage  in  five  days,  18 
hours,  and  eight  minutes. 

Aug.  6.  N.  Y.  A  passenger-train  dashes 
into  the  rear  end  of  a  freight-train 
near  Syracuse  on  the  "West  Shore  Road  ; 
13  persons  are  killed  and  over  20  injured. 

Aug.  8.  Eng.  The  American  dory.  Sea 
Serpent,  Capt.  Lawlor,  after  crossing 
the  Atlantic,  arrives  at  Cowes,  Isle  of 
Wight. 

Mich.   Forest  fires  rage  in  the  north 

part  of  the  State. 

New    York.     The   price   of   crude 

petroleum  jumps  from  53  cents  to  70^ 
cents  in  two  hours. 


I 


390    18  9 1,  Aug.  15  -  Sept.  19. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Aug.  17.  Tex.  Troops  are  search- 
ing for  Simon  Garcia,  a  notorious 
bandit  and  train-robber,  who  with  25 
followers  is  raiding  the  country  north  of 
Brownsville. 

Aug.  19.  Cal.  The  cruiser  Charleston 
leaves  San  Francisco  for  Yokohama. 

Sept.  7.  Secretary  Tracy  orders  the  war- 
ship Pensacola  to  proceed  at  once  to 
Honolulu  to  protect  American  inter- 
ests. 

Sept.  10.  7?.  /.  The  150th  anniversary 
of  the  Newport  Artillery  is  cele- 
brated. 

D.  C.  Charles  T.  Alexander  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  medical  depart- 
ment. [Oct.  14.  Edward  P.  Pearson  — 
10th  infantry.  Dec.  4.  Horace  Jewett 
—  21st  infantry.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1891  Aug.  17±.  Cal.  The  amount  of 
water  in  the  Salton  Basin  is  estimated 
at  4,460,544,000  cubic  feet.  [Oct.  n±. 
The  lake  is  rapidly  disappearing.] 

Pn.     Experiments  made  in  Pittsburg 

relating  to  the  properties  of  nickel-steel 
and  manganese- bronze  result  in  the 
discovery  of  a  new  nietal  with  superior 
characteristics  for  all  uses. 

It  is  of  high  tensile  strength,  impervi- 
ous to  acids,  indestructible  by  corrosion, 
and  capable  of  being  wrought  while 
either  hot  or  cold. 

Aug.  18-26.  Tex.  Gen.  R.  G.  Dyrenforth 
conducts  experiments  for  the  Govern- 
ment, near  Midland,  for  the  artificial 
production  of  rain  by  firing  explosives 
in  the  upper  air.  [Aug.  27.  Success  re- 
ported —  later  denied.] 

Aug.  19.  D.C.  The  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
meets  at  Washington.  [Prof.  Joseph 
Leconte,  president.] 

Vt.  A  monument  308  feet  high,  com- 
memorative of  the  Battle  of  Benning- 
ton, is  dedicated  at  Bennington. 

Aug.  20.  III.  An  air-ship  at  Monti- 
cello  is  guided  by  means  of  a  sky  bicycle 
so  that  it  safely  lands  five  miles  from 
the  place  of  ascension. 

Aug.  24.  D.  C.  The  American  Society 
of  Geologists  meets  at  Washington. 
[It  annoimces  the  discovery  of  the 
**  correlation  of  geological  forma- 
tions,"] 

Aug.  26.  D.  C.  The  5th  International 
Geological  Congress  begins  its  ses- 
sions in  Washington. 

Aug.  31.  .V.  }'.  The  26th  annual  ses- 
sion of  the  American  Social  Science 
Association  is  opened  in  Saratoga  ;  ad- 
dress by  President  Andrew  D.  ^^^ute. 

Sept.  11.  Cal.  Petroleum  oil  is  discov- 
ered at  Cobiago,  50  miles  southwest  of 
Fresno. 

Sept.  15.  K.Y.  The  Rensselaer  County 
Soldiers*  and  Sailors*  monument  is 
dedicated  at  Troy.  [Sept.  17.  Another 
at  Tonkers.] 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Aug:.  16.  Sorakichi,  Matsada  U.,  Japanese 
wrestler,  A33. 

Aug-.  31.  Bragg,  AValter  L.,  interstate 
commerce  connniasioner,  A53. 

Aug-.  37.  Poiueroy,  Samuel  C,  senator 
for  Kan.,  A76. 

Aug.  31.  Olinstead,  John  W.,  liapt.  cler- 
gyman, editor,  A75. 

Sept.  9.    Bundy,  Jonas  M.,  journalist,  A55. 

Sept.  11.  Latrobe,  John  II.  B.,  lawyer, 
philanthropist,  historian,  inventor,  A88. 

Sept.  14.  Loring,  George  B.,  commissioner 
agriculture,  A74. 

Sept.  18.    Quimby,  Isaac  F.,  gen.,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1891    Aug.  16.    X.   v.    Betvpeen    3,000 

and  4,000  Roman  Catholics,  principally 
from  Troy  and  Albany,  make  a  pilgri- 
mage to  the  shrine  of  Our  Ijady 
of  Martyrs  at  Auriesville,  the  place 
where  two  missionary  priests  are  said 
to  have  been  killed  by  Indians  in  1G42. 

Aug.  26.  X.  J.  Thirty  thousand  per- 
sons attend  the  Ocean  Grove  Camp- 
meeting. 

Sept.  18.  Xew  York.  The  Temple 
Beth-el,  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
magnificent  Jewish  synagogues  in  the 
country,  is  dedicated  with  imposing  cer- 
emonies. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Sept.  3.  K.  Y.  Horace  B.  Silli- 
man  of  Cohoes  is  elected  president  of 
Hamilton  CoUege. 

Sept.  8.  ///.  Mrs.  Emily  Huntington 
Miller  is  elected  principal  of  the 
Woman's  College  of  the  North- 
western University. 


SOCIETY. 

1891  Aug.  16.  N.  J.  The  Platt- 
deutsch  Volksvest  Verein  begins  its  an- 
nual festival  at  Union  Hill. 

Aug.  17.  Ark.  J.  L.  Bay,  an  expert  ac- 
countant, employed  to  examine  the  books 
of  ex-Treasurer  Woodruff,  is  arrested  oa 
a  charge  of  stealing  $100,000  iu  State 
script.    (See  June  26.) 

Xew  York.  People's  baths  are  suc- 
cessfully opened  at  No.  9  Centre  Market- 
place, in  a  thickly  settled  neighborhood, 
by  the  New  York  Association  for  Im- 
proving the  Condition  of  the  Poor. 

Aug.  18.  Phifa.  Charles  Lawrence,  ex- 
cashier  of  the  Keystone  National  Bank, 
is  sentenced  to  seven  years'  imprison- 
ment. [Sept.  7.  One  of  the  clerks,  J.  F. 
Lawrence,  is  arrested.] 

X.  }'.    President  Harrison  makes 

speeches  at  many  cities  en  route  from 
Cape  May  to  Bennington,  Vt.,  to  attend 
the  dedication  of  a  battle  monument. 

[Aug.  25.  He  speaks  at  Saratoga,  and 
makes  eight  speeches  en  route  to  St. 
Albans.  Aug.  26.  He  speaks  in  Vermont 
to  large  assemblies  at  Richmond.  Water- 
bury,  Montpelier,  Plainfleld.  and  St. 
Johnsbury.  At  Montpelier  he  speaks  in 
the  Capitol  to  the  members  of  the  State 
Legislature.  Aug.  27.  He  speaks  at 
Bellows  Falls  and  other  places.  Aug. 
28.    At  Rutland  and  Proctor.] 

Aug.  24.  Mo.  Brutal  outrages  are  per- 
petrated by  a  band  of  15  men  to  drive 
the  Chinese  from  Missonla. 

Pa.    A  desperado  holds  up  a  train 

an*!  robs  and  shoots  several  persons 
while  two  of  his  companions  keep  guard. 


Aug.  25.  Conn.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  Daughters  of  Liberty,  rep- 
resenting a  membership  of  0,402,  opens 
at  Waterbury. 

Aug.  26.  Boston.  The  American  Bar 
Association  meets.  [Aug.  28.  It  votes 
medals  to  David  Dudley  Field  and  Lord 
Selborne.] 

Cal.  Three  hundred  employers  orga- 
nize a  Manufacturers  Association  in  San 
Francisco  to  resist  the  encroach nt cuts  of 

trades- unions. 

Aug.  27.  A'w.  Two  men  are  killed  and 
one  mortally  wounded  in  a  feud  at 
Georgetown. 

Aug.  28.  ///.  The  survivors  of  the 
Black  Hawk  "War  of  1831  and  1832 
hold  their  first  reunion  at  Lena ;  17 
veterans  attend. 

A'//.     W.   Dudley,  colored,  is    taken 

from  jail   and   lynched   by   a   mob   at 

Georgetown. 

Pkila.    Alfred    H.    Love    is    elected 

president  of  the  Universal  Peace 
Union. 

Aug.  29.  Knn.  A  feud  results  in  the 
wilful  shooting  of  J.  P.  Farr  by  C.  A. 
Schultz,  both  farmers  of  Doniphan; 
Farr  is  mortally  wounded. 

Aug.  30.  Ind.  The  United  Brethren 
brick  church  at  Bourbon  is  wrecked  by 
dynamite. 

X.  Y.    A  ruflian  enters  a  convent 

attached  to  the  chvirch  of  Our  Mother 
of  Sorrows,  assaults  several  of  the  nmis, 
and  escapes. 

Tenn.    An  ex-preacher,  S.  C.  Stone, 

is  arrested  in  Memphis  on  a  charge  of 
arson. 

Aug.  31,  Conn.  Henry  Bushenhagen, 
aged  69,  and  his  wife  Emily,  aged  71,  are 
killed    in    Bloomfield    by   a  tramp    to 

whom  they  gave  shelter  ;  $200  reward  is 
offered  for  his  capture. 

Chicago.  The  cabinet-makers  are  or- 
dered out  on  strike. 

Kan.    A  secret  order  of  boomers 

is  organized  on  the  border  of  Southern 
Kansas  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
raid  on  the  Cherokee  Strip,  burning  the 
grass,  killing  the  cattle,  and  holding  the 
land  for  homes. 

X.  Y.  The  American  Social  Sci- 
ence Association  opens  its  meeting  at 
Saratoga;  president,  Andrew  D.  White. 
[It  discusses  labor  organizations  and 
trades-unions.] 

Tenn.  The  Legislature  denies  the  pe- 
tition of  the  free  miners,  and  declares 
its  contract  with  the  lessee  of  convict 
labor  is  binding,  and  must  be  observed 
until  the  expiration  of  the  lease.  (See 
July  15.) 

Aug.  *  Kan.  "White  maskers  fasten  a 
boy  17  years  of  age  to  a  fence-post,  and 
give  him  100  lashes  for  knocking  down 
his  father  and  ill  treating  his  mother 
and  sisters. 

Sept.  1.  Colo.  Seven  masked  men 
stop  a  Denver  and  Rio  (irande  train, 
rob  the  express-car  of  $3,600,  and  es- 
cape. 

X.  J.     Lai^e    quantities    of    Paris 

green  are  found  in  a  well  at  May's 
Landing;  a  timely  discovery  is  made, 
but  the  perpetrators  are  unknown. 

Xev  York.     Mayor  Grant  welcomes 

the  State  Liquor  Dealers*  Convention. 
He  says  that  there  are  not  enough 
police  to  enforce  the  Excise  Law,  and 
that  he  is  in  favor  of  legal  selling  dur- 
ing '*  certain  hours  "  on  Sundays. 


UNITED    STATES.  1891,  Aug.  15 -Sept.  19.    391 


Sept.  2.  Teoc.  Six  masked  robbers 
attack  a  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  train 
with  dynamite  ami  rifles  ;  they  Becure 
a  large  sum  of  money,  and  escape  to 
JVIexico. 

Sept.  3.  Chicago.  The  American  Sab- 
bath Union  representatives  argue  be- 
fore the  World's  Fair  Commission  in 
favor  of  closing  the  World's  Fair  on 
Sunday. 

Xev}  York.    The  police  are  forhidden 

to  receive  bribes  or  to  spy  into  illegal 
liquor-selling  during  forbidden  hours ; 
on  the  other  hand,  judges  refuse  to  hold 
the  liquor-dealers,  unless  the  police  can 
testify  that  they  bought  the  liquor  at 
their  saloons. 

Sept.  5.  A'.  Y.  Swiss- Americana  cel- 
ebrate the  fiOOth  anniversary  of  Swiss 
independence. 

Tex.    A  band  of  train-robbers  are 

overtaken  by  a  company  of  rangers  ;  13 
robbers  and  two  rangers  are  killed. 

Sept.  6.  Colored  cotton-pickers  per- 
fect an  organization  that  numbers 
half  a  million  throughout  the  Southern 
States ;  their  -wage-scale  demands  not 
less  than  $1  per  100  pounds,  and  board. 

Sept.  7.  Cal.  The  brig  Tahiti  arrives 
oft  San  Francisco  with  a  cargo  of  Gil- 
bert Islanders,  300  in  number  ;  they  are 
thought  to  be  slaves. 

Labor  Day  is  generally  observed 

throughout  the  country  ;  there  is  a  gen- 
eral cessation  of  business,  and  working 
men  indulge  in  parades  and  out-of-door 
pleasures. 

Sept.  8.  Conn.  Groton  celebrates  the 
noth  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of 
Groton  Heights. 

Sept.  9.  A'.  Y.  Mrs.  Leland  Stanford 
gives  property  valued  at  $100,000  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Society  for  the  Belief 
of  Orphans  and  Destitute  Children 
in  Albany. 

The  Relief  Fund  for  the  sufferers  by 
the  Park  Place  catastrophe  amounts  to 
$21,997.    (See  Miscellaneous,  Aug.  22.) 

Sept.  10.  Chimgn.  P.  W.  Dittlinger  is 
arrested  for  embezzling  $l6,ooo  from  the 
Chicago  Building  and  Loan  Association, 
of  which  he  was  treasurer. 

Sept.  11.  Tenn.  The  sub-lessees  at  the 
Briceville  mines  are  arming  guards  to 
prevent  interference  of  free  miners  with 
the  convict  miners.  (See  July  15.)  [Oct. 
31.  The  armed  miners  of  Briceville  visit 
two  prisons  and  set  300  convicts  free. 
Nov.  10.  At  Oliver  Springs  200  more  are 
set  at  liberty.] 

Sept.  12.  Ga.  Two  men  rob  the  night 
express  on  the  Central  Kailroad  10  miles 
west  of  Savannah. 

New  York.    The  253d  anniversary 

of  the  landing  of  the  Swedes  on  the 
shores  of  the  Delaware  is  celebrated. 

Sept.  13.  Ga.  Georgia  pays  a  pension 
of  .?100  each  annually  to  four  thousand 
Confederate  soldiers'  widows. 

Sept.  IB.  The  Brotherhood  of  Teleg- 
raphers and  the  EaUway  Telegra- 
phers tinite,  and  apply  for  admission 
to  the  Federal  Council  of  Railway  Em- 
ployees. 

- — Xew  York.  Mexicans  celebrate  the 
81st  anniversary  of  the  beginning  of  the 
war  for  Mexican  independence. 

. Utah.    The  Irrigation  Congress  is 

in  session  at  Salt  Lake  City. 


Sept.  17.  Chicago.  The  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Military  Surgeons  is  organ- 
ized. 

Tex.  E.  M.  Tate,  editor  of  the  Hop- 
kins County  Echo,  shoots  and  kills 
Everett  Moore,  editor  of  the  Alliance 
I'indicatorj  at  Dallas. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  James  E.  Ostrander  of 
Kingston  is  arrested  for  stealing  $75,000 
from  the  Ulster  Coiuity  Savings  Institu- 
tion, of  which  he  was  treasurer. 

STATE. 

1891  Aug.  20.  Va.  Gen.  Mahone 
issues  a  political  circular,  in  which  he 
says  that  a  fair  election  cannot  be  had  in 
Virginia  under  the  present  law. 

Aug.  24.  73.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  gives  notice  that  the  4i  per 
cent  bonds  will  be  paid  upon  maturity, 
Sept.  2. 

Aug.  26.  Ga.  The  House  refuses  to 
accept  for  the  State  the  Confederate 
Veterans'  Home  erected  by  popular  sub- 
scription, and  costing  over  $50,000.  Vote, 
94-62. 

Aug.  27.  Md.  "W.G.  Van  Wort  (Kep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  31.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  meets 
in  extra  session  to  consider  the  State 
convict  labor  system.  [Sept.  3.  The 
lower  House  votes  in  favor  of  convict 


Sept.  1.  D.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  the  public  debt  reduced 
$5,581,895  in  August. 

U.  S.   The  reciprocity  treaty  with 

Spain  regarding  Cuba  and  Porto  Kico 
takes  effect. 
Sept.  3.    Ger.    The  German  Govern- 
ment removes  the  prohibition  upon  the 
importation  of  American  pork. 
JV".  }'.    J.  W.  Bruce  (Prohib.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 
Sept.  4.    Chicago.    The  World's  Fair  Cor- 
poration asks  for  a  loan  of  $5,000,000 
from  the  U.  S.  Goverimient,  to  be  repaid 
out  of  the  first  receipts  of  the  Fair. 
Tenn.    The  House  resolution  declar- 
ing that  the  General  Assembly  has  no 
power  to  annul  the  convict  lease  passes 
the  State  Senate. 
Sept.  5.    D.   C.    The    Chilean    Minister 
leaves  Washington.   [Sept.  7.  The  State 
Department  ofiieially  recognizes  the  new 
Chilean  Government.] 
Sept.  9.    III.    The  World's  Fair  Board 
of  Control  asks  for  Federal  inspec- 
tion of  the  Exposition  buildings. 

Mass.    Charles  H.  Kimball  (Prohib.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
Jf.  Y.  J.  Sloat  Fassett  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 
Sept.  12.  Tenn.  The  Legislature  kills 
the  bill  for  abolishing  the  convict-lease 
system  by  passing  a  bill  empowering 
the  governor  to  keep  the  National 
Guard  under  arms  to  prevent  and  sup- 
press unlawful  assemblages.  [Sept.  14. 
The  lower  House  passes  the  bUl 
against  prize-fighting.] 

-Mass.    Charles  W.  Lowell  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

X.   Y.    Koswell  P.  Flower  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 


Sept.  18.  n.  C.  President  Harrison 
announces  by  proclamation  that  the 
ceded  Indian  lands  in  Oklahoma  Terri- 
tory will  open  to  settlement  Sept.  23. 

The  State  department  at  Washington 
is  formally  notified  that  a  band  of  men 
on  the  Texas  frontier  contemplates  a 
forcible  invasion  of  Mexico. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Aug.  15.  Chicago.  On  'Change 
wheat  for  December  delivery  sells  at 
$1.08,  an  advance  of  eight  cents  per 
bushel  over  the  previous  day. 

Aug.  18.  Fla.  .Jacksonville  is  greatly 
damaged  by  fire  ;  loss,  $1,000,000. 

Aug.  19.  New  York.  The  White  Star 
Line  steamship  Teutonic  arrives  from 
Queenstown  after  lowering  the  trans- 
atlantic record  to  five  days,  16  hours, 
31  minutes. 
Aug.  22.  New  York.  Many  persons  are 
buried  beneath  the  dibris  of  a  falling 
buUding  in  Park  Place ;  fire  follows 
the  fall  and  61  lives  are  lost. 
Aug.  27.  J\^  C.  In  a  raU-spreading 
accident  on  the  Western  North  Carolina 
Road,  two  miles  west  of  Statesville,  20 
people  are  killed  and  30  injured. 

Pa.    A    Philadelphia    and    Reading 

train,  consisting  of  engine,  tender,  and 
three  cars,  breaks  the  American  rec- 
ord by  running  12  miles,  from  Jenkins- 
town  to  the  Delaware  River,  in  eight 
minutes,  42i  seconds ;  speed,  82.7  miles 
per  hour. 
Sept.  4.    Mich.    At  a  factory  near  White 
Pigeon  16  tons  of  dynamite  explode ; 
the  building  is  destroyed  and  16  work- 
men are  killed. 
Sept.  5.   Mo.    Miles  of  grain-laden  cars 
are  side-tracked  at  Kansas  City,  and 
the  market  is  choked. 
Sept.  7.    The  cotton  crop  of  the  United 
States  this  year  is  8,652,597  bales,  1,300,000 
more  than  Last  year. 
Sept.  8.    Cal.    The   first  car-load    of 
raisins  is  shipped  from  Fresno  for  New 
York. 
Sept.  12.    N.  Y.    The  first  train  over 
the  new  route  from  Oyster  Bay,  Long 
Island,  to  Wilson's  Point,  Conn.,  is  run 
aboard  the  transportation  boat  of  the 
Sound  Ferry,  completing  the  line  be- 
tween Long  Island  and  Boston. 
Sept.  13.  Del.  The  Delaware  Iron  Works 
at  Newcastle  are  burned  ;  loss,  $300,000; 
over  800  persons  are  thrown  out  of  work. 
Sept.  14.    N.  Y.    The  New  York  Central 
Company  rmis  a  train  from  New  York 
to  Buffalo,  436J    miles,  at  an  average 
speed,  exclusive  of  stops,  of  61.56 
miles  an  hour. 

Sept.  15.  New  York.  Fire  destroys  the 
old  Commercial  Advertiser  building  and 
the  one  adjoining  ;  loss,  $300,000. 

Utah.     The    National    Irrigation 

Congress  opens  in  Salt  Lake  City. 

Sept.  16.    /.  T.    Silver  mining  begins. 

Mich.    The  great  tunnel  under  the 

St.  Clair  River  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada  is  opened. 


392      1891,  Sept.  19 -Oct.  19. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1891    Sept.  20.      J'a.    The  Chanoel- 

lorsville  Battle-field  Association  is 

incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000 

in  shares  at  $10  each. 

Its  property  consists  of  846  acres  of 
land,  and  covers  the  field  o£  operations 
in  May,  1863. 

Sept.  »    Wash 
establishes 
Orchard. 

Oct.  5.  .V.  r.  The  militia  is  held  un- 
der arms  at  Kingston  to  protect  the 
wreckers  of  the  Ulster  County  Savings- 
hank  from  the  ennaged  people. 


The  Federal  Government 
naval    station   at   Port 


Oct.  14,  X.  Y.  A  granite  monument 
to  the  memory  of  Ked  Jacket,  the  chief 
of  the  Six  Nations,  of  the  Iroquois 
f.imily,  is  unveiled  on  the  shore  of  Sen- 
eca L.ake,  near  where  he  was  born. 

Oct.  17.  N.  Y.  A  monument  is  dedi- 
cated to  the  memory  of  Gen.  Brownell 
in  Cypress  Hill  Cemetery  by  liis  friends 
of  the  47th  Regiment  of  Brooklyn. 

Oct.  18.  The  55  remaining  pictures  of 
the  Verestchagin  CoUeotion  are  sold 
for  $41,880. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 

Sept.  10.    Scott,    William    L.,    M.    C.   for 
K.  I.,  A63.  ' 

Sept.  81.    Whltthorne,  Washington  C.sen- 
ator  (or  Tenn.,  A(>6. 

Sept.  33.    Morehouse,  Albert  P.,  Gov.  of 
Mo.,  A.56. 

Sept.  35.    liuR'haiMl,  .Sanmel  !>.,  Pres.  cl., 
"Rum,  Komanisiii,  Rebellion,"  A79. 

Sept.  26.      Hodge,    Caspar    W.,    i»rofe8Sor 
Bible  Literature  at  Princeton,  A60. 

Sept.  38.    Melville,  Herman,  novelist,  trav- 
eler, A  72. 

Oct.  1.    Watterson,  Hervey  M.,  journal- 
ist, A80. 

Oct.  12.    Blgelow,  Hobart  B.,  Oov.  of  Conn., 
A57. 

Oct.  13.    McCawley,  Charles  G.,  col.  com- 
manding U.  S.  Marine  Corps,  dies. 

Oct.  1 6.    Lee.  WlUlam  H.  Fltzhueh.  Con- 
federate maj.-gen.,  .\.')4. 

Oct.  16.    Ingraliani,  Duncan  N.,  com.  U.  S. 
N.,  ASS. . 

Oct.  17.    Partou,  James,  author,  joiu-naliBt. 
A68. 

Lincoln,    John    Larkin,    professor    at 

Brown  University,  A74. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1801  Sept.  22.  Mass.  The  Worces- 
ter Music  Festival  opens  with  a  per- 
formance of  Bruck's  Armlnius. 

Sept.  23.  Me.  A  tornado  cuts  a  swath 
in  the  woods,  taking  everything  in  its 
path  for  six  rods  iu  width  and  an  eighth 
of  a  mile  in  length. 

Sept.  28.  n.C.  At  the  Catholic  Univer- 
sity at  Washington  a  marble  statue  of 
Pope  Leo  XIII.  is  unveiled  in  the  pres- 
ence of  Cardinal  Gibbous  aud  Arch, 
bishop  Corrigan. 

Congress  passes  an  act  to  reserve 
the  Big  Tree  Grove  in  California  as  a 
public  park,  to  be  called  Sequoia  Park. 

Sept.  29.  Pa.  A  wonderful  oil-well  is 
opened  18  miles  west  of  Pittsburg;  it 
flows  10,000  barrels  of  petroleum  in  a 
day. 

Sept.  *  Pa.    A  soldiers'  monument  is 

unveiled  at  Pottsville. 

Oct.  3.  III.  The  natural-gas  well  at 
Paw  Paw  burns  out  suddenly,  leaving 
its  users  in  darkness. 

Oct.  5±.  X.  J.  Thomas  A.  Edison  in- 
vents a  new  form  of  electric  motor 
for  street-cars,  which  he  claims  will  be 
from  two  to  three  times  cheaper  than 
the  cable  and  trolley  systems, 

Tex.    An  old  gold-mine  in  Llamo  is 

rediscovered. 

Oct.  6.  Ga.  A  new  mechanical  cotton- 
picker  gives  satisfaction  to  investiga- 
tors, and  proves  a  practical  success. 

Oct,  7.  A  Piano  Manufacturers'  Com- 
mittee, of  which  William  Steinway  is 
chairman,  agrees  to  fix  the  standard 
pitch  at  435  vibrations  per  second 
for  A  in  a  temperature  of  68°  Fahr. ;    0°*-  2.    The  Jewish  New  Year— An- 


CHURCH. 

1801  Sept.  21.  X.  Y.  The  5th  Con- 
gress of  German  Catholics  of  the 
United  States  begins  at  BulTalo.  A  mon- 
ster parade  of  German  Catholic  societies 
takes  place. 

Sept.  22.  K.  Y.  The  14th  National 
Unitarian  Conference  opens  at  Sara- 
toga. 

Sept.  23.  Xew  York.  The  34th  anni- 
versary of  the  Fulton  Street  Daily 
Noon  Prayer-meeting  is  attended  by 
a  large  number  of  people. 

Sept.  24.  Pa.  The  Schwenkf elders 
hold  their  157th  annual  memorial  re- 
tinion  in  Heading ;  they  number  five  con- 
gregations, with  a  total  membership  of 
1,000,  all  in  Pennsylvania. 

Sept.  30.  Xew  York.  The  108th  Conven- 
tion of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Diocese 
of  Xew  York  meets. 


[Nov.  4.  It  dismisses  the  charges  after 
listening  to  Prof.  Briggs's  reply.] 

Oct.  11.  .V.  J.  The  First  Presbyte- 
rian Church  at  Morristown  celebrates 
its  centennial  with  appropriate  services. 

Oct.  14.  Boston.  Rev.  PhlUips  Brooks 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  for  the  Diocese  of  Massachu- 
setts in  Trinity  Church. 

LETTERS. 
1801    Sept.  21.    Tex.    Atty.-Gen.  Jones 

gives  an  opinion  in  which  he  says  that 

Bible-reading  in  the  public  schools 

is  unconstitutional. 
Sept.  24.    Xew  York.    Col.  H.  S.  Olcott 

lectures  on  "  Theosophy  and  Madame 

Blavatsky." 

Oct.  1.  Tex.  The  medical  branch  of  the 
University  of  Texas  at  Galveston  is 
opened  by  the  State. 

Cal.  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  Uni- 
versity at  Palo  Alto  opens  with  473  stu- 
dents ;  apjiropriate  exercises  are  held. 

Oct.  7.  X.  Y.  The  new  Library  building 
of  Cornell  University  —  the  gift  of 
Henry  Sage,  is  formally  opened. 

The  library  of  History  and  Political 
Science  (15,000  volumes),  given  by  ex- 
President  White,  is  received  at  the  same 
time. 

Oct.  14.  in.  Rev.  Hiram  Buck  gives 
850,000  to  the  'Wesleyan  University  at 
Bloomington. 

Oct.  15.  Xew  York.  The  'Woman's 
University  Club  is  incorporated. 

Its  purpose  is  to  promote  literature 
and  art  and  social  welfare  among  college- 
bred  women. 

SOCIETY. 

1801  Sept.  21.  X.  Y.  Italian  citizens 
in  New  York  and  Brooklyn  celebrate 
the  21st  anniversary  of  the  end  of 
the  Pope's  temporal  power. 

Sept.  22.  1>.  C.  The  Congress  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians  and  Surgeons  opens. 

III.  The  Russian  Colonization  So- 
ciety is  permanently  organized,  with 
Senator  John  M.  Palmer  as  president, 
and  Rabbi  Isaac  Rubeustein  as  director- 
general. 

Sept.  25.  Phila.  Iiord  Hawkes's  team 
of  cricketers  plays  the  first  of  eight 
games  in  the  United  States  at  Manheim, 
iigainst  the  All-Philadelphia  eleven. 
[Sept.  28.    The  Philadelphiaus  win.] 


this  i>itch  has  been  adopted  in  France, 
Austria,  and  Italy. 

Chicago.     The    colossal     equestrian 

statue  of  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  is  unveiled 
in  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse,  in- 
cluding regulars,  militiamen,  Grand 
Army  men,  and  prominent  public  men. 
(See  Apr.  30, 1890.) 

Oct.  12.  X.J.  A  monument  commem- 
orative of  the  60th  anniversary  of  the 
first  operation  of  a  steam  railw,ay  in 
New  Jersey  is  dedicated  near  Borden- 
town. 

Oct.  13.  Wis.  A  rich  discovery  of  silver 
is  made  within  20  miles  of  West  Su- 
perior. 


no  Mimdi  5652  —  begins  this  evening    Sept.  27.    X.J.    The  annual  convention 
with  services  in  the  synagogues. 
Oct.  5.    Xew  York.    The  delegates  to  the 
2d  Ecumenical  Methodist  Council  at 
Washington  are  given  a  reception  by 
the  Methodists  of  this  city. 

[Oct.  7.  The  Council  opens  in  the 
Metropolitan  Church.  Oct.  14.  It  votes 
in  favor  of  closing  the  World's  Fair  on 
Sunday.  Oct.  17.  President  Harrison 
and  .Secretary  Noble  address  the  Counci  1. 
Oct.  20.  It  approves  the  proposal  to  hold 
auother  Council  in  1901,  and  adjourns.] 
The  Presbytery  of  New  York  hears 
the  charges  and  specifications  against 
Prof.  Briggs ;  it  decides  to  proceed  with 
the  triiil,  and  votes  down  all  efforts  to 
compromise    the   matter.    Vote,  &1-62. 


of  the  Brotherhood  of  Ijocomotive 
Engineers  is  held  in  Jersey  City. 

S.  C.    The  mayor  of  Spartansbnrg  is 

fatally  shot  by  a  negro. 

Sept.  29.  .V.  )'.  The  aimual  convention 
of  the  National  Civil  Service  Heform 
League  is  held  in  Buffalo.  George  Wil- 
liam Curtis  is  reelected  president. 

Sept.  30.  Chicago.  World's  Fair  direc- 
tors give  a  banquet  to  the  European 
envoys. 

Ga.    The  wharf  laborers  strike  at 

Savannah  and  bring  business  to  a  stand- 
still. 

hill.     White  Caps  whip  a  woman 

nearly  to  death. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1891,  Sept.  19 -Oct  19.      393 


A^.  Y.     A   masked    robber    breaks 

Into  an  express-car  on  the  New  York 
Central  Road  between  Albany  and  Little 
Falls ;  lie  robs  the  safe  of  all  the  money 
he  can  conveniently  seize,  and  escapes. 

Tex.  A  socialist  is  refused  naturali- 
zation in  Uvalde. 

Oct.  1.  Ark.  Nine  negroes  are  taken 
from  a  sheriff  by  an  armed  mob  and 
lynched. 

Chicapo.   The  convention  of  the  Irish. 

National  League  of  America  meets. 

Pa.     A  general  strike  of  railroad 

coal-miners  of  the  Pittsburg  district 
begins ;  10,000  men  quit  work. 

Oct.  2.  Ala.  Masked  white  men  lynch 
a  prosperous  negro  farmer  near  Chil- 
dersburg. 

Oct.  3.  Boston.  A  petition  with  at  least 
10  miles  of  signatures  in  favor  of 
outlawing  the  liquor-traffic  and 
opium-trade  is  prepared  for  presenta- 
tion to  the  ensuing  great  temperance 
convention. 

N.  J.    In  spite  of  protest  by  petition, 

saloons  are  legally  forced  upon  Mill- 
ville;  this  is  the  first  time  in  20  years 
that  saloons  have  been  permitted. 

■  Xtw  York,  A  daughter  Is  born  to  ex- 
President  and  Mrs.  Grover  Cleveland, 
and  named  Huth. 

Oct.  4.  N.  Y.  Two  Chinamen,"  on  their 
way  to  Sunday-school,  are  brutally  ill 
treated  by  a  gang  of  drunken  roughs  in 
Brooklyn. 

Oct.  5.     N.  J.      Near    Newark,  Patrick 

Brady,  after  a  drunken  bout,  beats  and 
kicks  his  wife  to  death  in  the  presence 
of  their  children. 

Mo.     In  Stone  County,  a  band  of 

outlaw^s  armed  with  Winchester  rifles 
is  discovered  in  a  cave  ;  the  authorities 
are  guarding  the  entrance,  and  intend 
"to  starve  them  out." 

•Oct.  6.  N.  Y.  A  convention  of  Typo- 
graphical Unions  opens  at  Syracuse, 
to  provide  a  plan  for  more  thorough 
organization. 

■Oct.  7.  N.  Y.  The  Lake  Mohonk  Indian 
Conference  begins  its  sessions. 

Oct.  8.  Colo.  The  American  Humane 
Association  is  in  session  at  Denver. 

Chicago.    Gen.  G.  M.  Dodge  is  elected 

president  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of 
Tennessee. 

N.Y.  Buff alo  lithographers  strike 

because  women  are  employed. 

Oct.  9.  Kan.  Anti-prohibitionists  in 
Kiowa  petition  the  woman  mayor  to 
resign  because  she  makes  continual 
war  on  the  "dives." 

Keh.    A  mob  breaks  into  the  jail  and 

hangs  a  negro,  named  Coe,  at  Omaha. 
[Oct.  10.  Seven  of  the  mob  are  arrested 
and  locked  up  ;  upon  threats  being 
made  of  liberating  them,  they  are  re- 
leased on  bail.  Oct.  15.  The  assistant 
county-attorney  and  City  Councilman 
Moriarty,  and  six  other  proiuinent  men 
of  Omaha,  are  arrested  for  taking  part 
in  the  lynching.] 

Oct.  11.  La.  A  hot  campaign  is  con- 
ducted on  the   lottery  issue ;   party 

lines  are  broken,  the  division  being  for 
or  against  the  lottery. 
Md.    Sunday  closing  is  strictly  en- 
forced in  Baltimore, 

Druggists  may  sell  on  prescription 
only,  but  no  proprietary  medicines, 
mineral  waters,  or  soda-water ;  cigar 
:6tores  must  be  closed,  and  side-doors 


to  saloons  are  closely  watched ;  barber 
shops  are  also  closed.  [Oct.  12.  Much 
indignation  prevails  because  176  persons 
have  been  cited  before  the  grand  jury 
for  violating  the  law.] 
Oct.  12.    Robbers  partially  wreck  a 

Sassenger-train  on  the  Central  Pacific 
.ail  road. 
Pa.     The   National   Prison   Con- 
gress is  in  session  at  Pittsburg. 

[Oct.  13.  The  Committee  on  Police  re- 
ports that  the  cliief  superintendents  of 
police  are  a  unit  in  placing  the  chief 
detriments  to  police  management  to 
politics,  licentiousness,  and  gambling, 
with  lightness  of  sentences  and  laxness 
of  prison  discipline,  etc.,  as  allowed  by 
Legislatures.] 

Pkila.     The    Human    Freedom 

XiCague  organizes  at  Independence 
Hall. 

The  American  Society  of  Railway 

Superintendents  holds  its  20th  annual 
meeting. 

Oct.  14.  Ind.  The  National  "Water- 
ways Convention  of  about  300  dele- 
gates opens  in  Evansville. 

Neto  York.      T.   H.  Stout,   a  trusted 

employee  of  a  Stock  Exchange  firm,  at 
present  in  Europe,  is  found  to  be  a  de- 
faulter to  the  extent  of  $40,000. 

Oct.  15.  Chicago.  Delegates  from  STi 
cities  of  the  Union  organize  the  United 
States  "Warehousemen's  Association. 

Oct.  16.  Chicago.  The  Evening  Post 
says  that  the  street  and  alley  committee 
of  the  Common  Council  has  made  a  se- 
cret demand  for  $20,000  to  pass  the 
Wabash  Avenue  cable-loop  ordinances, 
which  it  refuses  to  report. 

lud.     The  alleged  shortage  of 

County-Auditor  Lavelle  of  Washington 
is  nearly  $100,000 ;  this  is  shown  by  the 
records  which  a  fire  at  the  court-house 
failed  to  destroy. 

N.Y.  In  a  suit  brought  by  the  Adams 

Express  Company,  an  attachment  to  the 
amount  of  upwards  of  $700,000  issues 
against  the  property  in  New  York  State 
of  ex-President  Hoey,  who  is  directly 
charged  with  embezzlement. 

Oct.  19.  Ky.  The  Wholesale  Drug- 
gists' Association  opens  its  session  in 
Louisville. 

STATE. 

1891  Sept.  23.  D.  C.  President  Har- 
rison appoints  a  commission  to  fix 
the  true  boundary  between  the  United 
■  States  and  Mexico. 

Okla.    About  300,000  acres  of  Indian 

lands  are  thrown  open  for  settlement. 

Sept.  26.  Pa.  Gov.  Pattison  calls  an 
extra  session  of  the  Senate  to  investi- 
gate charges  against  the  financial  offi- 
cers of  the  State. 

Sept.  29.  Conn.  Both  claimants  to  the 
governorship  agree  to  take  the  contro- 
versy into  the  State  Supreme  Cotui; 
for  settlement. 

Mass.    William  E.  Russell  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

D,  C.  The  State  Department  is  noti- 
fied that  the  Provisional  Government 
of  Chile  withdraws  from  its  position 
adverse  to  the  diplomatic  rights  of  the 
United  States. 

Oct.  9.  Mew  York.  The  People's  Mu- 
nicipal liCag^ue  chooses  candidates  for 
the  Assembly   on   the   Ballot   Reform 


Oct.  11.  D.  C.  It  is  stated  that  the 
German  Minister  has  concluded  a  con- 
vention with  the  State  Department 
whereby  Germany  will  remove  the 
duty  frona  American  grain,  in  return 
for  the  continued  free  admission  of  beet- 
sugar  into  the  United  States, 

Oct.  16.  Wyo.  The  Shoshone  and  Arap- 
ahoe tribes  of  Indians  cede  to  the 
Federal  Government  1,000,000  acres  of 
their  reservation,  for  which  they  ar© 
to  receive  55  cents  an  acre. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Sept.  20.  Pa,  Three  persons  are 
killed  and  20  cars  of  cattle  and 40  freight 
cars  destroyed  in  a  railway  accident  at 
Greenburg. 

Sept.  23.    Mich.    The  Union  Mills  at 

Duluth  lose  $100,000  by  fire. 

±  Minn.  Forest  fires  destroy  villages 

and  large  tracts  of  timber  lands. 

Property  valued  at  $197,500  is  burned 
in  Minneapolis,  and  many  firemen  are 
much  injured. 

Sept.  24.  N.  J.  The  Crescent  Pottery 
in  Paterson  is  burned  ;  loss,  $150,000. 

Pa,    Trains  collide  near  Zelienople  ; 

eight  persons  are  killed  and  five  injured. 
Sept.  25.    Conn.    A  railway  collision 

near  Hawleyviile  kills  several  persons. 
If.  J.   A  bomb  explosion  at  Newark 

kills  11  persons. 

Sept.  27.    Boston  loses  $500,000  by  fire. 

Teim.    Chattanooga  loses  $650,000  by 

fire. 

Sept.  28.  New  York.  John  W.  Mackay 
and  party  arrive  in  the  private  railway 
car  Grassmere,  after  making  the  trip 
from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  in  four 
days,  12  hours,  and  28  minutes. 

Sept.  29.  Ire.  The  White  Star  Lino 
steamer  Teutonic  arrives  at  Queenstown, 
after  making  the  eastern  passage  in  88 
minutes  less  time  than  any  previous 
record. 

Sept.  30.  O.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  20  injured  by  a  train  collision  near 
Kent. 

Oct.  1.  N.  C.  The  Southern  Interstate 
Exposition  at  Raleigh  opens. 

Oct.  4.  Cal.  Forest  fires  are  raging ; 
villages  and  much  property  are  de- 
stroyed in  Eldorado  County. 

Oct,  7.  Me.  Forest  fires  do  much  dam- 
age. 

Oct.  8.  Co7m.  The  tobacco  crop  is  the 
largest  ever  known. 

Oct.  11.  The  U.  S.  Steamer  Despatch  is 
a  complete  ^vreck  and  fast  going  to 
pieces  on  a  reef  near  Nicaragua. 

Oct.  15.  Kij.  The  Cumberland  Valley 
Colliery  plants  at  PineviUe,  and  coal, 
iron,  and  timber  lands  in  eastern  Ken- 
tucky, are  purchased  by  a  Belgiimi 
syndicate  for  $5,000,000. 

Oct.  17.  Kan.  The  pontoon  bridge 
over  the  Missouri  River  at  Leaven- 
worth is  destroyed  by  a  storm. 

Oct.  18.  New  York.  The  horse  St. 
Blaise  brings  $100,000  at  the  Belmont 
sale. 


394     1891,  Oct.  20-Dec.  1. 


AMERICA 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1891  Oct.  28.  Md.  The  cruiser  De- 
troit is  launched  at  Baltimore. 

Nov.  4.  Aew  York.  The  cruiser  I'fiila- 
(lelphia,  the  flagship  of  Adm.  Ghe- 
rardi,  sails  for  St.  Thomas. 

Nov.  14.  A  test  of  armor-plates  at  the 
Naval  Ordnance  Proving-ground  demon- 
strates the  superiority  of  the  superfi- 
cially carbonized  American  nickel-steel 
plates. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Oct.  20.  Alas.  Prof.  Isaac  C. 
Russell  and  party  climb  14,500  feet  up 
Mount  St.  Silas,  when  they  are  turned 
back  by  a  severe  snow-storm. 

Oct.  21.  Ga.  The  Grady  Monument 
aT  Atlanta  is  unveiled;  an  oration  is 
delivered  by  Gov.  Hill  of  New  York. 

R.  I.    The  Liadd    Observatory   at 

Providence,  the  gift  to  Brown  University 
from  Gov.  Herbert  W.  Ladd,  is  formally 
presented ;  the  cost  of  the  outfit  alone 
is  over  $25,000. 

Oct.  23.  flL  Natural  gas  is  struck  at 
Hillsboro. 

N.  Y.    A  landslide  at  Haverstraw 

is  the  cause  of  an  immense  tipheaval  of 
the  richest  brick  clay  yet  discovered  at 
that  place. 

Oct.  26±.  Afinn.  The  American  Steel 
Barge  Works  at  Duluth  lay  the  keel  for 
thefirst  *•  whalebacks"  to  carry  140,000 
bushels  of  wheat,  with  a  draught  of  15 
feet. 

Nov.  1.  m.  The  remains  of  a  masto- 
don are  unearthed  near  Onarga. 

Nov.  11.  Pa.  The  Butler  oil-well, 
near  Pittsburg,  is  burning  fiercely  ;  the 
burning  oil  does  much  damage. 

Nov.  23.  Meteoric  displays  are  ob- 
served in  different  parts  of  the  country. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1891. 
Oct.  24.     Tiffany,  O.  H..  M.  E.  clergyman, 

orator,  A  66. 
Oct.  31.     Seymour,  Truman,  niaj. -gen.,  A67. 
Nov.  3.     I'reston,  Thomas  Scott,  vicar  gen. 

R.  C.  Archdiocese  of  New  York,  A  67. 
Hart,  Anthony  C.  (Tony  Hart),  actor, 

A36. 
Nov.  4.    Marks,  Albert  S.,  Gov.  of  Tenn., 

ASS. 
Nov.  12.    Piatt,  I>onn,  journalist,  A72. 
Nov.  17.      Cooper,    George    H..    rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  A70. 
Nov.  19.    Florence,  William  J.,  comedian, 

A60. 
Nov.  21.    Hill,  Thomas,  clergyman,  author, 

president  of  Harvard  University,  A  73. 
Nov.  33.    Hovey,  Alvin  P.,  maj.-gen..  Gov. 

of  Ind.,  A70. 


CHURCH. 

1891  Oct.  25.  New  York.  Mrs.Booth- 
Clibborn,  head  of  the  Salvation  Army 
branches  in  France  and  Switzerland, 
arrives. 

Oct.  28.  Wis.  Isaac  L.  Nicholson 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Milwaukee.  [Nov.  10.  In  his 
elevation  the  ceremony  of  enthroning 
abishop  is  first  performed  in  the  United 
States  at  Milwaukee.] 


Nov.  13.  New  York.  Archbishop  Corrj- 
gan  says  mercy  may  be  exercised 
toward  Dr.  M'Glynn  — 

Provided  (1)  that  he  himself  makes  the 
request  and  states  his  grievances ;  (2) 
that  he  publicly  condemns  all  that  he 
has  said  and  done  of  an  insulting  char- 
acter as  against  the  archbishop  and  the 
Holy  See  ;  (3)  that  he  be  ready  to  abide 
by  the  orders  and  submit  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  Apostolic  See  ;  and  (4)  that 
lie  promises  to  abstain  from  any  public 
utterance,  or  assistance  at  any  meeting, 
on  the  matter  under  consideration. 

Nov.  16.  New  York.  The  case  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Briggs  is  appealed  by  the 

Prosecuting  Committee  to  the  General 
Assembly.  [Nov.  21.  A  number  of  min- 
isters and  elders  make  formal  complaint 
to  the  Synod  of  New  York  concerning 
the  dismissal  of  the  Briggs  case  by  the 
Presbytery  on  Oct.  5.] 
Nov.  17.  D.C.  The  Episcopal  Chiirch 
Congress  convenes  in  Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Oct.  22.  N.  Y.  Thos.  C.  Hodg- 
kins  of  Setauket  gives  $200,000  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washing- 
ton. D.C. 

Nov.  4.  New  York.  Sir  Edwin  Ar- 
nold reads  and  recites  to  a  large  audi- 
ence in  Carnegie  Music  Hall. 

Nov.  7.  N.  Y.  Pratt  Institute,  Brook- 
lyn, has  a  School  for  Farming,  includ- 
ing IGO  acres  of  land,  at  Glen  Cove,  L.  I. 

Nov.  14.  Mass.  The  School  Board  of 
Fitchburg  brings  charges  against  four 
French  citizens  who  send  their  children 
to  a  parochial  school  where  half  the 
teaching  is  in  French,  while  the  law 
requires  that  it  shall  only  be  in  English. 

Nov.  18.  N.  J.  Prof.  Guyot's  valuable 
library  is  given  to  Princeton. 

Nov.  25.  Prof.  S.  C.  Chandler  informs 
the  Boston  Scientific  Society  of  a  dis- 
covery that  the  pole  of  the  earth  re- 
volves around  a  circumference  of  about 
30  feet  radius  in  427  days,  and  hence  that 
all  parallels  of  latitude  are  mutable. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Oct.  20.  O.  The  United  Typo- 
thetse  of  America  begins  its  5th  annual 
convention  at  Cincinnati,  with  300  dele- 
gates present. 

Oct.  21.  Chicago.  About  700  women 
get  their  names  on  the  registry  lists. 

Oct.  22.  New  York.  Sir  Edwin  Arnold, 
avithor  of  The  Light  of  Asia,  arrives. 

Oct.  23.  Afe.  Every  liquor-dealer  at 
Bar  Harbor  has  been  indicted  for  violat- 
ing the  liquor-law. 

N.  Dak,  Gen.  Beauregard.  Presi- 
dent Conrad,  Secretary  Horner,  and 
otber  officers  of  the  Louisiana  Lottery, 
are  indicted  at  Sioux  Falls  for  violation 
of  the  postal  laws  ;  U.  S.  marshals  start 
for  New  Orleans  to  make  arrests. 

Oct.  24.  La.  Eugene  E.  Garcia,  paying 
teller  of  the  Louisiana  National  Bank, 
at  New  Orleans,  is  charged  with  embez- 
zling $190,000  of  the  bank's  funds. 

Oct.  25.  New  York.  ••  Prison  Sunday  " 
is  observed  by  the  preaching  of  sermons 
on  crime  and  the  best  means  of  prevent- 


ing and  suppressing  it,  in  many  pulpits 
of  this  city. 

Oct.  29.  I'a.  Senator  Quay  enters  [a 
successful]  suit  for  libel  against  the  Pitts- 
burg J'ost,  laying  damages  at  $100,000, 
also  criminal  suits  against  the  editor  and 
proprietor. 

Oct.  31.  ///.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
wreck  a  train  on  the  Chicago  and  Al- 
ton Railroad,  near  Alton,  with  the  sup- 
posed intention  of  injuring  Gov.  Fifer, 
who  was  a  passenger. 

Nov.  2.  Boston.  President  Asa  Potter 
and  Directors  J.  H.  French  and  T.  Dana 
of  the  Maverick  National  Bank  are  ar- 
rested on  a  criminal  charge  of  taking 
respectively  from  the  baiik  $1,100,000, 
§600,000,  and  $300,000,  giving  merely 
nominal  security. 

*  *  The  Non-Partisan  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  holds 
its  annual  meeting,  and  elects  Ellen  J. 
Phinney  president,  and  Jennie  F.  Duty 
secretary  ;  general  organizations  are 
doing  service  in  seven  States. 

Nov.  4.  N.  Y.  A  tramp  murderously 
assaults  a  woman  after  eating  a  break- 
fast she  gave  him  ;  he  is  under  arrest  at 
White  Plains. 

Nov.  5.  La.  W.  S.  Felton  and  J.  T. 
Smith  of  Bastrop  are  lynched  by  a  mob. 

Neb.    A  train  is  held  up  in  Omaha 

by  masked  men,  and  the  mail-car 
robbed.  ■ 

Nov.  6.  Cal.  A  colony  of  Scotehmen  is 
swindled  out  of  $265,000  in  Southern 
California. 

Nov.  8.  Chicago.  A  demonstration  is 
made  in  memory  of  the  Anarchists 
who  were  hanged.    (See  May  4,  1886.) 

Nov.  10.  Boston.  The  ■Woman*8  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  holds  its  first 
World's  Convention ;  Lady  Somerset, 
president  of  the  British  Women's  Tem- 
perance Association,  is  present. 

[Mrs.  Mary  Clement  Leavitt  reports 
the  completion  of  her  tour  around  the 
world,  in  which  she  has  established  so- 
cieties in  nearly  every  country.  Nov. 
17.  Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  is  reelected 
president  of  the  International  Union. 

N.  Y.  John  Blocher  of  Bulfalo  be- 
queaths his  elegant  house  as  a  charita- 
ble Home  for  Aged  Men ;  he  supple- 
ments the  gift  with  an  endowment  of 
about  §2,000,000. 

Nov.  11.  La.  The  American  Bankers' 
Association  begins  its  17th  annual  con- 
vention at  New  Orleans. 

Nov.  11  f.  Mo.  The  National  Farmers* 
Congress  is  in  session  at  Sedulia. 

It  demands  the  free  coinage  of  silver 
dollars  of  the  value  of  100  cents  each; 
that  national  revenue  be  derived  from 
taxes  and  imports  on  goods  which  come 
into  competition  with  home  manufac- 
tures, and  Federal  prohibition  of  the 
sale  of  intoxicating  liquors.  It  also  de- 
mands the  cession  of  arid  lands  to  the 
various  States  in  which  the  arid  lands 
are  situated. 

Nov.  12.  New  York.  A  mass-meeting  in 
Chickering  Hall  passes  resolutions  de- 
nouncing the  liouisiana  State  Lottery ; 
speeches  are  made  by  Seth  Low,  Father 
Elliott,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Bishop  Potter, 
and  others. 

THs.     A  daring  attempt  is  made  to 

rob  an  express-train  on  the  St.  Paul 
road,  near  Milwaukee;  the  robbers  are 
unable  to  open  by  force  the  treasure- 
boxes,  but  they  secure  about  $5,000  in 
small  packages. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  Oct.  20-Dec.  1.     395 


Nov.  13.    New  York.    A  new  society  for 

suppressing  vice  js  formed;  it  is  to  be 
known  as  "  The  New  York  Union  of 
Religious  and  Humanitarian  Socie- 
ties for  Concerted  Moral  Effort." 
Nov.  14.  Chicago.  A  number  of  An- 
archists are  fined  in  a  police  court  for 
carrying  concealed  weapons. 

Tex.     Two  negroes  are  lynched 

near  Brenham. 

Nov.  16.  Xtw  Yor!:.  The  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
opens  its  semi-annual  convention. 

Nov.  17.  /«(/.  The  Supreme  Council  of 
the  Farmers*  Alliance  meets  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

Chicago.    Union  men  commit  acts  of 

vandalism  on  tlie  wurk  of  non-union 
contractors  aggregating  $40,000. 

Cat.  Three  Yuma  Indians  are  sen- 
tenced to  death  for  murdering  an  old 
medicine  man  Ijecause  he  failed  to  bring 
rain  at  the  tribe's  request. 

X.  J.  The  act  favoring  pool-sellers 

is  declared  unconstitutional  by  the 
Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals. 

Nov.  18.  R.  I.  Gov.  Ladd  declines  to 
interfere  to  prevent  a  prize-fight. 

Nov.  19.  Mass.  T.  O.  H.  P.  Burnham 
of  Boston  bequeaths  over  $500,000 
to  public  institutions. 

Nov.  21.  Mass.  Bicbard  Buggies  of 
Lynntield  is  whipped  by  White  Caps. 

Mont.  Masked  men  rob  an  express- 
car  of  $2,000  on  a  Montana  railroad. 

Nov.  22.  Miss.  "Whites  in  Attala  County 
shoot  one  negro  and  severely]  \vhip  sev- 
eral others  ;  one  white  man  is  arrested, 
and  the  others  are  being  sought  after. 

Nov.  29,  NpAoYork.  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall, 
pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian 
Church,  is  shot  at  several  times  by  an 
insane  man. 

Nov.  *  Kan.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  colored  children  cannot  be 
discriminated  against  in  the  public 
schools. 

STATE. 

1891  Oct.  21.  D.  C.  Official  notice  is 
received  in  Washington  that  Italy  will 
henceforth  admit  American  salted 
meats. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  The  Government  in- 
structs Minister  Egan  to  demand 
prompt  reparation  from  Chile  for 
the  murder  of  sailors  wearing  the  naval 
uniform  of  the  United  States ;  the 
cruiser  Boston  leaves  Brooklyn  navy- 
yard  for  Valparaiso,  and  the  cruiser 
Yorktoum  is  also  on  the  way. 

Oct.  28.  D.  C.  Senor  Pedro  Montt, 
the  new  Chilean  representative  at 
Washington,  is  received  by  Secretary 
Blaine. 

Oct.  29.  D.  C.  The  State  Department 
receives  from  Minister  Egan  the  reply 
of  the  Chilean  Junta  to  the  demand 
for  reparation. 

Nov.  1.  D.  C.  A  despatch  is  received 
from  Capt.  Schley  describing  the  brutal 
treatment  of  the  Baltimore's  sailors 
by  the  Chilean  police. 

Nov.  2.  iris.  Claims  have  been  filed  in 
one  day  for  every  acre  of  the  $2,000,000 


worth  of  pine  lands  (the  Omaha  indem- 
nity limit)  thrown  open  at  the  United 
States  Land  Office  ;  for  some  lots  claims 
have  been  filed  several  times. 

Nov.  4.  /.  T.  Cherokee  Indians  peti- 
tion for  the  partitioning  and  allotment 
in  severalty  of  nearly  14,000,000  acres 
of  land  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Nov.  10.  D.  C.  In  the  argument  of  the 
Sayward  Case  in  the  Supreme  Court,  it 
transpires  that  a  treaty  agreement  to 
be  ratified  by  the  Senate  has  been 
concluded  between  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment and  Great  Britain,  to  submit  the 
Bering  Sea  dispute  to  arbitration. 

Nov.  11.  Pa.  The  State  Senate  decides 
that  it  has  no  jurisdiction  in  the  State 
Treasurer  Bardsley's  case. 

Nov.  17.  Alas.  Alaska  asks  for  a  ter- 
ritorial form  of  Government. 

N.   Y.      The  official    canvass  in   the 

State  as  far  as  completed  makes  the  As- 
sembly a  tie,  and  the  Senate  Republican 
by  two,  with  several  Senatorial  districts 
contested. 

Nov.  18.  K.  Y.  Efforts  are  made  in 
Dutchess  County  to  count  as  valid  six 
defective  ballots  that  were  destroyed  by 
order  of  the  Board  of  Canvassers  at 
time  of  election.  [Nov.  20.  Judge  Bar- 
nard decides  that  the  Dutchess  County 
canvassers  must  count  the  votes  as  re- 
turned by  the  election  inspectors.] 

Nov.  20.   Ind.  The  Farmers' Alliance 

Convention  at  Indianapolis  splits  on  the 
sub-treasury  plan, 

N.  Y.    David  A.  Munro,  Jr.,  is  counted 

out  in  Onondaga  County  by  a  majority 
of  the  Board  of  County  Canvassers,  and 
the  certificate  of  election  as  member  of 
Assembly  is  given  to  Patrick  J.  Ryan. 
The  Court  orders  the  returns  to  be  sent 
back  for  correction. 

Gilbert  A.  Dean,  Republican  Sena- 
tor-elect (contested)  of  the  15th  Dis- 
trict, dies  at  his  residence  in  Copake, 

Columbia  County. 

Nov.  21,  N.  Y.  Judge  Kennedy  of  tho 
Supreme  Court  orders  that  the  errone- 
ous returns  of  the  ist  Assembly  District 
of  Onondaga  County  be  sent  back  to 

the  inspectors  foi*  correction. 

The  Columbia  County  Canvassers  com- 
plete their  work,  giving  the  State  sena- 
torship  to  Gilbert  A.  Dean ;  plurality ,  135. 

Nov.  23.  N.  r.  The  County  Clerk  of 
Onondaga  is  summoned  by  Gov.  Hill  to 
answer  charges  brought  by  the  Demo- 
cratic supervisors.  [Dec.  3.  He  re- 
moves him.] 

Nov.  24.  Ind.  Gov.  Alvin  P.  Hovey 
dies  at  Indianapolis ;  Ijieut.-Gov.  Ira 
J.  Chase  succeeds  to  the  governor- 
ship. 

iV.  Y,    A  Supreme  Court  order  directs 

the  Sullivan  County  Canvassers  to  re- 
convene and  canvass  the  vote  for  As- 
semblyman. 

Nov.  27.  N.  Y.  Judge  Kennedy  of  Syr- 
acuse warns  the  inspectors  of  election 
that  the  Court  will  not  permit  any  un- 
necessary delay  in  complying  with  its 
orders  ^ 

Nov.  30.  .V.  r.  The  chairman  of  the 
Dutchess  County  Board  of  Canvassers 
ignores  Judge  Barnard's  order  to  recan- 
vass  the  vote. 

Nov.  *  III.  The  Legislature  adopts  the 
"World's  Fair  amendment  to  the  State 
Constitution.     Vote,  500,299-15,095. 

Dec.  1.  ^V.  Y.  The  extraordinary  spe- 
cial term  of  the  Supreme  Court  ordered 
by  Gov.  Hill  convenes  in  Syracuse, 
Judges  Kennedy  and  O'Brien  present ;  a 


stay  of  proceedings  in  the  Munro-Ryan 
mandamus  case  being  moved,  the  Court 
sets  down  the  motion  for  Wednesday 
morning  (next  day) ;  the  missing  returns 
are  brought  to  Judge  Kennedy's  court. 

At  Albany,  Secretary  of  State  Rice 
calls  a  meeting  of  the  State  Board  of 
Canvassers  for  Wednesday,  Dec.  2 ; 
members  of  the  Board  are  served  with 
an  order  of  Judge  Edwards  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  to  show  cause  at  Hudson, 
on  Dec.  5,  why  a  peremptory  manda- 
mus should  not  issue  to  prevent  the 
canvass  of  the  returns  from  Dutchess 
County. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Oct.  20.  Cal.  The  horse  Sunol 
trots  one  mile  in  two  minutes,  Z\  sec- 
onds, at  Stockton,  beating  the  record  of 
Maud  S,  one  half  second. 

Five  persons  are  killed  and  50  or  60 

injured  in  a  railway  wreck  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Burlington,  and  Quincy  road. 

Oct.  21.  New  York.  Decker  and  Sons* 
piano  factory  and  other  factories  in  a 
four-story  building  are  burned ;  loss, 
$125,000. 

Oct.  22.  Mass.  The  Glendale  "Woolen 
Mills  are  burned  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Minn.  The  flour-mills  of  Minneapo- 
lis are  turning  out  a  daily  average  of 
32,767  barrels. 

Oct.  24.  Wis.  Settlers  rush  to  take 
possession  of  the  150,000  acres  of  land 
now  opened. 

Oct.  26.  N.  Y.  The  Empire  State 
Express,  a  new  train  on  the  N.  Y.  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  makes  its  first  rmi  from 
New  York  to  Buffalo  in  eight  hours  and 
42  minutes — two  minutes  behind  sched- 
ule time;  distance,  436J  miles. 

Oct.  29.  The  steamer  Oliver  Bierne  is 
burned  on  the  Mississippi ;  20  lives  are 
lost. 

Nov.  2.  Ga.  The  Southern  States 
Exposition  is  opened  at  Augusta. 

Nov.  4.  Boston.  The  failure  of  the 
Maverick  Bank  causes  a  run  on  the 
Five  Cents  Savings-bank. 

Nov,  7.  Chicago.  The  Edgmoor  Land 
Syndicate  buys  250,000  acres  in  North 
Dakota,  on  whieli  to  place  German 
farmers  to  raise  barley  for  malt  pur- 
poses. 

Nov.  10.  Cal.  The  horse  Arion  trots 
one  mile,  at  Stockton,  in  two  minutes, 
103  seconds. 

Nov,  11.  Ca.  Atlanta  business  prop- 
erty is  destroyed  by  fire;  loss,  $125,000. 

Nov.  16.    Mo.    St.  Louis  loses  $1,500, - 

000  by  fire. 
Nov.  17.     Cal.     The  horse   Palo  Alto 

trots  one  mile,  at  Stockton,  in  two  nun- 

utes,  82  seconds. 

N.    Y.      By   a   fire   in    Brooklyn    70 

families  are  rendered  homeless ;  loss, 
$130,000. 

Nov.  18.  Colo.  A  national  Mining 
Congress  meets  at  Denver ;  a  great 
number  of  delegates  are  present. 

Minn.    Three  children  are  killed 

by  wolves  10  miles  from  St.  Paul. 

Nov.  21.  N.  Y.  Syracuse  suffers  a  loss 
of  $200,000  by  fire. 

Nov.  28.  O.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Toledo ;  nine  persons  are  killed  and  20 
injured. 

Nov.  *  New  York.  The  Grant  Monu- 
ment Fund  amotmts  to  $155,000+. 


S96     1891,  Dec.  L-Dec*. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1891  Dec.  2.  Phila.  The  armored 
cruiser  AVw  ¥<yrk,  "  the  Queen  of  the 
Navy,"  is  launched  at  the  Cramps  ship- 
yard. 

Dec.  5.  Mil,  The  two  -  thousand  -  ton 
steel  cruiser  Montgomery  is  launched 
lit  Baltimore, 

Dec.  12.  N.  Y.  Plans  for  the  new  dry 
dock  at  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  are 
published. 

It  will  be  the  largest  dry  dock  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast ;  length,  600  feet ;  breadth 
at  the  bottom,  70  feet ;  depth,  28  feet. 

Dec.  18.  Colo.  Troops  are  ordered  to 
Crested  Butte  to  prevent  conflicts  be- 
tween the  miners  and  strikers. 

Dec.  22.  Tex.  U.  S.  troops  break  up  the 
Mexican  rebel  camp  of  Catarino 
Garza  at  Retampal  Springs. 

Dec.  26.  Cal.  The  cruiser  San  Fran- 
cisco sails  from  San  Francisco,  carrying 
sealed  orders. 

Dec.  28.  3/e.  The  iron  gunboat  Ma- 
ckias  is  launched  at  Bath. 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  Dec.  11.  O.  Valuable  relics  of 
mound- builders  are  found  at  Chilli- 
cothe. 

Dee.  17.  Phila.  The  Drexel  Institute 
of  Art,  Science,  and  Industry  is  dedi- 
cated. 

Dec.  26.  X.  J.  Gov.  Abbett  lays  the 
corner-stone  of  a  Washington  memorial 
monument  in  Trenton  on  the  llSth  an- 
niversary of  the  Battle  of  Trenton. 

Dec.  30.  George  W.  Vanderbilt  gives 
the  American  Fine  Art  Society  a  cost- 
ly and  handsome  art  gallery  adjoining 
its  new  building,  the  whole  valued  at 
$100,000. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Dec.  6.  Ranney,  Kufua  P.,  lawyer,  states- 
man, A  7  8. 

Dec.  17.  Hand,  Daniel,  philanthropist,  of 
Conn.,  A90. 

Dec.  19.  I'attison,  Thomas,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A 69. 

Dec.  20.  Flumb,  Preston  B.,  senator  for 
Kan.,  AM. 

Dec.  33.  Creswell,  John  A.  .1.,  setiator  for 
Md.,  postmaster-general,  Ab3. 

Dec.  29.  Loughlin,  John,  K.  C.  bishop  of 
Brooklyn,  A76. 

Dec.  30.  Stuart,  Mary  Macrae,  philanthro- 
pist, A8L 

CHURCH. 

1891  Dec.  9.  O.  The  Central  States 
Conference  of  Unitarian  Churches 
ia  organized  at  Cincinnati. 

Dec.  19.  Md.  Cardinal  Gibbons  ordains 
the  first  colored  Homan  Catholic 
priest  in  America,  in  the  Cathedral  of 
SS.  Peter  and  Paul,  Baltimore. 

Dec.  22.  D.  C.  The  first  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Christian  Commission  be- 
gins at  Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1891  Dec.  17.  iV.r.  A  center  for  Uni- 
versity Extension  is  formed  at  Albany. 

Dec.  30.  Phila.  A  Convention  of  Col- 
lege Presidents  and  Professors  as- 
sembles. 


*•  *  Kan.    Central  College  is  founded  at 

Enterprise  by  the  United  Brethren. 
"  *  Mont.     The    Montana    University 

opens  at  Helena. 
"  *  i^.  C.    The  Legislature  establishes  a 

normal  school  for  colored  people  at 

Klizabeth  City. 
'  *  Xew    York:    The  School   of   Social 

Economics  (non-sect.)  is  opened. 
The  Morning  Advertiser  is  founded  by 

CoL  John  A.  Cockerill.    The  Recorder  is 

also  founded. 
'  *  Okla.    An  Agricultural  College  is 

opened  by  the  State  at  Stillwater. 

*  ♦  The  Lion's  Cub,  by  Kichard  Henry 
Stoddard,  appears. 

'  *  A  Successful  Man,  by  Julien  Gordon, 
appears. 

'•  *  Sir  William  Johnson  and  the  Six  Na- 
tiotis,  by  William  Elliot  Griftis,  appears. 

'  ♦  Rhymes  of  Childhood,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Kiley,  appears. 

*  *  Judaism  and  Christianity ,  by  Craw- 
ford Howell  Toy,  appears. 

''  *  Washington  Irving  ,hy  i^QOTgQW\\\\B.TCi 
Curtis,  appears. 

'  *  Antiquities  of  Tennessee  and  the  Adja- 
cent States,  by  Gates  P.  Thurston,  ap- 
pears. 

■  *  Patrick  Henry,  by  William  Wirt 
Henry,  appears. 

■  *  The  Second  Admitiistration  of  Madi- 
son^ by  Henry  Adams,  appears. 

'  *  Freedom  Triumphant,  hy  Charles  CatIq- 

ton  Coffin,  appears. 
'  *  Races  and  Peoples :    Lectures  on   the 

Science  of  Ethnography,  b^  Daniel  G. 

Brinton,  appears. 
'  *  Widow   G^uthrie,  by  R.  M.  Johnston, 

appears. 
^  *  The    Cruise    of   the   Alerte,   by  E.  F. 

Knight,  appears. 
'  *  Wanneta,  the   Sioux,   by  Warren  K. 

Moorehead,  appears. 
'  *  The  Sisters'  Tragedy ^withother  Poems ^ 

by  T.  B.  Aldrich,  appears. 

*  Ann-e    Bradstreet    and   Her   Time,  by 
Helen  Campbell,  appears. 

*  T}ie    Pine     Tree     Coast^    by    Slimuel 
Adams  Drake,  appears. 

*  Flower  de  Hundred,  by  Mrs.  Burton 
Harrison,  appears. 

*  A  Plea  for  Liberty,  edited  by  Thomas 
Mackay,  appears. 

*  Washington's   Rules   of   Civility,   by 
Moncure  D.  Conway,  appears. 

*  The    Witch   of   Prague,   by   Francis 
Marion  Crawford,  appears. 

*  An  American  Episcopal  Church,  by  S, 
D.  McConnell,  appears. 

*  An  American  Girl  in  London,  by  Sara 
Jeannette  Duncan,  appears. 

*  The     Colonies,     by     Reuben     Gold 
Thwaites,  appears. 

*  The  Life  and   Times  of  John  Dickin- 
son, by  Charles  J.  StiUe,  appears. 

*  Woman's  Work  in  America,  edited  by 
Annie  Nathan  Meyer,  appears. 

*  A    Washington   Bible   Class,  by  Gail 
Hamilton,  appears. 


*  *  Alexander  Hamilton,  by  William  Gra- 
ham Sumner,  appears. 

*  *  The  Railway  Problem,  by  A.  B.  Stlck- 
uey,  appears. 

*  *  Principles  of  Social  Economics,  by 
George  Guntou,  appears. 

*  *  Our  Italy,  by  Charles  Dudley  Warner, 
appears. 

*  *  Japanese  Girls  and  Women,  by  Alice 
Mabel  Bacon,  appears. 

*  *  Under  the  Trees  and  Elsewhere,  by 
Hamilton  W.  Mabie,  appears. 

*  *  The  American  Revolution,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

*  *  The  Primes  and  Their  Neighbors,  by 
R.  Malcolm  Johnston,  appears. 

*  *  Charles  Grandison  Finney,  by  G.  Fred- 
erick Wright,  appears. 

*  *  The  Century  Dictionary,  edited  by 
William  Dwight  Whitney,  completed. 

*  *  Stories  of  Old  New  Spain,  by  T.  A. 
Jannier,  appears. 

*  *  Life  of  John  Boyle  O'Reilly,  by  J.  J. 
Roche,  appears. 

*  *  Hannibal,  by  Theodore  A.  Bodge,  ap- 
pears. 

*  ♦  Excursion  in  Art  and  Letters,  by  W, 
W.  Story,  appears. 

*  ♦  Noto :  An  Unexplored  Comer  of  Japan, 
by  Perciral  Lowell,  appears. 

*  *  Spain  and  Morocco,  by  Henry  T,  Finck, 
appears. 

*  *  SUva  of  North  America,  by  Charles 
Sprague  Sargent,  appears. 

*  *  The  Oyster,  by  W.  K.  Brooks,  appears. 

*  *  Criticism  and  Fiction,  by  William 
Dean  Howells,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  Dec.  1.  Mo.  A  train  is  held 
up  near  St.  J^ouis,  and  the  express-car 
robbed    of   about  $16,000  beside    other 

valuables. 

Minn.    Two  of  a  gang  of  incendiaries 

are  arrested  in  St.  Paul  in  the  act ;  their 
plan  of  working  is  the  burning  of  houses 
on  the  percentage  of  insurance  plan. 

Dec,  3.  Ala.  Two  masked  men  hold 
up  a  train  three  miles  west  of  Rome  and 
rub  its  safe. 

Pa.  A  new  coke-workers*  organ- 
ization is  formed. 

Dec.  4.  New  York.  Henry  L,  Norcross 
of  Somerville,  Mass.,  a  stranger,  de- 
mands $1,250,000  in  the  office  of 
Russell  Sage,  a  millionaire  ;  being  re- 
fused, he  drops  a  bag  which  immediately 
explodes,  killing  himself  and  another, 
injuring  Mr.  Sage  and  others,  besides 
partially  wrecking  the  building. 

Wyo.     Two  ranchmen,  John  A.  Tis- 

dale  and  another  man,  are  shot  and 
killed  in  their  wagons  by  ambushed 
assassins.  (.>ver  10((  cowboys  are  on 
the  luokout  for  the  assassins. 

Dec.  10.  D.  C.  The  National  Bar  As- 
sociation, in  session  at  Washington, 
elects  officers,  and  fixes  Washington  as 
the  permanent  place  for  the  annual 
meeting. 

New  York.    The  Christmas  Society 

is  organized  to  give  poor  children  Christ- 
mas presents  ;  it  asks  for  contributions. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1891,  Dec.  1-Dec. 


397 


Dec.  11.  Conn.  A  city  hospital 
founded  in  Middletown  receives  its 
first  patient. 

Dec.  12.  rolo.  At  Crested  Butte,  tlie 
Bheritf  and  a  posse,  while  (iefending  a 
mine,  are  Bred  upon  by  a  large  body  of 
strikers;  they  return  the  tire,  killing 
five  rioters. 

Oa.  James  Freeman ,  a  farmer,  mur- 
ders his  wife  near  Keedsviile,  because 
she  refused  to  kill  a  neighboring  farmer. 

N.  y.    An    unsuccessful    attempt    is 

made  to  wreck  a  train  on  tlio  Harlem 
ruad,  near  Pleasantville, 

Dec.  14.  Ala.  The  Eleventh  Annual 
Convention  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  meets  at  Birmingham. 
[Samuel  Gompers  is  reelected  president.] 

New    York.      E.   M.    Field,  of   Field, 

Lindley,  Wiechers,  and  Company 
charged  with  grand  larceny,  is  arrested 
at  the  asylum  where  he  was  confined, 
and  taken  to  police  headquarters.  [He 
is  pronounced  insane  by  a  jury  at  "WTiite 
Plains.] 

Dec.  15.    Chira/fo.    Five  highwaymen 

stop  a  big  mail-wagon,  and  compel  the 
postal  employees  in  charge  to  throw  out 
several  sacks  of  mail. 

Tex.  The  Southwest  Silver  Con- 
vention convenes  at  El  Paso  ;  there  are 
about  500  delegates  present,  with  as 
many  more  on  the  way. 

Dec.  17.  Mo.  John  L.  Ferguson,  abook- 
keeper  in  the  National  Bank  of  Kansas 
City,  is  arrested  for  embezzling  $20,000. 

Neto   York.      A    meeting    to   oppose 

war  and  favor  arbitration  Is  held  in 
Cooper  Union. 

K.  Y.  Managers  of  Accident  Insur- 
ance Companies  in  the  United  States 
hold  their  first  annual  convention  at 
Niagara  Falls. 

Dec.  19.  Ind.  Striking  miners  attack 
a  train-load  of  non-union  workers  with 
stones  and  pistols. 

Dec.  24.  The  Cherokee  Nation  elects 
C.  J.  Harris  first  chief,  and  Stephen 
Tebee  second  chief. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Hill  pardons  Roches- 
ter's defaulting  treasurer,  J<  >hn  A . 
l>avis,  sentenced  to  five  years*  imprison- 
ment in  March,  1890. 

Dec.  25.  Tex.  Catarino  Garza,  the 
Mexican  outlaw  chief,  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  capture  Fort  Ring- 
gold. 

Dec.  27.  Fla.  Race  conflicts  occur ; 
a  conductor  is  shot  by  a  negro  when  or- 
dered to  go  into  the  colored  people's  car. 

Dec.  29.  D.  C.  The  American  His- 
torical Society  and  the  American 
Forestry  Association  hold  their  an- 
nual meetings  in  Washington, 

Dec.  31.  Jnd.  In  a  prize-fight  at  Indi- 
anapolis a  woman  defeats  a  man  of 
some  local  reputation  as  a  pugilist ;  she 
gets  the  stipulated  prize  of  $500. 

Dec.  *  Tex.  The  asylum  for  the  insane 
is  opened  at  Florine. 

STATE. 

1891  Dec.  2.  Ariz.  Arizona  votes  in 
favor  of  a  new  Constitution. 

N.  Y.  The  State  Board  of  Canvas- 
sers meets  in  Albany,  and  canvasses  the 
votes  for  members  of  Congress. 

Dec.  4.  N.  Y,  An  agreement  is  reached 
at  Albany  to  permit  the  State  Board  to 


canvass  the  votes  except  those  of  the 
disputed  districts.  [Dec.  7.  It  acquiesces 
In  the  submission  of  the  electoral  dis- 
putes to  the  Court  of  Appeals.] 

Jud^e  Barnard  at  Poughkeepsie  grants 
a  motion  requiring  the  marked  ballots 
cast  in  the  town  of  lied  Hook  to  bo 
counted  for  the  Republican  candidate 
for  Senator.  The  mandamus  motion 
is  argued  before  .Uuige  K<iwards  at  Hud- 
son, and  adjourned  until  Dec.  7  at  Al- 
bany. 

Dec.  7.     />.  C.     The   52d   Congress : 

the  first  session  opens. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
Wilkinson  Call  of  Fla.  and  F.  T.  Dubois 
of  Ida.  are  sworn  in  ;  C.  F.  Manderson 
of  Neb.  is  elected  President  ^ro  tempore f 
in  the  House  Charles  F.  Crisp  of  Ga. 
is  elected  Speaker. 

Dec.  9.  D.  C.  Congress :  President 
Harrison  transmits  his  third  annual 
message  to  Congress;  it  announces 
reciprocity  with  Germany ;  the  House 
adjourns  until  Dec.  12. 

N.  Y.    The  "quad"  marked  ballots 

in  Dutchess  County,  54  in  number,  are 
counted  for  Deane  (Kep.)  for  State  Sena- 
tor, and  the  result  filed  in  the  Clerk's 
ofIi<!e.  .Judge  Barnard  grants  an  order, 
returnable  on  the  12th  inst.,  restraining 
the  Clerk  from  transmitting  the  returns 
to  the  State  Board. 

Dec.  10.  I).  C.  Congress:  Petitions  are 
presented  in  the  Senate  adverse  to  open- 
ing the  "World's  Fair  on  Sunday. 

Dec.  14,  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  bill  is  introduced  to  provide  for 
a  memorial  statue  in  Washington  to 
IT.  S.  Grant. 

Dec.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate several  Friends'  petitions  are  pre- 
sented remonstrating  against  the  traffic 
in  intoxicating  liquors  and  firearms 
in  Central  Africa.  Bills  are  intro- 
duced, one  by  Mr.  Hiscock,  for  the  erec- 
tion of  bridges  over  the  Hudson  and 
Bast  rivers  at  New  York. 

Okla.    A  convention  for  organizing 

the  State  meets  at  Oklahoma  City. 

Dec.  16.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
large  number  of  bills  are  introduced  ;  in 
the  House  the  Speaker  announces  the 
Committee  on  Kules. 

La.  The  Anti-Lottery  and  Pro- 
Lottery  wings  of  the  Democratic  Party 
hold  separate  conventions.  [Dec.  17. 
The  Anti-I^ottery  tielegateji  (233  in  num- 
ber) nominate  a  full  ticket  at  Baton 
Kouge.  Dec.  18.  The  Pro-Lottery  wing 
places  a  full  State  ticket  in  the  field.] 

Dec.  17.  />.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
the  Standing  and  Select  Committees 
are  announced.  Senator  Hill's  creden- 
tials, signed  by  himself  as  governor, 
and  dated  Dec.  5,  are  presented. 

Dec.  21.  T>.  C.  Congress:  Senator 
Plumb's  funeral  services  take  place  in 
the  Senate  chamber. 

Dec.  23.  />.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate bills  are  introduced  ;  in  the  House 
the  Speaker  announces  the  commit- 
tees; in  chairmanships,  Mr.  Springer 
of  111.  is  assigned  to  Ways  and  Means, 
Mr.  Holman  of  Ind.  to  Appropriations, 
Mr.  Mills  of  Tex.  to  Interstate  and  For- 
eign Commerce. 

///.    The  Legislature  decides  that  the 

alien  law  is  unconstitutional. 


Dec.  24.  N.  Y.  Another  stay  ih 
granted  in  the  Dutchess  County  election 

ease. 
Dec.  26.  N.  Y.  Justice  CuUen  of  Brook- 
lyn grants  an  order  requiring  the  State 
Board  to  sho%v  cause  why  they  should 
not  canvass  the  corrected  Dutchess 
County  returns  ;  also  an  order  directing 
the  County  Clerk  to  show  cause  why  he 
should  not  be  punished  for  contempt  of 
court. 

Dec.  27.  New  York.  M.  J.  Paten6tre, 
the  new  French  Minister  to  the  United 
States,  arrives. 

Dec.  29.  D,  C.  Reciprocity  agreements 
with  the  "West  India  Islands  and 
some  other  British  possessions  are  made 
public. 

N.  Y.  The  State  Board  of  Can- 
vassers give  certificates  of  election  to 
*_)sborne  and  Nichols  (Dem.),  ami  Derby 
(Rep.),  refusing  a  certificate  to  Slierwood 
(Rep.);  thus  giving  a  Democratic  major- 
ity in  the  Senate,  Interest  becomes 
more  intense  as  the  Legislature  is  to 
choose  a  U.  S.  Senator. 

Dec.  30.  J).  C.  Keciprocity  treaties 
with   Guatemala  and   Salvador  are 

signed  in  "Washington. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Dec.  1  *:  *.  Pa.  Nearly  20  fur- 
naces in  the  Mahoning  Valley  shut 
down  because  of  the  refusal  of  the  rail- 
road and  coke  men  to  reduce  rates  ;  more 
than  10,000  men  are  idle. 

Dec.  2.  A'.  Y.  A  dynamite  explosion 
near  Haverstraw  kills  five  men,  and 
greatly  damages  property. 

Dec.  3.  N.  J.  Three  men  are  killed  and 
15  injured  by  a  train  collision.  Plain- 
field  loses  §150,000  by  fire. 

Dec.  4.  Cal.  Forest  fires  do  much 
damage. 

Dec.  5.  ^finn.  Six  men  are  killed  and 
five  injured  by  a  falling  wall  in  St. 
Paul. 

Dec.  7.  The  Pacific  Mail  Company's 
new  steamer  Nicaragxui  is  lost  in  mak- 
ing her  maiden  trip,  on  the  coast  of 
Salvador;  all  on  board  are  saved. 

Dec.  8.  N.  J.  Two  silk-mills  are 
burned  and  500  thrown  out  of  work 
at  Patersou ;  loss,  $125,000. 

Mich.  The  Deep  "Water  Conven- 
tion at  Detroit  resolves  to  ask  Congress 
to  formulate  a  plan  whereby  convict 
labor  of  the  several  States  may  be  uti- 
lized in  building  a  shii)-caual  from  Lake 
Erie  to  the  seaboard. 

Dec.  19.  New  York.  A  New  York  Cen- 
tral train  runs  from  New  York  City  to 
Buffalo,  436  1-2  miles,  in  425  3-4 
minutes  actual  time. 

Dec.  24.  N,  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked  at 
Hastings ;  15  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  31.  V.  S.  Statistics  for  1891 : 
Production  :  Gold,  $3;i,175,000  ;  silver, 
$75,416,565 ;  bushels  of  grain  :  Indian 
corn,  '2,060,154,000;  wheat.  611,780,000; 
oats,  738,394,000 ;  barley,  75.000,000+  :  rye, 
33,000,000+  ;  buckwheat,  12,000,000;  bales 
of  cotton,  8,055,518 ;  pounds  of  wool, 
285,000,000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  5;J,- 
986,313.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,500,- 
067,655;  per  capita,  323.45.  Immigrants 
received  (ttscal  year),  560,319.  Miles  of 
railroad  worked,  164.324;  capital  stock, 
§4,809,176,651.  Fire-waste,  $143,7&1,967 ; 
insurance,  $90,576,918.  Total  railroad 
accidents,  2,444  ;  7.029  persons  are  killed, 
and  33,881  injured.  Business  failures,, 
$12,394;  liabilities,  $193,178,000. 


398     1891,  *  *-1892,  Jan.  20. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY -NAVY. 
1892    Jan.   1.     D.  C.      Secretary  Tracy 

issues  a  new  order  reclassifying  the 

war-ships  of  the  Navy. 
Jan.  2t.     Tex.    Capt.  Hardie,  3d  cavalry, 

disperses  a  baud  of  revolutiouists  under 

Catarino  Garza. 

Jan.  4.  Tex.  Garza  and  his  men  are 
pursued  by  United  States  troopers  and 
Texan  Hangers  in  Zapata  County.  [Jan. 
10.    The  pursuit  is  unsuccessful.] 

Jan.  5.  Oil.  The  cruiser  Baltimore  ar- 
rives at  San  Francisco. 

Jan.  6.  A'".  H.  Tbe  revenue  cutter  Gal- 
latin goes  ashore  off  Manchester-by- 
the-Sea. 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Commander  William  R. 
Hridgnian  is  promoted  captain.  [Apr.  3. 
Alex.  H.  McCorraack.  May  5.  Albert  S. 
Baker.  May  28.  Charles  S.  Cotton, 
July  1.    John  R.  Bartlett.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1891  *  *  N'ew  York.  The  Lion  Tamer  is 
first  produced  in  this  country  at  the 
Broadway  Theatre. 

*  *  New  York.  Frederick  P.  Vinton  of 
Boston,  H.  Siddons  Mowbray,  D.  W. 
Tryon,  J.  S.  Hartley,  and  Horatio 
Walker  of  New  York  are  elected 
members  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

*  *  Pa.  Many  soldiers*  monuments  are 
dedicated  on  the  battlefield  of  Gettys- 
burg during  the  year. 

1892  Jan.  15.  At  some  points  in  the 
northwest  thermometers  mark  a  tem- 
perature as  low  as  50  degrees  below 
zero. 

J'an.  16.  New  York.  Henry  G,,  Mar- 
quand  gives  §50,000  to  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1892. 
Jan.  2.     Meigs,  Montgomery  Cunningham, 

maj.-gen.  r.  S.  A.,  A76. 
Jan.  6.      liomford,    James    V.,    brig.-gen. 

vols.,  A80. 
Jan.  8,    Uodgers,  Christopher  R.  P.,  rear- 

adm.  U.  S.  N.,  A73. 
Jan.  12.    Judd,  Orin  B.,  clergyman,  jour- 

naliBt,  A76. 
Jan.  14.    Briabin,  James  S.,brlg.-gen.  vols., 

Jan.  1 6 .     W^ood.  Walter  Abbott,  inventor 

of  harvesting-machines,  A76. 
Jan.  SO.    Cranch,  Cliriatopher  P.,  painter, 

A7J). 

CHURCH. 
1801    *  *  Boston.      John    Brady    (auxil- 
iary) is  consecrated   (Roman   Catholic) 
bishop  of  Boston. 

•  *  Cal.  The  General  Synod  of  Califor- 
nia (Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized 

•  *  Ind.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Princeton ; 
Thomas  W.  Kennedy,  moderator. 

•  *  O.  The  Baptist  Annual  Meeting 
is  held  in  Cincinnati. 

•  *  Okla.  Theodore  Meerschaert  is  con- 
secrated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of 
Guthrie. 

•  *  Pa.  The  Annual  Convention  (Dis- 
ciples of  Christ)  is  held  at  Allegheny  ; 
D.  R.  Ewing,  president.    The  35th  Gen- 


eral  Synod    (EvangeUoal  Lutheran) 
meets  at  Lebanon.  . 

*  *Tex.—  W.Va.  Universalist  State  Con- 
ventions are  organized. 

*  *  Tex.  T.  F.  Brennan  is  consecrated 
(Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  Dallas. 

*  *  The  Epworth  League  (Methodist 
Episcopal)  reports  over  200,000  members. 

*  *  The  English  Synod  of  the  Northwest 
(Evangelical  Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  The  General  Synods  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  Nebraska  German  are  organized. 

LETTERS, 
1891    *  *  Landscape  Gardening,  by  Sam- 
uel Parsons,  appears. 

*  *  The  Odyssey  of  Homer,  translated  by 
George  H.  Palmer,  appears. 

*  *  The  Spanish  Conspiracy,  by  Thomas 
Marshall  Green,  appears. 

*  *  lYith  the  Admiral  of  the  Ocean  Sea,  by 
Charles  P.  Mackie,  appears. 

*  *  Life  and  Works  of  Horace  Mann  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Principles  of  Political  Economy,  by 
Arthur  Latham  Perry,  appears. 

*  ♦  The  Battle  of  Seven  Pines,  by  Gusta- 
vuB  W.  Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Recollections  and  Impressions,  by  O. 
B.  Frothingham,  appears. 

*  *  Mechanism  and  Personality,  by  Fran- 
cis A.  Shoup,  appears. 

*  *  Murvale  Eastman,  Christian  Scientist^ 
by  Albion  W.  Tourgee,  appears. 

*  *  English  Composition,  by  Barrett  Wen- 
dell, appears. 

*  *  rAe/?enoi5sa7ice,  by  Philip  SchafF,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Across  Russia  from  the  Baltic,  by 
Charles  A.  Stoddard,  appears. 

*  *  The  Principles  of  Strategy,  by  Lieut. 
John  Bigelow,  Jr.,  appears. 

*  *  Conduct  as  a  Fine  Art,  by  N.  Paine 
Gilman  and  Edward  Payson  Jackson, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Witch  of  Prague,  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  appears. 

*  *  The  Faith  Doctor,  by  Edward  Eggles- 
ton,  appears. 

*  *  Betty  Alden,  by  Jane  G.  Austin,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Thrown  Upon  Her  Own  Resources,  by 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Croiy  (Jenny  June),  appears. 

*  *  The  New  Womanhood,  by  James  C. 
Fernald,  appears. 

*  *  Business  Openings  for  Girls,  by  Sallie 
Joy  White,  appears. 

*  ♦  Life  of  General  Houston,  by  Henry 
Bruce,  appears. 

*  *  Thomas  Hooker,  by  George  Leon 
Walker,  appears. 

*  »  Colonial  Furniture  of  New  England, 
by  Irving  W.  Lyon,  appears. 

*  *  I^ectures  on  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  by  Samuel  Freeman  Mil- 
ler, appears. 

*  *  Huckleberries,  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke, 
appears. 

*  *  Christopher  Columbus,  by  Justin  Win- 
son,  appears. 


*  *  Siberia  and  t/te  Exile  System,  by 
George  Kennan,  appears. 

*  *  Nature  and  Man  in  America,  by  Na- 
thaniel S.  Shaler,  appears ;  also,  7'he 
Story  of  Our  Continent. 

1892    Jan.  Q±.      Chicago.    A  college  is 

established  to  educate  brewers  in  all 

branches  of  their  trade. 
Jan.  9.    Pa.    Andrew  Carnegie  adds 

$100,000  to  his  gift  of  $2,000,000  to 

Pittsburg  for  a  free  library. 
Jan.  12.   New  York.   Sir  Edwin  Arnold 

gives  the  first  of  a  series  of  readings  at 

Daly's  Theatre. 

SOCIETY. 

1891  *  *  Colo.  Dr.  T.  Thacher  Graves 
is  tried  at  Denver  for  the  murder  of 
Mrs.  Josephine  Barnaby  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  by  poison.  [1893.  Sept.  3,  He 
commits  suicide  while  awaiting  a  second 
trial.] 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  passes  a  bill  prohib- 
iting the  sale  of  liquor  within  one 
mile  of  the  Soldiers'  Home  in  the  city 
of  Washington — a  measure  that  will 
place  about  one-third  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  under  prohibition. 

*  *  Mont.,  N.  //.,  Tenn.  Ijabor-day,  the 
iirst  Monday  in  September,  is  established 
as  a  legal  holiday. 

*  *  N.  C.  A  school  for  white  deaf  and 
dumb  children  is  located  at  Morganton. 

*  *  The  Society  of  loyal  Volunteers 
is  organized. 

*  *  Neb.  —  Colo.  The  Methodist  Hospital 
and  Home  is  founded  in  Omaha ;  als<^ 
another  at  Denver. 

*  *  .V.  C.  The  Legislature  enacts  that 
the  birthday  of  Robert  E,  Lee  (Jan. 
19)  shall  be  a  legal  holiday. 

*  *  N.  C.  The  State  incorporates  a 
Confederate  Soldiers*  Home  near 
Raleigh. 

*  *  N.  J.  The  half-holiday  bill  for  the 
relief  of  employees  is  enacted. 

*  *  N.  Mex.  A  high-license  law  is  en- 
acted. 

Senator   Ingalls    arrests    widespreail 

attention  by  declaring  *'  The  Decalogue 
and  the  Golden  Rule  have  no  place  in  a 
political  campaign.  .  .  .  This  modern 
cant  about  the  corruption  of  politics  is 
fatiguing  in  the  extreme."  ''  Purity  in 
politics  is  an  iridescent  dream." 

*  *  A  society  called  The  Woodmen  of 
the  World  is  founded. 

1892  Jan.  2.  Teiui.  The  convict  mi- 
ners are  returned  to  the  mines  at  Coal 
Creek  with  a  guanl  of  soldiers  for  their 
protection  from  free  miners. 

Jan.  3.  New  York  Aman  threatens  Jay 
Gould  with  death  ;  another,  insisting  on 
marrying  Miss  Helen  Gould,  has  been 
arrested. 

Jan.  4.  N.  Y.  A  train-wrecker  is  cap- 
tured in  the  act  near  Rattlesnake  Point ; 
he  is  imprisoned  in  Rochester. 

Jan.  5,  Ga.  Eight  men  are  killed  in 
a  fight  in  Clinch  county. 

Kan.    The  sheriff  and  sheriff-elect  of 

Seward  county  are  killed  by  a  mob  In 
ambush;  the  district  judge  is  besieged 
in  his  house  by  40  men  armed  with  Win- 
chesters ;  a  county-seat  war  is  the  cause. 
[.Ian.  7.  Four  more  men  are  killed  in 
a  running  fight  with  outlaws  near  Spring- 
field ;  State  militia  occupy  the  town. 


UNITED   STATES.       '  1891,*  *-1892,  Jan.20.   399 


XfHf   }'ork.    Mrs.  R<^)l)ert  L.  Stuart's 

will  is  filed;  nearly  her  whole  fortune, 
estimated  at  $5,000,000,  is  left  to 
public  institutions. 

Tex.    Strikers  at  Gorcum  dismantle 

15  locomotives  ot  the  Sau  Antonio  and 
Arkansas  Pass  Railroad. 

Jan.  7.  Tex.  At  Houston  an  unknown 
thief  robs  the  safe  in  the  office  of  Wells, 
Fartjo,  and  Co.  of  between  $200,000  and 
$.'J0O.0O0. 

Jan.  8.  la.  Ex-Connty  Treasurer  Lane 
of  Ottumwais  missing  ;  shortage,  $30,000. 

Miss.    Tw^o  negrroea  are  lynched  at 

llaysville. 
±  Xeh.    C.   N.   Paul  of  Hastings    re- 
signs  his   offioe   of    eounty    treasurer  ; 
a  shortage  of  $23,000  is  made  good  by 
his  bondisuieu. 

Jan.  9.  /.  T.  About  1,000  Indians  engage 
iu  a  Messiah  dance  iu  the  Cherokee 
Strip. 

Jan.  10.  Conn.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Locomotive  Firemen  and  Engineers  in 
session  at  New  Haven  refuses  to  allow  a 
strike  on  the  branches  of  the  Consoli- 
dated Kailroad  with  regard  to  pay. 

IiuJ.  The  18  street-car  lines  of  In- 
dianapolis are  tied  up  by  a  strike. 

Jan.  12.  New  York.  The  will  of  Itfrs. 
Elizabeth  Coles  gives  large  sums  to 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Divine, 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  the 
New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographi- 
cal Society,  and  for  a  uevr  college. 

Jan.  13.  Conn.  Two  attempts  are  made 
to  \vreck  passenger-trains  on  the  Kew 
Haven  Uoad. 

Jan.  14.  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  Law  and 
Order  So<Mety  begins  its  prosecution  of 
newsdealers  who  sell  papers  on  Sun- 
days. [Feb.  23.  Seven  newsdealers  and 
carriers  are  iined  $25  each.] 

Jan.  15.  Xeir  York.  John  Carson,  a 
Baltimore  lawyer,  is  fi>und  dead  in  the 
snow  with  his  throat  out. 

Jan.  18.  Ala.  Harvay  Hinton,  impli- 
cated in  the  massacre  of  the  JI'Millen 
family  in  ("hoctaw  County,  is  taken 
from  jail  and  lynched. 

D.  ('.     The   American  "Woman's 

Suffrage  Association  begins  its  annual 
session  at  Washington. 

Xeia  York.  The  Typothetse  cele- 
brates the  ISCth  anniversary  of  Benja- 
nnn  Franklin's  birth  with  a  dinner. 


STATE. 

1891    *  *  During  the  year  1891,  Arkansas, 

Colorado,  Maine,  North  Dakota,  New 

Hampshire,  Oregon,  and  Ohio  adopt  the 

Australian    ballot    system,      lllmois 

and  Pennsylvania  adopt   ballot  reform 

bills. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

-93  •  *  Ark.    James  P.  Eagle  (Dem.). 

-95*  *  Cal.   Henry  H.Markham  (Rep.). 

-93  *  *  Colo.    John  L.  Routt  (Rep.). 

-93  *  *  Conn.    M.  J.  Bulkeley  (Rep.). 

-95*  *  Del.  Robert  J.  Reynolds  (Dem.). 

-93  *  *  Kan.     L.  U.  Humphrey  (Rep.). 

-95  *  *  Ky,    John  Y.  Brown  (Dem.). 

-92  *  *  3/e.    Edwin  C.  Burleigh  (Rep.). 

-92  *  *  Mass.     Wm.  E.  Russell  (Dem.). 

-93*  *  Mich.  Edwin  B.  Winans  (Dem.). 

-93  *  •  Minn,    W.  R.  Merriman  (Dem.). 

-93  *  *  Neb.     James  E.  Boyd  (Dem.). 

-95  *  *  Nev.    Ross  K.  Colcord  (Rep.). 

-93  *  *  N.  H.    Hiram  A.  Tuttle  (Rep.). 


-93*  *  N.Oak.  Andrew H.Burke(Rep.). 
-05*  *  Ore.  Sylvester  Pennoyer  (Dem.). 
-95  *  *  Pa.  Uohert  E.  Pattison  (r>em.). 
-92  *  *  li.  I.  Herbert  W.  Ladd  (Hep.). 
-93  *  *  S.  Dak.  A.  C.  Mellette  (Rep.). 
-03*  *Tenn.  John  P.  Buchanan  (Dem.). 
-93  *  *  Tex.  James  S.  Hogg  (Dem.). 
-93  *  *  Wis.    George  W.  Peck  (Dem.). 

1892  Jan.  2.  D.  C.  The  Treasury  De- 
partment reports  the  public  debt  in- 
creased $2,794,749  iu  December. 

Jan.  5.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  resolution  authorizing  the 
chartering  of  a  ship  to  carry  com  to 
the  famine-stricken  Russians ;  in  the 
House  many  bills  are  introduced;  one 
to  provide  for  pneumatic  postal  tubes 
between  New  Vork  and  Brooklyn. 
Benton  M*Millin  of  Tenn.  is  chosen 
Speaker  pro  tempore. 

Conn.     The  Supreme  Court  decides 

that  Gov.  Bulkeley  is  the  lawful  ex- 
ecutive of  the  State. 

N.  Y.    In  the  State  Senate  Walker 

(Dem.)  is  seated  by   a  party  vote  for 

Sherwood's  district,  the  27th,  although 
receiving  only  a  minority  vote  in  that 
district ;  four  notices  of  contest  are 
filed  to  unseat  as  many  Republican  Sen- 
ators. 

Jan.  6.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  :  Mr. 
Morrill  speaks  against  free  coinage  of 
silver,  and  is  answered  by  Mr.  Teller. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  Mr. 
Morgan's  resolution  for  an  inquiry  into 
the  condition  of  the  iN'icaragua  Canal 
is  adopted. 

Secretary  Blaine  notifies  the  represen- 
tatives of  countries  which  have  not  en- 
tered into  reciprocity  agreements  that 
the  retaliatory  clause  of  the  Tariff 
Act  will  be  applied  by  the  President  on 
March  15. 

Jan.  8.  N.  Y.  Storm  Emans,  the  Clerk 
of  Dutchess  County,  is  on  trial  for  con- 
tempt before  Justice  CuUeu  of  Brook- 
lyn ;  he  obtained  the  returns  in  the 
Dutchess  County  election  case  from  the 
messengers  of  the  governor,  comptroller, 
and  secretary  of  state  at  the  offices  of 
those  officials  and  carried  them  back  to 
Poughkeepsie.  [Jan.  20.  A  second  hear- 
ing is  given.  Feb.  18.  The  case  dis- 
missed without  costs.] 

Tenn.      The    Legislature    refuses   to 

make  an  appropriation  for  the  World's 
Fair. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  The  despatch  from  Sefior 
Pereira,  the  new  Chilean  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  received  at  Washington 
through  Minister  Montt,  is  considered 
more  conciliatory  than  those  from  his 
predecessor. 

Cal.    The  testimony  of  sailors  of  the 

Baltimore  taken  by  Judge-Advocate 
Remy  at  Vallejo  tends  to  show  that  mobs 
in  Valparaiso  were  deliberately  orga- 
nized to  attack  the  American  sailors 
from  the  Haltimore. 

Jan.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  Brussels  treaty  to  sup- 
press the  African  slave-trade  and  a 

commercial  arrangement  with  the  Kongo 
Free  State ;  Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo, 
introduces  a  joint  resolution  for  an  In- 
ternational Silver  Congress  [debated 
without  action] ;  ^n  the  House  William 
C.  P.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  makes  an  un- 
successful atte:npt  to  introduce  a  reso- 


lution  aiming  at   the  repeal  of  the 
reciprocity  clause  of  the  Tariff  Law. 

The  President  proclaims  the  forest 
preserve  of  New  Mexico  to  be  set  apart 
for  public  use. 

Jan.  12.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
bill  is  passed  providing  for  two  new 
revenue  cutters  for  the  Pacific  coast ; 
Jos.  M.  Dolph  of  Ore.  reports  favorably 
the  bill  to  appropriate  $100,000,000 
for  coast  defenses  and  fortifications. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  resolu- 
tion of  John  H.  Mitchell  of  Ore.  for  the 
relief  of  the  Court  of  Claims  is  dis- 
cussed and  referred  ;  in  the  House  Wil- 
liam S.  Holnian  of  Ind.  introduces  a 
resolution  to  limit  expenditures. 

The  final  report  of  Capt.  Schley  of 
the  Jialtimore  on  the  affair  at  Valparaiso 
is  received  at  the  Navy  Department. 

N.  Y.  The  "World's  Fair  Bill,  ap- 
propriating $300,000,  is  introduced  in  the 
State  Senate  and  ordered  to  a  third 
reading. 

Jan.  15.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  resolution  is  introduced  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  committee  of  seven  to 
investigate  the  census  office ;  the 
Holman  resolutions  are  adopted. 

Jan,  18.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Mexican  Claims  Bill,  relating  to  certain 
undistributed  moneys  received  from 
Mexico,  is  discussed  ;  William  A.  Peffer 
of  Kan.  introduces  a  joint  resolution 
favoring  the  election  of  President  and 
Vice-President  by  a  direct  popular 
vote.  * 

Jan.  19.  i).  r.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  reopening  of  the  lia 
Abra  claim  to  a  large  part  of  the  award 
of  the  Mexican  Commission ;  the  heirs  of 
Benjamin  Weil  are  also  claimants.  The 
House  kills  the  bill  to  regulate  the 
printing  and  distribution  of  public 
documents. 

N.  Y.  DeputyAttorney-GeneralMay- 

nard  is  confirmed  as  a  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Jan.  7.  New  York.  The  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  passes  a  resolution 
favoring  an  appropriation  of  $1,000,000 
for  the  New  York  exhibit  at  the  World's 
Fair. 

Jan.  8.  I.  T.  In  a  coal-mine  explo- 
sion at  McAlester,  100  men  are  killed 
and  115  injured. 

Jan.  10.  Mo.  The  main  building  of  the 
State  University,  Columbia,  is  destroyed 
by  fire  ;  loss,  $400,000. 

Jan.  11.  Ind.  Two  lives  are  lost  and  20 
persons  are  injured  by  a  train  falling 
over  an  embankment  at  Nicholson's 
Crossing. 

Jan.  15.  Two  women  are  burned  in 
a  railroad  wreck  on  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific, caused  by  a  broken  rail. 

Jan.  18.  0.  A  natural-gas  explosion 
wrecks  two  churches  and  damages  about 
50  houses  at  Lancaster. 

W.  Va.  Six  men  Are  killed  by  a  pow- 
der-mill explosion  at  Central  City. 


400     1892,  Jan.  20-Feb.  17. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Jan.  29  i.  Tex.  Garza  enters 
Mexico  with  5,000  armed  men,  and  is 
welcomed  by  many  of  the  people. 

Jan.  30.  Boston.  The  Common  Council 
resolves  to  return  a  captured  battle-flag 
to  Company  C,  12th  North  Carolina  Con- 
federate troops. 

D.  C.  Caleb  H.  Carlton  is  commis- 
sioned colonel  —8tb  cavalry. 

[Mar.  9.  Also  Joseph  C.  Bailey — medi- 
cal department.  Apr.  25.  John  C.Bates 

—  2d  infantry.  May  27.  F.  C.  Ainsworth 

—  pension  department.  July  1.  Richard 
Lodor  — 2d  artillery.  July  4.  Andrew 
S.  Bert  —25th  infantry.  July  9.  Oliver 
D.  Green.  July  28.  David  S.  Gordon  — 
IGth  cavalry.  Aug.  16.  Anson  Mills  — 
3d  cavalry.  Sept.  16.  Simon  Snyder  — 
19th  infantry.   Dec.  4.  Charles  H.  Alden 

—  medical  department.  Dec.  11.  John 
G.  Chandler  —  quartermaster's  depart- 
ment. Dec.  27.  Thomaa  C.  Sullivan  — 
Bubsistence  department.] 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Jan.  24.  Cal.  A  meteorite 
flecked  with  gold  is  found. 

Jan.  26.  Phila.  The  National  Academy 
of  Science  decides  to  send  a  relief  ex- 
pedition for  Lieut.  Peary,  under  Prof. 
A.  Heilprin.    (See  June  27.) 

Feb.  6.  Colo.  Gold  is  found  in  large 
quantities  at  Squaw  Gulch. 

Feb.  13,  A  remarkable  display  of  au- 
rora borealis  is  observed  throughout 
large  sections  of  the  north ;  its  bril- 
liancy causes  people  in  New  York  to 
believe  part  of  the  city  to  be  on  fire. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Jan.  33.  Bradley.  Joseph  P..  Justine  IT.  S. 
Supreme  Court,  A7i). 

Jan.  S3.  liobinson,  William  E.,  journalist, 
M.  C.  for  X.  Y.,  A7S. 

Hall,  John  W.,  <iov.  of  Del.,  A7S. 

Jan.  36.  Knapp,  Manning  M.,  lawyer,  ju- 
rist, A  70. 

Jan.  39.  Barnuin,  Henry  A.,  brig.-gen., 
politician,  A60. 

Feb.  3.  Hopkins,  Moses,  capitalist,  philan- 
thropist, A  75. 

Feb.  7.  Bryson,  Andrew,  rear-adm.  U.  S. 
N.,  A  69. 

Feb.  9.  Knox,  John  J.,  comptroller  treas- 
ury, A  64. 

Feb.  13.  Hunt,  TbomasS.,  geologist,  chem- 
ist, author,  Ati6. 


CHURCH. 

1892  Jan.  27  ±.  New  York.  Four  of 
the  Methodist  churches  —  St.  Paul's, 
St.  Luke's,  St.  John's,  and  Forty-third 
Street  —  agree  to  consolidate. 

Jan.  28.  N.  Y.  Bishop  Loughlin  of 
Brooklyn  wills  all  his  property  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Feb.  12.  N.  r.  The  5th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  Young  "Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  the  State  of  New 
York  is  held  at  Schenectady. 

Feb.  14.  New  York.  Dr.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst  delivers  a  scathing  sermon  against 
city  oflQcials  who  fail  to  execute  the  laws. 

LETTERS. 

1802    Feb.  6.    Chicago.    Tlie     will     of 

John  Crerar,  the  millionaire,  who  left  a 

large  fund  for  founding  a  library,  is 

sustained. 


Feb.  7.  New  York.  Andrew  Carnegie 
lectures  on  the  "  Gospel  of  Wealth." 

Feb.  9.  N.  r.  Bishop  Doane  is  the 
choice  of  the  caucuses  for  Hegent  of 
the  University  at  Albany. 

Feb.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Department  of 
Superintendence  of  the  National  Edu- 
cational Association  opens  its  28th  an- 
nual meeting  in  Brooklyn. 

SOCIETY. 
1892    Jan,  20.    New  York.    The  Ameri- 
can  Society  of   Engineers  holds  its 
annual  meeting. 

Jan.  22.  N.  Y.  Collar-starching  ma- 
chines cause  a  strike  in  Troy,  and  a  mob 

of  500  persons  attacks  the  new  machine 
employees. 

Pa.    Senator  Quay  ■wins  his  suit 

against  the  Pittsburg  Evening  Post  for 
criminal  libel. 

Jan.  23i.  Two  men  rob  a  Missouri  Pa- 
cific train  and  kill  a  puUcenian.  [One 
robber  is  afterwards  killed  and  the  other 
wounded.] 

Jan.  24.  Pa.  Tlie  electric-car  strikers 
in  Allegheny  are  riotous;  several  per- 
sons have  been  hurt. 

Jan.  25.  Tenn.  Miss  Alice  Mitchell,  a 
young  society  woman,  cuts  the  throat  of 
Miss  Freda  Ward  uu  the  sti-eet  at 
Memphis.    [Adjudged  iusane.] 

N.  J.    Rev.  John  "Weih  is  sentenced 

in  Jersey  City  to  five  years  in  the  State 
prison  for  robbing  35  churches  of  altar- 
cloths,  chandeliers,  etc. 

Jan.  26.  ^V.  7'.  Antonio  Pagassi  is 
charged  with  attempting  to  wreck  the 
Sag  Harbor  express-train  near  Bellport, 
Long  Island. 

Jan.  30.    La.    Every  Federal   officer 

in  the  New  Orleans  Custom-house  is 
under  arrest  for  criminal  libel  at  the 
instance  of  the  Warmouth  faction. 

Pa.  Four  '*  moonshiners**  — man- 
ufacturers of  illicit  whisky  —  are  cap- 
tured near  Mount  Pleasant. 

Jan.  31.  New  York,  fiailroad  em- 
ployees from  every  State  in  the  Union 
hold  a  convention  in  the  Academy  of 
Music. 

O.  Tramps  seize  an  Erie  and  West- 
ern Kailroad  train  ;  six  are  captured 
and  seven  escape ;  one  braken^an  is 
badly  injured. 

Feb.  1.  New  York.  Employees  of  tlie 
Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company 
strike  ;  cause,  nine  uou-uuion  men  are 
employed. 

Pa.   The  defendants  in  Senator  Quay's 

libel  suit  against  the  Beaver  Star  are 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  six 
mouths,  $600  fine  each,  and  costs. 

Feb.  2.  Ga.  David  Porter,  deputy-col- 
lector of  customs  at  Savannah,  is  killed 
by  his  son,  16  years  of  age. 

New  York.     Carlyle  "W.  Harris,  a 

medical  student,  after  an  extended  trial 
for  the  poisoning  of  his  young  wife 
(Helen  Potts),  is  convicted  of  murder  in 
the  first  degree. 

.V.     Y.    A    little    boy  named   Ward 

"VVaterbury  is  kidnapped  in  Poundridge, 
"Westchester  County  ;  the  abductors  de- 
mand a  ransom  of  $6,000. 

[The  boy  is  restored  to  his  father  the 
next  day,  after  being  abandoned  by  the 
kidnappers.  Mar.  3.  Two  kidnappers 
are  sentenced  to  four  years,  and  one  to 
two  years  in  the  State  prison,] 

Feb.  4.  La.  The  officers  of  the  Iioui- 
siana  liOttery  Company  withdraw  their 
offer  to  the  State  for  a  license. 


Neiv  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce appoints  a  committee  to  solicit 
subscriptions  for  the  starving  Rus- 
sians. 

Feb.  5.    Pa.    David  Hastings,  the  first 

of  the  indicted  Allegheny  City  officials, 
is  found  guilty  of  embezzlement. 

Feb.  8.  New  York.  Temperance  socie- 
ties hold  mass-meetings  to  protest 
against  the  passage  of  the  Liquor-deal- 
ers' Excise  Bill  by  the  Legislature. 

W.  H.  Beers  resigns  as  president  of 
the  Kew  York  Life  Insurance  Company, 
but  will  be  retained  as  adviser  at 
$37,500  a  year.  [May  13.  The  legality 
of  this  action  is  contested  in  the  courts 
and  denied.] 

Feb.  10.  New  York.  St.  John's  Guild 
opens  anon-sectarian  children's  hospi- 
tal for  the  poor. 

A  building  inspector  confesses  that 
he  has  made  false  reports  concerning 
the  fire-esc-apes  of  the  Hotel  Royal,  in 
which  many  lives  were  lost  by  tire. 

Feb,  11.  Pa.  James  Wvman.  mavor  of 
Allegheny  City,  is  charged  with  extor- 
tion, and  found  guilty  on  two  counts. 

Feb.  12.  III.  Abraham  Lincoln's 
birthday  as  a  legal  holiday  is  cele- 
brated for  the  first  time. 

Va.    A  negro  is  lynched  by  a  mob 

at  lioanoke. 

Feb.  13.  New  York.  Twelve  police 
matrons  are  appointed  by  the  Police 
Board. 

Feb.  14.  Cal.  The  police  of  San  Fran- 
cisco are  searching  for  Sarah  Althea 
Terry,  who  has  mysteriously  disap- 
peared. 

New    York.    Rev.    C.  H.    Parkhurst, 

president  of  the  Society  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  Crime,  denounces  from  his  pulpit 
city  officials  as  a  "  damnable  pack  of 
administrative  bloodhounds." 

Feb.  16.  Cal.  A  feud  amon^  the 
highbinders  again  breaks  out  in  San 
Francisco. 

+  Ala.   George  Kaley  shoots  find  kills 

O.  B.  Williamson,  Prohibitionist,  at  the 
municipal  election  at  Warrior ;  he  is 
charged  by  the  coroner's  jury  with  wil- 
ful murder. 

Feb.  17.  N.Y.  Chief  of  Police  Hackett, 
of  Tarrytown,  kills  James  Hannon,  an 
old  resident,  at  a  Democratic  primary. 
The  6th  annual  convention  of  the 
American  Newspaper  Publishers' 
Association  begins. 

STATE. 
1892  Jan.  21.  L>.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  discusses  Leland  Stanford's 
Government  Ijand  lioan  Bill ;  in 
the  House  Bland*s  Free  Coinage  Bill 
is  introduced. 

Jan.  22.  N.  Y.  The  Democratic  State 
Convention,  stigmatized  as  Gov.  Hill's 
"  snap  "  convention,  opens  its  session  at 
Albany;  the  convention  decides  to  send 
a  delegation  to  the  National  Democratic 
Convention  at  Chicago  under  the  unit 
rule  in  favor  of  D.  B.  Hill  for  President. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  The  United  States  Gov- 
ernment in  an  ultimatum  to  Chile  de- 
mands the  withdrawal  of  the  offensive 
Matta  circular,  and  an  apology  with 
reparation  for  the  outrages  upon  the 
sailors  of  the  Baltimore. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  Jan.  20-Feb.  17.    401 


Jan.  24.  />.  C.  Congress:  A  message 
is  received  from  Presulent  Harrison 
asking  for  an  appropriation  for  the 
"World's  Fair. 

R.  I.    Alexander  Gibson  (Probib.j  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Jan.  25.  D.  C.  Congress :  President 
Harrison's  Chilean  message  is  read  iu 
botb  Houses,  and,  with  the  voluminous 
correspondence  bearing  on  the  question, 
is  referred  to  the  Committees  on  Foreign 
Kelations. 

The  Chilean  reply  to  the  ultimatum 
of  the  United  States  is  received  at  Wash- 
ington. 

It  agrees  to  withdraw  Sefior  Malta's 
otTentsive  note,  withdraws  its  request  for 
^Minister  Egau's  recall,  and  proposes  to 
submit  the  attack  ou  the  Baltimore's 
sailors  at  Valparaiso  to  arbitrament  of 
some  neutral  nation,  or  to  the  decision 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States. 

Jan.  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  A 
resolution  for  an  international  silver 
conference  is  reported  ;  in  the  House 
resolutions  calling  on  the  President  to 
transmit  the  answer  of  Chile  are  re- 
ferred; the  House  rules  are  discussed. 
The  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill  passes  both 
Houses. 

iV".  Y.  In  the  Legislature  bills  are  in- 
troduced to  appropriate  $800,000  for  work 
on  the  new  Capitol. 

T^a.    The  Trans-Mississippi  Congress 

at  New  Orleans  favors  the  silver  ques- 
tion from  a  bimetallic  standpoint. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate public  building  bills  are  discussed. 
A  despatch  is  received  at  Washington 
from  the  Chilean  Minister  of  Foreign 
AlTairs  yielding  to  President  Harrison's 
demands  and  expressing  regret  for 
the  Valparaiso  outrage. 

.V.  Y.     In  the  Senate  Jacob  A.  Cantor 

intrmluces  a  bill  providing  for  an  Adi- 
rondack Park. 

Jan.  28. '  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Presi- 
dent sends  to  both  Houses  a  message 
with  the  latest  Chilean  correspond- 
ence; he  expresses  the  belief  that  no 
special  powers  from  Congress  will  be 
needed. 

X.  Y.  In  the  Senate  the  bill  appro- 
priating $300,000  for  the  "World's  Fair 
is  passed. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C,  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session  ;  in  the  House  the  report  of 
the  Committee  on  Rules  is  further  con- 
sidered. 

Tlie  Ways  and  Means  Committee 
adopts  Chairman  Springer's  plan  of  at- 
tacking the  tariff  by  separate  bills. 

Xew  York.     A  number  of  prominent 

Democrats  call  a  mass-meeting  to  pro- 
test against  the  action  of  the  State  Com- 
mittee in  calling  a  midwinter  conven- 
tion. 

A".  Y.    The  State  Liquor  Dealers* 

Association  Excise  Bill  is  presented  in 
the  Senate  hy  Matthias  Endres  of  Buf- 
falo, and  in  the  Assembly  by  Samuel  J. 
Foiey  of  New  York  ;  among  other  things 
it  provides  for  opening  saloons  on  Sun- 
days at  1  P.M. 

Jan,  30.  /).  r.  Secretary  Blaine  cables 
to  Minister  Egan  the  GoTernment's 


acceptance  of  Chile's  apology  for  the 
Valparaiso  outrage,  and  consent  to  a 
settlement  in  accordance  with  President 
Harrison's  message  of  Jan.  28. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Mexican  Claims  Bills  are  jiassed  (see 
Jan.  19) ;  the  House  debates  the  pro- 
posed rules. 

The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  decides  that 
Gov.  Boyd  is  the  rightful  governor  of 
Nebraska.  [Feb.  6.  Gov.  Thayer  sur- 
renders the  office  to  him.]  The  court 
decides  also  that  the  Anti-IjOttery 
Law  is  constitutional. 

Feb.  2.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  the 
Printing  Bill  is  taken  up ;  the  House 
continues  to  discuss  the  rules. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Public  Printing  Bill; 
the  House  discusses  the  rules. 

Feb.  4.  /).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
New  York  Bridge  Bills  are  unfavor- 
ably reported  by  the  Committee ;  the 
House  adopts  the  new  rules. 

JV.  Y.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Anti- 

Pinkerton  Bill.  Vote,  90-37.  [Mar.  2. 
Passed  by  the  Senate.] 

Feb.  5.  f>.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not  in 
session ;  the  House  passes  the  Census 
Deficiency  Bill. 

The  i>roclamation  of  the  President  an- 
nounces reciprocity  arrangements  with 
the  British  West  Indies. 

X,  Y.     A  bill   is  introduced  in  the 

State  Senate  providing  for  the  con- 
struction of  three  bridges  — two  over 
the  East  River,  and  one  over  the  Harlem. 
[Feb.  24.  The  former  passes  the  Senate. 
Feb.  18.  The  latter  passes  the  Assem- 
hly.] 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Secretary  James  G. 
Blaine  writes  to  the  Chairman  of  the 
Republican  National  Committee  an- 
noun<'iug  that  h3  is  not  a  candidate 
for  the  Presidency. 

N.  J.  Two  race-track  bills  are  in- 
troduced in  the  Assembly.  [And  greatly 
opposed  at  public  meetings  in  various 
parts  of  the  State.] 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Finance  Committee  rejjorts  imfavorably 
three  Free  Coinage  Bills. 

Conn.    Gov.  Bulkeley   calls   on   the 

people  of  tlie  State  to  meet  at  Hart- 
ford on  Washington's  Birthday  to  raise 
money  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Utah,    The  Liberals  at  the  Salt  Lake 

City  elections  carry  their  ticket  by  the 
heaviest  plurality  yet  obtained. 

Feb.  10.  D.C.  Congress;  House:  Tlxe 
Bland  Free  Coinage  Bill  is  favorably 
reported. 

It  is  announced  that  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  have  agreed  upon 
France,  Italy,  and  Sweden  as  Bering 
Sea  Arbitrators. 

Feb.  11.  Xew  York.  A  mass-meeting 
of  Democrats  tp  protest  against  the 
early  date  for  the  State  Convention, 
called  a  "  Snap  Convention,"  is  held  at 
Cooper  Union. 

Feb.  12.  J),  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Ihlilitary  Academy  Appro- 
priation Bill  Introduced  Jan.  25. 


Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
adopts  a  resolution  calling  for  an  inves- 
tigation of  the  **  sweating  system." 

Feb.  15.  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
passes' the  Public  Printing  Bill;  an 
investigation  into  the  admission  of  ty- 
phus fever  immigrants  at  New  York 
is  ordered ;  in  the  House  an  inquiry 
into  the  effects  on  agriculture  of  the 
McKinley  tariff  is  ordered. 

The  minority  report  on  the  Bland 
Free  Coinage  Bill  is  made  public. 

Feb.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
the  bill  authorizing  the  interstate  rail- 
roads to  give  reduced  rates  to  com- 
mercial travelers  is  passed. 

Xew  York.     The  State   enumerators 

begin  taking  a  census  of  the  city  under 
police  escort. 

Feb.  17.  X.  T.  The  Assembly  passes  a 
bill  for  a  bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence 
at  Wolfe  Island. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Jan.  20.  Ore.  The  Oregon  Pa- 
cific Railroatt  is  sold  at  sheriff's  sale 
for  $1,000,000. 

Jan.  21.  Boston.  The  new  Chamber 
of  Commerce  is  dedicated. 

-VeTP  York.    A  fire  in  Union  Square 

causes  a  loss  of  about  $500,000. 

Jan.  22.  Ind.  The  National  Surgical 
Institute  at  Indianapolis  burns;  21  lives 
«.re  lost,  and  many  peixm-s  injured. 

Jan.  27.  Chicago.  A  School  Fiu-niture 
Trust  is  organized,  with  a  capital  of 
$15,000,000. 

Jan.  28.    Pa.    Five  trainmen  are  killed 

by  a  locomotive  explosion  at  St.  Clair. 
Jan.  31.     Ky.    The  centennial  of  tho 

admission  of  the  State  into  the  Union  is 

celebrated  at  Lexington. 
Feb,  3.     Va.    The  historic  Appomattox 

Court-house  building  is  destroyed  by 

fire. 

Feb.  5.  Nev)  York.  Tlie  Eflison  and 
Thomson-Houston  Electric  Light  inter- 
ests consolidate. 

Many  explosive  matches  are  found 
scattered  among  bales  of  cotton  about 
to  be  loaded  into  a  transatlantic  steam- 
ship. 

K.  J.    The  steamer  Venezuela,  of  the 

Red  D  Line,  goes  ashore  on  Brigantine 
Shoals  in  a  snow-squall ;  the  passengers 
are  brought  to  New  York. 

Feb.  6.  Va.  The  steamer  Polynesian,  of 
the  Allan  Line,  goes  ashore  near  Cape 
Henry. 

The  Barbed  "Wire  Trust   of   the 

United  States  is  dissolved. 

Feb.  7.  N*^in  York.  The  Hotel  Royal 
is  destroyed  by  lire  in  the  early  morning; 
many  lives  are  lost. 

Feb.  8.     Tenn.    A  fire  causes  a  loss  of 

$1,000,000  in  Memphis. 

Feb.  10.  New  York.  The  Sixth  Avenue 
horse-car  road  is  leased  to  a  Philadel- 
phia company  for  99D  years. 

The   Philadelphia   and   Reading 

Railroad  Company  secures  control,  by 
lease,  of  the  New  Jersey  Central  and 
the  Lehigh  Valley  Roads. 

Feb.  11.  Co(o.  By  proclamation  of 
President  Harrison,  Pike's  Peak  is  set 
apart  as  a  forest  reserve. 


402      1892,  Feb.  18-Mar.  25. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Feb.  *  The  claims  of  the  Balti- 
more's seamen  against  Chile  for  assault 
and  murder  aggregate  $1,305,000. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Mar.  4.  Kan.  Gold  is  discovered 
by  the  fall  of  a  bluff  at  Plymore. 

Mar.  14.  Mo.  Katural  gaa  is  struck  in 
an  artesiau  well  at  Kansas  City.     [June 

1.  Gas  is  struck  in  large  quantities  at 
Danvers,  Hi.  July  15.  Also  found  in 
Conway  County,  Ark.] 

Mar.  19.  /.  T.  A  large  meteor  falls  in 
Eagle  County,  Choctaw  Nation  ;  it  iiii- 
heds  itself  20  feet  in  the  earth,  while  12 
feet  remain  above  ground. 

Mar.  24.  Ariz.  Aztec  city  buildings 
are  discovered  during  the  process  of 
digging  on  the  extension  of  the  Santa 
Cruz  Canal. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 
1893. 

Feb.  20.  Shea,  John  I).  Gilmary,  historian, 
philologist,  A68. 

Feb.  28.  Cullum,  Oeorg-e  W..  maj.-geu. 
U.  S.  A.,  A  83. 

Mar.  1.  Holden,  William  W.,  Gov.  of  N.C., 
A74. 

Kar.  3.  Hopkins,  Stephen  T.,  M.  C.  for 
N.  Y.,  A43. 

STar.  4.  Porter.  Noah,  clergyman,  author, 
lexicographer,  president  of  Yale,  A8I. 

Mar.  6.  Pierrepont,  Edwards,  lawyer, 
atty.-gen.,  minister  to  England,  A75. 

Mar.  11.  liedell.  Gregory  Thurston,  P.  E. 
bishop  of  O.,  author,  A75. 

Mar.  17.  Strakosch,  Max,  opera-manager, 
A57. 

Mar.  18.  Depoele,  Van,  Charles  J.,  electri- 
cian, inventor,  A46. 

Mar.  19.     Lotlirop,  Daniel,  puhlisher,  A60. 

Mar.  22.  Ag^new.  David  Hayes,  sur- 
geon, professor  at  University  of  Fa.,  A74. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Mar.  2.  Cat.  TheKorashan 
Messiah  leaves  San  Francisco  for  Chi- 
cago with  45  of  his  followers. 

Mar.  11.  A'.  Y.  Archbishop  Corrigan 
announces  that  Pope  Leo  has  appointed 
Charles  Edward  McDonnell  bishop  of 
Brooklyn.    [Apr.  25.  Consecrated.  May 

2.  Installed.] 

Mar.  13.  New  York.  Dr.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst  preaches  another  sermon  on 
municipal  corruption;  he  tells  his 
experience  in  visiting  a  number  of 
places  that  the  authorities  allow  to 
remain  open  in  violation  of  law. 

Mar.  20.  X.  Y.  The  First  Reformed 
Church  of  Albany  celebrates  Its  250th 
anniversary. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Feb.  19.  Pa.  The  new  library 
hall  at  Johnstown,  built  by  Andrew  Car- 
negie at  a  cost  of  $65,000,  is  dedicated. 

Feb.  22.  Mich.  Ex-President  Cleveland 
delivers  an  address  on  '•  Sentiment  in 
Our  National  Life  "  at  the  University 
of  Michigan. 

Feb.  26.  New  York.  The  Alumni  of 
Columbia  vote  imanimously  in  favor 
of  removing  the  college  to  the  Bloom- 
ingdale  site. 


Mar.  2.    N.  If.    Dr.  William  J.  Tucker 

of    Andover    Theological    Seminary    is 
elected  President  of  Dartmouth. 
Mar.  4.    Conn.    Yale's  post-graduate 
courses  in   Philo.sophy  are  to  be  open 
without  distinction  of  sex. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Feb.  18.  Neiv  York.  Gen.  Horace 
Porter  is  elected  president  of  the 
Grant  Monument  Association. 

Tenn.  The  miners  of  East  Tennes- 
see are  finally  pacified  by  the  com- 
panies' employment  of  free  laborers 
instead  of  convicts. 

Feb.  20.  Jrk.  A  negro  is  burned  at 
the  stake  at  Texarkaua  for  criminal  as- 
sault on  a  white  woman ;  thousands  of 
spectators  are  present. 

Feb.  21.  N.  Y.  A  train-robber  named 
Perry  shoots  an  express-messenger  on 
the  New  York  Central  roa<i,  near  Uocbes- 
ter  ;  he  intimidates  the  train's  crew  and 
captures  the  engine,  but  is  chased, 
caught  in  a  swamp,  and  locked  up. 
[May  19.  He  is  sentenced  to  State 
prison  for  49  years  and  three  months.] 

———  N.  Y.  Licenses  are  issued  so  freely 
in  Brooklyn  that  there  is  now  one 
saloon  to  225  of  population,  —  men, 
women,  and  children,  —  and  one  for 
every  62  male  adults  in  the  city. 

Feb.  22.  Jifo.  The  National  Industrial 
Conference  meets  at  St.  Louis,  with 
650  delegates  present.  [It  decides  to 
favor  the  People's  Party  in  the  elec- 
tions.] 

Feb.  23.  New  York.  Kev.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst  is  subpcenaed  as  a  witness  before 
the  grand  jury  concerning  the  charges 
made  in  his  sermon  on  Feb.  14th. 

^V.  Y.    The   National    Convention 

of  Flectrical  Fng:ineers  begins  its 
annual  session  in  Buffalo. 

Feb.  27.  Chicago.  The  American  Sec- 
ular Union  —  anti-Bible,  anti-Sabbath 
law,  etc. — holds  a  mass-meeting;  it 
demands  that  the  "World's  Fair  shall  be 
kept  open  on  Sunday. 

Ind.    Attempts  to  run  street-cars  in 

Indianapolis  are  prevented  by  strikers. 

Pkila.    The    will    of    Mrs.  Anna    P. 

Wilsbach  leaves  $1,000,000  to  be 
divided  among  charitable  organiza- 
tions. 

Feb.  28.  Mr.  Blaine  furnishes  the  As- 
sociated Press  with  a  statement  con- 
cerning the  marriage  of  his  son  James 
to  Miss  Nevins,  and  its  results. 

Mar.  1,  New  York.  Dr.  Parkhurst's 
society  presents  evidence  against 
liquor-dealers,  and  Judge  Duffy  issues 
nine  warrants  for  their  arrest ;  seven 
are  held  in  $100  each  for  trial. 

Mar.  3.  Cal.  J.  W.  Collins,  president 
of  tbe  broken  National  Bank,  coniniits 
suicide  ;  he  was  financially  ruined. 

Mar.  5.  New  York,  Tlxe  jury  in  the 
E.  M.  Field  case  disagree.  (See  Dec. 
14,1891.) 

Mar.  6.  Tenn.  Several  white  men  are 
killed  in  one  race  fight,  and  several  ne- 
groes in  another,  near  Memphis. 

Mar.  9.  Tenn.  A  mob  takes  three 
negroes  from  a  jail  in  Memphis,  shoots 
and  kills  them. 


New  York.    Gen.  George  W.Cullum's 

will  provides  bequests  of  about  $690,000 
for  charitable  purposes. 

Mar.  10.  III.  The  residents  of  McLean 
County  make  up  a  train  of  28  cars 
loaded  with  shelled  corn  for  the  famine 
sufferers  of  Russia. 

[Mar.  15.  The  steamer  Missouri  sails 
from  New  York  with  supplies.  The 
Chamber  of  Commerce  has  raised 
$40,268  for  the  starving  peasants.] 

+  New  York.    The  Bar  Association 

appoints  the  following  members  a  com- 
mittee to  investigate  the  charges  made 
against  Isaac  H.  Maynard,  recently  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals, 
accused  of  abstracting  the  Dutchess 
County  election  returns. 

F.  R.  Coudert,  J.  C.  Carter,  E.  R.  Rob- 
inson, J.  E.  Parsons,  W.  B,  Hornblower, 
J.  M.  Bowers,  Elihu  Root,  C.  A.  Hand, 
and  Albert  Stickney. 

[Mar.  18.  Judge  Maynard  makes  pub- 
lic his  defense.  Mar.  22.  The  Commit- 
tee's report  condemns  Judge  Mayiianl, 
and  recommends  his  removal  from  the 
bench  by  the  Legislature.] 

Mar.  14.  New  York.  li.  L.  Klune,  ft 
l)Ost-office  clerk,  is  arrested  for  stealing 
money  from  letters ;  the  alleged  cause 
—  the  demoralizing  Gutteuburg  race- 
track. 

Boston.  The  grand  jury  indicts  Pres- 
ident Potter  and  Directors  French  fiinl 
Dana  of  tlie  wrecked   Maverick  Bank. 

[  Jmie  18.    The  indictments  are  quashed.  | 

Mar.  15.  Tenn.  H.  ClayKingshoots;ind 
kills  D.  H.  Posten.  [King  is  tried  an.l 
condemned  to  death.  Aug.  9.  The  gov- 
ernor commutes  his  sentence  to  impri^ 
onment  for  life.] 

Mar.  18.  Va.  Two  men.  Loe  Hoftlin  ami 
Joseph  Dye,  are  lynched  near  Gaines- 
ville. 

They  were  to  be  hanged  on  this  date 
for  murdering  the  Kines  family  in  1891, 
but  a  stay  of  proceedings  had  been  se- 
cured, hence  the  lynching. 

Mar.  20.  New  York.  E.  L.  Godkin,  ed- 
itor of  the  Evening  Post,  is  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  criminal  libel  by  grand 
juryman  Dennis  W.  O'Halloran.  who  ob- 
jects to  being  called  an  ex  dive-keeper. 
[Mar.  20.  The  grand  jury  dismisses  the 
charge.] 

Mar.  21.  Ch  icago.  Seven  *  *  boodle  *  * 
aldermen  are  indicted,  and  held  under 
§112,000  bail  each.  [Mar.  24.  The  grand 
jury  finds  fresh  disclosures  of  alder- 
manic  corruption.  Mar.  26.  Two  more 
are  indicted  by  the  grand  jury ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Education  is  impli- 
cated.] 

STATE. 

1892  Feb.  18.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly 
votes  to  exempt  Kings  County  from  the 
provisions  of  the  "  Greater  New  York  '* 
Bill ;  the  Excise  Committee  of  the  As- 
sembly gives  another  hearing  on  the 
Liquor-Dealers'  Excise  Bill  :  Bishop 
Doane  is  the  principal  speaker  against 
the  bill. 

Feb.  19.  Va.  The  Debt  Bill,  with 
House  amendments  providing  for  the 
settlement  of  the  State  debt,  is  passed 
by  the  Senate,  and  goes  to  tbe  governor. 

Feb.  22.  Mo.  A  National  Industrial 
Conference  meets  in  St.  Louis. 

Delegates  are  present  from  the  Far- 
mers' Alliance,  the  Knights  of  Labor, 
the  National  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union,  and  other  organizations  ; 
there  is  an  exciting  struggle  over  the 
admission  of  a  third-party  delegate  from 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  Feb.  18-Mar.  25.    403 


Georgia.  TA  joint  committee  appoints 
a  national  convention  to  be  held  in 
Omaha  on  July  4.] 

^V.  T.  The  Democratic  State  Conven- 
tion assembled  at  Albany  selects  a  Hill 
delegation  to  the  National  Demo- 
cratic Convention. 

It  adopts  a  platform  declaring  against 
the  "  coinage  of  any  silver  dollar  which 
is  not  of  the  intrinsic  vahie  of  every 
other  dollar  of  the  United  States." 

Peb.  24.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Presi- 
dent sends  a  message  urging  a  liberal 
appropriation  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Feb.  27.  D.C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
a  bill  is  reported  to  place  binding- 
twine,  to  be  used  in  harvesting  grain, 
on  the  free  list;  the  Indian  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  amended  so  as  to  au- 
thorize the  President  to  detail  army 
officers  as  Indian  agents  when  vacancies 
occur. 

Feb.  29.  D.  C.  A  treaty  to  refer  the 
Bering  Sea  controversy  to  arbitra- 
tion is  signed  in  Washington. 

The  Supreme  Court  affirms  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  McKinley  Tariff 
and  Dingey  "Worsted  Bills. 

N.  Y.    The  Senate  passes  the  bill  for 

Sunday  opening  of  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  Art. 

Mar.  1.  />.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill  ia 
passed ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  12. 

JVlar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill  introduced  Mar.  1 ;  tlie 
Commercial  Travelers*  Bill  is  dis- 
cussed, but  fails  to  pass. 

JUCar.  4.  D.  C.  It  is  announced  that  the 
conference  of  experts  on  the  Bering 
Sea  seal  question  has  resulted  in  a 
disagreement. 

Mar.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  Urgent  Deficiency  Appropria- 
tion BiU  for  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture is  passed ;  introduced  Mar.  1. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C,  Congress:  In  the 
House  the  resolution  providing  for  the 
consideration  of  the  Bland  Silver  Bill 
is  adopted.  Vote,  190-84.  The  Pension 
Appropriation  Bill,  aggregating  $133,- 
000,000,  is  passed. 

N.  Y.    A  bill  to  appropriate  $500,000 

to  complete  the  Grant  Monument  in 
Riverside  Park,  New  York,  is  by  consent 

advanced  to  a  second  reading. 

Mar.  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Bering  Sea  Arbitration  Treaty  is  re- 
ceived, and  discussed  in  exe<;utive  ses- 
sion ;  the  Paddock  Pure  Food  BiU 
is  discussed  and  practically  completed. 

Ia.    The  Senate  passes  a  bill  allowing 

each  community  to  settle  the  liquor 
question  for  itself  by  elections  to  t;ike 
place  not  oftener  than  once  every  five 
years.  Vote,  27-22.  [Mar,  22.  The  lower 
House  votes  to  indefinitely  postpone  the 
bill.] 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Pure  Food  Bill  after  17  dis- 
cussions ;  bill  introduced  Dec.  10;  in 
the  House  the  debate  on  the  Free  Wool 
Bill  begins. 

The  Bering  Sea  correspondence  is 
made  public. 


A'.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the  Free- 
dom of  Worship  Bill,  [Apr.  14.  it 
passes  the  Assembly.]  A  resolution  is 
l)assed  referring  to  the  State  Commis- 
sion the  question  of  Sunday  closing  of 
the  W^orld's  Fair. 

fa.  The  lower  House  votes  to  re- 
submit the  prohibition  question  to  the 
people. 

Mar.  10.  Z).  C  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill. 
[Mar.  15.  A  conference  report  is  agreed 
to.    Mar.  24.    Approved.] 

y.  J.  Tlie  State  Senate  passes  a  res- 
olution asking  the  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners to  close  the  Exposition  on 
Sundays. 

Mar.  12.  Ky.  The  House  of  Represen- 
tatives passes  a  Inll  prohibiting  lotteries 
of  all  kinds  in  the  State ;  dealers  are 
indictable  for  felony.  [Mar.  15.  Gov. 
Brown  signs  the  bill.] 

Mar.  13.  D.  C.  The  President  issues 
a  proclamation  announcing  reciprocity 
with  Nicaragua. 

Mar.  14.  D.  C.  In  an  open  letter  to  the 
I>emocracy  of  the  country,  ex-Secretary 
Bayard  warns  the  party  that  evil  con- 
sequences would  follow  the  passage  of 
a  free  coinage  bill. 

Mass.  Gov.  Kussell  signs  the  Anti- 
Free-Pass  Bill. 

X.    Y.     Senator   Hill  departs  on  a 

political  tour  in  the  South ;  [he  speaks 
in  several  cities]. 

Mar.  15.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Military  Acad- 
emy Appropriation  Bill.  [July  11. 
Conference  report  agreed  to,  July  15. 
Approved.] 

President  Harrison,  under  the  Reci- 
procity Law,  proclaims  the  higher  rate 
of  duties  upon  the  products  of  Colombia, 
Haiti,  and  Venezuela. 

N.  Y.  The  Senate  adopts  the  pro- 
posed amendments  to  the  Constitution, 
making  the  courts  arbiters  in  contested 
election  cases;  the  "Greater  New 
York"  Bill  is  killed  in  the  Assembly. 

li.  I.       D.    Russell  Brown  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Mar.  16.  D.C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
William  J.  Bryan  of  Neb.  speaks  in 
favor  of  the  Free  Wool  BiU ;  the  Ter- 
ritories Committee  reports  to  the  House 
in  favor  of  admitting  Arizona  as  a 
State,  and  allowing  New  Mexico  to 
form  a  State  government  preparatory 
to  admission  into  the  Union.  [June  6. 
Both  pass  the  House  and  fail  In  the 
Senate.] 

Mass.  The  House  rejects  an  Anti- 
Cigarette  Bill.     Vote,  73-113. 

Mn.   The  Congressional  Redistricting 

Bill  as  agreed  upon  in  joint  Democratic 
caucus  passes  the  lower  House ;  it  pro- 
vides for  14  Democratic  and  one  Repub- 
lican district. 

Mar.  18.  />.  r.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Venezuelan    Arbitration    Treaty   is 

considered  in  executive  session. 
Mar.  21.      D.   C.      Congress:     In    the 
House  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill 
is  passed;  bill  introduced  Mar.  5. 


N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  the  Koche 

Bill  providing  for  a  $2,000,000  park 
on  the  W^est  Side  in  New  York  City ; 
also  the  bill  combining  the  Supreme, 
Superior,  and  Common  Pleas  Courts  in 
New  York. 

Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  a  bill  to  improve  the  Mississippi 
River  ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  11.  [It  fails 
in  the  House.]  And  for  the  relief  of 
settlers  on  public  lands ;  in  the  House 
debate  on  the  Free  Silver  Bill  is 
begun  ;  evening  sessions  are  ordered. 

New  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce menKjrlalizes  Congress  to  main- 
tain the  present  standard  of  value  in 
coin. 

Mar.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  from  the  President  Xjord  Salis- 
bury's note  on  the  Bering  Sea  question 
with  the  rejoinder  of  the  United  States 
thereto,  antl  considers  the  same  In  ex- 
ecutive session  ;  the  House  debates  the 
Silver  BUI. 

Mar.  24.  />.  ('.  Congress;  House  :  The 
debate  on  the  Silver  Bill  is  closed 
and  much  filibustering  follows. 

Mar.  25.  T>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Consideration  of  the  Arbitration 
Treaty  is  finished  in  executive  session, 
but  no  vote  is  taken. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Feb.  18.  La.  A  fire  in  New  Or- 
leans destroys  property  worth  $1,000,000. 

I'hila.  Carl  SpreckeVs  sugar  re- 
finery is  sold  to  the  Sugar  Trust  for 
$7,000,000  in  trust  certificates. 

Feb.  24.  Conn.  Officials  and  citizens 
subscribe  $50,000  for  World's  Fair 
piu'poses. 

Feb.  27.  Va.  Life-savers  rescue  26  of 
the  crew  of  the  San  Aibano^  wrecked 
at  Hog  Island. 

Feb.  28.  N.  Y.  An  eight-story  clothing- 
house  and  other  buildings  in  Brooklyn 
are  burned ;  loss,  $1,000,000 ;  several  per- 
sons are  injured. 

Mar.  1.  Wis.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Milwaukee ;  seven  persons  are  killed. 

Mar.  5.  Nexo  York.  The  famous  Hop- 
kins-Searles  will  case  is  settled  out  of 
court ;  young  Hopkins  agrees  to  take 
$3,000,000. 

Mar.  12.  Chicago.  Twenty-eight 
breweries  form  a  brewing  and  malting 
association  with  a  capital  of  $20,000,000. 

Mar.  17.  N.  Y.  The  population  of 
the  State  by  enumeration  is  given  as 
6,479,730,  which  is  481 ,877  in  excess  of  the 
census  of  1890 ;  the  three  cities  of  New 
York ,  Brooklyn ,  and  Buffalo  have  of  this 
increase451,791,  leaving  30,086  as  the  gain 
in  the  rest  of  the  State. 

Mar.  18.  Mo.  Liggett  and  Myers's  ex- 
tensive tobacco  factory  in  St,  Loula  is 
burned  ;  loss,  $340,000. 

N.  J.    The  new  British  steel  clipper 

ship  Windermere  runs  aground  in  a 
storm  at  Deal  Beach,  the  crew  are  taken 
ashore  by  the  breeches-buoy. 

Mar.  21.  New  York.  The  Standard  Oil 
Trust    is  dissolved  by  the  vote  of  its 

shareholders. 

Mich.  A  boiler  explodes  in  a  lum- 
ber-mill at  East  Jordan,  killing  seven 
men  and  injuring  several  others. 


404     1892,  Mar.  25-Apr.  27. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1892    Mar.  31.     J'a.     The   protected 
cniiser  Raleigh  is  launched  at  Norfolk. 

Apr.  13.  Who.  United  States  troops 
are  ordered  to  quell  the  cattlemen's  dis- 
turbances. [Apr.  22.  Cattlemen  are 
brought  to  F(^rt  Douglas.] 

Apr.  15.  Ten}}.  The  militia  g^uarding: 
the  convict  camp  at  Coal  Creek  are  tired 
upon  by  niinera. 

Apr.  16.  -D.  C.  The  revenue  steamera 
Itush  and  Bear  are  ordered  north  to 
patrol  Bering  Sea. 

Apr.  18.  B.C.  Frank  Wheaton  is  com- 
missioned brigadier-general. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Apr.  6.  Utah.  President  "Wood- 
rutf  lays  the  capstone  of  the  Mormcn 
Temple  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

Apr.  8.  Xeto  York.  The  sale  of  the 
Kobertson  Collection  of  paintings 
brings  $270,380. 

Apr.  12.  Cal.  Sarthqiiake  shocks  are 
again  felt.  [Apr.  17.  Earthquake  shocks 
are  felt  in  Oregon.  Apr.  19.  At  "Wood- 
land and  elsewhere,  Cal.  Apr.  21.  An- 
other in  California.] 

Neio  York.    The  corner-stone  of  the 

Grant  Monument  is   laid,  President 
Harrison  spreading  the  mortar. 

In  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse  of 
people,  Chauncey  M.  Depew  and  Gen. 
Porter  deliver  addresses ;  I4ational  and 
State  troops  parade ;  the  warship  Mian- 
tonoinoh  fires  salutes.  A  Grant  diimer 
at  Delmonioo's  follows  the  conclusion 
of  the  ceremonies,  at  which  Secretary 
Elkins,  Sefior  Romero,  and  others  make 
speeches.    (See  Sept.  6, 1890.) 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

Mar.  36.    Whitman,    Walt,    or   Walter, 

poet,  A73. 
Apr.  4.    Singleton,  J.  W.,  brig.-gen.  vols., 

M.C.  for  111.,  dies. 
Apr.  6.    Saulsburv,  WUlard,atty.-gen.,  sen- 
ator for  Del.,  A72. 
Apr.  9.    Field, Charles  W.,Confederatemaj. - 

gen.,  A 64. 
Apr.  10.    Sweeney,  Thomas  W.»  brig.-gen. 

vols.,  A71. 
Apr.  19.     Smith,  Roawell,  pub.,  founder  of 

Century  Magazine^  A63. 
Apr.  25.     Hradford,    Wilham,    painter   of 

Arctic  scenery,  A66. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Mar.  28.  Pa.  A  celebration  in 
honor  of  Bishop  Gomenius  is  held  by 
school-children  in  the  Moravian  church 
at  Bethlehem. 

Apr.  4.  Utah.  The  62d  annual  confer- 
ence of  the  Mormon  Church  begins 
at  Salt  Lake  City. 

Apr.  7.  Mass.-X.  H.  A  Fast-day  is 
observed  by  the  appointment  of  gov- 
ernors. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Mar.  29.  New  York.  The  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York 
graduates  162  doctors  from  the  medical 
department. 

Apr.  3.  Cal.  Timothy  Hopkins  presents 
a  valuable  collection  of  railway  litera- 
ture »D  Leland  Stanford  University. 

Apr.  4.  Pa.  The  graduate  department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  ia 
opened  to  women. 


Apr.  5.  N.  Y.  President  Charles  Ken- 
dall Adams  of  Cornell  University  re- 
signs. [July  30.  He  accepts  the  presi- 
dency of  the  University  ofWisconsin.] 

Apr.  8,  New  York.  J.Pierpont  ilorgan 
makes  a  provisional  gift  of  $500,000 
to  the  New  York  trade-schools. 

Apr.  11.  Conn.  Harry  Havemeycr, 
sugar-refiner,  gives  $75,000  additional  to 
tlie  §50,000  previously  given  for  a  pub- 
He  school  building  at  Greenwich. 

Apr.  13.  New  York.  The  library  of 
Enianu-El  Theological  Seminary  is  se- 
cured for  Columbia. 

Apr.  16.  N.J.  The  American  Library 
Association  begins  its  annual  meeting 
at  Lakewood. 

Apr.  18.  N.  Y.  Prof.  Jacob  Gould 
Sehurman  is  elected  president  of  Cor- 
neU,  to  succeed  President  Adams. 
[Nov.  11.    Inaugurated.] 

New  York.    Authors  hold  a  meeting 

and  form  the  Association  of  American 
Authors.  [June  4.  It  perfects  the  or- 
ganization.] 

Apr.  27.  -D.  C.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
McMahon  Hall  of  Philosophy  of  the 
Catholic  University  at  Washington  is 
laid  with  impressive  ceremony. 

SOCIETY. 

1892    Mar.  25.    N.  Y.    Mrs.  Mary  Lar- 

sen,  80  years  old,  is  boimd,  gagged,  and 
robbed  of  $6,000,  in  Brooklyn. 

liar.  26.  Boston.  The  formation  of  an 
Anti-Saloon  League  is  announced  ;  it 
comprises  clergymen  of  all  denomina- 
tions. 

N.  Y.    A  watchman  in  Long  Island 

City  is  murdered  in  the  street ;  supposed 
to  be  the  work  of  strikers. 

Mar.  27.  Neio  York.  The  Central  Labor 
Union  agrees  to  unite  with  the  **  Sweat- 
ing"   Abolition  Union  in  eflforts  to 

abolish  the  sweating  system. 

Mar.  28.  Chicafio.  Colored  men  hold  a 
meeting  to  protest  against  the  Memphis 
lynchings  of  the  i)th  of  March. 

The  executors  of  the  Fayerweather 
will  file  their  inventory  ;  the  sum  of 
$4,285,000  goes  to  colleges  and  hos- 
pitals direct. 

Mar.  30.  Mass.  Mayor  Graves  of  Fitch- 
burg  is  found  guilty  of  fraudulently 
obtaining  money  from  the  county  of 
Worcester. 

Apr.  1.  Pa.  Moonshiners  kill  Jona- 
than Hochstetter  on  Laurel  Hill  Moun- 
tain for  testifyjiig  against  them  in  court. 

New  York.     Tlie  grand  jury  makes  a 

strong  presentment  against  the  police 
department  for  corruption. 

Apr.  2.  Ind.  The  State  Board  of  World's 
Fair  managers  vote  against  the  clos- 
tng  of  the  exposition  on  Sunday. 

Ky.  Revenue  officers  make  a  success- 
ful raid  on  moonshine  stills  in  Harlan 
County. 

O.    An  unknown  negro  is  lynched 

in  Millersburg. 

Apr.  4.  Ma.  Six  stage-robbers  — all 
women,  dressed  in  men's  clothes — are 
arrested  near  Salmon  City. 

New  York.  A  mass-meeting  of  col- 
ored people  at  Cooper  Union  protests 


against  the  ill-treatment  of  negroes  in 
the  South. 
Apr.  8+.     La.     A    convention    of    the 
United  Confederate  Veterans  is  held 
at  New  Orleans. 

Apr.  10.  }Yi/o.~3Ion.  About  500  cow- 
boys set  out  to  exterminate  the  rustlers 
(cattle-thieves)  of  Wyoming  and  Mon- 
tana. 

Apr.  12.  Pa.  It  is  discovered  that  the 
superintendent  of  police  of  Pittsburg, 
who  died  three  months  ago,  was  poi- 
soned. 

Apr,  13.  Neil)  York.  A  defalcation  of 
$32,072.94  is  discovered  in  the  United 
States  5«ational  Bank. 

A  new  suit  is  entered  against  Henry 
Hilton  to  recover  some  of  A.  T.  Stew- 
art's millions. 

Dr.  Parkhurst  publishes  a  statement 
regarding  his  action  in  obtaining  evi- 
dence against  the  Police  Department. 

The  first  public  meeting  of  the  New 
City  Club  is  held. 

Apr.  15.    3fass.    Two  "White  Caps  are 

sentenced  to  imprisonment  in  Dedham 
Jail  for  one  year  each  for  tarring  and 
feathering  H.  N.  Pratt. 

Apr.  17.  N.  Y.  An  unsuccessful  attempt 
is  made  to  wreck  the  New  York  express 
on  the  Lackawanna  road  near  Oswego. 

Neir  York.    The  police  make  a  show 

of  enforcing  the  Excise  law;  91  arrests 
are  made. 

Apr.  18.  Boston.  Nearly  2,000  persons 
attend  the  reception  and  banquet  in 
honor  of  Rev.  Dr.  E.  E.  Hale. 

New  York.    J.  U.  Gamper,  a  socialist 

leader,  in  a  drunken  fit  nearly  kills  his 
wife  and  daughter- 
Apr.  19.  Fla.  Four  negroes  are  lynched 
near  Ucala. 

Apr.  21.  Ne?r  York.  Tiffany  &  Co..  jew- 
elers, suffer  a  loss  of  $50,000  by  a  forger, 
James  A.  Palmer,  who  is  under  arrest. 

N.  Y.    Thomas  O'Brien,  tlie  notorious 

"  Bunco  King,"  escapes  from  bis  keeper 
by  a  conspiracy  while  on  his  way  to 
Clinton  Prison. 

[June  2.  Keeper  Buck  is  convicted  at 
Utica  of  complicity  in  the  escape.  June 
4.  He  is  sentenced  to  State  prison  for 
three  years.] 

The  grand  jury  of  Saratoga  finds  true 
bills  or  indictment  against  W.  H.  Gailor 
:rnd  R.  F.  Knap(),  late  members  of  the 
Board  of  Police  Commissioners,  for  bri- 
bery and  extortion. 

Apr.  23  +  .  N.  Y.  Prominent  Buffalo 
lawyers  are  preparing  a  testimonial 
commending  the  action  of  the  Bar  Asso- 
ciation in  regard  to  Judge  Maynard ; 
it  has  already  been  signed  by  34  lawyers. 

Apr.  23.  N.J.  .MfredParkes,  who  killed 
his  wi-fe  with  a  hammer  in  Newark,  is 
sentenced  to  10  yciirs  imiirisonment. 

Apr.  24.  Chicago.  Tlie  annual  Con- 
vention of  the  Theosophical  Societies 
begins. 

N.  J.    Armed  residents  of  Passaic  and 

Clifton  raid  a  gang  and  capture  10 
tramps,  who  are  sentenced  at  once  to  90 
days  each  in  the  county  jail. 

Apr.  25.  Neir  York.  The  Baptist  pas- 
tors indorse  Dr.  Parkhurst  in  his  cru- 
sade against  vice. 

Apr.  26.  New  York.  F.C  Ewer,  a  trusted 
clerk  of  the  Corbin  Banking  Company, 
is  a  defaulter  to  the  amount  of  $13,000; 
gambling  the  alleged  cause. 


UNITED    STATES.  1892,  Mar.  25 -Apr.  27.    405 


STATE. 

1892  Mar.  25.  .V.  )'.  Tho  Judiciary 
('(^iiinilttoes  of  tho  Lt'fiishitiiro  tiet'iile  to 
limit  the  Maynard  investigation  to  one 
day,  and  tu  cali  as  wicnti^ses  unly  the 
nine  members  of  the  K:ir  Association's 
committee.  [Mar.  30.  F.  K.  Coudert  and 
others  testify.]  Senator  Hill  arrives  in 
Albany  ;  the  liquor-sellers'  Excise  Bill  is 
reported  back  to  the  Assembly,  with  the 
local-option  clause  addeti,  and  another 
forlddding  the  licensing  of  a  saloon  with- 
in 200  feet  of  a  church  or  schoolhouae. 

Fr.  The  new  Franco-American  Ex- 
tradition Treaty  is  signed  in  Paris. 

Mar.  26.  Miss.  The  House  defeats  a 
World's  Fair  appropriation.  Vote,  20- 
78. 

O.    The  Legislature  gives  Cincinnati 

the  right  of   raising   $6,000,000    on 
water  bonds  by  a  popular  vote. 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Anti-Chinese 
Bill.  [May  3-4.  Conference  report  agreed 
to.    May  11.    Approved.] 

Mar.  29.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
unanimously  ratifies  the  Arbitration 
Treaty;  William  M.  Stewart  of  Nev. 
gives  notice  that  he  will  move  to  take  up 
his  Free  Coinage  Bill;  the  House  re- 
sumes discussion  of  the  Tariff  Bill.  . 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
treaty  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
I'nited  States  for  the  arbitration  of 
the  Bering  Sea  difficulty  is  ratified ; 
in  tlie  House  debate  on  the  Free  Wool 
Bill  is  continued. 

Xew  York.  The  Central  Park  Com- 
missioners ask  the  Legislature  to  repeal 
the  Speedway  Act,  which  provides  for 
a  trotting  course  in  the  Park.  [Apr.  1. 
It  is  repealed  by  the  Senate.  Apr.  14, 
By  the  Assembly.    Apr.  25.    Approved.] 

Mar.  31.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
army  provision  in  the  Indian  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  adopted ;  the  House  de- 
bates the  "Wool  Bill. 

Apr.  1.  D.  V.  Secretary  Noble  orders 
that  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho 
reservation  be  opened  for  settlement 
April  15. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
general  debate  on  tho  "Wool  BiU  is 
closed. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Congress  :  In  the  House 
the  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill,  prohibit- 
ing the  entrance  of  Chinese  into  the 
United  States,  is  i>a5sed ;  bill  introduced 
Feb.  19. 

y.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the  Com- 
pulsory Education  Bill,  with  New 
York  and  Brooklyn  exempted. 

Apr.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Senate  by  a  party 
vote  passes  the  Congressional  Reappor- 
tionment BiU  and  the  "  Huckleberry  " 
Railroad  Bill  for  New  York  (  ity.  [Apr. 
7.  The  latter  passed  by  the  Assembly. 
Apr.  20.    Approved.] 

In  Buffalo  at  a  Democratic  mass- 
meeting,  the  mayor  presiding,  tlie  Feb- 
ruary State  Convention  is  denounce<l. 

Apr.  6.  D,C.  Congress:  The  Assembly 
amends  and  passes  the  Indian  Appro- 
priation Bill  after  five  discussions. 
[July  7.     Conference  report  agreed  to. 


July  15.  Approved.]  In  the  House  the 
Committee  of  the  Whole  reports  the 
Free  Wool  Bill. 

——li.I.  State  officers  and  Legislature 
are  elected. 

Apr.  7.  i>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Free  "Wool  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  15,  and  takes  up  the  Cotton-Bag- 
ging BiH. 

lY.  r.    The  Senate  and  Assembly  pass 

the  Constitutional  Convention  Bill. 

The  Maynard  investigation  comes 
to  an  abrupt  termination  ;  the  Kepubli- 
cans  not  being  allowed  to  subpoena  any 
witnesses,  none  appear. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  An 
amendment  appropriating  ?100,000  for 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Kepublic  en- 
campment in  Washington  is  incorjK)- 
rated  in  the  District  Appropriation  Bill. 

Apr.  9.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Free  Bagging  Bill  for  cot- 
ton ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  15, 

Apr.  11.  I).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Ja- 
cob H.  Gallinger  of  N.  H.  advocates  liis 
I)in  for  a  sanitarium  for  pulmonary 
patients. 

Apr.  14.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  amendments  to  the  bill  creat- 
ing the  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeal ;  in  the 
House  the  reprinting  in  tho  Record  of 
Henry  George's  book,  Protection  or  Free 
Traded  as  the  undelivered  speeches 
of  five  Democratic  members,  is  dis- 
cussed; Julius  C.  Burro ws's  motion  to 
expunge  the  matter  is  voted  down. 

The  payment  of  an  indemnity  of  $25,000 
by  the  United  States  to  Italy,  in  repara- 
tion of  outrages  on  Italians  in  New  Or- 
leans, and  the  immediate  resumption  of 
full  diplomatic  relations  between  the 
countries,  is  announced.  (See  Society. 
Oct.  15,  1890.) 

Fla.    The  Republicans,  on  account  of 

alleged  Democratic  election  practices 
preventing  a  fair  vote,  decide  to  make 
no  nominations  in  the  State. 

Apr.  15.  N.  Y.  In  the  Legislature  the 
Assembly  passes  the  "Woman's  Suf- 
frage BiU.    [It  fails  in  the  Senate.] 

S.  Dak.  The  President  by  proclama- 
tion opens  the  Sisseton  Indian  reser- 
vation for  settlement. 

Apr.  16.  D.  C.  It  is  announced  that  a 
copyright  agreement  with  Germany 
has  been  signed  by  Secretary  Blaine  and 
the  German  Minister  to  the  U.  S.,  Theo- 
dore von  Holleben. 

La.  Both  of  the  Democratic  fac- 
tions hold  large  mass-meetings,  refus- 
ing to  compi'oniise  in  any  way  in  regard 
to  the  approaching  elections. 

Afass.  The  House  passes  the  bill  fix- 
ing ten  hours  as  a  day's  work  for 
railroad  employees. 

Apr.  18.  />.  C  Congress ;  Senate : 
The  Bering  Sea  modus  vivendi  is  re- 
ceived from  the  President ;  the  House 
passes  the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill, 
introduced  Mar.  10;  it  provides  for  one 
new  cruiser  [A'ew    York.] 

y.  Y.  In  the  Legislature  the  major- 
ity and  minority  reports  in  the  Maynard 
investigation  are  submitted.    [Apr,  20. 


The  majority  report,  exonerating  Judge 
Maynard,  is  adopted  by  a  strictly  party 
votej. 

Apr.  19.  B,  C.  Congress:  Tho  Senate 
approves  the  Bering  Sea  modus  vive7idi. 

La.    The  people  vote  to  reject   the 

oifer  of  the  XiOuisiana  Lottery  Com- 
pany. 

Apr.  25.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  substitute  for  the  Gray  Anti- 
Chinese  BiU ;  it  extends  the  present 
laws  for  ten  years. 

Apr.  26.  /).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
receives  a  message  from  the  President 
declining  to  transmit  tlie  correspond- 
ence relative  to  an  International  Mon- 
etary Conference,  as  requested. 

Secretary  Blaine  telegraphs  a  member 
of  the  llepublican  State  Committee  of 
Maine  that  the  use  of  his  name  in  con- 
nection with  the  presidential  nomina- 
tion is  entirely  unauthorized. 

Apr.  27.  D.  a  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [July  15.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.     July  20.    Approved.] 

III.  John  B.  Altgeld  (Dem.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Mar.  29.  La.  The  families  of 
the  lynched  Italians  at  New  Orleans 
are  to  receive  $20,000,  provided  their 
Italian  citizenship  is  proved. 

Mar.  30.    Nein  York.    A  great  rubber 

trust,  to  control  most  of  the  rubber  busi- 
ness of  the  country,  is  incorporated. 

Mar.  31,    Colo.    The  silver-mines  are 

shutting  down  on  account  of  the  low 
price  paid  for  silver. 

— —  Kan.    Destructive  prairie  fires  are 

raging. 

Mar,  *  A  train  on  the  New  York  Central 
and  Hudson  lliver  road  runs  21  miles  at 
the  rate  of  72.69  miles  per  hour. 

Apr.  2.  Miss.  Greenville  loses  $100,000 
by  fire. 

Xeto  York.    The  Mercantile  Exchange 

appoints  a  committee  of  15  to  cooperate 
with  the  Grant  Monument  Associa- 
tion to  complete  the  tomb. 

Apr.  3.  La.  Four  cotton  compresses, 
80,000  bales  of  cotton,  and  many  dwell- 
ings are  burned  in  New  Orleans ;  the 
loss  is  §2,050,000. 

New  York.    Seven  street-car  lines 

are  secured  by  a  Philadelphia  syndi- 
cate. 

Apr.  9±.  Chicago.  W.  T.  Baker  is  re- 
elected president  of  the  "World's  Fair 
Directory;  his  salary  is  reduced  one- 
half. 

La.    New  Orleans  merchants  organizo 

a  company  with  a  capital  of  $500,000  to 
fight  the  rice  trust. 

Apr.  12.  New  York.  Wm.  Murray  re- 
tires from  the  office  of  Superintendent 
of  Police ;  Inspector  Byrnes  is  ap- 
pointed his  successor. 

Apr.  19.  7.  T.  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho 
reservations  are  thrown  open  to  set- 
tlers, and  thousands  rush  in  to  take 
possession. 


406     1892,  Apr.  28-May  31. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Apr.  30.  iV.  J.  The  practice 
gunboat  Bancroft  is  launched  at  Eliza- 
bethport. 

May  18.  Chicago.  A  military  despatch 
by  bicycle  relays  is  started  from  Chi- 
cago for  New  York. 

[May  23.  The  Relay  Bicyclists  com- 
plete the  work  of  bringing  a  message 
from  Gen.  Miles  at  Chicago  to  Gen. 
Howard  at  New  York  city;  time,  four 
days,  13  hours,  and  five  minutes.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATtTRE. 

1892  Apr.  29.  .V.  Mex.  Valuable 
fossils  are  found  in  San  Juan  County. 

Apr.  30,  S.  Dak.  A  valuable  discovery 
of  platinum  ore  is  made  near  Kapid 
City. 

May  17.  B.  C.  The  Congress  of  the 
I^ational  Ajt  Association  in  behalf  of 
free  art  opens  in  Washington. 

May  18.  la.  A  flood- wave  in  the 
Floyd  River,  at  Sioux  City,  drives 
8,000  people  from  their  homes ;  many 
are  rescued  with  great  diflBculty,  and  11 
are  known  to  be  drowned. 

May  21.  Mo.  It  is  stated  that  damages 
by  flood  in  and  about  St.  Louis  will 
amount  to  $11,000,000;  further  loss  of 
life  is  reported  from  Arkansas. 

May  23.  Jll.  The  whole  Illinois  valley 
is  a  scene  of  desolation  caused  by 
floods. 

May  24.  Ark.  The  crops  of  40,000  far- 
mers are  swept  away. 

May  27.  Kan.  A  cyclone  kills  20  per- 
sons at  Wellington  and  11  at  Hutchin- 
son, and  destroys  avast  amount  of  prop- 
erty, [July  3.  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  loses 
«150,000  by  a  tornado.  Oct.  17.  A  hurri- 
cane rages  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.] 

May  28.  Ark.  Gold  is  found  which  as- 
says from  $3.50  to  $110  per  ton. 

May  29.  Chicago.  The  first  Bohemian 
soldiers'  monument  in  the  United 
States  is  dedicated. 

La.   A  moniunent  to  Chief  Hennessy 

is  unveiled  at  Metaric  Cemetery,  New 
Orleans. 

May  30.  X.  Y.  A  soldiers'  monu- 
ment is  unveiled  at  Rochester ;  Presi- 
dent Harrison  and  Gov.  Flower  are 
present. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1892. 

Apr.  39.  Leidy,  Joseph,  naturalist,  pro- 
fessor at  University  of  Pa.,  A(>9. 

2Iay  5.  Moore,  (ieorge  Henry,  author,  li- 
hrarlan,  bililiographer,  A59. 

May  14.  Barbour,  John  S.,  senator  for 
Va.,  A72. 

lUanchard,  Jonathan,  president  Whea- 

ton  (College,  A81. 

May  18.     Ely,  Alfred,  M.  C.,forN.  Y.,  A77. 

May  30.  Rutherford,  Lewis  Morris,  physi- 
cist, A75. 

CHURCH. 
1892  Apr.  29.  JVis.  Archbishop 
Katzer  of  Milwaukee  issues  a  letter 
forbidding  Catholics  joining  socie- 
ties which  bind  their  members  to 
observe  secrets  so  strictly  that  they 
cannot  be  revealed  to  even  the  bishop 
of  the  diocese. 


May  2.  Neb.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal)  begins  its 
quadrennial  session  at  Omaha.  [It  pro- 
tests against  the  State  granting  money 
for  sectarian  purposes ;  declares  in 
favor  of  equal  lay  and  clerical  repre- 
sentation.] 

May  5.  New  York.  A  relic,  said  to  be  a 
piece  of  the  arm  of  St.  Anne,  the 
mother  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  is  placed  on 
exhibition  at  St.  Jean  Baptiste's  Roman 
Catholic  church. 

N.  Y.  Rev.  Henry  Gabriels  is  conse- 
crated (Roman  Catholic)  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Ogdensburg  at  Albany. 

May  9.  }fls.  The  coronation  of  the 
statue  of  St.  Joseph  takes  place  at  De 
Pere  by  favor  of  Pope  Leo.  The  crowns 
are  of  pure  gold  studded  with  precious 
stones,  and  valued  at  $G,000. 

May  14.  Cincinnati.  The  General  Con- 
vention of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  18,  New  York.  Rev.  Thomas  Dixon, 
Jr.,  denounces  the  Tammany  Society 
and  Mayor  Grant. 

[May  27.  Mr.  Dixon  is  held  in  $1,000 
bail  for  the  grand  jury  in  the  criminal 
libel  case  of  the  excise  commissioner, 
Koch.  June  6.  He  is  unanimously  sup- 
ported by  the  Baptist  Ministers*  Confer- 
ence. June  30.  The  indictment  is  dis- 
missed.] 

May  19.  Ore.  The  104th  General 
Assembly  (Presbyterian)  meets  at 
Portland. 

[  May  25.  The  trial  of  Dr.  Charles  A. 
Briggs  for  heresy  begins.  May  28.  The 
Assembly  decides  to  sustain  the  appeal 
of  the  Prosecuting  Committee.  May  30. 
It  remands  the  case  to  the  New  York 
Presbytery  for  trial.] 

May  22.  Pa.  A  priest  stops  a  prize- 
fight at  Plains,  six  miles  from  Wilkes- 
barre,  after  the  fourth  round  was  nearly 
finished. 

May  29.  New  York.  Dr.  Rainsford 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  in  a  sermon  fa- 
vors making  baxrooms  as  good  as  pos- 
sible, and  keeping  them  open  at  certain 
hours  on  Sunday. 

May  31.  NY.  Father  Dent  institutes 
a  slander  suit  against  Bishop  Ryan  of 
Buffalo,  claiming  $100,000  damages. 

• -Tliis  day  is  observed  as  a  day  of  fast- 
ing, humiliation,  and  prayer  by  the  col- 
ored people  of  the  South. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Apr.  28.  NJ.  Judge  Lippincott 
of  Jersey  City  sentences  two  saloon- 
keepers to  three  months'  imitrisonment 
and  a  fine  of  $250  each  for  liquor-sell- 
ing on  Sunday. 

Apr.  29.    Ga.    The  Scotch-Irish  Con- 

gress  is  in  session  at  Atlanta. 
-V.  Y.    .T,   T>.   Sheehan,  a    pedler.  is 

murdered  by  tramps  near  Stony  Point. 

Tenn.    "White  Caps  are  terrorizing 

Jackson,  Sevier,  and  Knox  counties; 
they  are  under  a  leader  employed  on  a 
salary,  and  about  fifty  persons  have  been 
whipped,  some  of  whom  are  in  a  precari- 
ous condition. 

Apr.  30.  New  York.  The  Annual  Con- 
gress of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Kevolution  meets. 


—  .V.  Y.  Ferdinand  "Ward's  term  ex- 
pires, and  he  is  released  from  Sing  Sing 
Prison. 

—  Tenn.  A  Nashville  mob  takes  a 
negro  from  jail  and  hangs  him. 

May  1.  Chicago.  Three  red  flags  borne 
in  the  May-Day  parade  are  seized  by  the 
police,  and  their  bearers  arrested. 

New    York.      By    official   orders   the 

police  are  restricted  from  the  full  en- 
forcement of  the  Excise  law. 

May  2.  New  Eng.  Granite-cutters  and 
quarry  men  throughout  New  England 
go  on  strike. 

[May  13.  A  number  of  strikes  are 
ordered  in  New  York  City  to  aid  them. 
May  14.  Granite-workers  are  locked  out 
in  several  New  England  towns.  May  17. 
They  accept  the  terms  offered  by  the 
Thomaston  owners,  to  work  the  quarries 
on  the  cooperative  plan.  July  8.  The 
New  York  granite-pavers  declare  their 
strike  off,  and  yield  to  the  contractors. 
Aug.  27.  The  Milford  branch  of  the 
Quarrymen's  Union  decides  to  allow  its 
members  to  seek  employment.] 

May  3.  New  York.  The  Pavers'  Union 
orders  its  members  in  this  city  to  go  out 
on  strike  in  sympathy  with  granite- 
workers. 

May  7.  .^V.  Y.  A  conspiracy  between 
conductors  and  outsiders  to  defraud  the 
West  Shore  Railroad  is  discovered,  and 
several  arrests  are  made. 

Npav  York.    The  Actors*  Fund  Fair 

at  the  Madison  Square  Garden  closes  ; 
about  $170,000  is  realized. 

Thousands  of  children  attend  May- 
parties  in  Central  Park. 

May  8.  N.  J.  Mrs.  Susan  B.  Palmer 
gives  20  city-lots  in  Passaic  for  a  hos- 
pital site. 

May  10.  N.J.  Italian  laborers  near  As- 
bury  Park  put  an  armed  guard  over  em- 
ployers who  have  not  paid  their  wa^^es. 

New  York.  The  National  Tem- 
perance Society  holds  its  27th  anni- 
versary in  the  Broadway  Tabernacle. 

May  11.  Chicago.  The  Convention  of 
the  Federation  of  "Women's  Clubs 
opens. 

May  12.  Coto.  The  Childs-Drexet  Na- 
tional Home  for  Printers,  at  Colorado 
Springs,  is  formally  dedicated. 

N.  Y.    Three  asse^ors  of  Cohoes 

are  indicted  and  two  arrested  on  war- 
rants charging  them  with  bribery. 

Te7in.      The   Confederate  Soldiers* 

Home  at  the  Hermitage  (Andrew  Jack- 
son's home)  is  opened. 

May  15,  Cat.  Stage-robbers  kill  the 
messeiiger,  and  secure  $20,000  from  the 
Welis-Fargo  Express  Company;  one  of 
the  robbers  is  captured. 

May  17.  Ga.  Three  negroes  are  taken 
from  jail  in  Clarksville  and  lynched. 

May  19.  Tex.  In  Denison  four  women, 
two  of  them  of  high  social  standing,  are 
shot  in  widely  different  partsof  the  city, 
by  an  unknown  assassin. 

May  20.  Tenn.  A  mob  storms  the  jail 
at  Nashville  to  get  a  negro  prisoner  and 
lynch  him  ;  the  police  are  armed  with 
Winchester  rifles. 

May  21.  New  York.  Eleven  King's 
Daughters  leave  America  for  Russia, 
"In  His  Name."  to  distribute  money 
among  the  famine  sufferers. 

May  24.  .V.  Y.  A  Sanitarium  for 
Hebrew  children  at  Kockaway  Beach, 


UNITED    STATES.         1892,  Apr.  28 -May  31.      407 


Long  Island,  is  <le(licated ;  it  has  accqm- 
niodations  for  100  children  and  their 
mothers,  and  cost  $27,500. 

May  25.  Boston.  The  32d  annual  con- 
vention of  the  United  States  Brewers' 
Association  begins. 

New  York.  The  American  Fisher- 
ies Society  begins  its  annual  conven- 
tion. 

Slay  26.  Cnl,  Union  workmen  blowup 
a  non-union  blacksmith  shop  in  San 
Diego, 

3/(55.    The  levee-guards  at  Gunnison 

shoot  and  kill  a  man  trying  to  blow  up 
the  levee  with  dyuaraite. 

New  York.    Joseph  Barondess,  union 

cloakmaker,  is  sentenced  to  one  year 
and  nine  months  in  the  State  prison  for 
extortion.     [Pardoned  June  4.] 

The  crusade  against  protected  crime, 
led  by  Rev.  Dr.  Parkhurst,  is  indorsed 
at  a  mass-meeting  in  Cooper  Union. 

May  27.  ^ew  York.  Three  women 
are  among  the  graduates  from  the  Ijaw 
School  of  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Paving  contractors  join  the  quarry- 
men  in  fighting  the  striking  granite- 
cutters.    (See  May  2.) 

Utah.    N.  H.  Groesbeck,  a  Mormon, 

is  sentenced  for  the  tliird  time  to  one 
year's  imprisonment  for  polygamy. 

May  30.  I/f.  W.  J.  Jones,  manager  of 
the  Sandwich  Manufacturing  Company, 
is  decoyed  from  his  house,  robbed,  and 
murdered. 

May  31.  JVew  York.  M.  T.  G.  Cum- 
niiskey,  of  the  customs  bureau  in  the 
post-oftice,  is  charged  with  stealing  —  in 
all,  about  $0,000. 

May  *  The  General  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  con- 
demns the  liquor  traffic. 

*'  License  laws  are  the  liquor  traffic's 
strongest  bulwark  of  defense.  They  are 
wrong  in  principle  and  impotent  for 
good.  We  are  unalter.ably  opposed  to 
the  enactment  of  laws  for  that  purpose, 
because  they  provide  for  its  continu- 
ance, and  afford  no  protection  against 
its  ravages.  We  will  accept  no  compro- 
ituse,  but  demand  the  unconditional  sur- 
render of  the  rebellious  business." 

STATE. 

1892  Apr,  28.  3/o.  Major  Wm.  War- 
ner (Uep.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

May  1.  D.  C.  The  President  proclaims 
the  completion  of  reciprocity  arrange- 
ments with  Honduras. 

May  2.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House, 
under  suspension  of  rules,  the  Free 
Binding-Twine  Bill  is  passed  ;  the  bill 
to  open  the  Colville  Indian  Reserva- 
tion in  Washington  is  passed;  bill  in- 
troduced Mar.  15.  [May  21.  It  passes 
the  Senate.  July  15.  Approved,]  It 
passes  the  Pension  Bill  for  the  relief  of 
survivors  of  the  Indian  Wars  of  1832-42  ; 
bill  introduced  Mar.  16.  [July  21.  Tlie 
bill  passes  the  Senate.  July  28.  Ap- 
proved.] 

Mass.    The   Senate    refuses  a  third 

reading  to  a  bill  granting  municipal 
suffrage  to  women.    Vote,  32-10. 

May  3.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  the 
report  of  the  Conference  Committee 
on  the   Chinese   Exclusion   Bill   is 


agreed  to ;  the  House  passes  the  Diplo- 
matic and  Consular  Appropriation 
Bill  after  seven  discussions;  bill  intro- 
duood  Mar.  28. 

May  4.  D.  C,  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill. 
[May  5.  Approved.]  The  bill  to  admit 
certain  foreign-built  vessels  to  Amer- 
ican registry  is  passed  ;  bill  introduced 
Mar.  9. 

May  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Dependent  Pensions  Bill 
introduced  Mar,  14. 

May  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  House  Bill  to  Encourage 
Ship-building  by  granting  U.  S.  regis- 
try to  two  steamships  of  thelnman  Line 
on  condition  that  two  others  be  built 
by  the  company  in  this  country.  L^l^y 
11.  Approved.]  The  House  pfisses  the 
River  and  Harbor  BUI,  appropriating 
$21,300,000,  after  six  discussions ;  bill  in- 
troduced Apr,  9. 

Charles  Emory  Smith  tenders  his 
resignation  as  Minister  to  Russia. 

May  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  for  enlarging  Yellow- 
stone National  Park. 

May  12.  D.C.  It  is  annoimced  that  Jus- 
tice Harlan  and  .Senator  Morgan  have 
been  selected  as  arbitrators  and  ex-Min- 
ister  Phelps  as  chief  counsel  for  the 
United  States  in  the  Bering  Sea  arbi- 
tration. 

May  14.  O.  Judge  Sage  of  the  U.  S. 
District  Court  in  <.'incinnati  decides  that 
the  River  and  Harbor  Act  of  Congress 
is  unconstitutional  so  far  as  it  gives  to 
the  Secretary  of  War  judicial  powers. 

May  17.  Mich.  A  National  League  of 
College  Republican  Clubs  is  formed 
at  Ann  Arbor. 

May  18.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
luisses  the  Naval  Appropriation  Bill 
as  amended  by  the  Committee,  five 
Democrats  voting  with  the  Republi- 
cans. [July  15.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.     July  20.    Approved.] 

A'.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  signs  the  codes 

prepared  by  the  Statutory  Revision 
Commission,  and  Senator  George  1-". 
Roesch'B  Factory  Bill. 

May  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  BUI. 
[July  G.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
July  15.    Approved.] 

President  Harrison  proclaims  reci- 
procity with  Guatemala,  to  take  ef- 
fect May  30. 

May  23.  Ida.  Gov.  MMlley  asks  aid  of 
the  I'niteti  States  Government,  the  strik- 
ing miners  being  armed,  and  trouble  is 
feared. 

May  26.  fJ.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
adopts  a  provision  for  closing  the  Gov- 
ernment World's  Fair  exhibit  on 
Sunday. 

fCy.  The  Legislature  orders  rail- 
roads passing  through  the  State  to  pro- 
vide separate  coaches  for  negroes. 

May  27.  D.  (\  Congress:  The  Senate 
makes  the  Stewart  Free  Coinage  BiH 
unfinished  business  for  the  following 
Tuesday ;  the  House  passes  the  Stmdry 
Civil  Appropriation  BUI  after  15  dis- 
cussions ;  bill  introduced  Mar.  24.    [July 


14.  It  passes  the  Senate  after  11  dich 
cussions.  Aug.  5.  Conference  report 
agreed  to,  and  bill  approved.] 

La.  The  I.ejiislature  passes  a  bill  re- 
quiring all  persons  selling  firearms  to 
take  out  a  license. 

May  31.  X.  Y.  The  (anti-Hill)  protest- 
ing Democratic  State  Convention  con- 
venes at  Syracuse ;  a  full  delegation  to 
Chicago  is  chosen,  with  instructions  to 
vote  as  a  unit. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Apr.  28.  N.J.  The  steamer  J^/or- 
iffa  goes  ashore  near  Atlantic  City. 

Phi/a.    The  Grand  Central  Theater 

is  burned  and  12  lives  lost. 

Apr.  29i^.  Tex.  A  drought  causes  dis- 
tressing want;  500  families  receive 
rations. 

May  5.  Mo.  By  the  coUapse  of  a  rail- 
way bridge  near  Medill  seven  lives  are 
lost  and  many  persons  injured. 

May  7.  Wash.  The  100th  anniversary 
of  the  discovery  of  Puget  Sotmd  is 
celebrated  at  Port  Townaend. 

May  12.  X.  Mex.  The  Capitol  at  Santa 
F6,  valued  at  $1,000,000,  is  burned. 

Xew  York.    "Wm.  Astor  bequeaths 

the  bulk  of  his  estate  to  his  son,  John 
Jacob  Astor,  but  gives  about  $150,000  to 
public  charities. 

Teim.    The  steel  cantUever  bridge 

spanning  the  Mississippi  River  at 
Memphis  is  opened  with  elaborate  cere- 
monies. 

May  15.  O.  A  train-wreck  in  a  blind- 
ing storm  near  Cleves  causes  seven 
deaths  and  many  persons  injured;  loss 
to  the  company,  over  $100,000. 

May  16.  "Weak  levees  on  the  Missis- 
sippi give  way,  and  much  damage  is 
done  ;  w^^unen  and  children  are  rescued 
with  difficulty. 

May  19.  la.  The  loss  of  property  by 
the  flood-wave  at  Sioux  City  will 
reach  $1,500,000;  about  20  persons  are 
supposed  to  be  lost. 

May  25.  Neb.  The  sUver  (25th)  anni- 
versary of  the  admission  of  Nebraska 
into  the  Union  is  celebrated  at  Lincoln. 

May  26.  Chicago.  The  steam  propeller 
Wergeland  arrives  from  Norway  via 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Welland 
Canal. 

May  27.  Chicago.  The  first  elevated 
railroad  is  opened. 

May  28.  N.  Y.  A  receiver  is  asked 
for  to  wind  up  the  Empire  Order  of  Mu- 
tual Aid  at  Buffalo  ;  45  death  claims  are 
stilt  unpaid,  calling  for  $1)0,000;  assets, 
$20,000. 

May  30.  N.  Y.  Brooklyn,  eastern  dis- 
trict, loses  $175,000  by  fire  ;  over  50  fami- 
lies are  rendered  homeless. 

May  31.  Cal.  The  largest  gold  brick 
ever  handled  — 357J  pounds  avoirdupois, 
valued  at  $120,000  —  arrives  at  the  mint 
in  San  Francisco  from  the  Harqua  Hala 
mine  in  Arizona. 

Chicago.    In  the  Board  of  Trade,  the 

price  of  corn  drops  from  $1.00  per 
bushel  to  49  cents,  causing  the  failure  of 
Coster  and  Martin,  who  were  "  running 
a  coriier  "  for  May. 


408     1892,  May  31 -July  1. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Jxine  8.  Minn.  Militia  are  sent 
to  the  Minnesota  Company's  mines  at 
Tower,  where  trouble  is  feared  from 
strikers. 

June  12.  D.  C.  Commander  Smith, 
V.  S.  N.,  is  retired  by  direction  of  the 
President. 

June  28.  J'a.  The  armored  battle- 
ship Texas  is  launched  at  Norfolk. 

July  1.  Fin.  Additional  troops  are 
called  out  at  Jackaon  to  intimidate  the 
negroes  ;  a  number  are  arrested. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  June  1.  Ind.  Floods  in  this 
State  and  elsewhere  are  still  raging  ; 
estimated  loss  thus  far,  $50,000,000. 

June  2.  Pa.  The  •*  High-'Water 
Mark"  Monument  is  dedicated  at 
Gettysburg. 

It  commemorates  the  terrible  struggle 
on  Cemetery  Ridge,  which  resulted  in 
the  retirement  of  (4en.  Lee's  army  from 
Northern  States,  and  the  gradual  decline 
of  the  prestige  of  Confederate  arms. 

June  5.  Pa.  New  deposits  of  coal  are 
found  between  Pottsville  andTamaqua. 

June  20.  Xew  York.  The  University 
Settlement  opens  its  first  free  art  ex- 
hibition in  Allen  Street. 

June  27.  The  Peary  relief  party  starts 
on  its  expedition  to  McCormick  Bay,  in 
the  Arctic  regions.  [Aug.  *  McCor- 
mick Harbor  is  reached  on  the  return 
trip  from  the  Arctic  Sea.  Sept.  *  The 
successful  expedition  returns  in  safety.] 

La.    The  entire  country  along  the 

Amity  Iliver,  between  Lake  Maurepas 
and  Port  Vincent,  is  under  water. 

June*  D.  C.  The  American  Institute 
of  Homeopathy  meets  at  Washing- 
ton. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

188S. 
June  3.     Moore,  T>.  D.  T.»  editor  of  rural 

papers,  A72. 
June  9.     Dillon,  Sidney,  president  of  Union 

Pacillc  R.  K.,  A70. 
June  24.    Cassidy,  G.  W.,  M.  C.  for  Mo., 

A56. 
June  39.      Dwlght,    Tlieodore    W.,   Jurist, 

professor  at  C6luml>ia,  A70. 

CHURCH. 

1892  May*  Phila.  The  National 
Baptist  Congress  convenes. 

Jtme  13.  Pa.  A  vast  concourse  of 
ailing  people  at  Mount  Troy,  Alle- 
gheny, visit  Father  Mollinger  to  be 
healed,  at  the  St.  Anthony's  Day  cele- 
bration (Roman  Catholic).  [June  15. 
He  dies  soon  after  blessing  a  large  as- 
sembly.   Aged  70  years.] 

LETTERS. 

1802    June  6.    The  American  Jewish 

Historical  Society  is  formed. 
June  8.    Conn.    A  new  public  library, 

the  gift  of  Miss  Caroline  Phelps  Stokes, 
is  dedicated  at  Ansonia,  the  building 
costing  between  $35,000  and  $40,000. 
Jujie  22.  Cal.  Prof.  S.  W.  Burnham, 
the  astronomer,  resigns  his  position  at 
Ijick  Observatory. 


July  1±.  J't.  Middlebixry  CoUege  re- 
ceives $60,000  toward  its  periuanent  fund 
from  C.  J.  Starr  of  New  York  City. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  June  1.  Cal.  Highbinders  are 
rioting  in  the  Chinese  quarters  at  Sac- 
ramento ;  two  Chinamen  are  killed  and 
one  wounded. 

June  2.  N.  Afex.  An  express-train  on 
the  Santa  Fd  road  is  held  up  and 
robbed,  after  a  fight  with  the  express- 
messengers. 

H.  Y.     In  Port  Jervis  a  negro  is 

lynched  for  an  assault  on  Miss  Mc- 
Jklahon  of  that  village. 

[June  28+.  The  grand  jury  indicts 
the  officials  of  Port  Jervis  for  criminal 
negligence ;  they  are  acquitted.] 

June  3.  Fla.  By  act  of  the  Legislature 
Florida  observes  for  the  first  time  Jef- 
ferson I)avis*s  birthday  as  a  legal 
holiday. 

June  4.  X,  J.  Alden  Falea,  16  years 
of  age,  is  convicted  of  the  murder  of 
Thomas  Haddou  at  JSewark. 

June  5.  Chicago.  The  American  Insti- 
tute of  Electrical  Engineers  begins 
its  annual  session. 

June  6.  Neto  York.  Dr.  Robert  W. 
Buchanan  is  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
poisoning  his   wife;  a  week  after  her 

burial  he  went  to  Halifax,  and  remar- 
ried his  (divorced)  first  wife. 

iV.  Y.    Two  Toronto  men  are  arrested 

on  the  Niagara  frontier  with  6o  pounds 
of  smuggled  opium  in  their  possession. 

June  8.  Boston.  The  colored  citizens 
in  mass-meeting  adopt  strong  resolu- 
tions denouncing  the  outrages  on  colored 
people  in  the  South,  and  demanding  the 
punishment  of  the  lynchers. 

Coin.     Bob   Ford,    the   slayer   of 

Jesse  James,  is  shot  and  killed  by  l)e\y 
uty-Sheritf  Kelly  at  Denver. 

June  9.  Fla.  Confederate  flags  are 
carried  in  a  procession  of  Confederate 
veterans  in  Jacksonville. 

June  11.    Miss.    A  mob  of  white  men 

shoots  every  negro  it  meets  on  the  hills 
near  Port  Gibson. 

N.  Y.  At  a  riot  among  lumber- 
men in  Tonawanda,  several  Rtriker.s  are 
shot  by  officers  ;  two  policemen  receive 
wounds. 

Pa.    The  annual  meeting  and  parade 

of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac occurs  at  Scranton. 

Jvme  13.  Tenn.  A  negro  prisoner  is 
protected  from  a  mob  and  tried  accord- 
ing to  law  in  open  court  at  Chattanooga. 

June  14.    Okla.    President  Harrison 

telegraphs  the  governor  to  use  the  most 
vigorous  efforts  to  prevent  any  lynching 
at  Guthrie,  a  mob  having  threatened  a 
negro,  arrested  for  assaulting  a  woman. 

Phila.     The   International  Typo 

graphical  Union  is  in  session. 

June  15.  N.  Y.  The  Master  Car- 
Builders'  Association  of  the  United 
States  is  in  session  at  Saratoga. 

Nevy  Y(yrk.    John  E.  Redmond,  the 

Irish  Home  Ruler,  speaks  on  the  Irish 

■  question  in  the  Academy  of  Music  be- 
fore a  large  audience. 

June  16.  Ky.  For  illicit  whisky-selling 
in  Lancaster,  a  local-option  town,  a 
negro    is    fined    nearly  $1,000,000  after 


CQnfessing  in  1,585  cases,  and  a  white 
man  $157,700,  in  1,577  cases. 

June  18.  Miss.  One  negro  is  lynched, 

and  another  threatened  with  the  same 
fate,  in  McComb  City. 

Kx-Congressman  J.  B.  Morgan  of  MLs- 
sissippi  is  killed  by  Henry  Foster,  a  law- 
yer, near  Horn  Lake. 

Keto  York.    The  will  of  Sidney  Dillon 

is  made  public  ;  his  heirs  give  $100,000 
to  various  charities. 

June  19.  Minn.  There  is  trouble  with 
striking  miners  at  Tower;  the  militia 
are  under  arms. 

June  20.  N.  J.  The  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appeals  affirms  the  conviction  of  the 
Jersey  City  ballot-box  stuffers.  (See 
Feb.  13,  ISiKt.) 

[June  28.  Thirteen  are  sentenced  to 
the  State  prison  and  seven  to  the  peni- 
tentiary. July  1.  Judge  Lippincott 
sends  four  more  to  prison.  Aug.  5.  The 
last  of  the  67  ballot-box  stufiers  plead 
guilty.  Dec.  24.  All  are  released  by  the 
(Jourt  of  Pardons.] 

Pa.    The  Homestead  Steel  Works 

at  Pittsburg  are  partly  closed  ;  3,000  men 
are  thrown  out  of  work. 

June  21.    I).  C.     Kdwin  J.  Ryan,  United 

States  Express  Company's  clerk  at, 
AVashin^'ton,  is  missing ;  also  three 
packages  of  new  bank-notes,  amount- 
ing to  $50,000. 

Phila.  The  Ladies'  National  Ten- 
nis Tournament  opens. 

June  22.  N.  Y.  Tramps  seize  a  freight- 
train  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad, 
and  ride  to  New  York  on  it. 

-V.  T.    G.  E.  Carpenter,  the  assailant 

of  Joim  E.  Searles,  Jr.,  in  Brooklyn,  is 
sentenced  to  20  years  in  the  State 
prison. 

June  24.  O.  Street-car  strikers  at 
Cleveland  use  violence. 

June  25.  New  York.  The  Iron  League, 

composed  of  the  big  local  iron  firms,  dis- 
charges all  employees  who  are  identitit-d 
with  the  Knights  of  Labor;  they  num- 
ber about  l,5u0. 

Pa.     The  Carnegie  Steel   Works   at 

Homestead  lock  out  the  strikers,  who 
demand  payment  for  their  labor  accor- 
ding to  a  wage  scale.    (See  July  6.) 

June  27.  New  York.  A  prisoner  on  trial 
in  the  Court  of  General  Sessions  is  shot 
dead  by  the  brother  of  the  young  girl  he 
had  asfiaulted. 

Tenn.    W.  M.  Bates  is  taken  from  jail 

at  Shelbyville  by  a  mob  and  lynched. 

June  28.  New  York.  The  Health  Board 
appoints 50  physicians  of  the  "summer 
corps  "  to  serve  without  charge  among 
the  poor  in  the  tenement-house  district. 
The  grand  jury,  having  dismissed  ex- 
cise cases  without  limit,  is  discharged. 

Judge  Lacombe  delivers  an  opinion  in 
favor  of  the  legahty  of  the  "Whisky 
Trust. 

June  29.  N.  T.  The  National  Savings 
Bank,  Buffalo,  fails  in  consequence  of 
the  defalcation  of  §500,000  by  Edward  S. 
Dann,  its  president. 

July  1.  N.  Y.  An  Excise  Enforce- 
ment XiCague  is  organized  in  Brooklyn. 

STATE. 
1892    Jime  1.    I).  C.     Congress;  Sen- 
ate: John  Sherman  finishes  his  speech 
on  the  Silver  Bill;  "William  M.  Stewart 
of  Nev.  follows. 

The  Treasury  Department  reports  the 
public  debt  increased  $4,600,000  in  May. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1892,  May  31- July  1.    409 


a.  I.    T)ie  Legislature  in  Granil  Com- 

mitteo  elects  all  the  Republican  nomi- 
nees by  uvcrwlieluiinj^  iiiujuniica. 

If'is.  Gov.  Peck  calls  a  special  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  tor  June  28  to 
reappiirtion  the  State  into  Senate  and 
Assembly  districts. 

June  2.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  Wil- 
liam M.  Stewart  finishes  bis  speech  on 
silver,  and  the  bill  goes  over. 
June  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Postal  Appropriation  Bill 
after  eight  discussions  ;  bill  introduced 
Apr.  16.  [June  29.  Bill  passes  the  Sen- 
ate. July  15.  Approved.]  The  Senate 
Committee  on  Immigration  examines 
John  I.  Davenport  on  the  naturaliza- 
tion frauds  in  New  York  City.  [Again 
f>n  fjune  9.] 

James  G.  Blaine  tenders  his  resig- 
nation of  the  portfolio  of  State,  which 
the  President  accepts  ;  this  action  is  un- 
derstood to  place  ilr.  Blaine  in  the  field 
as  a  possible  presidential  candidate. 
June  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Legis- 
bitive,  Executive,  and  Judicial  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  passed  ;  bill  introduceil 
May  28.  [June  29.  Bill  is  passed  by  the 
Senate.  July  20.  Approved.]  Bills  are 
p.assed  to  admit  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico  as  States. 
June  7.  S.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Diplomatic  and 
Consular  Bill.  [July  14.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  July  20.  Approveil.] 
The  House  passes  the  Urgent  Defici- 
ency Bill. 
. —  Ore.     Republicans     carry    both 

branches  of  the  Legislature. 
June  7-11.    Minn.     The    Republican 
National  Convention  is  in  session  at 
Minneapolis,  with    William  McKinley, 
Jr.,  of  O.,  chairman. 

President  Harrison  is  renominated 
on  the  first  ballot  for  presidential  can- 
didate. Vote,  Harrison  of  Ind.,  535J  ; 
James  G.  Blaine  of  Me.,  182J  ;  William 
McKinley,  Jr.  of  O.,  182;  Thomas  B. 
Reed  of  Me.,  4;  Robert  T.  Lincoln  of 
111.,  1 ;  Harrison's  plurality,  1C6. 

Vote  for  candidate  lor  Vice-President : 
\^^litelaw  Reid  and  Thomas  B.  Reed  are 
put  in  nomination  ;  but  the  latter  with- 
draws before  a  ballot  is  taken,  and  the 
former  is  nominated  unanimously. 
June  8.    D.  C.    Congress :  The   House 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  June  2. 
June  10.  D.C.    Congress :  In  the  House 
the  Committee  on  Commerce  reports  in 
favor  of  instituting  an  investigation 
of  the  Reading  combine  to  control  the 
price  of  anthracite  coal. 
June  15.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  House 


the  Dominion  for  tuijust  discrimination 
against  American  vessels  navigating  the 
Canadian  canals. 
.We.  Henry  B.  Cleaves  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 
Jvme  21-23.  Chicago.  The  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  is  in  ses- 
sion ;  W.  L.  Wilson  of  W.  Va.  is  chosen 
permanent  chairman ;  the  convention 
unanimously  adopts  a  platform,  includ- 
ing a  tariff  resolution  substituted  lor 
that  reported  by  the  committee  ;  late  in 
the  night  session  .Mr.  Cleveland  is  nomi- 
nated for  President  on  the  first  ballot. 

Vote,  1st  ballot :  Cleveland,  617 ;  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.,  114;  Horace  Boies  of 
la.,  103  ;  A.  P.  Gorman  of  Md.,  36  ;  Adlai 
E.  Stevenson  of  111.,  15;  J.  G.  Carlisle 
of  Ky.,  14 ;  W.  R.  Morrison  of  111.,  3 ; 
James  E.  Campbell  of  O.,  2  ;  Wm.  E. 
Russell  of  Mass.,  2 ;  and  Robert  E.  Pat- 
tison  and  Wm.  C.  Whitney  of  N.  Y.,  1 
vote  each.  Whole  number  of  votes  cast, 
909i.    Necessary  to  a  choice,  607. 

For  Vice-President  :  Adlai  E.  Steven- 
son of  111.,  402;  Isaac  P.  Gray  of  Ind., 
343;  Allen  B.  Morse  of  Mich.,  86;  John 
L.  Michell,  of  Wis.,  45;  Henrj  Watter- 
son  of  Ky.,26  ;  Bourke  Cockran  of  N.  X., 
5;  Lambert  Tree  and  Horace  Boies  of 
la.,  1  vote  each.  Stevenson  is  nominated 
by  acclamation. 
June  22.     17.    Col.  Levi  K.  Fuller  (Hep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
June  27.    D.C.    Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  General  Deficiency  Bill, 

The  National  Republican  Commit- 
tee meets  in  Washington,  and  elects  W. 
J.  Campbell  of  Chicago  chairman  in 
place  of  Gen.  Clarkson. 
June  28.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Agrictiltural  Appropriation  Bill  is 
amended  and  passed.  [July  1.  Confer- 
ence report  agreed  to.  July  6.  Ap- 
proved.] 

It  is  announced  that  from  July  1  the 
free  list  on  American  goods  sent  to 
foreign  countries  will  cover  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico. 

Inrl.    Ira.  J.  Chase  (Rep.)  is  renomi- 

natetl  for  governor. 
June  29.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
confirms  the  nomination  of  John  "W. 
Foster  of  Ind.  for  Secretary  of  State, 
and  passes  the  Dependent  Pensions 
Appropriation  Bill ;  total  amount  ap- 
propriated, $144,9!)0,000.  [July  9.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to.  July  15.  Ap- 
proved.] 

A  caucus  of  Democratic  Senators 
decides  that  white  supremacy  in  the 
South  ought  to  be  the  chief  issue  of  the 
campaign 


passes  the  Fortifications  Appropria-    June  29-July  1.    0.    The  Prohibition 


tion  Bill  introduced  May  3. 

June  18.  Mich.  The  Supreme  Court  de- 
cides that  the  Miner  Electoral  Law  is 
unconstitutional. 

June  20.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Sen- 
ate receives  a  message  from  the  Presi- 
dent, calling  attention  to  the  failure  to 
agree  upon  reciprocity  with  Canada, 
and  recommending  retaliation  upon 


National  Convention  opens  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  Col.  Ell  Ritter  of  Ind.  is  chosen 
permanent  chairman. 

John  Bidwell  of  Cal.  is  nominated 
for  President  on  the  first  ballot.  Vote  : 
Bidwell,  590;  Gideon  T.  Stewart  of  O., 
179;  W.  Jennings  Demorest  of  N.  Y., 
139 ;  H.  Clay  Bascom  of  N.  T.,  3.  For 
Vice-President ;  first  ballot ;  James  B. 


CranflU  of  Tex.,  410;  Joshua  Levering 
of  Md.,  351;  A.  W.  Satterly  of  Minn, 
26 ;  T.  R.  Carskadon  of  W.  Va.,  2! ; 
Cranfill  is  nominated. 

June  30.  Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year. 
Revenue:  Customs,  $177,452,964;  inter- 
nal revenue,  $153,971,072:  sales  ot  public 
lands,  $3,261,876;  miscellaneous  items, 
$20,251,872.  Total  revenue,  $354,937,784. 
Expenditures  :  miscellaneous  items, 
$99,841,987;  War  Department,  $46,895,- 
456  ;  Navy  Department,  $29,174,139  ;  In- 
dians, $11,150,678 ;  pensions,  $134,583,053 ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  .?23,378,116. 
Total  ordinary  expenditure,  $345,023,329  ; 
excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary  expen- 
diture, $9,914,455.  Exports,  $1,030,278,- 
148;  imports,  $827,402,462.  Public  debt 
(Dec.  1),  $1,563,612,455. 

JvJy  1.  Z).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  Stewart's  Free  Silver  Bill. 
Vote,  29-;^  The  House  passes  the 
Eight- Hour  Labor  Bill,  for  mechanics 
and  laborers  employed  on  the  public 
buildings  and  works ;  bill  introduced 
May  25.  [July  25.  It  passes  the  Senate. 
Aug.  2.  *  Approved.] 

Kan.  A.  W.  Smith  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892.  May  31.  A'ew  York.  Gen.  Por- 
ter announces  that  the  raising  of  the 
$3.'>0,000  required  for  the  Grant  Monu- 
ment at  Riverside  Park  is  completed, 
with  $700  additional. 

June  5.  Mo.  The  National  Nicaragua 
Canal  Convention  is  held  at  St.  Louis  ; 
25  States  are  represented. 

Pa.  The  surface  ot  Oil  Creek  be- 
comes a  sheet  of  fire  by  the  bursting  of 
tanks  of  oil  and  gasolene  during  a  flood  ; 
100  lives  are  lost. 

June  10.  jV.  J.  The  United  States 
Cutlery  Company  is  incorporated  at 
Trenton;  capital  stock,  $1,600,000. 

June  14.  A'y.  A  train-wreck  at  Lone- 
some Hollow  causes  seven  deaths. 

June  17.  A'.  J.  A  leather-trust  is  in- 
corporated at  Trenton  ;  capital  stock, 
$1,000,000. 

June  21  ±.  Ariz.  A  great  gold-rush  Is 
made  for  a  new  niiniug-camp  in  Mohave 
County,  50  miles  north  of  Kingman. 

June  25.  Cnl.  The  Commercial  Hotel 
at  Bangor  is  burned ;  six  guests  perish 
and  many  are  injured. 

Pa.    A  train  is  wrecked  near  Har- 

risburg,  causing  12  deaths  ;  several  men 
are  caught  robbing  the  dead. 

June  26.  Boston.  A  balloon  is  torn  in 
an  attempt  to  open  the  valve  during  as- 
cension ;  it  descends  rapidly  into  the 
harbor  ;  the  two  aeronauts  are  killed 
and  a  newspaper  reporter  is  seriously 
injured. 

+   la.     Seven  persons  are  drowned, 

many  injured,  and  a  vast  amount  of 
property  destroyed,  by  floods  in_  the 
West ;  railroad  travel  is  seriously  Im- 
peded in  Iowa. 

June  30.  Pa.  The  Homestead  works 
in  Pittsburg  are  closed  on  account  of 
the  strike. 

July  1.  Conn.  Yale  defeats  Harvard 
in  a  boat-race  at  New  London  ;  time, 
20.48. 


410     1892,  July  1- July  23. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  July  12.  Pa.  The  State  troops 
enter  Homestead,  and  take  possession 
of  the  mills. 

July  14.  Ida.  A  force  of  2,000  U.  S. 
troops  arrives  at  Wardner  to  suppress 
disorders  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mining- 
district.     [July  23.     Order  is  restored.] 

July  16.  Nem  York.  The  Naval  Reserve 
starts  on  its  annual  cruise,  and  for  a 
week  will  be  drilled  iii  the  art  of  naval 
"warfare. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892    July  4.     Xev>     York.    Ground   is 

broken  for  the  Columbus  Monument 

,       at  Fifty-ninth  .Street  and  Eighth  Avenue. 

[Sept.  16.    The  corner-stone  is  laid  after 

a  parade  by  Italian  societies.] 

July  11.  I).  C.  The  Patent  Office  at 
"Washington  decides  that  J.  "W.  S"vvan, 
and  not  T.  A.  Edison,  invented  the 
electric-light  caxbon  for  incandescent 
lamps. 

July  13.  Miss.  Thousands  of  acres  of 
cotton  and  corn  are  rmned  by  floods, 
and  the  i>eople  are  in  a  destitute  condi- 
tion. 

July  15.  Colo.  A  waterspout  almost 
sweeps  away  Canon  City. 

July  21.  Ind.  A  soldiers*  monument 
is  unveiled  at  "U^inchester,  Gov.  Chase 
making  a  patriotic  address. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1892. 

July  10.    Morgan,  George  W.,  organist,  of 

N.  Y.,  A70. 
Bungay,  George  "W.,  author,  journalist. 

A74. 
July  12.    Field,  Cyrus  W..  financier,  ori. 

ginator  Atlantic  cable  enterprise,  A 73. 
July  14.    Booth,  Newton,  senator,  Gov.  of 

Cal.,  A67. 
July  18.    Cooke,  Rose  Terry,  author,  A65. 
July  2 1 .    Gardner,  Henry  J.,  Gov.  of  llass., 

A73. 

CHURCH. 

1892  July  2.  Afass.  The  7th  annual 
convention  of  college  students  opens 
at  Northfield. 

July  3.  S.  Dak.  A  Catholic  Congress 
of  Sioux  Indians  opens  at  the  Cheyenne 
agency ;  6,000  Indians  are  present. 

July  6.  2few  York.  The  Commission- 
ers of  Charities  and  Correction  have  set 
apart  a  plot  of  ground  attached  to  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  property  for  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  chapel,  in  which  pa- 
tients of  that  faith  may  hear  mass. 

American  Jewish  rabbis   meet    in 
convention, 

July  7.  JVew  York.  The  llth  Interna- 
tional Convention  of  Christian  En- 
deavor Societies  opens  at  Madison 
Square  Garden  ;  there  are  30,000  peo- 
ple in  attendance. 

July  14.  Mich.  The  Baptist  Young 
People's  Union  begins  its  first  annual 
National  Convention  In  Detroit. 


July  6.  X.  Y.  The  Chautauqua  Col- 
lege of  Ijiberal  Arts  and  the  Teachers' 
Retreat  are  opened. 

New  York.    It  is  decided  to  introduce 

the   kindergarten   system   into   the 
public  schools. 

July  12.  A'.  Y.  President  Harrison 
speaks  before  the  National  Educa- 
tional Association  at  Saratoga. 

July  15.  A'.  Y.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Institute  of  Christian 
Philosophy  is  held  at  Prohibition  Park, 
Staten  Island;  Rev.  Charles  F.  Deems 
is  reelected  president. 

July  18.  Mass.  The  Summer  School 
of  Pedagogy  and  Psychology  opens 
at  Clark  University,  ■V^'o^cester,  with  an 
attendance  of  nearly  200. 

July  23.  Minn.  The  State  Turnfest,  in 
session  at  Duluth,  unanimously  adopts 
resolutions  condemning  interference 
by  any  religious  sect  with  the  public- 
school  system. 

SOCIETY. 
1892    July  2.    Minn.    A  train   is   held 
up  by  robbers  near  Kasota ;  the  express- 
messenger  saves  the  money  in  a  clever 
manner. 

July  4.    Fla.    Three  men  are  shot  by 
negroes  in  Jacksonville,  while  assem- 
bled to  prevent  the  lynching  of  a  col- 
1  held    under    the    charge    of 


ored  man 
ni  urder. 


LETTERS. 

1892  July  5.  li.  I.  The  American 
Institute  of  Instruction  opens  its  63d 
annual  convention  at  Xarragansett  Pier. 


July  5.  Conn.  The  Norfolk  Gymna- 
sium, erected  by  Miss  Alice  B.  Eldridge, 
opens  ;  it  is  built  of  Roman  brick,  with 
tiled  roof. 

July  6.  Pa.  A  Riot  occurs  at  the 
Carnegie  Works  at  Homestead. 

Three  hundred  Pinkerton  men,  at- 
tempting to  land  at  the  works,  are  met 
by  armed  workmen,  and  in  the  fight 
which  ensues  II  strikers  and  9  detectives 
are  killed  and  many  wounded;  cannon 
and  dynamite  are  used  by  the  strikers, 
and  the  Pinkertons  are  compelled  to 
surrender :  the  barges  on  which  they 
came  are  looted  and  ourued.  (See  June 
25.) 

[July  7.    Homestead  is  quiet. 

Tlie  locked-out  men  repair  the  damage 
done  to  the  steel  company's  plant  on  the 
6th  inst. ;  five  car-loads  of  Pinkerton 
guards  are  sent  from  Pittsburg  to  New 
York.  All  the  liquor-stores  are  closed 
by  order  of  the  authorities. 

July  9.  Gov.  R.  E.  Pattison  orders  the 
State  troops  to  Homestead  to  preserve 
order  among  the  strikers. 

."Vmrnunition  to  the  extent  of  25,000 
rounds  is  sent  from  the  State  Arsenal 
to  Pittsburg ;  Homestead  is  still  under 
control  of  the  armed  workmen. 

•Tuly  16.  Tlie  Company  gives  formal 
notice  to  the  strikers,  that  they  will  be 
discharged  unless  they  return  to  their 
work.]    (See  July  18.) 

Six   lynchings   occur  at  different 

places  in  the  South. 

July  7.  N.  Y.  Nine  young  burglars, 
ages  ranging  from  13  to  19,  are  captured 
in  Brooklyn. 

The  American  Association  to  Promote 
the  Teaching  of  Speech  to  the  Deaf 
Mutes  meets  in  convention  at  Lake 
George. 

A'.  Y.  Sons  of  the  Revolution  cel- 
ebrate an  anniversary  at  "OTute  Plains  ; 
Whitelaw  Reid  delivers  an  oration. 


July  11.  A'.  Y.  Further  protests  are 
made  to  Mayor  Boody  of  Brooklyn 
against  the  action  of  the  Board  of  Al- 
dermen in  giving  a  raUway  franchise 

without  remuneration  to  the  city,  when 
$30,000  was  offered  for  the  same. 

July  12.  Ky.  At  Paducah  75  armed 
negroes  have  a  conflict  with  a  sheriff's 
posse,  and  one  of  the  latter  is  wounded 
fatally. 

New  York.    Over  S2,000  are  received 

at  tbe  Produce  Exchange  for  the  St. 
John's  sufferers  in  Newfoundland. 

July  13.  Ida.  Striking  miners  blow  up 
two  railroad  bridges  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  road  in  Uieur  d'Alfine  country ; 
non-union  men  are  put  to  work  in  the 
mines  at  Wardner. 

July  14.  O.  Seven  members  of  the  To- 
ledo Common  Council  are  indicted  for 
soliciting  bribes  from  the  Pluto  Oil 
Company  for  permission  to  pipe  certain 
streets  to  furnish  crude  oil. 

July  15.  Chicago.  German  societies 
in  convention  protest  against  the  Sen- 
ate's action  in  requiring  the  closing  of 
the  AVorld's  Fair  on  Sunday. 

/.  T.    Train-robbers,  after  a  fight, 

open  the  express  company's  safe  and 
secure  §50,000;  several  employees  are 
wounded. 

July  16.  Mnnt.  The  National  Mining 
Congress  in  session  at  Helena  declares 
in  favor  of  free  coinage,  and  then  ad- 
journs. 

—^  O.  Sheriff  Herzog  of  Ashland  County 
is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  embezzling 

$10,000. 

July  18.  Conn.  William  W.  Backus  of 
Norwich,  recently  deceased,  leaves  by 
will  $300,000  to  Nor-wieh  public  in- 
stitutions. 

Pa.  Warrants  are  issued  for  the  ar- 
rest of  seven  leaders  of  the  Home- 
stead strike,  charged  with  the  murder 
of  two  Pinkerton  men  on  July  6 ;  they 
are  all  under  arrest  except  Hugh  O'Don- 
nell,  tbe  chief  leader. 

[July  19.  Gov.  Pattison  arrives  to  in- 
spect the  Pennsylvania  militia  in  camp  ; 
150  non-union  men  are  at  work  in  the 
steel-mills. 

July  22.  H.  C.  Frick  of  tbe  Carnegie 
Steel-Works  is  shot  thrice ;  Berkman, 
bis  assailant,  is  arrested.  JMore  strikers 
are  arrested.  The  Carnegie  Works  are 
now  being  operated  by  non-union  men. 

July  28.  It  is  announced  that  upwards 
of  700  non-union  men  are  at  work  in  the 
Carnegie  mills  at  Homestead. 

The  Pennsylvania  troops  take  posses- 
sion of  Homestead  ;  Mr.  Child,  of  the 
Carnegie  Company,  opens  the  ofliice  and 
resumes  possession  ot  the  works  for  the 
Company  ;  Gen.  Snowden  declines  a  re- 
ception. 

Aug.  2.  W.  I.  Brennan,  representing 
the  Amalg.amated  Association  of  work- 
men  at  Homestead,  applies  in  court  for 
the  appointment  of  a  voluntary  trade 
tribunal  to  settle  the  trouble. 

Aug.  3.  Several  ofJicials  of  the  Car- 
negie Company  are  arrested  at  Pittsburg 
on  charge  of  murder,  and  released  on 
$10,000  bail. 

Aug.  8.  The  strikers  at  the  Carnegie 
mills  at  Duquesne  return  to  work.  Aug. 
25.  Upwards  of  2(H>  employees  of  the 
29th  Street  Carnegie  mill  at  Pittsburg 
begin  a  sympathy  strike.  .Aug.  29.  Non- 
union men  are  assaulted  by  .«trikeis  at 
Ikunesteiul.  .Sept.  10.  Berkman  is  sen- 
tenced to  22  years  imprisonment. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  July  l-July  23.    411 


Sept.  21.  Officers  of  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Company  are  arrested  at  Pittsburg 
on  charges  growing  out  of  the  Home- 
stead riots. 

Oct.  2.  Five  more  Homestead  stri- 
kers are  arrested  for  treason  against 
the  State. 

Oct.  11.  Indictments  are  found  at 
Pittsburg  against  the  strikers'  Advisory 
Committee  at  Homestead  for  treason, 
and  against  Mr.  Frick  and  others  for 
murder  uud  conspiracy. 

Nov.  17.  Three  hundred  mechanics 
and  day-hiborers  at  Homestead  leave 
the  ranks  of  the  strikers,  and  are  taken 
back  by  the  Carnegie  Company. 

Nov.  18.  More  Homestead  strikers  re- 
turn to  work;  the  trial  of  Sylvester 
Critchlow,  the  first  of  the  strikers 
charged  with  murder  during  the  riot, 
begins  in  Pittsburg. 

Nov.  20.  The  strike  at  Homestead  is 
declared  off  by  the  Aniitlfianiatt'd  Asso- 
ciation of  Iron  and  Steel  Workers. 

Nov.  21.    Ex-strikers  make  a  rush  to 

get  their  former  places  in  the  Carnegie 
mills  at  Homestead,  but  many  of  them 
are  disappointed.  [TTiose  who  return  are 
required  to  sign  an  agreement  not  to 
join  any  labor  organization.] 

July  20.  Neio  York.  A  Tee-To-Tum, 
a  club  for  tenement-house  people,  the 
first  in  this  country,  is  opened  in  Essex 

Street, 

R.   I.    Anthony  S.  Haswell  of  East 

Providence  is  lured  from  his  home, 
robbed,  and  killed. 

July  23.  Russia.  Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Tal- 
mage  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  visits  the  Czar. 

STATE. 

1892    July  2.    D.   C.    Congress:    The 

House  agrees  to  several  conference  re- 
ports. 

Neb.    The  National  Convention  of 

the  People's  Party  convenes  in  Oma- 
ha; C.  H.  Ellington  of  Ga.,  temporary 
chairman  ;  after  a  number  of  speeches, 
a  committee  on  resolutions  is  appointed, 
and  the  convention  adjourns  till  Mon- 
day, July  4. 

[J  uly  4-5.  The  People's  Party  Con- 
vention at  Omaha  adopts  a  platform, 
and  nominates  Gen.  James  B.  "Weaver 
of  la.  for  President  on  the  first  ballot. 
Vote  :  Weaver,  995 ;  James  H.  Kyle  of 
S.  Dak.,  295  ;  Mann  Page  of  Pa.jLeland 
Stanford  of  Cal.,  and  S.  F.  Norton  of 
III.,  one  vote  each.  Jas.  G.  Field  of  Va. 
is  nominated  for  Vice-President.  Vote  : 
Field,  733 ;  Ben  Terral  of  Tex.,  554.] 

///.    "W.  Q,.  Gresham   telegraphs 

that  he  cannot  accept  a  nomination  for 
the  presidency  from  the  People's  Party. 

July  6.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Senate 
the  joint  resolution  is  passed  for  an  in- 
vestigation relative  to  the  •*  Slums  of 
Cities  '*  having  more  than  200,000  popu- 
lation ;  bill  introduced  Feb.  15.  [July 
18.  It  passes  the  House.  July  21.  Ap- 
proved.] 

July  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
Investigating  Committee  continues  its 
inquiry  regarding  the  Reading  combine 
with  two  other  roads  for  controlling  the 
price  of  coal. 

July  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House  un- 
der suspension  of  rules  passes  the  Tin- 
Plate,  Lead-Ore,  and  Utah  Govern- 


ment Bills.  [They  all  fail  in  the  Sen- 
ate] 

July  9.  7).  r.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  Stewart  Free  Silver  Bill  is  re- 
ported favorably  without  amendment. 

It  is  announced  that  President  Harri- 
son is  to  arbitrate  a  South  American 
boundary  question. 

July  10.  Pa.  Gov.  Pattison  issues  or- 
ders to  Gen.  Snowden  to  move  with  the 
entire  National  Guard  of  the  State 
to  the  support  of  the  Sheriff  of  Alle- 
gheny County  at  Homestead. 

July  12.  J).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Anti-Option  Bill  is  put  back 
upon  the  calendar. 

The  President  at  the  call  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  Idaho  orders  Federal  troops  to 
the  Cwur  d'Alene  mining  region  tor  the 
restoration  of  order. 

July  13.  D.  C,  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  Committee  of  the  Whole  adopts 
the  Quay  proviso  for  closing  the 
AVorld's  Fair  on  Siuidays;  the  mo- 
tion to  lay  the  amendment  on  the  table 
is  rejected.  Vote,  11-15.  The  amend- 
ment is  agreed  to  without  division  ;  the 
Peffer  proviso  that  the  $5,000,000  should 
be  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  for  the  ex- 
penses of  the  Fair  only  on  condition 
that  intoxicating  liquors  should  not 
be  sold  within  the  Fair  Grounds  is 
agreed  to.  Vote,  28-2C.  The  House  re- 
jects the  resolution  reported  by  the 
Committee  on  Rules,  to  consider  the 
Silver  Bill.  Vote,  136-154.  It  is  there- 
by practically  killed. 

Ida.  Gov.  Willey  issues  a  proclama- 
tion placing  Shoshone  County  under 
martial  law. 

M(l.~  Va.  The  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia Legislatures  appoint  committees 
to  fix  the  boundary  line  and  determine 
u^Km  a  plan  tor  the  settlement  of  the 
oyster-grounds  dispute. 

Pa.      The  Confrressional   Committee 

resumes  its  investigation  of  the  Home- 
stead trouble.  L-J^ly  ^4.  It  is  com- 
pleted.] 

July  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  proviso  for  closing  the  "World's 
Fair  on  Sunday,  passed  in  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Whole,  is  confirmed ; 
Peffer's  anti-liquor  selling  proviso  is 
reconsidered  and  rejected.  Vote,  20-21. 
John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  a  bill 
repealing  parts  of  the  present  law  direct- 
ing the  purchase  of  silver  btdlion  and 
of  the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  thereon. 

Minn.      Ignatius   Donnelly  (People's 

Party)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

July  15.  7).  C.  Congress:  In /the  Sen- 
ate the  Fortifications  Appropriation 
Bill  is  amended  and  passed.  [July  19. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  July  25. 
Approved.] 

July  16.  D.  C.  Thomas  H.  Carter, 
ex-Congressman  from  Mont.,  is  elected 
Chairman  of  the  National  Republi- 
can Committee. 

July  18.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  the 
General  Deficiency  Appropriation 
Bill  is  passed. 

July  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  nomination  of   George 


Shiras  of  Pa.  to  be  Associate  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  in  place  of  Justice 
Bradley,  deceased.  [July  26.  Con- 
firmed.] The  House  non-concurs  in  the 
Senate  amendment  appropriating  $5,000,- 
000  for  the  "World's  Fair ;  the  Sunday- 
closing  proviso  is  adopted, 

July  20.  n.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  bill  to  raise  life-savers' 
pay ;  it  refuses  to  give  American  registry 
to  Chinese. 

^fo.    W.  I.  Stone  (Dem.)  is  nominated 

for  governor. 

H.    V.      At    a    meeting    in    Madison 

Square  Ganlen,  New  York,  Grover 
Cleveland  and  Adlai  E.  Stevenson  are 
official!]/  informe<l  of  their  nomination 
for  presidential  offices. 

July  21.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  tlie  Ketaliation  Bill  to  enforce 
reciprocal  commercial  relations  with 
Canada  in  canal  tolls ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  23.  [July  22.  It  passes  the  Senate. 
July  26.    Approved.] 

The  President  issues  a  proclamation 
making  Oct.  12  a  public  holiday  for  the 
Columbus  celebration. 

Sfich.  John  T.  liich  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Pa.     William  F.  Harrity   of    Pa.    is 

elected  Chairman  of  the  Democratic 
Ifational  Committee.  [Aug.  8.  Don 
M.  Dickinson  of  Pa.  is  elected  Chairman 
Qf  the  Campaign  Committee.] 

Fla.      Alonzo    P.    Baskin    (People's 

Party)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  July  1.  Ire.  The  Inman  Steamer 
Chicago  is  wrecked  on  the  coast,  near 
Cork.  [July  7.  The  vessel  is  broken  up 
by  the  sea.] 

July  3.  P.  I.  Providence  suffers  a  loss 
by  fire  of  $500,000. 

July  4.  Xe?n  Ynrk.  The  National  Ci- 
garette and  Tobacco  Company,  incor- 
porated in  New  Jersey,  fixes  its  head- 
quarters in  this  city  ;  its  capital  stock  is 
$2,500,000. 

N.  J.    The  city  of  Paterson  celebrates 

the  centennial  of  its  settlement. 

— -  Mass.  The  city  of  Quincy  celebrates 
its  centennial. 

July  6.  Cal.  Great  forest  fires  are 
raging  north  of  the  American  River,  de- 
stroying timber  and  pasture  lands. 

MfL  Pocomoke  City  is  partially  de- 
stroyed by  fire  ;  loss,  about  $230,000. 

Vt.    A  log-jam  in  the  Connecticut 

lliver,  near  Springfield,  suspends  travel. 

July  9.  Cal.  The  powder- works  near 
West  Berkeley  explode,  killing  100  Chi- 
nese laborers  and  three  Americans. 

July  10+.  Texas  decides  to  take  no 
part  in  the  World's  Fair  [but  is  well 
represented  in  buildings  and  exhibits 
through  the  private  enterprise  of  its 
citizens]. 

July  13.  ///.  Sixteen  lives  are  lost  by 
the  capsizing  of  a  steamer  at  Peoria. 

July  19.  N.  J.  The  Atlantic  Hotel  at 
Long  Branch  is  burned  :  the  guests  l()se 
$30,000  in  clothing  and  jewelry,  either 

burned  or  stolen. 

July  20.  Cal.  The  first  special  fruit- 
train  for  London  leaves  Sacramento. 


412     1892,  July  23-ATig.  21. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892     July  24.    Pa.     Private    Thomas 

lams,  of  Co.  K,  10th  liegt.,  N.  G.,  hav- 
ing culled  for  cheers  for  the  man  who 
shot  H.  C.  Frick,  is  strimg  up  by  the 
thumbs  ami  dishonorably  dismissed. 

July  26i.  Pa.  Lieut.-Col.  Streator's 
action  in  the  punishment  of  Private 
lams  by  hanging  him  by  the  thumbs  is 
strongly  criticised  by  soldiers  and  civil- 
ians. [Aug.  3.  He  is  unanimously  re- 
elected to  his  position.     (See  Nov.  5.) 

Phila.  The  protected  cruiser  Colum- 
bia is  launched  at  Cramps'  shipyard. 

July  30.  Pa.  Troops  are  summoned  to 
quell  a  disturbance  by  strikers  in  Du- 
quesne. 

Aug.  3.  />.  C.  Com.  James  A.  Greer  is 
promoted  rear-admiral. 

Aug.  11.  Boston.  The  protected 
cruiser  Marblehead  is  successfully 
launched  at  South  Boston. 

Aug.  12.  Phila.  The  corpse  of  Charles 
W.  Riggln,  of  the  cruiser  Baltimore, 
killed  in  Valparaiso,  is  lying  in  state 
in  Independence  Hall.  [Aug.  14.  It  is 
buried  with  honors  at  Woodlawn  Ceme- 
tery.] 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  militia  intimidate 
the  strikers'  mob  iu  Buffalo. 

The  separate  companies  of  Rochester, 
Elmira,  Syracuse,  Auburn,  and  Oswego 
are  ordered  to  hold  themselves  in  readi- 
ness to  proceed  to  Buffalo.  [Aug.  18. 
Six  New  York  and  Brooklvn  regiments 
leave  for  Buffalo.  Gov.  Flower  orders 
the  mobilization  of  the  State  militia  at 
Buffalo  if  necessary.  Aug.  20.  Adj. -Gen. 
Porter  assumes  command  at  Buffalo.] 

Tenn.  Free  mijiers  attack  the  stock- 
ade at  Oliver  Springs,  but  are  repulsed. 
Troops  arrive  from  Ivnoxville  and  Chat- 
tanooga. 

[Aug.  17.  Miners  capture  the  stock- 
ade at  Oliver  Springs,  and  send  the  con- 
victs and  guards  to  Ivnoxville.  Aug.  IS. 
Miners  make  three  unsuccessful  attacks 
on  the  convict  camp  at  Coal  Creek,  suf- 
fering considerable  loss.  Aug.  19.  Mi- 
ners at  Coal-Creek  Camp  are  put  to  rout 
by  Gen.  Carnes,  and  compelled  to  deliver 
up  Col.  Anderson,  who  had  been  held 
captive  by  them.  Aug.  20.  A  band  of 
x,ooo  miners  attacks  a  company  of  sol- 
diers near  Coal  Creek ;  two  miners  are 
killed.] 

Aug.  19.  D.  C.  On  application,  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  orders  600  stands  of 
arms  to  be  sent  from  Indianapolis  to 
Knoxville. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  July  25.  This  is  the  hottest 
25th  of  Jtily  on  record;  many  deaths 
occur  from  the  heat,  and  there  is  much 
suffering  in  all  the  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

July  28.    ^font.    A  killing  frost  occurs. 

Colo.  Rich  ore  discoveries  are  made 

at  Pitkin,  some  of  the  assays  rmining  as 
high  as  $1,800  per  ton, 

July  29.  Z>.  C.  The  National  Acad- 
emy of  Art  is  established  by  Congress. 

Aug.  3.  N.  B.  A  statue  in  memory  of 
Senator  John  P.  Hale»  an  antislavery 
leader,  is  unveiled  at  Concord. 


Aug.  15.  X.  Y.  The  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence begins  its    session  at  Rochester. 

Aug.  16.  Ida.  A  great  glacial  field  is 
found  in  Central  Idaho,  beneath  which 
lies  a  series  of  glacial  lakes. 

Aug.  17.  Cal.  Schiaparelli*s  Canal  in 
Mars  (Ganges)  is  shown  at  Lick  Obser- 
vatory to  be  double. 

Aug.  20.  Ark.  High-grade  silver  and 
lead  ores  are  discovered  about  15 
miles  from  Little  Rock. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 

July  25.     Beach,  Moses  S.,  journalist,  A69. 

July  30,     Craig,  A.  K.,  M.  C.  for  I'a.,  A60. 

July  31.  Kennedy,  Anthony,  U.  S.  sena- 
tor for  Md.,  AH2. 

Aug.  9.  Denver,  .lames  W.,  Gov.  of  Kan., 
brig. -gen.  vols.,  A75. 

McOready,    lienjamin    W.,   physician, 

professor  at  Bellevue,  A80. 

Aug.  14.  Warwick,  John  G.,  M.  C.  for  O., 
Ati2. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Aug.  4.  Mass.  The  10th  annual 
Conference  of  the  Schools  of  ReU- 
gious  Workers  begins  at  Northtield. 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  Catholic  Young 
Men's  Ifational  Union  of  the  United 
States  begins  its  annual  convention  in 
Albany. 

LETTERS. 

1892  July  30.  Conn.  The  first  Roman 
Catholic  summer  school  is  opened  at 
New  London. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  July  26.  NeioYork.  A  thousand 
more  men  are  ordered  out  by  walking 
delegates  of  the  Building  Trades  as 
against  the  Iron  League  and  the  Build- 
ing Material  Dealers'  Association. 

[Aug.  2.  The  strike  in  the  building 
trades  is  extending ;  work  on  new  build- 
ings is  practically  stopped.  Aug.  4. 
Many  strikers  return  to  work,  and  are 
attacked  by  others.] 

July  27.  Mo.  The  Amerikanische 
Christliche  Saengerbund  is  in  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis,  with  representatives 
from  13  American  States  and  Brazil. 

Pa.    The  300th  birthday  of  Co- 

xaenius,  the  Czechic  theologian  and  ed- 
ucational reformer,  is  celebrated  with 
appropriate  exercises  at  Mount  Gretna. 

July  29.  S.  Dak.  Sioux  Falls  decides  to 
experiment  with  six  city  saloons  — 
one  for  each  ward  — for  a  month  at  least. 

July  30.  Boston.  A.W.Turner, supreme 
president  of  the  Endowment  Order  of 
the  Red  Cross,  is  arrested,  charged  with 
obtaining  money  under  false  pretenses. 

Fnd.  Star  City  has  been  in  posses- 
sion of  Italian  rioters  for  four  days. 

D.  C.  President  Harrison  by  procla- 
mation forbids  resistance  to  the  pro- 
cesses of  the  Courts  of  Wyoming ;,  the 
cowboys  subside. 

Aug.  1.  New  York.  Armenians  hold  a 
meeting  and  protest  against  the  per- 
secution of  their  countrymen  by  the 
Turks. 

Aug.  2.  iV.  J.  An  Italian  padrone  is 
under  arrest  at  Newark  for  brutality  to 
boys  and  girls,  whom  he  forced  to  beg 
for  his  profit. 


Aug.  3.  K.  Y.  A  well-known  Brooklyn 
clubman,  John  L.  How,  disappears  with 
$32,000  of  trust-funds. 

Aug.  4.  Cal.  Two  masked  men  dyna- 
mite and  rob  a  Wells-Fargo  express- 
car  near  CoUis ;  the  amount  secured  is 
reported  at  between  $30,000  and  $50,000. 

Mans.   Andrew    J.    Borden,    a 

wealthy  resident  of  Fall  Kiver,  and  his 
wife,  are  mtu-dered  in  their  home 

in  broad  daylight  by  some  person  or 
persons  unknown. 

[Aug.    11.      Miss     Lizzie    Borden    is 

arrested  for  complicity  in  the  murder  of 
her  father  and  stepmother.  Dec.  2.  In- 
dicted ;  later  acquitted.} 

Aug.  6±.  Chicago.  One  million  dollars 
in  forged  deeds  have  been  sold  ;  the 
property  so  deeded  belongs  to  Mrs. 
Hetty  Green. 

JV'ts.    Three  hundred  sawmill 

strikers  at  Stevens'  Point  return  to  work, 
the  proprietors  conceding  in  part  the  de- 
mauds  of  the  men. 

Aug.  7±.  La.  The  negroes  of  Kenner 
band  themselves  together  for  mutual 
protection  as  citizens  and  to  secure 
rightful  voting  privileges. 

Aug.  9.  Colo.  The  Knights  Templars 
of  the  United  States,  numbering  100,000, 
open  the  Grand  Conclave  at  Denver. 
[Sir  Knight  Hugh  McCurdy  of  Mich,  is 
elected  Supreme  Grand  Commander.] 

N.  J.    Sixty-seven  book-makers  of 

Monmouth  Park  are  placed  under  bail  to 
appear  before  the  grand  jury  in  October. 

Aug.  10.  Pa.  Iron  manufacturers  and 
Amalgamated  Association  men  in  the 
Pittsburg  district  settle  their  difficulties 
by  mutual  concessions,  and  15  mills  will 
resume  work  at  once. 
Tenn.  Gov.  Buchanan  is  de- 
nounced and  hanged  in  effigy  for 
commuting  the  death  sentence  of  H. 
Clay  King,  the  slayer  of  D.  H.  Posten ; 
King  is  hurried  away  to  save  him  from 
a  mob.  (See  INfar.  16.) 
Aug.  13.  N.  Y.  Lehigh  and  Erie  switch- 
men at  Buffalo  strike  for  a  ten-hour 
day. 

[Aug.  15.  At  Buffalo  striking  switch- 
men stop  traffic,  burn  freight-cars  with 
$100,000  worth  of  merchandise,  ditch  pas- 
senger-trains, disarm  the  sheriff's  posse, 
and  defy  all  civil  authority  ;  the  two 
local  regiments  of  the  National  Guard 
are  called  out. 

Aug.  17.  The  strike  at  Buffalo  ex- 
tends to  the  West  Shore  and  New  York 
Central  Railroads  ;  the  entire  4th  bri- 
gade of  the  National  Guard  is  on  the 
ground. 

Aug.  18.  Gov.  Flower  orders  the  entire 
National  Guard  of  the  State  to  Buffalo ; 
switchmen  of  the  "Nickel  Plate"  join 
the  strikers  ;  trains  are  moving  under 
strong  guard. 

Aug.  20.  Riotous  strikers  at  Buffalo 
are  fired  at  by  soldiers  for  throwing 
rocks  at  non-union  men. 

Aug.  22.  At  Buffalo  the  switchmen  of 
the  Western  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania road  join  the  strike  ;  car-handlers 
on  the  Lehigh  quit  work  ;  the  12th  regi- 
ment is  attacked  near  midnight  bv  a  mob 
of  strikers  and  others  ;  much  shooting 
follows. 

Aug.  23.  At  Buffalo,  Lackawanna 
switchmen  join  the  strike,  and  their 
places  are  nlled  in  an  hour  ;  Buffalo. 
Rochester,  and  Pittsburg  8wit(;hmen 
strike ;  many  collisions  occur  between 
strikers  and  soldiers  and  some  shooting 
follows.] 


UNITED    STATES.  1892,  July  23 -Aug.  21.     413 


Aug.  13.  Tenn.  The  free  miners  become 
riotous,  and  burn  the  stockade  for  con- 
vict miners  at  Tracy  City.  [Aiig.  15*. 
State  troops  repulse  the  miners  at  Coal 
Creek.] 

\.\\ig.  16.  Free  miners  attack  the 
stockade  at  Oliver  Springs,  but  are  re- 
pulsed;  troops  arrive  from  Kuoxville 
and  Chattanooga. 

Aug  17.  The  miners,  3,000  strong,  cap- 
ture the  stockade  at  Oliver  Springs,  and 
send  the  guards  and  convicts  to  Knox- 
viUe. 

Aug.  19.  The  hostile  miners  at  Oliver 
Springs  in  East  Tennessee  are  defeated 
and  route<l  by  the  militia. 

The  strike  at  Coal  Creek  is  crushed 
out  by  military  and  civil  forces. 

Aug.  30.  Convicts  return  to  their  work 
in  the  coal-mines.] 
Aug.  17.  Colo.  Train-robbers  on  the 
Union  Pacific  near  La  Salle  are  routed 
by  a  self-possessed  cowboy,  several  shots 
being  flred,  and  one  of  the  robbers 
wounded. 

.V.  Y.    The  American  Association 

for  the  advancement  of  Science  be- 
gins its  annual  meeting  at  Rochester. 
Aug.  20.    Ky.    Thomas  Young  of  Owens- 
horn  is  sentenced  to  99  years  im- 
prisonment for  the  murder  of  his  wife. 

STATE. 

1892    July  23.    I).  C.    Congress;  The 
Senate  passes  a  bill  to  establish  a  Na- 
tional Academy  and  Gallery  of  Art  in 
the  District   of  Columbia;    bill    intro- 
duced May  25.    [.luly  25.    It  passes  the 
House.    July  29.    Approved.] 
July  27.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  House 
recedes  from  its   disagreement  to  the 
Senate  amendment  providing  for  a  Gov- 
ernment appropriation  of  $5,000,000  to 
the  World's  Fair.    Vote,  117-105.    A  mo- 
tion to  reconsider  is  pending. 
July  28.   D.  C.   Congress :  In  the  House 
the  fllibustering  against  the  "World's 
Fair  appropriation  is  continued. 
July  29.    D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
much  excitement  is  caused  by  a  charge 
of  drunkenness  in  the  Hotise,  pub- 
lished in  a  book  by  Thomas  E.  Watson, 
M.C.  from  N.  C.    [July  30.    A  committee 
takes  testimony.  Later  it  reports  the  ac- 
cusations not  proven.] 
July  30.    D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Anti-Option  Bill  is  laid  over  until  the 
first  day  of  the  next  session ;  a  resolu- 
tion is  passed  to  extend  the  appropria- 
tions for  the  Civil  Service  until  Wednes- 
day ;  in  the  House  the  "World's  Fair 
Amendment  to  the  Sundry  Civil  Bill 
occupies  the  time. 

The  President  issues  a  proclamation 
commanding  all  persons  resisting  the 
laws  in  Wyoming  to  disperse. 
Aug.  1.  I).  C.  Congress;  The  House 
continues  the  appropriations  of  the  Sun- 
dry Civil  Bill  until  .\ugu8t  4. 

A  Democratic  caucus  votes  to  post- 
pone the  World's  Fair  item  of  the  Simdry 
Civil  Bill  until  Dec.  7. 
Aug.  2.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Homestead  labor  troubles  are  de- 
bated :  In  the  House  all  business  is  at  a 
standstill. 


Aug.  3.  IJ.  C.  Congress :  The  House  is 
without  a  quorum. 

ir.    Va.    Thomas  E.  Davis  (Eep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Minn.     Daniel  Y.  Lawler  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  4.  I).  C.  Don  M.  Dickinson  is 
chosen  chairman  of  the  Democratic  Na- 
tional Campaign  Committee. 

Aug.  5.  I>.C.  Congress :  Both  the  Sen. 
ate  and  House  pass  the  bill  appropriat- 
ing $2,500,000  to  the  World's  Fair, 
in  memorial  halt-dollars.  In  the 
House  the  committee  on  the  Homestead 
troubles  make  a  minority  report  censur- 
ing >Ir.  Frick. 

The  52d  Congress ;  the  first  session 
ends  at  11  r.M. 

Chinese  sailors  are  forbidden  em- 
ployment on  American  ships,  American 
ships  being  regarded  as  American  terri- 
tory by  Secretary  Foster. 

The  President  approves  the  Monetary 
Conference  Bill. 

Xeb.  Lorenzo  Cronuse  (Bep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


1892  July  23.  7>.  r.  The  largest 
brewery  in  Washington  is  burned ; 
loss,  .S1U0,000. 

July  24.  The  steamer  JI.  F.  Bimock 
sinks  "W.  K.  Vanderbilt's  steam- 
yacht  Alva  off  Pollock's  Rip  Shoals ; 
Mr.  Vanderbilt  .and  a  party  of  friends 
narrowly  escape  drowning. 

July  25.  Mich.  Bay  City  is  greatly 
damaged  by  Are ;  loss,  one  life,  and 
$1,000,000  in  property. 

July  26.  X.  Y.  Brooklyn  aldermen 
override  Mayor  Boody's  veto  of  the 
resolution  giving  valuable  franchises 
without  cost  to  two  new  South  Brooklyn 
Street  Railroad  Companies. 

Tliere  is  great  mortality  in  the 

Atlantic,  Middle,  and  Western  States 
caused  by  continual  hot  weather ;  50 
deaths  from  heat  occur  during  24  hours 
in  New  York  City  on  the  30th  inst. 

July  27.  (la.  Augusta  loses  $400,000 
by  fire. 

Xew   York.     Tlie    steamship  City  of 

Paris  arrives  from  Queenstown  in  five 
days,  15  hours,  and  50  minutes,  shorten- 
ing all  previous  records. 

V.  r.     Judge  Ramsey  of  the  State    July  29.    Mich.    Ex-Congressman  Fisher 

of  West  Bay  City,  and  J.  T.  Hurst  of 


Supreme  Court  decides  the  recent  Le- 
gislative Apportionment  Act  uncon- 
stitutional,  and  therefore  void. 
Aug.  7.    X*.  C.    The  President  announces 
the  names  of  the  United  States  repre- 
sentatives at  the  International  Mon- 
etary  Conference   as    follows :    Sen- 
ators William  B.  Allison  of  la.  and  John 
P.  Jones  of  Nev.,  Representative  James 
B.  McCreary  of  Ky.,  Gen.  Francis  A. 
Walker  of  Mass.,  and  Henry  W.  Cannon 
of  X.  Y.    [Oct.  13.    President  Andrews 
of  Brown  University  in  place  of   Mr. 
Walker,  who  is  unable  to  serve.] 
Aug.  8.     D.  C.     William  S.   Holman   of 
Ind.  prepares  a  statement  giving  the 
Democratic  version  of  the  extrava- 
gant appropriations  made  by  the  re- 
cent session  of  Congress. 
Aug.  9.     JV.  J.     Thomas    J.    Kennedy 

(Prohib.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 
Aug.  12.    iVew  York.    The  City  Reform 
Club  denounces  Tammany  Hall's  prac- 
tice of  making  the  Health  Department 
a  political  machine. 

J).  C.    The  President  invites  foreign 

Powers  to  participate  in  the  Columbian 
International  Naval  Keview  in  New 
York  Harbor  in  April,  1893. 
Aug.  17.     iris.    John  E.  Spooner  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
Aug.  19.  D.  r.  The  U.  S.  Charge  d'Af- 
faires  at  Constantinople  is  ordered  by 
tlie  State  Department  to  demand  of 
the  Porte  reparation  for  the  burning 
of  an  American  missionary's  house  at 
Bourdour,  Asia  Minor. 

President  Harrison  issues  a  proclama- 
tion retaliatory  upon  Canada  by  es- 
tablishing tolls  on  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie 
Canal. 
Aug.  21.  Tarn.  The  State  authorities 
ask  the  War  Department  at  Washington 
for  artillery  ammunition  to  use  in  sup- 
pressing disorders. 


Wyandotte,  buy  72  square  miles  of  pine 
land  in  the  Georgian  Bay  district. 

O.    Four  men  are  seriously  hurt  and 

16  injured  by  a  naphtha  explosion  at 
Cold  Springs. 
Aug.  3.     Tex.    The  plant  of  the  National 
Oil  Company  at  Paris  is  burned ;  esti- 
mated loss,  $250,000. 
Aug.  4.    Minn.    A  sluice  bank  gives 
way  in  St.  Paul ;  an<l  the  water  torrent 
kills  three  persons,  fatally  injures  seven, 
and  sweeps  away  houses  and  other  prop- 
erty. 
Aug.  5.     Cal.    A  through  train  of  four 
cars,  carrying  $20,000,000  in  gold,  and 
strongly  guarded,  leaves  San  Francisco 
for  New  York.    [It  arrives  Aug.  9.] 
Aug.  8.     Cal.     Six  of  the  largest   flour- 
ing compHuies,  controlling  thirteen  large 
mills,  combine  ;  capital,  $10,000,000. 
Cntin.    Kubber  boot  and  shoe  man- 
ufacturers in  convention  at  New  Haven 
combine ;  capital,  $50,000,000. 
Aug.  10.    Fla.    The  American  schooner 
Era  Douglass  lies  off   the  coast  with 
several  cases  of  yellow  fever  on  board. 
Aug.  14.    Ketv  York.    The  Aurania  and 
Alaska   arrive   after  an  exciting  race 
across    the   ocean   from    Queenstown 
in  which  the  vessels   were  constantly 
within  sight  of  each  other  ;  the  .iurania 
wins  by  55  minutes. 
Aug.  16.    X.  Y.    The  wrecking  of   a 

train  at  Cochecton  causes  six  deaths. 

Aug.  17.      Chicar/o.     The  mare  Nancy 

Hanks  lowers  the  world's  trotting 

record  to  2.07J,  at  Washington  Park. 

H.  N.  Higlnbotham  succeeds  W.  T. 
Baker  as  President  of  the  ^World's 
Fair  Directory. 

Aug.  18.  Chicago.  Brewers  combine 
as  the  Chicago"  Brewers'  Association, 
wliich  includes  all  who  do  business  in 
the  city. 

Aug.  20.  X.  Y.  Cars  are  moved  on 
all  the  railroads  at  Buffalo,  without  any 
serious  disturbance  from  strikfrs. 


414     1392,  Aug.  21-Sept.  19. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Aug.  22.  A'.r.  A  mob  of  stri- 
kers attacks  the  12th  regiment  at  mid- 
night near  Buffalo. 

[Aug.  23.  Collisions  between  strikers 
and  soldiers  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 
Aug.  liG.  All  the  militia,  except  the  4th 
brigjuie,  leave  for  home,  order  being  re- 
stored.] 

-Aug.  27.  f>.  C.  Congress  provides  that 
monthly  pensions  of  $8  shall  be  paid  to 
each  of  the  survivors  of  the  Indian  wars 
of  1832-42. 

Sept.  8.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  orders  the 
Naval  Reserve,  the  13th  regiment,  and 
part  of  the  69th  regiment  to  Fire  Island, 

to  protect  the  property. 

[Sept.  *  Judge  Barnard's  injunction  is 
vacated,  and  the  Normannia^s  cabiji 
passengers  are  landed.  Sept.  14.  The 
National  Guard  is  withdrawn.]  (See 
jVliscellaneous.) 

'Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Troops  from  Brook- 
lyn are  sent  to   Fire  Island,  and  the 

Wyoming  cabin  passengers  are  landed 
without  opposition,  the  steerage  passen- 
gers being  landed  at  Sandy  Hook ;  strict 
quarantine  begins.    (See  Miscellaneous.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Aug.  21.  New  York.  The  mu- 
seum of  Tfatural  History  is  to  be 
opened  to  the  public  on  Sundays. 

Aug.  23.  Va,  A  cloud-burst  in  Roa- 
noke does  $100,000  damage  in  half  an 
hour.  [Sept.  5.  Another  in  Texas  nearly 
sweeps  away  the  town  of  Alpine,  and 
does  other  damage.  Sept.  28.  Bruns- 
wick, Ga.,  is  damaged  by  a  cloud-burst.] 

"Sept.  7.  New  York.  The  Art  Iioan  Ex- 
hibition is  informally  opened. 

Sept.  11.  Cat.  Prof.  Barnard  of  the 
Lick  Observatory  discovers  a  fifth  sat- 
ellite to  Jupiter. 

Sept.  14.  Tex.  A  rich  silver-mine  is 
discovered  at  Brackettville. 

Sept.  17.    Minn.     A  plague   of   frogs 

visits  Little  Falls. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Aug:.  22.  Bermudez,  Edward  E.,  lawyer, 
jurist,  chief  justice  of  La.,  ABO. 

Daboll,  William  S.,  actor,  A35. 

Aug.  33.  Clark,  Myron  H.,  Got.  of  N.  Y., 
A  86. 

Aug.  31.  Curtis,  George  William,  au- 
thor, orator,  editor  Harper's  Weekly^  A68. 

Bept.  5.  Dougherty,  Daniel^  lawyer,  ora- 
tor, A66. 

Sept.  7.  Kernan,  Francis,  jurist,  lawyer, 
senator  for  N.  Y.,  A76. 

"Whittier.    John   Greenleaf,    Quaker 

poet,  A85. 

Sept.  12.  Howell,  T.  C,  rear-adm.  U.  S.  N,, 
A  73. 

Sept.  13.  Bruce,  David,  type-founder,  in- 
ventor of  tyj^te-casting  machine,  A90. 

Sept.  16.  WatU,  Thomas  H.,  Gov.  of  Ala., 
A72. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Aug.  31.  Neto  York.  Cardinal 
Gibbons  issues  a  proclamation  appoint- 
ing special  services  for  the  celebration 
of  the  discovery  of  America,  on  Sunday, 
Oct.  16. 

Sept.  12.  y.  Y,  Nearly  1,000  German 
Cathohcs  make  a  pilgrimage  from 
Schenectady  to  the  shrine  of  Our 
Lady  of  Martyrs  at  Aurlesville. 


Sept.  18.  la.  The  37th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  German  Homan  Catho- 
lic Central  Society  of  North  America 
opens  in  Dubuque. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Sept.  4.  Cal.  Prof.  Bernard 
Moses  is  announced  to  be  the  president- 
elect of  the  University  of  California. 

Xetv  York.  The  AVanrfart/,  the  single- 
tax  paper  founded  by  Henry  George  in 
1887,  suspends  publication. 

Sept.  12.  Xew  York.  The  Roman 
Cathohc  parochial  schools  contain 
3G,444  children,  taught  by  800  teachers, 
at  an  annual  expense  of  $300,000  ;  they 
own  property  valued  at  $4,518,500. 

SOCIETY. 
1892    Aug.   23.      Ok/a.     The    Indian 

Messiah  dance  is  in  progress  at  Otoe, 

near  Ponca. 
Aug.  24.    Mo.   The  Supreme  Lodge  of 

the  Knights  of  Pythias  is  in  session  at 

Kansas  City. 

Neio  York.    A.  J.  Price,  book-keeper 

for  Street  and  Smith,  is  a  defaulter  for 
$20,000. 

^V.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  by  proclama- 
tion offers  a  reward  of  $100  for  the 
arrest  and  conviction  of  any  one  inter- 
fering with  the  railroads. 

The  State  arbitrators  are  in  session 
at  Buffalo. 

Aug.  25.  K.  J.  Chancellor  McGill  at 
Trenton  renders  a  decision  against  the 
coal-combine. 

Aug.  26.  JV.  Y.  The  American  Bar 
Association,  meeting  at  Saratoga, 
elects  officers  and  has  a  banquet. 

Aug.  29.  Cal.  L.  B.  McWhirter,  a 
prominent  lawyer  and  politician,  is 
6hot  dead  at  Fresno  by  parties  un- 
known. 

±  New  York.  The  Central  Labor  Union 

having  adopted  resolutions  calling 
upon  workingmen  to  leave  the  mili- 
tia, several  local  unions  are  amending 
their  constitutions,  to  prevent  their 
members  joining  any  regiment. 

Aug.  30.  New  York.  Deputy  factory 
inspectors  investigate  manufactories 
where  the  sweating-system  is  still  in 
force. 

N.   Y.     Striking     shoemakers     in 

Brooklyn  assault  a  party  of  non-imion 
workmen  ;  five  arrests  are  made. 

Pa.  Another  strike  occurs  at  Pitts- 
burg, involving  500  men. 

Sept.  2.  N.  Y.  The  American  Social 
Science  Association  at  Saratoga  dis- 
cusses the  sweating-system. 

Pa.  Puddlers  in  the  Elba  Mill,  Pitts- 
burg, are  out  on  strike  because  they 
were  asked  to  work  only  eight  hours  a 
day. 

Hugh  O'Donnell  and  fom"  other 
Homestead  strikers  are  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  nuinieriug  J.  W.  Klein,  who 
was  shot  July  6. 

Officersof  the  Ch*derof  Solon,  abene- 
fit  organization,  are  charged  with  being 
$14,000  short  in  their  accounts. 

Sept.  3.  Phila,  Large  discrepancies  are 
found  in  the  accounts  of  the  social  and 
beneficiary  organization  called  the  Iron 
Hall.    (See  Sept.  13.) 


Sept.  5.  U.S.  Labor  Day  is  generally 
observed  in  the  cities  throughout  the 
country. 

Sept.  6.  Chicago.  Durinc  a  raid  by  the 
police  on  Garfield  Park ,  James  ."Vl . 
Brown,  a  noted  Texas  turfman,  fatallv 
shoots  two  policemen  and  is  afterwards 
killed. 

Sept.  7.  La.  John  L.  Sullivan  is 
knocked  out  by  James  J.  Corbett,  in  21 
rounds,  at  New  Orleans.  Sullivan  loses 
the  boxing  championship  of  America. 

Sept.  9.  Minn.  Simon  J.  Ahern,  a  finan- 
cier of  St.  Paul,  worth  $100,000,  is  sen- 
tenced to  60  days  in  the  workhouse  tor 

criminal  libel. 

Sept.  12.  N.  Y.  In  Brooklyn  Judge 
Barnard,  on  the  motion  of  counsel  for 
the  village  of  Islip,  grants  an  injunc- 
tion preventing  the  landing  of  the 
Normannid's  cabin  passengers  at  Fire 
Island  ;  Gov.  Flower  issues  a  procla- 
mation commanding  the  sheriff  of  Suf- 
folk County  to  preserve  the  peace.  (See 
Miscellaneous.) 

Sept.  13.  Ind.  A  convention  tore- 
organize  the  Order  of  Iron  Hall  is 
in  session  at  Indianapolis,  with  293 
branches  represented. 

[Sept.  16.  Samuel  T.  Hall  of  Philadel- 
phia is  elected  Supreme  Justice.  Sept. 
21.  A  plan  for  the  reorganization  of  the 
Order  is  perfected  at  Baltimore.  Oct. 
i;j.  Tlie  supreme  officials  of  the  Order 
are  indicted  by  the  Grand  Jury  of  Marinn 
County  for  embezzlement  of  about  $200,- 
000.  l)ec.  29.  They  are  arrested  at 
Baltimore.] 

/.  T.    Several  men  are  murdered 

in  the  political  strife  between  the  Na- 
tionalists and  Progressives  of  the  Choc- 
taw nation. 

Sept.  14.  Pa.  Carl  Knold  and  Henry 
Bauer  axe  indicted  in  Pittsburg  as  ac- 
cessories to  the  attempted  assasteijiati(^»n 
of  H.  C.  Frick. 

£}vans  and  Sontag,  train-robbers, 

kill  four  men  who  attempt  their  arrest. 

Sept.  15.  Cal.  Sheriff  Laumeister 
of  San  Francisco  is  found  guilty  of  con- 
tempt of  court  for  refusing  to  hang  a 
condemned  murderer  at  the  expiration 
of  a  reprieve. 

N.  H.  The  locked-out  granite-cut- 
ters of  Concord  lease  a  tract  of  land, 
and  will  begin  business  on  their  own 
account. 

Sept.  16.  New  York.  An  illicit  still  is 
seized  with  6,000  gallons  of  wine  and 
brandy. 

N.  Y.    At  Albany  a  warrant  is  issued 

for  the  arrest  of  Labor  Commissioner 
Peck  on  a  charge  of  burning  the  written 
replies  received  from  manufacturers  — 
the  confidential  documents  on  which 
he  based  his  recent  report.  [Oct.  24. 
The  case  is  dismissed.] 

Sept.  17  +  .  Ark.  At  North  Little  Rock 
about  50  masked  men  take  John  Leinior 
from  his  lionie,  strip  and  lash  him  with 
a  bull-whip  for  whipping  his  wife. 

Sept.  18.  Chicago.  Tlie  Trades  and 
Labor  Assembly,  by  a  vote  of  119  to  40. 
declines  to  take  part  in  the  dedica- 
tion exercises  at  the  'World*B  Fair, 
because  the  gates  are  to  be  kept  closed 
on  Sunday. 

Sept.  19.  D.  C.  The  26th  National 
Encampment  of  the  Grand  Army  at 
"Washington  is  opened  by  the  dedica- 
tion of  Grand  Army  Place,  and  a  parade 
of  troops. 

[Sept.  20.  Fifty  thousand  men 
march  in  the  grand  parade.    Sept.  21. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1892,  Aug.  21 -Sept.  19.     415 


A.  G.  Weissert  of  Milwaukee  is  elected 
National  Graud  Commander  ;  the  eii- 
campinent  closes,] 
A'".  V.  Dennis  Sullivan,  the  superin- 
tendent of  tlie  Coney  Island  and  Brook- 
lyn Uailroad,  is  shot  and  seriously 
-wounded  by  a  discharged  employee. 

.Ho.    Two  men  hold  up  and  rob  a 

train  on  the  Missouri  J.*;i.citi(!  road,  se- 
curing several  thousand  dollars ;  no 
arrests. 

STATE. 

1892    Aug.  26.     Venez.    The  American 

merchant  steamship  Caracas  reports 
that,  while  in  the  harbor  of  Puerto  Ca- 
bello,  six  refugees  were  forcibly  taken 
from  her  decks  by  a  Venezuelan  general 
and  a  band  of  armed  men. 

Aug,  28.  New  York.  The  Socialist 
Labor  Party  nominates  Simon  Wing 
of  Mass.  for  President,  and  C.  H. 
Matchett  of  N.  Y.  for  Vice-President ; 
eight  delegates  are  present. 

Aug.  30.  Neb.  J.  Sterling  Morton 
(Dein,)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  1.  D.  C.  A  circular  is  issued  by 
order  of  President  Harrison  requiring 
all  immigrant  vessels  from  infected 
ports  to  be  detained  at  quarantine  20 
days. 

Sept.  2.  J>.  C.  President  Harrison's 
letter  of  acceptance  as  the  nominee  of 
the  Republican  Party  for  the  presidency 
is  published. 

Sept.  7.  />.  C.  President  McLeod  of  the 
Reading  System  testifies  before  the  Sen- 
ate Committee  on  Coal. 

Conn.  Gen.  Merwin  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

N  H.  John  B.  Smith  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Luther  F,  McKinney  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Sept.  9.  D.  C.  The  "War  Department,  by 
direction  of  the  President,  grants  the 
use  of  Sandy  Hook  for  quarantined 
steamship  passengers. 

John  Wanaraaker,  P.  M.  G.,  issues  an 
order  authorizing  postmasters  of  free 
delivery  cities  and  rural  communities 
to  put  up  letter-boxes  for  collection 
and  delivery  of  mail  at  house-doors 
by  request  of  citizens. 

Sept.  10.  New  York.  A  shipload  of 
arms  on  the  South  Portland,  supposed 
to  be  for  the  Venezuela  revolutionists, 
is  detained  in  port  by  Collector  Francis 
Hendricks. 

Sept.  12.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  issues  a 
proclamation  concerning  the  acquire- 
ment of  Fire  Island,  and  warning  all 
persons  against  illegal  interference  with 
Its  use  as  a  quarantine  station ;  tlio 
Islip  Board  of  Health  secures  -from 
.Judge  Barnard  a  writ  restraining  the 
landing  of  passengers  on  the  island. 

Sept.  13.  Conn.  Luzon  B.Morris  (Dem.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

N.  J.  John  Kean,  Jr.  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Sept.  14.  Mass.  William  H.Haile  (Rep.) 
of  Springfield  is  nominated  for  governor. 

.V.  J.      George    T.    Werts    (Dem.)   is 

nominated  for  governor. 


N.  Y.     Delegates  from  every  State 

and  Territory  in  the  Union  arrive  in 
Butfalo  to  attend  the  Republican 
League  National  Convention. 

Sept.  16.  Gens.  "Weaver  and  Field, 
in  an  address  to  the  country,  accept  the 
I'eople's  Party  presidential  nominations. 

Sept.  19.  tnd.  The  Hendricks  County 
Circuit  Court  declares  that  the  regis- 
tration clause  of  the  election  la^v  is 
class  legislation,  and  therefore  uncon- 
stitutional ;  the  State  Apportionment 
Acts  of  1886  and  1891  are  declared  un- 
constitutional by  Judge  Bundy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Aug.  23.  Mass.  The  250th  an- 
niveraary  of  the  settlement  of  Glouces- 
ter is  celebrated. 

New  York.    A   receiver  is  appointed 

for  the  Order  of  the  Iron  Hall. 

Aug.  26.  New  York.  A  man  attempts 
suicide  by  leaping  from  the  High 
Bridge  into  the  Harlem  River,  but  is 
only  slightly  hurt. 

City  officials  are  taking  renewed  pre- 
cautions against  cholera. 

Aug.  27.  New  York.  The  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  House  is  almost  wholly 
burned  ;  loss  on  .scenery  and  costumes 
destroyed,  $1,000,000. 

Aug.  28.  Colo.  All  the  timber  on  the 
mountains  from  Tin  Cup  to  Texas  Creek 
has  been  burne<l,  and  fully  twenty 
square  miles  of  timber  are  completely 
destroyed. 

New  York,    Vessels  are  detained  at 

quarantine  to  be  inspected  for  cholera 
cases ;  the  Health  Department  takes 
active  measures  to  prevent  the  disease 
from  reaching  the  city. 

Aug.  30.  Wash.  The  town  of  Conco- 
nuUy  is  almost  entirely  consumed  by 
fire;  only  a  few  houses  remain;  esti- 
mated loss,  $100,000. 

Aug.  31.  la.  At  Independence,  the 
mare  Nancy  Hanks  lowers  the  world's 
trotting  record  to  2.05i,  beating  her 
own  record  by  two  seconds. 

Neio  York.  The  Health  Board  is- 
sues orders  and  rules  looking  to  im- 
proved sanitation  in  ferry-houses,  rail- 
way-stations, etc.,  and  for  the  treatment 
of  people  taken  suddenly  ill  in  public 
places. 

The  steamer  Moravia  arrives  from 
Hamburg  with  cholera  on  board ; 
she  reports  22  deaths  on  the  voyage. 
The  Normannia,  liugia,  and  Stubhen- 
huk,  from  Hamburg,  follow,  are  or- 
dered to  the  lower  Bay,  and  quaran- 
tined. 

Sept.  1,  If.  S.  To  shut  out  the  cholera 
the  Government  proclaims  20  days' 
quarantine  for  all  European  vessels. 

-t .    The  steel  steamer  Jfestern  Jieserve 

is  broken  in  two  on  Lake  Superior  ;  26 
lives  are  lost ;  two  or  three  vessels  on 
tlie  great  lakes  are  lost  in  a  storm 
with  all  on  board. 

Sept.  2.  New  York.  The  Inman  steamer 
City  of  Berlin,  the  National  Line  steamer 
Europe,  and  the  Cunarder  Gallia  are  re- 
leased from  quarantine  and  allowed 
to  go  to  their  respective  docks. 
A  conflict    of   authority  arises  be- 


tween Dr.  Jenkins,  city  health  officer, 

and  the  Federal  authorities  respecting 
quarantine  arrangements. 

Sept.  4.  .V.  }'.  Charles  F.  Peck,  the 
Commissioner  of  Labor  Statistics,  reas- 
serts the  accuracy  of  his  figures  on  the 
favorable  operation  of  the  McKin- 
ley  Law. 

Sept.  5.  N.  Y.  A  West  Shore  express- 
train  having  a  defective  engine  plunges 
into  the  Hudson  River;  several  per- 
sons are  killed. 

Sept.  6.  N.  Y.  A  freight  blockade  10 
miles  long  occurs  on  the  Reading  Road 
near  Buffalo. 

New  York.    There  are  1 1  new  cases 

of  cholera  and  one  death  on  board  the 
ships  in  the  lower  Bay. 

Sept.  7.  Cal.  The  42d  anniversary  of 
the  admission  of  California  into  the 
Union  is  celebrated  as  a  legal  holiday. 

La.    James  Corbett  defeats  John     , 

L.  Sullivan  at  New  Orleans,  and  wins 
from  him  the  boxing  championship  of 
America. 

New  York.  Some  new  cases  of  chol- 
era occur  among  passengers  quarantined 
in  the  lower  Bay  ;  arrangements  are 
made  to  place  cabin  passengers  on  Fire 
Island  or  Sandy  Hook. 

Pa.    Trains   collide   at   Eckenrode 

Mills  ;  14  persons  are  killed. 

Sept.  9.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  directs 
Health  Officer  Jenkins  to  purchase 
land  on  Fire  Island,  if  necessary,  to 
establish  a  quarantine  station. 

Sept.  10.  New  Yoi'k.  In  the  lower  Bay 
11  new  cases  of  cholera  break  out  on 
the  Scandia ;  the  Normannta''s  passen- 
gers are  put  on  the  steamer  Stonington  ; 
the  Surf  Hotel  property  on  Fire  Island 
is  bought  for  quarantine  purposes,  and 
work  begun  at  Sandy  Hook.  [Only  a 
few  cases  of  cholera  develop  among  all 
the  quarantined  passengers.] 

Sept.  11.  Mass.  Nine  persons  are  killed 
and  51  injured  by  a  train  accident  in  a 
fog  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  at  West 
Cambridge  Jimction. 

Sept.  14.  Neio  York.  The  Health  De- 
partment announces  that  six  persons 
had  died  in  the  city  from  cholera ; 
that  careful  disinfection  of  the  premises 
has  followed  ;  and  that  there  have  been 
no  new  cases  :  there  are  several  new 
cases  on  the  steamers  down  the  Bay. 

Sept.  15.  N.Y.  The  iVorT7ion«£a'5  cabin 
passengers  are  relejised  from  quarantine 
at  Fire  Island. 

Sept.  16.  Neio  York.  One  new  case  of 
suspected  cholera  is  announced ;  the 
steamer  Bohemia  reports  52  cases  on  her 
voyage  ;  the  Normannia'' s  passengers 
leave  Fire  Island  for  the  city. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Troops  are  sent  from 
Brooklyn  to  Fire  Island,  and  the  Wyo- 
ming's passengers  land  at  the  hotel  with- 
out opposition  ;  steerage  passengers 
from  the  Normannia  and  liugia  are 
landed  at  Camp  Low,  Sandy  Hook,  and 
strict  quarantine  of  the  place  is  begun. 
[There  are  nearly  4,000  passengers  on 
the  cholera  vsssels.l 


416     1892,  Sept.  20-Nov,  4. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892  Oct.  1.  ^fe.  Harbor  Befense 
Ram  No.  1  is  lauiiehed  at  Bath. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Sept.  21.  Mass.— Conn.  Two 
statues  of  Columbus  are  unveiled,  one 
at  Bostou  and  another  at  Williniautic. 

Sept.  22.  Cat.  The  Mountebanks,  an 
opera  by  W.  S.  Gilbert  and  Alfred  Col- 
lier, is  first  sung  in  this  country  at  Bald- 
win's Theater,  San  Francisco. 

Sept.  26.  Boston.  The  Art  Commission 
rejects  the  proposed  replica  of  Buyen's 
statue  of  Columbus  to  be  erected  in 
this  city. 

New  York.     The  Fencing  Master,  an 

opera  by  Reginald  De  Koven,  is  first 
sung  in  this  country  at  the  Casino. 

Sept.  27.  Phila.  liieut.  Peary  makes 
a  preliminary  report  of  his  work  to  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Science. 

Sept.  *  Pa.  A  soldiers'  monument  is 
unveiled  at  Mahanoy  City. 

Oct.  29-  Colo.  Extensive  deposits  of 
talcose  silica,  carrying  a  large  percent- 
age of  corundum  or  emery,  are  discov- 
ered in  Denver. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  A  new  wing  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory is  opened. 

Nov.  4.  Chicago.  A  monument  to  the 
anarchists,  Spies,  Parsons,  Engel,  Fis- 
cher, and  Lingg,  is  dedicated  in  Wald- 
heim  Cemetery. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

189S. 

Sept.  20.  Ulman,  Daniel,  maj.-gen.  vols., 
A  83. 

Sept.  23.  Pope,  John,  maj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 
A70. 

Sept.  24.  Gilmore,  Patrick  S.,  band-mas- 
ter of  N.  Y..  A62. 

Sept.  25.  Husted,  James  W.,  brig.-gen. 
vols.,  politician,  A59. 

Oct.  1.  Atkins,  Hiram,  journalist,  political 
leader  in  Vt..  A83. 

Oct.  2.  Douglas,  John  y.,  Gen.  Grant's  last 
pliysician,  AH5. 

Oct.  lO.  Price,  T.  B.,  Confederate  brig.- 
gen.,  A61, 

Oct.  34.  Swinton,  William,  author,  jour- 
nalist, writer  of  school-books,  A69. 

Nov.  2.  Schwalka,  Frederick,  iieut.  U.  S. 
A.,  arctic  explorer,  author,  A43. 


CHURCH. 

1892  Sept.  27.  N.  J.  The  German 
Catholic  Congress  opens  at  Newark 
with  the  celebration  of  high  mass  by 
Archbishop  Corrigan,  assisted  by  other 
prelates. 

Sept.  28.  It.  Pope  Leo  gives  orders  to 
create  the  Archbishopric  of  Dallas,  Tex. 

Oct.  3.  New  York.  Pope  Leo's  ency- 
clical on  the  Rosary  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  is  read  in  all  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic churches. 

Oct.  4.  Chicago.  The  83d  annual  session 
of  the  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions  begins. 
[Oct.  7.  Dr.  R.  S.  Storrs  is  reelected 
president.] 

Oct.  5.  Md.  The  Triennial  General 
Convention  (Protestant  Episcopal)  be- 
gins at  Baltimore. 


[Oct.  6.  It  begins  the  work  of  revising 
the  Prayer  Book.  Oct.  7.  It  sits  as  a 
Board  of  Missions.  Oct.  17.  It  adopts 
a  new  hymnal.  Oct.  25.  It  elects  Rev. 
Dr.  W.  R.  Tliomas  missionary  bishop  of 
Northern.  Michigan,  and  adjourns  sine 
die.^ 

Oct.  8±.  Utah.  The  Mormons  bold 
their  semi-annual  conference  in  the 
Tabernacle  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Presi- 
dent Woodruff  presiding. 

Oct.  11.  Neto  York.  As  a  part  of  the 
Columbus  celebration  religious  ser- 
vices are  held  in  the  churches  of  this 
and  neighboring  cities,  some  on  an  elab- 
orate scale. 

Oct.  17.  Mich.  Salvationists  are  at- 
tacked in  Wyandotte ;  five  persons  are 
eeriously  injured,  one  fatally. 

Wov.  1.  Nev)  York,  Dr.  "W.  M.  Taylor 
resigns  from  the  pastorate  of  the  Broad- 
way Tabernacle. 

The  trial  of  Rev.  C.  A.  Briggs  be- 
gins before  the  Presbytery  of  New  York. 
[Nov.  20.  The  Presbytery  votes  to 
strike  out  two  charges  especially  ob- 
jected to  by  the  defendant.  Vote,  74-54. 
Dec.  7.  Defendant  pleads  not  guilty. 
Dec.  30.    He  is  acquitted.    Vote,  6-18.] 

LETTERS, 

1892  Sept.  29.  N.  Y.  Dr.  Anson  J. 
Upton  of  Auburn  Theological  Seminary 
is  elected  chanceUor  by  the  Regents 
of  the  University  at  Albany  in  place  of 
George  William  Curtis,  deceased. 

Mass.     Harvard  opens   its    256th 

year  with  the  largest  attendance  in  its 
history. 

Oct.  1,  Chicago.  The  University  of 
Chicago  begins  its  work  with  inaugu- 
ration ceremonies  extreme  in  their  sim- 
plicity. 

Oct.  2.  Ind.  Dr.  G.  S.  Burroughs  of 
Amherst  accepts  the  presidency  of  "Wa- 
bash College  at  Crawfordsville. 

±.     Minn.    At  the  school  elections  the 

Faribault  plan  is  defeated  by  a  major- 
ity of  200  in  1,000  votes  ;  the  nuns  wear- 
ing their  peculiar  dress  while  acting  as 
teachers  is  said  to  have  been  the  cause. 

Oct.  3.  Wis.  The  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin organizes  a  University  Extension 
department,  Lyman  P.  Powell,  formerly 
of  Johns  Hopkins,  manager. 

Oct.  4.  Mich.  The  Detroit  Board  of  Ed- 
ucation practically  excludes  Roman 
Catholic  teachers  from  the  public 
schools.  [Nov.  11.  It  rescinds  resolu- 
tions requiring  anti-Catholic  qualifica- 
tions for  positions  as  teachers.] 


SOCIETY. 

1892  Sept.  20.  Ark.  Nine  negroes 
and   two   whites   are    shot   dead   in    a 

race-war  at  Thornton. 

K7J.  J.  B.  Rucker.  editor  of  the  Som- 
erset Reporter  fProliibition),  is  mortally 
w^ounded  by  an  unknown  assassin. 

±.     Cal.    The  Six  Companies  issue 

another  proclamation  urging  tlie  Chi- 
nese in  the  United  States  to  ignore  the 


Geary  Begistration  law ;  the  Emperor 

of  China  is  appealed  to. 

Sept.  21.  Kan.  Robbers  wreck  a  train 
on  the  Atchison  road  in  an  attempt  to 
secure  $1,000,000  known  to  be  thereon; 
four  persons  are  killed  and  25  injured. 

Sept.  22.  Neic  York.  The  Chinese  Civil 
Rights  League  holds  a  mass-meeting 
in  Cooper  Union,  protesting  vigorously 
against  the  legislation  forbidding  rights 
to  the  Chinese  granted  to  all  others. 

Pa.  Lieut. -Col.  Streator,  Col.  Haw- 
kins, and  Assist. -Surg.  Grim  are  indicted 
for  aggravated  assault  and  battery  in 
connection  with  the  punishment  of  Pri- 
vate lams  at  Homestead.  [Acquitted.] 
(See  Army,  July  24.) 

Sept.  25.  Wash.  Three  highwaymen 
shoot  the  assistant-cashier  of  a  bank  in 
K<islyn ;  they  secure  $10,000  and  make 
their  escape. 

Sept.  26.  Colo.  A  riot  occurs  at  an  anti- 
Catholiclectureon"  Romanist  Influence 
in  Public  Schools"  at  Cheyenne;  two 
men  are  seriously  wounded. 

Sept.  27.  Phila.  Four  mail-drivers  are 
arrested  on  the  charge  of  robbing  the 
mails. 

Sept.  29.  N.  Y.  Three  non-union  Inmber- 
shovers  at  Buffalo  are  injured  by  union 
men  in  a  riot  with  clubs  and  stones. 

Tenn.      Marshal   Brown    raids    an 

illicit  distillery  in  West  Tennessee,  cap- 
turing 1,000  barrels  of  liquor. 

Oct.  1.  Cal.  J.  W.  Smith  is  lynched 
at  Dunsmir;  he  was  charged  with  kill- 
ing his  wife  and  6-year-ola  daughter  at 
Oastela. 

Chicago.  Warrants  are  issued  for  the 

arrest  of  John  Cudahy  and  Austin  .K 
Wright,  charged  with  conspiracy  to 
make  a  corner  in  pork. 

Oct.  3.  New  York.  Burton  C.  Webster 
is  sentenced  to  19  years  in  prison  for 

killing  Charles  E.  Goodwin  in  August, 
1891. 

Pa.     A  daring  attempt  is  made  to 

rob  a  bank  in  Erie  at  midday  ;  the  cash- 
ier is  shot  in  the  face,  but  the  robbers 
are  captured. 

Oct.  5.    Kan.    Three  Dalton  brothers 

and  two  members  of  their  gang  and  five 
residents  of  CotT'eyville  are  killed  in  an 
attempt  to  capture  the  former  while  in 
the  act  of  robbing  two  banks. 

Phila.    William  W.  Runk,  a  wealthy 

merchant,  kills  himself;  he  bad  been 
speculating  with  the  firm's  funds  in  the 
absence  and  without  the  knowledge  of 
his  partner  while  the  latter  was  in  Eu- 
rope. 

Oct.  8.  Netc  York.  The  Columbian 
Celebration  is  begun  by  special  ser- 
vices in  the  Hebrew  synagogues,  and  by 
the  opening  reception  at  the  Art  Loan 
Exhibition  at  the  National  Academy  of 
Design. 

[Oct.  11.  It  continues  with  a  midday 
naval  parade  in  the  bay  and  I^orth 
River,  and  in  the  evening  a  Roman 
Catholic  school  children  parade,  literary 
exercises  in  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  a  con- 
cert at  Seventh  Regiment  Annory,  and 
fireworks  on  the  East  River  Bridge. 

Oct.  12.  A  military  and  civil  parade 
takes  place  in  the  daytime,  including 
public  school  children  and  college  stu- 
dents, and  a  character  pageant  with 
floats  in  the  evening.  Tlie  Columbus 
Monument,  the  gift  of  Italy  to  America, 
is  dedicated. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1892,  Sept.  20-Nov.  4.    417 


Oct.  13.  It  closes  with  a  banquet 
at  the  Lenox  Lyceum  :  addresses  are 
made  by  Vice-President  Morton,  Secre- 
tary Foster,  Gov.  Flower  and  others.] 

Oct.  15.  tfew  York.  Domlnico  L.  Ruiz, 
consul-general  for  Ecuador  for  nine 
years  at  this  port,  is  arrested  for  for- 
gery. 

Oct.  17.  Ida.  A  gang  of  nine  horse- 
thieves  are  killed  or  disabled  in  a  figlit 
with  stockmen. 

J\r.  Mex.  All  the  telegraph  opera- 
tors on  the  Santa  Fe  system,  900  in 
number,  leave  their  posts  at  lO.A.M.,  on 
an  order  of  Chief  Kamsey  to  strike, 
which  proves  to  be  a  forgery  by  a  jok- 
ing operator;  all  trartic  is  suspended 
for  12  hours  ;  the  joker  is  discharged. 

jWk'  York:  Mr.  Cleveland  declines 

to  be  present  in  Chicago  at  the  World's 
Fair  dedication,  because  he  is  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency. 

Oct.  18.  Colo.  A  strike  on  the  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande  Railro.id  ends. 

Oct.  20.  O.  The  annual  convention  of 
the  American  Street  Railway  Asso- 
ciation opens  at  Cleveland. 

Oct.  23.  Mo.  Four  masked  men  hold 
up  Ticket  Agent  Stokes  at  the  Frisco 
Station,  and  rob  both  the  station  and 
agent. 

Oct.  25.  ifass.  Alderman  Bolton  is  put 
on  trial  at  Lawrence  for  taking  bribes 
in  connection  with  a  liquor  license. 

Tex.      I»r.    IT.    Jones,    a    prominent 

physician,  shoots  and  kills  Capt.  W.  G. 
Vial  at  ex-Confederates  headquarters  at 
Dallas. 

Oct.  27.  7).  C.  The  funeral  of  Mrs. 
Harrison  takes  place  in  the  East  Room 
of  the  White  House,  after  which  the 
funeral  train  starts  for  Indianapolis. 
(Died  Oct.  25.) 

Oct.  28.  Colo.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  'Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  is  in  session  at  Denver : 
500  delegates  are  present.  [Miss  Frances 
E.  Willard  is  reelected  president.] 

Oct.  29.  Minn.  A.  E.  Law,  Northern 
Pacific  r>ivi.sion  superintendent,  is  fined 
$50  or  60  days  in  the  workhouse  for 
overworking  his  employees. 

Xew  York.     Kighty-six  Hebrew  cloak- 

makors  are  arrested  for  breaking  the 
Sunday  law. 

Oct.  31.  S.  C.  Charleston  begins  the 
celebration  of  its  "  Gala  'Week,"  in 
commemoration  of  its  gratitude  for  as- 
sistance afforded  after  the  earthquakes. 

Nov.  1.  Ala.  A  train  is  held  up  and 
robbed  on  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia, 
and  Georgia  Railroad. 

Nov.  2.  Kan.  FordConntyBank.  Spear- 
ville,  is  robbed  by  two  armed  men  ; 
they  are  pursued,  but  escape  with  the 


booty. 


STATE. 


1892  Sept.  20.  X.  Y.  An  attempt  to 
appoint  none  but  Democratic  election 
inspectors  in  Huffalo  is  foiled. 

Sept.  22.  If.  r.  The  General  Term  at 
Saratoga  decides  the  Apportionment 
Act  by  the  extra  session  constitutional 
in  the  Oneida  County  case. 

Sept.  26.  N.  Y.  Mr.  Cleveland's  let- 
ter, accepting  the  nomination  for 
the  presidency,  is  made  public. 


Sept.  27.  Conn.  The  Supreme  Court 
decides  in  favor  of  the  Republicans  in 

the  contested  election  <^Jises. 

.^fass.    William  E.  Russell  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

ll'is.  The  Supreme  Court  practi- 
cally decides  that  the  reapportionment 
made  by  the  extra  session  of  the  J^egis- 
lature  is  invalid. 

Sept.  28.  D.  C.  The  text  of  the  Chilean 
claims  treaty  is  made  public. 

Oct.  1.  75.  ('.  The  Treasury  Department 
reports  the  public  debt  reduced  $708,- 
000  in  September. 

Oct.  2.  I).  C.  Secretary  Foster  notifies 
foreign  governments  that  the  Interna- 
tional Monetary  Conference  will 
begin  In  Brussels  on  the  22d  of  Novem- 
ber. 

Oct.  4.  Xeiu  York.  Mr.  Cleveland  ad- 
dresses the  convention  of  the  National 
Association  of  Democratic  Clubs  at 
the  Academy  of  Music. 

Oct.  10.  n.  r.  The  Supreme  Court 
at  'Washington  opens ;  George  Shiras, 
Jr.,  of  Pa.  is  sworn  in  as  associate 
justice. 

IHs.  Gov.  Peck  convenes  the  Legis- 
lature for  the  third  time  to  reappor- 
tion the  State. 

Oct.  12.  Va.  Republicans  make  an 
agreement  to  unite  with  the  Third  party 
in  many  districts. 

Oct.  13.  yew  York.  The  Court  of 
Api>eals,  by  a  vote  of  five  to  two,  up- 
holds the  constitutionality  of  the  Ap- 
portionment Act  of  1892,  artirniing  that 
the  courts  have  no  power  to  interfere 
with  the  discretion  of  the  Legislature. 

Oct.  17.  D.  C.  The  V.  S.  Supreme  Court 
decides  that  the  Micliigan  plan  of 
choosing  Presidential  electors  by 
Congressional  districts  is  constitu- 
tional. 

Oct.  22.  Wis.  Both  houses  of  the 
Legislature  adjourn  without  agreeing 
on  an  Apportionment  Bill. 

Oct.  27.  I).  C.  A  Treasury  report  is 
issued  showing  a  large  increase  in  the 
domestic  tin-plate  industry  during 
the  last  quarter. 

Oct.  29.  Jf.  Dak.  The  Turtle  Indians 
cede  all  right  and  title  to  lands  in  the 
Devil's  Lake  district,  with  certain  res- 
ervations, for  §1,000,000  in  twenty  annual 
payments. 

Oct.  31.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation  extending  the  bene- 
fits of  the  Copyright  I^aw  to  the  citizens 
of  Italy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Sept.  20.  O.  Thirteen  persons 
are  killed  and  several  injured  in  a  col- 
lision on  the  Fort  Wayne  Railroad. 

Sept.  21.  New  York.  Four  women  are 
killed  and  many  injured  In  a  panic 
caused  by  a  small  fire  in  a  Hebrew  syna- 
gogue. 

Sept.  22.    diirnrjo.  Liverymen  form  a 

trust. fixing  llie'price  of  carriages  during 
tlie  World's  Fair  dedication  parade  at 
?22  each  per  day. 


Sept.  25.  A'ew  York.  It  is  officially  re- 
ported that  there  is  no  cholera,  either 
in  the  city  or  at  quarantine. 

Sept.  26.  I'hila.  The  Board  of  Health 
orders  all  wells  in  the  city  to  be  filled  up. 

Sept.  28.  In<t.  Nancy  Hanks  trots  a 
mile  in  2.04  on  a  regulation  track  at 
Terre  Haute. 

Cal.     The   350th  anniversary  of 

the  discovery  of  San  Diego  Bay  is  cele- 
brated. 

Sept.  29.  New  York.  The  Aldermen 
grant  trolley  franchises  without  cost. 

Sept.  30.  I'liila.  The  beneficial  order 
of  Social  Guardians  makes  an  assign- 
ment. 

Oct.  5.  New  York.  A  preliminary  chal- 
lenge for  the  America  cup  is  re- 
ceived from  Lord  Dunraven  by  the  Xew 
York  Yacht  Club.  [Dec.  13.  The  chal- 
lenge is  accepted.] 

Oct.  7.  Mass.  'Wobum  celebrates  the 
2r)0th  anniversary  of  its  settlement. 

Oct.  8.  N.  C.  Raleigh  celebrates  its 
100th  anniversary  with  an  elaborate 
street  pageant,  etc. 

Oct.  16.  Conn.  Stamford  begins  tlie 
four  days'  celebration  of  its  250th 
anniversary. 

Oct.  18.  New  York.  Tlie  Aldermen's 
amendment  forbidding  the  use  of  the 
trolley  in  this  city  is  signed  by  Mayor 
(iraut. 

Oct.  19.  Tlie  steamship  Citi/  of  Paris 
arrives  in  New  I'ork  Harbor,  having 
made  the  voyage  from  Queenstown  in 
five  days,  14  hours,  and  24  minutes,  thus 
beating  all  previous  records  on  the 
westward  trip. 

Oct.  21.  Chicago.  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion dedication. 

Pres.  Higginbotham  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  formally  pre- 
sents the  exposition  grounds  and  build- 
ings to  President  Palmer  ot  the  World's 
Ctnumbian  Commission,  and  they  are 
dedicated  witli  appropriate  ceremonies, 
by  Levi  P.  Morton,  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  on  behalf  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison  ;  Channcey  M.  Depew  and 
Henry  Watterson  deliver  the  addresses. 
[Exposition  to  open  May  1,  1893.] 

Oct,  24.  Pa.  Seven  persons  are  killed 
and  about  25  injured  in  a  collision  on 
the  Reading  Railroad  near  Philadelphia. 

Oct.  25.  Mo.  The  wrecking  of  a  train 
near  Pliillipsburgh  causes  six  deaths. 

Oct.  26.  New  York.  The  Park  Board 
authorizes  tlie  construction  of  an 
aquarium  and  other  improvements  at 
Battery  Park. 

Oct.  28.    Wis.    A  fire  at  Milwaukee 

burns  300  buildings,  devastating  26 
acres,  with  a  loss  of  four  lives  and 
.¥5,000,000 ;  relief  is  provided  for  home- 
less people. 

Oct.  31.  N.  J.  A  forest  fire  near 
Franklin  Park  destroys  1,000  acres  of 
timber. 

Nov.  1.  Neb.  The  wrecking  of  a  train 
near  Grand  Island  causes  seven  deaths. 

Nov.  2+.  Pa.  Twenty-five  miles  of  for- 
est fires  are  raging  along  the  ridges  near 
Jtphnstown. 


418      1892,  Nov.  4-Dec,  18. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1892  Nov.  5.  Pa.  In  the  lams  case  at 
Pittsburg.  Col.  Hawkins  and  Lieut. - 
Col.    Streator  are  found  not  guilty  of 

cruelly.     (..See  July  '10.) 

Nov.  Si.  Ariz.  Soldiers  are  pursuing 
Yaqui  Indians  who  are  on  the  war- 
path. 

Nov.  11.  X.Y.  The  protected  cruiser 
Vlncinnati  is  launched  at  the  Brooklyn 
Navy  Yard. 

Nov.  28.  Com.  Skerrett  is  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  Pacific  Station 
Navy. 

Dec.  10.  Wash.  Naval  dry  docks  on 
Puget  Sound  Naval  Station  are  begun. 

Dec.  12.  Chile.  The  protected  cruiser 
Baltimore  sails  from  Valparaiso  for  San 
Francisco,  her  presence  being  no  longer 
necessary, 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE* 
1892    Nov.  6.    Kij.    Gray  squirrels  are 

doing  imment^e  damage  near  Petersville. 
hul.    A   large   oil-well,    dug    near 

Camden,  flows  2,000  barrels  a  day. 
— /?.  /.     Gold  is  discovered  in  Lincoln, 

the  mine  assaying  $15  a  ton. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1893. 

Nov.  14.    Hoey,  John,   Pres.  Adams  Ex- 
press ('o.,  A68. 
Merriiiion,  Augustus  S.,  chief  justice  of 

N.  C,  A62. 
Nov.  89.    Scott,  John  W.,  Pres.  clergyman, 

A  92. 
Wyant,  Alexander  H.,land8cape  painter, 

A.W. 
Dec.  1.     Hoyt,  Henry  M.,  Gov.  of  Pa.,  A(i2. 
Dec.  2.     Gould,  Jay.  speculator,  capitalist, 

left  S72,000,000,  AM. 
Dec.  4.     IJrice,  JJ.  W.,  raaj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 

A86. 
Dec.  5.    Leaming,  James  R.,  specialist  in 

throat  diseases,  A72. 
Dec.  7.     Newberry,  John  S.,  geologist,  A70. 
Dec.  15.     Gibson,  Kandall  I..,  senator  for 

La.,  Am. 
Dec.  16.     Brannam,   John   M.,   maj.gen. 

U.  S.  A.,  A72. 


CHURCH. 

1892  Nov.  14.  O.  The  trial  for  heresy 
of  Rev.  Henry  P,  Smith  of  the  Lane 
Theological  Seminary  is  initiated  before 
the  Presbytery  at  Cincinnati. 

[Nov.  21.  The  trial  proper  begins. 
Not.  25.  The  Presbytery  sustains  the 
sufficiency  of  the  third  charge,  and  the 
,case  will  go  to  a  formal  trial.  Dec.  31. 
The  Presbytery  suspends  Dr.  Smith. 
Vote,  31-27.] 

Nov.  15.  Jinston.  The  "World's  Con- 
vention of  Christians  at  "Work  is  in 
session. 

Nov.  16.  Nt^w  York.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic archbishops  of  the  United  States 
meet  in  conclave. 

Nov.  21-23.  New  York.  The  Conti- 
nental Congress  of  the  Salvation 
Army  is  in  session. 

Nov.  26 1.  Neio  York.  Many  clergymen 
and  influential  church-members  are  en- 
rolled in  the  Salvation  Army's  Aux- 
iliary Xjeague. 

Dec.  5.  I).  C.  The  Central  Conference 
of  American  Hebrew  Habbis  is  in 
session  at  Washington. 


Dec.  12.     .V.  J.     Rev.  P.    Corrigan, 

Koman  Catholic  priest  in  Hoboken,  is 
put  on  trial  for  criticising  Cahenslyisni 
as  manifested  at  the  recent  German  con- 
vention. [Ends  in  compromise.] 
Dec.  18.  N.  Y.  Rabbi  H.  Rosenberg 
is  expelled  from  the  Temple  J5eth- 
Jacobin  Brooklyn  for  eating  pork. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Nov.  13  ±.  Chicago.  President 
Harper  succeeds  in  purchasing  for  the 
University  of  Chicago  the  great  40- 
inch  lenses  made  for  the  University  of 
California. 

Nov.  16.  ///.  The  New  Natural  His- 
tory University  of  Dlinois  is  dedi- 
cated. 

Nov.  21.  N.  Y.  A  public-school  pro- 
tection league  is  formed  in  Buffalo 
by  i»rominent  business  men,  lawyers, 
and  clergymen,  the  object  being  to  keep 
the  control  of  the  schools  free  from  po- 
litical interference. 

Dec.  1.  Chicago.  The  "Western  Asso- 
ciated Press  reorganizes  as  *'  The  Asso- 
ciated Press." 

Ga.    Chrisman  Hall,  costing  $30,000, 

is  dedicated  at  Clark  University  in 
Atlanta. 

Dec.  10.  Mass.  A  $100,000  library  is 
presented  to  Fairhaven  by  the  children 
of  H.  H.  Rogers  of  New  York  City,  in 
memory  of  a  deceased  sister. 

Dec.  14.  Xew  York.  The  Teachers 
College  takes  its  new  name ;  its  char- 
ter becomes  absolute. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Nov.  4.  Cal.  The  authorities 
seize  x,ocx3  five-tael  tins  of  opium  con- 
cealed in  barrels  of  salmon  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Neh.     "W.   G.   Pollock,   a  Xew  York 

salesman,  is  shot,  and  robbed  of  a  $15,- 
000  case  of  diamonds,  in  a  sleeper  on  a 
train  in  the  .^lissouri  Valley ;  the  thief 
escapes. 

Nov.  5.  Ala.  Sixteen  persons  are  in- 
dicted for  murder  and  18  for  assault  at 
St.  Stephens,  for  lynching  Chris.  Chris- 
man  in  June. 

La.    John  Hastings  is  lynched  at 

Jouesville. 

The  Amalgamated  Council  of  New  Or- 
leans orders  a  general  strike,  to  secure 
a  recognition  of  unionism. 

[Nov.  11.  About  25,000  strikers  return 
to  work  without  having  accomplished 
the  object  of  the  strike.] 

Nov.  8.  Cal.  A  masked  highwayman 
stops  a  stage  between  San  Francisco  and 
Sierra  City,  and  secures  its  express-box. 

— -  O.  "W.  J.  Gill,  a  councilman  of  To- 
ledo, indicted  for  soliciting  bribes,  is 
found  guilty. 

The  entire  system  of  the  Consolidated 
Street- Railway  in  Columbus  is  tied  up ; 
the  conductors  and  motor-men  have 
gone  on  strike. 

Venn.    In  Melvin  a  fight,  the  result 

of  a  long-stan<iing  feud,  takes  place  be- 
tween the  Swofford  and  Toilette  fami- 
lies; two  of  the  Swoffords  and  one  of 
the  Toilettes  are  killed. 

Nov.  9.  New  York.  A  confidential  clerk 
of  James  F,.  Ward  :ind  Co.  is  arrested 
for  embezzling  $40,000. 

O.  A  strike  on  the  street-rail- 
roads in  Columbus  stops  all  the  cars. 


Nov.  11.  Chicago.  Ex-Banker  S.  A, 
Kean  is  arrested  on  in<lictnient  by  the 
grand  jury  for  feloniously  receiving  de- 
posits at  the  time  of  the  bank  failure. 

Xew    York.     A  memorial   service  is 

held  in  Cooper  Union  for  the  Chicago 
anarchists  hanged  on  Nov.  11, 1887. 

Nov.  12.  Va.  Dr.  Moffett,  a  Baptist 
pastor  in  North  Danville  and  Prohibi- 
tion leader,  is  treacherously  shot  and 
killed  by  J.  T.  Clark,  a  lawyer  ami  Dem- 
ocratic politician ;  Clark  is  in  jail 
charged  with  murder. 

Nov.  15.  Tenn.  The  National  Far- 
mers* Alliance  Convention  opens  in 
Memphis.  [Nov.  18.  H.  L.  Louckes  of 
South  Dakota  is  elected  president.] 

3/0.  The  Knights  of  Labor  Con- 
vention begins  in  St.  Louis. 

K.  Y.    M.  A.  Schwert,  town  collector 

of  Hamburg,  is  missing  ;  there  is  ;i  short- 
age in  bis  accounts  of  more  than  $15,000. 

Nov.  16.  N.II.  The  National  Grange, 
Patrons  of  Husbandry,  begins  its  12th 
annual  convention  in  Concord,  J.  H. 
Brigham  of  Ohio  presiding. 

Nov.  18.  K«io  York.  W.  H.  Parsons  is 
elected  president  of  the  National 
Iieague  for  the  Protection  of  Amer- 
ican Institutions  in  place  of  John  Jay, 
who  resigns  in  consequence  of  ill-health. 

Tex.    Capt.  J.  G.  Bourke,3d  Cavalry, 

is  killed  by  a  United  States  deputy- 
marshal  in  a  court-room  in  San  Antonio. 

Nov.  19.  Cal.  Highbinders  in  San 
Francisco  shoot  a  Chinaman  because  he 
refused  to  pay  blackmail. 

[Nov.  20.  Five  armed  highbinders 
are  captured  in  San  Francisco  while 
prosecuting  their  murderous  intentions  j 
they  wear  bullet-proof  coats.] 

O.  Several  w^omen  are  chosen  dele- 
gates to  the  Convention  of  Locomotive 
Engineers  at  Columbus. 

Nov.  20.  N.J.  At  Allentown  two  rob- 
bers force  the  cashier  of  the  bank  to 

give  them  $2,700  ;  they  are  afterwards 
captured. 

Nov.  22.  N.  Y.  A  suit  is  entered  in 
Brooklyn  against  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors. Cause,  waste  of  public  funds  in 
paying  $6,000  for  stands  on  Columbus 
Day  and  $2,000  for  decorations;  the  al- 
dermen paid  $11,000  for  similar  purposes. 

Nov.  23.  Pa.  Sylvester  Critchlow,  the 
Homestead  striker  accused  of  murder, 
is  acquitted. 

Nov.  25.  Chicago.  A  juryman  is  sen- 
tenced to  one  year's  imprisonment  for 
trying  to  secure  a  bribe. 

WtfHh.  Masked  men  rob  the  pas- 
sengers in  a  sleeping-car  on  the  North- 
ern Pacitic  iiailroad,  near  Hot  Sjjrintis. 

Nov.  28.  Chicago.  C.  R.  Williams,  a 
trusted  employee  of  Rand,McNally,  and 
Go.  <»f  Chicago,  is  arraigned  for  the  em- 
bezzlement of  $25,000. 

Nov.  30.  Ky.  Ex-Speaker  Harvey  My- 
ers of  the  Legislature  is  indicted  for  of- 
fering a  bribe. 

New    York.      Mrs.    A.    A.    Anderson 

gives  $350,000  to  Roosevelt  Hospital 
for  the  erection  of  a  memorial  pavilion. 

Dec.  1  + .  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  authorities 
are  closing  all  disorderly  houses,  the 

inmates  are  to  be  cared  for  by  ministers 
and  church  members  so  far  as  possible. 

Dec.  3.  Md.  The  National  Prison 
Reform  Association  meets  in  Balti- 
more ;  Ex-President  Hayes  delivers  the 
annual  address. 


UNITED  STATES. 


1892,  Nov.  4 -Dec.  18.       419 


A".  J.    A   license   is    granted    by  the 

County  Court  to  sell  liquor  in  Vinelaud 
for  the  tirst  time  in  its  history. 

Dec.  6.    New  York.  G.  W.  Gardner,  agent 

of  the  Parkhurst  Soci*'ty  is  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  blackmailing  a  woman. 

(A  conspiruey.) 

Stw  York.  Police  Superintend- 
ent Byrnes  makes  serious  charges  in 
a  newspaper  against  l>r.  C.  H.  Park- 
hurst. 

[Dec.  7.  Dr.  Parkhurst  answers  the 
attack  on  him  made  by  Ptjlice  Superin- 
tendent Byrnes.  He  charges  that  the 
police  are  accomplices  of  iaw-breakers, 
and  receive  large  sums  of  money  for 
the  protection  of  crinuiials.  Dec.  8. 
Supt.  Byrnes  replies.  Dec.  9.  Dr.  Park- 
hurst publishes  another  statement.] 

The  provisions  of  the  will  of  Jay 
Gould  are  made  public ;  the  entire  es- 
tate goes  to  the  family,  the  great  bulk 
of  it  being  divided  among  his  six  chil- 
dren, and  nothing  for  the  relief  of  hu- 
man misery. 

Dec.  8.  III.  Telegraph  operators  on 
the  Rock  Island  Railroad  strike,  but 
trains  continue  to  run. 

[Dec.  17.  Neb.  The  Rock  Island  tele- 
graph operators  at  Omaha  declare  the 
strike  lost,  and  favor  boycotting  the 
road.] 

Ky.    Two  negroes  and  one  white  man 

are  taken  from  jail  and  lynched  by  a 
mob  at  Williamsburg. 

Dec.  9.  X.  Y.  Teachers  in  St.  Paul's 
Sciiool,  Garden  City,  go  on  strike. 

Dec.  10.  X.  Y.  The  State  has  formally 
assumed  the  care  of  all  its  insane 
poor,  except  those  in  New  York  and 
Kings  Counties. 

Dec.  11.  Cotin.  Two  thousand  per- 
sons 8ig:n  the  pledge  in  New  Haven 
at  a  temperance  meeting  conducted  by 
Edward  Murphy. 

/*«.    The  details  of  a  conspiracy  to 

poison  non-union   workmen  at  Home- 
stead are  made  public  in  Pittsburg. 

Dec.  12.  I'kila.  The  12th  annual  ses- 
sion of  tlie  American  Federation  of 
liabor  begins. 

Ttx.  Garza,  the  Mexican  rebel,  in- 
vades Mexico  from  Texas,  burns  a  bar- 
rack, and  returns. 

Dec.  13.  fr.  Va.  Three  robbers  board 
a  train  near  H  untingtou,  and  are  stoutly 
resisted  ;  two  passengers  are  shot,  one 
mortally  wounded. 

Wyn.    Two  armed  men  raid  the 

towrn  of  Gillette,  and  escape  capture. 

Dec.  14.  Phi/a.  The  American  Fede- 
ration of  Labor  resolves  tliat,  as  tlie 
strike  and  boycott  have  failed  as  weap- 
ons of  organized  labor,  a  campaign  of 
education  should  be  inaugurated,  look- 
ing: to  the  power  of  the  ballot  to  settle 
union  supremacy.  [It  favors  the  oi>en- 
ing  of  the  World's  Fair  on  Sunday.] 

Dec.  17.  N.  r.  The  revenue  authori- 
ties capture  lo  illicit  stills  in  Wilkes 
County,  and  three  in  Catawba  County, 
with  4,000  gallons  of  liquor  ;  they  arrest 
one  moonshiner, 

+  JFash.  A  16-year-old  highway- 
man is  terrorizing  ranchers  and  deputy 
sheriffs  near  Dungeness. 


STATE. 

189?    Nov.  8.     r.  .S.    The24thPre8i- 
dential  Election ;  Democrats  elected. 
Grover  Cleveland  (Dem.)  of  N.  Y., 


5,554,226 ;  Benjamin  Harrison  (Rep.) 
of  Ind.,  5,175,202;  James  B.  "Weaver 
(People's  Party)  of  la.,  1,041,028;  John 
Bidwell  (Prohib.)  of  Cal.,  204,133 ; 
Simon  "Wing  (Social  Labor)  of  Mass., 
21,1G4. 

Candidates  for  Vice-President ;  Adlai 
E.  Stevenson  (Dem.)  of  111.,  "Whitelaw 
Keid  (Rep.)  of  N.  Y.,  James  G.  Field 
([*eople's  Party)  of  Va.,  James  B. 
Cranfill  (Prohib.)  of  Tex.,  and  Charles 
H.  Matchett  (Social  Labor)  of  N.  Y. 
Cleveland's  plurality,  380,810.  Total 
popular  vote,  including  scattering,  12,- 
110,636. 

Kan.      The    proposition    to    hold    a 

Constitutional  Convention,  and  to 
cessate  the  enforcement  of  prohibitory 
laws,  is  adopted  at  the  election. 

The  People's  Party  carry  Kansas 

and  North  Dakota,  and  they  will  hold 
the  balance  of  power  in  the  V.  S. 
Senate. 

N.    Y.    In  the    investigation  of   the 

Buffalo  election  frauds  case,  the  ballots 
cast  show  by  count  in  court  that  two 
Republicans,  Quinby  and  Emerson, 
received  a  majority,  instead  of  a 
minority,  as  returned. 

Nov,  23.  Pa.  The  Committee  of  the 
XT.  S.  Senate,  investigating  the  Pin- 
kerton  system,  begins  its  sessions  at 
Pittsburg;  H.  C.  Frick  testifies. 

Dec.  2.  Wyo.  John  E.  Osborne  (Dem.), 
candidate  for  governor,  takes  the  oath 
of  office  before  the  returns  are  can- 
vassed by  the  State  Board  of  Canvass- 
ers. 

Dec.  3.  New  York.  Robert  A.  Pinker- 
ton  testifies  before  the  Senate  investi- 
gating committee  regarding  the  Home- 
stead troubles.  ^ 

Dec.  5.  B.  C.  The  52d  Congress:  the 
second  session  opens. 

Both  Houses  meet,  but  adjourn  with- 
out transacting  business  of  importance. 

Dec.  7.  P>.C.  Congress; Senate:  David 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  introduces  a  bill  to  re- 
peal the  Sherman  Silver  Law ;  the 
House  passes  the  bill  to  stop  the  reduc- 
tion In  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the 
Navy. 

III.    Judge  Greshani  declares  a  part 

of  Sec.  12  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Act  unconstitutional. 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  bill  to  stop  the  reduction  of 
the  Naval  Engineer  Corps ;  the  Chil- 
ean Claims  Treaty  is  ratified. 

Dec.  9.  />.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  Printing  Bill. 

Dec.  12.  Iiid.  The  Indiana  Supreme 
Court  declares  unconstitutional  the 
Apportionment  Act  passed  by  the 
Democratic  Legislature  two  years  ago. 

Dec.  13.  /).  C.  Secretary  of  State 
Foster  replies  to  certain  strictures  of 
Minister  Foster  of  Canada  upon  the 
President's  message. 

Dec.  14.  X>.  C.  Congress  :  The  House 
passes  the  Army  Appropriation  Bill, 
calling  for  $24,202,739. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Nov.  6.  .V.  }'.  Two  blocks  of 
buildings  are  burned  in  Brooklyn  ;  total 
loss,  $600,000,  and  fifty  families  made 
homeless. 

Pa.    The  boiler  of  a  locomotive  on 

the  Heading  Railroad  explodes  at  Con- 
ner's Crossing,  killing  five  men  and  fa- 
tally injuring  another. 

Nov.  10.  Cmm.  A  British  syndicate 
buys  the  Piatt  and  Whitney  Works  in 
Hartford  tor  $2,500,000. 

la.    Four  persons  are  burned  to  death 

in  a  railroad  accident. 

Nov.  11.  Me.  Camden  is  almost  de- 
stroyed by  fire;  loss  estimated  at  from 
$350,000  to  $500,000. 

Nov.  15.  Tenn.  The  National  Far- 
mers* Alliance  convenes  at  Memphis. 

Nov.  19.  Pkila.  The  coinage  of  Co- 
lumbus souvenir  half-dollars  is  be- 
gun at  the  mint. 

Nov.  22.  Mass.  A  kettle  made  in  1642, 
at  the  Saugus  Iron  Works,  —  the  first 
iron  casting  in  America, — is  pre- 
sented to  the  city  of  Lynn. 

Nov.  23.  Neb,  Four  men  are  killed  and 
three  fatally  injured  in  a  railroad  col- 
lision near  Grand  Island. 

Nov.  25.  li.  I.  "The  Breakers,"  the 
summer  home  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt 
at  Newport,  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$300,000. 

Nov.  29.  New  York.  The  aldermen  give 
the  Power  Company  a  franchise  on 
very  easy  terms.    Vote,  l5-o. 

Nov.  30.  La.  A  Nicaragua  Canal 
Convention  opens  at  New  Orlean;*.  [It 
passes  resolutions  calling  on  the  Govern- 
ment to  aid  the  enterprise.] 

Nov.  *  Phila.  Electric  street-cars  are 
introduced. 

Dec.  3.  La.  The  street- railroad  sys- 
tems of  New  Orleans  are  bought  by  a 
New  York  syndicate  for  $10,000,000. 

Dec.  6.  Phila.  Tlie  Puhlir.  Aef///cr  build- 
ing is  much  damaged  by  tire ;  loss, 
$250,000. 

Dec.  8.  N.Y.  The  Silversmiths' Com- 
pany is  incorporated  at  Albany  ;  capital, 
5;  12,000,000. 

Dec,  11.  "Western  subscription  book 
publishers  combine  ;  capital,  $3,500,000. 

Mo.  The  first  street-railroad  mail- 
car,  for  collecting,  sorting,  and  deliver- 
ing postal  matter,  is  introduced  at  St. 
Louis, 

Dec.  12.  New  York.  A  number  of  the 
overdue  German  steamer  Spree's  pas- 
sengers arrive  on  the  £fruria. 

Dec.  13.  Md.  Six  largo  warehouses  and 
16,000  bales  of  cotton  are  burned  in  Bal- 
timore ;  loss,  $700,000. 

Dec.  15.    Phila.     The    police   census 

gives  a  population  of  1,142,653,  an  in- 
crease since  1890  of  95,689. 

Dec.  17.  Chicago.  President  Higgin- 
botham,  of  the  World's  Fair  Commis- 
sion, accepts  from  the  manufacturers 
of  the  Remington  typewriter  the  bid 
of  $10,000  for  the  first  Columbian 
half-dollar  issued  from  the  mint. 

Minn.  Eight  men  are  killed  and  sev- 
eral injured  in  a  wreck  on  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  at  Nelson. 


420     1892,  Dec.  19-1893,  Jan.  10.         AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1892  Bee.  22.  D.  C.  John  P.  Haw- 
kins is  commissioned  brigadier-general. 

Dee.  27.  Tex.  An  encounter  takes  place 
between  troops  and  bandits  on  the  Mex- 
ican border. 

1893  Jan.  6.  D.  C.  Charles  M.  Terrell 
is  commissioned  colonel  —  pay  depart- 
ment. [Jan.  22.  Thaddeus  H.  Stanton 
—  pay  department.] 

Jan.  7.  III.  Plans  are  on  foot  to  orga- 
nize a  Naval  Reserve  in  Illinois. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Commander  Silas  W. 
Terry  is  promoted  captain.  [Feb.  25. 
Merrill  Miller.  Apr.  27.  John  J.  Reed. 
May  9.  Mortimer  L.  Johnson.  May  15. 
Edwin  M.  Shepherd.  June  27.  Robeley 
D.  Evans.    Sept.  27.    George  .W.  Coffin.] 

ART  —SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  *  *  Pa.  Many  monuments  are 
dedicated  on  the  battlefield  of  Gettys- 
burg during  the  year, 

1893  Jan.  2.  Mass.  E.  H.  R.  Lyman 
gives  to  the  city  of  Northampton  the 
deed  of  an  Academy  of  Music,  costing 
$100,000. 

Mont,  An  avalanche  causes  disas- 
ter near  Java  Station,  on  the  Great 
Northern  road  ;  four  lives  are  lost. 

Jan.  6.  0.  The  breaking  of  an  ice- 
gorge  causes  §100,000  damages  to  ship- 
ping in  the  Ohio  River  at  Cincinnati. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
189!3. 

Dec.  S4.    Dent-    Frederick    T.,   brig.-gen. 
U.  S.  A.,  A72. 

Dec.  35.    Henrici,  Jacob,   communist,   at 
Harmony,  Pa.,  A89. 

Dec.  28.     Kimball,   Richard  Burleigh,  au- 
thor, A  76. 
1893. 

Jan.  1.    Horsford,  Eben  N.,  professor  of 
chemistry  at  Harvard,  A75. 

Jan.  2.     Lamb,  Martha  J.,  historian,  A64. 

Jan.  3.    Pillslmry,  Gilbert,  aboUtionist,  A79. 

Jan.  6.    Cappa,  Charles  A.,   band-master, 
A  59. 

Jan.  7.    Low,  Abiel  A.,  merchant,  philan- 
thropist, of  New  York,  A82. 

Jan.  10.    Kenna,  John  E.,  senator  for  W. 
Va.,  A45. 

CHURCH. 

1892  Dec.  23.  XewYork.  Dr.  M' Glynn 
is  restored  to  his  priestly  functions 
by  the  Papal  delegate,  Mgr.  Satolli. 

Dec.  25.  A^  Y.  Dr.  M'Glynn  says 
mass  in  a  small  chapel  in  Brooklyn,  and 
in  the  afternoon  receives  a  great  ovation 
from  2,000  people  assembled  in  Cooper 
Union. 

Dec.  27.  Neto  York.  The  corner-stone 
of  the  ("Protestant  Episcopal)  Cathe- 
dral of  St.  John  the  Divine,  in  Morn- 
ingside  Park,  is  laid  by  Bishop  Potter, 
Bishop  W.  C.  Doane  of  Albany  deliver- 
ing the  address. 

Dec*  The  Salvation  Army  of  the 
United  States  reports  1,500  officers,  13,000 
soldiers,  work  in  462  cities  and  towns, 
555  outposts  established,  and  32,433  con- 
verts. 

•  *  Fla.  "William  Crane  Gray  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mission- 
ary bishop  of  Florida. 


*  *  Ga.  C.  Kinloch  Nelson  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Georgia. 

*  *  III.  Charles  R.  Hale  is  consecrated 
(Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of  Spring- 
field. 

*  *  The  United  German  Synod  (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran)  in  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
and  Wisconsin  is  organized. 

*  *  Pa.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbjrterian)  meets  at  Allegheny  ; 
David  MacDill,  moderator. 

*  *  Tenn.  The  Annual  Convention 
(Disciples  of  Chrisf)  is  held  at  Nashville ; 
A.  M.  Atkinson,  president. 

*  *  Tex.  George  Herbert  Kinsolving 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Texas. 

*  *  Wash.  Lemuel  H.  Wells  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  bishop  of 
Spokane. 

1893  Jan.  5.  O.  Authority  is  given  to 
mortgage  the  Roman  Catholic  cathedral 
in  Cincinnati,  in  order  to  secure  $G2,000 
to  be  paid  as  a  dividend  to  the  cred- 
itors of  Archbishop  Purcell. 

Jan.  6.  Olcla.  Francis  K.Brooke  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  mlsBion- 
ary  bishop  of  Oklahoma. 

LETTERS. 

1892  Dec.  21.  Xew  York.  A  new  in- 
dustrial-school building  is  opened  in 
Sullivan  Street,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Children's  Aid  Society. 

Dec.  26.  O.  John  L.  Woods,  a  retired 
lumber-dealer,  gives  §1120,000  as  a  Christ- 
mas present  to  the  Medical  College  of 
"Western  Reserve  University. 

Dec.  27.  Chicago.  John  D.  Rockefeller 
givei  $1,000,000  in  bonds  to  Chicago 
University,  making  $3,600,000  as  his 
total  gift  to  that  institution. 

Dec.  28.  Phila.  The  2d  annual  con- 
ference for  the  advancement  of  Univer- 
sity Extension  is  held. 

Dec.  29.  Md,  The  $500,000  fund  for  a 
woman's  medical  department  in  Johns 
Hopkins  University  is  completed  by  a 
gift  from  Miss  Mary  E.  Garrett. 

*  *  N.  Y.  A  collection  of  minerals  be- 
longing to  Br.  Rossiter  W.  Raymond, 
late  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Mines  and  Mining,  is  presented  to  the 
Brooklyn  Institute. 

*  *  Phila.  The  Rev.  W.  Brenton  Greene 
is  selected  to  fill  the  chair  of  Apologet- 
ics and  Ethics  at  Princeton  Seminary. 

*  *  Boston.    The  World  magazine  appears. 

*  *  Phila.  Peterson's  Magazine  (new  se- 
ries) appears. 

*  *  The  Chinese,  by  Robert  Coltman,  Jr. 
appears. 

*  *  Prisons  of  Air,  by  Moncure  D.  Con- 
way, appears ;  also  Life  of  Thomas 
Paine. 

*  *  Life  and  Letters  of  Gen.  Thomas  Jere- 
miah Jackson  (Stonewall  Jackson),  by 
his  wife,  Mary  Ann  Jackson,  appeare. 

*  *  Autobiography  of  Gen.  Benjamin  F. 
Butler  appears. 


*  *  Mark  Hopkins,  by  Franklin  Carter, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Lesson  of  the  Master,  by  Henry 
James,  appears. 

^  *  A  First  Family  of  Tasajara,  by  Bret 

Harte,  appears. 
''  *  Concerning    All    of    Us,    by    Thomas 

Wentworth  Higginson,  appears. 
''  *  Latest  Literary  Essays  and  Addresses, 

by  James  Russell  Ijowell,  appears. 

*  *  A  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  by  John  Bach  McMaster,  appears. 

'  ♦  Moral  Teachings  of  Science,  by  Ara- 
bella B.  Buckley,  appears. 

*  *  Indika,  by  John  F.  Hurst,  appears. 

■  *  The  Life  of  Charles  Sumner,  by  Archi- 
bald H.  Grimk^,  appears. 

*  *  The  Evolution  of  ChHstianity,  by  Ly- 
man Abbott,  appears. 

^  *  The  Discovery  of  America,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears. 

^  *  The  Colonial  Era,  by  George  Park 
Fisher,  appears. 

''  *  The  Kansas  Conflict,  by  Charles  Rob- 
inson, appears. 

'  *  The  Quality  of  Mercy,  by  William 
Dean  Howells  appears  ;  also,  An  Imper- 
ative Duty. 

*  *  Sibyl  Knox,  by  Edward  Everett  Hale, 
appears. 

■  *  The  Puritan  in  Holland,  England,  and 
^7?ieHca,  by  Douglass  Campbell,  appears. 

'  *  Methods  of  Industrial  Remutieration, 
by  David  F.  Schloss,  appears. 

'  *  The  Life  of  Joshua  R.  Giddings,  by 
George  W.  Julian,  appears. 

'  *  The  Naulahka,  by  Rudyard  Kipling 
and  Wolcott  Balestier,  appears. 

'  *  Silhouettes  of  American  Life,  by  Re- 
becca Harding  Davis,  appears. 

'  *  The  Wrecker,  by  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son and  Lloyd  Osbourne,  appears. 

'  *  Darwin  and  After  Darwin,  by  George 
John  Romanes,  appears. 

'  *  The  Speech  of  Monkeys,  by  R.  L.  Gar- 
ner, appears. 

'  *  A  History  of  Peril,  by  Clements  E. 
Markham,  appears. 

'  *  The  Human  Mind,  by  James  Sully, 
appears. 

■  *  John  Winthrop,  by  Joseph  H.  Twit- 
chell,  appears. 

'  *  History  of  the  New  World  called  Am- 
erica, by  Edward  John  Payne,  appears. 

■  *  State  Papers  and  Speeches  on  the  Tar- 
iff, by  F.  W.  Taussig,  appears. 

■  *  Primitive  Man  in  Ohio,  by  Warren  K. 
Moorehead,  appears. 

'  *  Cotton  Mather,  the  Puritan  Priest,  by 
Barrett  Wendell,  appears. 

*  Admiral  Farragut,  by  Capt.  A.  T. 
Mahan,  appears. 

*  The  World's  Metal  Monetary  Systems, 
by  John  Henry  Norman,  appears. 

*  Man  and  the  Glacial  Period,  by  G. 
Frederick  Wright,  appears. 

*  Historif  of  the  United  States  from  the 
Compromise  of  1850,  by  James  Ford 
Rhodes,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.   1892,  Dee.  19-1893,  Jan.  10.  421 


I 


*  *  The  Aixtic  Seas,  by  Robert  Kelley  and 
G.  S.  Davis,  appears. 

1893  Jan.  3.  Sew  York:  The  public 
schools  reopen  with  148,000  children 
in  attendance. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Dec.  23.     .V.  J.     Ballot-box 

stuffers  are  released  from  prison  by 
the  Court  of  Pardons.    (See  p.  408.) 

I>ec.  24.  -Boston.  The  American  Folk- 
lore Society  is  in  session. 

Dec.  25.  O.  Linemen  in  the  employ  of 
the  electric  companies  of  Toledo  go  on 
strike,  and  cut  the  wires. 

Dec.  26.  New  York.  Gifts  are  made  to 
thousands  of  children  by  the  Christ- 
mas Society  at  Madison  Square  Gar- 
den. 

Dec.  28.  X.  Y.  The  new  Hebrew  Or- 
phan Asylum  is  dedicated  in  Brooklyn 
with  addresses  by  Mayor  Boody,  Dr. 
M'Glynn,  and  others. 

fVis.    The  South  Side  Plant  of  the 

Milwaukee  Street-Railroad  Company  ia 
destroyed  by  a  bomb  explosion.  Loss, 
$510,000 ;  the  perpetrator  is  unknown. 

Dec.  30.  Ind.  "White  Caps  near  Ko- 
komo  take  a  man  from  bed,  whip  him 
with  hickory  switches,  and  leave  him  at 
a  distance  froixi  his  house  in  the  snow  in 
his  underclothes  and  bare  feet. 

Wyo.    Two  U.  S.  deputy-marshals 

and  three  desperadoes  are  killed  in  a 

light. 

Dec.  31.  Ia.  "W.Mayhor  is  in  jail  at  Sid- 
ney,  charged  with  murdering  five  wives. 

*  *  Ala.  A  convention  of  colored  peo- 
ple meets  at  Tuskegee  to  provide  means 
for  benefiting  their  race. 

*  *  Ata.  A  fund  of  $131,362  is  raised  by 
special  tax  to  pay  a  pension  of  $25.60  to 
each  of  the  4,955  disabled  Confeder- 
ate soldiers. 

1893  Jan.  1.  The  Knights  of  Pythias 
report  413,D44  members. 

-Jan.  3.  Ky.  Several  persons  are  killed 
and  wounded  in  a  conflict  near  Caylers- 
ville. 

Tenn.    Henry  Duncan  is  taken  from 

jail  in  London  and  hanged  by  a  mob. 

Jan.  6.  N.  Y.  Kings  County  Grand  Jury 
brings  in  a  sweeping  indictment  against 
city  and  county  officials  for  frauds  in 
connection  with  the  Columbian  Celebra- 
tion. 

Jan.  8.  Neio  York.  Dr.  M'Glynn  at 
Cooper  Institute  states  how  his  restora^ 
tion  to  favor  with  the  authorities  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  was  brought 
about ;  he  was  not  required  to  apologize 
or  retract  anything  he  had  said. 

Jan.  9.  Boston.  Judge  Lathrop  of  the 
Supreme  Court  orders  that  the  Five- 
Year  Benefit  Order  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  a  receiver,  it  having  been  car- 
ried on  for  the  sole  benefit  of  tne  officers. 

STATE. 
1892     Dec.  19.     D.  C.    Congress; 

House :  A  bill  increasing  the  pensions 
of  Mexican  "War  veterans  is  passed. 
[1893  Jan.  2.  Approved.] 
Dec.  20.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
sale  of  Brooklyn  Navy-Yard  land  is 
authorized  ;  the  bill  to  repeal  the  Fed- 
eral Sections  Law  is  discussed. 


New    York.     The  Bar  Association 

asks  the  governor  not  to  appoint  Judge 
Maynard  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the 
Court  of  Appeals.  [Dee.  30.  The  gov- 
ernor makes  the  appointment.] 

Dec.  24.  MoiU.  By  a  writ  of  the  court 
commanding  that  the  votes  of  the  Box 
Elder  precinct  be  canvassed,  the  IJegis- 
lature  is  given  to  the  Republicans. 

Dec.  27.  Ida.  The  Idaho  Apportion- 
ment Act  is  declared  unconstitutional 
by  the  Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  30.  IJ.  C.  President  Harrison  pro- 
claims the  conclusion  of  a  definite  ar- 
rangement of  commercial  reciprocity 
with  Salvador,  to  take  effect  Dec.  31. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  appropriates  $25,000 
for  the  equipment  of  the  Naval  Re- 
serve. 

Popular  Vote  for  President  (Nov.  8), 


Candidates. 

States. 

Harrison 

Cleveland 

Weaver 

Bidwell 

Ala.      . 

9,li)7 

138,138 

85,181 

239 

Ark.     . 

46,974 

87,752 

11,831 

113 

Cal.      . 

118,927 

118,151 

25,311 

8,096 

Colo.    . 

38,620 

63,584 

1,687 

Conn.  . 

77,032 

'  82,395 

809 

4,026 

Del.      . 

18,077 

IS,,581 

564 

Fla.      . 

30,143 

4,843 

570 

Ga.  .    . 

'  48,305 

129,386 

42,939 

988 

Ida..    . 

8,,599 

2 

10,,520 

288 

111.  .    . 

399,288 

426,281 

22,207 

25,870 

Ind.     . 

25.^,61,5 

262,740 

22,198 

13,044 

Ia.    .    . 

219,373 

196,367 

20,616 

6,322 

Kan.     . 

157,241 

163,111 

4,.553 

Ky.  .    . 

135,441 

'l7.i,461 

23,500 

6,442 

La.  .    . 

13,331 

87,922 

13,332 

Me.  .    . 

62,878 

48.024 

2,045 

3,062 

Mii. .    . 

92,736 

113,866 

796 

6,877 

Mass.  . 

202,814 

176,813 

3,210 

7,539 

Midi.  . 

222,708 

202,296 

19,892 

14,069 

Minn.  . 

122,736 

100,579 

30,398 

14,017 

Miss.    . 

1,406 

40,237 

10,2.59 

610 

Mo.  .    . 

226,762 

268,628 

41,183 

4,298 

Mont.  . 

18,838 

17,.534 

7,259 

517 

Neb.     . 

87,227 

24,943 

83,134 

4,902 

Nev.     . 

2,822 

711 

7,267 

85 

N.H.    . 

45,6.^8 

42,081 

293 

1,297 

N.J.     . 

156,080 

171,066 

985 

8,134 

N.Y.    . 

609,,1.W 

654,868 

16,429 

38,190 

N.  0.     . 

100,346 

132,951 

44,732 

2,636 

N.  Dak. 

17,519 

17,680 

.     . 

0.    .     . 

40.'),1S7 

'404,115 

14,8.W 

26,012 

Ore.      . 

35,002 

14,243 

26,875 

2,281 

Penn.  . 

516,011 

4.52,264 

8,714 

25,123 

R.  I.      . 

27,069 

24,335 

227 

1,665 

S.  C.     . 

13,384 

64,698 

2,410 

,    . 

S.  Dak. 

34,888 

9,081 

26,512 

Tenn.  . 

99,973 

136,477 

23,622 

4,856 

Tex.     . 

81,444 

239,148 

99,638 

2,165 

Vt.   .    . 

37,992 

I6,.325 

43 

1,424 

Va.  .    . 

113,2.56 

163,977 

12,274 

2,798 

Wash. . 

36,470 

29,844 

19,105 

2,553 

W.  Va. 

80,285 

84,468 

4,165 

2,130 

Wis.     . 

170,791 

177,335 

9,909 

13,132 

Wyo.    . 

8,454 

7,722 

530 

Total 

5,175,202 

5,.5.54,226 

1,042,631 

262,799 

Perot.  . 

42.82 

46.98 

8.79 

2.17 

Plur.    . 

379,025 

■     " 

*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 
-94  •  »  Ata.    Thomas  Q.  Jones  (Dem.). 
-94*  *  Ariz.(,Ter.).  N.O. Murphy (Bep.). 
-94  *  *  Oa.   William  J.  Northen  (Dem.). 
-94  *  •  la.    Horace  Boies  (Dera.). 
-94  *  *  La.    Murphy  J.  Foster  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  Md.    Frank  Brown  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  Mass.    Wm.  E.  Kussell  (Dem.). 
-94  *  •  AT.  r.    R.  P.  Flower  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  O.    Wm.  McKinley,  Jr.  (Rep.). 
-94  *  *  S.  C.    Benj.  R.  Tillman  (Dem.). 
-94  *  *  n.    Levi  K.  Fuller  (Rep.). 
-96  *  *  Okla.(Ter.).    A.  J.  Seay  (Rep.). 

1893  Jan.  2.  New  York.  Thomas  F. 
Gilroy,  87th  mayor,  is  sworn  into  office. 

Jan.  4.  D.  C.  President  Harrison  is- 
sues a  proclamation   of   amnesty  to 


Mormons  liable  to  prosecution  for  polyg- 
amy who  will  refrain  from  polygamous 
marriage. 

Jan.  5.  1).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Option  Bill,  for  the 
suppression  of  speculative  transactions  ; 
the  House  passes  the  Fortifications 
Appropriation  Bill,  introduced  Dec. 
17,  1892. 

Jan.  7.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  that  the  pending  Chandler  Im- 
migration Suspension  Bill  will  not  con- 
flict with  treaty  obligations  ;  a  bill  to 
provide  a  temporary  government  for 
Alaska  is  introduced.  [Referred ;  no 
action.] 

Jan.  9.  £>.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill,  introduced  Jan.  ,5 ; 
also  the  Military  Academy  Appro- 
priation Bill,  introduced  Jan.  3. 

(I.  S.    The  Presidential  Electors  meet 

at  the  capitals  of  all  the  States,  and  cast 
their  votes  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Jan.  10.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Quarantine  Bill,  granting 
additional  quarantine  powers.  [No  ac- 
tion in  the  House.] 

Kan.  The  Populists  and  Repub- 
licans both  claim  to  have  elected  the 
speaker  of  the  House  ;  the  two  factions 
organize  separate  Houses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Dec.  30.  iV.  r.  A  traction 
company  with  a  capital  of  §30,000,000 
will  pay  ten  per  cent  dividends  on  $12,- 
000,000  stock  as  rental  for  the  lease  of 
the  Brooklyn  City  Railroad. 

Dec.  31.  U.  .S.  Statistics  for  1892. 
Production  :  Gold,  $33,000,000  ;  silver, 
$82,101,010;  bushels  of  grain:  Indian 
corn,  1, (128,464,000;  wheat,  .')15,949,000 ; 
oats,  661,035,000;  barley,  70,000,000+; 
rye,  30,000,000+  ;  buckwheat,  11,000,000±  ; 
bales  of  cotton,  9,038,707 ;  pounds  of 
wool,  294,000,000 ;  barrels  of  petroleum, 
60,809,136.  Currency  in  circulation, 
.l!1, 601 ,347,187;  per  capita,  $'24.44.  Im- 
migrants received  (fiscal  year),  623,084. 
Miles  of  railroad  worked,  170,668 ;  capi- 
tal stock,  $4,920,555,225.  Fire-waste, 
$151,516,098:  insurance,  $93,511,936.  To- 
tal railroad  accidents,  2,327  ;  7,147  per- 
sons are  killed  and  36,652  injured.  A 
total  of  41,682^8  oar  passengers  cross 
the  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

*  *  III.  Through  the  breaking  of  a  levee 
of  the  Mississippi,  80  square  miles  of 
territory  are  flooded. 

•  •  Mass.  The  centennial  of  the  found- 
ing of  Quincy  is  celebrated. 

1893  Jan.  5.  Wash.  The  last  spike  on 
the  Great  MTorthem  Railroad  is  driven 
at  a  point  of  the  road  in  the  Cascade 
Mountains. 

Jan.  6.  (hlo.  An  oilery  is  burned  in 
Denver ;  loss,  $290,000. 

Pa.    Pittsburg  loses  $275,000  by  fire. 

Jan.  7.    Pa.   Three  persons  are  killed  by 

a  natural-gas  explosion  In  Pittsburg. 
Jan.  9.     N.  J.      The    Central    Railroad 

withdraws  from  the  Reading  combi 

nation. 
Jan.  10.    Boston.    A  fire  causes  a  loss 

of  $1,655,000. 


422    1893.  Jan.  10-Feb.  8. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Feb.  4.  Me.  The  harbor-de- 
fense ram  Katahtlin  is  launched  at  the 
Bath  Iron  Works. 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  The  Secretary  of  War  re- 
ports that  the  militia  of  the  United 
States  numbers  U2,49G. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1893    Jan.  12.    Pkila.     The  American 
Academy    of    Political    and   Social 
Science  is  in  session. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1893. 
Jan.  11.    Butler.  Benjamin  F.,  maj.-gen. 

vela.,  M.  C.  for  Mass.,  (lov.,  A76. 
Jan.  15.    Ingalls,  liufus,  niaj.-gen.  U.  S.  A., 

A73. 
Jan.  17.    Hayes.  Rutherford   B.,  brig.- 

gen.  vol8.,M.  ('.for  O.,  Gov.,  19th  President 

of  the  U.  S.,  (lies  at  Treniont,  O.,  A71. 
Jan.  19.    Eichberg,  Julius,  composer,  A69. 
Jan.  S3.    Brooks,  Phillips,  I*.  E.  bishop 

of  Mass.,  author,  A.^8. 
Lamar.  Lucius  Q.  C.  M.  C.  for  Miss., 

Confederate  officer,  senator,  justice  V.  S. 

Supreme  Court,  A6H. 
Jan.  37.    Blaine,  James  G.,  M.  C.  for  Me., 

speaker,  senator,  secretary  of  state.  Rep. 

candidate  for  presidency,  A63. 

Campbell,  .laTiies,  postmaster-gen.,  A81. 

Jan.  38.      Doubleday,    Abner,    maj.-gen. 

vols.,  A 74. 
Feb.  1.    Comegys,  Joseph  P.,  chief  justice 

of  Del.,  A80. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Jan.  14,  //.  The  Pope  perma- 
nently establishes  the  Apostolic  Dele- 
gate to  the  United  States,  and  confirms 
Mgr.  Satolli  as  the  first  delegate. 

Jan.  25.  Colo.  William  Morris  Barker 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
missionary  bishop  of  Western  Colorado. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Mgr.  Satolli  decides  a 
controversy  between  Bishop  Wigger 
of  Newark  and  Father  Killeen  ad- 
versely to  the  bishop. 

[Feb.  19.    Bishop  Wigger  is  rebuked  by 
Mgr.  Satolli  in  a  letter.] 

LETTERS. 

1893    Jan.  14.    Nev.    The  Virginia  City 

Territorial  Enterprise,  the  oldest  paper 
in  the  State,  suspends  publication. 

Jan.  17±.  Wis.  M.  W.  Stryker  is  inau- 
gurated President  of  Hamilton  Col- 
lege, and  C.  K.  Adams  President  of  the 
University  of  'Wisconsin. 

Jan,  23.  Conti.  The  new  Yale  gymna- 
sium is  formally  turned  over  to  the 
university. 

Jan.  31.  Chicaf/o.  The  University  of 
Chicago  receives  .5100,000  toward  a  cam- 
pus fund  of  §500,000;  it  is  the  gift  of 
Martin  A.  Ryerson,  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees, 

Feb.  3.  K.  H.  Rev.  Dr.  W.  J.  Tucker 
of  Andover  Theological  Seminary  is 
elected  President  of  Dartmouth. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Jan.  llf.  Miss.  "White  Caps 
are  persecuting  the  Hebrews  in  Pike 
County. 

Jan.  13.  Neir  Yorl:.  Charges  against 
Inspectors  Williams  and  McAvoy  and 


Captains  Doherty,  W^estervelt,  and 
Stephenson,  are  approved  by  the  police 
superintendent. 

[.Ume  16.  The  Board  declares  the  in- 
spectors not  guilty,  but  says  that  the 
three  captains  had  neglected  their  duty.] 

.V.  }'.  Levi  Coke,  Iron  HaU  treas- 
urer in  Elmira,  is  indicted  for  grand 
larceny  in  misappropriating  funds  of  the 
order. 

Jan.  14.  La.  Chief  of  Police  Ga.ster 
of  New  Orleans  is  fined  §301  for  neglect- 
ing to  enforce  Sunday  laws. 

(>.  Herr  von  Koutsky  of  the  week- 
ly Volksfreundy  Cincinnati,  disappears, 
leaving  iiis  accounts  short  about  $20,000. 

fa.    City  Treasurer  Obold  of  Reading 

is  short  in  his  accounts  $10,000. 

Jan.  15.  I).  C  The  25th  annual  con- 
vention of  the  National  American 
Woman  Suffrage  Association  holds 
religious  services  ;  Rev.  Anna  F.  East- 
man preaches  the  sermon. 

Mass.    Frank  Vining  of  Georgetown 

confesses  to  many  forgeries,  and  is  held 
in  $3,000  bail. 

Jan.  17.  N'ew  York.  The  Court  of  Ap- 
peals confirms  the  conviction  of  Carlyle 
W.  Harris, for  themurderof  his  school- 
girl wife. 

[May  4.  Gov.  Flower  denies  an  ap- 
plication for  clemency.  May  8.  He  is 
electrocuted  at  Sing  Sing.] 

Jan.  19.  ///.  The  Supreme  Court  reverses 
the  lower  courts  in  the  Cronin  cases, 
and  grants  a  new  trial  to  ex-Detective 
Daniel  Coughlin,  the  surviving  convict. 

Jan.  20.  Pa.  HughF.Dempsey.  District 
Master  Workman  of  the  Knights  of 
Labor,  is  found  guilty  as  indicted  in 
the  trial  of  the  Homestead  poisoning 
case.  [Mar.  4.  He  receives  a  severe 
sentence.] 

Jan.  24.  Chicago.  The  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Farmers*  Alli- 
ance opens  with  only  three  States  rep- 
resented. 

N.  Y.  The  bill  legalizing  the  un- 
authorized and  excessive  expenses  of 
the  Brooklyn  officials  at  the  Columbus 
Celebration  passes  the  Assembly  at  Al- 
bany. 

Jan.  25.    Ky.    W.  Howard  is  found  guilty 

^  of  the  charge  of  having  killed  a  dozen 
men  in  the  Howard-Turner  feud  in  Har- 
lan County. 

Jan.  26.  Boston.  The  National  Di- 
vorce Reform  League  meets. 

N.    Y.     Frank   Duffy,  saloon  keeper, 

kills  George  Cunningham  at  Fort  Ham- 
ilton. 

Jan.  28.  Kan.  Two  masked  men  rob 
a  bank,  kill  a  pursuer,  but  are  finally 
overpowered,  and  put  in  jail  at  Lebo. 

N.  J.  Silk-weavers  in  Paterson  strike 

because  of  a  reduction  in  wages  on  a 

certain  class  of  work. 
Jan,  30.    N.    Y.    Many  strikers  return 

to  work  in  the  Brooks  Locomotive-works 

at  Dunkirk. 
Feb.    1.      New     York.      Anton     Kessler 

shoots  Mrs.  Kate  Jaeger,  and  tries  to 

kill  himself. 
Tex.    A   negro  held  on  a  charge  of 

murder  is  burned  alive  at  the  stake  by  a 

mob  at  Paris. 
Feb.  2.    Ark.    The  First  National  Rank 

of  Little  Rock,  wrecked  by  dishonest 

officers,  closes  its  doors. 

Cal.      The    railroad    station    at    Los 

Olivos  is  looted,  and  Agent  Moore  mor- 
tally woiuided,  by  three  masked  robbers. 


/V(.     R.  J.  Beatty  is  found  guilty  on 

six  indictments  as  an  accomplice  in  the 
Homesteatt  poisonings. 

Feb.  3.  N.  J.  Mrs.  Abigail  Ashbrook  of 
Willingboro  refuses  to  pay  taxes  be- 
cause she  is  not  allowed  to  vote. 

Feb.  4.  /.  T.  Three  men  hold  up  the 
agent  at  Adair  railway  station,  and  rob 
him  of  $8,700. 

Xeb.     The    National    Live-Stock 

Association  is  in  session  at  Omaha. 

.S'.  Dak.    Four  cowbojrs  are  killed 

by  the  Two-Strikes  band  of  Indian  po- 
lice at  Pine  Ridge  Agency  for  murder- 
ing Indians.  [Tne  police  are  officially 
commended.] 

Feb.  7.  Tex.  Gov.  Hogg,  by  special  mes- 
sage, asks  the  Legislature  to  take  steps 
to  prevent  mob  violence. 

Feb.  8.  /.  T.  Deputy  Marsballs  Rust, 
Bruner,  and  Knight  are  killed  near 
Tahlequah  by  Bill  Pigeon,  an  Indian 
desperado. 

J'a.    The  House  of  Representatives 

passes  a  bill  prohibiting  the  sale  of 
cigarettes. 

STATE. 
1893    Jan.  10.    .V.  Y.    The  Legislature 
tries  to  make  legal  the  acts  of  the 
indicted  Brooklyn  officials. 

[Jan.  12.  In  the  Senate  the  bill  of 
John  McCarty  of  Brooklyn,  legalizing 
the  acts  of  Kings  County  officials  in 
expending  $60,000  in  payment  of  the 
alleged  expenses  of  the  Columbian  cele- 
bration, is  amended,  and  referred  to  the 
Senate  Judiciary  Committee.  Jan.  24. 
It  passes  the  Assembly.  Jan.  26.  Passed 
by  the  Senate.  Vote,  26-4.  Feb.  6.  The 
bill  is  vetoed  by  Gov.  Flower.] 

Jan.  12.  Kan.  In  the  House  the  three 
Democrats  vote  with  the  Republicans  : 
Gov.  Le welling  recognizes  the  Popu- 
list House  by  sending  a  message  to  the 
Speaker. 

Jan.  13.  I).C.  Congress;  Senate;  The 
Sherman  Bill  to  extend  to  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Ocean  the  provisions  of 
the  statutes  for  the  protection  of  fur- 
seals  and  other  fur-bearing  animals  is 
passed  ;  bill  introduced  Deo.  20,  1892. 

Kmi.    The  Senate  recognizes  the  clerk 

of  the  Populist  House.  Vote,  23-17.  A 
mass-meeting  is  <-alletl  to  censure  the 
governor  and  the  Populists. 

Jan.  14,    Kan.    The  fusion  between  the 

Democrats  and  Populists  is  dissolved. 

Pkila.    Senator  John  Sherman  of  O. 

in  a  letter  to  The  Philadelphia  Ledger 
holds  the  Democrats  responsible  for  the 
failure  to  secure  remedial  silver  legisla- 
tion in  this  session  of  Congress. 

Jan.  16.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Anti-Option  Bill  is  discussed  ;  the  Vilas 
amendment  to  confine  penal  provisions 
of  the  bill  to  purely  speculative  transac- 
tions is  rejected.  Vote,  12-33.  In  the 
House  a  resolution  to  amend  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  so  as  to 
provide  that  Senators  shall  be  chosen  by 
the  direct  vote  of  the  people  is  passed. 
[No  action  in  the  Senate.]  The  Arkan- 
sas Swamp-Iiand  BiU  is  defeated. 
Vote,  G8-132. 

Jan.  17.  />.  C.  The  Senate  Finance 
Committee  reports  a  bill  repealing  the 
purchase  clause  of  the  Sherman  Act  ; 
it  provides  for  the  suspension  of  all 


UNITED  STATES. 


1893,  Jan.  10-Feb.  8.    423 


bullion  purchases  under  the  Act  of 
ISiK)  after  Jan.  1,  ISiM ;  an  amendment 
provides  for  tlie  issuing  of  circulating 
notes  for  U.  S.  bonds  deposited  by  na- 
tional banks  ;  the  President's  veto  (July 
29,  1892)  of  the  Claim  Bill  favoring  the 
Williuui  ]\IcGarrahau  title  to  Rancho 
Panoche  Orande,  Cal.,  is  sustained.  The 
Senate  passes  the  bill  to  extend  free 
postal  delivery  to  small  towns;  bill 
introduced  Dec.  13,  1802. 

Jan,  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
pjisses  the  bill  to  extend  tho  free  postal 
delivery  to  small  towns.  [Jan.  2u. 
Approved.]  President  Harrison  issues 
a  proclamation  concerning  the  death 
of  ex-President  Hayes,  and  both 
Houses  of  Congress  adjourn  out  of  re- 
spect to  his  memory. 

Jan.  19.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Ed- 
ward O.  Wolcott  of  Colo,  introduces  an 
amendment  to  the  Silver  Purchase 
Hepeal  BiU;  it  provides  forthecoinage 
of  all  the  silver  bullion  which  has  ac- 
cumulated in  the  Treasury  under  the 
Sherman  Act.  [Debated,  but  no  action 
taken.] 

Jan.  21.  Ky.  John  G.  Carlisle  of  Ky. 
resigns  his  office  as  Senator  to  Gov. 
lirown.  [He  becomes  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.] 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House, 
after  a  stormy  debate,  passes  the  Na- 
tional Quarantine  Bill  for  the  pro- 
tection of  commerce,  introduced  Dec.  7, 
1802. 

A".  Y.  A  substitute  for  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  Bill  is  passed 
by  the  Senate  at  Albany  ;  it  allows  each 
of  the  two  great  political  parties  to 
choose  sixteen  delegates  at  large.  [Jan. 
26.    It  passes  the  Assembly.] 

Jan.  24.  Chicago.  The  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Farmers'  Alliance 

opens. 

Jan.  25.  fffa.  Tlie  Legislature  enfran- 
chises about  5,000  Mormons. 

Kan.    In  joint  ballot  the  Legislature 

(the  lower  House  not  yet  legally  organ- 
ized) elects  Judge  John  Martin  (Dem.) 
U.  S.  Senator,  the  Kei>ublicanH  refusing 
to  vote. 

.V.  r.    The  *  •  Greater  New  York ' ' 

BiU  is  introduced  in  the  Legislature. 

Jan.  27.  D.  c,  James  G.  Blaine  dies 
at  his  home  in  Washington  at  11  a.m. 

Congress  and  many  State  Legisla- 
tures adjourn  out  of  respect  to  his 
memory  ;  the  President  announces  the 
death  in  a  proclamation  ordering  the 
State  Department  to  be  draped  in  mourn- 
ing, the  flags  to  fly  at  half-mast  on  all 
public  buildings,  and  all  the  Executive 
Departments  to  be  closed  on  the  day 
of  the  funeral, 

Jan.  28.  D.C.  Congress:  In theSenate 
the  Hawaiian  question  and  the  French 
Extradition  Treaty  are  discussed ;  the 
House  orders  an  investigation  of  the 
"Whisky  Trust  by  the  Judiciary  Com- 
mittee. [Mar.  1.  The  committee  re- 
ports ;  no  action  taken.]  Tlie  Panama 
Investigation  Hesolution,  respecting 
the  use  of  money  and  methods,  is  re- 
ported.   A  special  Committee  of  Five  is 


recommended,  to  take  evidence  and  re- 
port. 

News  is  received  that  Queen  Iiili- 
uokalani  of  Hawaii  was  deposed  on 
Jan.  l(i,  without  resistance,  by  revolu- 
tionists, who  established  a  provisional 
government ;  the  new  government  is 
recognized  by  all  the  Powers  except 
England ;  commissioners  are  sent  to 
Washington  emp<jwered  to  negotiate  for 
annexation. 

Jan.  30.  IJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  E.  Chandler  of  N.  H.  introduces 
a  resolution  requesting  the  President 
to  open  negotiations  with  the  Hawaiian 
Commissioners. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Anti-Option  Bill  after  24 
discussions.  Vote,  ;JO-20.  It  amends  and 
passes  the  District  of  Columbia  Ap- 
propriation Bill.  [Mar.  1.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.    Mar.  3.    Approved.] 

Feb.  1.  D.  a  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  BiU. 
[Feb..23.  Conference  report  agreed  to. 
Mar.  2.  Approved.]  Also  the  Forti- 
fications Bill.  [Feb.  13.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.     Feb.  21.    Approved.] 

Feb.  2.  fJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
French  Extradition  Treaty  is  ratified ; 
the  House  passes  the  Sundry  Civil  Ap- 
propriation Bill,  introduced  Jan.  18. 

Feb.  3.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Da- 
vid B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  gives  notice  that 
he  will  move  to  take  up  the  Silver 
Repeal  Bill  on   Feb.  G. 

The  Hawaiian  Commissioners  ar- 
rive in  Washington.  [Feb.  4.  They 
present  credentials  to  the  Secretary  of 
State.  Feb.  U.  They  are  oificially  pre- 
sented to  the  President.] 

5.  Dak.  The  Local-option  amendment 

is  defeated  in  the  House. 

Feb.  4.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  House  bill  (see 
Dec.  15,  1892)  relating  to  the  contracts 
of  common  carriers,  prohibiting  non- 
liability clauses  ;  bill  passed  the  House 
Dec.  15,  1892.  [Feb.  13.  The  House 
concurs  in  the  amendments.  Feb.  14. 
Approved.]  The  House  passes  the  Di- 
plomatic, Legislative,  and  Consular 
Service  Bill,  introduced  Jan.  21. 

Feb.  6.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Da- 
vid B.  Hill's  motion  U*  take  up  the 
Silver  Repeal  Bill  is  defeated,  ^'ote, 
23-42.  The  Senate  Quarantine  Bill  is 
passed  as  a  substitute  for  the  House 
bill.    [Feb.  15.    Approved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1893    Jan.  11.     Colo.     Twenty-four  mi- 
ners are  killed  by  an  explosion  in  the 
Union  Pacific  coal-mine,  near  Como. 

Jan.  13.  Chicaffo.  A  syndicate  of  capi- 
talists and  wholesale  butchers  buys  the 
Farmers'  and  Drovers'  Stockyards ;  cap- 
ital, §1,000,000. 

Jan.  14.     Lithographers   of   Cleveland, 

Chicago,  Detroit,  Buffalo,  and  Roches- 
ter form  a  combination. 

Jan.  16.  U.  S.  The  corundum  wheel 
makers  combine  ;  capital,  §0,000,000. 

Jan.  18.  Ni'W  York.  The  Old  Dominion 
steamer  City  of  Atlanta  is  burned  in  tho 
East  River. 


Jan.  19.  \.  J.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  eight  injured  in  a  collision  on  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  near  Marion. 

Jan.  20.  J).  <:  The  National  Board 
of  Trade  ends  its  aimual  session  at 
Washington. 

Jan.  21.  111.  In  a  collision  on  the 
*'  Big  Four  "  road,  near  Alton,  nine  per- 
sons are  killed,  12  fatally  injured,  and 
100  burned  by  an  exploding  oil-tank. 

Mivn.    A  fire  in  St.  Paul  causes  a 

loss  of  $213,000;  two  firemen  are  badly 
injured. 

Mo.    A  brewery  combine  is  formed 

in  St.  Louis. 

Neiv  York.  The  French  liner  La  Cham- 
pagne sails  for  Europe  with  S4,5tK),000, 
the  largest  shipment  yet  made  of 
gold  and  silver  coin. 

The  French  steamer  Bretagne  sails  for 
Europe  with  $4,300,000  in  gold. 

A".  Y.    Many  firemen  are  injured 

at  a  warehouse  fire  in  Brooklyn;  loss, 
$135,000. 

Jan.  22.  Colo.  A  second  expedition  sets 
out  in  search  of  the  lost  Peg  Leg  mine 
of  the  desert. 

Mo.  An  elevator  aiul  1,250,000  bush- 
els of  wheat  are  burned  at  St.  Louis ; 
loss,  $1,500,000. 

Jan.  25.  Manufacturers  of  sole-leather 
in  New  York  and  Boston  form  a  trust. 

Jan.  27.  New  York.  Twenty-nine  la- 
bor-unions protest  by  open  letter 
against  extending  the  elevated  railway 
system,  and  urge  that  the  city  build 
and  operate  the  underground  road  as 
planned  by  the  Rapid  Transit  Com- 
mission. 

Jan.  28.  Chicago.  Several  "World*s 
Fair  buildings  are  damaged  by  the 
falling  in  of  their  roofs  under  a  great 
burden  of  snow, 

Neui  York.    The  French  liner  La  Nor- 

mandie  sails  for  Havre  with  $2,850,000 
(gold)  in  her  bullion-room. 

Jan.  29+.  Minn.  A  syndicate  of  lum- 
bermen concludes  a  deal  transferring 
500,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine  around 
Leech  Lake  for  more  than  $2,000,000. 

Jan.  30.  I).  C.  The  funeral  services 
of  James  G.  Blaine  are  held  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  the  Covenant 
in  Washington,  with  many  prominent 
officials  and  others  in  attendance. 

Feb.  1  +  .  Colo.  Two  men  from  St.  Louis 
cross  the  Colorado  desert  on  bi- 
cycles, making  an  average  of  5G  miles 
a  day. 

X.  Y.    Fire  causes  a  loss  of  $200,000 

at  Little  Falls. 

Feb.  2.  Ark.  The  First  National 
Bank  of  Little  Rock  fails  on  account  of 
the  issuance  of  fraudulent  paper  by 
former  bank  officers  ;  liabilities  over 
half  a  million. 

Feb.  3.  Mass.  An  explosion  at  the 
Star  Foundry,  ^'^orcester,  seriously  in- 
jures 14  men. 

Feb.  4.     X.   Y.     The  Deland  Chemical 

"Works,   Rochester,   are   burned  ;    loss, 

.$200,000. 
Feb.  7.     N.  J.     The   bark  Alice   goes 

ashore  near  Barnegat  Inlet  ;  three  of 

her  crew  are  drowned. 


424    1893,  Feb.  8-Mar.  6. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1893  Feb.  15.  Kan.  The  militia  is 
ordered  out  to  eject  the  Kepubliean 
representatives  from  the  lower  hall  of 
the  Legislature.    (See  State.) 

Feb.  28.  Phila.  The  battle-ship  In- 
diana 18  launched  at  Cramps*  shipyard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1893    Feb.  11.    Ind.    Silver  and  zinc 

are  found  in  large  quantities. 
Feb.  12.    O.    An  oil-well,  flowing  1,000 

barrels  daily,  is  struck  in  Middletown 

to\vn8hip,  on  what  has  been  regarded  as 

"dry  territory." 
Feb.  18.    Mick.    Rock  which  assays  2.43 

ounces  of  gold  and  .50  ounces  of  silver 

to    the    ton    is  discovered  in    Calhoun 

County, 
Mar.  1.    New   Y'ork.     About  $108,000  is 

realized  at  the  sale  of  the  John  Taylor 

Johnston  paintings. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1893. 

Feb.  12.  (ireeii.  Norvin,  president  of  West- 
ern Union  Telegraph  Co.,  A75. 

Feb.  15.  Colgate,  Samuel,  nierchaut,  of 
New  York,  dies. 

Feb.  30.  Beaureg-ard,  Pierre  Gustave 
Toutant.  col.  V.  S.  A.,  Confed.  gen.,  Xlh. 

Feb.  33.  Hatch,  Kufus,  financier,  of  New 
York,  A 60. 

Feb.  34.  Manvels,  Allen,  president  Atchi- 
son, Topeka,  and  Santa  F6  Itailroad,  A56. 

Mar.  2.  IJishop,  Richard  M.,  Gov.  of  O.,  A8I. 

Mar.  6.  Kvans,  Frederick  W.,  elder  of 
Shaker  Coiuuiunity,  A85. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Feb.  17.  Neic  York.  Presbyte- 
rians issue  a  letter  urging  the  cessation 
of  dogmatic  warfare  in  their  church. 

Feb.  19.  New  York.  Pope  Leo's  jubi- 
lee is  celebrated  by  the  Catholic  Club. 

Mar.  1.  Netc  York.  A  special  session 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  House  of 
Bishops  is  begun. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Feb.  14.  A',  r.  Boardman  Hall, 
the  home  of  the  Law  School  of  CorneU 
University,  is  formally  opened,  and  the 
Moak  Law  Library  is  presented  as  a 
memorial  of  Judge  Boardman. 

Feb.  26.  N.  Y.  The  Kegents  of  the  Uni- 
versity^f  the  State  of  New  York  grant 
a  charter  to  the  trustees  of  the  Catho- 
lic Summer  Scliool;  the  institution  is 
recognized  by  the  laws  of  the  State,  and 
Its  acquired  property  is  located  on  Lake 
Champlain,  near  Plattsburg. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Feb.  10.  Minn.  The  House  of 
Representatives  passes  a  bill  making  the 
using  and  smoking  of  cigarettes  by 
minors  a  misdemeanor  by  a  fine  of  S25 
to  $50,  or  by  imprisonment  for  30  days. 

Miss.    Two  negroes  are  lynched 

for  robbing  and    burning    a     store    at 
Dickey,  Amite  County. 

W.  Va.  Non-union  men  are  at- 
tacked by  a  mob  at  Wheeling ;  one  of 
them  will  probably  die. 


Feb.  11.  .V.  r.  The  Reform  Club  is 
making  an  organized  effort  to  abolish 
personal  taxation  in  Brooklyn. 

Pa.  The  State  is  taking  steps  to  es- 
cheat the  property  of  the  Econo- 
mite  Society  near  Pittsburg,  it  having 
only  a  few  surviving  members. 

Feb.  12.  It  is  alleged  that  the  Wabash 
Uailroad  Company  has  been  systemati- 
cally robbed  by  trusted  enjployees  of 
over  .Tii:«X>,000  worth  ot  valuable  mer- 
chandise. 

.V.   Y.    A  "green  goods"  man  is 

shot  by  a  South  Carolinian  in  a  hotel  in 
Poughkeepsie. 

Feb.  14.  New  York.  CJ.  W.  Gardner, 
agent  of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention 
of  Crime,  is  sentenced  t«»  two  years*  im- 
prisonment for  extorting  blackmail.  (A 
conspiracy.) 

[Nov.  17.  The  Supreme  Court  reverses 
the  verdict,  and  orders  Gardner's  re- 
lease.] 

Feb.  15.  New  York.  The  American 
Publishers*  Association  opens  its  7th 
annual  convention.  , 

Feb.  16.  Kan.  The  sheriif  at  Topeka 
swears  in  a  posse  of  1,000  men  for  the 
purpose  of  maintaining  the  peace;  the 
Populists  decide  thereupon  not  to  at- 
tempt to  dislodge  the  Republican  House, 
and  the  governor  proposes  a  compromise. 

New  York.    A  service  in  memory  of 

Bishop  Phillips  Brooks  is  held  in 
Carnegie  Music  Hall. 

Feb.  18.  The  Princess  Kaiulani  issues 
an  appeal  to  the  American  people 
touching  her  rights  as  crown-princess  of 
the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Feb.  20.  New  York.  Counselor  John 
W.    Goff    is    fined    $200   by    Recorder 

Smyth  for  contempt  of  court  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Gardner  trial. 

Pa.    A  riot  between  strikers  and 

non-unionists  occurs  at  the  Catsbury 
coal-mine,  Monongahela  City. 

Feb,  22.  /7id.  Dr.  Joseph  Gardner  of 
Bedford  gives,  **  as  a  thank-offering 
to  humanity,"  a  tract  of  land  — 782 
acres  in  extent  —  as  the  headquarters  of 
the  American  National  Red  Cross  Asso- 
ciation. [Miss  Clara  Barton,  president, 
accepts  the  gift.] 

Feb.  24.  Cal.  John  W.  Mackay,  the 
bonanza  millionaire,  is  shot  in  Sau 
Francisco  bv  William  C.  Rippey,  a  fa- 
natic, who  then  shoots  himself  fatally  ; 
Mackay's  wound  is  not  dangerous. 

O.    Sympathizers  of  Gov.  McKin- 

ley  start  a  one-dollar  subscription  move- 
ment to  aid  in  meeting  the  financial  lia- 
bilities against  him,  his  endorsements 
having  involved  his  entire  fortune. 
[Successful,  but  declined.] 

Feb.  25.  Chiraf/o.  Strikers  wreck  a 
passenger-train. 

Pa.    The  N'anticoke  mine  strike  is 

spreading  ;  28,000  men  and  boys  are  now 
out. 

Feb.  26.  N.  J.  Sunday :  Mass-meet- 
ings are  held  in  many  cities  and  towns 
to  protest  against  the  action  of  the  Le- 
gislature in  passing  pro-racing  bills. 
[Also  on  Mar.  5.] 

Mar.  3.  I).  C.  The  President  and 
President-elect  exchange  calls. 

Mar.  6.  .V.  J.  Immense  numbers  of 
Jerseymen  gather  at  Trenton,  at  the 


reassembling  of  the  Legislature,  with 
many  remonstrances  and  appeals  in 
favor  of  repealing  the  race-track  bills. 

New  York.    The  brownstone  United 

Charities  building  is  formally  pre- 
sented by  its  founder,  John  Stewart 
Kennedy,  to  the  organizations.  Opened 
for  use. 

STATE. 
1893  Feb.  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress :  The 
Senate  passes  a  bill  to  exempt  soldiers 
and  sailors  from  competitive  exanuna- 
tions  for  promotion  in  the  Civil  Service. 
[Feb.  9.  The  House  refers  it  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Reform  in  the  Civil  Service  — 
no  final  decision.]  Tlie  report  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  to  the  Senate  shows  that 
the  militia  of  the  United  States  num- 
bers 112,496  men;  the  Senate  con- 
firms the  Russian  Extradition  Treaty. 

In  a  joint  session  of  both  Houses  the 
electoral  votes  are  counted. 

Vote  for  President :  Grover  Cleve- 
land (I)em).  of  N.  y.,  277;  Benjamin 
Harrison  (Rep.)  of  Ind.,  145 ;  James  B. 
"Weaver  (People's  Party)  of  la.,  22; 
John  BidweU  (Prohib.)  of  Cal.,  Simon 
Wing  (Social  Labor)  of  Mass.,  each  0. 
For  Vice-President :  Adlai  F.  Steven- 
son (Dem.)  of  111.,  277;  "WTiitelaw 
Raid  (Rep.)  of  N.  Y.  145;  James  G. 
Field  (People's  Party)  of  Va.,  22; 
James  B.  CranfiU  (Prohib.)  of  Tex., 
and  Charles  H.  Matchett  (Social  Labor) 
of  N.Y.,  eachO. 

.S^.  JJak.   The  Reapportionment  Act 

is  found  to  be  unconstitutional. 

Feb.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  House 
the  silver  adherents  score  a  victory  by 
sustaining  the  demand  for  the  previous 
question  on  the  Silver  Purchase  Repeal 
Bill.  Vote,  152-143.  The  House  passes 
the  liCgislative,  Executive,  and  Ju- 
dicial Appropriation  Bill,  including 
amendments  that  no  public  building 
shall  be  draped  in  mourning,  nor  de- 
partment closed  out  of  respect  for  the 
memory  of  any  deceased  official,  and 
prohibiting  the  use  of  public  funds  for 
defraying  the  funeral  expenses  of  any 
officer  or  employee  of  the  Government ; 
bill  introduced  Jan.  26. 

N.  Y.    In  the  Senate,  G.  S.  Van  Gor- 

der  introduces  bills  providing  for  non- 
partisan boards  of  election  inspectors. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Car-Coupler 
Bill,  providing  for  increased  safety  of 
life  on  railroads  by  the  use  of  automatic 
couplers  and  air-brakes.  Vote,  3D-10. 
[Feb.  27.  The  House  concurs  in  the 
Senate  amendments.  Mar.  2.  Approved 
by  the  President.]  John  Sherman  of  O. 
gives  notice  of  an  amendment  to  the 
Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  lUU  autho- 
rizing the  sale  of  3  per  cent  bonds. 

±  Native  Hawaiians  send  an  appeal 
to  the  American  Government  asking 
for  redress,  not  annexation  :  they  say 
their  country  is  overrun  by  foreigners, 
who  by  bringing  coolies  from  the  Orient 
are  propagating  leprosy  in  every  village. 

Feb.  13.  D.  C.  Tlie  committee  begins 
the  investigation  of  the  Panama  Canal 
matter. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Feb.  8-Mar.  6.     425 


Feb.  14.  />.  C\  Secretary  Foster  tele- 
graphs to  Minister  Stevens  his  approval 
of  the  plan  for  establishing  a  protecto- 
rate in  Hawaii. 
Feb.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  Hawaiian  Annexation 
Treaty  from  the  President  with  a 
message. 
Kan.  Republican  members  take  for- 
cible possession  of  the  Representa- 
tives* Hall  in  Topeka;  Gov.  Lewelling 
calls  out  the  militia  to  help  retake  the 
hall  for  the  Populists. 
[Feb.  17.  A  peace  agreement  is  signed 
by  representatives  of  the  contesting  par- 
ties ;  it  virtually  concedes  to  the  Repub- 
licans all  their  demands.] 

Feb.  16.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate ;  The 
river  and  harbor  items  cut  from  the 
Sundry  Civil  Bill  by  the  committee 
are  restored;  in  the  House  the  commit- 
tee amendments  to  the  Pension  BUI  are 
defeated. 

President  Harrison  gives  Secretary  of 
State  Foster  authority  to  issue  bonds  if 
necessary  to  protect  the  gold  reserve. 

The  Hawaiian  Annexation  Treaty 
is  published. 

S.  C.    Judges  Goff  and  Simonton  of 

the  United  States  Court  decide  against 
Gov.  Tillman's  authority  to  collect 
excessive  taxes  from  railroads. 

Feb.  17.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Invalid  Pension  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  introduced  Jan.  27. 

Feb.  18.  n.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Sherman  amendment,  authorizing  an 
issue  of  3  per  cent  bonds  for  the  re- 
demption of  U.  S.  Treasury  notes,  is 
agreed  to.  Vote,  30-16.  [The  House 
concurs,  but  the  Senate  finally  recedes 
from  it.]  The  appointment  of  Howell 
S.  Jackson  of  Tenn.  as  Associate  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  is  confirmed. 
[Mar.  5.  He  is  sworn  in.]  In  the  House 
the  Post-office  Appropriation  Bill  is 
discussed. 

■^—  Ala.  The  Senate  passes  a  hill  which 
practically  disfranchises  negroes. 

Feb.  20.  D.  r.  Congress;  In  the 
House  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
Bridge  Bill  is  passed.  [Feb.  21.  The 
Senate  refers  it  to  the  Committee  on 
Commerce.]  The  Naval  Appropria- 
tion Bill,  introduced  Feb.  1.3.  is  passed. 
Also  the  Agricultural  Appropriation 
Bill,  introducecLFeb.  4. 

Feb.  21.  X.  J.  The  Assembly  passes 
three  race-track  biUs. 

[Feb.  22.  They  pass  the  Senate  and  go 
to  Gov.  Werts.  Feb.  23.  He  vetoes  the 
bills.  Feb.  24.  They  are  passed  over 
the  veto.] 

Feb.  22.  7).  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate "Washington's  PareweU  Address 
is  read  in  honor  of  his  birthday ;  the 
Sundry  Civil  Bill  is  passed.  In  the 
House  the  aU-night  session  adjourns 
at  6  A.M. 

Feb.  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Diplomatic  and  Consular  Service 
Bill  and  the  Military  Academy  Bill 
are  passed.    [Mar.  2.    Approved.]    The 


Hussian  Extradition  Treaty  is  rati- 
fied ;  in  the  House  a  vain  attempt  is 
made  to  call  up  the  Anti-Option  Bill. 
Fr.  The  Commissioners  of  Arbi- 
tration meet  at  Paris  to  settle  the  Bering 
Sea  fisheries  dispute  ;  they  adjourn  to 
March  23. 

Members  of  the  Court:  John  M.  Har- 
lan, Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court, 
and  Senator  John  T.  Morgan  of  Ala.,  for 
the  United  States  ;  Lord  Hannen  and  Sir 
John  S.  I).  Thompson  for  Great  Britain  ; 
Baron  de  Cource  (Pres.)  for  France ; 
Marquis  Kmilio  Viscounti  Venosta  for 
Italy  ;  Judge  Gram  for  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way. John  \V.  Foster  of  Ind.  is  agent, 
and  Henry  \V.  Blodgett,  F.  R.  Coudert, 
and  Robert  Lansing  are  counsel  for  the 
United  States. 

JVyo.    Gov.  Osborn  appoints  A.  C. 

Beckwith  (Dem.)  U.  S.  Senator. 

The  Shoshones  and  Arapahocs  disa- 
gree as  to  giving  up  their  lands  —  about 
two  million  acres  —  for  settlement  by 
whites. 

Feb.  24.  D.  r.  President-elect  Cleve- 
land selects  H.  J.  Thurber  of  Detroit 
as  his  private  secretary. 

The  Secretary  of  State  approves  the 
action  of  Minister  Stevens  in  Hawaii 
in  favoring  the  new  republic. 

Feb.  25.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  Bill  is  passed.  [Mar.  3. 
Approved.]  In  the  House  the  "silver 
men"  obstructively  oppose  the  Senate 
amendments  to  tlie  Sundry  Civil  Bill. 
The  French  Legation  at  "Washing- 
ton is  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  embassy 
by  decree  of  President  Carnot. 

Kan.    The    Supreme    Court    decides 

that  the   Republican   House  is  the 
legally  constituted  body. 

Feb,  26.  I).  C.  The  report  of  Special 
Agent  Ayer  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment shows  a  large  increase  in  the  pro- 
duction of  tin  and  terne  plates  and  of 
block  sheets. 

Feb.  27.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Pension  Appropriation 
Bill  without  amendment.  [Mar.  2. 
Approved.]  In  the  House  the  Indian 
Appropriation  BiU  is  passed  ;  the  Sen- 
ate amendment  to  the  Car-Coupler 
Bill  is  concurred  in.    Vote,  185-84. 

Feb.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
.John  Sherman's  motion  to  proceed  to 
executive  business  is  defeated ;  the 
Naval  and  Agricultural  Indian  Ap- 
propriation BiUs  are  passed.  [Mar.  3. 
All  are  approved.]  The  bill  introduce<l 
Dec.  7, 1R92,  putting  pig  tin  on  the  free 
list,  is  passed.  It  passes  the  Tin-Plate 
Bill,  repealing  the  duties*  bill  introduced 
Feb.  IG.  [Mar.  3.  The  .Senate  Committee 
reports  it  back  with  amendments.] 

Kan.    The  Populist  members  in  a 

body  take  their  seats  in  the  lower  House, 

Mar.  1.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Tlie 
Sherman  bond  amendment  is  dropped 
from  the  Sundry  Civil  Bill,  so  is  tlie 
.?800,000  appropriation  for  the  New  York 
Custom-house ;  in  the  House  the  Anti- 
Option  Bill  is  killed  by  failing  to  re- 
ceive the  vote  necessary  to  take  it  up 
under  a  suspensiou  of  the  rules. 


Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
passes  the  Post-office  Appropriation 
Bill.  [Mar.  3.  Approved.]  Also  the 
Deficiency  Appropriation  Bill.  The 
House  passes  the  Chandler  Immigra- 
tion and  Contract  Labor  Bill  to  prevent 
the  immigration  of  Chinese  laborers. 

President-elect  Cleveland  arrives 
in  Washington,  and  takes  up  his  quar- 
ters at  the  Arlington, 

Kan.    The  "Woman's  Suffrage  BiU 

passes  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature. 

Mar.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate the  bill  to  repeal  the  duties  on  tin 
is  reported  back  by  the  Committee  with 
amendments.     [No  final  action  taken.] 

Mar.  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  McGarrahan  Claim  BiU, 
and  tenders  votes  of  thanks  to  Vice- 
President  ]Morton  and  I'resident  pro 
tempore  Charles  F.  Manderson  ;  in  the 
House  ex-Speaker  Thomas  B.  Reed  pre- 
sents, with  a  speech,  resolutions  eulo- 
gistic of  Speaker  Charles  F.  Crisp,  who 
replies.    The  52d  Congress  ends. 

The  27th  Administration;  Demo- 
cratic. 

Grover  Cleveland,  the  24th  Presi- 
dent, is  inaugurated. 

The  pageant  takes  place  in  a  snow- 
storm ;  the  Inauguration  Ball  presents 
a  scene  of  splendor  beyond  any  of  its 
predecessors. 

Mont.    Lee    Mantle   (Rep.)    is    ap- 

IKjinted  U.  S.  Senator  by  Gov.  Rickards. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  The  Senate  meets  in  spe- 
cial session  (chiefly  to  consider  the  Pres- 
ident's nominations) ;  it  confirms  the 
nominations  for  the  President's  Cabi- 
net ;  John  Sherman  of  O.  introduces  a 
joint  resolution  for  a  cunstituticinal 
amendment  changing  inauguration 
day  to  the  30th  of  April. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1893    Feb.  11.   The  Western  freight 
blockade  is  broken ;   trains  are  run- 
ning on  the  Union  and  Northern  Pacific 
Roads. 

Feb.  14.  2^€io  York.  The  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  House  is  bought  in  by  a 
representative  of  the  shareholders  for 
§1,425,000. 

Feb.  18.  Colo.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  a  number  injured  in  a  collision  on 
the  Colorado  Midland  Railroad  near 
Hartwell. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  in- 
vestigating committee  makes  a  report 
condemning  the  present  management  of 
the  road. 

Feb.  22.  jV<?h'  York:  President  Harri- 
son raises  the  American  flag  on  the 
first  foreign  registered  ocean  steamer, 
the  New  York,  of  the  American  Line, 
formerly  The  City  of  New  York,  of  the 
Inman  Line. 

Phila.    Four  persons  are  killed  and 

20  injured  by  a  train  collision  on  th6 
Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

Feb.  23.    O.    Gov.  McKinley  puts  his 

property  into  the  hands  of  trustees  for 
the  benefit  of  the  creditors  of  a  person 
for  whom  he  became  surety;  Mrs.  Mc- 
Kinley surrenders  her  private  estate  for 
the  same  purpose. 


426    1893,  Mar.  7-Apr.  10. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Mar,  30.  Adm.  Gherardi*s 
squadron  sails  for  Haipptoii  Koads. 

Apr.  6f.  Va.  About  20  foreign  war- 
ships gather  at  Hamptou  Roads  prepar- 
atory to  the  Colarabian  celebration. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —NATURE. 

1893  Mar.  9.  Xew  York,  An  earth- 
quake shock  is  distinctly  felt  at  12.30 

A.M. 

Mar.  14.  Cal.  A  meteor  falls  and  ex- 
pkxles  near  Los  Olivos ;  the  report  is 
heard  50  miles  away. 

Mar.  17.  liT.  ff.  A  valuable  collection  of 
geographical  specimens  is  bequeathed 
to  Dartmouth  College  by  the  late  Ralph 
Butterfield  of  Kansas  City. 

Pa.    The     books,    drawings,     manu- 

sc ri pts,  and  herbarium  which  be- 
longed to  Bayard  Taylor  are  presented 
to  the  pul)lic  library  of  West  Chester 
by  Mrs.  Taylor. 

Mar.  18.  Chicago.  The  Montana  sil- 
ver statue  of  Ada  Rehan  is  cast ;  cost 
of  silver,  §70,000.     [May  30.     Unveiled.] 

Mar.  25.  Mont.  A  slight  earthquake 
shock  is  felt  in  Helena. 

[Apr.  4.  At  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Apr.  8. 
Two  shocks  at  Lincolnton,  Ga.,  and  in 
S.  C.  Nov.  27.  A  shock  is  felt  in  north- 
ern New  York,  Vermont,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  in  Canada.  Dec.  16.  Another 
in  Southern  Illinois  and  Indiana.] 

Apr.  2i:.  Okla.  A  tornado  kills  100 
persons  and  injures  500  more. 

Apr.  9.  Kan.  An  aerolite  strikes  and 
breaks  the  arm  from  the  statue  of 
John  Brown  at  Ossawatomie. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Mar.  8.     Fox,    Margaret,    spiritualist    me- 
dium, A59. 
Mar.  10.    Peabody,  Andrew  Preston,   au- 

tlior,  writer  on  moral  i)hiIo8ophy,  50  years 

professor  at  Harvard,  A82. 
Mar.  13.     Hyatt,  James   \V.,   treasurer  of 

United  States,  A56. 
Mar.  13.     Kernell,  Harry,  actor,  dies  in  an 

asylum. 
Mar.  18.    Armstrong,  David  H.,  senator  for 

Mo.,  A81. 
Baird,  George  A.,  "  Squire  Abington," 

dies. 
Mar.  23.     Saulsbury,  Eli,  sen.  for  Del.,  A76. 
Mar.  34.    Johnston,  John  Taylor,  founder 

Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  A73. 
Shepard.    Elliott  Fitch,   editor   JIfail 

and  Express^  A59. 
Deady,  Matthew  P.,  U.  S.  Dist.  Judge, 

A69. 
Mar.  28.     Smith,  E.   Kirby.    Confederate 

lieut.-gen.,  college  professor,  A69. 
Apr.  7.    Seney,  George  I.,  financier,  philan- 
thropist, A67. 

Kip,  William  T.,  P.  E.  bp.  of  Cal.,  A82. 

Magrath,  Andrew  G.,  war-gov.  of  S.  C, 

A80. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Mar.  20.  Boston.  The  Baptists 
lose  by  the  Tremont  Temple  fire  a 
valuable  missionary  museum  and  a  large 
collection  of  missionary  publications, 
the  work  of  70  years.   Total  loss,  $375,000. 

Apr.  6.  Utah.  The  Mormons  dedicate 
the  completed  temple  at  Salt  Lake 
City ;  the  great  edifice  was  40  years  in 
construction. 


LETTERS. 

1893  Mar.  7.  A\  J.  A  bill  is  intro- 
duced in  the  Legislature  providing  for  a 
division  of  the  public  school  moneys 
in  aid  of  parochial  schools.  [It  fails 
to  pass]. 

Mar.  11.  -New  York.  A  meeting  of  the 
University  Settlement  Society  is  held 
to  decide  upon  plans  to  help  the  poor. 

Mar,  18.  New  York.  A  gift  of  $200,000 
to  the  Teachers'  College  is  announced. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Mar.  7.  N.  Y.  Gross  frauds  are 
alleged  in  the  election  at  Lansiughurg. 
One  policeman.  Officer  Gillespie,  resigns 
when  ordered  to  protect  repeaters,  and 
makes  a  written  statement  incriminating 
Chief  of  Police  McCabe. 

Mar.  8.  Mich.  The  engineers  and  fire- 
men strike  on  the  Toledo,  Ann  Arbor, 
and  Northern  Michigan  road. 

Mar.  9.  N,  Y.  Bryce  A.  "White,  assist- 
ant cashier  in  the  Wallabout  Bank, 
Brooklyn,  is  arrested  for  embezzle- 
ment ;  amount,  jp20,000. 

Mar.  10.    Me.  The  city  clerk  of  Portland 

confesses  that  the  ballots  from  the  first 
ward  Iiave  been  tiimpered  with :  the 
mayor  elected  refuses  to  accept  office. 

Nevj   York.    Raids  on   pool-rooms 

are  made,  but  the  men  arrested  are 
nearly  all  discharged. 

Mar.  11.  J  fa.  Rev.  D.  T.  Stratton  is 
beaten  and  robbed  by  moonshiners  in 

Winston. 

±  Cal.    The  governor  signs  the  bill 

prohibiting  prize-fights. 

Mar.  12.  Mass.  Joseph  Massey,  a  jeal- 
ous lover  at  Quincy,  shoots  MaryLafane 
and  then  himself. 

New   York.     Three   boy  burglars, 

aged  10,  12,  and  13  respectively,  are  ar- 
rested and  arraigned. 

Mar.  14.  New  York.  Dr.  Rainsford,  rec- 
tor of  St.  George's  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  in  an  address  on  '*  The  Saloon 
Question,"  reiterates  his  belief  that  the 
only  true  solution  of  the  problem  is  a 
liquor  annex  to  the  churches. 

Mar.  17.  -S*.  C.  B.  W.  Crowe  and  family 
(white)  are  driven  out  of  Nebo,  because 
a  daughter  taught  a  negro  school. 

Mar.  18.    N.   Y.    Seven  trainmen   on 

the  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  refusing  to 
handle  Ann  Arbor  cars,  are  arrested  on 
an  order  from  a  Federal  court. 

Mar.  19.  New  York.  Labor  men  are 
indignant  at  the  extraordinary  action 
of  U.  S.  District  Judge  Ricks  in  order- 
ing Chief  Arthur  to  withdraw  the  order 
he  has  issued  requiring  the  Brotherhood 
engineers  to  refuse  to  handle  ears  of 
non-union  or  boycotted  roads.  [Mar.  22. 
The  firemen  join  with  the  engineers  to 
contest  this  decision  at  Toledo.  Apr.  2. 
The  engineers  and  firemen  at  Toledo 
hold  meetings  and  resolve  to  stand  by 
the  strikers,  no  matter  what  the  decision 
of  the  court  may  be.  Apr.  3.  An  engi- 
neer is  held  for  contempt,  and  a  tempo- 
rary injunction  is  granted  against  Chief 
Arthur.] 

O.    The  Big  Four  yard  switchmen  at 

Springfield  strike,  and  the  yards  are 
again  tied  up. 

Mar.  20.  Kan.  The  people  are  vigor- 
ously contending   against   the    Kansas 


City  (Mo.)  liquor-houses  that  are  run- 
ning "joints "  in  several  Kansas 
towns  ;  the  State  Temperance  Union  is 
waging  war  on  "joints"  all  over  the 
State. 
Mar.  21.  N.  Y.  A  Chinaman  in  Brook- 
lyn has  complied  with  the  Registration 
Law,  and  finds  himself  ostracized  by 
hiscoiintrymen,  and  is  unable  to  carry 
on  his  business. 

Mar.  23.  Miss.  "White  Caps  in  Copiah 
Couutyshootandkillacoloredmanal  his 
own  door  ;  E.  D.  Smith  of  Crystal  Springs 
has  been  recognized  and  is  in  jail. 

New    York.    The   Gahlee  Tee-To- 

Tum  "Workingmen's  Club  on  Twenty- 
third  Street  is  formally  opened. 

Mar.  24.  Del.  The  Legislature  reenacts 
the  Delinquent  Law,  which  will  disfran- 
chise all  voters  at  the  next  election  who 
have  not  paid  the  required  poll-tax. 

Mar.  25.  Boston.  Carriage-makers  re- 
solve to  strike  because  they  cannot  get 
10  hours'  pay  for  nine  hours'  work. 

La.    Judge  Billings,  at  New  Orleans. 

decides  that  the  ordering  of  the  big 
strike  in  that  city  in  ^November  was  un- 
lawful. 

Mont.  The  governor  of  Arkansas  is- 
sues a  requisition  for  Frank  Hickey,  a 
prisoner  in  Butte,  accused  of  being  the 
assassin  of  John  M.  Clayton. 

Neic  York.  The  lockout  of  cloth- 
ing-cutters by  the  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation begins. 

Mar.  27.  Cal.  Gov.  Markham's  ap- 
proval of  the  Parole  Bill  will  release 
from  the  two  State  prisons  over 
1,000  convicts  who  have  served  one 
year  of  their  sentence. 

Cla.    Two   "White   Caps  are  shot 

dead  at  Fort  "Valley  by  negroes  upon 
whom  they  were  making  a  raid ;  the 
coroner's  verdict  is  justifiable  homicide. 

Mar.  28.  Chicago.  Judge  Collins  de- 
cides that  acts  directed  by  alleged 
spirits  are  not  legal,  and  that  certain 
deeds  of  transferred  property  are  void. 

Mar.  30.  Neb.  The  Legislature  im- 
peaches three  State  officials. 

Mar.  31.  Chicago.  Charges  of  levy- 
ing blackmail  to  aid  the  election  of 
Carter  Harrison  are  made  against  mem- 
bers of  the  police  force. 

Md.    A  big  illicit  distillery,  valued 

at  $75,000,  is  seized  in  Baltimore. 

Neb.  The  Legislature  in  joint  ses- 
sion passes  a  resolution  providing  for 
impeachment  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Lands  and  Buihlings  ;  State  Treasurer 
John  E.  Hill  is  sued  to  recover  the 
sum  of  $236,3G4.G0,  which  it  is  alleged 
was  collected,  but  upt  transferred  to 
his  successor  in  office. 

Apr.  1.  Mass.  The  weavers  in  Mill  No. 
2  in  Palmer  strike  for  increased  wages. 

Apr.  2.  N.  Dak.  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  I'nion  women  at  Rola,  in 
making  a  circuit  of  the  "joints,"  are 
brutally  beaten  in  one  of  them. 

Apr.  6±.  New  York.  The  National  Con- 
vention of  State  Boards  of  Health 
is  in  session  ;  it  considers  the  danger  of 
a  cholera  epidemic. 

Apr.  8.  Tenn.  Among  the  private  pa- 
pers of  I)r.  FraTiyois  Fontenay  of  Claiks- 
ville  a  written  confession  is  found  stat- 
ing that  he  killed  Rev.  A.  M.  Feltner, 
Emscopal  rector,  28  years  ago.  He 
adopted  the  rector's  two  children,  leav- 
ing them  his  large  fortune  when  he  died. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Mar.  7 -Apr.  10.      427 


Apr.  9.  Chicago.  Hotel-keepers  and 
others  are  charging  exorbitant  prices 
for  accommodations  during  the 
World's  Fair. 

A  strike  of  1,100  men  begins  in  the 

shops  of  the  Santa  F4  road  in  various 
phices. 

Apr.  10.  Chicago.  A  strike  of  4,000 
workmen  begins  at  the  World's  Fair 
luiihiings,  but  soon  ends. 

■  \.  >'.    Brooklyn  aldermen  givea"way 

valuable  trolley  franchises  tor  which 
*-r^,000  had  been  ottered. 

±  -S^.  £>ak.   A  band  of  cattle-thieves 

is  broken  up,  its  leaders  being  wounded 
and  captured. 

STATE. 

1893  Mar.  7.  D.  C.  The  members  of 
the  President's  Cabinet  are  sworn  into 
office  all  together,  for  the  first  'time  in 
the  history  of  the  country. 

Cabinet:  Walter  Q,.  Gresham  of 
111.  (State),  John  G.  Carlisle  of  Ky. 
(Treas.),  Daniel  S.  Iiamont  of  N.  Y. 
(War),  Hilary  A.  Herbert  of  Ala. 
(Navy),  Hoke  Smith  of  Ga.  (Interior), 
J.  Sterling  Morton  of  Neb.  (Agricul- 
ture), Richard  Olney  of  Mass.  (Atty.- 
(4en.),  Wilson  S.  Bissellof  N.  Y-  (P.  M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar.  9.  D.  C.  Senate  :  the  Hawaiian 
treaty  is  received  from  the  President. 
[Withdrawn  by  President  Cleveland.] 

Mar.  11.  xV.  J.  The  Iiegislature  passes 
a  bill  prohibiting  racing  in  December, 
January,  and  February,  and  adjourns 
sine  die. 

X.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  signs  the  bill  for 

the  purchase  of  Fire  Island,  125  acres 
in  extent,  for  quarantine  purposes,  on 
which  is  a  hotel  having  400  feet  front, 
and  14  furnished  cottages  are  included ; 
purchase  price,  $210,000. 

iyash.    Gov.  M'Graw  appoints  John 

B.  Allen  to  be  his  own  successor  in  the 
U.  S.  Senate. 

Mar.  13.  B.  C.  Senate :  A  resolution 
to  limit  the  business  of  the  special  ses- 
sion to  executive  matters  is  defeated. 

Mich.  The  U.  S.  District  Court  en- 
joins connecting  roads  from  refusing 
to  deliver  freight  to  the  Toledo,  Ann 
Arbor,  and  Northern  Michigan  road,  be- 
cause of  the  action  taken  by  employees. 

f'al.  The  Legislature  votes  to  re- 
move the  State  capital  to  San  Jos^. 

Mar.  14.  A\  V.  The  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  of  the  Assembly  decides  to 
report  favorably  the  bill  for  an  addi- 
tional appropriation  of  $300,000  for 
the  World's  Fair. 

Mar.  15.  />.  C.  Senate  :  Arthur  P.  Gor- 
man of  Md.  offers  a  resolution  recon- 
structing the  Standing  and  Select 
Committees  according  to  caucus  agree- 
ment, which  is  adopted. 

Md.    The  Coiirt  of  Appeals  decides 

that  a  tax  upon  land  alone  Is  uncon- 
stitutional, and  cannot  be  enforced. 

Mar.  16.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
meets,  and,  without  action,  adjourns  un- 
til the  20th  inst. 


Mar.  18.  Mick.  At  Toledo  the  U.  S. 
District  Court  issues  an  Injunction  re- 
straining the  Locomotive  Brother- 
hood from  boycotting  Ann  Arbor 
freight  because  of  the  strike  of  its  em- 
ployees. A  $300,000  damage  claim  has 
been  Hied  against  Chiefs  Arthur  and 
Sargent. 

Mar.  20.  D.  C.  Senate :  Nominations 
are  considered. 

Ca/.     Ex-Representative    James    H. 

Blount  of  Ga.  sails  from  San  Francisco 
for  Honolulu  on  the  revenue-cutter 
liushf  on  a  special  mission  to  Hawaii  by 
appointment  of  the  President. 

Mar.  21.  H.  I.  D.  Russell  Brown  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor  ;  David  S. 
Baker  (Dem.)  is  also  nominated. 

Mar.  22.  D.  ('.  The  Senate  receives  a 
number  of  nominations  from  the  Pres- 
ident ;  bills  against  trusts  and  for  the 
appointment  of  a  commission  to  fix  the 
price  of  coal  are  introduced. 

Wis.  Judge  Egan  of  St.  Paul  dis- 
misses the  arrested  members  of  the 
Legislature. 

Mar.  23.  D.  C.  The  Republicans  in 
caucus  determine  to  oppose  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  Senate. 

Fr.  The  Court  of  Arbitration  (Be- 
ring Sea  dispute)  opens  its  first  session 
in  Paris.    (See  Feb.  23.) 

Mar.  28.  D.  C.  In  the  Senate  the  reor- 
ganization resolution  is  presented. 

Mar.  30.  D.  C.  In  the  Senate  the  nom- 
inations are  considered ;  the  cases  and 
counter-cases  in  the  Bering  Sea  dispute 
are  received. 

Mar.  31.  Neb.  The  Legislature  in  joint 
session  j)asses  the  resolution  for  the  im- 
peachment of  the  Board  of  Public  Lands 
and  Buildings.  [May  1.  The  trial  begins 
at  Lincoln.] 

Apr.  4.  Chicago.  Carter  Harrison  is 
elected  mayor. 

NetP  York.    Bankers  receive  from  the 

President  a  proposition  for  an  issue  of 
bonds, 

Fr.    Arguments    are    begun    in    the 

Court  of  Arbitration  at  Paris  respect- 
ing the  Bering  Sea  fisheries. 

Apr.  5.  I).  C.  Senate :  Kominations 
are  received. 

Fr.    In  the  Bering  Sea  Court  of 

Arbitration  in  Paris  Mr.  Phelps  and  Sir 
Charles  Russell  continue  their  argu- 
ments. 

n:  Y.    The  Greater  New  York  Bill 

is  killed  in  the  Senate  and  recommitted 
in  the  Assembly. 

Apr.  6.  D.  C.  Secretary  Gresham  re- 
ceives a  despatch  from  the  TJ.  S.  Minis- 
ter to  Peru  saying  that  the  consular 
agency  at  Mollendo  has  been  attacked 
and  the  agent  shot ;  and  directing  that 
a  demand  for  reparation  be  made.  [Apr. 
10.    A  satisfactory  apology  is  tendered.] 

Apr.  7  + .  Fr.  In  the  Bering  Sea 
Court  of  Arbitration,  J.  C.  Carter  con- 
tinues his  argument  in  behalf  of  the 
United  States.  [He  continues  for  sev- 
eral days.] 

Tex.  The  House  votes  for  impeach- 
ment of  Land  Commissioner  Mc- 
Caughey. 


The  requirements  under  the  Geary 

Act  are  modified  ;  the  Chinese  will  be 
required  to  furnish  but  one  credible  wit- 
ness. 

Wis.    The  Assembly  passes  the  Anti- 

Pinkerton  Bill. 

It  prohibits  the  employment  of  bodies 
of  armed  men  not  duly  authorized  under 
the  laws  of  the  State. 

Apr.  10.  D.  C.  Senate :  The  recent 
railroad  decisions  are  discussed. 

N.  Y.  In  the  Legislature  a  bill  abol- 
ishing capital  piuiishment  is  passed 
by  the  Assembly  and  defeated  in  the 
Senate. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Mar.  9.  Chicago.  All  the  rail- 
roads entering  Chicago  decide  to  grant 
no  increase  of  wages  to  their  switch- 
men. 

Mar.  10.  Boston.  Fire  destroys 
$4,500,000  worth  of  property. 

Mar.  11.  Chicago.  Bankers  offer  Secre- 
tary Carlisle  $3,000,000  gold  for 
treasury  notes. 

Ind.     Owing  to  the  switchmen's 

strike  in  Chicago,  thousands  of  coal- 
miners  in  Brazil  are  thrown  out  of  em- 
ployment. 

Mar.  14.  ^V.  H.  Fire  destroys  the  cot- 
ton-mills at  Exeter ;  loss,  $250,000. 

+  Pa.    The  Carnegie  Steel  Company 

orders  a  new  press  for  its  armor-plate 
works  at  Homestead,  at  a  cost  of  ^-1,000,- 
000,  and  capable  of  working  in  one  piece 
a  two-hundred-ton  plate. 

Mar.  18.  N.  H.  The  Legislature  ap- 
propriates $10,000  for  statues  of  Gen. 
John  Stark  and  Daniel  Webster  for  the 
National  Statuary  Hall  at  Washington. 

N.  Y.  Ten  of  the  largest  manufactur- 
ers of  iron  pipe  in  the  United  States 
form  a  trust. 

Mar.  20.  Neio  York.  News  is  received 
of  the  finding  of  two  life-boats  of  the 
missing  steamship  Karmiic.    [Lost.] 

Mar.  21.  Id.  An  explosion  at  Litch- 
field wrecks  a  flour-mill  and  many  other 
buildings  ;  damage  to  the  mill,  over 
$500.000 ;  one  person  is  killed  and  nine 
injured. 

Mar.  27.  Nev'  York.  The  New  York 
Times  changes  hands  ;  price  paid, 
$950,000. 

Mar.  30.  A'.  J.  The  American  Stave 
and  Cooperage  Company,  capital, 
$4,000,000,  and  a  typewriter  company, 
capital,  $20,000,000,  are  incorporated  at 
Trenton. 

Mar.  31.    N.J.    The  American  Press, 

for  gathering  and  disseminating  news, 
is  incorporated  at  Newton  ;  capital, 
$2,500,000. 

Apr.  1.  Neh.  A  prairie  fire  lays  waste 
20  miles  of  country  between  Ogallala 
and  Preston  ;  much  property  and  one 
life  are  lost  in  Perkins,  Keit^,  and  Fron- 
tier Counties. 

Pa.  The  Higgins  Hotel  at  Brad- 
ford is  destroyed  by  fire;  five  lives  are 
lost,  and  more"  than  20  persons  injured. 

A  miner's  lamp  causes  an  explosion 
in  a  mine  at  Shamokin  ;  10  persons  are 
killed  and  several  injured;  12  or  15  are 
imprisoned  in  the  mine. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  The  gold  balance  at 
Washington  is  down  to  $60,000,000. 

Apr.  8.  O.  A  big  iron  and  steel  syn- 
dicate is  organized  at  Cincinnati,  in- 
cluding over  100  wealthy  foun<lrymen, 
machinists,  and  others  ;  capital,"  $75,- 
000,000. 


428    1893,  Apr.  11-Mayll. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Apr.  21.  Va.  The  Spanish 
squadron,  towing  the  three  Columbian 
caravels,  reaches  Hampton  Roads. 

Apr.  22.  Va.  The  i>o/jaAiH,  bearing  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy  Herbert,  arrives  in 
Hampton  Roads ;  the  ships  are  all 
"  dressed  "  in  honor  of  the  silver  wed- 
ding of  King  Humbert  of  Italy. 

Apr.  24.  ra.  The  international  flotilla 
sails  from  Hampton  Roads  for  New 
York.  [Apr.  25.  It  arrives  in  the  lower 
Bay.] 

Apr.  26.  New  York.  The  international 
flotilla  anchors  in  the  North  River  in 
position  for  the  review;  a  reception  to 
naval  otticers  is  given  by  the  Union 
League  Club.  [It  is  visited  by  thousands 
of  people.] 

May  5±.  N.  Y.  The  naval  oflScers  on 
their  way  to  Chicago,  as  the  guests  of 
the  New  York  Central  Road  in  the 
•*  Admirals*  Train,"  stop  to  see  the 
Niagara  Falls. 

May  7.  Misfi.  State  troops  are  ordered 
out  against  White  Caps  at  Brook- 
haven. 

May  9.  New  York.  The  crmaer  Atlanta 
is  ordered  to  proceed  to  I^ficaragua  to 
protect  American  interests"  during  the 
revolution. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Apr,  11.  Cat.  Jasper  is  discov- 
ered in  large  quantities  near  San  Diego. 

Ka7i.  A  tornado  causes  much  de- 
struction of  i)roperty  in  the  towns  of 
Willis,  Everest,  and  Powhattan. 

[Apr.  13.  A  cyclone  strikes  Robins- 
ville,  Miss. ;  17  killed,  50  wounded.  Apr. 
18.  Boles,  Ark.,  destroyed.  Apr.  19. 
A  tornado  at  Osage  City,  Kan.,  kills 
two  persons,  injures  several  others,  and 
wrecks  140  buildings.  Apr.  23.  The 
city  of  Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  a  tornado;  it  strikes  else- 
where in  Michigan,  and  in  other  West- 
ern and  Southern  States.  Apr.  25.  A 
cyclone  in  Oklahoma  causes  90  deaths ; 
250  persons  injured.  Apr.  28.  The  town 
of  Cisco,  Tex.,  is  nearly  destroyed.] 

Apr.  26.  New  York.  The  Audubon 
Monument  in  Trinity  Cemetery  is  un- 
veiled. !Erics8on*8  statue  in  Battery 
Park  is  unveiled. 


-  DEATHS. 


Larcom,  Lucy,  author,  A67. 
Lefferts,  John,  fliiancier,  A31. 
Lowry,    Grosvenor   P.,   lawyer, 


BIRTHS 
1893. 

Apr.  17. 
Apr.  18. 
Apr.  21. 

dies. 

Apr.  32.     Beale,  Edward  F.,brig.-gen.,  ATI. 

Waters,  Horace^  piano-maker,  philan- 
thropist, ARl. 

Apr.  36.  Wiltse,  GUbert  C,  capt.  U.  S.  N., 
A55. 

Apr.  27.  Corse,  John  M.»  brevet  maj.-gen. 
vols.,  A58. 

May  3.  Stuart,  Henry  A.,  chief  engineer 
U.  S.  N.,  A70. 

May  4.  Patterson,  James  W.,  senator  for 
N.  H.,  A70. 

May  5.  Le  Conipt^,  Kdward  \V.,  secretary 
of  state  for  Md.,  dies. 

May  8.  Lanion,  Ward  H.,  biographer  of 
Lincoln,  dies. 

May  10.  Francis,  Joseph^  inventor  of  life- 
saving  boat,  A92,. 


May  11.    Townsend,  Edward  D.,  adjt.-gen. 

r.  S.  A.,  A76. 
Armstrong,    Samuel    C,    principal    of 

Hampton  Normal  Institute,  A54. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Apr.  25.  La.  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic centennial  of  the  completion  of 
the  Cathedral  is  celebrated  by  a  cleri- 
cal parade  and  pontitical  mass  at  New 
Orleans. 


LETTERS. 

1893  Apr.  12.  Neio  York.  The  200th 
anniversary  of  the  introduction  of  print- 
ing is  celebrated. 

May  1.  N.  J.  Mayor  Haynes  of  New- 
ark, in  a  message  to  the  Common  Coun- 
cil, recommends  that  the  parochial- 
school  buildings  from  midnight  of  Sun- 
day to  midnight  of  Friday  be  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Board  of  Education 
for  school  purposes  — the  board  to 
supply  books,  furniture,  and  other  sup- 
plies, fuel,  and  janitor  ;  the  church  to 
use  the  buildings  from  Friday  midnight 
to  Sunday  midniglit. 

May  2.  New  York.  The  widow  of  Prof. 
John  Strong  Newberry  gives  Columbia 
College  his  geological  library  of  2,500 
volumes. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Apr.  11.  A'.  Y.  V.  L.  Beding- 
field.  editor  of  the  Ftatbunh  PresSy  is 
sandbagged    and   robbed   at  Flatbush, 

Long  It-land. 

New   York.    Col.   E.  F.  Shepard's 

will  is  filed  ;  the  religious  bequests  ag- 
gregate $250,000. 

Apr.  12.  Conn.  The  Senate  passes  a 
bill  prohibiting  all  forms  of  pool- 
selling  and  gambling.    Vote,  20-1. 

Ta.  A  convention  of  Southern  gov- 
ernors convenes  at  Richmond  to  con- 
sider the  material  welfare  and  develop- 
ment of  the  South. 

Apr.  13.  O.  The  boycott  of  railroads 
is  declared  illegal  by  Judge  Ricks  at 
Toledo ;  contracts  with  shippers  are 
binding. 

Apr.  15.  Chicago.  A  mass-meeting  to 
protest  against  the  Hussian  extradi- 
tion treaty  is  held. 

New  York.    The  Duke  de  Veragua, 

a  lineal  descendant  of  Columbus,  arrives 
at  this  port  with  his  party.  [Apr.  18. 
He  is  formally  received  by  the  mayor.] 

A^  Y.  Twenty  burglaries  are  re- 
ported as  occurring  during  a  few  hours 
in  Brooklyn. 

Apr.  17.  Neb.  Several  hundred  em- 
ployees in  the  Union  Pacific  shops  at 
Omaha  and  elsewhere  strike. 

A"".  Y.     Indignant  citizens  of  Buffalo 

hold  a  mass-meeting  to  protest  against 
the  so-called  "  Sneak  Bill,"  changing 
the  police  commissioners ;  the  bill  was 
smuggled  through  the  Legislature,  but 
an  injunction  is  granted,  preventing  ac- 
tion under  it  for  the  present. 

Tex.    A  conspiracy  to  assassinate 

six  county  officials  is  discovered  at 
Sbernum  ;  the  leaders  are  friends  of 
murderers  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 


Apr.  18.  N.  Y.  The  Anti- Conspiracy 
Bill  against  boycotting  passes  the  New 
York  Assembly.    Vote,  69-54. 

Neiv    York.    The    Earl  of    Craven 

(English)  and  Miss  Bradley-Martin  of 
this  city  are  married  in  Grace  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  descendants  of 
Revolutionary  heroes  commemorate 
the  Battle  of  Lexington, 

New  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, Historical  Society,  and  Geo- 
graphical Society  give  at  the  Waldorf 
a  reception  to  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Veragua. 

Apr.  20.  La.  The  second  annual  con- 
vention of  the  National  Seamen's 
Union  of  America  opens  in  New 
Orleans. 

Apr.  22.  Boston.  Ex-President  A.  P, 
Potter  of  the  Maverick  National  Bank 
is  sentenced  to  (JO  days'  imprisonment 
and  fined  §1,000  for  false  certification  of 
cLecks. 

Ga.  Eleven  "White  Caps  are  sen- 
tenced to  one  year's  imprisonment  in 
Carrollton ;  one  of  them  is  the  leading 
physician  of  the  town. 

Apr.  23.  New  York.  The  Theosophi- 
cal  Society  begins  its  annual  conven- 
tion,  with  representatives  from  the  In- 
dian, European,  and  American  sections. 
Thirty-five  Soudanese  arrive  at 
this  port,  and  60  Koreans  arrive  at 
San  Francisco,  on  their  way  to  the 
World's  Fair. 

Apr.  24.  Chicago.  The  Columbian 
Guards  at  the  World's  Fair  strike;  the 
union  carpenters  refuse  to  go  out  as 
ordered. 

A'^.  Afex.  The  Union  Pacific  iron- 
workers strike,  and  the  Santa  Fe  me- 
chanics' strike  is  declared  off,  and  the 
men  return  to  work. 

Apr.  26.  Mass.  The  Danvers  Histori- 
cal Society  holds  a  great  antislavery 
commemoration  meeting. 

New   York.     The   international  war- 

Bliips  are  moved  in  parade  from  the  lower 
Bay  to  the  designated  places  of  anchor- 
age in  the  North  River  above  Thirty-fifth 
Street ;  naval  officers  are  given  a  re- 
ception by  the  Union  League  Club ; 
President  Cleveland  comes  to  New  York 
to  review  the  war-ships. 

Dr.  Robert  W.  Buchanan  is  convicted 
of  the  murder  of  his  second  wife  by 
poisoning.  [Aug.  14.  He  is  sentenced  to 
death.] 

Apr.  27.  New  York.  President  Cleve- 
land reviews  tbe  international  fieet,  a 
magnificent  pageant  on  the  rivor ; 
there  is  a  ball  at  Madison  Square  Gar- 
den in  the  evening. 

Waiters  at  Delmonico's  and  the  Grand 
Hotel  strike. 

A'^.  Y.    This  being  Columbian  Day,  it 

is  a  legal  holiday  in  this  State. 

Apr.  28.  Ind.  The  Liberty  Bell  from 
Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  ar- 
rives at  Indianapolis  on  its  way  to 
Chicago;  ex-President  Harrison  deliv- 
ers an  address  on  the  famous  Revolu- 
tionary relic  before  the  school  children 
of  the  city.  [Apr.  29.  It  arrives  at 
Chicago.] 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Apr.  11 -May  11.    429 


New  York:    Sailors  and  marines  of 

the  international  war-fleet  parade. 

They  .are  reviewed  at  the  Citv  Hall  by 
the  public  officials  and  by  the  admirals  of 
the  fleet,  after  which  a  dinner  in  honor 
of  the  naval  officers  is  given  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  [May  1.  A  din- 
ner is  given  by  the  University  Club.] 

Apr.  29.  Chicago.  The  President  and 
the  Duke  of  Veragua  arrive ;  the  Wo- 
men's Building  is  finished  with  the 
driving  of  a  golden  nail  by  Mrs.  Palmer. 
[-Tune  H.  The  Duke  returns  to  New 
York.] 

Apr.  30,  New  York.  Many  thousands 
of  people  visit  the  vessels  of  the  inter- 
national war-fleet  in  the  Hudson  River. 

May  1.  Chicago.  The  World's  Colum- 
bian Exhibition  is  formally  opened 
in  the  presence  of  an  enormous  throng 
of  people. 

President  Cleveland  presses  the  elec- 
tric key  which  instantly  puts  in  motion 
all  the  vast  and  intricate  machinery  of 
the  Fair. 

O.    About  22,000  coal-miners  strike, 

suspending  work    in    every   important 
mine  in  tlie  State. 

May  2.  New  York.  Ussagah,  a  Daho- 
mey chief,  for  the  Columbian  Exhibi- 
tion, dies  at  Ellis  Island. 

May  3.  Ex-President  Harrison  is 
elected  Commander  of  the  Military  Or- 
<ler  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

/.  T.    Masked  bandits  hold  up  a 

train  and  rob  its  passengers  at  Pryor 
Creek. 

N.  H.  The  Mary  Hitchcock  Me- 
morial Hospital,  erected  by  Hiram 
Hitchcock  in  memory  of  his  wife,  is 
dedicated  at  Hanover. 

May  4.  Cal.  The  Six  Companies  is- 
sue a  circular  forbidding  Chinese 
••to  register  with  white  officials,"  as 
the  whole  matter  is  to  be  taken  to  the 
U.  S.  Supreme  Court  for  settlement. 

May6±.  U.  S.  Fully  1,000,000  mem- 
bers of  the  Christian  Endeavor  So- 
cieties sign  pledges  not  to  patronize 
the  Fair  if  it  shall  be  opened  on  Sun- 
day ;  other  religious  bodies  take  similar 
action. 

May  6.  New  York.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  new  St.  Luke's  Hospital  is  laid. 

N.  Mex.     Three    murderers    are 

lynched  at  Las  Lunas. 

May  7.  Chicago.  The  World's  Fair 
gates  remain  closed  on  this,  the  first 
Sunday  after  its  official  opening. 

May  8.  Mass.  Xiizzie  Borden  is  ar- 
raigned for  murder  at  New  Bedford ;  she 
pleads  not  guilty.  [June  20.  She  is  ac- 
quitted.] 

New  York.    ••WTiite  IjOtus  Day" 

is  observed  by  theosophists. 

May  10.  Ky.  The  National  Xjcague 
of  Kepublican  Clubs  meets  in  Louis- 
ville. 

STATE. 

1893  Apr.  14.  D.  C.  Congress :  In 
the  Senate  William  K.  Chandler  of  N. 
H.  speaks  in  favor  of  the  Hoach  (ship- 
builders) investigation. 

News  is  received    that  by  order  of 

Commissioner    Blount    the    American 


flag  has  been  hauled  down  from  the 
government  building  at  Honolulu. 

.v.  Y-    The  State  Assembly  passes  the 

Saxton  Anti-Pool- Room  Bill,  prohib- 
iting the  sale  of  pools  in  pool-rooms. 

Apr.  15.  D.  C.  The  Senate  adjourns 
sine  die. 

New  York.  The  Sub-Treasury  re- 
ceives ordern  suspending  the  issue  of 
gold  certificates. 

Apr.  20.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  ad- 
journs sine  die;  before  its  adjournment 
William  F.  Sheehan  secures  the  passage 
of  a  Buffalo  Police  Bill,  by  virtue  of 
which  Controller  Gavan  alone  imme- 
diately appoints  police  commissioners. 

Apr.  21.  D.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  con- 
fers with  bank  presidents  in  reference 
to  the  tinanclal  situation. 

The  Czar  of  Russia  signs  the  extra- 
dition treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Russia. 

The  offer  of  the  Merchants'  National 
Bank  of  Baltimore  of  $100,000  in  gold 
for  legal  tenders  is  accepted  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Apr.  25.  A^.  5'.  (Jov.  Flower  signs  the 
Saxton  Anti-Pool- Room  Bill. 

Apr.  27.  Utah  is  admitted  into  the  Un- 
ion as  the  45th  State,  by  an  enabling  act. 

May  2.  Fr.  In  the  Bering  Sea  case 
Mr.  Carter  concludes  his  argument  be- 
fore the  Court  of  Arbitration,  having 
spoken  forty-five  hours. 

May  3.  Fr.  In  Paris,  Frederick  R.  Cou- 
dert  of  U.  S.  counsel  begins  his  argu- 
ment before  the  Bering  Sea  Arbitra- 
tion Court;  he  insists  on  the  right  of 
absolute  ownership  of  seals  and  the 
necessity  of  prohibiting  pelagic  sealing. 

May  4.  />.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  tem- 
porarily suspends  the  arrest  of  Chi- 
nese under  the  Exclusion  Act. 

May  5.  D.  C.  The  President  decides  to 
postpone  to  November  the  reassembling 
of  the  International  Monetary  Con- 
gress. 

Gen.  Rosecrans,  Register  of  the 
Treasury,  resigns. 

May  7.  D.C.  The  President  announces 
that  hereafter  the  White  House  will  be 
closed  to  office-seekers. 

May  9.  N.  I)ak.  The  Prohibitory  Law 
is  declared  constitutional  by  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  State. 

May  10.  />.  C.  The  President  names 
James  H.Blount  of  Ga.  Envoy  Extraor- 
dinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Hawaii. 

May  11.  W.  W.  Tracy  of  111.  is  chosen 
president  of  the  National  League  of 
Kepublican  Clubs;  Denver  is  selected 
as  the  next  meeting-place. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Apr.  11.  Chicago.  Time  for 
exhibitors  at  the  World's  Pair  is  ex- 
tended to  April  30. 

Apr.  12.  Npw  York.  The  Rapid  Tran- 
sit Commission  grants  the  extensions 
asked  for  by  the  Manhattan  Elevated 
Railway. 

Apr.  13.  N.Y.  Oil-works  at  Buffalo. 
valued  at  $300,000,  are  destroyed  by  fire. 


Apr.  14.  Ind.  Artificial  and  natural 
gas  companies  consolidate  ;  capital, 
5^1,000,000. 

Apr.  15.  Chicago.  World's  Fair  Di- 
rectorate officers  are  reelected. 

D.  C.    The  New  York  Sub-Treasury 

is  advised  that  no  more  gold  certifi- 
cates will  be  issued  from  the  Treasury 
at  Washington. 

Apr.  16.  Phila.  Permission  is  granted 
to  put  the  trolley  system  on  every 
block  of  track  in  the  city. 

Apr.  17.  N.J.  America's  oldest  loco- 
motive, the  John  Bull,  starts  from  Jer- 
sey City  for  the  Chicago  Fair  over  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  drawing  two  old- 
time  passenger  coaches. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  Clinton  Wire 
Cloth  Company's  factory  is  burned  ; 
loss,  $400,000. 

Apr.  21.  Idaho.  Wordner  loses 
$700,000  by  fire ;  its  business  district  is 
destroyed,  and  many  people  are  home- 
less. 

Mont.    Nine  men  lose  their  lives  by 

fire  in  a  mine  at  Butte. 

Apr.  24.  New  York.  The  Spanish 
caravels,  en  route  for  the  World's  Fair, 
arrive,  attract  much  attention  and  many 
visitors. 

Apr.  25.  Chicago.  Two  lives  are  lost, 
and  property  valued  at  over  $200,000  is 
destroyed,  by  fire  in  the  First  Regiment 
Armory, 

Pa.      Trains  collide    at    Somerset, 

causing  five  deaths  and  much  damage 

to  property. 
Apr.  29.     Tex.     A  cyclone  devastates 

the  town  of  Cisco ;  30  persons  are  killed 

and  many  wounded. 

Apr.  30.  la.  Six  men  are  burned  to 
death  in  Burlington. 

±     O.    Ohio   Valley   sewer-pipe    men 

form  a  trust. 

May  3.    O.    The  Lewiston  reservoir, 

the  second  largest  artificial  body  of 
water  in  the  world,  breaks  its  embank- 
ments, causing  heavy  loss  in  the  track 
of  its  flood. 

May  5.  New  York,  A  wild  panic  in 
the  stock-market  is  narrowly  averted  ; 
values  fall  to  zero  ;  S.  V.  White  and 
others  suspend. 

The  Manhattan  Elevated  Railroad 
rejects  the  proposition  of  the  Rapid 
Transit  Commission  for  an  extension  of 
the  elevated  system. 

May  6.  Chicago.  The  paid  admissions 
for  the  day  at  the  World's  Fair  num- 
ber nearly  25,000. 

May  7.  Jnd.  A  train  is  wrecked  at 
Lafayette  and  10  persons  are  killed. 

May  9.  Chicago.  The  Chemical  Bank 
and  its  branch  on  the  Fair  Grounds  sus- 
pend. 

N.  Y.    A  smoker's  carelessness  causes 

a  are  in  Utica  ;  loss,  $;i80,000. 

May  11.  Ark.  The  first  crevasse  of 
the  season  occurs  on  the  Arkansas  side 
of  the  swollen  Mississippi  at  Lakeport. 

Chicago.  —  Ind.  The  Columbia  Na- 
tional Bank  suspends ;  also  the  Capi- 
tal National  Bank  of  Indianapolis. 
[Several  other  Western  banks  close 
their  doors.] 


430    1893,  May  11 -June  10. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  May  17.  D.  C.  Col.  William  P. 
Carlin,  of  the  Fourth  Infantry,  la  pro- 
moted to  brigadier-general. 

May  18.  D.  ('.  George  H.  Elliot  is  com- 
missioned colonel  —  corps  of  engineers. 
And  Robert  H.  Hall  colonel  —  4th  in- 
fantry. 

May  22.  />.  C.  The  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  assigns  Com.  Oscar  F.  Stanton 
as  commander  of  the  South  Atlantic 
station. 

The  new  cruiser  yew  York^  on  her 

oJlii'ial  trial  trip,  makes  an  average  of 
21.U7  knots  an  hour. 

May  30.  D.  C.  George  M.  Sternberg  is 
commissioned  brigadier-general. 

June  10.  Conn.  The  gunboat  J/acAia« 
reaches  New  London,  having  averaged 
15.17  knots  on  her  trial  trip,  the  required 
speed  being  13  knots. 

Phi /a.   The  new  battle-ship  JT/assa- 

chusetts  is  launched  at  Cramps'  shii>- 
yard. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  May  14.  Chicago.  A  bronze 
statue  of  the  poet  Hichter  is  unveiled 
ill  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of 
people,  mostly  Germans. 

May  17.  Chicago.  The  National  Com- 
mission orders  the  resignation  of  Theo- 
dore Thomas  as  musical  director  of 
the  World's  Fair. 

May  24.  fyask.  A  gold  strike  is  made 
in  the  O'Kanogan  mining  district ;  two 
pounds  of  gold  are  assayed  from  seven 
pounds  of  ore.  [Oct.  21.  Gold  is  found 
in  paying  quantities  in  Tennessee.] 

Ga.    A  monument  to  the  memory 

of  Alexander  H.  Stephens  is  unveiled 
at  CrawfordPviUe. 

May  26.  N.  Y.  The  Greek  tragedy  of 
Antujone  is  given  at  Poughkeepsie  by 
Vassar  girls. 

May  30.  Ark.  A  terrible  tornado 
leaves  5,000  people  of  the  town  of  Hope 
homeless  and  destitute  ;  the  authorities 
invite  assistance. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1893. 

May  14.     Blssell,  William  Henry  A.,  P.  E. 

bishop  of  Vt.,  A79. 
May  19.     Murdoch,  James  E.,  actor,  elo- 

cutioniBt,  AS2. 
June  7.    Booth.  Edwin,  actor,  tragedian, 

A60. 

CHURCH. 

1893  May  14.  Boston.  Dean  William 
Lawrence  is  chosen  by  the  Episcopal 
Diocesan  Convention  to  succeed  Dr. 
Phillips  Brooks  as  bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

/nd.  Ex-President  Harrison  and  ex- 
Postmaster-General  Wanamaker  deliver 
addresses  before  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  Convention  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

May  18.  D.  C.  The  General  Assem- 
bly (Presbyterian)  begins  its  session  at 
Washington ;  Prof.  W.  G.  Craig,  mod- 
erator. 


[May  24.    Prof.  Brig^gs  concludes  his 

argument,  and  Col.  iMcCook  begins  on 
behalf  of  the  prosecution.  Mav  2ij. 
The  General  Assembly  votes,  410  to  145, 
to  entertain  the  Prosecuting  Commit- 
tee's appeal  in  tlie  case  of  Prof.  Briggs. 
Mav  29.  Prof.  Briggs's  trial  by  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  for  heresy  begins.  May 
30.  The  trial  continues.  May  31.  Tlie 
Assembly  sustains  the  appeal  against 
Prof.  Briggs.  Vote,  383-116.  June  1. 
It  suspends  him  from  the  ministry  until 
he  shall  give  evidence  of  repentance  ;  it 
also  takes  action  against  the  Union 
Seminary.] 

May  27.  y.  Y.  Tlie  General  Convention 
of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

May  28.  Xeir  York.  The  Infanta  Eu- 
lalie  attends  mass  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathe- 
dral in  the  morning,  and  a  reception  by 
the  Catholic  Club  in  the  evening. 

June  4.  Rev.  Dr.  James  H.  Ecob  an- 
nounces his  withdrawal  from  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  on  account  of  the 
decision  in  tlie  Briggs  case. 

June  5.  It.  Pope  Leo  thanks  Cardi- 
nal Gibbons  for  his  argument  in  favor 
of  restoring  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Papacy. 

June  7.  It.  The  Sacred  Congregation 
of  the  Propaganda  coutirms  the  scho- 
lastic policy  of  Mgr.  Satolli  and  Arch- 
bishop Ireland  in  the  United  States. 

LETTERS. 

1893  May  22.  Mass.  Tlie  Salem  Re- 
gister, established  1800,  suspends  publi- 
cation. 

May  23.  Va.  Rev.  H.  B.  Frissell  is 
chosen  to  succeed  General  S.  C.  Arm- 
strong as  principal  of  Hampton  Nor- 
mal Institute  for  Indians. 

May  31.  Xeiv  York.  The  University 
of* the  City  of  New  York  secures 
about  eight  acres  of  ground  adjoining  20 
acres  purchased  last  year ;  price,  $1 1 1 ,980. 

June  10.  Xew  York.  The  Journal  of 
Commerce  and  the  Daily  Commercial 
Bulletin  are  consolidated. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  May  12.  New  York.  Francis  H. 
"Weeks,  the  hea<i  of  West  Superior 
Land  and  Improveiuent  Company,  the 
West  Superior  Steel  Company,  the  West 
Superior  Woolen  Company,  and  trustee 
of  several  estates,  has  absconded,  lie 
is  believed  to  be  a  defaulter  for  over 
$1,000,000. 

fSept.  9+.  He  is  virtually  arrested  in 
Costa  Pica.  Nov.  8.  He  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  in  Sing  Sing  for  10  years.] 

May  13.  Chicago.  The  local  directors 
of  the  World's  Fair  decide  to  open  the 
grounds  (but  not  the  exhibit  build- 
ing:s)  on  Sunday,  May  21,  at  25  cents 
admission  fee. 

[May  16.  They  decide  to  open  the  Fair 
in  all  departments,  the  machinery  only 
to  be  stopped.] 

Ky.    One  thousand  women  of  Ow- 

ensboro  band  together  and  pledge  them- 
selves to  wage  a  continuous  crusade 
against  the  liquor-dealers  and  manufac- 
turers of  their  city. 

O.    The  Scotch-Irish  Congress  is 

in  session  at  Springfield,  with  President 
Robert  Bonner  in  the  chair. 


Tenn.    The  grand  jury  at  Chattanooga 

returns  25  indictments  against  citizens 
alleged  to  have  been  concerned  in  the 
lynching  of  Alfred  Blount,  — five  for 
murder  and  20  as  accessories. 

May  16.  ^V.  II.  Geo.  H.  Abbott  (Frank 
C.  Almy),  the  murderer  of  Christie  War- 
<len  at  Hanover,  is  hanged  at  Concord. 

May  19.  JJ.  C.  The  President  and  Mrs. 
Cleveland  give  a  reception  at  the  White 
House  to  the  members  of  the  Presby- 
terian General  Assembly. 

Xeip  York.    The  Infanta  Eulalie  is 

formally  welcomed,  and  taken  by  spe- 
cial train  to  Washington.  Slie  is  accom- 
§anied  by  the  Saragossa  Band,  from 
pain. 

[May  20.  She  is  received  at  the  White 
House.  May  25.  She  is  welcomed  by 
the  mayor  of  New  York  as  the  city's 
guest.  May  29.  She  visits  West  Point 
and  reviews  the  cadets.  May  31.  She 
reviews  the  parade  of  the  police  of  Xew 
York.  Jime  3.  She  is  received  by  tlie 
mayor  of  Brooklyn.  June  6.  She  ar- 
rives at  Chicago.  June  7.  She  is  re- 
ceived by  Mayor  Harrison.] 

May  20.  ///.  W.  H.  Schureman,  pro- 
prietor of  the  Normal  Kxchaiige  iJanii. 
of  Bloomington,  is  under  arrest  charged 
with  embezzlement. 

Tex.  The  wiU  of  Henry  Rosen- 
berg, banlier,  of  Galveston,  gives  §400,- 
000  to  family  and  friends,  and  $520,000 
for  benevolences  in  Galveston— anu)ng 
them  $30,000  for  drinking-fountains  and 
S25,000  for  a  public  library. 

May  22.  Xew  York.  C.  J.  Johnson  is 
convicted  of  manslaughter  in  the  first 
degree  for  throwing  his  wife  out  of  an 
upper  window  and  Killing  her  while  be 
him-self  was  drunk. 

May  23.    AVir  York.    G.   A.   "Whitman, 

cashier  of  the  Spooner  Manufacturing 
Company,  is  held  in  $3,500  bail  for  em- 
bezzlement. 

Chicago.    The  World's  Fair  National 

Commission  adopts  the  Judiciary 
Committee's  minority  report  in  fa- 
vor of  Sunday  opening.    A'oie,  30-27. 

May  26.  Chicago.  Dircctor-of- Works 
Burnham  issues  an  order  announcing 
that  the  World's  Fair  will  be  open  to 
the  public  on  Sunday  next.  May  28, 
until  II  P.M.,  the  buildings  closing  at 

10  P.M. 

Tex.    Masked  robbers  hold  up  a 

train  at  Coleman,  and  compel  the  en- 
gineer and  fireman  to  help  them  rob  the 
express-car. 

May  28,  Chicago.  The  World's  Fair 
gates  are  open  all  day  (Sunday) ;  about 
125,000  people  are  admitted  — less  than 
one-eleventh  of  Chicago's  population  ; 
British  exhibits  and  the  State  buildings 
remain  closed. 

May  29.  Pa.  The  Hoy  family- 
father,  mother,  and  two  children  —  are 
found  murdered  at  home  in  New  Haven. 

May  30.  In.  The  removal  of  saloon 
screens  on  Sunday  at  Fort  Dodge  by 
force  of  law  stops  the  sale  of  beer. 

May  31.  Chicago.  Argument  begins 
in  the  Federal  Court  on  the  proceed- 
ings by  the  Government  to  close  the 
AVorld's  Fair  gates  on  Stmday. 

June  1.  The  Royal  Arcanum  reports 
143,3(>8  members ;  total  benefits  paid  to 
date,  $23,332,502. 

NeiP  York.  A  "  cheap-milk  de- 
pot" is  formally  opened  at  the  foot  of 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  May  11 -June  10.      431 


East  Third  Street  for  the  beneilt  of  the 
poor  people  of  the  neighborhood. 

.V.  }'.    The  Presbyterian  Rest  for 

Convalescents  is  formally  opened  in 
White  Plains  ;  it  will  provide  temporary 
shelter  and  care  for  worthy  Protestant 
poor  discharged  from  hospitals. 

June  3.  A'.  }'.  The  Long  Island  Rail- 
road Company's  general  manager  issues 
an  order  that  heads  of  departments  will 
be  held  responsible  if  they  continue  to 
employ  men  who  frequent  drinking- 
places  during  their  leisure  hours. 

June  4.  Ckicitt/o.  Sunday:  The  at- 
tendance at  the  "World's  Fair  to-day 
falls  short  of  00,000.  The  British  exhib- 
its and  the  U.  S.  Government  display 
are  covered. 

June  5.  Ky.  The  Hustler  newspaper 
office  is  wrecked  by  dynamite:  the 
paper  was  edited  by  Rev.  J.  J.  Dickey, 
who  secured  tlie  enactment  of  the  local- 
option  law  in  Breathitt  Coiuity. 

June  6.  Cal.  The  Nawab  of  Ram- 
pur  arrives  at  San  Francisco  on  his 
way  to  Chicago. 

Chicago,    The  World's   Congress 

on  Temperance  is  in  session. 

U.  S.    Officers  of  the  Actors'  Fund 

report  the  disbursement  of  about  $450,- 
000,  and  for  relief,  burials,  hospital 
charges,  etc.,  $203,500,  since  organizing 
in  1892,  and  funds  on  hand  amounting 
to  8230,325. 

June  7.  Supreme  Master  S.  J.  Willey  of 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  is  expelled  from 
the  order;  cause,  the  loss  of  $80,000 
through  his  operations. 

STATE. 

1893  May  12.  Fr.  In  the  Bering 
Sea  Arbitration  Coiu*t  discussion  takes 
place  over  the  forged  interpolations  in 
the  American  case. 

May  15.  />.  C.  The  U.  S  Supreme 
Court  renders  a  decision  sustaining  the 
constitutionality  of  the  Geary  Chi- 
nese Exclusion  Act;  Justice  Brewer, 
Justice  Field,  and  Chief-Justice  Fuller, 
each  delivers  a  dissenting  opinion. 

May  16.  D.  C.  The  Cabinet  discusses 
the  Chinese  question  without  result ; 
the  Geary  Law  is  practically  nuUiiied 
by  the  lack  of  money  to  execute  it. 

\ew  York.    The  Senate  Conmiittee 

on  Immigration  examines  Dr.  Senner. 
[May  17.  It  inspects  Ellis  Island  and 
the  inethod  of  treating  immigrants 
there.] 

Okla.    The    Indiana    cede     about 

9,409  square  miles  in  the  Cherokee  Strip 
(6,022,754  acres)  to  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment for  $8,300,000,  to  be  paid  in  live 
annual  installments,  $300,000  at  the  time 
of  purchase,  besides  $110,000  to  be  paid 
other  Indians. 

May  19.  D.  C.  It  is  decided  that  the 
Government  will  pay  all  bills  presented 
for  the  entertainment  of  the  Duke  of 
Veragua  and  the  Infanta  Fulalie  as 
the  nation's  guests,  except  otherwise 
provided  for  by  States  and  cities  that 
voluntarily  give  them  hospitality. 


May  20.  Conn.  The  governor  signs  the 
Anti-Oleomargarin  Bill,  which  will  pre- 
vent the  sale  uf  oleomargarin  in  the 
State. 

May  24.  New  York.  The  Congressional 
Commission  appointed  to  investigate 
the  Custom-house  begins  its  work. 

May  25.  Cluna.  The  coming  of  the 
new  Chinese  Minister  to  the  United 
States  is  alleged  to  be  deferred,  pending 
the  reply  of  the  Secretary  of  State  to 
China's  questions. 

May  27.  D.  (\  Secretary  Smith  an- 
nuls an  order  issueu  by  Gen.  Kaum 
while  Commissioner  of  Pensions  respect- 
ing disabilities  not  of  service  origin. 

May  28.  U.  (\  The  State  Department 
is  notified  by  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment that  if  the  Geary  Law  is  enforced 
diplomatic  and  commercial  relations 
with  the  United  States  will  be  severed. 

May  30.  It.  I.  Two  Republicans  are 
unseated  by  the  Democratic  majority 
in  the  House ;  because  of  this  the  Re- 
publican Senate  I'efuses  to  meet  the 
House  in  Grand  Committee.  (June  3. 
Gov.  Brown  prorogues  the  State  Legis- 
lature to  January,  1894.]     (See  Aug.  12.) 

June  2.  D,  C.  It  is  announced  that  the 
Italian  Legation  at  Washington  has 
been  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  embassy, 
Baron  Fava  to  be  first  ambassador. 

June  3.  N.  Y.  Judge.  Edwards  of  the 
Supreme  Court  denies  a  motion  requiring 
the  State  Board  of  Canvassers  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  be  punished 
for  contempt  of  court  in  the  Dutchess 
County  election  case. 

June  6.  D.  C.  The  Russian  Extradi- 
tion Treaty  is  promulgated  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland. 

June  7.  />.  C.  Russia  notifies  the  U. 
S.  Government  of  her  intention  to  raise 
her  legation  at  Washington  to  the  rank 
of  an  embassy. 

June  8.  O.  Willi  am  McKinley,  Jr. 
(Kep.),  is  renominated  for  governor. 

June  9.  D.  C.  The  new  Hawaiian  Min- 
ister, Lorin  A.  Thurston,  is  presented 
to  the  President. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  May  11.  X.  Y.  A  syndicate  is 
formed  for  the  construction  of  a  trans- 
mission line  to  convey  to  Albany  and 
several  other  cities  the  electric  power 
generated  by  the  tunnel  waters  of  the 
Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  ;  capital, 
$4,000,000. 

The  Empire  State  express,  a  regular 
passenger-train  of  four  cars,  drawn  by 
locomotive  number  999,  is  run  on 
the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  for  one 
mile,  at  the  rate  of  112.5  miles  per 
hour. 

May  14.  Mich.  Ten  miners  are  kiUed 
by  the  cage  striking  the  timbers  and 
falling  down  a  shaft  in  the  Calumet  and 
Hecla  Mine. 

May  16.  .-trk.  The  Grand  Lake  Levee 
antl  the  protective  levee  at  Point  Pleas- 
ant give  way. 

May  17.  III.  A  generator  explosion 
in  a  glucose  factory  at  Geneva  causes 


the  loss  of  six  lives,  besides  damage  to 
the  building. 

Two  more  Mississippi  crevasses  are 

reported. 

May  18.  Ark.  Aboxcontaining$10,- 
000  is  unearthed  at  Des  Arc,  under  the 
house  of  S.  P.  Catlin,  an  eccentric  bache- 
lor, who  died  10  years  ago. 

May  19.  Chicayo.  The  Local  Directory 
defers  opening  the  gates  of  the 
World's  Fair  on  Sunday,  in  order  to 
give  the  National  Commission  time  to 
consider  the  question. 

May  20.  Chicago.  By  the  breaking  of  a 
floor  at  the  "World's  Fair  70  women 
drop  671  ??irts.tf  a  distance  of  12  feet ;  nine 
are  seriously  hurt. 

May  21.  Mich.  Forest  fires  at  Sagi- 
naw and  elsewhere  in  the  .State  destroy 
12  hves  and  §1,500,000  in  property. 

May  22.  Chicago.  The  Swiss  exhibit 
at  the  "World's  Fair  is  closed  by  the 
Swiss  Commissioner  because  of  the  ar- 
rest of  one  of  the  exhibitors  by  United 
States  customs  officers. 

May  23.  La.  A  crevasse  200  feet  wide 
occurs  near  New  Orleans. 

May  25.  Chicago.  At  the  World's  Fair, 
commissioners  from  17  foreign  countries 
withdLraw  their  exhibits  from  com- 
petition for  the  awards. 

New  York.    The  Dock  Board  adopts 

plans  to  build  new  piers  and  bulk- 
heads at  a  cost  of  510,000,000. 

May  27.  La.  The  body  of  Jefferson 
Davis  is  removed  from  the  tomb  in  New 
Orleans,  preparatory  to  its  transfer  to 
Richmond,  Va.  [Arrives  on  May  31,  and 
is  interred  in  Hollywood  Cemetery.] 

Neio  York.     Gold  coin  amounting  to 

$2,500,000  is  shipped  for  Europe. 

May  28,  Chicago.  The  New  York  Cen- 
tral's "Exposition Flyer"  makes  its 
first  run  to  Chicago  [in  less  than  20 
hours]. 

May  29.  New  York.  Cable-cars  begin 
regular  trips  on  Broadway. 

June  5.  Chicayo.  The  exhibits  sent 
by  Queen  Victoria  of  Kngland  and 
Queen  Margherita  of  Italy  are  opened 
at  the  "World's  Fair. 

June  6.  N.  Y.  The  centennial  anni- 
versary of  the  founding  of  Bath  begins. 

June  7.  N.  Dak.  The  business  portion 
of  Fargo  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$2,500,000;  over  2,000  people  are  home- 
less. 

Tex.    The  completion  of  a  great 

dam,  1,150  feet  long,  60  high,  across  the 
Colorado  River  at  Austin,  is  celebrated. 
By  it  a  lake  22  miles  long,  with  an 
average  width  of  1,200  feet,  is  forme'd, 
containing  a  water  supply  for  Austin  of 
twenty-one  billion  gallons,  and  atlord- 
ing  power  for  the  ulectric-light  system 
of  the  city. 

June  8.  New  York.  All  the  members  of 
the  Rapid  Transit  Commission,  ex- 
cept John  H.  Starin,  resign. 

June  9.  n.  C.  Ford's  Theater,  Wasb- 
infrton.  where  Lincoln  was  assassinated, 
collapses  while  nearly  400  Government 
clerks  are  at  work  inside  ;  21  persons  are 
killed  and  about  50  injured. 


432      189  3,  June  10  -  July  10. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  June  16.  A",  r.  The  militia 
ia  ordered  to  Tonawanda  on  account 
of  a  strike  among  lumber-sbovers. 

July  3.  New  York.  The  Russian  ar- 
mored cruiser  Admiral  Nachimoff  ar- 
rives, and  anchors  in  tlie  Hudson  Itiver. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  June  22.  Kan.  A  tornado 
strikes  Perry,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
State,  killB  16  persons,  and  injures  many 
others. 

June  25.  Chicago.  Bruce  .Joy's  statue 
of  Gladstone  ia  unveiled  at  the 
World's  Fair. 

A  granite  monument  erected  to 
the  memory  of  the  anarchists  in  the 
Haymarket  massacre,  Spies,  Parsons, 
Fischer,  Lingg,  and  Engle,  is  unveiled 
In  Waldheim  Cemetery. 
Jtme  28.  Mass.  The  Farragut  statue 
in  Murine  Park,  South  Boston,  is  mi- 
veiled. 

July  1.    Pa.    The  statue  ofVictoryis 

unveiled  at  Gettysburg  in   memory  of 

fallen  soldiers. 
July  2.      New    York.      Ijieut.    Peary's 

vessel,  the  Falcon,  starts  for  Boston  on 

her  way  to  the  Arctic  regions  in  search 
■  of  the  North  Pole ;  12  men  accompany 

the  commander. 

July  7.  Ia.  Tornadoes  occur;  more 
than  100  lives  are  lost ;  thetownof  Pome- 
roy  is  demolished. 

July  9.  Miss.  Ati  enormous  meteor 
falls  near  Brandon  ;  though  buried  in 
the  earth,  it  gives  out  intense  heat  and 
noxious  fumes. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 
June  30.    Stanlord.  Leland,  (Jov., senator 

for  Cal.,  founder  of  University,  A69. 
July  7.    Blatchford,  Samuel,  justice  U.  S. 

Supreme  Court,  A73. 


CHURCH. 

1893  June  12.  New  York.  TheBriggs 
case  is  again  brought  up  in  the  Presl>y- 
tery. 

June  14.  China.  F.  R.  Graves  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary 
bishop  of  China. 

Japan.     John  McKim  is  consecrated 

(Protestant  Episcopal)  missionary  bishop 
of  Japan. 

It.    Pope  Leo  gives  audience  to 

Dr.  M'Glynn,  who  leaves  Rome  after 
a  sojourn  of  five  days.  [June  25.  He 
returns  to  New  York.] 

June  29.  Mass.  The  Young  Women's 
Conference  at  Northfield  closes. 

June  30.  O.  The  Epworth  League  Con- 
ference begins  its  international  session 
at  Cleveland. 

July  9.  N.  Y.  Rev.  John  S.  Penman, 
Presbyterian  pastor  at  Irvington,  resigns 
his  charge  because  of  dissatisfaction  with 
the  decision  in  the  Briggs  case. 


LETTERS. 

1893  June  15.  Minn.  Pope  Leo  de- 
cides that  in  the  Diocese  of  St.  Paul, 

Catholic  and  Protestant  children  must 
be  alike  instructedj  without  the  exac- 
tion of  a  promise  that  the  latter  shall 
become  Catholics. 

June  19.  Chicago.  The  will  of  John 
Crerar  is  declared  valid  ;  it  provides  for 
the  erection  of  another  great  library, 
having  an  endowment  of  §2,000,000. 

June  21.  Md.  Cardinal  (libbons  makes 
public  a  translation  of  Pope  Leo*s  let- 
ter on  the  public-school  question  — 
public  schools  are  not  to  be  entirely 
condemned,  but  Catholic  institutions  of 
learning  are  to  be  multiplied  as  fast  as 
possible. 

June  25,  New  York.  Several  teachers 
are  dismissed  from  the  Wilson  Indus- 
trial School  because  of  their  activity  aa 
theosophists. 

June  28±,  New  York.  The  Christian 
Union  assumes  a  new  name —  The  Out- 
look. 

Jxzne  29.  Pa.  The  Pennsylvania 
Chautauqua  holds  its  opening  session 
at  Mount  Gretna. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  June  10.  Chicago.  Chief  Jus- 
tice Fuller  grants  a  stay  of  proceedings 
in  the  matter  of  Sunday  closing  of  the 
World's  Fair,  the  effect  being  to  permit 
the  Fair  to  keep  open  on  the  11th 
inst. 

Kan.    Train-robbers  hold  up  and 

rob  a  train  near  Cimarron  ;  a  messenger 
is  fatally  shot. 

N.  Y.  A  Jewish  society  is  incorpo- 
rated in  Brooklyn  to  aid  poor  Hebrews 
in  the  matter  of  food,  raiment,  and  ne- 
cessaries of  life. 

June  11.  Chicago.  The  Infanta  Eu- 
lalie  decides  to  participate  in  no  more 
"social  functions"  in  Chicago.  [June 
24,  She  sails  from  New  York  for 
Europe.] 

III.    Lovejoy  Day  is  celebrated  at 

Alton  in  memory  of  EUjah  P.  Love- 
joy,  the  first  martyr  to  the  antislavery 
cause ;  he  was  murdered  here  in  1837. 

June  12.  Ctil.  Tlie  outlaws,  Evans 
and  Sontag,  have  an  encounter  witli 
officers,  in  which  Sontag  is  seriously 
wounded  and  captured. 

June  13.  New  York.  The presiilent, sec- 
retary, and  paying  teller  of  tbe  Irving 
Savings  Institution  of  this  city  are 
found  responsible  for  the  shortage  of 
$70,000  in  the  bank's  funds. 

June  14.  The  llGth  anniversary  of  the 
adoption  of  the  stai^  and  stripes  as 
the  national  emblem  of  the  United 
States  is  celebrated  by  a  general  flag- 
raising  in  New  Yorlc,  Philadelphia,  and 
other  places. 

June  15.  Chicago.  The  attendance  at 
the  World's  Fair  to-day  — German  Day 
—  exceeds  that  of  any  other  f fete  day 
since  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  ;  the 
German  building  is  dedicated  with  ap- 
propriate exercises. 


New  York.    Heirs  of  Jay  Oould  decide 

to  contest  the  payment  of  $250,000  in- 
heritance tax  in  addition  to  the  $600,000 
already  paid. 

June  16.  Chicago.  A  reception  is  ten- 
dered to  ex-President  Harrison  in  the 
Ohio  building  at  the  World's  Fair. 

The    Congress   of   the    American 
Sons  of  the  Revolution  meets. 

N.  Y.  Striking  lumbennen  at  Ton- 
awanda are  causing  trouble;  troops  are 
ordered  to  be  in  readiness  in  case  of 
outbreak.  [June  18.  Martial  law  is  de- 
clared.   June  23.    The  strilte  is  settled.] 

June  17.  Chicago.  The  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeals  unanimously  decides 
that  the  World's  Fair  Corporation  has 
the  right  to  open  the  gates  on  Sun- 
day. 

The  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of 

Bunker  Hill  is  observed  in  New  Eng- 
land cities,  and  by  a  Massachusetts  cele- 
bration at  the  World's  Fair. 

June  18.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Fair 
is  open  (Sunday) ;  but  the  attendance 
is  small — 57,676  by  payment,  and  nearly 
17,000  on  passes. 

AVm'    York.    A    Boston    man    jumpe 

from  the  Brooklyn  Bridge  and  is 
killed. 

June  19.  D.  C.  Tlie  coroner's  jury  in 
the  Ford's  Theater  disaster  renders  a 
verdict  of  criminal  negligence  against 
Col.  Ainsworth,  Supt.  Covert,  Engineer 
Sa8se,'and  G.  W.  Dant,  the  contractor. 

Jime  22.  Conn.  A  strike  ties  up  the 
horse-car  lines  in  Bridgeport. 

Jime  24.  Miss.  William  Buckley  is  ae- 
sassinated  by  White  Caps  in  Marion 
County  while  on  his  way  home  from 
coxu-t,  where  he  had  been  a  witness 
against  certain  of  their  number. 

June  26.  Chicago.  Gov.  Altgeld  par- 
dons the  anarchists  Fielden,  Schwab,, 
and  Necbe,  at  the  same  time  severely 
arraigning  Judge  Gary,  who  conducted 
the  trials. 

Jime  27.  Boston.  The  annual  meeting 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  Associa- 
tion is  held. 

Chicago.    The  grand  jury  apj)ointp  a 

committee  of  three  to  investigate  all 
the  known  gambling-houses,  with  a 
view  to  their  abolishment. 

New  York.  A  jury  awards  Mrs.  Pol- 
lock $37,500  against  her  father-in-law 
for  alienating  her  husband's  allectiiuis. 

Jime  28.  New  York.  The  anti-sweat- 
er law  is  to  be  vigorously  enforced ;  a 
number  of  clothing-dealers  are  notified 
where  not  to  purchase  stock. 

The  Cabinet  of  the  Epworth  League 

resolves  to  withdraw  its  exhibit  from 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  be- 
cause of  the  opening  of  tbe  Fair  on 
Sim  day. 

June  30.  Mass.  The  Young  Wom- 
en's Conference  at  Northfield  clo.ses. 

July  1.  Phila.  The  garment- work- 
ers* strike  is  ended,  the  employers  con- 
ceding all  points  at  issue. 

S.  C.  The  Evans  liquor-law  be- 
comes operative  ;  the  State  assumes  the 
monopoly  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicants. 

July  2.  N.  Y.  The  Irish- American 
Military  Encampment  at  Newark 
opens  with  a  military  mass  ;  total  enrol- 
ment in  the  United  States,  about  40,000. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  June  10-July  10.    433 


Pa.    New  York  Day  ia  celebrated 

at  Gettysburg  by  the  dedication  of  tlie 
Slate  monument ;  speeches  are  made  by 
Bisliop  Potter,  (Jen.  Sickles,  and  Gov. 
Flower. 

Jvily  4.  Chicago.  Independence  Day 
is  celebrated  at  the  World's  Fair 
with  addresses  by  Vice-President  Ste- 
venson, H.  L.  Carson  of  Philadelphia, 
and  Mayor  Harrison  ;  the  Paul  Jones 
flag  is  unfurled,  and  the  new  Liberty 
Beli  is  dedicated.  About  250,000  people 
are  present. 

July  7.  Ky.  A  neero  named  Miller, 
accused  of  murdering  the  Ray  sisters, 
is  lynched  by  a  mob  at  Bardwell.  [July 
11.  A  negro  uprising  is  feared  because 
of  the  lynching.] 

Mont.    The  National  Free  Coinage 

Association  is  organized  at  Helena. 

Kew  York.    Anarchists  hold  a 

meeting  at  the  Windsor  Theater. 

S.  C.  The  Dispensary  JJaw  is  de- 
clared unconstitutional  by  Circuit 
Judge  Hudson  at  Bennettsville. 

July  8.  Chicago.  Mayor  Harrison,  in 
an  address  of  welcome,  says  that  unless 
"Congress  gives  plenty  of  money  we 
shall  have  riots  that  will  shake  the 
country ; "  there  are  about  200,000  un- 
employed laborers  in  the  city,  destitute 
of  money. 

If .  Dak.    t).  S.  Kreeder,  his  wife,  and 

four  children  are  killed  by  the  hired 
man,  Albert  Baunbargar,  in  Candor. 

July  9.  Neb.  The  State  Bank  at  Shu- 
bert  fails ;  its  cashier  disappears,  leav- 
ing a  shortage  of  $21,000. 

STATE. 

1893  June  14.  B.  C.  After  the  pres- 
entation of  Baron  Fava  to  President 
Cleveland  luider  his  new  title  as  Am- 
bassador from  Italy,  the  Turkish  Min- 
ister in  behalf  of  the  Sultan  presents  to 
the  President  a  massive  gold  medal 
commemorative  of  the  400th  anni- 
versary of  the  discovery  of  America. 

June  18.  /.  T.  Chief  Harris  announces 
the  receipt  of  a  bid  and  its  acceptance 
for  the  Cherokee  Strip  bonds,  involving 
about  $6,000,000,  with  accrued  interest 
of  8100,000. 

June  22.  Fr.  Edward  J.  Phelps  of  U.  S. 
counsel  begins  his  argument  before  the 
Bering  Sea  Court  of  Arbitration  in 
Paris. 

June  28.  JV.  V.  John  Brooks  Leavitt 
of  New  York  City  applies  to  Judge  Bar- 
nard for  an  order  requiring  the  State 
Board  of  Canvassers  of  1891  to  show 
cause  why  they  should  not  be  punished 
for  contempt  of  court. 

June  30.  D.  C.  The  President  sum- 
mons Congress  to  convene  in  ex- 
traordinary session  on  Monday,  Aug.  7. 
Statistics  for  the  fiscal  year.  Reve- 
nue: Customs,  8203,355,017;  internal 
revenue,  $161,027,624;  sales  of  public 
lands,  $3,182,090;  miscellaneous  items, 
$18,253,898.  Total  revenue,  $385,818,629. 
Expenditures :  Miscellaneous  items, 
$103,732,799;  War  Department,  .$49,641, - 
773 ;  Navy  Department,  $30,136,084  ;  In- 
dians, $13,345,347  ;  pensions,  $ir,9,,'i67,558  ; 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  S27,2r»4,392. 
Total  ordinary  expenditures,  $;i83,477,- 
953 ;  excess  of  revenue  over  ordinary 
expenditure,  $2,340,674.    Exports,  $847,- 


666,194 ;    imports,    $354,994,622.     Public 
debt  (Nov.  1),  $1,549,556,353. 

July  1.  Cat.  JudgeKoss  at  Los  Angeles 
decides  that  imprisonment  and  de- 
portation of  Chinamen  under  the 
Geary  Law,  without  trial  by  jury,  is 
imconstitutional. 

July  3.  D.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  sus- 
pends silver  purchases. 

July  6.  New  York.  The  Chamber  of 
Commerce  by  an  almost  unanimous 
vote  demands  the  repeal  of  the  Sher- 
man Silver  Law. 

July  8.  Fr.  Mr.  Phelps  concludes  his 
address  before  the  Bering  Sea  Tribu- 
nal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Jime  10.  ^V.  Y.  The  Lehigh 
Valley  coal-trestles  at  Buffalo,  contain- 
ing 60,000  tons  of  coal,  are  burned ;  loss, 
$500,000. 

The  Glens  FaUa  Paper  Company 

increases  its  capital  stock  from  $330,000 
to  $2,700,000. 

June  11.  Chicago.  Thirty  pieces  of  lace 
belonging  to  the  World's  Fair  exhibit  of 
Queen  Margherita  of  Italy  are  missing. 

N.  Y.  A  four  days'  centennial  cele- 
bration of  the  settlement  of  Caze- 
novia  begins. 

Jviue  13.  Conn.  The  Viking  ship  ar- 
rives at  New  London. 

June  14.  JV^.  Y.  Tlie  Clinton  Prison 
convicts  begin  work  at  grading  roads, 
according  to  the  new  law,  under  the 
supervision  of  State  Engineer  Schenck. 

June  15.  Neu!  York.  The  Clearing- 
house Association  authorizes  the  issu- 
ing of  certificates  for  the  relief  of 
banks. 

June  16+.  N.  Y.  The  storage  yard 
of  the  Philadelphia  and  Heading  Coal 
Company  at  Buffalo  burns.  Fifty  thou- 
sand tons  of  hard  coal,  and  trestles,  cars, 
outhouses,  oiHces,  and  scale  platform, 
covering  15  acres  of  ground,  are  de- 
stroyed ;  loss  over  $800,000. 

June  17.  New  York.  The  Viking  Nor- 
wegian ship  arrives  in  the  Hudson 
River. 

June  18+.  La.  Two  serious  crevasses 
occur  near  New  Orleans.  [Loss  esti- 
mated at  $1,000,000.] 

June  19.  New  York.  John  Haggerty, 
of  Cherry  Street,  jumps,  while  in- 
toxicated, from  Brooklyn  Bridge 
into  the  East  River,  and  swims  safely 
ashore. 

Wis.  —  Minn.      Lives    are    lost   and 

several  towns  destroyed  by  forest  fires. 

June  20.  N.  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked 
at  Parkville,  Long  Island  ;  eight  persons 
are  killed  and  29  injured. 

June  21.  JVis.  Seven  persons  are  killed 
by  lightning  during  a  circus  perfor- 
mance at  River  Falls. 

June  22.  N.  Y.  The  Columbian  Iiib- 
erty  bell  is  successfully  cast  at  the  Clin- 
ton H.  Meneely  Bell  Foundry,  Troy. 

June  23.  Chicago.  The  World's  Pair 
is  finally  completed. 

The    money   stringency    compels 

l)anks  in  New  York  and  other  States  to 
close. 

June  24.  N.  J.  A  train  wrecked  at 
Faterson  causes  five  deaths. 


N.    Y,     Three  hundred  persons  are 

poisoned  by  eating  ice-cream  at  the 
high-school  reception  at  Rochester. 

June  25.  Several  Southern  banks 
close  their  doors. 

Jime  26.    Kan.    The  Tremont  Hotel, 

in  Fort  Scott,  collapses  ;  several  persons 
are  killed  and  wounded. 

La.     Bescue   crevasse   near  New 

Orleans  is  600  feet  wide,  and  still  en- 
larging. 

New  York.     In  Wall  Street  money 

rules  at  20  and  30  per  cent. 

The  Viking  ship  starts  on  her  trip 
to  Chicago  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Several  W^estern   banks  suspend 

payments. 

June  27.  N.  Y.  Tlie  summer  hotel 
Sagamore,  at  Lake  George,  is  destroyed 
by  lire  ;  loss,  $200,000 ;  guests  and  em- 
ployees are  saved. 

June  28.  Chicago.  Western  railroads 
virtually  agree  on  a  one-fare  round- 
trip  rate  for  the  World's  Fair. 

June  29.  Colo.  Silver-mines  are  shut 
down ;  over  20,000  men  are  thrown  out 
of  employment, 

New  Ym-k.  United  action  of  the  banks 

relieves  the  money  stress  and  averts  se- 
rious trouble. 

June  30.  Chicago.  The  management  re- 
ports that  the  payments  for  admission 
to  the  World's  Fair  during  June  aver- 
aged $80,000  daily. 

New  York.    Clearing-house  banks 

are  renewing  loans  by  a  further  issue  of 
over  $5,000,000  certificates,  whereby  an 
easier  feeling  is  caused. 

July  1.  Chicago.  President  T.  W.  Palmer 
tenders  the  resignation  of  his  office  of 
president  of  the  National  World's 
Fair  Commission. 

Colo.    Eighteen  mining  properties 

are  closed  in  Leadville,  owing  to  the 
drop  in  the  price  of  silver. 

S.  C.  The  State  begins  to  sell  Uquor 

in  the  State  dispensaries. 

July  3.  N.  Y.  Auburn  celebrates  its 
100th  anniversary. 

July  5.  Xaii.  Great  destitution  prevails 
in  Western  sections. 

July  *  U.  S.  Many  business  failures 
are  announced,  following  a  large  num- 
ber since  the  opening  of  the  year ;  banks 
also  close  their  doors,  especially  in  the 
West. 

July  6.  N.  Y.  A  run  on  a  savings-bank 
in  Watertown  is  checked  by  speeches 
and  a  guaranty  from  Gov.  Flower. 

The  closing  of  300  silver  mines, 

owing  to  the  fall  in  the  price  of  silver, 
is  announced. 

A  number  of  Western  banks  sus- 
pend. 

July  7.  Chicago.  The  caravels  arrive 
and  are  received  with  much  ceremony 
at  the  World's  Fair. 

July  9.  Chicago.  A  number  of  firemen 
and  others  lose  their  lives  by  the  burn- 
ing of  the  cold-storage  warehouse 
on  the  World's  Fair  grounds ;  property 
loss,  $660,000. 

New  York.    A  bronze  tablet  is  fixed 

on  the  front  wall  of  the  City  Hall  to 
commemorate  the  reading  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  by  General 
Washington  to  the  army,  July  9, 1776. 


434    1893,  July  10-Aug.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893    July  12.    D.  C,     Com.    T.   D. 

Wilson  retires  because  of  poor  health. 
July  18,      Kan.     Military  companies 

are  disbanded  by  the  State  authorities  ; 

cause,  political  dissensious  and  alleged 

use  of  the  troops  for  political  ends. 
July  29.    Tetin.    The   troops  which 

liave   been  protecting  the   convict 

miners    for   18    months    against    free 

miners  are  sent  home. 
Aug.  12.    Phila.     The  unarmored 

cruiser    Minneapolis    is   launched    at 

Cramps'  shipyard. 
Tenn.    Three  companies  of  militia 

are  ordered  to  Coal  Creek  to  suppress 

rioting. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  July  17.  Cal.  A  second  comet 
is  discovered  by  observers  at  the  Lick 
Observatory ;  it  is  enclosed  in  the  tail  of 
another  now  prominent  in  the  heavens. 

July  20.  Phila.  The  will  of  Anthony  J. 
Drexel  is  filed  for  probate ;  he  bequeaths 
$1,000,000  to  found  an  Art  Gallery, 
or  Museum. 

Aug.  3.  Greenland.  Ineut.  Peary's  ex- 
pedition reaches  Bowdoin  Bay. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1893. 

July  13.    Enochs,  William  H.,  M.  C.  for  O., 
A51. 

July  16.    Kelton,  John  C,  brig.-gen.  vols., 
A65. 

July  1 6.    Jardine,  Edward,  brig.-gen.  vela., 
A  65. 

July  18.    Auchmuty,  Richard  T.,  colonel, 
philanthropist,  A62. 

July  19.     Smith,    Melancthon,    rear-adm. 
U.  S.  N.,  A83. 

Jones,  Charles   Colcock,  author,  anti- 
quarian, A82. 

July  31.    Stephenson,  John,   builder  first 
street^car  in  New  York  City,  A84. 

Aug-.  8.    Towle,   (Seorge   Makepeace,   au- 
thor, A52. 

CHURCH. 

1893  July  19.  New  York.  Hev.  Henry 
Adams,  late  rector  of  the  Church  of 
the  Kedeemer,  having  announced  that 
he  has  become  a  Roman  Catholic,  is  for- 
mally deposed  from  the  ministry  by 
Bishop  Potter. 

July  20.  S.  C.  Ellison  Capers  is  conse- 
crated (Protestant  Episcopal)  assistant 
bishop  of  South  Carolina. 

July  25.  Tenn.  Thomas  F.  Gaylor 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
assistant  bishop  of  Tennessee. 

July  *  Ind.  The  Baptist  Young 
People's  Union  of  America  holds  its 
second  annual  convention  in  Indianap- 
olis ;  4,000  delegates  are  present. 

Aug.  1-13.  Mass.  The  llth  annual 
meeting  of  the  Bible  Conference  is  in 
session  at  14'orthfield. 

Aug.  3.  N.  Y.  Dr.  M' Glynn  receives 
permission  from  Bishop  McDonnell  of 
Brooklyn  to  say  mass  for  one  month  at 
the  church  in  Bath  Beach. 

Aug.  14-29.  N.  J.  The  International 
Bible  Conference  is  in  session  at  Ocean 
Grove. 


LETTERS. 

1893  July  16.  Phila.  The  Univer- 
sity Extension  summer  meeeting 
opens  its  second  week  with  a  largely 
increased  attendance. 

Kew  York.  The  library  of  the  Orien- 
talist, Paul  Anton  de  Lagarde,  deceased, 
in  Gottingen,  is  purchased  for  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York. 

xV.  }'.  The  Roman  Catholic  sum- 
mer school  at  Plattsburg  begins  its 
sessions. 

Aug.  2±,  New  York.  C.  H.  Jones,  for- 
merly of  the  St.  Louis  Republic,  as- 
sumes duty  as  editor  of  The  World. 

SOCIETY. 
1893    July  10.    New  York.    Gen.  But- 
terfield  entertains  the  officers  of  the 
Hussian  war-fleet  now  at  this  port. 

[July  13.    They  arc  welcomed  by  the 
authorities  at  the  City  Hall.] 

July  11.  The  suit  of  Wanamaker  and 
Brown  to  secure  the  closing  of  the 
World's  Fair  on  Stinday  is  thrown 
out  of  court,  the  jvidge  holding  that  they 
have  no  standing  in  a  court  of  equity. 

0.    The  27th  festival  of  the  Worth 

American  Saengerbund  begins  at 
Cleveland. 

July  12.  Mass.  The  World's  Stu- 
dents* Conference  at  Northfield  ends 
its  sessions. 

July  14,  Chicago.  The  Local  Directory 
of  the  Fair  rescinds  its  former  action, 
and  votes,  24  to  4,  in  favor  of  Sun- 
day closing. 

O.    The  Toledo  Cadets,  O. N.  G., start 

for  Chicago  on  military  bicycles. 

S,  C.  Gov.  Tillman  meets  with  re- 
sistance in  enforcing  the  Dispensary 
Ijaw  ;  Charleston  liquor-dealers  are  pre- 
paring to  protect  their  premises  by  arms. 

July  15.  N.  Y.  The  municipal  au- 
thorities of  Brooklyn  are  charged  with 
having  illegally  expended  $627,000  of 
excise  moneys  since  1877. 

July  16.  N.  Y.  Merchants  at  Rocka- 
way  Beach  employ  constables  to  arrest 
gamblers  whom  the  police  refuse  to 
touch. 

July  17.  New  York.  A  pugilist  is 
killed  in  a  prize-fight. 

July  19.  Neio  York.  Russell  Sage  is 
sued  for  an  alleged  breach  of  promise 
of  marriage,  dating  back  25  years, 

July  21.  New  York.  The  Raja  Raja- 
gan  of  Kapurthala  (Punjab),  with  a  reti- 
nue of  servants,  arrives  here  on  his  way 
to  the  World's  Fair. 

J\ily  23.  Pa.  Over  30  men  are  in- 
jured in  a  race-war  between  Hungarians 
and  Poles  near  Scranton. 

July  24.  Ore.  Fifteen  persons,  includ- 
ing eight  Federal  employees,  are  in- 
dicted for  smuggling  Chinamen  into  the 

United  States. 

July  25.  Chicago.  About  12,000  com- 
mercial travelers,  representing  every 
State  in  the  Union,  besides  represen- 
tatives of  England,  France,  Germany, 
Austria,  Holland,  New  Zealand,  and 
Canada,  parade  in  Chicago.  It  is  Edi- 
torial Day  at  the  World's  Fair. 

±  Kan.  The  strike  in  the  coal-fields 

of  the  Cherokee  district  is  so  serious 
that  Gov.  Lewellingcalls  out  the  militia. 


July  26.  New  York.  Matthew  Green 
kicks  James  Halstead  till  he  causes  liis 
death ;  Green  is  admitted  to  bail  in  the 
sura  of  $1,500. 

Pa.    A  Pittsburg  laborer  kills   his 

wife  and  two  children  ;  he  then  sets  tire 
to  his  house  to  hide  the  crime. 

July  27.  Neiv  York.  The  Nawab  of 
Rampur  arrives. 

July  28.  O.  The  State  Liquor-Deal- 
ers* Association  decides  to  enter  ac- 
tively into  politics. 

It  demands  the  repeal  of  the  law  which 
makes  it  an  offense  to  sell  liquor  to  an 
habitual  drunkard,  a  modification  of  the 
Sunday-closing  law,  and  other  restric- 
tions. 

July  29.  A  mail-pouch  containing 
$50,000,  east  bound  from  Salt  Lake  City, 
is  missing. 

July  30.  Chicago.  Two  men  personate 
detectives,  and  bind  and  rob  Mrs.  K. 
Amnion  of  her  diamonds  and  jewelry  at 
her  residence. 

Aug.  1.  Chicago.  ITie  first  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Bimetallic 
liCague  begins. 

A^  J.    The   annual   baby   parade 

takes  place  at  Asbury  Park  in  the  pres- 
ence of  an  immense  multitude ;  there 
are  500  babies  in  the  line  of  carriages. 

Aug.  2.  Chicago.  Five  directors  of 
the  World's  Fair  are  fined  $1,000  each 
by  Judge  Stein  for  contempt  of  court  in 
closing  the  Exposition  on  Sunday,  July 
23 ;  smaller  fines  are  imposed  upon  Direc- 
tor Lawson  and  Director-General  Davis. 

N.  J.    M.  P.  Smith,  tax  collector  of 

South  Orange,  is  arrested  on  charge  of 
embezzling  township  funds  to  the 
amount  or$13,000. 

Aug,  3.  Chicago.  It  is  practically  set- 
tled that  the  World's  Fair  gates  will 
be  open  on  Sundays  during  the  rest  of 
the  Exposition. 

The  grand  jury's  inquisition  concern- 
ing the  cold-storage  warehouse  fire  at 
the  World's  Fair  shows  that  goods  were 
taken  therefrom  by  the  wagonload,  and 
that  over  loo  employees  were  involved 
in  the  conspiracy.  [Aug.  26,  About 
1,000  sufferers  from  the  tire  are  receiving 
aid  from  the  citizens'  committee.] 

Colo.    Workmen  are  attacked  by 

strikers. 

Aug.  4.  N.  Y.  Superintendent  Brock- 
way  is  charged  with  cruelty  at  the 
Elmira  Reformatory.  [Sept.  14.  He  is 
relieved  from  duty  pending  an  investi- 
gation.] 

Aug.  6.  Cal.  Peculations  to  the  ex- 
tent of  $800,000  from  the  Pacific  Bank 
of  San  Francisco  are  announced. 

Chicago.    Sunday  :  The  World's  Fair 

gates  are  opened  to  a  small  attendance. 

Aug.  9.  New  Y<yrk.  The  Thokore  of 
IMarvi,  India,  arrives,  en  route  to  the 
World's  Fair. 

Aug.  10.  Tenn.  Soldiers  at  Coal  Creek 
lynch  two  men  suspected  of  murdering 
one  of  their  comrades. 

Aug.  12.  Cal.  F.  Gratefeud  of  the  Bank 
of  Shasta  County  is  charged  with  embez- 
zling $100,000. 

Chicago.  Masked  robbers  are  ope- 
rating ;  one  man  is  seriously  injured 
while  defending  his  own  property. 

—  /.  T.  U.  S.  Deputy-Marshal  "Whit- 
master  is  killed  in  tbe  Cherokee  Strif 
by  Laura  Maundas,  a  female  horse-thiet . 

Aug.  13.  N.  J.  C.  Klose,  a  member  of 
tlie  (lerman  Schuetzenliund  in  Patersoti, 
stabs   his  wife  with  a  bayonet,  aft€" 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  July  10-Aug.  14.    435 


knocking  her  down  with  the  butt-end  of 
his  ritle. 

Chicago,  The  "World's  Fair  con- 
tinues to  have  a  light  attendance  on 
Sunday. 

— 'Neio  York.  The  Shogai  Matsura  of 
Toklo,  Japan,  visits  the  Statue  of  Lib- 
erty, when  on  his  way  to  Niagara  Falls 
and  Chicago. 

STATE. 

1893  July  12.  New  York.  The  hide, 
leather,  and  shoe  trades  hold  a  meet- 
ing, and  adopt  an  address  and  resolu- 
tions "  urging  upon  Congress  the  speedy 
repeal  of  the  Sherman  Law,  which 
compels  the  Government  to  purchase 
4,500,000  ounces  of  silver  each  month." 

July  18,  New  York.  At  a  special  meet- 
ing of  the  Maritime  Exchange,  resolu- 
tions are  passed  urging  the  repeal  of  the 
silver-purchasing  clause  of  the  Sher- 
man Lawr. 

July  22.  Cal.  The  governor  appoints 
ex-Governor  George  C.  Perkins  to  till 
the  vacancy  in  the  U.  S.  Senate  caused 
by  the  death  of  Leland  Stanford. 

July  23.  Okla.  A  Statehood  Con- 
vention is  called  to  meet  at  Kl  Reno, 

Aug.  8. 

July  30.  Colo.  The  Denver  Chamber  of 
Commerce  issues  an  appeal  for  the  free 
coinage  of  silver. 

July  31.  D.C,  Secretary  Carlisle  declines 
to  modify  his  order  of  July  13  regarding 
the  authentication  by  the  customs  au- 
thorities of  certificates  of  identifica- 
tion issued  by  the  Chinese  Consul  at 
New  York. 

Aug.  5.  /.  T.  The  Osage  Indians  re- 
fuse to  treat  with  the  U.  S.  Government 
for  the  cession  of  their  reservation  of 
nearly  two  million  acres  of  land. 

Aug.  7.  U.C.  The  53d  Congress  opens. 

Both  Houses  meet  in  extraordinary 
session  pursuant  to  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent for  the  purpose  of  repealing  the 
Sherman  silver-ptnrchasing  Act;  in 
the  Senate  Isham  G.  Harris  of  Tenn. 
is  elected  President  pro  tempore ;  in  the 
House  Charles  F.  Crisp  (Dem.)  of  Ga.  is 
reelected  Speaker.  Vote  :  Crisp,  213 ; 
Thomas  B.  Reed  of  Me.  (Rep.),  121. 

Strength  of  Parties:  Senate:  44 
Democrats,  37  Republicans,  4  Populists, 
and  3  vacancies.  House :  216  Demo- 
crats, 125  Republicans,  11  Populists,  and 
4  vacancies. 

Aug.  8.  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
listen  to  the  reading  of  the  President's 
message,  which  urges  the  immediate 
repeal  of  the  ••Sherman  Law;"  in 
the  Senate  nearly  a  dozen  bills  dealing 
with  the  financial  situation  are  intro- 
duced, Henry  C.  Lodge  (Rep.,  Mass.)  in- 
troducing a  resolution  to  come  to  a  final 
vote  on  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Law  on 
Aug.  22. 

Aug.  10.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
meets,  and  adjourns  until  the  14th  inst. ; 
the  House  soon  adjourns. 

Cal.  The  Geary  Chinese  Exclu- 
sion Act  is  enforced  ;  the  first  China- 
man deported  sails  on  the  Jiio  de  Janeiro 
from  San  Francisco. 


O.  Lawrence  T.  Neal  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Aug.  11.  D.C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
an  order  of  procedure  is  agreed  to, 
limiting  debate  to  14  days,  with  votes 
successively  upon  free  coinage  and  the 
repeal  of  the  Sherman  Act ;  William  L. 
Wilson  of  W.  Va.  introduces  a  Repeal 
Bill  aimed  at  the  purchase  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Act ;  Richard  P.  Bland  of  Mo. 
moves  a  bill  providing  for  the  free 
coinage  of  silver  at  a  ratio  of  16 
to  1,  as  a  substitute,  and  debate  begins. 
[It  becomes  earnest  and  almost  con- 
tinuous.] 

Aug.  12.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
continues  the  debate  on  the  proposed 
repeal  of  the  "  Sherman  Ijaw." 

R.  I.    The  Supreme  Court  of  Rhode 

Island  decides  that  the  governor  had 
the  legal  right  to  adjourn  the  Legis- 
lature. 

There  was  a  deadlock  between  the  two 
houses,  and  no  choice  of  State  officers 
had  been  made  when  the  governor  pro- 
claimed the  Legislature  adjourned;  the 
decision  leaves  the  Republican  ofiicials 
in  oflBce  to  hold  over. 

Va.  The  Republican  State  Com- 
mittee decides  to  make  no  nominations 
for  State  offices ;  the  Republicans  gen- 
erally support  the  Populist  candidates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  July  10.  Colo.  Denver  is  shaken 
by  an  explosion  of  8,000  pounds  of  dy- 
namite in  storage. 

July  11.  The  trunk  lines  decide  to  run 
excursion-trains  to  Chicago  at  one 
fare  for  a  roimd  trip. 

July  12.  Md.  The  largest  wheat  cargo 
leaves  Baltimore  in  the  Great  Northern ; 
163,000  bushels. 

July  13.  N.  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked  at 
Newburg,  causing  five  deaths. 

Pa.  Plate-glass  factories  in  Pitts- 
burg close ;  10,000  men  are  idle. 

July  16.  Chicago.  Four  persons  are 
killed  and  seven  injured  by  a  fireworks 
explosion  at  an  Italian  picnic. 

N.  H.    The  Glen  House  near  Mount 

Washington  is  burned ;  loss,  $100,000. 

July  17.  Chicago.  Four  people  are  killed 
and  several  injured  in  a  collision  be^ 
tween  a  Grand  Trunk  train  and  a  horse- 
car. 

July  19.  Colo.  Three  national  banks 
close  their  doors,  following  three  others 
on  the  17th  inst. 

July  20.  3fiiin.  Tlie  State  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  boycotting  is  legal. 

N.    Y.     An  explosion  in  a  rubber 

cement  factory  in  Brooklyn  kills  four 
persons. 

Several  small  Western  banks  close 

their  doors  ;  the  closing  of  mills  and 
mines  is  Ceported  from  various  parts  of 
the  coimtry. 

July  23.  La.  A  fire  is  caused  by  light- 
ning in  New  Orleans ;  loss  estimated  at 
$250,000. 

New  York.    The  Russian  war-ship 

Emperor  Nicholas  I.  arrives. 
July  25.    Spreading  rails  cause  a  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  World's  Fair  train  to  fall 


down  an  embankment ;  30  persons  are 
injured. 
N.  Y.  More  than  50  persons  are  poi- 
soned in  Brooklyn  by  eating  ice-cream. 

July  28.  U.  S.  It  is  announced  oflH- 
cially  that  105  banks  have  failed  since 
Jan.  1st. 


July  30. 
by  fire. 


Pa.     Pittsburg  losea  $140,000 


July  31,  Cal.  A  business  block  in  San 
Francisco  is  burned ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Aug.  1.  Chicago.  The  provision  deal 
collapses ;  great  excitement  prevails  on 
'Change,  and  a  number  of  houses  fail. 

Savings-banks  in  New  England  and 

New  York  give  notice  that  the  time-limit 
rxUe  will  be  enforced. 

Aug.  2.  D.  C.  The  gold  reserve  in  the 
U.  S.  Treasury  is  above  the  $100,000,000 
limit ;  it  is  the  first  time  since  Apr.  20. 

N.  Y.    Levi  P.  Morton  loses  $200,000 

by  the  burning  of  his  barn  and  poultry- 
houses  at  Ellerslie ;  incendiarism  is  sus- 
pected. 

Banks  in  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Ten- 
nessee resume  business  after  a  brief  sus- 
pension. 

Aug.  4.  Minn.  Three  banks  in  St.  Paul 
close  their  doors. 

N.  Y.    Nine  lives  are  suddenly  lost  by 

the  sinking  of  a  propeller  on  Lake 
George  caused  by  the  incompetence  of 
the  pilot. 

Aug.  5.  Mass.  Mills  in  Fall  River,  em- 
ploying 7,000  hands,  close  on  account  of 
scarcity  of  currency. 

Pa.  The  liunber  camp  of  Keshuqua 

is  burned ;  loss,  $250,000. 

Aug.  6.  Me.  The  reservoir  of  the 
Portland  Water  Company  bursts  its 
dam,  letting  loose  its  20,000,000  gallons 
in  15  minutes  ;  four  lives  are  lost. 

O.    Three  persons  are  killed  and  eight 

seriously  injured  by  a  train  on  the 
Lake  Shore  Road,  near  Lindsey. 

Aug.  7.  "Work  is  resimied  in  mills, 
factories,  and  mines  in  many  States. 

Aug.  9.  New  York.  The  Madison 
Square  Bank  closes  its  doors,  and  the 
Bank  Superintendent  takes  charge  of 
its  affairs.  State  Treasurer  Danforth, 
who  had  secured  a  personal  loan  of 
$50,000,  withdraws  the  State's  deposit  of 
$250,000  after  the  Clearing-house  Com- 
mittee had  begun  its  investigation. 

N.  Y.  One  death  from  cholera  occurs 

at  quarantine. 

Aug.  10.  New  York.  Banks  loan  large 
sums  of  money  on  time  at  6  per  cent ; 
money  on  call  very  easy  at  3  per  cent ; 
stocks  advance  an  average  of  2  and  3  per 
cent. 

Aug.  11.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Fair 
attendance  is  on  the  increase ;  410,000 
admissions  are  recorded  in  four  days. 

Fla.    A  yellow  fever  panic  occurs 

at  Pensacola. 

New  York.    The  running  time  of  the 

Campania  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Brow 
Head  is  reported  five  days,  16  hours,  and 
30  minutes. 

Aug.  12.  JYis.  Forest  fires  rage: 
Mannville  is  nearly  wiped  out,  and 
another  town  endangeredT. 

Minn.    Minneapolis  suffers  by  fire 

to  the  extent  of  $1,080,600 ;  15,000  people 
are  made  homeless. 

Aug.  14.  Chicago.  The  Senate  Hotel 
burns;  seven  people  are  killed  and  a 
number  injured. 


436    1893,  Aug.  14-Sept.  7. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — HAVY. 

1893  Aug.  17.  i^.r.  The  ■West  Point 
cadets  start  for  the  World's  Fair. 

Aug.  26.  Jf.Y.  The  Naval  Eeserves, 
250  strong,  go  on  board  the  A'eic  Hamp- 
shire, for  a  week's  cruise  and  a  thorough 
course  of  instruction  in  naral  tactics. 

Aug.  31.  D.  C.  Samuel  Breck  is  com- 
missioned colonel. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Aug.  22.  Wis.  The  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  is  in  session  at  Madison. 

Aug.  31+.  Ga.  —  S.  C.  Six  hundred 
people  lose  their  lives  in  the  cyclone 
on  the  Carolina  and  Georgia  coasts. 
[Oct.  2.  A  cyclone  sweeps  along  the 
Gulf  coast,  causing  2,000  deaths  in  Loui- 
siana and  elsewhere.] 

Sept.  2.  6a.  A  cloud-burst  at  Guyton 
does  great  damage. 

Sept.  5.  Z).  a  The  Pan-American 
Medical  Congress  in  Washington  is 
opened  by  President  Cleveland. 

Sept.  7.  Jf.  r.  The  Social  Science  As- 
sociation at  Saratoga  discusses  prison 
reform. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1893. 

Aug.  17.    Chipman,  J.  Logan,  M.  C.  for 

Mich.,  A69. 
Aug.  31.    McMahon,  Lawrence  S.,  R.   C. 

bishop  of  Hartford,  A58. 
Aug.  38.     Harvey,   Hayward  A.,  Inventor 

of  Harvey  proeess  for  armor-plates,  A69, 
Sept.  4.    Bonaparte,  .Jerome  Napoleon,  head 

of  the  Ameriran  lionapartes,  A63. 
Sept.  7.     Fish.  HamUton.  M.  C.  for  N.  Y., 

Gov.,  senator,  secretary  of  state,  A85. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Aug.  15.  New  York.  Mgr.  Sa- 
tolli  celebrates  pontifical  high  mass  in 
the  Cathedral,  and  Archbishop  Corri- 
gan  expresses  loyalty  to  the  Pope  and 
the  Apostolic  delegate. 

N.  J.     A  large  number   of   Roman 

Catholic  pilgrims  attend  and  take  part 
in  the  ceremonies  at  the  shrine  of  St. 
Anthony  at  Butler,  some  kissing  the 
relics,  hoping  thereby  to  be  relieved  of 
disease. 

Aug.  28.  Chicago.  The  Jewish  Denom- 
inational Congress  is  opened. 

Aug.  31.  Mo.  An  International  Sun- 
day-school Convention  meets  at  St. 
Louis. 

Sept.  1.  New  York.  Dr.  AdoU  Stoec- 
ker,  a  noted  Anti-Semite  leader,  and 
formerly  court  chaplain  to  the  Emperor 
of  Germany,  arrives. 

Sept.  4.    Chicago.    The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Conzresa  is  nnennd  hv  ("•■.■-.linoi    Aug.  30.    N.J.    The  Smith  family  and 
ouc  ...ongress  is  opened  by  Cardmal       relatives  hold  areunion  at  Peapack,  with 

10,000  persons  present. 

Aug.  31.  Phila.  Emma  Goldman  is 
arrested  on  the  charge  of  inciting  the 
anarchists  to  riot. 

Sept.  1.  NeieYork.  The  American  Bar 
Association  at  its  closing  session  elects 
Thos.  M.  Cooley  of  Mich,  for  president. 

Sept.  2.  Ark.  Sheriff  and  Tax -Collector 
A.  Z.  Ueinhardt  of  Prairie  County  is 
short  nearly  $40,000  in  his  accounts. 


Aug.  17.  Chicago.  The  Peace  Con- 
gress at  the  World's  Fair  is  in  ses- 
sion. 

It  adopts  a  message  of  congratulation 
to  Queen  Victoria  and  President  Cleve- 
land on  the  triumph  of  arbitration,  as 
exemplified  in  the  recent  Bering  Sea 
decision  at  Paris. 

Neti'  York.    Unemployed  Hebrew 

laborers,  numbering  50,000,  parade  the 
streets,  and  wind  up  by  breaking  into 
Walhalla  Hall  and  lighting  the  police. 

Aug.  18.  New  York.  Dr.  Carl  Peters, 
the  German  explorer,  arrives. 

Aug.  19.  Pa.  An  attempt  to  wreck  the 
east-bound  Philadelphia  and  Erie  ex- 
press is  foiled  by  a  freight-crew,  who 
close  in  on  the  train-wreckers,  and  cap- 
ture one  after  a  severe  light. 

Aug.  20.  Chicago.  Amaas-meetingof 
the  unemployed,  mostly  foreigners,  is 
held  ;  addresses  are  made  by  well-known 
labor  agitators  and  anarchists.  [Aug. 
26.  Poles  and  Bohemians  fight  the  po- 
lice; a  number  of  persons  are  injured.] 

Aug.  21.  Ind.  T.  P.  Haughey,  president 
of  the  Indianapolis  National  Bank,  is 
arrested  for  embezzlement. 

New  York.   Unemployed  workingmen 

and  anarchists  hold  a  mass-meeting  in 
Union  Square. 

Aug.  22.  Chicago.  The  West  Point  ca- 
dets hold  a  lawn-party  at  the  'World's 
Fair. 

N.  J.    Italians  in  Jersey  City  refuse 

to  unload  a  steamer  unless  Americans 
employed  on  the  piers  are  discharged. 

Pa.    Three  men   are  kUled  in  a 

fight  over  railroad  tracks  at  Gilberton. 

Aug.  23.  Mass.  Superintendent  San- 
borii  and  other  Old  Colony  Kailroad 
officials  are  sentenced  to  one  month's 
imprisonment  for  rioting  at  Abiugton. 

Aug.  25.  Cal.  M.  B.  Curtis,  "  Sam'l 
of  Posen,"  who  has  been  tried  three 
times  for  the  murder  of  a  policeman,  is 
acquitted. 

The  National  Encampment  of  the 

Farmers'  Alliance  closes;  10,000  peo- 
ple were  present,  with  a  total  atten- 
dance for  the  week  of  nearly  75,000. 

Aug.  27.  Ga.  The  Brunswick  Belief 
Committee  issues  an  appeal  for  contri- 
butions to  relieve  the  destitution  caused 
by  the  yellow-fever  scare. 

Ky.    P.Humphreys  and  his  mother, 

Eliza  Humphreys,  are  killed  by  William 
Meadows  at  Louisville,  as  the  result  of 
a  quarrel. 

Aug.  28.  Chicago.  The  Jewish  De- 
nominational Congress  opens  in  the 
Art  Palace  at  the  World's  Fair. 

N.  J.  Bussian  Hebrews  are  stoned 

and  otherwise  ill-treated  while  seeking 
work  in  Newark. 

N.Y.    F.Howlook  mortally  wotmds 

his  swreetheart  and  then  commits  sui- 
cide in  Brooklyn  ;  cause,  jealousy. 


Cal.  Troops  are  called  for  to  pro- 
tect Chinamen  in  San  Bernardino 
Coimty. 

Okla.    In  a  fight  between  outlaws 

and  U.  S.  deputy-marBh.als,  seven  out- 
laws and  three  U.  S.  marshals  are  mor- 
tally woimded  ;  one  outlaw  is  captured. 

Sept.  3.  Chicago.  The  Aryan  Theo- 
sophical  Society  welcomes  the  East 
Indian  representatives  who  have  come 
to  attend  the  Religious  Congress. 

Kan.    A  train  and  the  paaaengers 

are  robbed  at  Mound  Valley ;  the  ex- 
press messenger  is  killed. 

Sept.  4.  N.  y.  The  coroner's  jury  in 
the  Paul  Halliday  murder  case  in  Ulster 
County  brings  in  a  verdict  charging  Liz- 
zie Halliday,  his  wife,  with  murder. 

[Sept.  7.  Paul  Halliday's  body  is 
found  buried  under  his  own  house  with 
three  bullet-wounds  in  it.] 

The  Crown  Prince  of  Japan  visits 
West  Point  Military  Academy. 

Sept.  5,  6.  Ind.  The  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  meets  at  Indianapolis  in 
its  27th  National  Encampment ;  ex-Presi- 
dent Harrison  reviews  the  parade  of 
20,000  veterans.  Col.  J.  G.  B.  Adams  of 
Boston  is  elected  commander-in-chief. 

Sept.  6.  The  Pan-American  Medical 
Congress  adapts  a  resolution  recom- 
mending the  temporary  suspension  of 
immigration  from  European  countries  in 
which  cholera  exists. 

S.  C.    Gov.  Tillman  issues  an  appeal 

to  the  people  of  the  United  States  for 
relief  for  the  Sea  Islands  sufferers 
from  the  storm. 


STATE. 


Gibbons. 


SOCIETY. 


1893  Aug.  14.  New  Eng.  During  the 
last  three  months  35  post-oflices  in  New 
England  have  been  robbed  ;  total  loss, 
over  $10,000. 

Aug.  16.  New  York.  S.  V.  Keeley,  cash- 
ier of  the  New  Vork  Club,  is  arrested  on 
the  charge  of  embezzlement. 


1893  Aug.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Sen- 
ate :  Daniel  W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  intro- 
duces a  bill  permitting  national 
banks  to  emit  notes  to  the  par  value  of 
bonds  deposited  ;  George  G.  Vest  of  Mo. 
offers  a  joint  resolution  to  maintain  the 
parity  of  gold  and  silver  and  in  favor  of 
the  free  coinage  of  silver ;  the  House  de- 
bates the  'Wilson  Repeal  Bill. 

Aug.  15.  n.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Voorhees  Bill  to  increase  bank  issues 
is  blocked  ;  the  House  debates  the  Re- 
peal Bill. 

Fr.  The  Bering  Sea  Court  of  Ar- 
bitration in  Paris  decides  most  of  the 
technical  points  against  the  United 
States. 

It  establishes  a  close  season  for  seals 
from  May  1  to  July  31,  and  a  protected 
zone  of  60  miles  around  the  Pribyloflf 
Islands,  and  forbids  the  use  of  fire-arms, 
nets,  explosives,  and  steam-vessels  in 
pelagic  seaUng. 

Aug.  16.  n.  C.  Congress;  House: 
William  J.  Bryan  of  Neb.  speaks  against 
the  repeal. 

la.  Frank  I).  Jackson  (Rep.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Aug.  17.  T).C.  Congress; Senate: The 
mileage  resolution  to  permit  members 
to  draw  mileage  immediately  for  the  fis- 
cal year  18J)4  is  passed ;  the  House  de- 
bates the  Repeal  Bill. 

Aug.  18.  7J.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Finance  Committee  reports  a  bill  favor- 
ing tmconditional  repeal  of  the  Sher- 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Aug.  14- Sept.  7.    437 


man  Law ;  the  House  debates  the  Re- 
peal Bill. 

Va.    Col.  C.  T.  O'Ferrall  (Dem.)  is 

nominated  for  governor, 

Aug.  21.  73.  ('.  ConKress;  Senate:  J. 
S.  Morrill  of  Vt.  urges  the  repeal  of  the 
purchase  clause  of  the  Sherman  Act. 

Aug.  22.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the 
House  general  debate  on  the  Repeal 
Bill  is  continued.  The  Midwinter 
Fair  Bill  for  San  Francisco  passes  both 
Houses.    [Sept.  1.    Approved.] 

Aug.  23.  n.C.  Congress; Senate: The 
motion  to  refer  the  Peffer  resolution 
of  inquiry  as  to  the  conduct  of  the  na- 
tional banks  is  opposed  by  D.  B.  Hill  of 
N.  Y.  I  the  claim  of  Lee  Mantle  of  Mon- 
tana to  recognition  as  Senator  is  re- 
jected ;  it  is  decided  that  when  a  State 
Legislature  has  an  opportunity,  but  fails 
to  elect  a  Senator,  an  appointment  by 
the  governor  is  void.  The  House  de- 
bates the  Repeal  Bill. 

^^  Boston.  At  a  special  meeting  of  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  Massachusetts 
Board  of  Trade  a  resolution  is  adopted 
petitioning  Congress  to  repeal  the  Sher- 
man Law. 

la.  Horace  Boies  (Dem.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

New  York.    Baron  Satu'nia,  the  first 

German    Ambassador    to    the    United 
States,  arrives. 

Aug.  24.  I).  C.  Congress:  Both 
Houses  discuss  the  silver  question. 

The  State  Dejiartment  receives  the 
decision  of  the  Bering  Sea  Board  of 
Arbitration. 

Aug.  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  debate  on  the  Voorhees  Repeal 
Bill  is  resumed  ;  David  B.  Hill  of  N.  Y. 
makes  the  principal  speech.  House  : 
The  debate  on  the  'Wilson  Repeal  Bill 
is  closed ;  Thomas  B.  Heed  of  Me.  and 
Bourke  Cockran  of  N.  Y.  speak  for  un- 
conditional repeal. 

—  Okla.  The  Statehood  Executive  Com- 
mittee meets  in  Oklahoma  City,  and  calls 
a  mass  Statehood  Convention  to  be  held 
in  Puroell  on  Sept.  30. 

Aug.  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  House 
all  the  amendments  to  the  AA^ilson 
Billi  providing  for  free  coinage  at  dif- 
ferent ratios  {from  17  to  20),  and  for 
the  reenactment  of  the  Bland-Allison 
Act,  are  defeated ;  the  Wilson  Bill  re- 
pealing the  purchase  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Ijaw  is  passed.  Vote,  239- 
108  ;  not  voting,  6.  In  the  Senate  J.  V. 
Cockreirs  amendment  to  the  Bank 
Circulation  Bill  is  rejected.  Vote,  20- 
23. 

Aug.  29.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  the  Finance  Committee 
reports  the  House  Repeal  BUI  with 
an  amendment  substituting  the  Voor- 
hees Bill.  [One  of  the  most  notable 
struggles  in  Congress  ensues.]  J.  N. 
Dolph  of  Ore.  introduces  a  bill  appro- 
priating money  to  enforce  the  Chinese 
Exclusion  Bill ;  it  is  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee. 

Aug.  30.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Sherman  of  O.  speaks  in  favor  of 


the  Repeal  Bill,  followed  by  Henry  M. 
Teller  of  Colo.,  who  attacks  the  na- 
tional banks  ;  the  House  passes  the  Ur- 
gent Deficiency  Bill.  [Sept.  2.  Passed 
by  the  Senate.    Sept.  14.    Approved.] 

Aug.  31.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate;  Ed- 
ward O.  Wolcott  of  Colo,  speaks  against, 
and  Donelson  Caffery  of  La.  in  favor  of, 
the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Ijaw. 

Sept.  1.  B.  V.  Congress;  .Senate: 
Zebulon  B.  A^ance  of  N.  C.  speaks 
against  the  Repeal  Bill ;  the  House 
discusses  the  Code  of  Rules;  several 
amendments  to  prevent  filibustering 
are  defeated. 

The  Treasury  Department  resumes 
the  payment  of  paper  money  over  its 
counters  at  Washington  :  for  the  last 
ten  days  only  gold  has  been  paid  for 
treasury  checks. 

Sept.  2.  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Tlie 
House  Repeal  Bill  is  laid  over,  and 
the  Dolph  Chinese  Exclusion  Act  is 
taken  up;  the  House  Urgent  Defi- 
ciency Bill  is  passed  with  some  amend- 
ments. 

Tsui  Kvsro  Yin,  the  retiring  Chinese 
Minister,  takes  formal  leave  of  the 
President. 

By  agreement  ^th  Canada  immi- 
grants for  this  country  landing  at  Que- 
bec are  to  be  examined  by  U.  S.  officials. 

Sept.  4.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Shelby  M.  CuUom  of  111.  speaks  in  favor 
of  the  House  Repeal  Bill,  and  Richard 
Coke  of  Tex.  and  William  A.  Peffer  of 
Kan.  against  it;  the  House  Committee 
on  'Ways  and  Means  begins  the  hear- 
ings on  tariff  revision. 

Sept.  5.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 'Wil- 
liam M.  Stewart  of  Nev.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill;  a  motion  is  made  to 
go  into  executive  session  which  dis- 
closes an  unexpected  majority  against 
repeal. 

Sept.  6.  B.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate: 
Daniel  W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  withdraws 
his  early  session  resolution;  in  the 
House  the  Code  of  Rules  is  adopted ; 
the  clause  borrowed  from  the  rules  of 
the  51st  Congress  making  100  members  a 
quorum  of  the  Committee  of  the  Whole 
is  stricken  out. 

Mass.  L.  A.  Banks  (Prohib.)  Is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

JV.  r.  The  Controller  of  the  State  re- 
ports property  in  New  York  exempt  from 
State  taxation  as  follows  :  City  property, 
8205,410,870;  U.  S.  property,  #18,863,000; 
N.  Y.  State  property,  $500,000;  church 
property,  $55,396, 1'iS;  parsonages,  $146,- 
100 ;  clergymen,  .$46,500  ;  miscellaneous, 
$28,068,200 ;  total,  $308,430,795. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Aug.  14.  X'ew  York.  There  are 
30  yellow  fever  patients  and  suspects  in 
the  harbor. 

Receipts  of  gold  from  abroad  are 
large. 

Oold  commands  a  premium  of  1  to 
IJ  per  cent. 

Aug.  15.  iV.  }'.  Buffalo  grain  eleva- 
tors are  burned ;  loss,  $800,000. 

Receivers  are   appointed   for  the 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 


Aug.  16.  N.  C.  A  train  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Danville  Road  breaks  through  a 
trestle  near  Milton,  killing  seven  per- 
sons and  injuring  many  others. 

Aug.  21.  Chicago.  The  live-stock  ex- 
hibit at  the  "World's  Fair  is  opened  to 
the  public. 

Pa.    Many    iron-mills    in    and   near 

Pittsburg  resume  operations. 

Aug.  22.  Ga.  The  mayor  of  Brunswick 
advises  the  people  to  leave  the  city  on 
account  of  the  appearance  of  yellow 
fever. 

Aug.  24.    Chicago.    A  fire  bums  150 

houses,  rendering  3,000  people  home- 
less ;  loss,  about  $650,000. 

Aug.  25.  Ga.  The  inhabitants  of 
Brunswick,  except  about  5,000,  leave 
from  fear  of  yellow  fever. 

III.    The     trotting     mare     Nancy 

Hanks  makes  a  record  of  one  mile  in 
2.08  minutes  at  Springfield. 

Aug.  26.  iV.  Y.  A  train  is  wrecked 
by  collision  on  the  Harlem  road  at  Ber- 
lin ;  16  persons  are  killed,  and  50  in- 
jured. 

Aug.  27.  JV>w  York.  The  Columbian 
liberty  and  Peace  Bell  arrives  from 
Troy  on  its  way  to  Chicago. 

N.  T.    A  Rockaway  excursion-train 

runs  into  a  Manhattan  Beach  train 
near  Long  Island  City ;  11  persons  are 
killed,  and  between  40  and  60  are  in- 
jured. 

Aug.  28.  ^fiss.  Three  persons  are  killed 
and  seven  wounded  in  a  railroad  wreck 
at  Gulfport. 

Aug.  29.  JVero  York.  The  cost  of  the 
new  Croton  Aqueduct  and  the  work 
on  reservoirs  to  Jtme  30  amounts  to 
$27,333,924. 

Controller    Eckels  reports    that    34 

national  banks  have  resumed  business. 

Aug,  30.  A  receiver  is  appointed  for  the 
Nicaragua  Canal  Construction  Com- 
pany. 

Ga.  The  steamship  City  of  Birming- 
ham arrives  at  Savannah  with  the 
wrecked  passengers  of  the  steamship 
City  of  Savannah. 

Aug.  31.  Mass.  Thirteen  persons  are 
killed  and  20  injured  by  a  train  falling 
through  a  bridge  on  the  Boston  and 
Albany  Road  near  Chester. 

Sept.  1.  N.J.  A  case  of  Asiatic  chol- 
era appears  in  Jersey  City. 

New  York.  The  Equitable  Mort- 
gage Company,  one  of  the  largest  cor- 
porations engaged  in  lending  money  on 
farm-mortgages,  goes  into  the  hands  of 
receivers ;  liabilities  about  $15,000,000. 

Sept.  4.  Pa.  The  Carnegie  Steel 
Works  at  Homestead  resume  operations 
with  2,000  men. 

Sept.  5.  New  York.  Monetary  condi- 
tions are  becoming  normal,  currency  no 
longer  commanding  a!iy  premium. 

Pn.    The   Iialance   and   Grosjean 

works  and  the  National  Tube  Works 
Company  at  McKeesport,  giving  em- 
ployment to  2,000  men,  resume  business. 

Sept.  6.  Vt.  The  last  car  of  a  passenger- 
train  is  wrecked  in  crossing  a  bridge 
over  Otter  Creek,  which  had  been  weak- 
ened by  wreckers. 


438     1893,  Sept.  7-0ct.4, 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Oct.  4.  Ala.  Gov.  Jones  orders 
troops  to  Decatur,  to  quell  threatened 
riota  by  Louisville  and  Nashville  Kail- 
road  strikers. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1803. 
Sept.  13.    Lamberton,  Kobert  A.,  president 
of  Lehigh  University,  A69. 


CHURCH. 

1893  Sept.  11.  Chicago.  The  World's 
Parliament  of  Religions  opens. 

[Sept.  14.  Dharinapala,  the  Hindoo 
scholar,  assails  Christianity,  and  papers 
are  read  by  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Lyman 
Abbott,  ana  others.  Sept.  24.  The  Par- 
liament considers  the  relation  of  Chris- 
tianity to  America.] 

Sept.  15.  The  Christian  Endeavor 
Society  reports  37,841  societies,  with  a 
membership  of  1,650,000,  chiefly  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  Australia,  Great 
Britain  ;  also  in  all  missionary  lands. 

Sept.  20.  Afinn.  Archbishop  Ireland 
denies  that  the  Faribault  plan  is  a 
failure. 

Oct.  1.  New  York.  A  monstrance,  to 
be  used  in  the  exposition  of  the  sacra- 
ment in  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  arrives  ; 
it  cost  $10,000,  not  including  the  jewels 
used  in  its  construction. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Sept.  13.  Minn.  The  Faribault 
school  scheme  fails,  as  the  Catholics 
would  not  consent  to  the  assignment 
of  two  Protestant  teachers  to  the  Hill 
School. 

Sept.  27.  A'.  }'.  The  Steele  Memorial 
Library  Association  is  incorporated  to 
maintain  a  free  public  library  in  Elmira. 

Oct.  4.  Netv  York.  St.  Francis  Xavier 
College  opens  its  doors  to  women  on  the 
same  plane  with  men,  less  the  degree. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Sept.  8.  Neto  York.  Glaus  Tim- 
merman,  an  anarchist,  is  sentenced  to 
six  months'  imprisonment  for  lawless 
speech-making  at  a  Union  Square  meet- 
ing. 

Sept.  9.  D.  C.  Mrs.  Cleveland  gives 
birth  to  a  daughter ;  named  Esther. 

Sept.  11.  Chicago.  The  Parliament  of 
Religions  opens  at  the  World's  Fair. 

Sept.  12.  Ky.  Judge  Saufley,  while  in- 
structing the  grand  jury  at  Danville, 
charges  that  plajring  progressive  eu- 
chre in  parlors  for  prizes  is  one  of  the 
worst  forms  of  gambling,  and  tells  the 
jury  to  spare  no  man  or  woman  in  its 
investigations. 

Sept.  15.  Mich.  Train-robbers  hold 
up  a  train  on  the  Mineral  Range  Kail- 
road,  and  secure  $75,000. 

Sept.  16.  Chicago.  Trainmen  on 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  trains  running 
out  are  ordered  to  arm  themselves  to 
protect  the  company's  property. 

Sunday :  The  attendance  at  the 
World's  Fair  is  increasing,  27,000  pay- 
ing visitors  having  entered  before  two 
o'clock  to-day. 


Colo.    The  miners  return  to  work, 

a  settlement  having  been  effected. 

/.  T,    The  Cherokee  Strip  is  opened 

to  settlers,  and  about  100,000  persons 
rush  over  the  boundary  line  to  secure 
the  6,000,000  acres  of  land. 

La.    Three    negroes  are   hanged 

and  one  kicked  to  death  by  lynchers 
near  >iew  Orleans,  because  they  would 
not  or  could  not  tell  where  an  escaped 
murderer  might  be  found. 

Phila.    The  5,000  ounces  of  gold 

recently  missed  at  the  Mint  is  discov- 
ered ;  a  trusted  employee,  Henry  S. 
Cochren,  acknowledges  liaving  taken  it, 
and  shows  where  it  is  secreted. 

Sept.  18.  D.  C.  The  centennial  anni- 
versary of  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone 
of  the  Capitol  at  ^Vashington  is  cele- 
brated ;  President  Cleveland  and  others 
make  addresses. 

/.  T.    On  the  arrival  of  "boomers" 

on  their  fastest  horses  in  the  Cherokee 
Strip,  they  find  that  **  sooners  "  are  in 
possession  of  the  best  of  the  land  and 
the  town-lots. 

Sept.  19.  New  York.  Mayor  Gilroy  re- 
fuses the  application  of  the  United  Ital- 
ian Societies  to  display  the  Italian  flag 
on  the  City  Hall,  on  the  23d  anniver- 
sary of  the  unification  of  Italy  by  Victor 
Emmanuel. 

Sept.  20.  La.  Colored  people  of  New 
Orleans  call  upon  the  governor  for  pro- 
tection, as  regulators  are  preparing  for 
the  torture  of  one  of  their  number. 

Sept.  21.  ///.  Three  robbers  hold  up 
an  Illinois  Central  train,  but  obtain 
no  booty  ;  one  of  the  robbers  and  three 
trainmen  are  shot. 

Va.    Robert    Smith,    the    negro    on 

whose  account  a  mob  made  preparations 
for  torture  at  Koanoke  for  robbing  a 
woman,  is  captured,  hanged,  riddled 
with  bullets,  and  cremated. 

Sept.  22.  Ala.  A  train  is  derailed  by 
wreckers  near  Birmingham ;  several  per- 
sons are  hurt,  but  none  fatally. 

N.  J.    Three  hundred  wire-workers 

in  Roebling's  mill,  at  Trenton,  strike 
against  a  reduction  of  wages. 

Tex.  A  claim-jumper  named  Wil- 
liams kills  four  persons  on  a  claim  near 
Waukomis. 

Sept.  23.  III.  Fourteen  "White  Caps 
in  Quincy  are  indicted  for  wilful  and 
malicious  murder  by  the  grand  jury; 
the  indicted  persons  are  prominent 
farmers  and  residents  of  Kingston. 

Neto    York.    The   Lord  Mayor  of 

Dublin  arrives  at  this  port ;  also  Lord 
Dunraven,  owner  of  the  yacht  Valkyrie. 

Tenn.    The  Presbytery  of  Knoxville 

adopts  resolutions  condemning,  in  the 
strongest  terms,  the  alarming  increase 
of  mob  violence ;  it  orders  the  resolu- 
tions to  be  read  in  full  to  the  separate 
congregations. 

Sept.  25.  La.  A  captured  negro  is 
tortured  by  a  mob  in  Jefferson  Parish ; 

tire  is  applied  to  his  feet  to  extort  con- 
fession, but  without  success. 

Netc  York.     Bookkeeper  E.  J.  Greene 

and  Cashier  J.  F.  Collins,  of  a  firm  of 
cotton-brokers,  are  arrested  for  stealing 
about  $20,ooo,  chiefly  by  means  of 
forged  checks. 

Sept.  26.  Boston.  .Tohn  W.  Washburn, 
treasurer  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  and 
Steamboat  Companies,  is  announced  as 
a  defaulter. 


Chicago.    The  Odd  Fellows  have  a 

day  at  the  World's  Fair,  and  30,000  mem- 
bers are  present. 

Sept.  27.  Chicago.  Chas.  Belden  shoots 
three   men    and   one    woman   at    the 

Board  of  Trade. 

Miss.    "White  Caps  are  rousing  the 

people  to  ma<ines8  by  burning  cotton- 
gins,  and  other  outrages. 

Ore.    The  Chinese  of  La  Grande 

are  driven  away  by  mob  violence. 

Pa.     S.    G.    Southard    of   Pittsburg 

shoots  his  wife  and  kills  himself  be- 
cause he  objected  to  his  children  being 
educated  as  Catholics. 

Sept.  28.  Colo.  Gov.  Waite  unearths 
great  frauds  in  land-grants  because  of 
perjured  testimony  and  fraudulent  sur- 
veys, coal-lands  being  entered  as  agri- 
cultural lands,  etc. 

Sept.  30.  Cal.  Members  of  the  Sailors' 
Union  at  San  Francisco  perpetrate  out- 
rages upon  non-union  sailors,  besides 
robbing  them  of  their  money. 

Oct.  1.  O.  DanielBauer,  a  city  council- 
man of  ('iiicinnati.  is  indicted  on  two 
charges  of  soliciting  bribes  from  a  per- 
son intert'stfd  in  tlu^  passage  of  an  ordi- 
nance to  improve  terminal  facilities  of 
that  city. 

Oct.  2.  Me.  A  labor  riot  at  Auburn 
is  caused  by  strikers  attacking  non- 
union shoemakers  ;  the  sheriff  calls  out 
a  posse  to  maintain  peace. 

New  York.    Mrs.  Catharine  Fitzgerald 

shoots  and  kills  Mrs.  Carrie  FearsaU 
on  Eighth  Avenue,  and  then  gives  her- 
self up  to  the  police. 

STATE. 

1893  Sept.  7.  -O.  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  Mr.  Stewart  ends  a  three  days' 
speech  on  the  silver  question. 

Sept.  8.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Charles  J.  Faulkner  of  W.  Va.  delivers 
a  speech  which  is  hy  some  construed  as 
a  suggestion  of  compromise  on  the  sil- 
ver question. 

Sept.  9.  D.  c.  Congress;  Senate; 
Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill. 

Sept.  10.  Cal.  U.  S.  Marshal  Card  at 
Ix>8  Angeles  is  instructed  to  enforce  the 
Geary  Act  for  the  exclusion  of  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Sept.  11.  B.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Henry  M.  Teller  of  Colo,  and  James  h. 
Pugh  of  Ala.  speak  against  the  Repeal 
Bill,  Mr.  Pugh  announcing  the  purpose 
of  himself  and  those  who  agree  with  him 
to  fight  unconditional  repeal  by  all  par- 
liamentary methods. 

The  new  Chinese  Minister  to  the 
United  States  confers  with  Secretary 
Gresham  on  the  matter  of  enforcing  the 
Chinese  Exclusion  La\v. 

Sept.  12.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  H.  Mitchell  of  Ore.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill. 

New  Yo7-k.    The  convention  called  by 

the  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and  Trans- 
portation, consisting  of  delegates  from 
various  commercial  bodies  throughout 
the  country,  meets  ;  resolutions  urging 
the  repeal  of  the  Silver  Purchase  Law 
are  adopted.     Vote,  185-5. 

Sept.  13,  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
George  L.  Shoup  of  Ida.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill,  and  Joseph  N.  Dolph 
of  Ore.  argues  against  the  free  coinage 
of  silver ;  Daniel  Voorhees  of  Ind.  tries 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Sept.  7-0ct.4.      439 


unsuccessfully  to  have  a  date  fixed  for  a 
vote  on  the  Hepeal  Bill ;  in  the  House 
a  bill  is  introduced  to  consolidate  Utah 
and  Nevada.  [No  action.] 
Sept.  14.  D.  C,  Congress;  Senate: 
John  W.  Daniel  of  Va.  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  Bill ;  an  amendment  to  the 
bill  is  introduced  by  Charles  J.  Faulkner 
of  W.  Va. 

Secretary  Smith  takes  measures  to 
relieve  the  boomers  at  the  Cherokee 
Strip  from  further  delay  in  registering. 

Sept.  15.  B.C.  Congress:  Senate: 
William  Lindsay  of  Ky.  and  Anthony 
Higgins  of  Del.  speak  in  favor  of  the 
Repeal  Bill. 

Sept.  16.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  B.  Allison  of  la.  speaks  in  favor 
of  the  Repeal  Bill ;  another  motion  by 
Daniel  W.  Voorhees  to  have  a  time  fixed 
to  close  the  debate  is  defeated ;  in  the 
House  a  bill  providing  for  a  U.  S.  bank 
in  every  town  of  two  thousand  in- 
habitants is  introduced.    [No  action.] 

Okla.  The  Cherokee  Strip  is  opened 

for  settlement  at  12  noon. 

Sept.  18.  D.C.  Congress:  No  business 
is  done  in  either  House,  the  day  being 
devoted  to  the  celebration  of  the  Cente- 
nary of  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone 
of  the  National  Capitol. 

There  is  a  procession,  and  addresses 
are  made  by  the  President,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Speaker  of  the  House,  and  Justice 
Brown  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  the  ora- 
tor of  the  day  is  William  Wirt  Henry, 
a  grandson  of  Patrick  Henry. 

Sept.  19.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Roger  Q.  Mills  of  Tex.  speaks  in  favor  of 
the  Repeal  Bill ;  Daniel  W.  Voorhees 
of  Ind.  makes  another  vain  attempt  to 
get  the  anti-repeal  Senators  to  fix  a  date 
for  closing  debate. 

President  Cleveland  nominates  "W.  B. 
Hornblower  of  N.  Y.  to  be  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  J.  J, 
Van  Alen  of  K.  I.  to  be  ambassador  to 
Italy.    [See  Oct.  20.] 

Sept.  20.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
James  Z.  George  of  Miss,  speaks  against 
the  Repeal  BiU  and  George  Grey  of  Del. 
in  favor  of  it ;  in  the  House  the  Federal 
Elections  Bill,  under  exceptional  rul- 
ings by  Speaker  Crisp,  is  re{>orted,  and 
placed  on  the  calendar. 

Sept.  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman 
Law ;  Orville  Piatt  of  Conn,  introduces 
a  motion  to  establish  closure ;  the  mo- 
tion is  discussed  by  Messrs.  Piatt  and 
Henry  C.  Lodge;  Stephen  M.  White  of 
Cal.  speaks  against  the  Repeal  BiU ;  in 
the  House  a  resolution  is  adopted  that 
the  Federal  !EUections  BiU  be  taken  up 
on  Sept.  26,  and  considered  until  Oct.  10. 

Sept.  22.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  An 
agreement  for  longer  sessions  beginning 
with  the  25th  is  adopted;  Edward  O. 
Wolcott  and  Henry  M.  Teller  speak  on 
the  closure  resolution ;  and  Senators 
George,  Henry  C.  Hansbrough,  and  Wil- 
liam M.  Stewart  speak  against  the 
Repeal  BiU. 

Sept.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  M.  Stewart  of  Nev.  makes  a 
personal  attack  upon  Mr.  Cleveland, 


ridiculing  the  President  and  his  knowl- 
edge of  economics  ;  James  Donald  Cam- 
eron of  Pa.  and  William  B.  Bate  of 
Tenn.  speak  against  the  Repeal  BiU; 
the  House  adjourns  for  want  of  a 
quorum. 

Sept.  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Mr.  Stewart  accuses  President  Cleve- 
land of  using  Federal  patronage  to  in- 
fluence legislation  ;  in  the  House  debate 
begins  on  the  Tucker  BiU  providing  for 
the  repeal  of  the  Federal  Elections 
Ijaws. 

Sept.  27.  v.  C.  Congress;  In  the 
House  Thomas  G.  Lawson  of  Ga.  and 
Charles  Daniels  of  N.  Y.  continue  the 
debate  on  the  Tucker  BiU ;  a  resolu- 
tion is  passed  asking  why  the  lawful 
amount  of  sUver  was  not  purchased 
during  July  and  August. 

Sept.  28.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  A.  Peffer  speaks  against  the 
Repeal  BiU;  in  the  House  John  C. 
Black  of  111.,  Tom  L.  Johnson  of  O., 
and  C.  K.  Breckinridge  of  Ky.  speak 
on  the  Tucker  Repeal  BiU. 

Sept.  20.  £>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Isham  G.  Harris  of  Tenn.  and  John  T. 
Morgan  of  Ala.  speak  against  the  Re- 
peal BiU ;  In  the  House,  John  F.  Lacey 
of  la.  and  others  discuss  the  Tucker 
Repeal  BiU. 

Sept.  30.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Johnson  N.  Camden  of  W.  Va.  speaks  in 
favor  of  the  Wilson  Repeal  BiU;  in 
the  House,  the  debate  on  the  Tucker 
Repeal  BiU  is  continued  by  Samuel  W. 
McCall  of  Mass.,  Josiah  Patterson  of 
Tenn.,  and  others. 

Oct.  2.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
debate  on  the  Repeal  BiU  is  continued ; 
in  the  House,  speeches  are  made  on  the 
Tucker  Repeal  BiU. 

N.    Y.    The    Brooklyn    Independent 

Committee  of  One  Hundred,  for  the 
purification  of  government  and  the  over- 
throw of  ring  rule,  meets  and  adopts  a 
platform.  [Oct.  4.  William  C.  Low  is 
elected  president.] 

Oct.  3.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Jo- 
seph N.  Dolph  of  Ore.  speaks  in  favor  of 
the  Repeal  BiU,  and  Thomas  C,  Power 
of  Mont,  against  it;  in  the  House,  Ste- 
phen Northway  of  O,  speaks  against 
the  Tucker  Repeal  BiU,  and  John  C. 
Kyle  of  Miss,  in  its  favor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Sept.  7.  lU.  Kleven  persons  are 
killed  and  10  injured  in  a  railway  col- 
lision on  the  Pan  Handle  road,  near 
Colehour. 

Sept.  8.  Ire.  ITie  Campania  reaches 
Queenstown  after  making  the  voyage 
from  Sandy  Hook  in  five  days,  14 
hours,  and  55  minutes. 

Sept.  10.  Neio  York.  Fifty-two  arti- 
sans arrive  from  Europe  on  their  way  to 
make  a  study  of  the  World's  Fair  and 
American  industries. 

Sept.  11.  The  yacht  Vigilant  wins  the 
third  trial  race,  and  is  selected  by  the 


America  Cup  Committee  to  defend 
the  trophy  against  Lord  Dunraven's 
yacht. 

Sept,  12.  Neto  York.  Emigration  from 
this  port  exceeds  immigration  for  the 
first  time. 

Sept.  15.  /.  T.  The  boomers  on  the 
Cherokee  Strip  border  register  at  the 
rate  of  20  a  minute;  there  are  now 
about  five  registered  for  every  lot  in 
the  strip. 

Sept.  16.  /.  T.  About  150,000  persons 
are  pouring  into  the  Cherokee  Strip. 

Sept.  17.  Ga.  At  Brunswick  19  new 
cases  of  yeUow  fever  are  reported ; 
the  governor  of  the  State  issues  an  ad- 
dress asking  for  aid  for  the  city. 

Sept.  19.  ///.  A  train  is  wrecked  near 
Manteno,  causing  eight  deaths. 

New  York.  A  number  of  Clearing- 
house certificates,  valued  at  $1,400,000, 
are  canceled. 

Sept.  21.  Ga.  There  is  another  death 
from  yeUow  fever  at  Brunswick,  and 
two  new  cases  of  the  disease  are  re- 
ported, making  17  now  under  treatment. 
[Sept.  22.  Three  new  cases.  Sept.  24. 
One  death  and  two  new  cases.  Sept.  25. 
Five  new  cases.  Sept.  26.  Two  new 
cases  and  one  death.  Sept.  27.  Eigh- 
teen new  cases.  Sept.  28.  Thirteen. 
Oct.  1.  Twelve.  Oct.  2.  Twelve.  Oct. 
3.  Fourteen  new  cases  and  three  deaths. 
Oct.  6.  Twenty-four  new  cases.  Oct.  7. 
Thirty-one,  Oct.  8.  Thirty-two.  Oct. 
12.  Eighteen.  Oct.  14.  Twenty-six. 
Oct.  30.    Twelve.    Nov.  3.   Twenty-four.] 

Iowa  celebrates  the  47th  anniver- 
sary of  its  admission  as  a  State. 

Pa.    Five  men  are  killed  and 'several 

injured  in  a  mine  explosion  at  Wilkes- 
barre. 

Sept.  22.  Ind.  Through  the  leaving 
open  of  a  switch  by  a  brakeman,  a  lim- 
ited express  vestibuled  train  runs  into 
a  freight-train  near  Kingsbury  ;  11  are 
killed  and  21  injured. 

New  York.  The  British  yacht  Valky- 
rie arrives  after  a  very  stormy  voyage  of 
30  days. 

Sept.  23.  Minn.  A  lumber  fire  in  Red 
Wing  causes  a  loss  of  $150,000, 

Sept.  24.  Wis.  Five  large  mills  of  the 
Illinois  Steel  Company's  plant  at  Bay- 
view  will  resume  operations. 

Sept.  25.  Mo.  A  fire  in  St.  Joseph 
causes  the  loss  of  about  $1,000,000. 

Sept.  26.  S.  Dak.  Lead  City  is 
burned. 

Sept.  27.  O.  Oak-harness  leather  men 
meet  in  Columbus  to  form  a  trust. 

Sept.  29.  Cal.  The  Mariposa  arrives 
at  San  Francisco  from  Australia, 
bringing  $500,000  in  gold  consigned  to 
local  houses. 

Mich.    Twenty-eight     miners     are 

drowned  by  the  Michigamme  River 
bursting  through  the  roof  of  the  Mans- 
field iron-mine. 

Sept.  30.  O,  Forest  fires  are  raging; 
Centerburg  is  burned,  with  heavy  loss. 

Oct.  1.  Chicago.  The  Simday  attend- 
ance at  the  World's  Fair  is  greatly 
increased. 


440    1893,  Oct.  4 -Oct.  25. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1893  Oct.  25.  D.  C.  Acting  Eear- 
Adm.  Stanton  is  removed  from  com- 
mand of  the  South  Atlantic  Squadron 
for  saluting  the  flag  of  the  Brazilian 
insurgents. 

[Dec.  20.  He  is  restored,  and  assigned 
to  command  the  North  Atlantic  Squad- 
ron.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Oct.  4.  N.  Y.  A  statue  of  Al- 
exander Hamilton  is  unveiled  in  front 
of  the  Hamilton  Club  House,  Brooklyn. 

Oct.  12.  A  West  Indian  cyclone  is  raging 
along  the  coasts  of  Georgia,  Florida,  and 
South  Carolina. 

Oct.  13.  N.  T.  A  natural  gas-well  is 
tapped  by  an  artesian  drill  at  Malta 
Ridge.  [Nov.  11.  Another  is  found  near 
Grand  Junction,  Colo.] 

Oct.  14.  Ida.  Large  numbers  of  crick- 
ets are  moving  from  northern  Idaho 
south  and  east,  destroying  fruit  and 
grain  on  their  way,  to  the  utter  dismay 
of  the  farmers. 

Oct.  19.  N.  J.  The  monument  com- 
memorating the  victory  of  Gen. 
Washington  over  the  Hessians  is  un- 
veiled at  Trenton. 

Oct.  21.  N.  T.  The  Founders'  Mon- 
ument is  unveiled  at  Southold,  L.  I.,  — 
this  being  the  253d  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  town. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1S83. 

Oct.  11.  Blackwell.  Lucy  Stone,  aboli- 
tionist, woman  suflfragist,  reformer,  Alft. 

Oct.  30.  Schaff,  Pliilij),  Pres.  clergyman, 
author,  professor  sacred  literature  Union 
Seminary,  A69. 

Oct.  S4.  Queen,  Walter  W.,  rear-adm.  V. 
S.  N.,  A69. 

Bond,  Hugh  L.,  lawyer,  jurist,  of  Balti. 

more,  A65. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Oct.  5.  Boston.  William  Law- 
rence is  consecrated  (Protestant  Epis- 
copal) bishop  of  Massachusetts. 

Oct.  6.  Chicago.  A  Congress  of  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations  of  the 
World  opens. 

Oct.  7.  Utah.  The  64th  semiannual 
conference  of  the  Mormon  Church 
is  held  in  the  Tabernacle  at  Salt  Lake 
City. 

Oct.  8,  Chicago,  A  great  throng  of 
people  attend  the  opening  exercises  of 
the  Evangelical  Alliance  Congress  in 
Memorial  Art  Palace. 

Oct.  15.  N.C.  Josephs.  Cheshire,  Jr., 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal)  as- 
sistant bishop  of  North  Carolina. 

Oct.  19.  N.  r.  The  Presbyterian  Synod, 
in  session  at  Rochester,  dismisses  the 
complaints  of  Frof.  Briggs;  it  will 
not  interfere  with  the  action  of  the 
General  Assembly. 

LETTERS. 

1893    Oct.  8.    Mass.   Williams  College, 

at  Williamstown,  begins  its  centennial 

celebration  with  a  sermon  by  the  Rev. 

Dr.  Harry  Hopkins. 


SOCIETY. 

1893  Oct.  5.  III.  A  train  carrying 
non-union  workmen  from  the  Big  Four 
Railroad  shops  at  Indianola  is  attacked 
by  strikers'  friends ;  one  man  is  killed 
and  a  division  superintendent  injured. 

New  York.    Joseph  Chamberlain, 

the  English  M.  P.,  arrives  on  the  Ma- 
jestic. 

Oct.  6.  New  York.  The  Archduke 
Franz-Ferdinand,  heir  presumptive 
to  the  throne  of  Austria,  arrives  at  this 
port. 

Oct.  7.  Ala.  WTiite  Caps  are  active, 
threatening  to  burn  the  gin-houses  of 
farmers  who  sell  cotton  for  leas  than 
10  cents. 

New    York.     Daniel    O'Ncil,    while 

drunk,  pours  kerosene  over  his  baby's 
cradle  and  tries  to  burn  the  child ;  he 
then  beats  his  wife  for  trying  to  prevent 
him. 

Oct.  8.  /.  T.  Treasurer  McCurtin  of  the 
Choctaw  Nation,  after  making  his  re- 
port to  the  National  Council,  disap- 
pears ;  he  is  said  to  be  short  $io,ooo. 

Louisiana  is  again  terrorized  by 

regulators,  and  the  people  in  meetings 
assembled  are  calling  on  Gov.  Foster  for 
help  against  them. 

Oct.  9.  Chicago  Day  at  the  Pair ;  716,- 
881  admissions,  the  largest  number  in 
one  day  during  the  Fair. 

Mo.  The  Fan- American  Bimetal- 
lic Convention  is  in  session  at  St. 
Louis. 

R.  I.    About   1,800  weavers  in  the 

woolen-mills  strike  against  a  reduction 
of  wages. 

Oct.  10.  NewYrnk.  The  Bar  Associa- 
tion by  resolution  urges  upon  every 
good  citizen  to  oppose  "to  his  utmost 
the  attempt  to  reward  unworthy  con- 
duct [of  Isaac  H.  Maynard]  by  a  seat 
on  the  bench  of  our  highest  judicial 
tribunal."  [Oct.  15.  Gov.  Flower  makes 
his  defense  of  the  appointment.] 

Tex.    Two   masked   men  stop  a 

stage  in  Coke  County  and  rifle  the  mail- 
bags,  securing  about  $3,100. 

Oct.  12.  New  York.  The  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Crime  sends  letters  to 
the  police  officials,  charging  them 
with  neglect  of  duty. 

Oct.  14.  Chicago.  M.  V.  Gannon  re- 
signs the  presidency  of  the  Irish 
National  Iieague  of  America. 

O.    The  Columbus    grand   jury   has 

found  over  loo  indictments  against  W. 
Z.  McDonald,  late  chief  inspector  of 
workshops  and  factories. 

Oct.  16.  Chicago.  The  World's 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 

begins  its  second  biennial  session  in  the 
Hall  of  Columbus  of  the  World's  Fair. 

It  is  called  to  order  by  Lady  Henry 
Somerset,  vice-president  at  large,  as 
Miss  Willard  is  unable  by  ill  health  to 
be  present.  [Miss  Willard  is  reelected 
president.] 

The  pubUo-school  children  of  Chi- 
cago visit  the  Fair  Groimds  ;  paid  ad- 
missions for  the  day,  234,405. 

N.  Y.    Kingston  celebrates  the 

116th  anniversary  of  its  burning  by  the 
British  forces  ;  Daughters  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  have  charge  of  the  ex- 


New   York.    Jacob  J.    Kaiser,  over- 

§  alter  manufacturer,  is  sentenced  to  the 
tate  prison  for  seven  and  a  half  years 
for  setting  fire  to  his  place  of  business 
on  Broadway. 

Oct.  17.  New  York.  Lord  Dunraven 
of  England  is  entertained  at  dinner  by 
C.  Oliver  Iselin  and  the  New  York  Yacht 
Club. 

Dr.  C.  H.  Farkhurst  sends  a  letter 
to  Mayor  Gilroy  and  the  chairman  for 
selecting  grand  jurors. 

He  charges  that  Grand  Juryman  Hugh 
Slevin  violates  the  Excise  Law,  and  is 
not  a  fit  person  to  be  a  grand  juror  ;  a 
number  of  affidavits  in  proof  accompany 
the  letter. 

Oct.  18.  Chicago.  The  American 
Bankers'  Association  Convention  be- 
gins its  session  in  the  Art  Institute  of 
the  World's  Fair,  with  W.  H.  Rhawm 
of  Philadelphia  in  the  chair. 

N.  J.  The  Trenton  Battle  Monu- 
ment celebration  begins. 

Oct.  19.  Md.  The  anniversary  of  the 
burning  of  the  tea-laden  British  brig 
Peggy  Stewart  in  Annapolis  Harbor  in 
1774,  as  a  protest  against  the  Stamp  Act, 
is  celebrated  in  Baltimore. 

Oct.  20.  Va.  A  mob  attacks  the  jail 
at  Roanoke  ;  the  militia  fire,  killing  nine 
men,  and  wounding  20  others. 

Oct.  21.  Ind.  Mrs.  Augusta  Schneider, 
a  wealthy  lady,  quarrels  with  one  of  her 
tenants,  and  shoots  and  kills  him  near 
Walton. 

Oct.  24.  Chicago.  Mary  Washington 
Day  is  celebrated  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  the  New  York  State  building. 


STATE. 

1893  Oct.  4.  D.  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  Speeches  favoring  compromise  on 
the  sUver  question  are  made  by  Joseph 
C.  S.  Blackburn  of  Ky.,  Matthew  C. 
Butler  of  S.  C,  and  Wilkinson  Call  of 
Fla. ;  in  the  House  the  repeal  of  the 
Federal  Elections  Iiaws  is  discussed ; 
a  bill  to  repeal  the  Chinese  Exclusion 
Bill  (see  May  5,  1892)  is  reported.  [It 
is  sharply  discussed  in  both  Houses,  and 
specially  opposed  by  members  from  the 
Pacific  Coast.] 

Oct.  5.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  G. 
W.  Murray  of  S.  C.  concludes  his  argu- 
ment against  the  repeal  of  the  Federal 
Elections  Laws;  a  bill  is  passed  pla- 
cing the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in 
the  line  of  succession  to  the  presidency. 

New  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce passes  a  resolution  asking  the 
U.  S.  Senate  to  amend  its  rules  so  as 
to  pass  the  Silver  Repeal  Bills. 

Oct.  6.  D.  C.  Congress;  .Senate:  An 
amendment  to  the  Wilson  Repeal  Bill 
is  introduced  by  J.  C.  S.  Blackburn  of 
Ky. ;  Senators  Call,  Butler,  and  Teller 
speak  against  repeal ;  in  the  House 
debate  on  the  Tucker  Bepeal  Bill  is 
continued. 

Oct.  7.  Z>.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.,  the  Democratic 
leader,  announces  that  he  will  ask  on 
the  nth  Inst,  for  a  continuous  session 
until  the  Bepeal  Bill  is  disposed  of; 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Oct.  4-Oct.  25.     441 


W.  N.  Roach  of  N.  Dak.  and  W.  V. 
Allen  of  Neb.  speak  against  the  bill ; 
the  House  debates  the  Tucker  Repeal 
BUI. 

Mass.    Fred.  T.  Greenhalge  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Oct.  9.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  After 
a  discussion  by  several  members  as  to 
how  far  the  Repeal  Bill  would  demone- 
tize silver,  F.  M.  Cockrell  of  Mo.  speaks 
against  the  Repeal  Bill ;  in  the  House 
debate  on  the  bill  for  repealing  the 
Federal  Elections  Laws  is  closed,  and 
it  is  decided  to  pass  the  bill  as  it  now 
stands. 

Oct.  10.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate : 
Messrs.  McPherson  and  Coakrell  speak 
on  the  Silver  Repeal  Bill;  in  the 
House  the  Tucker  Bill,  repealing  all 
existing  Federal  Elections  Laws,  is 
passed.    Vote,  200-101. 

Oct.  11.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate :  The 
session  is  continued  all  day  and  all 
night ;  W.  V.  Allen  of  Neb.  begins  to 
speak  at  6.30  p.m.  against  the  Repeal 
Bill  [and  continues  through  the  entire 
night]. 

Oct.  12.  D,  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Mr.  Allen  finishes  his  speech  at 
eight  o'clock  in  the  morning,  having 
been  on  the  floor  14  and  three-quarters 
hours;  it  is  the  longest  continuous 
speech  ever  made  in  the  .Senate ;  the 
session  continues  all  the  day  and  even- 
ing. 

Oct.  13.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
debate  on  the  Repeal  Bill  continues, 
W.  M.  Stewart  of  Nev.  holding  the  floor. 
The  Senate  adjourns  at  1.45  a.m.,  on 
the  motion  of  D.  W.  Voorhees  of  Ind., 
having  been  in  session  39  hours  con- 
tinuously ;  it  is  found  impossible  to 
compel  the  attendance  of  the  majority 
(43)  members. 

Oct.  14.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate : 
Several  important  amendments  to  the 
rules  are  offered;  James  K.  Jones  of 
Nev.  speaks  against  the  Repeal  BUI. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury's  order 
that  nothing  but  coin  or  currency 
be  accepted  in  payment  of  government 
taxes  is  rescinded  ;  certified  checks  will 
be  received. 

Oct.  16.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  McCreary  Bill,  which  pro- 
vides for  the  amendment  of  the  Geary 
Act,  so  as  to  give  Chinese  residents  in 
the  United  States  another  six  months 
in  which  to  register.  Vote,  178-1.  [Nov. 
2.  It  is  amended  and  passed  by  the  Sen- 
ate. Nov.  3.  Conference  report  agreed 
to  and  bill  approved.] 

Boston.    The    Associated    Board    of 

Trade  unanimously  adopts  resolutions 
jjetitioning  the  United  States  Senate  to 
change  its  rules  so  that  a  vote  can  be 
reached  on  the  Repeal  Bill. 

Oct.  17.  JJ.  a  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  a  proposed  amendment  to 
the  rules ;  Senator  Sherman  makes  a 
speech  in  which  he  aims  to  place  the 
resiX)nBibility  for  the  deadlock  re- 
specting the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Law 
on  the  Democrats. 


Oct.  18.  J).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
Bridge  Bill  introduced  Sept.  20,  author- 
izing the  construction  of  a  bridge  across 
the  Hudson  River. 

New   Tm-k.    The   Cotton    Exchange 

passes  resolutions  calling  for  the  speedy 
repeal  of  the  purchasing  clause  of  the 
Sherman  Law. 

Oct.  19.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  speaks  against  compro- 
mise on  the  Repeal ;  Secretary  Carlisle's 
statements  in  answer  to  the  Senate's 
resolutions  show  that  the  deficit  in 
revenues  may  reach  $50,000,000 
at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year. 

Oct.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
in  executive  session  confirms,  among 
others,  the  nomination  of  J.  J.  Van 
Alen  of  R.  I.  to  be  ambassador  to  Italy. 
[The  nomination  is  severely  and  persist- 
ently criticised.  Nov.  20.  Van  Alen 
resigns.  Dec.  3.  The  resignation  is 
made  public]  Tlie  House  passes  a  de- 
ficiency appropriation  bill.  [Oct.  28. 
Amended  and  passed  by  the  Senate. 
Nov.  3.  Third  Conference  report  made. 
Final  action  not  taken].  Also  a  bill  to 
remit  half  the  duties  on  exhibits  here- 
after sold  at  the  World's  Fair,  and 
another  providing  for  the  destruction 
of  derelicts  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Oct.  21.  J).  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Messrs,  Peffer  and  Jones  speak  against 
repeal. 

The  Senate  agrees  to  a  compromise, 
by  repealing  tbe  purchasing  clause  of 
the  Sherman  Hill,  to  take  effect  Oct.  1, 
1894,  and  eliminating  entirely  the  bona 
question  ;  all  greenbacks  and  Treasurv 
notes  under  $10  in  value  will  be  retired, 
and  silver  certificates  and  coined  silver 
dollars  will  take  their  place,  the  pur- 
chase of  the  four  and  a  half  million 
ounces  of  silver  to  continue,  the  same 
to  be  coined  from  time  to  time  as  the 
seignorage  now  in  the  Treasury,  also 
that  which  shall  growoutof  f  urtherpur- 
chase.      * 

The  Treasury's  ten  days*  statement 
shows  that  the  gold  reserve  has  de- 
creased to  $81,700,000,  the  lowest  point 
yet  reached. 

Oct.  23.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
still  discusses  the  Silver  Repeal  BiU ; 
the  House  passes  the  Printing  BiU; 
also  a  bill  authorizing  the  construction 
of  a  new  revenue  cutter  on  the  lakes. 

Oct.  24.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
silver  men  abandon  filibustering,  and 
]Wessr8.  Jones  and  Stewart  continue  their 
speeches  begun  weeks  ago. 

Mich.     The    Supreme  Court  of  the 

State  declares  that  the  "Woman  Suf- 
frage Law  passed  by  the  last  Legisla- 
ture is  unconstitutional. 

Oct.  25.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Messrs.  Pugh,  Stewart,  and  Jones  speak 
on  the  silver  question  ;  a  joint  resolu- 
tion is  passed,  thanking  foreign  gov- 
ernments for  their  participation  in  the 
Chicago  Exposition. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893    Oct.  5.    N.  r.    The  ValkyHe  and 
Vigilant  sail  for  the  America  Cup, 


but,  owing  to  the  light  wind,  are  unable 
to  cover  the  course  in  the  allotted  time. 

Oct.  6.  New  York.  The  Cunard  steamer 
Lucania  arrives  from  Queenstown,  beat- 
ing the  record  of  the  Paris  by  59  minutes, 

Oct.  7.  Alas.  La  grippe  is  raging  with 
great  violence. 

New  York.    The  Vigilant  wins  the 

first  race  for  the  America  Cup,  beating 
the  Valkyrie  by  five  minutes  and  48  sec- 
onds, corrected  time. 

Oct.  8.  New  York.  Five  deaths,  some 
due  to  cholera,  are  reported  on  the  Ham- 
burg American  steamer  Hussia,  arriving 
to-day. 

Oct.  9.  N.  Y.  Some  of  the  passengers 
of  the  infected  steamer  Russia  are 
transferred  to  Hoffman  and  Swinburne 
Islands. 

In  the  second  race  between  the  Val- 
kyrie and  the  Vigilaniy  the  latter  wins 
by  12  minutes  and  23  seconds. 

Oct.  10.  Ind.  Eight  persons  are  kiUed 
in  an  accident  on  the  Pittsburg,  Fort 
Wayne,  and  Chicago  Railroad. 

Oct.  13.  Mich.  Excursion-trains  col- 
lide at  Jackson ;  13  persons  are  killed 
and  40  injured, 

N.  Y.    In  the  third  and  deciding  race 

the  Vigilant  beats  the  Valkyrie  by  40 
seconds,  retaining  the  cup  in  America. 

Oct.  14.  Pa.  A  fire  in  the  telephone 
exchange  in  AUentown  destroys  prop- 
erty valued  at  $300,000. 

Oct.  15.  Kan.  A  head-end  collision 
occurs  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and 
Pacific  Railroad,  at  Paxico ;  two  persons 
are  killed  and  several  injured. 

N.  Y.    The  propeller  Dean  Richmond, 

with  a  crew  of  18,  is  lost  in  Lake  Erie, 
near  Dunkirk ;  five  bodies  are  washed 
ashore. 

Oct.  16.  Chicago.  The  "World's  Con- 
gress of  Agriculture  opens  in  the  Art 
Institute  at  the  World's  Fair,  S.  W. 
Allerton  presiding. 

///.  A  train  goes  over  an  embank- 
ment, and  30  persons  are  injured,  near 
Nameoki. 

Five  persons  are  killed  and  five  injured 
by  a  premature  explosion  of  dynamite 
at  Emington. 

Oct.  17.  B.  C.  The  house  in  which 
President  Lincoln  died,  in  Washington, 
is  formally  opened  as  the  Lincoln 
Memorial  House. 

O.    Four  men  are  killed  and  three 

injured  by  a  train  coUision  at  Wells- 
ville. 

Oct.  20.  Mich,  A  collision  occurs  be- 
tween passenger- trains  on  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railroad  at  Battle  Creek  ;  26  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  injured. 

Wash.  A  fatal  boUer  explosion  oc- 
curs at  Spokane  ;  four  persons  are  killed, 
and  a  number  badly  injured. 

Oct.  22.  New  York.  The  laboratory  of 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital  is  burned  out. 

Oct.  23.  Chicago.  Figures  showing  enor- 
mous profits  of  the  World's  Fair  con- 
cessionaires are  made  public ;  paid  ad- 
missions to-day,  231,014  ;  total  up  to  this 
date,  19,712,996. 


442    1893,  Oct  25 -Nov.  15. 


AMERICA  : 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1893  Oct.  26.  Cal.  The  battle-ship 
Oregon  is  successfully  launched  at  San 
Francisco. 

Oct.  29.  IX  a  Adm.  Skerret  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  command  of  the  Asiatic 
Squadron,  relieving  Adm.  Irwin,  de- 
tached. 

Nov.  6.  D.  C.  The  President  appoints 
Gen.  George  D.  Hugglea  adjutant- 
general  of  the  army. 

Nov.  11.  Cal.  The  new  cruiser  Olym- 
pia  returns  to  San  Francisco  from  her 
trial  trip ;  her  maximum  speed  is  21.26 
knots  an  hour. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 

1893  Oct.  31  +  .  Pent.  Harvard  estab- 
lishes a  new  meteorological  station  on 
the  Andes,  the  highest  in  the  world. 

Nov.  4.  Colo.  Rich  gold-finds,  yield- 
ing at  the  rate  of  $120,000  per  ton,  are 
struck  in  El  Paso  County. 

Nov.  6.  O.  Wilmington  is  visited  by  a 
tornado;  loss,  $100,000. 

Nov.  11.  jris.  Copper-ore  is  found 
while  grading  streets  in  Slieboygan. 

Nov.  14.  iV.  r.  An  oil  portrait  of 
Ezra  Cornell  is  unveiled  iu  the  Capitol 
at  Albany. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Oct.  28.     Harrison,  Carter,  mayor  of  Chi- 
cago, assassinated,  A68. 
Nov.  8.    Parkman,  Francis,  historian,  A70. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Oct.  28.  Coim.  The  American 
Inter-Seminary  Alliance  is  in  session 
at  New  Haven. 

Nov.  11.  Chicago.  John  D.  Rockefeller 
has  offered  to  give  $500,000  to  Chi- 
cago University  on  condition  that 
§400,000  more  be  raised.    [It  is  raised.] 

Nov.  15.  2i.  r.  The  Rev.  Dr.  J.  R.  Day 
of  New  York  City  is  elected  Chancellor 
of  Syracuse  University. 

SOCIETY. 
1893     Oct.  26.     New    York.     A    mass- 
meeting    under    the    auspices    of    the 
New  York  Bar  Association  is  held  in 
Cooper  Union. 

It  denounces  the  candidacy  of  Isaac 
H.  Maynard  for  the  chief  judgeship  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals.  [Nov.  1.  The 
committee  appointed  by  the  meeting 
issues  an  adiiress  urging  all  citizens  to 
reject  Maynard  at  the  polls.] 

K.  Y.  The  Bar  Association  of  Buf- 
falo holds  an  anti-Maynard  mass-meet- 
ing for  the  same  purpose. 

Oct.  28.  Ark.  J.  V.  Mitchell,  clerk  of 
Faulkner,  has  disappeared  with  $io,ooo 
in  trust  funds. 

Chicago.    Carter  H.  Harrison, 

mayor  of  the  city,  is  assassinated  in  his 
own  house  by  Patrick  E.  Prendergast. 
[Oct.  29.    Prendergast  is  committed.] 

Minn.    The  Assembly  passes  a  law 

declaring  that  every  public  place  used 
as  a  pool-room  is  a  public  nuisance ; 
that  owners  of  buildings  renting  them 


for  pool-rooms  and  frequenters  of  such 
places  shall  be  guilty  of  misdemeanor, 
and  liable  to  fine  or  imprisonment. 

Pa.    The  211  th  anniversary  of  the 

landing  of  William  Penn  is  celebrated 
with  impressive  ceremonies  on  the  spot 
where  the  lauding  took  place. 

Oct.  30.  New  York.  F.  L.  Mathes,  su- 
perintendent at  the  Postal-Telegraph 
building,  is  shot  by  Thomas  Bradley 
for  refusing  to  give  him  work. 

A  man  is  arrested  for  demanding 
$5,ooo  from  Edwin  Gould  at  his  office. 

Oct.  31.  Conn.  No-license  elections 
suspend  liquor-shops  in  East  Hartford, 
Manchester,  and  New  Britain. 

Nov.  1.  Chicago.  Columbian  Guards, 
Ferris  Wheel  employees,  and  visitors 
engage  in  a  free  fight  in  the  Midway 
Plaisance  of  the  World's  Fair.  Cause, 
the  Ferris  Wheel  people  refuse  to  stop 
as  directed  by  the  Fair  Directory. 

N.  Y.  Counselor  W.  J.  Gaynor  ap- 
plies for  an  order  of  court  to  compel  the 
authorities  to  permit  a  copy  of  regis- 
tration-lists of  Gravesend  to  be  made 
by  his  agents. 

[Nov.  2.  Ho  finds  it  difficult  to  get  a 
copy ;  the  town  has  a  population  of  a 
little  over  8,000,  yet  6,218  names  are  said 
to  be  registered.  Nov.  3.  The  power  of 
the  Supreme  Court  is  defied  at  Graves- 
end  by  John  Y.  McKane  ;  the  copy  of 
the  registry-list  is  refused.  Nov.  4.  War- 
rants are  issued  against  the  election  in- 
spectors by  Judge  CuUen.] 

Neiv  York.    Five  skilful  forgers  are 

captured  by  city  detectives  after  the 
forgers  have  secured  about  $8,000  at  tlie 
Bank  of  the  Manhattan  Company. 

Nov.  2.  Minn.  The  Executive  Land  In- 
vestigating Committee  finds  that  the 
State  has  been  robbed  of  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  lumber  by  some  of  its 
most  prominent  citizens ;  several  of 
them  have,  however,  been  compelled 
to  pay  large  sums  for  the  lumber  thus 
illegally  taken. 

K.  Y.  The  effort  to  have  1,200  ille- 
gally registered  names  stricken  from 
the  registry-lists  at  Albany  is  practically 
defeated  in  court. 

Nov.  3.  Chicago.  A  new  trial  is  granted 
Daniel  Coughlin.  accused  of  comitlicity 
in  the  murder  of  Dr.  Cronin.  [Acquitted 
Mar.  8, 18&4.]    (See  Dec.  16,  1889.) 

A".  J.    Judge    Dixon    sentences    the 

convicted  members  of  the  Board  of 
Freeholders  at  Paterson  to  i8  months' 
imprisonn>ent. 

Nov.  4.  Oa.  Gov.  Northen  pardons 
eight  White  Caps  who  were  sentenced 
to  the  chain-gang. 

New  Yo^k.    One  bogtis  expressman 

and  five  receivers  of  stolen  goods  are  ar- 
rested for  victimizing  express  companies 
of  several  hundred  dollars*  worth  of 
goods  at  express  exchanges. 

Nov.  5.  N.  Y.  Twenty-two  men  sent  to 
Gravesend  to  copy  registration-lists  are 
arrested  by  John  Y.  McKane,  the 
chief  of  police,  at  the  head  of  a  rough 
crowd,  and  thrown  into  jail,  charged 
■with  vagrancy. 

They  are  detained  in  jail,  though  any 
amount  of  bail  had  been  otfered  for  their 
release ;  and  also  though  they  had  man- 
damuses issued  by  Supreme  Court  Judge 
CuUen  to  secure  copies  of  the  registra- 
tion-lists of  that  town. 

[Nov.  6.  Judge  Cull  en  releases  the 
prisoners.  Counselor  Gaynor  secures 
ail  injunction  from  Judge  Barnard  re- 
straining the  Gravesend  election  officers 


from  interfering  with  watchers  at  the 

polls.  Nov.  7.  As  soon  as  Gaynor's 
watchers  arrive  at  Gravesend,  McKane 
and  his  backers  seize,  maltreat,  and  drive 
them  out  of  town :  no  regard  is  i)aid  to 
the  mandamus  from  Judge  liarnard  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  against  any  interfe- 
rence, which  each  watcher  has  in  his  pos- 
session. Nov.  9.  A  citizens*  meeting  is 
held  in  the  Academy  of  Music,  Brooklyn, 
to  take  steps  toward  the  prosecution  of 
McKane  for  his  conduct  at  Gravesend 
before  and  during  the  late  election.  Nov. 
13.  Another  mass-meeting  is  held  for  the 
same  purpose.] 
Nov.  7.  Miss.  "White  Caps  bum  the 
court-house  at  Brookhaven  ;  the  Chan- 
cery and  Circuit  Court  records  are  a  to- 
tal loss,  including  about  75  indictments 
pending  against  the  White  Cape. 

N^.  J,    Nine    deputy-sheriffs   are 

shot  and  several  others  seriously  injured 
in  an  incipient  riot  at  Camden. 

Nov.  9.  New  York.  A  trusted  clerk  of 
J.  H.  Jacquelin  and  Company  is  arrested 
for  stealing  from  $ii,ooo  to  $50,000  from 
his  employers. 

W.  S.  Patton.  stock-broker,  is  arrested 
for  hypothecating  bonds  worth  $tX),UOO 
placed  in  his  trust. 

Nov.  10.  O.  Treasurer  M.  T.  Herrick 
of  the  Society  for  Savings  at  Cleveland 
has  a  desperate  fstruggle  with  a  man  who 
threatened  to  blow  up  the  place  with 
dynamite  if  he  did  not  at  once  give  him 
$50,000  in  cash  ;  the  outlaw  escapes. 

Minn.  The  liabilities  of  President  L. 

F.  Menage  of  the  insolvent  Guaranty 
Loan  Company  at  Minneapolis  are  about 
$1,000,000,  made  by  systematic  plunder- 
ing of  the  company. 

Nov,  11.  Ky.  Masked  robbers  stop  a 
train  on  the  Illinois  Central  Kailroad 
and  steal  $7,000  from  the  express-car. 

Nov.  12.  Chicago.  The  anarchists 
have  a  demonstration  in  memory  of 
Spies,  Parsons,  and  the  other  executed 
bomb-throwers. 

Wis.    Henry  Falk  confesses  setting 

fire  to  five  places  in  Milwaukee. 

Nov.  13.  A'(/.  A  negro's  house  at  Barda- 
town  is  blown  up  writh  dynamite;  the 
crime  is  denounced  by  the  citizeus  of  the 
town. 

Phila.    The  General  Assembly  of  the 

Knights  of  Labor  is  held. 

The  General  Executive  Board  is  ac- 
cused of  having  appropriated  $30,000  to 
the  use  of  the  order,  instead  of  applying 
it  to  the  relief  of  strikers,  for  whom  it  is 
alleged  to  have  been  contributed. 

Nov.  14.  N.  }'.  Edward  M.  Shepard  is 
appointed  by  Gov.  Flower  to  aid  in  the 
prosecution  of  men  accused  of  election 
frauds  in  Kings  County,  with  full  power 
to  act.  [Dec.  7.  The  hearing  ends.] 
(See  Dec.  14.) 

Sheriff  Beck  makes  damaging  admis- 
sions in  the  investigation  of  election 
frauds  in  Buffalo. 

Nov.  15,  Chicago.  James  Prunty  is 
killed,  and  his  son  and  daughter  are  both 
wounded  by  burglars  at  their  home. 

John  A.  Drake,  treasurer  of  the  Indi- 
ana, Illinois,  and  Iowa  Railroad,  is  sand- 
bagged, and  robbed  of  $21,000,  in  his 
office. 

New  York.    The  Board  of  Aldermen 

begins  canvassing  the  city  vote  ;  it  de- 
cides to  exclude  watchers  from  occupy- 
ing a  position  where  the  figures  can  be 
seen ;  notwithstanding  this,  one  watcher 
succeeds  in  seeing  the  sheets  after  they 
are  read,  and  files  protests  and  notices 
of  contests,  accompanied  by  voters'  af- 
fidavits, 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Oct.  25 -Nov.  15.      443 


STATE. 

1893  Oct.  26.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Sen- 
ate: Messrs.  Teller,  Squire,  and  Stewart 
continue  the  debate  on  the  Repeal  Bill ; 
a  joint  resolution  is  passed  providing  for 
the  removal  of  derelicts  by  interna- 
tional action  ;  the  House  continues  the 
discussion  of  the  Bankruptcy  Bill ;  it 
passes  a  joint  resolution  providing  for 
the  printing  of  enrolled  bills. 

Oct.  27.  D-  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Messrs.  Stewart,  Jones,  and  Teller  speak 
against  the  Bepeal  Bill;  William  A. 
Peffer  of  Kan.  offers  an  amendment  to 
the  Voorh^es  substitute  for  the  Kepeal 
Bill,  providing  for  the  free  coinage  of 
silver  ;  it  is  defeated.  Vote,  28-39 ;  not 
voting,  18. 

Oct.  28.  n.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate amendments  to  the  Repeal  Bill  are 
rejected,  and  the  measure  is  reported  by 
the  Committee  of  the  Whole ;  speeches 
are  made  by  Senators  Wolcott,  Sher- 
man, Gorman,  and  Voorhees ;  notice  is 
given  that  a  vote  on  the  main  bill  will 
be  asked  for  at  2  o'clock  on  the  30th 
inst. 

Oct.  30.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
substitutes  the  Voorhees  Bill  for  the 
Wilson  Bill,  and  passes  it.  Vote,  43-32 ; 
not  voting,  10.  It  declares  it  to  be  the 
policy  of  the  United  States  to  con- 
tinue to  coin  both  gold  and  silver : 
Messrs.  Cameron,  Morgan,  Jones  of  Ne- 
vada, Stewart,  and  others  speak  against 
the  bill. 

Oct.  31.  B.C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge 
Bill  is  passed  without  a  division  ;  in  tl>e 
House  the  Bepeal  Bill  is  received  from 
the  Senate. 

Nov.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  House:  The 
Silver  Bepeal  Bill  as  amended  by  the 
Senate  is  passed.  Vote,  193-84 ;  not  vot- 
ing, 66. 

The  President  signs  the  bill,  and  it  be- 
comes effective. 

Nov.  2.  Chicago.  Alderman  G.  B.  Swift 
is  chosen  by  a  Republican  aldermauic 
caucus  as  mayor  pro  tempore. 

Nov.  3.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
bill  to  amend  the  Chinese  Kxclusion  Act 
is  passed ;  in  the  House  a  resolution  is 
passed  to  pay  employees  during  the 
interval  before  the  next  session,  but, 
being  amended  by  the  Senate,  it  falls 
through. 

The  Chinese  Exclusion  Bill  is  ap- 
proved. 

The   53d    Congress;    first    session 
closes. 

Nov.  7.  Eleven  States  hold  elections. 
The  Democrats  carry  Virginia,  Mary- 
land, and  Kentucky ;  and  the  Republi- 
cans, Massachusetts,  New  Vork,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Iowa,  Ne- 
braska, and  South  Dakota.  Legislatures 
only  are  chosen  in  Kentucky  and  New 
Jersey. 

Nov.  9.  B.C.  Ratifications  of  an  extras 
dition  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Norway  are  exchanged. 

if.  J.    The  Supreme  Court  of  N.  J. 

declares  the  Gerrymander  Act  and  the 


County  Excise  Law,  passed  by  the 
Legislature,  unconstitutional. 

Nov.  10.  B.  C.  A  report  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  to  the  President,  dated 
Oct.  18,  is  published,  suggesting  that 
the  former  government  of  Hawaii 
be  restored. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Oct.  23.  Mich.  A  fire  in  De- 
troit causes  the  loss  of  seven  lives,  and 
destroys  property  valued  at  $800,000. 

±  The  Vanderbilts  secure  control 

of  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and 
Western  Railroad. 

Oct.  25.  Jf.  J.  Four  persons  are  killed 
and  three  injured  by  a  train  collision 
near  Trenton. 

Oct.  27.  Chicago.  Marshall  Field  offers 
to  give  $1,000,000  to  the  Columbian 
Memorial  Museum  on  condition  that 
$500,000  in  cash  be  subscribed  to  its  en- 
dowment fund,  and  that  $2,000,000  of  the 
Exposition  stock  be  transferred  to  its 
trustees. 

Paid  admissions  to  the  'World's  Pair 
for  this  day,  250,583. 

Pa.    A  lire  in  Pittsburg  destroys 

property  worth  $1,000,000;  several  per- 
sons are  much  injured. 

Oct.  28.  Chicago.  More  than  100  cities 
in  the  United  States  are  represented  at 
the  'World's  Fair  by  their  mayors  and 
officials. 

Oct.  30.  Chicago.  Close  of  the 'World's 
Columbian  Exposition. 

Oct.  31.  Chicago.  Mayor  Carter  Har- 
rison's body  lies  in  state  in  the  City 
Hall,  and  is  viewed  by  thousands  of  citi- 
zens. 

Nov.  1.  Cal.  The  Pacific  Mall  steamer 
City  of  New  Y&rk^  which  went  ashore  at 
the  Golden  Gate,  is  abandoned. 

Ore.    An  electric  car  goes  through 

an  open  drawbridge  into  the  river  at 
Portland  ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  A  boiler  explo- 
sion wrecks  horse-car  stables,  killing 
fire  men  and  injuring  a  dozen. 

Ire.    The  Cunarder  Campania  arrives 

at  Queenstown,  breaking  the  eastward 
record  by  one  hour  and  20  minutes. 

The  Ward  Line  steamer  City  of  Alex- 
andria^ from  Havana  to  New  York,  is 
reported  burned  at  sea ;  about  35  lives 
are  lost. 

New  York.    The    Cunard    steamship 

Lucania  arrives,  breaking  the  western 
record  by  29  minutes. 

Nov.  5.  III.  Avestibuledtrainonthe 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  is  ditched,  it 
is  supposed  by  train  robbers ;  the  fire- 
man is  killed. 

Mo.    An  attempt  is  made  to  blow  up 

with  dynamite  the  dam  near  Sedalia, 
at  Water  Oaks  ;  two  gates  are  blown  out. 

N.  J.    Three  whales  are  stranded 

at  Cape  May. 

Phila.    The   Old  liberty  BeU  is 

returned  from  the  World's  Fair,  and 
restored  to  its  place  in  Independence 
Hall  with  impressive  ceremony. 


»  *  Chicago  'World's  Fair  Statistics: 

Cash  Kkceipts. 

Capital  stock g.S,B04,ni.97 

City  of  Chicago 5,000,000.00 

Concession  receipts 3,699,581.43 

Interest 87,081.82 

Gate  receipts 10,626,230.16 

Miscellaneous  receipts      ....       686,070.49 
Souvenir  coins  and  premiums  .    .    2,448.032.28 

Total  receipts 8(28,151,168.75 

Summary  of  Expenditures. 
Constrnctlon  expenditures  .    .     818,322,622.56 
General  and  operating  expenses  .    7,127,240.32 
Preliminary  organization     .    .    .         90,674.97 

Assets 82,698,291.01 

Liabilities     ....  87,660.11 

Net  Assets 2,610,630.90 

Total  expenditures      .    .    .     828,151,168.75 

Principal  Expenditures. 

Agriculture  .    .    .    ; 8740,655.55 

Anthropology 217,638.65 

Architecture 398,810.19 

Art 801,444.68 

Bridging 84,529.19 

Ceremonies 333,663.88 

Convent  La  Rablda 25,009.10 

Coloring  and  decorating  ....  888,284.31 

Concession  expenses 128,209.44 

Dairy 110,770.16 

Damages 197,146.82 

Decorations 119,134.81 

Donations  and  charities   ....  27,996.17 

Dredging 615,144.36 

Electrical 1,911,857.04 

Engineering,  etc 218,229.03 

rencing 95,631.45 

Finance 601,230.85 

Fire  protection 298,254.18 

Fisheries 257,466.30 

Foreign  agents 168,898.17 

Forestry 110,533.78 

Furniture  for  buildings    ....  126,774..W 

Gate  expenses 347,352.48 

General  expenses 1,294,565.92 

Grounds 465,480.85 

Horticulture  and  floriculture   .    .  456,628.25 

Installation 387,950.81 

Insurance 182,687.03 

Janitors 378,038.42 

Landscape  gardening 551,448.45 

Live  stock 258,560.87 

Machinery 2,786,684.91 

Manufactures  and  liberal  arts.    .  1,890,198.65 

Marine  service 58,151.76 

Medical  and  surgical 44,983.03 

Mines  and  mining 327,575.56 

Music 600,947.59 

National  agitation 87,807.56 

Piers  and  breakwaters     ....  600,449.11 

Police  protection      1,301,478.72 

Preliminary  organization     .    .    .  90,674.97 

Public  comfort 150,404.23 

Railway  transportation    ....  1,247,101.48 

Roadways  and  sidewalks     .    .    .  394,428.41 

Sculpture 866,172.12 

Shoe  and  leather 111,062.13 

Special  attractions 125,760.75 

Stable  expenses 110,207.37 

Superintendence  and  inspection  .  292,690.30 

Transportation  exhibits    ....  587,231.75 

Viaducts 39,637.63 

Water  and  sewage 1,122,770.44 

Woman's  building 141,032.55 

World's  congress  auxiliary  .    .  264,061.03 

825,540,537.79 

Total  attendance,  27,539,041. 

Nov.  8.    Chicago.    Five  people  are  killed 

and  10  inj  ured  in  a  collision  on  the  Rock 

Island  Railroad. 

Nov.  9.    O.    Five  persons  are  killed  and 

12  injured  by  a  railroad  accident. 
Nov.  11.    N.  Y.    The  largest  elevator 
in  the  world  is  completed  in  Buffalo. 

Nov.  13.  Tenn.  Several  lives  are  lost 
and  property  worth  $500,000  is  destroyed 
by  fire  in  Memphis. 

Nov.  14.  Chicago.  L.  Z.  Leiter  con- 
tributes $100,000  to  the  Columbian 
Museum  Fund,  conditioned  upon  its 
being  built  and  retained  in  Jackson 
Park. 

Oa.    The  Augusta   Exposition  is 

formally  opened ;  a  large  procession  of 
military,  civic  bodies,  and  firemen  takes 
part  in  the  proceedings. 


444    1893,  Nov.  16-Dec.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Nov.  23 1.  The  cruiser  Codim- 
bia's  trial  speed  i8  22.8  knots. 

Nov.  29.  D.  C.  The  annual  report  of 
the  Secretary  of  War  shows  that  the 
Army  of  the  United  States  (Sept.  30, 
1893)  consists  of  2,144  officers  and  25,778 
enlisted  men. 

Dec.  5.  Cal.  The  V.  S.  steamer  Coiioin 
sails  from  San  Francisco  for  Honoltilu. 

Deo.  7.  The  official  trial  of  the  cruiser 
Marbleheiul  takes  place  on  Jjong  Island 
Sound ;  her  average  speed  proves  to  be 
18.94  knots. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Nov.  16.  New  York.  The  Society 
of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  En- 
gineers opens  its  convention. 

Nov.  25.    New  York.    A  statue  of  Capt. 

Nathan  Hale  is  unveiled  in  City  Hall 

Park,  a  short  distance  from  the  spot 

'      where  he  was  hanged  as  a  spy  by  the 

British  on  Sept.  22,  1776. 

Nov.  26.  New  York.  Dr.  Dawbarn  of 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  Hospital  makes 
a  successful  operation  on  a  patient  with 
a  fractured  vertebra,  with  the  pros- 
pect of  perfect  recovery. 

Deo.  6.  D.  C.  A  statue  of  Gen.  James 
Shields  is  unveiled  in  Statuary  Hall,  at 
the  Capitol  in  W:ishington. 

Deo.  12.  Mass.  James  A.  Garland  of 
New  York  defrays  the  entire  expense  of 
four  series  of  art  lectures  at  Harvard  ; 
he  also  presents  to  the  University  $25,000 
worth  of  rare  gems. 

BIRTHS  —DEATHS. 
1893. 

Nov.  18.    Beers, WilliamII.,presidentN.Y. 

Life  Insurance  ('o.,  dies. 
Nov.  18.     Deems,  Charles  F.,  Metfi.  cler- 
gyman, scholar,  A73. 
Nov.  ai.    RuBk.  Jeremiah  M..  secretary 

of  agriculture,  A63. 
Nov.  22.    Coleman,  William  T.,  head  of 

Cal.  vigilance  committee  in  t85(j,  A(j9. 
Nov.  25.    O'Neill,  Charles,  M.  C.  for  Pa., 

A-2. 
Dec.  1 .    Lilley,  WUliam,  M.  C.  for  Pa.,  A62. 
Billings,  Edward  C,  judge  U.  8.  Court, 

A64. 
Dec.  3.    Pope,  Hamilton,  brig. -gen.  vols,, 

A76. 
Dec.  3.    Lyman,  Theodore  B.,  P.  E.  bishop 

of  N.  C,  A78. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Nov.  17.  Pope  Leo's  encyclical 
enjoining  upon  Koman  Cathohcs  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures  is  made  public. 

Dec.  10.  New  York.  Mohammedanism 
makes  a  more  open  demonstration 
in  this  country,  a  muezzin,  or  public 
crier,  making  call  to  prayer  in  Union 
Square. 

Dec.  11.  New  York.  The  American 
Sabbath  Union  is  in  session ;  Kev.  G. 
S.  Mott,  acting  president. 

LETTERS. 

1893  Nov.  28.  Eng.  The  unveiling  of 
the  memorial  to  James  Russell  XjOw- 
ell  in  the  Chapter  House  of  Westmin- 
ster Abbey  takes  place. 


Dec.  6.  Mass.  The  authorities  of  Har- 
vard call  the  Annex  Radclif  f  e  College, 
after  Ann  Radcliffe,  an  Knglishwoman 
who  contributed  £100  to  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1643. 

*  *  U.  S.  Number  of  newspapers  pub- 
lished, 20,015. 

*  "*  The  Prince  of  India,  by  Lew  Wallace, 
appears. 

*  *  2^ke  Great  Rememhra-nce  and  Other 
Poems,  by  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  ap- 
pears. 

*  »  The  Army  o.f  Northern  Virginia  in 
1862,  by  William  Allan,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Nov.  16.  /)((/.  Citizens  of  Clark 
County  organize  to  hunt  down  a  gang 
of  burglars. 

Viola  Dietrick,  the  bead  of  a  gang  of 
women  outlaws  in  Kokomo,  is  sen- 
tenced to  one  year  in  the  penitentiary. 

Nov.  17.  Chicago.  Vigorous  measures 
are  taken  to  rid  the  city  of  criminals. 

Orders  have  been  issued  that  every  per- 
son found  in  the  streets  between  tlie 
hours  of  1  and  5  A.M.  shall  be  stopped 
by  officers,  not  in  uniform,  and  obliged 
to  give  an  account  of  themselves. 

Several  railroad  companies  are  swin- 
dled by  counterfeit  tickets  to  the  amount 
of  8100,000  issued  by  scalpers. 

New  York.     The   decision  against 

^V.  R.  Laidlaw  in  his  suit  for  damages 
received  at  the  office  of  Russell  Sage, 
and  in  effect  saving  the  latter  from  hurt 
by  the  dynamite-bomb  explosion  caused 
by  Norcross  is  reversed,  and  a  new  trial 
may  be  had. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  addresses  com- 
munications to  officials  jind  others  in  Al- 
bany and  Kings  County,  urging  them  to 
take  part  in  the  prosecution  of  persons 
alleged  to  be  guilty  of  electoral  frauds. 

Nov.  18.  Chicago.  Th^  examining  phy- 
sicians in  the  case  of  Prendergast,  the 
assassin  of  Mayor  Harrison,  say  he  is 

sane. 

Nov.  19.  Boston.  Trainmen  are  at- 
tacked by  tramps  armed  with  clubs  and 
stones ;  car-windows  are  smashed,  and 
one  man  is  injured. 

.V. ./.  All  the  train-hands  of  the  Le- 
high Valley  road  go  on  strike  along  the 
main  line  of  the  road,  though  trains  keep 
running  on  the  branches  in  the  coal- 
regions.  [Nov.  25.  The  strike  is  practi- 
cally broken ;  at  Wilkesbarre  a  regiment 
of  soldiers  is  ordered  out.] 

New  York.    Henry  Karsten,  under  the 

influence  of  drink,  compels  his  wife  to 
drink  carbolic  acid,  and  the  woman  will 
probably  die. 

Nov.  20,  Ind.  Four  men  are  fired  on 
and  one  killed,  while  attempting  to  kid- 
nap the  i2-year-old  daughter  of  Joseph 
Kraft,  a  wealthy  citizen  of  New  Albany. 

/.  T.  The  White  Caps  and  Vigi- 
lance Committees  of  the  Cherokee  Strip 
are  terrorizing  "  sooners,"  and  claim  and 
lot  jumpers,  by  threatening  to  bang  them 
if  they  return  after  being  expelled. 

Nov.  22.  New  York.  Burglars  make 
a  raid  near  Central  Park,  securing  plun- 
der of  much  value. 

Nov.  23.  N.Y.  The  National  Grange 
of  Patrons  of  Husbandry  is  in  session 
at  Syracuse  ;  it  dem.ands  the  removal  of 
Secretary  Morton  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 


New  York.   John  Y.  MoKane  brings 

suit  for  $100,000  against  the  New 
York  World,  as  representing  the  Press 
Publishing  Company,  for  libel ;  but  he 
will  withdraw  the  suit  if  the  statements 
are  retracted.    [It  is  not  pressed.] 

The  German-American  Union,  formed 
of  German  Cleveland  Democrats,  plans 
the  purifloation  of  the  city  govern- 
ment. 

Nov.  25.  N.  J.  John  Slidell  and  Ed- 
ward Munn,  two  Princeton  students, 
are  convicted  of  assaulting  a  Chinaman, 
and  attempting  to  burn  oil  his  cue  with 
a  hot  flat-iron. 

N.  Y.    Chief  of  Pobce  McGrane 

and  two  police  officers  are  arrested  in 
Albany,  for  interfering  at  the  polls  on 
election  day. 

Nov.  26.  Ind.  Robber  tramps  are 
beaten  off  in  an  attempt  to  hold  up  the 
fast  express-train  on  the  Lake  Shore 
Road  near  Goshen. 

Clinton  Jordan  of  Seymour  kills  his 
wife,  sister-in-law,  and"  their  parents ; 

he  then  kills  himself. 

Nov.  27.  Ind.  A  large  mass-meeting  is 
held  at  Terre  Haute,  to  provide  for  rais- 
ing funds  to  relieve  distress  among 
the  unemployed. 

Phila.    The  Knights  of  Labor  are 

in  session ;  General  Master  Powderly's 
resignation  is  accepted,  and  James  R. 
Sovereign  is  elected  as  his  successor. 

Nov.  28.  ///.  Piano-tuner  J.  G.  W. 
Morrison  of  .Springfield  is  stoned  to 
death  by  a  mob  near  Winchester. 

Nov.  29.  New  York.  Police  Captain 
Devery  is  finally  indicted  by  the  grand 

jury. 

Dec.  1.  Conn.  The  town  of  Danbury 
votes  $50,000  for  the  relief  of  the 
locked-out  hatters. 

Dec.  4.  Miss.  The  mayor  of  Hazle- 
hurst  is  killed  by  Keeley  Miller,  who 
had  been  convicted  several  times  for 
violating  gambling-laws ;  he  is  under 
arrest  for  his  latest  crime. 

New  York.  The  League  for  the  Pro- 
tection of  American  Institutions  is- 
sues an  address  to  the  public. 

O.    Two  clerks  of   the  Lake  Shore 

road  are  arrested  at  Cleveland,  charged 
with  wholesale  forging  of  passes. 

Deo.  5.  Ivd.  The  Fort  Wayne  grand 
jury  indicts  the  Fort  Wayne  Club  offi- 
cers and  members  for  selling  liquor  with- 
out license,  for  violating  the  eleven 
o'clock  closing  law,  and  for  Sal}bath 
desecration. 

Deo.  6.  O.  The  grand  jury  of  Putnam 
County  finds  indictments  against  ex- 
Treasurer  Crawrts  and  others  for  em- 
bezzling $25,000  of  the  county  fmids. 

Dec.  7.  Chix^aqo.  Some  25,900  names, 
out  of  a  total  of  57.000,  upon  investiga- 
tion are  found  to  be  illegally  registered 

in  the  lodging-house  districts. 

Ind.    Burglars  steal  $15,900  at  the 

noon  hour  from  the  South  Bend  National 
Bank. 

La.    A  verdict  is  given  against  the 

city  of  New  Orleans,  for  85,000,  in  the 
Mafia  trouble.  [Dec.  19.  A  second 
verdict  for  85,000.] 

Deo.  8.  New  York.  Dr.  Parkhurit  an- 
nounces that  the  Society  for  the  Pre- 
vention of  Crime  will  receive  and  help 
all  of  the  women  driven  from  disorderly 
bouses  who  desire  to  reform. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1893,  Nov.  16 -Dec.  14.     445 


10.  Cat.  Tlie  business  manager 
land  the  owner  of  the  San  Francisco  Ex- 
aminer have  been  indicted  for  violating 
the  Anti-Lottery  law. 

Chiciujo.    Kfforts  are  being  made  to 

raise  a  fund  of  $1,000,000  to  relieve 
distress  of  the  unemployed ;  over  116,000 
persons  are  out  of  work. 

Dec.  11.  ^V.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Commis- 
sion of  Audit  on  the  Columbian-staiul 
bills  tinds  that,  of  the  $11,700  paid, 
$8,300.10  was  overcharged. 

7Vx.  An  express-train  is  side- 
tracked and  robbed  near  Austin  by  seven 
men,  many  passengers  losing  their  valu- 
ables. 

Dec.  12.  Chicago.  A.  S.  Robertson, 
wholesale  stamps-department  cashier, 
is  found  bleeding  and  unconscious  in 
his  office ;  $7,000  in  packages  are  miss- 
ing. 

- —  N.  J.  A  den  of  robbers  is  discov- 
ered in  the  woods  near  Hackensack, 
with  a  large  stock  of  stolen  property. 

Dec.  13.  New  York,  The  books  of  N. 
J.  Schloss  and  Co.,  upon  investigation, 
are  found  to  have  been  falsified  by  the 
clerk  to  the  extent  of  $1,000,000. 

Dec.  14.  Cal.  Chris  Evans,  the  out- 
law, is  found  guilty  of  murder,  and  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life. 

Neil)  York.    The  Union  League  Club 

resolves  to  pledge  support  to  an  anti- 
Tammany  Hall  movement. 

N.  Y.    Judge  Barnard  adjudges  John 

Y.  McKane,  Justice  Newton,  and  three 
election  inspectors  g:uilty  of  contempt 
of  court,  and  sentences  them  to  be  im- 
prisoned for  30  days  and  pay  a  fine  of 
$260. 

[Dec.  16.  Justice  Cullen  issues  an  or- 
der in  the  McKane  case  to  show  cause 
why  a  stay  pending  appeal  should  not 
be  granted*.  Dec.  18.  An  extraordinary 
Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  opens  in 
Brooklyn  to  try  the  Queen's  County 
election  cases,  by  order  of  (jov.  Flower ; 
Justice  Cullen  presides.] 


SPATE. 

1893  Nov.  17.  Cal.  Instructions  from 
Washington  are  received  at  San  Fran- 
cisco that  Chinese  registration  is  to 
begin  Dec.  20. 

Nov.  20.  D.  C.  Secretary  Gresham 
makes  public  the  correspondence  be- 
tween Commissioner  Blount  and  the 
State  Department  in  the  Hawaiian 
matter. 

Nov.  24.  "W.  P.  Alexander  of  Hawaii 
makes  a  reply  to  Mr.  Blomit's  report. 

Phita.    The    Commercial    Exchange 

by  resolution  protests  against  the  im- 
position of  an  income  tax. 

Nov.  27.  D.  C.  The  proposed  new- 
Tariff  BUI,  prepared  by  the  Ways  and 
Means  Committee,  is  made  public. 

Nov.  29.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  ap- 
points John  R.  Proctor  of  Ky.  on  the 
Civil  Service  Commission,  vice  G.  D. 
Johnston,  removed. 

Ex-Minister  John  Xi.  Stevens  issues 
a  statement  intended  as  an  answer  to 
the  report  of  Commissioner  Blount. 

Dec.  1.  D.  C.  The  public  debt  state- 
ment shows  a  deficit  for  the  current 
year  of  $75,000,000. 

Dec.  2.  Chicago.  The  Democrats  nomi- 
nate John    P.  Hopkins  for   mayor   as 


successor  to  Carter  B.  Harrison ;  the 
Kepublicans  nominate  George  B.  Swift. 

Dec.  3.  D.  C.  The  annual  report  of  the 
Controller  of  the  Currency  is  made  pub- 
lic. 

Tlie  total  amount  of  bank-notes  in 
circulation  on  Oct.  31  was  $209,311,393, 
being  a  net  increase  during  the  year  or 
$36,886,972. 

Colo.    "Woman  Suffrage  is  carried 

by  6,347  majority ;  Gov.  Waite  accord- 
ingly issues  a  proclamation  giving 
women  the  right  to  vote  at  all  elections 
in  the  State. 

Dec.  4.    />.  C.    The  53d  Congress ;  the 

second  and  regular  session  opens  at 
noon. 

Kan.     Got.  Lewelling    addresses   a 

letter  to  the  Boards  of  Police  Commis- 
sioners in  all  cities  of  the  first  class,  in- 
structing them  not  to  enforce  the  statute 
providing  for  the  sentence  of  vagrants 
to  work  on  the  streets  and  rock-pue,  as- 
serting that  the  law  is  unconstitutional. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
resumes  debate  on  the  Bankruptcy  BiU 
providing  for  a  uniform  system  of  bank- 
ruptcy. 

Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate, 
by  resolution,  calls  upon  President 
Cleveland  for  all  correspondence  in 
the  Hawaiian  matter. 

Dec.  7.  />.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  gives  notice  that  on  the 
11th  iust.  he  will  call  up  the  House  Bill 
for  the  repeal  of  the  Federal  Elec- 
tions Laws. 

N.  Y.  The  General  Term  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  at  Albany  decides  that  the 
State  Board  of  Canvassers  of  1891  was 
in  contempt  of  court  for  canvassing  the 
Mylod  return  of  the  Dutchess  County 
Senatorial  election  ;  for  aiding  in  can- 
vassing this  return  Judge  Maynard  was 
denounced  by  the  Bar  Association  of 
New  York  City,  at  the  last  election. 

Dec.  8.  JJ.  C.  Congress  ;  In  the  House 
the  Bankruptcy  Bill  is  defeated.  Vote. 
111-142. 

N.  T.  Justice  Sutherland  of  Coney 

Island  is  ordered  to  show  cause  why  he 

should  not  be  removed  from  office  for 
alleged  violations  of  the  election  law. 

Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
George  F.  Hoar  of  Mass.  introduces  a 
resolution  of  inquiry  whether  any  per- 
son whose  name  has  not  been  submitted 
to  the  Senate  has  been  appointed  since 
the  4th  day  of  March,  1893,  to  represent 
the  United  States  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands ;  in  the  House  a  bill  to  abolish 
postal  notes  is  introduced. 

Ga.  The  Legislature  declares  in  fa- 
vor of  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 

Dec.  12.  D.  'C.  Congress;  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee  completes  its 
revision  of  the  tariff  ;  all  Republican 
amendments  are  voted  down. 

Dec.  13.  D.  C.  Congress;  In  the 
House  Mr.  Hill's  resolution  calling  for 
information  in  regard  to  Hawaii  is 
unanimously  adopted  ;  a  bill  for  the  ad- 
mission of  Utah  as  a  State  is  passed. 

The  bill  conditions  its  admission  on 
anti-polygamy  action  and  other  terms. 

N.  Y.    The  State  Board  of  Canvassers 

canvasses  the  vote  for  State  officers ; 
the  Republicans  have  a  majority  of  41  in 
the  Constitutional  Conveutlon. 


Dec.  14.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  introduces  a  bill  to 
coin  the  seigniorage  in  the  Treasury, 
and  to  renew  silver-bullion  purchases 
and  silver  coinage  at  the  rate  of  $2,000,- 
000  a  montli ;  in  the  House  a  bill  admit- 
ting Arizona  to  the  Union  as  the  46th 
State  is  passed.    Vote,  185-60. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Nov.  17±.  Chicago.  World's 
Fair  assets  are  shrinking  at  the  rate  of 
$10,000  a  day  ;  the  contractors  are  cart- 
ing away  the  property  which  the  man- 
agers expected  to  sell  to  raise  money  to 
pay  stockholders. 

Nov.  18.  N.  Y.  On  the  Erie  Canal  a 
successful  test  of  an  electric  canal-boat 
is  made. 

Nov.  22.  Mass.  Several  blocks  of  build- 
ings are  destroyed  by  fire  at  Springfield  ; 

loss,  $1,000,000. 

Nov.  23.  Mich.  A  fire  in  Detroit 
causes  the  loss  of  seven  lives ;  property 
'  loss,  $800,000. 

Freight-trains  are  moved  at  vari- 
ous points  on  the  Lehigh  Valley  Rail- 
road, notwithstanding  the  strike. 

Nov.  24.  Ga.  The  Southern  Asso- 
ciated Press  unites  with  the  reorganized 
Press  Association  at  its  annual  meeting 
at  Augusta,  paying  by  contract  to  the 
latter  $20,000  for  its  news. 

Nov.  28.  N.  Y.  A  four-masted  schooner 
is  ashore  near  Bellport,  Long  Island, 
with  the  crew  as  well  as  the  captain  and 
his  wife  and  son  lashed  in  the  rigging ; 
life-savers  are  powerless  to  help. 

Nov.  29.  New  York.  The  Rapid  Tran- 
sit Commission  agrees  upon  a  West 
Side  route.  [Dec.  4.  It  adopts  an  East 
Side  route.] 

Mills  and  factories  are  shutting  down 

or  reducing  wages  because  of  the  threat- 
ened tariff  changes. 

Dec.  4.  y.  Y.  Locomotive  works  at 
Rome  are  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$500,000. 

Dec.  5.  K.  J.  The  old  Iron  Pier  at 
XiOng  Branch,  built  at  a  cost  of 
$200,000,  is  storm-wrecked. 

Dec.  5.    ha.   The  Crystal  Ridge  Mine, 

near  Hazelton,  in  which  several  men  are 
imprisoned,  is  burning. 
Dec,  6.     Mass.     The  steamer  Jason  is 
wrecked  ofif  Cape  Cod  ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

Va.  The  Steam  Engineering  Build- 
ing at  Norfolk  is  burned  ;  loss,  $250,000- 

Dec.  8.  D.  C.  Over  50  bond  and  invest- 
ment companies  throughout  the  country 
are  denied  postal  privileges  by  the 
Washington  authorities. 

The  reorganization  committee  of  the 

Nicaragua  Canal  Construction  Com- 
pany reports  a  plan  providing  for  a  new 
company  to  absorb  the  old  one. 

Dec.  9.  Mo.  St.  Louis  suffers  from  a 
water-famine. 

A  four-train  coUision  occurs  on 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  between 
Boulder  and  Jefferson  City ;  the  prop- 
erty loss  is  heavy. 

Dec.  10.  N.  J.  Several  mills  and  fac- 
tories at  Paterson  and  Passaic  close, 
and  large  numbers  of  employees  are 
thrown  out  of  work. 


446     1893,  Dec.  15. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1893    Dec.  19.     The   cruisers   San 

Francisco  and  A'ew  York  are  ordered  to 
proceed  to  Kio  de  Janeiro  as  soon  as 
possible,  in  order  to  notify  Adm.  Mello 
that  he  must  not  interfere  with  United 
States  merchant-vessels  -while  loading 
or  unloading  cargoes.  [Dec.  20.  The 
Miantonomoh  and  Bennington  are  also 
ordered  to  follow.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1893  Dec.  17.  N.  Y.  A  freshet  at 
Buffalo  causes  a  property  loss  of  $100,000, 
and  drives  2,500  people  from  their  homes. 

Dec.  27.  Conn.  The  12th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Society  of  Natur- 
alists opens  at  Yale. 

Dec.  *  Biiring  the  last  three  months  25 
asteroids  have  been  discovered  by  the 
photographic  process. 

*  *  Boston.  A  statue  of  Columbus  is 
unveiled. 

**  New  York.  Robert  Blum  of  New  York 
is  elected  a  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design. 

*  *  Pa.  Many  monuments  are  dedicated 
on  the  Gettysbxirg  battle-field  during 
the  year. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS* 
1893. 
Dec.  16.     Black,    .lames,    first    prohibition 

candidate  for  President  of  V.  S.,  .\7l). 
Dec.  31.    Wheeler,  Nathaniel,  sewing-ma- 
chine inventor,  A73. 

CHURCH. 

1893  Dec.  27.  It.  The  offering  of  Pe- 
ter's Pence  since  the  beginning  of  Pope 
Leo*8  jubilee  amounts  to  $4,900,000. 

Dec.  *  U.  S.  The  Epworth  tieague  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  reports 
10,972  chapters  and  650,000  members. 

*  *Ia.—N.Dak.  Universalist  State  Con- 
ventions are  organized. 

*  *  111.  The  General  Assembly  (United 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Monmouth ; 
James  Bruce,  moderator. 

*  *  The  Catholic  Benevolent  IJegrion 
reports  32,000  members,  and  $4,272,356  in 
disbursements  since  its  organization  in 
1881. 

*  *  Neio  York.  The  Brotherhood  of 
Philip  and  Andrew  holds  its  first  fed- 
eral convention. 

It  is  composed  of  members  of  four 
Evangelical  denominations  :  the  He- 
formed  Church  inAraerica,theReformed 
Church  in  the  United  States,  the  Con- 
gregational Church,  and  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church.  It  aims  to  Christianize 
young  men,  and  reports  130 chapters  and 
3,536  members. 

*  *  Vt.  The  Universalist  State  Conven- 
tion is  organized  for  Vermont  and  the 
Province  of  Quebec. 

LETTERS. 

1893  *  *  The  Aim  of  Japan,  by  Rev.  John 
Batchelor,  appears. 

*  *  The  Influence  of  Sea-Power  upon  the 
French  lievolution  and  Empire  —  1793- 
1812,  by  Capt.  A.  T.  Mahan,  U.  S.  N., 
appears.  ^ 


*  *  Life  on  the  Circuit  with  Lincoln,  by 
Henry  C.  Whitney,  appears. 

*  *  The  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence,  by 
William  R.  Thayer,  appears. 

*  *  The  Campaign  of  Waterloo,  by  John 
Codman  Ropes,  appears. 

*  ♦  Susy :  A  Story  of  the  Plains,  by  Bret 
Ilarte,  appears. 

*  *  The  Chosen  Valley,  by  Mary  Hallock 
Foote,  appears. 

*  *  From  Dusk  to  Dawn,  by  Katherine 
Woods,  appears. 

*  *  First  Days  Among  the  Contrabands,  by 
Elizabeth  H.  Botirme,  appears. 

*  *  Division  and  lieunion,  1829-1889,  by 
Woodrow  Wilson,  appears. 

*  *  The  Realm  of  Music,  by  Louis  C. 
Elson,  appears. 

*  *  The  Children  of  a  King,  by  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  appears  ;  also  Pietro  Ghisleri. 

*  *  How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers,  by 
William  Star  Dana,  appears. 

*  *  Katherine  North,  by  Maria  Louise 
Pool,  appears. 

*  *  Prisoners  and  Paupers,  by  Henry  M. 
Boies,  appears. 

*  *  The  French  War  and  the  lievolution, 
by  William  M.  Sloane,  appears. 

*  *  From  Chattanooga  to  Petersburg  under 
Generals  Grant  aiid  Butler,  by  William 
F.  Smith,  appears. 

*  *  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  John  J.  Morse, 
Jr.,  appears. 

*  *  Ventilation  and  Heating,  by  John  S. 
Billings,  appears. 

*  *  The  Arctic  Problem,  by  Angelo  Heil- 
priu,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1893  Dec.  16.  Chicago.  Samuel 
Gompers  is  reelected  president  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor. 

Dec.  17.  N.J.  Relief  measures  are 
taken  in  Passaic,  and  coal-stations  are 
established  in  Paterson,  in  aid  of  the 
unemployed. 

New  York.    The    licensed    push-cart 

venders  are  circulating  a  protest  ad- 
dressed to  Mayor  Gilroy  against  being 
required  to  **  tip  '*  policemen  in  order 
to  make  a  livelihood. 

Dec.  22.  Fla.  Gov.  Mitchell  an- 
nounces that  he  will  use  every  means  to 
prevent  the  Corbett-Mitchell  prize- 
fight at  Jackson viUe. 

[Dec.  28.  The  two  pugilists  are  ar- 
rested at  Jacksonville  to  test  the  valid- 
ity of  the  State  law  against  glove-fights.] 

Dec.  26.  New  York.  Eight  more  arrests 
are  made  for  election  frauds ;  this  makes 
80  men  now  under  indictment. 

Dec.  27.  New  York.  Dr.  Parkhurst 
gives  testimony  before  the  extraordi- 
nary grand  jury  on  the  charges  against 
Police  Inspector  Williams. 

*  *  U.  S.  Numerous  benevolent  and 
social  organizations  report  the  num- 
ber of  their  members  and  disbursements 
of  benefits. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  Foresters :  mem- 
bers in  America,  30,428  ;  total  members, 
115,000;  benefits,  $991,832. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians  of 
America :  100,000  members,  and  $439,542 


in  disbursements  during  the  last  fiscal 
year. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work* 
men  :  members  iu  America,  325,000 ; 
benefits,  $6,015,021 ;  total  benefits,  $49,- 
405,900. 

The  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Train- 
men :  numbers,  25,000;  total  benefits, 
$1,671,983. 

The  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks:  numbers  in  the  United  States, 
about  35,000 ;  total  benefits,  $500,000  ±. 

The   Catholic   Knights    of   America: 

members, 24,000;  benefits,  $636,917 ;  total 
benefits,  $5,179,300. 

The  Catholic  Mutual  Benefit  Associa- 
tion :  members,  38,000 ;  total  benefits, 
$3,650,000. 

The  Catholic  Benevolent  Legion : 
members,  32,000;  benefits,  $795,500;  total 
benefits,  .$4,272,356. 

Equitable  Aid  Union :  membere,  37,- 
460;  benefits,  $914,424;  total  benefits, 
$5,416,824. 

The  Freemasons:  722,333  members  in 
the  United  States  and  British  America. 

The  Fraternity  of  Modern  ^V  oodmen : 

members,  85,312;  benefits,  $695,000;  total 
benefits,  $2,854,000. 

The  Home  Circle:  members,  7,000; 
benefits,  $145,000 ;  total  benefits,  $1,- 
250,000. 

The  Fraternal  Mystic  Circle:  mem- 
bers, 13,000  ;  benefits,  $128,994  ;  total 
benefits,  $501,328. 

The  Improved  Order  of  Heptasophs 
report  15,217  members,  $173,000  in  bene- 
fits distributed  during  the  last  fiscal 
year,  and  $1,012,000  since  organization  in 
1878. 

The  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites : 
members  in  America,  2,360. 

The   Improved  Order   of    Red   Men: 

members,  133,632;  degree  of  Pocahontas, 
19,918;  total,  153,500;  total  benefits. 
$13,000,000. 

Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith : 
members,  30,000;  total  benefits,  $37,605,- 
744. 

The  Junior  Order  of  United  American 
Mechanics:  members,  175,000  ;  benefits, 
$289,790  ;  total  benefits,  $1,220,338. 

The  Knights  and  Ladles  of  Honor : 
73,000  members,  and  $7,033,411  benefits 
distributed  since  organization. 

Knights  of  Honor:  members,  129,128 ; 
total  benefits,  $40,423,392. 

Knights  of  the  Maccabees  :  members, 
96,338  ;  total  benefits,  $1,869,541. 

The  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows :  746,484  members. 

The  National  Provident  Union :  mem- 
bers, 7,000 ;  benefits,  $167,000 ;  total  bene- 
fits, $851,950. 

The  National  Union :  members,  44,- 
678;  benefits,  $745,000;  total  benefits, 
$3,680,448. 

The  New  England  Order  of  Protec- 
tion: members,  14,996;  benefits,  $133,000; 
total  benefits,  $558,000. 

The  United  Order  of  Pilgrim  Fathers : 
members,  15,690;  total  benefits,  $1,- 
153,000. 

The  Order  of  the  Golden  Chain:  8,500 
members,  and  $1,196,514  in  disburse- 
ments since  organization  in  1881,  and 
$223,384  during  the  last  fiscal  year. 

The  Order  of  Chosen  Friends :  mem- 
bers, 41,274;  benefits,  $1,019,500;  total 
benefits,  $7,936,450. 

The  Order  of  Scottish  Clans :  mem- 
bers, 4,027;  benefits,  $71,500;  total  bene- 
fits, $327,974. 

The  Order  of  United  American  Me- 
chanics :  members,  50,464. 

The  Order  of  United  Friends  :  mem- 
bers, 20,164  ;  benefits,  $495,121  ;  total 
benefits,  $3,429,999. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1893,  Dec.  15 


.** 


447 


The  Royal  Society  of  Good  Fellows : 
11,055  ineinhera,  antf  $1,&10,31'2  disburae- 
lueilts  since  organization. 

The  Royal  Templars  of  Temperance  : 
members,  27,311;  benefits,  $1X1,742 :  total 
benefits,  $5,479,762. 

The  United  Order  of  the  Golden 
Cross :  20,257  members ;  benefits  during 
last  fiscal  year,  $327,431 :  total  benefits, 
$2,787,563. 

The  ^Voodmen  of  the  World ;  mem- 
bers, 23,000;  benefits,  $162,000;  total 
beneflta,  $385,000. 

STATE. 

1893     Deo.  15.     Z>.    C.     Congress; 

House  :  A  bill  admitting  New  Mexico 
as  a  State  is  favorably  reported  from  the 
Committee  of  the  Wliole.  [.June  28, 18!M, 
amended  and  passed.] 
Dec.  18.  n.  C.  Congress :  A  message 
from  the  President  on  Hawaii  is  read 
in  both  Houses  ;  Senate :  The  bill  to 
admit  Arizona  is  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Territories.  [Aug.  3.  Reported 
back  with  amendment.] 

Dec.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the 
House,  C.  A.  Boutelle  of  Me.  moves  im- 
mediate consideration  of  his  resolution 
on  Hawaii ;  the  motion  is  fiercely  con- 
tested and  defeated ;  the  'Wilson  Tar- 
iff Bill  to  reduce  taxation  and  provide 
revenue  is  introduced.  [Jan.  8±.  De- 
bated 45  times  before  the  House  ;  Feb.  1. 
Amended  and  passed.] 

It  puts  on  the  free  list  raw  sugar, 
wool,  coal,  lumber,  and  iron  ore  ;  it  re- 
duces the  high-tariff  duties  on  many  ar- 
ticles, hut  recognizes  the  principle  of 
protection. 

Deo.  20.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  annual 
report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury is  sent  to  the  .Senate  and  House. 
After  its  reception  both  Houses  of 
Congress  adjourn  until  Jan.  3. 

Mr.  Carlisle  estimates  that  there  will 
be  a  deficit  of  $18,000,000  at  the  end  of 
the  present  fiscal  year,  and  asks  for 
authority  to  issue  $300,000,000  of  bonds 
to  meet  that  deficit  and  maintain  the 
coin  reserve ;  in  the  House  the  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge  Bill,  as 
amended  in  the  Senate,  is  passed  ;  the 
minority  report  of  the  Committee  on  the 
Wilson  Tariff  Bill  is  presented. 

Deo.  21.  Chicago.  John  P.  Hopkins 
(Dom.)  is  elected  mayor  ;  plurality,  1290. 

Dec.  28.  U.  S.  A  large  number  of  pe- 
titions adverse  to  the  'Wilson  Tariff 

Bill  are  receiving  many  signatures. 
Deo.  31.    D.  C.    The  opinion  of  Justice 

Harlan  of  the  Bering  Sea  Court  of 

Arbitration  is  made  public. 
•  •  f/.  S.    Governors  inaugurated : 

-97  *  *  Ariz.     Louis  C.  Hughes  (Dem.). 

-95  •  •  Ark.    Wni.  M.  Fishback  (Dem.). 

-95  •  *  Colo.    Davis  H.  Waite  (Silver). 

-95  *  »  Conn.    Luzon  B;  Morris  (Dem.). 

-95  •  *  Ida.    Wm.  J.  -McConnell  (Rep.) 

-97  *  *  III.    John  B.  Altgeld  (Dem.). 

-97  •  *  Tnd.    Claud  Matthews  (Dem.). 

-95  •  •  Me.    Henry  B.  Cleaves  (Rep.). 

-95  »  »  ,1/icA.    John  T.  Rich  (Rep.). 

-95  *  •  Minn.    Knute  Kelson  (Rep.). 

-97  •  *  Mo.    "William  J.  Stone  (Dem.). 

-95  »  *  Mont.    John  E.  Rickards  (Rep.). 

-95  *  »  .V.  If.    John  B.  Smith  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  X^.J.    George  T.  Werts  (Dem.). 


-97  *  •  JV.  C    Ellas  Carr  (Dem.). 
-97*  *  JSr.Mex.(Ter.).    'W.T.Thornton 

(Dem.). 
-95  *  *N.  Dak.    Eli  C.  D.  Shortridge 

(Silver). 
-95  *  *S.  Dak.    C.  H.  Sheldon  (Rep.). 
-97  *  »  Utah.    Caleb  W.  West  (Dem.). 
-97  •  *  Wash.    John  H.  McGraw  (Rep.). 
-97  *  *  W.  Va.    Vf.  A.  MacCorkle  (D.). 
-97  *  •  Wyo.    John  E.  Osborne  (Dem.). 
*  *  D.  C.    Principal  department   offi- 
cers of  the  Federal  Government,  the 
ambassadors,  ministers,  and  envoys  to 
foreign   countries.      All    appointments 
were  made  in  1893,  except  as  noted. 

State  Department.  —  Edwin  F.  Uhl,  of  Mich., 
Ass'l  Sec. ;  A.  .\.  Adee,  of  D.  C.  (1882),  Sec- 
ond Ass'l  Sec. ;  W.  W.  RockhUl,  of  N.  Y. 
[1894],  Third  Ass'l  Sec. 

Treasury  Department.  —  W.  E.  Curtis,  of 

N.  Y.,  Charles  .S.  Hamlin,  of  Mass.,  .Scott 
Wike,  of  111.,  Ass'l  Sees. ;  R.  B.  Bowler,  of 
O.,  Compt.  of  Treas. ;  Charles  H.  Mansur,  of 
Wo.  [1894J,  Ass't  Compt.;  J.  M.  Conistock, 
of  N.  Y.,  Chief  Customs  Div.  Auditors: 
E.  P.  Baldwin,  of  Jlrt.,  Treat. ;  T.  Stobo 
Farrow,  of  S.  C.,  War  Dept. ;  Sam'l  Black- 
well,  of  Ala.,  Int'r  Dept. ;  Clias.  B.  Morton, 
of  We.,  Ifavy  Dept. ;  Thoa.  Ilolcomb,  of  Del., 
State,  etc.  ;  G.  A.  Howard,  of  Tenn.,  P.  0. 
Dept.  Daniel  N.  Morgan,  of  Ct.,  Treas.  of 
U.  S. ;  Jamea  F.  Meline,  of  O.,  Ass't  Treas. ; 
Jamea  F.  Tillman,  of  Tenn.,  Register  of 
Treasury;  Jamea  N.  Eckels,  of  l\\.,  Compt. 
of  Currency;  Joa.  S.  Miller,  of  W.  "Va., 
Com.  Internal  Revenue;  E.  T.  Chamber- 
lain, of  N.  Y.,  Com.  of  Naviaation  ;  Robt. 
T.  Hough, of  O.,  Solicitor  Internal  Revenue; 
Robert  E.  Preston,  of  D.  C,  Director  of 
Mint;  Walter  Wyman  (1890),  of  5Io.,  Su- 
pervising Surg.-Oen.  of  the  Marine  Hospi- 
tal Service;  J.  A.  Uumont,  of  N.  Y.  (1876), 
Supv.  Insp.-Gen.  Steam  Ves. ;  C.  Johnston, 
of  Ky.,  Ch.  Bur.  Eng.  and  Printing. 

■War  Department.  —  Joseph  B.  Doe,  of  Wis., 
Ass't  Sec. ;  Gen.  George  D.  Ruggles,  Adj.- 
Gen. ;  Brig.-Gen.  Joseph  C.  Breckinridge, 
of  Ky.  I.\m9),  Insp.-Gen. ;  Brig.-Gen.  Rich- 
ard N.  Batchelrter,  of  N.  H.  (1890),  Q.  M.  G. ; 
Brig.-Gen.  Michael  It.  Morgan  [1894),  Com. 
Gen.  ;  Brig.-Gen.  tieorge  M.  Sternberg, 
Surg.-Gen.;  Brig.-Gen.  William  .Smith,  of 
Vt.  (1890), />.  M.  G.;  Brig.-Gen.  Thomas  L. 
Casey,  of  R.  I.  (1888),  Chief  of  Engineers; 
Brig.-Gen.  Daniel  W.  Flagler,  of  N.  Y. 
(1891),  Chief  of  Ordnance;  Col.  Guido  N. 
Lieber,  of  N.  Y.  {MM),  Judge  Adv.-Gen.; 
Brig.-Gen.  AdolphusW.  Greely,of  La.  (1887), 
Chi^  Signal  Officer. 

Navy  Department. —  William  McAdoo,  of 
N.  J.,  Ass't  Sec.  CniEF.^  of  Bureai's: 
Com.  E.  O.  Matthews  [1894],  Yards  and 
Docks;  Rear-Adni.  Francia  M.  Ramsay 
(1889),  Navigation;  Capt.  W.  T.  Sampson,. 
Ordnance;  Paytnaster-Gen.  Edwin  Stewart, 
of  N.  Y.  (1890),  Supplies  and  Accounts; 
Surg.-Gen.  J.  Kufus  Tryon,  Medicine;  Philip 
Hichborn,  Construction  ;  Commander  F.  E. 
Chadwl<;k,  Equipment.  George  W.  Melville, 
of  Pa.  (1887),  Engineer-in-Chief;  Capt.  Sam- 
uel C.  Umley  (1892),  Judge  Adv.-Gen.;  Col. 
Chas.  Heywood  (1891),  Commandant  of  Ma- 
rine Corps. 

Fost-Otflce  Department.  —  Frank  H.  Jones, 
of  111.,  First  .\ss't  P.  M.  G. ;  Charles  Neil- 
son,  of  Md.  [1S94],  Second  Ass't  P.  if.  G.; 
Kerr  Craige,  of  N.  C,  Third  Ass't  P.  M.  O. ; 
John  L.  Thomas,  of  Mo.,  As.s't  Atty.-Gen. ; 
N.  M.  Brooks,  of  Pa.,  Supt.  Foreign  Mails  ; 
Edward  M.  Gadsden,  of  Ga.,  Supt.  Money- 
Order;  Jas.  E.  White,  of  111.,  (1890),  Gen. 
Supt.  Railteay  M.  S. ;  Bernard  Goode,  of 
Mich.,  Supt.  Dead  Letter  Office;  M.  D. 
Wheeler,  Chief  P.  0.  Inspector. 

Interior  Department.  —  William  H.  Sims,  of 
Miss.,  First  Ass't  Sec. ;  J.  M.  Reynolds,  of 
Pa.,  Ass't  Sec.  Commissioners:  S.  W. 
Lamoreaux,  of  Wla.,  Land  OlUce;  William 
Lochren,  of  Minn.,  Pensions;  Daniel  M. 
Browning,  of  111.,  Ind.  Avoirs;  John  S. 
Seymour,  of  Ct.,  Patents;  W.  T.  Harria,  of 
Mass.,  Education  ;  Wade  Hampton,  of  S.  C, 
Railroads.  C.  D.  Wright,  of  Maaa.  (acting) 
Supt.  of  Census ;  Chaa.  D.  Walcott,  of  N.  Y., 
Director  of  Geol.  Surv. 

Department  of  Justice.  —  Lawrence  Max- 
well, Jr.,  of  O.,  Solicitor-Gen. ;  Edward  B. 


Whitney,  of  N.  Y.,  Holmea  Conrad,  of  Va., 
Joshua  E.  Dodge,  of  Maaa.,  Charlea  B. 
Howry,  of  Miss.,  John  I.  Hall,  of  Ga.,  John 
L.  Thomas,  of  Mo.,  Assistants. 

Department  of  Agriculture.  —  Charlea  W. 
Dabnev,  Jr.,  of  Tenn.  [1894],  Ass't  Sec. ;  M. 
W.  Harrington,  of  Mich.  (18.92),  Chief 
Weather  Bureau. 

Government  Printing  Office.  — T.  E.  Bene- 
dict, of  N.  Y.  [1894],  Gov't  Printer. 

Department  of  Labor.  —  Carroll  D.  Wright, 
of  Mass.  (1888). 

Librarian  of  Confess.  —  Ainaworth  R.  Spof- 
fordof  O.  (1865). 

Government  Directors  in  the  Union  Pa- 
cific R.  R.  Company.  —  E.  EUery  Ander- 
son, of  U.  Y.  ;  J.  W.  Doane,  of  111.  ;  Fitz- 
hugh  Lee,  of  Va.  ;  J.  W.  Paddock,  of  Neb. 

Civil  Service  Commissioners.  —  Charles  Ly- 
man, of  Conn.  ;  Theodore  Roosevelt,  of 
N.  Y.  ;  J.  R.  Proctor,  of  Ky. 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  —  Wm. 
R.  Morrison,  of  111.,  Chairman ;  Jamea  1). 
Yeomana,  of  la.  ;  Judson  C.  Clements,  of 
Ga.  ;  Martin  A.  Knapp,  of  N.  Y.  ;  Wheelock 
G.  Veazey,  of  Vt. 

Ambassadors.  —  James  B.  Eustia,  at  Paris  ; 
Theodore  Runyon,  at  Berlin  ;  Thomas  F. 
Bayard,  at  London  ;  Wayne  MacVeagh,  at 
Rome. 

Ministers  Plenipotentiary.  —  W.  J.  Bu- 
chanan, at  Buenos  .\yrea;  Bartlett  Tripp, 
at  Vienna  ;  James  S.  Ewing,  at  Brussels  ; 
Thomas  Moonlight,  at  La  Paz  ;  Thomas  L. 
Thompson,  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  ;  James  D. 
Porter,  at  Santiago;  Charlea  Denby  (188,'S), 
at  Peking  ;  Luther  F.  McKiiiney,  at  Bogota  ; 
Lewis  Baker,  at  Managua  ;  John  E.  Rialey, 
at  Copenhagen ;  E.  H.  Strobel  [1894],  at 
Quito  ;  Eben  Alexander,  at  Athens  ;  V.  M. 
B.  Young,  at  Guatemala  ;  A.  S.  Willis,  at 
Honolulu  ;  Edwin  Dun,  at  Tokio  ;  Isaac  P. 
Gray,  at  City  of  Mexico  ;  W.  E.  Quinby,  at 
The  Hague;  Granville  Stuart  [1894],  at 
Montevidio  ;  James  A.  McKenzie,  at  Lima  ; 
George  W.  Caruth,  at  Lisbon  ;  Clifton  R. 
Breckinridge  [1894],  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  Ilan- 
nis  Taylor,  at  Madrid  ;  Thomas  B.  Ferguson 
[1894],  at  Stockholm  ;  James  O.  Broadliead, 
at  Berne  ;  Alexander  W.  Terrell,  at  (;on. 
stantinople  ;  S.  Haselton  [1894],  at  Caracas. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893  Deo.  15.  Kij.  More  than  20  work- 
men are  killed  by  the  faU  of  part  of  a 
bridge  in  course  of  erection  across  the 
Ohio  River  at  Louisville. 

N.  Y.  A  train  falls  through  a  tres- 
tle near  Dunkirk  ;  11  persons  are  killed. 

Deo.  17.  Great  distress  is  reported 
among  the  unemployed  and  their 
families  in  Brooklyn  and  places  in  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Deo.  23.  Pa.  The  Homestead  iron-works 
are  closed  indefinitely  ;  3,800  are  out  of 
work. 

A'.  Y.    A    large     right    whale    is 

caught  and  killed  near  Southampton, 

Loug  Island. 

Dec.  28.  Tex.  A  block  of  mercantile 
houses  in  Hillsboro  is  burned :  loss, 
$275,000. 

Deo.  30.  N.  Y.  The  plant  of  the  Onon- 
daga Iron  Company  m  Syracuse,  which 
cost  $400,000,  is  sold  by  the  sheriff  for 
$41,000. 

Dee.  31.  U.S.  Statistics  for  1893. 
Production:  Gold,  $35,955,000;  silver, 
$77,575,7.>7 ;  bushels  of  grain  ;  Indian 
corn,  1,619,496,131;  wheat,  395,131,726: 
oats,  638,8.54,850 ;  barley,  69,868,495 ;  rye, 
26,555,446;  buckwheat,  12,132,311;  bales 
of  cotton,  6,717,142  ;  pounds  of  wool, 
303,000.000;  barrels  of  petroleum,  48.412,- 
666.  Currency  in  circulation,  $1,590,701,- 
245  ;  per  capita,  $23.85.  Immigrants  re- 
ceived  (fiscal  year)  502,917.  Fire-wa.«te, 
$167,544,370;  insurance  loss,  $105,994,577. 
Total  railroad  accidents,  2,307 ;  7.:i46 
persons  are  klled  and  40,393  injured  (year 
ending  June  30). 


448     1893,  *  *-1894,  Jan.  24. 


AMERICA : 


ARMY- NAVY. 

1894  Jan.  18.  The  official  trial  board 
of  the  new  unarmored  cruiser  Olym- 
pia  announces  her  speed  at  21.G9  knots. 

Jan.  21^-.  The  speed  made  by  the  un- 
armored cruiser  Montgomery  on  her 
trial  run  is  19.056  knots  an  hour. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Com.  John  George 
Walker  is  promoted  rear-admiral  U.  S.  N. 
[Also  Apr.  11.  Com.  Francis  M.  Bam- 
say.  Nov,  11.  Com.  Charles  C.  Carpen- 
ter.] 

Commander  Henry  Glass  is  promoted 
captain  U.  S.  N.  [Also  Apr.  U.  Com- 
mander Philip  H.  Cooper.  Apr.  16. 
Commander  Henry  C.  Taylor.  July  10. 
Commander  George  H.  Wadleigh.  July 
21.  Commander  A.  S.  Crowninshield. 
July  31.  Commander  Frank  Wildes. 
Sept.  7.  Commander  James  H.  Sands. 
Sept.  16.  Commander  Yates  Stirling, 
Nov.  11.    Commander  William  C.  Wise.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Jan.  1.  Cat.  A  memorial  in 
honor  of  the  landing  of  Sir  Francis 
Drake  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  unveiled 
in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco. 

Jan.  3.  N.  y.  A  large  coal-deposit 
is  found  at  Thod  Bottom,  Delaware 
County. 

Jan.  20.  Kan.  A  party  of  10  men  from 
Winnipeg  are  killed  by  an  avalanche  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Tex.    A  hurricane  at  Dallas  destroys 

property  valued  at  $100,000. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Jan.  2.    Potter,  Orlando  B.,  capitalist.  ATI. 

Wheeler,  H.  H.,  president  American  Dis- 
trict Telephone  Co.,  A56. 

Craig,  Oscar,  president  State  Board  of 

Charities,  A58. 

McNierney,  F.,  R.  C,  bp.  of  Albany,  A66. 

Jan.  3.  Sanger,  A.  L.,  president  Board  of 
Education,  A52. 

Clarkson,  Lloyd,  officer  of  G.  A.  R.,  A63. 

Jan.  5.  Singer,  Otto,  nmsic- teacher,  com- 
poser, A6I. 

Jan.  10.  Belles,  Frank,  secretary  of  Har- 
vard University,  dies, 

Fairfax,     Donald    McNiell,    rear-adm. 

U.  S.  N.,  A70. 

Jan.  15.    Losse,  W.,  lawyer,  jurist,  A71. 

Jan.  16.  Beardsley,  Nelson,  president  Cay- 
uga Bank,  N.  Y.,  for  54  years,  A86. 

Jan.  19.  Gaston,  William  L.,  lawyer.  Gov. 
of  Mass.,  A74. 

Jan.  SO.  Shafer,  Helen,  pres.  of  Wellesley 
College,  A54. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Jan.  21,  New  York.  A  small 
portion  of  a  bone  of  the  Blessed  Brother 
Gerard  is  exhibited  in  one  of  the 
churches  ;  it  is  venerated  and  kissed  by 
many  Roman  Catholics. 

LETTERS. 
1893  *  *  Voodoo    Tales  as    Told   Among 
the  Negroes  of  the  Southwest^  by  Mary 
A.  Owen,  appears. 

•  *  Hypnotism,  MesmeHsm,  and  the  New 
Witchoraft^  by  Ernest  Hart,  M.D.,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  The  New  Era,  by  Josiah  Strong,  ap- 


*  *  The  Silver  Situation  in  the  United 
States,  by  F.  W.  Taussig,  appears. 

*  *  Major-General  Wayne,  by  Charles  J. 
Still^,  appears. 

*  *  The  Meaning  and  Method  of  Life,  by 
George  M.  Gould,  appears. 

*  *  A  New  England  Boyhood,  by  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  appears. 

*  *  A  House-Hunter  in  Europe,  by  William 
Henry  Bishop,  appears. 

*  *  Science  and  a  Future  i^c,  by  Frederic 
W.  H.  Myers,  appears. 

*  *  The  People's  Money,  by  William  L. 
Trenholm,  appears. 

*  *  Many  Inventions,  by  Rudyard  Kip- 
ling, appears. 

*  *  English  History  for  American  Readers, 
by  Thomas  W.  Higginson  and  Edward 
Chanuing,  appears. 

*  *  Louis  Agassiz,  by  Charles  F.  Holder, 
appears. 

*  *  Thomas  Jefferson,  by  James  Schouler, 
appears. 

*  *  General  George  H.  Thomas,  by  Donn 
Piatt,  appears. 

*  *  General  Greene,  by  Francis  Vinton 
Greene,  appears. 

*  *  Ticenty  Years  at  Sea,  by  Frederick 
D.  Tliompson,  appears. 

*  *  General  Johnston,  (Joseph  E.),  by 
Robert  M.  Hughes,  appears. 

*  *  The  Gilded  Man,  by  A.  F.  Bandelier, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Arctic  Journal,  by  Robert  E. 
Peary,  appears. 

1894  Jan,  5.  Neto  York.  The  New 
York  State  Art  Teachers*  Association 
is  in  session  in  Art  Association  Hall. 

Jan.  12.  Ji.  I.  President  Andrews  of 
Brown  University  declines  an  offer 
of  the  co-presidency  of  the  University 
of  Chicago. 

Jan.  19.  Mass.  Harvard  defeats  Yale 
in  the  joint  debate  at  Cambridge. 

SOCIETY. 

1894    Jan.  1.    Boston.    The  Knights  of 

heihor  enter  a  protest  against  the  low 
rate  of  wages  ^$1.50  a  day  —  paid  by  the 
Citizens*  Relief  Committee  to  the  men 
employed  by  it. 

Jan.  3.  Chicago.  It  is  announced  that 
W.  Campbell,  president  of  the  Illinois 
Electrical  Forging  Company,  has  disap- 
peared, and  $215,000  are  also  missing. 

O.    Burglars  at  Kenton  torture  an 

old  man  by  burning  bis  feet  with  hot 
irons  to  make  him  tell  where  his  money 
is  secreted;  they  secure  about  $100  in 
money  and  valuables. 

Jan.  4.  Ne}rYork.  Dr.  Parkhurst's  so- 
ciety issues  a  statement  of  its  efforts  to 

secure  the  indictment  of  Police  Inspector 
Williams  and  Capt.  Schmittberger.  and 
the  evidence  in  the  cases.    (See  Sept.  1 1 .) 

Jan.  6.  Neio  York.  W.  H.  Grimm  is  sen- 
tenced to  Sing  Sing  prison  for  four  years 
and  six  months  for  marrying  four  wives 
—  all  are  now  living. 

Jan.  7.  Chicago.  By  order  of  Chief  of 
Police  Brennan,  all  the  gambling-houses 
are  closed. 

Ky.    White  Caps  terrorize  three 

counties ;  one  mau  is  killed  and  many 
severely  whipped. 


Mick.  C.  W.  Leggett  of  Ganges  is  seri- 
ously injured  by  opening  a  box  received 
by  mail  which  proves  to  be  an  infernal 
machine. 

Jan.  9.  Cal.  A  gig:antic  smuggling 
ring,  employing  three  vessels  in  its 
operations,  is  discovered  at  San  Fran- 
cisco ;  several  arrests  are  made. 

.v.  Y.    John  Y.  McKane  and  his 

associates  decline  to  plead  in  Brooklyn, 
and  their  counsel  move  to  quash  the 
indictments  against  them.  [Jan.  11. 
Denied  by  Judge  Bartlett.  Jan.  12. 
McKane  pleads  "  not  guilty  '•  to  several 
indictments.] 

Jan.  10.  Mo.  Five  masked  men  stop 
and  rob  an  express-train  near  St. 
Joseph. 

Jan.  12.  Kan.  Acoloredmanin  Sabina 
is  allowed  by  a  jury  two  dollars  for  the 
loss  of  his  son,  who  was  hanged  by  a 
mob  last  April. 

O.    A  negro  is  hanged  by  a  mob 

near  Cincinnati  for  the  murder  of  an  old 
couple  a  month  ago. 

Jan.  13,  Ala.  Burglars  raid  the  vil- 
lage of  Courtland,  Lawrence  County, 
breaking  open  every  business  house  in 
the  place. 

Jan.  16.  Wis.  R.  J.  Peschmann,  lessee 
of  the  Cream  City  Hotel  bar,  Milwaukee, 
confesses  to  murdering  Mrs.  Annie 
Schrums  for  her  money,  and  setting  tire 
to  her  room  in  his  hotel  to  cover  the 
crime. 

Jan.  17.  N.  Y.  The  cruelty  case  against 
Superintendent  Brockway  of  the  Elmira 
Reformatory  is  dismis-^ed.  [Mar.  19. 
The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties sustains  most  of  the  charges  against 
him.  Bee.  10.  Gov.  Flower  dismisses 
the  charges.] 

S.  Dak.    Alexander  Ross,  cashier  of 

the  First  National  Bank  of  Lead  City, 
is  arrested  for  embezzling  funds  of  the 
bank  to  the  amount  of  $24,893. 

Jan.  19.  New  York.  Three  New  York 
policemen  are  arraigned  by  the  Lexow 
Committee,  charged  with  levying  black- 
mail on  pushcart  venders  ;  all  plead  not 

guilty. 

The  fourth  annual  dinner  in  honor  of 
the  birthday  of  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee  is  given 
by  the  Confederate  Veteran  Camp  of 
New  York. 

Jan.  21.  Conn.  The  Bridgeport  Trac- 
tion Company's  men  strike;  the  mayor 
reads  the  riot  act  to  the  men. 

Fla.  Troops  are  ordered  to  Jackson- 
ville by  the  governor  to  stop  the  Cor- 
bett^Mitchell  prize-fight  proposed  to  be 
fought  there. 

Jan.  23.  Colo.  President  M.  H.  Smith 
of  the  Bank  of  Sterling  is  sentenced  to 
the  penitentiary  for  three  years  for  re- 
ceiving money  on  deposit  after  the 
bank  became  insolvent. 

Pa.  Treasurer  W.  T.  Zell  is  de- 
clared an  embezzler  by  officers  of  the 
Lehigh  and  Wllkesbarre  Coal  Company. 

Jan.  24.  Fla.  Judge  Call  issues  an  in- 
junction restraining  the  sheriff  of  Duval 
County  from  interfering  with  the  Cor- 
bett-Mitchell  fight. 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
majority  of  the  House  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  decides  to  recommend  an 
income  tax  of  two  percent  on  incomes 
over  $4,000  a  year,  to  advance  the  tax  on 


UNITED    STATES.  1893,*  *-1894,  Jaii.24.   449 


whisky  ten  cents  a  gallon,  and  to  im- 
pose a  tax  of  two  cents  a  pack  on  play- 
ing-cards. 

The  Treasury  Department  reports  the 
public  debt  increased  $7,000,000  in  De- 
cember. 

Jan.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
William  P.  Frye  of  Me.  introduces  a 
resolution  ordering  Executive  non-ln- 
terference  in  Hawaiian  atfairs  pending 
investigation;  in  the  House  Charles  A. 
Boutelle  of  Me.  endeavors  to  have  his 
resolution  on  the  Hawaiian  question 
considered  before  the  Tariff  Bill,  but 
fails ;  Richard  P.  Bland's  bill  to  coin 
the  silver  bullion  held  in  the  Treasury 
is  referred  to  tlie  Committee  on  Coin- 
age, Weights,  and  Measures. 

Jan.  4.  />.  C.  Congress:  Senate  does 
little  business ;  House  without  a  quo- 
rum. 

Xew  York.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce declares  in  favor  of  an  issue  of 
8200,000,000  in  Government  bonds. 

Jan.  5.  />.  C  Congress:  Senate  not  in 
session  ;  House  without  a  quorum. 

Jan.  6.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senate  not  in 
session  ;  House  without  a  quorum.  A 
resolution  ordering  the  sergeant-at-arms 
to  arrest  absent  members  is  adopted. 

Jan.  7.  U*  S.  It  is  announced  that  the 
U.  S.  revenue  cutter  forwin,  at  San 
Francisco,  brings  news  that  the  Queen 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  has  potilled 
Minister  Willis  that  she  is  willing  to 
comply  with  the  conditions  he  demanded 
of  her, but  had  heretofore  rejected;  also 
that  the  U.  S.  Minister  requested  the 
Provisional  Government  to  resig;n  in 
her  favor,  and  it  refused  to  comply 
with  the  request. 

Jan.  8.  D.  V.  Congress :  In  the  House 
"William  L.  "Wilson  of  "W.  Va.  begins 
debate  on  the  Tariff  BiU  after  the 
date  for  a  final  vote  on  the  bill  has  been 
fixed  for  Jan.  29.  [The  Taritf  is  dis- 
cussed almost  exclusively  till  the  final 
vote  is  taken.  The  Federal  Elections 
Bill  nearly  monopolizes  the  business  of 
the  Senate.] 

N.  J    The  race-track  laws  passed 

by  the  last  Legislature  are  declared  un- 
constitutional by  the  State  Supreme 
Court. 

Jan.  9.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
decides  to  take  up  the  bill  for  the  repeal 
of  the  Federal  Elections  Law  as  "  un- 
fini.shed'*  business  on  Jan.  15. 

N,   J.    The    Democratic  Senators 

hastily  organize ;  President  Adrian  re- 
fuses to  accept  the  credentials  of  the 
Republican  Senators-elect  ;  the  Repub- 
licans  retire  to  a  Senate  committee-room 
and  organize,  making  two  bodies  ;  Gov. 
Werts  sends  his  message  to  the  Demo- 
cratic body. 

Jan.  10.  Colo.  The  extra  session  of  the 
Legislature  meets  at  Denver  ;  the  Senate 
refuses  to  print  Gov.  Waite's  message. 

N.  J.    The  Republican  Senators 

forcetheir  way  into  the  Senate-chamber 
at  Trenton ;  a  bill  repealing  the  race- 
track law  is  passed  by  both  Houses,  and 
sent  to  Gov.  Werts  for  his  signature. 

Jan.  11.  D.  (\  Mr.  Carter  resigns  the 
chairmanship  of  the  Republican  Na- 
tional   Committee    at    its    session   in 


Washington,  and  Joseph  H.  Manley  is 
elected  his  successor. 

N.  J.    The  Democrats  again  seize  the 

Senate-chamber  at  Trenton,  and  forci- 
bly eject  several  (Kep.)  Senators-elect. 

Utah.  In  accordance  with  the  man- 
date from  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Utah  enters  a  decree 
ordering  the  receiver  to  turn  over  to  the 
First  Presidency  of  the  Mormon  Church 
all  money  in  his  possession  —  $43^,174  — 
derived  from  personal  property. 

Jan.  13.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session  ;  the  President  sends  to  the 
House  the  Hawaiian  correspondence 
accompanied  by  a  brief  message. 

Jan.  15.  I).  C.  Congress;  House  :  De- 
bate on  the  Tariff  BiU  under  the  five- 
minutes  rule  is  begun. 

A  letter  written  by  Secretary  Carlisle 
to  the  chairman  of  the  Senate  Commit- 
tee of  Finance,  urging  tlie  immediate 
authorization  of  an  issue  of  bonds,  is 
made  public. 

Mass.    A  bill  providing  for  biennial 

sessions  is  introduced  into  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

N.  Y.    John   Y.  McKane    tries    to 

wrest  the  gavel  from  the  Supervisor  at 
Largeat  the  meeting  of  the  Kings  County 
Board  of  Supervisors,  and  with  his  col- 
leagues undertakes  to  carry  on  a  meet- 
ing in  violation  of  the  law. 

Jan.  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate debate  is  begun  on  the  bill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  Federal  Election  I^aws. 

N.  J.    Both  of  the  Senates  appoint 

committees  of  conference  ;  standing 
committees  are  announced  in  the  House 
and  Republican  Senate. 

W.  Fa.    The  Senate  provides  that  the 

State's  portion  of  the  debt  of  the  old 
State  of  Virginia  be  settled  by  commis- 
sioners appointed  by  both  States. 

Jan.  17.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Civil  Service  extension  and  the  repeal 
of  the  Federal  Election  I«aws  are  dis- 
cussed ;  the  H<mse  votes  that  the  wool 
schedules  of  the  "Wilson  Tariff  BiU 
shall  go  into  effect  with  the  rest  of  the 
act. 

Secretary  Carlisle  issues  a  circular 
offering  for  pubUc  subscription  $50,- 
000,000  ten-year  5  per  cent  bonds. 

Jan.  18.  J).  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
A.  Peffer  of  Kan.  and  W.  V.  Allen  of 
Neb.  introduce  resolutions  denouncing 
the  proposed  bond-issue ;  in  the  House 
J.  C.  BiUTOws's  amendment,  substi- 
tuting the  wool  schedule  of  the  McKin 
ley  Bill  for  that  of  the  bill  now  under 
discussion,  is  defeated. 

Jan.  19.  D.  C.  Congress :  Senate  not 
in  session  ;  the  House  passes  the  Okla- 
homa Town  Sites  Entry  BiU,  requir- 
ing railroads  to  establish  stations  and 
depots  at  town  sites  fixed  by  the  In- 
terior Department,  in  the  Territories. 

Jan.  20.  />.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session. 

President  Cleveland  vetoes  the  New 
York  and  New  Jersey  Bridge  BiU. 

Jan.  22.  />.  C.  Congress:  In  the  Sen 
ate  another  message  and  more  corre- 
spondence on  the  Hawaiian  question 
is  received  from  President  Cleveland ; 
amendments  to  the  "Wilson  BiU,  re- 
pealing the  bounty  on  sugar  and  putting 


refined  sugar  on  the  free  list,  are  adopted 
in  the  House  Committee  of  the  Whole. 

la.    The     Supreme    Court    at    Des 

Moines  decides  that  the  Prohibition 
Amendment  of  1882  \vas  not  constitu- 
tionally adopted,  and  is  therefore  void. 

N.  J.  The  Democratic  Senators  re- 
ject the  Kepublican  propositions  for 
harmony  ;  the  Republican  Senators  send 
a  communication  to  Gov.  Werts,  asking 
his  cooperation  in  organizing  the  lawful 
Senate. 

Jan.  23.  D.  C.  Congress:  Tbie  House 
votes  down  amendments  to  the  Wilson 
Bill  putting  a  duty  on  coal. 

Jan.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  all  amendments  to  the  iron  ore 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  BiU;  tlie  In- 
ternal Revenue  Bill  is  reported,  with 
the  income  tax  included,  by  the  com- 
mittee, who  vote  &-7. 

N.  Y.    The  Forestry  Commission 

proposes  to  acquire  1,200,000  acres  in 
the  Adirondacks,  and  100,000  acres  in 
the  Catskill  region,  for  State-park  pur- 
poses, at  a  total  cost  of  $3,515,liJ4. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Jan.  2.  Kan.  Four  persons  are 
killed  and  as  many  injured  by  a  train- 
wreck  near  Lawrence. 

Jan.  3.  O.  A  fire  in  Toledo  destroys 
property  valued  at  $1,000,000. 

Jan.  6.  Kan.  A  large  body  of  under- 
ground water  is  found  in  Ford  and  ad- 
joining counties  ;  farmers  intend  to  sink 
wells  about  one  mile  apart,  and  dig 
ditches  in  order  to  irrigate  the  country 
thereabouts. 

Jan.  8.  Chica^jo.  The  Manufacturers' 
Building  in  the  World's  Fair  grounds, 
containing  20,000  cases  of  exhibits  await- 
ing removal,  the  Music  Hall,  the  Peri- 
style, and  Casino  are  burned ;  loss  on 
buildings,  $800,000 ;  on  exhibits,  $200,000. 

Jan.  15.  N.  J.  Eleven  persons  are  killed 
and  44  injured  by  a  train  coUision  at 
Hackensack. 

—  O.  Organized  unemployed  men  in 
Cincinnati  refuse  to  accept  work  from 
the  Associated  Charities  at  $1  a  day. 

Jan.  17.  N.  Y.  The  cost  up  to  18U4  of 
the  unfinished  State  Capitol  at  Albany 
is  $20,726,971.15. 

Wash.      Over     12,000,000    bushels    of 

wheat  are  destroyed  by  rains  in  east- 
ern Washington. 

Jan.  19.  Ky.  TheCity  Council  of  Louis- 
ville annexes  aU  suburbs,  including 
Ave  towns,  adding  20,000  to  the  city's 
population. 

Cat.    The  Chinese  Six  Companies 

order  their  laborers  to  register.  [Many 
of  them  do  so.] 

Jan.  23.  New  York.  The  Normannia, 
of  the  Hamburg-American  Line,  is  com- 
peUed  to  return  to  port  much  dam- 
aged by  a  tidal  wave ;  loss,  $50,000  to 
the  vessel  and  about  the  same  to  the 
cargo. 

Jan.  24.  Ttnn.  At  Coal  Creek  50  con- 
victs escape  from  a  stockade. 

Tex.     By  the  explosion  of  a  stick  of 

dynamite  in  a  train  smoking-car  stove 
at  Marcos,  two  men  are  killed  and  six 
seriously  injured. 


450     1894,  Jan.  25-Feb.  20. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Jan.  *  U.  S.  The  Naval  Re- 
serve numbers  2,4^  men. 

Feb.  2.  The  war-ship  Kearsarge  is 
wrecked  on  a  rock  in  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
two  officers  and  crew  being  saved. 

Feb.  11.  D.  C.  The  militia  force  of 
the  United  States  as  reported  to  Con- 
gress aggregates  112,000  men. 

Charles  R.  Barnett  is  commissioned  ma- 
jor—  quartermaster  department.  [Feb. 
22.  Henry  S.  Kilbourne  — medical  de- 
partment. Mar.  1.  Gilbert  S.  Carpen- 
ter—  4th  infantry.  Mar.  8.  Carle  A. 
Woodruff— 2d  artillery.  Mar.  12.  Ab- 
rara  A.  Harbach  — 18th  infantry.  Mar. 
13.  James  C.  Merrill  — medical  depart- 
ment.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Jan.  27.  N.  Mex.  Gold  is  dis- 
covered near  Sorocco. 

Feb.  7.  Ciil.  An  earthquake  shakes 
San  .Jose. 

[Also  May  24.  St.  Louis,  Mo.  July  30. 
Three  shocks  at  Loa  Angeles,  Cal.  Aug. 
10.  Three  shocks  at  Memphis,  Tenn. 
Nov.  23.  Slight  shocks  in  Connecticut 
and  West  Virginia.] 

Feb.  8.  La.  A  tornado  strikes  Port 
Hudson,  demolishing  a  number  of 
houses.     [Feb.  19.    Arkansas  is  visited.] 

Feb.  10.  Iiul.  A  vein  of  gold  assaying 
$80  a  ton  is  discovered  in  a  stone-quarry 
near  Portland. 

Feb.  13.  N.  Y.  Surveys  are  being  made 
for  the  new  East  River  bridge  in  Wil- 
liamsburg, Brooklyn. 

Okla.~I.  T.    More  than  30  persons 

perish  in  a  blizzard ;  thousands  of  cat- 
tle are  lost. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Jan.  39.    Calkins,  W.   H.,  lawyer,  Jurist, 

A52. 
Feb.  3.    Childs.  Oeorge  William,  editor 

Public  Ledger^  philanthropist,  A64. 
Feb.  4.    Wilkinson,  Morton  S.,  senator  for 

Minn.,  lawyer,  ATS. 
Feb.  9.    Houk,  George  W.,  M.  C.  for  O., 

dies. 
Casey,  T.  A.,  vicar-gen.  of  R.  C.  diocese 

of  Erie,  dies. 
Feb.  17.    Itotton,  Otto,  physician,  of  Brook- 
lyn, A  83. 
Feb.  19.     Keppler,  Joseph,  cartoonist,  an 

editor  of  Fuck^  A56. 
Feb.  20.    Sniitli,  John  M.,  horticulturist, 

A83. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Feb.  2.  Vt  Arthur  C.  A.  Hall 
is  consecrated  (Protestant  Episcopal) 
bishop  of  Vermont. 

Feb.  9.  N.  Y.  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn,  observes  the  7th  anniversary 
of  the  death  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher. 

Feb.  18.  la.  Protestant  ministers  at 
Sioux  City  make  a  concerted  attack 
upon  the  American  Protective  Asso- 
ciation, and  urge  their  congregations 
to  shun  it. 

•^^  New  York.  Russians  for  the  first  time 
in  this  city  attend  the  service  of  the 
Oreek  Orthodox  Church  conducted 
in  the  native  language. 


SOCIETY. 

1894  Jan.  25.  Conn.  A  dozen  Dan- 
bury  hat  manufacturers  reopen  their 
shops,  but  less  than  50  men  return  to 
work.  [Jan.  26.  Hundreds  return.  Feb. 
I.  The  union  men  decide  to  work  in  non- 
union factories;  the  strike  has  collapsed,  ] 

Fla.  The  Corbett-Mitchell  prize- 
fight takes  place  at  Jacksonville  with- 
out interference;  Corbett  wins  in  the 
third  round ;  both  men  are  arrested,  and 
give  bail. 

/.  T.    A  band  of  train-robbers  is 

captured  by  police ;  one  of  the  gang  is 
killed  and  another  wounded. 

N.    Y.    The     trial    of     John    Y. 

McKane  begins  at  Brooklyn. 
Ph'da.    The  National  Conference 

on  Good  City  Government  begins  a 

two  days'  session. 

Jan.  26.  Chicago.  Alderman  Jeremiah 
H.  Mulvihill  is  fatally  wounded  In  *'Kd." 
Hussey's  saloon  by  "Mike"  Frewer, 

Jan.  27.  N.  Y.  Robert  Morrison  shoots 
and   mortally  wounds    his  mother  at 

Kingsbridge  becnuse  she  reprimands 
him  for  getting  drunk. 

N.  Y.    Two  Italian  counterfeiters 

are  arrested  while  at  work  in  South 
Brooklyn,  and  four  presses,  a  forge, 
seven  dies,  crucibles,  gold,  silver,  tin, 
and  other  metals  and  machinery,  are 
seized. 

Pa.    A  mob  of  strikers  makes  an 

attack  upon  working  miners  at  Wood- 
ville  ;  rioting  squads  of  about  one  hun- 
dred men  each  are  going  from  mine  to 
mine  intimidating  miners  at  work. 

Jan.  28.  N.  J.  The  certificate  of  incor- 
poration of  the  Daisy  Fields  Home 
and  Hospital  for  Crippled  Children, 
located  at  Englewood,  is  filed. 

Jan.  30.    S.  C.    Liquor-stores   in 

Charleston  are  raided  by  the  police  and 
an  armed  force. 

Jan.  31.  Cal.  A  gang  of  ruffians  makes 
an  attack  upon  the  private  car  of  Mrs. 
Leland  Stanford  at  Vina. 

Feb,  1.    Pa.    Ten   anarchist   miners 

are  arrested  in  a  settlement  of  Slavs 
and  Italians  near  Mansfield. 

N.  C.  —  Tenn.    A  fight  takes  place 

between  farmers  w^hile  vt^orking  on  the 
road  on  the  Madison  County  line,  next 
to  Tennessee ;  six  are  killed  and  14 
wounded. 

Feb.  3.  Boston.  Albert  Johnson  shoots 
his  sweetheart,  Carrie  Andrews,  and 
kills  himself,  on  account  of  breaking  of 
her  engagement. 

Ind.    James  Arnold,  of  the  bank  of 

James  Arnold  and  Co.,  Columbia  City, 
flees  ;    he  is  charged  with  embezzling 

$100,000- 

Feb.  4.    N.  Y.    A  shortage  of  $19,000 

is  found  in  the  accounts  of  Cashier  W. 
I>.  Lohmann  of  the  Brooklyn  Excise 
Department ;   he  has  disappeared. 

Feb.  5.  Ky.  A  fatal  fight  occurs  at 
Harlan  Court-house ;  one  man  is  killed 
and  one  fatally  injured. 

New  York.  Inspector  Williams  re- 
ports that  he  could  find  nothing  immoral 
in  Capt.  Slevin's  precinct,  as  charged  by 
Dr.  Parkhurst. 

Tenn.    President  G.  N.   Henson,  of 

the  Citizens'  Bank  and  Trust  Company 
of  Chattano«ga,  shoots  and  kills  J.  B. 
Werts,  a  well-known  insurance  man, 
and  is  arrested. 

Feb.  6.  New  York.  A  police  census 
shows  that  52,592  males  and  14,688 
females  are  out  of  work,  their  fami- 
lies including  206,701  persons;  39,311 
families  are  in  need  of  assistance. 


Feb.  7.  New  York,  Hungry  people  ;ire 
flocking  to  relief-stores. 

Feb.  8.  Tex,  Sheriff  A.  Dickson  is 
Bhot  and  killed  by  the  Texan  outlaw 

Uraddock,  and  one  of  the  sheriff's  posse 
kills  Hraddock. 

Feb.  9.  ^V.  r.  John  W.  Love,  resident 
of  Watkins,  and  cashier  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  that  village,  absconds 
with  $50,oc»  of  the  bank's  funds. 

Feb.  11.  Ind.  The  grand  jury  of  Whit- 
ley County  returns  twenty  indictments 
against  three  banking  officers  for  swin- 
dling 150  farmers  out  of  their  wheat  and 
money. 

Mo.  Judge  Caldwell  at  St.  Louis  re- 
fuses to  restrain  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad  employees  from  striking  while 
the  road  is  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver. 

Feb.  12.  New  York.  The  committee  ap- 
pointed by  Mayor  Gilroy  to  consider 
means  to  help  the  unemployed  de- 
cides to  raise  $500,000,  and  subscribes 
$60,000  at  once. 

Pa,    The  trial  of  58  striking  miners 

for  rioting  begins  at  Pittsburg. 

Feb.  13.  Ky.  A  fight  occurs  between 
the  Turner-Nolin  families  in  Harlan 
County  J  one  woman  is  killed. 

S.    C.    The  Charleston    Chamber   of 

Commerce  celebrates  its  110th  anniver- 
sary with  a  banquet. 

Feb.  14.  N.J.  Silk-workers  at  Phillips- 
burg  are  attacked  by  strikers. 

Feb.  15.  n.C.  The  26th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Woman  Suffrage 
Association  opens  at  Washington,  with 
delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

.V.  r.  The  jury  in  the  John  Y.  Mc- 
Kane case,  after  being  out  20  hours, 
returns  a  verdict  of  guilty,  with 
recommendation  for  mercy  on  ac- 
count of  the  many  respectable  witnesses 
th.at  testified  to  his  generally  good  pri- 
vate character. 

[Feb.  19.  He  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  six  years  in  Sing  Sing.] 

New  York.    D.  J.  Buckley,  convicted 

of  having  permitted  repeating  at  an  elec- 
tion, is  sentenced  by  Judge  iSairelt  to  :i 
line  of  $500  and  imprisoimient  for  one 
year  in  the  penitentiary. 

Feb.  16,  Cal.  A  Southern  Pacific  ex- 
press-train is  ditched  and  robbed  ;  the 

robbers  kill  two  men  and  injure  two 
others. 

Ind.    Supt.  John  Dingledey,  of  the 

Wernie  Orphans'  House,  Richmond,  is 
convicted  of  cruelty  to  the  inmates,  and 
fined. 

New  York.  All  the  large  silk  facto- 
ries shut  down  on  account  of  a  strike  of 
the  employees  for  higher  \vages. 

Matthew  Green  is  convicted  of  man- 
slaughter in  the  second  degree  for  kick- 
ing to  death  James  Halstead  in  fluly 
last.  [He  is  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  five  years.] 

Feb,  17.  Chicago.  The  Continental  Na^ 
tioual  Bank  is  swindled  by  cashing  two 
raised  checks  —  one  for  $3,500  raised 
from  $35.  and  one  for  $3,300  from  $33. 

Ind.  A  large  number  of  men  at  In- 
dianapolis call  upon  the  mayor  and 
Board  of  Public  Works,  demanding 
employTnent. 

— —  New  York.  The  Citizens*  Relief 
Fund  for  the  unemployed  amounts  to 
$75,000. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  Jan.  25 -Feb.  20.    451 


Patrick  J.  Finn  is  arraigned  for  ab- 
stracting packets  from  the  mails  in  tlie 
post-ottice ;  lie  atimjta  his  guiii,  and  ia 
held  in  $1,500  bail. 

Feb.  18.  New  York.  An  attempt  to  ar- 
rest four  Italians  results  in  a  community 
fight  on  the  Kast  Side. 

O.    Three    thousand    miners    are 

thrown  out  of  employment  in  conse- 
quence of  a  dispute  as  to  wages. 

Pa.    A  non-unionist  kills  a  man  in  a 

saloon  brawl  in  Sayre  for  calling  him  a 
"  scab." 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  25.  D.  C.  The  Democratic 
caucus  in  Washington  votes  to  make  the 
Internal  Revenue  Bill,  Including  the  in- 
come-tax, an  amendment  to  the  Tariff 
Bill. 

Jan.  27.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
time  for  the  debate  on  the  Tariff  Bill 
is  extended  until  Feb.  1,  and  several 
amendments  to  the  bill  are  adopted. 

Jan.  29.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Internal  Revenue  Bill  is  offered  as 
an  amendment  to  the  Tariff  Bill,  and 
supported  by  Benton  McMillin  of  Tenn. 
[Jan.  31.    Accepted.] 

President  Dole's  reply  to  Minister 
Willis's  demand  for  more  specific  charges 
is  received  at  Washington. 

J'an.  30.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
John  Sherman  of  O.  upholds  the  right 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to 
issue  bonds. 

Boston  — New   York.     New   York 

bankers  agree  to  subscribe  for  $30,000,- 
000  of  the  new  U.  S.  bonds,  and  a  Boston 
syndicate  will  take  $8,000,000. 

N.  ¥.  TheSenate  unanimously  adopts 

resolutions  for  investigating  the  New 
York  City  Police  Department  (Lexow 
Committee).  [Jan.  31.  The  Committee  : 
Senators  L.exow,  O'Connor,  Robertson, 
Pound,  Saxton,  Cantor,  and  Bradley.] 

Two  bills  are  presented  in  the  Legisla- 
ture to  remove  restrictions  on  Sunday 
liquor-selling  in  New  York  City  and 
Brooklyn. 

Jan.  31.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Stewart  bond  resolution 
denying  the  legality  of  the  sale. 

Feb.  1.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  Secretary  Carlisle's  bond  is- 
sue ;  in  the  House  the  tariff  debate 
closes;  the  Wilson  Bill  passes.  Vote, 
2(H-140. 

Secretary  Herbert  sends  a  despatch  to 
Adm.  Benham  approving  his  course  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  on  Jan.  30.    (See  p.  558.) 

Feb.  2.  J>.C.  Congress:  In  the  Senate 
W.  F.  Vilas  of  Wis.  defends  the  purpose 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  use, 
for  current  expenses,  the  money  received 
from  the  sale  of  bonds ;  the  Tariff  Bill 
is  received  from  the  House,  and  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Finance. 

Feb.  3.  V.C.  Congress;  House:  The 
Sundry  Civil  Appropriation  Bill  is 
introduced. 

Tlie  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  an- 
nounces that  the  entire  $50,000,000  of 
the  new  bond  issue  has  been  awarded. 

Oa.    The  Controller  refuses  to  audit 

the  bills  of  the  State  militia  ordered  out 
biy  Gov.  Northen  to  prevent  the  Corbett- 
Mitchell  fight. 


V.  J.    Gov.  Werts  refuses  to  receive 

bills  passed  by  the  Legislature ;  the  bills 
are  left  on  his  desk  by  the  Committee. 

Feb.  6.  r>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
Finance  Committee  decides  to  give  no 
tariff  hearings ;  in  the  House  debate  on 
the  Hawaiian  Resolutions  is  finished ; 
the  Blair  amendment  and  the  Hitt  sub- 
stitute are  rejected. 

Feb.  7.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
repeals  the  Federal  Flection  Laws. 
Vote,  39-28.  [Approved  Feb.  8.]  The 
House  approves  of  tlje  McCreary  Ha- 
waiian resolutions.  Vote,  177-78.  R. 
P.  Bland  of  Mo.  precipitates  a  fight  over 
silver  by  the  introduction  of  the  bill  for 
the  coining  of  seigniorage ;  it  is  ap- 
proved by  the  majority  of  the  Committee 
on  Coinage,  Weights,  and  Measures. 

Feb.  8.  D.  C.  Congress ;  House :  The 
Bland  Bill  to  coin  the  silver  seignior- 
age is  taken  up. 

Kan.    The  Supreme  Court  at  Topeka 

renders  a  decision  that  Gov.  Lewelling 
cannot  remove  Mary  Ellen  Lease  from 
the  State  Charities  Board. 

—  N.  Y.  The  Greater  New  York  Bill 
passes  the  Assembly.  Vote,  106-7.  [Apr. 
27.    It  passes  the  Senate.] 

The  scheme  of  consolidation  having 
been  approved  by  a  majoritj^of  the  citi- 
zens, a  commission  is  provided  for  by 
the  Legislature  to  give  it  effect.  The 
combined  area  is  359.75  square  miles ; 
combined  population,  2,985,422.  New 
York,  Brookly".  Richmond  County, 
Flushing,  part  of  Hempstead,  Jamaica, 
Long  Island  City,  Newtown,  Jamaica 
Bay,  East  Chester,  West  Chester,  and 
Pelham  towns  are  all  united  in  one 
municipality. 

Feb.  9.  T).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
is  not  in  session  ;  in  the  House  debate 
on  the  bill  to  coin  silver  seigniorage 
is  continued. 

The  envoys  of  Brazil  and  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic  submit  their  cases 
to  President  Cleveland,  who  has  con- 
sented to  act  as  arbitrator  in  the  boun- 
dary disputes  between  the  two  countries. 

Feb.  12.  D.  a  Congress:  The  House 
amends  and  passes  the  Urgent  Defi- 
ciency Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Feb.  7. 

Ark.    Judge  Williamson  of  the  State 

Circuit  Court  at  Little  Rock  decides 
that  the  State  tax  on  express  and  other 
corporations  is  uucoustitutional. 

Feb.  13.  />.  C.  House  debate  on  the 
Bland  Seigniorage  Bill  is  continued. 

Mans.     The  House  passes  a  bill   to 

abolish  the  annual   Fast   Day.      Vote, 

109-59.     [^It  becomes  a  law.] 

Feb.  14.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
debates  the  bill  for  the  extermination 
of  the  Bussian  thistle  (bill  introduced 
Feb.  1).  [Nine  discussions  follow].  In 
the  House  the  debate  on  the  Bland  Bill 
is  continued, 

Feb.  15.  D.C.  Congress:  TheSenate 
amends  and  passes  the  Town  Sites 
Entry  BiU.  [Aug.  1.  House  concurs. 
Aug.  10.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

- — President  Dole's  (Hawaii)  reply 
to  Minister  Willis's  recent  questions  is 
made  public. 

Feb.  16.  />.  C.  Congress ;  House  :  The 
Boutelle  Hawaiian  Besolution  is 


passed  ;  the  President  is  requested  to 
furnish  information  on  Hawaii. 

Feb.  17.  Kan.  Mrs.  Lease  refuses 
propositions  made  by  Gov.  Lewelling. 
He  proposes  that  she  stop  fighting  tlie 
State  Administration,  resign  from  the 
State  Board  of  Charities,  keep  out  of 
the  Populist  State  Convention,  and  ac- 
cept a  place  on  the  Board  of  Regents  of 
the  State  University,  and  be  paid  all  ex- 
penses she  has  incurred. 

Feb.  20.  I).  C.  Congress:  Senate: 
John  W.  Daniel  of  Va.  continues  his 
defense  of  the  Administration's  Ha- 
waiian policy ;  the  Finance  Committee 
reports  the  revised  Tariff  Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Jan.  25.  N.  Y.  The  turbine 
wheels  of  the  great  Niagara  tunnel 
are  started. 

Jan.  26.  N.  J.  The  100th  anniver- 
sary of  Westfield  is  celebrated. 

Jan.  27.  Cal.  The  Midwinter  Fair 
in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  is 
formally  opened. 

Jan.  28.  Me.  A  fire  at  Bath  destroys 
$500,000  worth  of  property. 

Feb.  1.  Ckicofjo.  A  warehouse  is  burned ; 
25  employeesare  rescued  ;  loss,  $130,000. 

Feb.  2.  Mass.  Spanish  doubloons,  jew- 
elry, and  gold  watches  are  foimd  by 
workmen  in  an  old  colonial  hotel  in 
Waltham. 

Feb.  3.  Ky.  The  Iiincoln  Homestead 
in  La  Rue  County  is  bought  by  a  syndi- 
cate. 

Feb.  4.  New  York.  The  Chinese  cele- 
brate their  New  Year. 

Feb.  5.  Ga.  A  fire  in  Savannah  de- 
stroys property  worth  $500,000. 

Feb.  9.  Me.  The  first  steel  sailing- 
ship  ever  built  in  New  England  is 
ready  for  launching  at  Bath. 

Feb.  10  ±.  Boston.  The  Society  for  the 
Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  is 
putting  forth  effort  to  suppress  the 
ornamental  lizard  traffic. 

Mich.  The  large  agricultural  im- 
plement works  at  Lansing  are  destroyed 
by  tire,  caused  by  the  explosion  of  a 
molding-pot;   the  loss  is  estimated  at 

$750,000. 

Feb.  11.  Conn.  Fire  partially  destroys 
the  Colt's  Firearms  Factory  at  Hart- 
ford; loss,  $250,000. 

Feb.  12.  O.  Four  men  are  killed  in  a 
railroad  collision,  which  occurs  be- 
cause of  the  signals  being  hidden  by 
snow. 

Feb.  13.  Chicago.  More  World's 
Fair  buildings  are  burned  by  incen- 
diaries, 

Pa.    At  Plymouth  13  men  are  buried 

alive  by  a  cave-in  in  a  mine. 

Feb.  16.  Chicago.  It  is  announced  that 
a  dividend  of  10  per  cent  will  be  paid  to 
World*s  Fair  stockholders. 

Kan.    Much  destitution  is  reported. 

Feb.  17.  Ind.  Near  West  Muncie  a 
4,000,000-foot  gas-weU,  belonging  to 
the  Indiana  Iron  Company,  takes  fire. 

Feb.  18.  Chicago.  Another  fire  of  in- 
cendiary origin  occurs  in  the  Illinois 
Building  at  the  World's  Fair. 

O.    Pending  their  acceptance  of  the 

terms  of  the  operators,  3,000  miners  are 
thrown  out  of  work. 


452     1894,  Feb.  20-Mar.  15. 


AMERICA  ; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Mar.  1.  D.C.  Alfred  T.  Smith  is 
commissioned  colonel  —  13th  infantry. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Feb.  23.  New  York.  The  north- 
ern lights  make  a  splendid  display  over 
this  city  and  vicinity. 

Feb.  24.  Colo.  The  heaviest  snowfall 
in   12  years  covers  Colorado. 

Feb.  25.  O.  A  phenomenal  oil-well  is 
opened  in  the  Fostoria  fields,  flowing  oil 
over  the  whole  neighborhood  at  the  rate 
of  7,500  barrels  a  day. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1894. 

Feb.  33.     AVootlward,  E.  T.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 
dies. 

Feb.  24.     Munro,  Norman  L.,  publisher  of 
cheap  libraries,  dies. 

Feb.  35.    Mackaye,  Steele,  dramatist,  ac- 
tor, dies. 

Mar.  1.    Downev,  John  G.,  Gov.  of  Cal., 
A67. 

Mar.  3.     Early,  Jubal  A.,  Confed.  gen.,  A78. 

Mar.  7.    Frost,  Ruf  us  S.,  president  National 
Association  Woolen  Manufacturers,  A68. 

Mar.  10.     Nevins,   N.,  bandmaster,  leader 
of  troops  through  Ga.,  A6I. 


LETTERS. 

1894  Feb.  21.  N.  Y.  One  death  oc- 
curs and  several  persons  are  prostrated 
by  chlorine  gas  conveyed  by  Cornell 
Sophomores  into  4.he  banquet-hall  of 
the  Freshmen. 

Mar.  13  Pa.  The  Central  Board  of 
Education  at  Pittsburg,  by  a  vote  of  29 
to  2,  refuses  to  pay  any  teacher  ap- 
pearing iu  the  public  schools  in  the 
garb  or  insignia  of  any  religious 
order,  the  same  being  in  conflict  with 
the  State  Constitution. 

Mar.  14.  Mass.  The  will  of  Mrs.  Mary 
Hemenway  of  Milton  provides  that  the 
income  of  an  estate  of  $15,000,000 
shall  be  iised  for  educational  pur- 
IKSses. 

SOCIETY. 

1804  Feb.  20.  Boston.  After  listen- 
ing to  addresses  by  socialist  and  anarch- 
ist speakers,  about  2,000  unemployed 
working  men  march  to  the  State 
House  and  demand  work  ;  they  are  dis- 
persed by  the  police. 

O.    Gov.  and  Mrs.  McKinley*s 

debts  are  all  paid  and  their  property 
returned  to  them  by  trustees  who  have 
raised  the  money  without  the  governor's 
consent. 

- — -  Tex.  Three  men  and  a  child  are 
shot  to  death  in  the  Grand  Central 
Depot  in  Houston  by  Jim  Mitchell  of 
Kichmond,  Fort  Bend  Coiuity. 

Feb.  21.  New  York.  Erastus  "Wiman 
is  arrested  and  committed  to  the  Tombs 
on  two  indictments  charging  forgery. 
[He  is  finally  acquitted.] 

The  Newspaper  Publishers'  Asso- 
ciation of  America  begins  its  sessions  ; 
200  representatives  are  present. 
Feb.  22.  Ala.  The  third  annual  Tus- 
kegee  Negro  Conference  meets ;  600 
black-belt  negro  farmers  are  present. 


N.  Y.  The  new  rules  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Excise  Commissioners  bring  out  the 
fact  that  brewers  have  $5  00,000 
invested  in  saloons,  and  have  a  large 
number  of  licenses  locked  up  in  their 
safes. 

Feb.  23.  Boston.  The  Municipal 
XiCague  perfects  a  permanent  organiza- 
tion for  purifying  city  politics. 

New  York.  The  offices  of  16  physi- 
cians charged  with  criminal  operations 
are  raided  by  Central  Office  detectives. 

Neb.  A  gang  of  female  counter- 
feiters is  discovered  in  Omaha. 

Feb.  24.  Pa.  Richard  Prior  kills 
Christian  Hhrleck  at  his  residence  at 
Wliite  Oak  llun,  fatally  wounds  his 
wife,  steals  what  money  he  can  find, 
and  makes  his  escape. 

Feb.  28.    Minn.    Bad-Debt  Agency 

swindlers  defraud  a  number  of  people; 
Jigg'fgiite  amount  of  frauds,  ®30,000. 

Tex.    Two    smugglers,  with    1,746 

opals  hid  in  the  lining  of  their  coats,  are 
captured  at  El  Paso. 

Mar.  1.  N.  Y.  F.  Koelzler,  of  Dolge- 
ville,  kills  his  wife  and  four  children, 
and  then  kills  himself. 

Mar.  3.  Miss.  A  Populist  member  of 
the  Missouri  Legislature  kills  a  Demo- 
cratic member  at  Kosciusko  ;  two  other 
men  are  killed  at  the  same  time. 

W.  Va.     Striking    minei^   burn   a 

railroad  bridge  and  commit  other  acts 
of  violence. 

[Mar.  5.  They  burn  coal-cars  and  at- 
tempt the  destruction  of  other  property  ; 
the  governor  calls  out  the  militia.  Mar. 
28.  Striking  miners  fight  the  working 
miners ;  a  number  are  killed  and 
wounded.  June  1.  Strikers  destroy  the 
Shore  Line  Railroad  bridge  at  Cannel- 
ton,  over  which  coal  is  shipped  north. 
June  2.  Strikers  compel  the  train-crews 
to  return  the  loaded  coal-trains  to  the 
"Wheeling-Creek  mines.  June  4.  Four 
working  miners  are  fired  upon  at  Pow- 
ellton,  from  ambush,  while  returning 
from  work.] 

Mar.  5.  Ala.  Six  Federal  oflacers  at 
Birmingham  are  indicted  for  defrauding 
the  Government  of  nearly  $250,000. 

Mar.  6.  New  York.  The  aldermen  re- 
quest Mayor  Gilroy  to  fly  the  Irish  flag 
on  the  City  Hall  on  St.  Patrick's  Day. 

Police  Captains  Price  and  Martens  are 
on  trial  before  the  Police  Commissioners. 

[Mar.  16.  Capt.  Westervelt  also.  Apr. 
9.  Capt.  O'Connor.  Apr.  20.  Capts. 
Martens  and  Slevin  are  charged  with 
neglect  of  duty.  Aug.  1.  The  Police 
Commissioners  dismiss  the  charges 
against  Capt.  Price.] 

A'.  Y.    Robert  Ross,  a  watcher  at  the 

polls,  is  killed  and  several  wounded  at  a 
polling-place  in  Troy. 

[Mar.  8.  Citizens  in  mass-meeting 
name  a  Committee  of  One  Hundred  to 
secure  the  punishment  of  the  murderer. 
Mar.  11.  The  committee  is  constituted 
a  permanent  body  to  secure  good  govern- 
ment.] 

Mar.  8.  Chicago.  Daniel  Coughlin  is  fi- 
nally acquitted  of  the  charge  of  com- 
plicity in  the  assassination  of  Dr.  P.  H. 
Cronin. 

Mar.  9.  N.  J.  Strikers  make  trouble  at 
Paterson ;  the  police  protect  non-union 
men  from  being  stoned. 

Mar,  9-Dec.  29.  New  York.  The 
Lexow  Senate  Committee  (appointed 
Jan.  31)  investigates  numerous  charges 
publicly  made  against  the  Police  De- 
partment by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Parkhurst 


and  others ;  chief  accusation,  bribery 
and  complicity  with  criminals. 

(Mar.  9.)  The  committee  holds  it» 
firstmeetingin  the  County  Court-house  j 
William  Sutherland,  counsel. 

(Apr.  13.)  William  W.  Gotf  is  ap- 
pointed counst;l, 

(June  l.)  Evidence  shows  that  tbe 
police  levied  blackmail  upon  keepers  of 
disorderly  houses. 

(June  7.)  Civil  Justice  Roesch  ad- 
mits that  he  received  $100  from  Mrs. 
Thurow  which  he  formerly  denied ;  he 
says  it  was  a  fee  to  him  as  a  lawyer  in 
payment  for  counsel  given  to  his  client. 

(June  8.)  More  witnesses  testify  to 
police  blackmail  and  intimidation,  es- 
pecially implicating  Capt.  Price  and  his 
ward  man. 

(June  13.)  Evidenceof  blackmail  and 
extortion  implicating  Police  Captain 
Murphy  is  brought  out. 

(Jr'XE  H.)  Evidence  shows  that  pro- 
tection has  been  given  by  police  to 
"  green  goods  "  swindlers  in  return  for 
money. 

(June  15.)  Evidence  is  given  proving 
the  existence  of  a  Bohemian  liquor- 
dealers'  organization  to  secure  police 
protection. 

(Jt'NE  18.)  Testimony  associates  Po- 
lice Justice  Patrick  Divver  with  "bun- 
co "  swindlers. 

(June  21.)  Evidence  before  the  Sen- 
ate Committee  shows  that  business 
men,  including  sliipowners.  have  been 
obliged  to  pay  tribute  to  the  police  to 
secure  immunity  from  pertiecution.  in. 
various  ways. 

(June  26.)  Testimony  before  the  Lex- 
ow Committee  shows  that  many  mer- 
chants have  been  blackmailed  by  police- 
men ;  also  that  one  police  captain  paid 
$15,000  for  his  appointment. 

(June  27.)  "  Chinatown  "  is  shown  to 
be  a  fruitful  place  for  police  blackmail. 

(June  30.)  The  committee  adjourns 
to  Sept.  10. 

(Sept.  10.)  Testimony  is  given  chnrg- 
ing  police  captains  with  receiving  bribes- 
from  "  green  goods  "  swindlers. 

(Sept.  ll.)  Police  Inspector  Williams 
is  accused  of  receiving  a  bribe  of  $600 
when  captain. 

(Sept.  12.)  The  committee  adjourns 
to  Oct.  1. 

(Oct.  2.)  Testimony  shows  that  there 
has  been  absolute  disregard  of  law  by 
the  police,  and  that  they  have  been 
shielded  from  punishment. 

(Oct.  3.)  A  policeman,  proved  to  be  a 
blackmailer,  threatens  his  accuser,  in 
the  court-room,  with  murder. 

(Oct.  9.)  Policeman  DeGann  tef^tifies 
that,  because  he  refused  to  pay  to  Capt. 
Schmittberger  all  instead  of  half  of  tlie 
money  he  got  for  working  overtime,  he 
was  transferred  to  another  post. 

(Oct.  11.)  A.  F.  Forget,  of  the  French 
Line  of  steamers,  testifies  that  Capt. 
Schmittberger  demanded  and  got  SfjOO 
from  him  for  dock  privileges.  (The 
captain  is  indicted  by  the  grand  jury 
for  perjury,  and  arrested  on  Oct.  27.] 

(Oct.  16.)  Testimony  is  given  relative 
to  colonization  and  registration  frauds. 

(Oct.  18.)  Testimony  shows  that  ex- 
Assemblyman  Pliiiip  Wispig  and  bis  son 
threatened  to  kill  an  innocent  man,  and 
that  the  son  made  a  brutal  ai>tiault  on 
him. 

(Oct.  29.)  Police  Commissioner  John 
C.  Sheehan  in  his  testimony  blames  Su- 
perintendent Byrnes  for  the  police  cor- 
ruption of  the  city,  the  superintendent 
not  having  enforced  the  laws. 

(Oct.  30.)  Police  Commissioner  Shee- 
han defies  the  committee  by  refusing  to 
produce  his  private  bank-books,  which 
he  has  been  ordered  to  do. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894v  Feb.  20 -Mar.  15.    453 


(Nqv.  1.)  Commissioner  W.  S.  An- 
drews, ot  the  Street  Cleuniiig  Depart- 
ment, is  accused  of  having  received  a 
bribe  of  $500  when  a  member  ot  the  Ex- 
cise Board. 

(Nov.  2.)  Police  Justice  Hogan  and 
several  police  captains  are  implicated  in 
testimony. 

(T>KC.  fi.)  Evidence  shows  that  money 
was  paid  to  police  to  protect  prize-fights. 

(I>EC.  13.)  A  city  contractor  testifies 
that  he  had  sent  a  number  of  checks  to 
Richard  Croker  as  head  of  Tammany- 
Hall  ;  also  that  a  fund  of  $15,000  was 
raised  for  Police  Captain  Creeden  about 
the  time  of  his  promotion  to  bis  present 
othce. 

(Dec.  18.)  Evidence  shows  that  large 
payments  of  money  were  made  to  In- 
spector Steers. 

(I)KC.  21.)  Evidence  implicates  In- 
spectors Williams  and  McAvoy,  Com- 
missioners Martin  and  Sheehan,  and 
other  officials,  iu  wrong-».iohig. 

(Dec.  29.)  The  committee  holds  its 
last  session ;  Superintendent  Brynes  is 
examined,  and  then  the  committee  ad- 
journs without  day. 

Mar.  10.  Chicago.  The  Columbian 
Guards  strike  at  Jackson  Park ;  only 
eight  are  left  to  guard  the  World's  Fair 
Buildings. 

.V.  Y.    Investigation  shows  that  abont 

$200,000  of  school  funds  paid  to  John  Y. 
McKane  during  1893  have  not  been  ac- 
couuted  for. 

Mar.  11.  Boston.  Mrs.  Mary  Lease  of 
Kansas  speaks  at  a  meeting  of  the  unem- 
ployed on  the  Common. 

Cn7)n.  The  police  capture  67  Chi- 
nese gamblers  at  New  Haven. 

Ind.    John  Rodgers,  with  stolen  goods 

in  possession,  is  shot    by  vigilants   at 
Frankfort. 
—  Xew  York.    The  Charity  Organiza- 
tion Society  is  organizing  a  movement 
to  furnish  work  for  unskilled  women. 

Mar.  12.  X.  Y.  The  Brooklyn  Alder- 
men, by  a  vote  of  8  to  7,  resolve  to  have 
the  Irish  flag  displayed  on  the  City 
Hall  on  St.  Patrick's  Day,  with  the  Na- 
tional and  State  flags.  [Mar.  13.  The 
Board  of  Supervisors  order  the  Irish  flag 
to  be  displayed  ou  the  Court-house  and 
the  Hall  of  Records.  Vote,  17-10.  Mar. 
16.  The  supervisor-at-large  vetoes  the 
resolution.] 

3ffar.  13.  TV../.  Striking  dyers  control 
Paterson  all  day,  destroying  goods  and 
compelling  men  to  quit  work. 

N.  Y.    The  chief  of  police  at  ITtica 

orders  the  immediate  stoppage  of  gam- 
bling at  saloons  and  cigar-stands. 

O.     Andrew  Sauer,  formerly  cashier 

of  the  Defiance  Savings  Bank,  is  arrested 
on  the  charge  of  embezzling  $37,000  of 
the  bank's  funds. 

Okla.    Two  robbers  compel  railroad 

station  agent  Rusk  to  go  to  the  depot  at 
Woodwark,  open  the  safe,  and  deliver 
to  them  its  contents,  amomiting  to 
$10,000. 

Jtfar.  14.  ^fo.  An  order  is  issued  at  St. 
Louis  to  tlie  Police  Department  to  ar- 
rest saloon-keepers  and  others  having 
nickel-in-the-slot  machines  iu  their 
places  of  business. 

a.   Y.    Mayor    Schieren    orders    the 

stoppage  of  boxing  exhibitions  iu  Brook- 
lyn. 

Justice  K.  F.  Sutherland  of  Graveeend 
is  found  guilty  of  misdemeanor  for  his 
connection  with  election  frauds. 


[Mar.  19.  He  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  one  year  and  $500  fine.  Mar.  22. 
Justice  Newton  pleads  guilty  and  is  sen- 
tenced to  nine  months'  imprisonment 
and  $500  fine.  Mar.  26.  The  court  sen- 
tences 16  election  inspectors  to  impris- 
onment for  various  terms,  varying  from 
29  days  to  six  months ;  three  are  fined 
$500,  and  three  $250.j 


STATE. 

1894  Feb.  20.  Va.  Two  oyster  schoon- 
ers from  Maryland  are  captured  in  Vir- 
ginian waters.  Gov.  O'Ferrall  sends  a 
special  message  on  the  oyster  question 
to  the  hegislature,  asking  for  legislation 
to  enable  him  to  protect  the  interests  of 
the  State. 

Pa.    Galusha  A.  Grow  is  elected 

Congressman  at  large  by  a  plurality  of 
over  180,000. 

Feb.  21.  D.  C  Congress;  Senate  :  A 
warm  debate  takes  place  on  the  com- 
position of  the  Finance  Committee; 
House,  no  quorum. 

JV.  J.     Quo  warranto  proceedings  to 

determine  the  legal  Senate  of  New 
Jersey  are  begun  in  the  State  Supreme 
Court  at  Trenton. 

Feb.  22.  n.  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate Washington's  Farewell  Address  is 
read ;  House,  no  quorum.  Excitement 
is  caused  by  Richard  P.  Bland's  denun- 
ciation of  filibusters  as  revolutionists. 

la.  The  House  passes  the  bill  grant- 
ing municipal  suffrage  to  women.  Vote, 
51-44. 

Feb.  23-24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Senate, 
not  in  session  ;  House,  no  quorum. 

Feb.  23.  N.  Y.  The  Assembly  passes  a 
bill  to  enforce  payment  to  the  State  by 
racing^  associations  of  a  5  per  cent  tax 

on  their  gross  receipts. 

Feb.  25.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
debates  the  Hatch  Anti-Option  Bill, 
regulating  the  sale  of  agricultural  prod- 
ucts, defining  "  options  "  and  "  futures," 
and  imposing  taxes  thereon.  [May  18. 
Substituted.] 

Mar.  1.  D.  C.  Congress :  Tlie  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Urgent  Defi- 
ciency Appropriation  Bill.  [Mar.  7. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Mar.  19. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  House  passes  the  Bland  Silver 
Bill,  providing  for  the  coinage  of  silver 
bullion  (seigniorage)  held  in  the  Treas- 
ury, after  20  discussions ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  3. 

Mar.  2.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  Fortification  Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Dec.  19,  1893. 

Mar.  6.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
motion  of  William  M.  Stewart  of  Nev. 
to  take  up  the  Bland  Seigniorage  Bill 
is  discussed. 

Senators  make  personal  explanations 
regarding  their  alleged  obstruction  of 
the  Tariff  Bill  in  Committee  ;  David  B. 
Hill  introduces  a  hostile  resolution  in- 
structing the  Finance  Committee  to 
change  the  Wilson  Bill  so  as  to  obtain 
a  sufticient  revenue  without  an  income 
tax. 

Mar.  7.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Bland  Bill  is  pushed  to  the  point  of 
final  passage  by  the  Democrats  and  Sil- 
ver Republicans ;  a  vote  is  avoided  by  a 
motion  to  adjourn;  in  the  House  the 
Pensions  Appropriation  Bill  passes 


after  five  discussions  without  a  divis- 
ion; bill  introduced  Jan.  27. 
Mar,  8.  Z>.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  John 
Sherman  delivers  a  speech  against  the 
Seigniorage  Bill ;  the  Tariff  Bill,  as 
revised  by  the  Democrats  of  the  Senate 
Finance  Committee,  is  presented  to  the 
full  Committee ;  the  House  passes  the 
bill  to  abolish  the  Customs  Bureau  of 
the  Treasury  Department ;  the  Wilson 
Tariff  Bill  as  amended  is  published,  the 
income-tax  feature  remaining. 

iV.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  transmits  a  mes- 

.»5age  to  the  Assembly  vetoing  the  Troy 
Bipartisan  Election  Inspectors  Bill. 

Mar.  9.  I).  ('.  Congress;  Senate:  An 
agreement  is  reached  to  take  the  vote  on 
the  Bland  Seiniorage  Bill  on  Mar.  15. 

Mar.  10.  y>.  C.  Congress:  Senate  not 
in  session;  in  the  House  the  District  of 
Columbia  Appropriation  Bill  is  passed. 

Mar.  12.  7>.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Wm.  A.  Peffer  of  Kan.  introduces  a 
resolution  to  investigate  alleged  trans- 
actions iu  Sugar-Trust  stock  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Senate,  in  connection  with 
the  Tariff  Bill ;  on  motion  of  Matthew 
S.  Quay  of  Pa.,  the  resolution  is  tabled. 
Associate  Justice  Fdward  D,  White 
takes  his  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court. 

Mar.  14.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
William  B.  Allison's  motion  to  recon- 
sider the  vote  on  the  third  reading  of 
the  Seigniorage  Bill  is  deieated.  Vote, 
28-45.  Charles  F.  Manderson's  motion 
to  recommit  the  bill  is  defeated. 

Mar.  15.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Bland  Silver  BiU  after  10 
discussions.  Vote,  44-31.  [Mar.  30.  Ve- 
toed.] 

7?.  /.  D.  Russell  Brown  (Rep.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Feb.  20.  Cliicafjo.  By  the  burning  of 
a  warehouse  600  people  are  thrown  out 

of  work  ;  loss,  $600,000. 

Feb.  22.  Conn.  A  new  town  haU,  the 
gift  of  Mrs.  Abbie  P.  Rogers  of  New 
York,  is  opened  at  Fair  Haven. 

Feb.  24.  Chicago.  Another  "World's 
Fair  fire  occurs ;  it  is  in  the  Agricultu- 
ral Building,  the  dome  of  which  falls  in. 

Feb.  25.  O.  In  Niles  100  families  are 
without  food,  and  the  authorities  are 
unable  to  help  for  lack  of  funds. 

Mar.  5.  Md.  Annapolis  celebrates  its 
bicentennial  as  the  seat  of  State  gov- 
ernment. 

Mar.  6.  Ala.  Tliree  persons  are  killed 
and  many  injured  by  a  dynamite  ex- 
plosion during  a  fire  in  Cullman;  loss, 
$100,000. 

Mar.  7.  A^.  Y.  The  Forestry  Con- 
gress is  iu  session  at  Albany. 

Mar,  8.  Chicago.  Abandoned  "World's 
Fair  Exhibits  are  sold  by  auction  ;  the 
unused  tickets  —  about  3,500,000  —  sell 
for  $11,000. 

Mar.  15.  N',  T.  Mayor  Schieren  vetoes 
the  aldermanic  resolution  to  display 
the  Irish  flag  on  Brooklyn  City  HaU 
ou  St.  Patrick's  Day. 


454     1894,  Mar.  15 -Apr.  4. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1804    Mar.  18.     Colo.     The   Federal 

troops  are  withdrawn  from  Denver. 
Mar.  22.    A  court-martial  for  the  trial 

of  Commander  Heyerman  for  the  loss 

of  the  Kearsarge  is  begun. 
Mar.  27±.    The  stranded  war-ship 

Kearsarge  is  set  on  fire,  and  her  hull 

broken  up. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Mar.  19.  Tex.  Two  terrific  wind 
and  rain  storms  kill  20  persons,  and  de- 
stroy much  property. 

Mar.  20+.  Neb.  A  blizzard  is  raging 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  Nebraska 
and  in  the  Black  Hills  region ;  the  loss 
of  range-cattle  is  put  at  75  per  cent. 

Mar.  23  +  .  Wyo.  The  extinction  of  both 
elk  and  buffalo  in  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park  is  threatened  by  lawless 
hunters,  it  being  impossible  to  prevent 
tlieir  wanton  destruction. 

Mar.  24.  Utah.  Gold  that  assays  about 
$20  to  the  ton  is  found  at  Lehi. 

Mar.  25.  Wyo.  The  terrible  Western 
blizzard  rages  without  abating  for  76 
.  hours,  making  all  roads  impassable; 
stockmen  experience  heavy  losses. 

Mar.  31.  Va.  Scientists  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnolog^y  discover  an  Indian  soap- 
stone  near  CI i f ton  Station ,  Fai rf ax 
County. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 
1894. 
Mar.  18.    Campbell,  Allan,  civil  eneineer. 

A79. 
Mar.  19.     Whitney,  W.  D.,  com.  V.  S.  N., 

A71. 
Mar.  26.     Colquitt.    Alfred    Holt    Gov., 

senator  for  Oa.,  A70. 
Mar.  38.    ('urtis,  George  Ticknor.  lawver. 

A82. 
Mar.  31      Austin,  Jane  Goodwin,  author, 

novelist,  AtiS. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Mar.  21.  iV.  Y.  Father  A. 
Xiambert,  of  the  Redemptorist  order, 
has  left  the  Roman  Catholic  Church ; 
the  alleged  cause  is  its  dominating  spirit, 
not  only  in  spiritual,  but  also  in  "  purely 
scientific,  social,  and  even  political  mat- 
ters." 

LETTERS. 

1894  Mar.  19.  Cat.  Ex-President  Har- 
rison lectures  on  "  The  Acts  of  Parlia- 
ment and  the  Rights  of  the  Colonists," 
at  Stanford  University,  Mayfield. 

Mar.  28.  Md.  Gov.  Brown  returns  to 
the  Senate  the  bill  providing  free 
school-books  in  the  public  schools 
of  that  State. 

Mar.  29.  N.  Y.  The  Legislature  elects 
Rev.  Sylvester  Malone  of  Brooklyn  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Regents. 

Apr.  2.  Cat.  Ex-President  Harrison 
lectures  at  Stanford  University.  Sub- 
ject :  "  The  Development  of  the  Na- 
tional Constitution  Outlined,  the  Early 
Attempts  of  the  Colonies  to  Unite  Before 
the  Revolution." 


SOCIETY. 

1894  Mar.  15.  Colo.  A  conflict  be- 
tween State  forces  under  Gov.  Waite 
and  the  city  forces  of  Denver  com- 
manded by  the  sheriff  is  prevented  by 
Federal  troops. 

The  trouble  is  the  result  of  an  attempt 
of  Gov.  Waite  to  oust  police  commis- 
sioners whom  he  accuses  of  corruption. 
[Mar.  18.  The  Federal  troops  are  with- 
drawn.] 

New  York.    The  will  of  R.  S.  Ely  is 

filed  for  probate;  it  bequeathes  from 
$50,000  to  $100,000  to  Yale  University, 
$20,000  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  besides 
other  public  bequests. 

N.    Y.    Mayor    Schieren    vetoes  the 

aldermanic  resolution  to  display  the 
Irish  flag  on  Brooklyn  City  Hall  on  St. 
Patrick's  Day. 

The  street-car  lines  of  Long  Island 
City  and  vicinity  are  tied  up  by  stri- 
kers ;  many  become  disorderly. 

Mar.  17.  Mass.  ••  Fast  Day  "  in  Mas- 
sachusetts is  abolished  by  an  Act  of 
tlie  Legislature;  April  19,  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  Battle  of  Lexington,  will  be 
observed  in  future  as  a  public  holiday. 

Mar.  18.  Chicago.  L.  S.  Irwin,  special 
agent  and  attorney  for  the  Chicago  Six 
Companies,  is  arrested  on  the  charge  of 
smuggling  Chinamen  into  the  United 
States. 

Mar.  19.  Miss.  In  the  trial  at  Jackson 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ratcliff,  the  slayer  of 
Mr.  Jackson,  his  fellow  legislator,  the 
jury  brings  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 

New  York.  Counterfeiters  are  cir- 
culating a  large  number  of  facsimile 
one-dollar  pieces  —  about  $500,000 ;  they 
have  a  profit  of  fifty-one  cents  on  each 
dollar. 

Mar.  20.  D.  C.  Senator  Colquitt  of 
Georgia  is  stricken  with  a  second  para- 
lytic shock  at  Washington. 

New  York.    The  Hospital  Saturday 

and  Sunday  Association's  Fund  of 
$48,000  is  distributed  among  32  institu- 
tions. 

Mar.  21.  la.  The  lower  House  passes 
the  tax  bill,  which  provides  for  a  re- 
stricted local  option  for  the  cities  and 
towns  of  the  State,  and  allows  the 
assessment  of  a  tax  of  $600  on  any  real 
estate  upon  which  liquor  is  sold.  Vote, 
53-45. 

Mar.  22.  New  York.  An  incendiary 
puts  65  lives  in  ^eril  by  starting  fire  in 
a  hallway  of  a  six-story  rear  tenement- 
house. 

Pa.    At   Johnstown    four    masked 

men  break  into  the  house  of  a  widow  84 
years  old,  string  her  up  until  nearly 
insensible,  burn  her  feet,  rip  off  her 
clothes,  and  subject  her  to  other  indig- 
nities; they  secure  only  70  cents. 

Mar.  23.  Cat.  WniiamHerrick,abank 
cashier,  is  shot  and  killed  at  his  desk  in 
San  Francisco  by  a  noted  criminal  who 
attempts  to  rob  the  bank  ;  the  murderer 
is  arrested. 

N.  Y.    Jacob  A.  Moore,  aged  85,  and 

his  housekeeper,  Mrs.  Baymon<l,  aged 
90,  are  found  murdered  in  their  house  at 
Bushville,  Sullivan  County. 

Mar.  25.  Ga.  Lillian  Willis  kills  her 
father  during  a  family  quarrel  at  Homer  ; 
the  jury  acquits  the  girl  because  of  its 
being  done  to  save  her  mother's  life. 

O.    Depositions  show  that  David  R. 

Paige,  the  fugitive  aqueduct  contractor, 
issued  forged  paper  to  the  extent  of 
$3,000,000. 


Coxey's  "Army  of  the  Common- 
wealth,** a  band  of  unemployed  men, 
marching  to  Washington  to  petition  for 
relief,  moves  from  Massillon  to  Canton, 
eight  miles  ;  one-third  of  the  army  de- 
serts. 

[Apr.  1.  It  reaches  Beaver  Falls,  Pa, 
Apr.  2.  It  is  at  Sewicklev  and  Economy, 
Pa.  Apr.  3.  At  Allegheny,  Pa.  Other 
"  armies  "  start  from  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  for  Washington, D.C. 
Apr.  5.  Coxey's  army  reaches  Home- 
stead, Pa.  ;  Huns  and  Slavs  join  it. 
Apr.  6.  At  McKeesport.  Apr.  9.  At 
Uniontown,  in  the  coke  region  of  Pa. 
Apr.  17.  In  Maryland,  and  advancing 
in  canal-boats  on  Washington.!  (See 
Apr.  21.) 

Mar.  26.  New  York.  W.  T.  Zell,  treas- 
urer of  the  Lehigh  and  Wilkesbarre  Coal 
Company,  who  defrauded  the  company 
of  $93,000,  surrenders  to  the  police. 

Mar.  28.  Chicago.  W.  L.  Clifford  is 
shot  by  Guy  T.  blmstead,  who  is  nearly 
lynched  by  infuriated  onlookers,  but 
rescued  by  police  and  lodged  in  jail. 

Nero  York.    F.  E.  Edgar,  a  discount 

clerk  of  the  Tradesmen's  National  Bank, 
is  a  defaulter  to  the  extent  of  $17,000  of 
the  bank's  funds. 

Mar.  30.  Neiv  York.  In  the  suit  by  W. 
R.  Laidlaw  against  Russell   Sage  for 

damages  because  of  injuries  received  by 
bomb  explosion  in  the  latter's  office,  the 
jury  gives  $25,000.     [Appeal  taken.] 

5.  C.  Three  coiinties  are  in  rebel- 
lion against  the  Uquor  Dispensary 
liaw ;  two  citizens  and  two  detectives 
are  killed. 

Mar.  31.  S.C.  Militiamen  revolt  when 
ordered  by  Gov.  Tillman  to  suppress 
the  whisky  disturbance  in  Darlington 
County. 

The  governor  has  possession  of  all  the 
telegraph  lines ;  a  mob  seizes  the  State 
Dispensary  at  Florence,  and  with  axes 
bursts  open  the  barrels  of  liquor,  de- 
stroying the  whole  stock.  [Apr.  6.  The 
militia  are  withdrawn.] 

Apr.  2.  Neio  York.  Patrick  Diwer  re- 
sumes his  place  on  the  Police  Court 
bench  without  replying  to  the  charges 
of  wilful  violations  of  law  alleged 
against  him  by  witnesses  in  the  Lexow 
investigation. 

Pa.    A  strike  of  large  proportions 

begins  in  the  coke-district ;  rioting  and 
destruction  of  property  follow, 

[Apr.  4.  Strikers  and  working  men 
fight ;  six  persons  are  killed,  and  one 
mortally  wounded.  Apr.  7.  At  Con- 
nellsville  the  places  of  the  foreign  la- 
borers are  filled  with  English-speaking 
workmen,  and  the  strike  ends.  Apr.  13. 
Strikers,  by  abuse,  compel  working  men 
to  stop  work.]    (See  Apr.  24.) 

Apr.  3.  Mo.  One  man  is  killed  and  five 
wounded  in  an  election  fight  at  Kansas 
City. 

Okla.  Two  whites  and  five  In- 
dians are  killed  in  a  fight  between  white 
settlers  and  Indians  in  the  Cheyenne 
country. 

S.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  suppresses  oppo- 
sition to  the  Dispensary  Iiiquor  Law 

by  assuming  control  of  the  police  and 
the  marshals  of  all  incorporated  towns. 
Apr.  4.  Kan.  "Women  are  elected  to 
fill  the  city  offices  in  Spring  Hill,  includ- 
ing the  offices  of  mayor,  councilmen, 
and  police  justice. 


UNITED    STATES. 


STATE. 

1894  Mar.  16.  New  York.  ActingMayor 
George  U.  McClellan  signs  the  res^olution 
of  the  Hoard  of  Aldermen  ordering  the 
raising  of  the  Irish  flag  over  the  City 
Hall  on  St.  Patrick's  Day. 

A"".  Y.    Assemblj'nian   Lawson    intro- 

dut-es  a  bill  prohibiting  the  display  upon 
public  buiUlings  of  any  except  the  na- 
tional colors.  [Apr.  10.  Passed.  Vote, 
79-29.] 

Mar.  17.  Colo.  Gov.  Waite  agrees  to  8ul> 
mit  the  Denver  Police  Board  trouble 
to  the  Colorado  Supreme  Court.  (See 
Society.) 

Mar.  19.  />.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
message  is  received  from  the  President 
enclosing  Secretary  Gresham's  report  on 
the  Bluefields  (Nicaragua)  incident, 
stating  that  no  English  protectorate  was 
intended. 

New  York,  The  Civil  Service  Re- 
form Association  transmits  a  memorial 
to  the  State  Senate  charging  Gov.  Flower 
with  violating  the  State  Civil  Service 
Law,  and  asking  for  legislative  investi- 
gation. 

N.  Y.    The  "side-door"  saloon  bill, 

providing  for  Sunday  traffic  after  one 
o'clock  I'.M.,  is  killed  in  the  State  As- 
sembly.    Vote,  62-53. 

The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties upon  the  Elmira  Reformatory  sus- 
tains the  charges  of  cruelty  against  Supt. 
Brockway.  [Dec.  10.  Gov.  Flower  dis- 
misses the  charges.] 

Mar,  20.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  revised  Tariff  Bill  is  reported  from 
the  Committee  on  Finance ;  it  is  an- 
nounced that  the  debate  will  begin  on 
April  2.  The  House  passes  the  Civil 
Appropriation  Bill  (introduced  Feb.  3) 
after  nine  discussions. 

Mar.  21.  N.J.  The  Supreme  Court  hands 
down  a  decision  upholding  the  Republi- 
can Senate  as  the  legal  Senate,  and  de- 
claring that  under  the  State  Constitu- 
tion the  Senate  is  not  a  continuous  body  ; 
Justice  Abbett  dissents. 

New  York.    The  bankers  who  took  up 

the  recent  bond  issue  pass  a  resolution 
urging  the  President  to  veto  the  Bland 
Bill. 

Mar.  22.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
resolution  is  introduced  by  George  F. 
Hoar  of  Mass.  in  relation  to  the  death 
of  Kossuth,  and  passed  ;  a  new  treaty 
with  China,  negotiated  by  Secretary 
Gresham,  is  discussed  ;  the  House  passes 
the  Military  Academy  Appropriation 
Bill  introduced  Feb.  20. 

N.  J.    Members  of   the   Democratic 

Senate  join  the  legally  declared  Senate ; 
Gov.  Werts  sends  in  several  judicial 
nominations,  which  are  contirmed. 

Mar.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Only  the 
House  in  Session ;  the  Postal  Appro- 
priation Bill  is  introduced. 

Colo.    The    Supreme    Court    decides 

that  Gov.  Waite  had  no  right  to  order 
out  the  militia  to  put  his  appointees  into 
office. 

Mar.  25.  7>.  C.  Congress:  Senate; 
Several  amendments  to  the  Tarriff  Bill 
are  disposed  of;  much  opposition  is 
made  by  Democratic  members  to  its  in- 
come-tax feature. 


Mar.  26.  D.  C.  Congress :  Both  Houses 
adjourn  out  of  respect  to  the  late  Sen- 
ator Colquitt  of  Ga. 

Colo.    Judge  Glynn  renders  a  decision 

favorable  to  Gov.  Waite  and  his  Denver 
Board  of  Police  ;  there  are  now  two  po- 
lice forces  in  the  city. 

N.  J.     Gov.  Werts  vetoes  one  of  the 

race-track    repeal    bills   passed    by  the 

Legislature. 
Mar.  27.    A"^.  ./.      The   Assembly  passes 

the    race-track    repeal    bill    over    Gov. 

Werts's  veto. 

N.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  refuses  audience 

to  a  citizen  delegation  from  Troy,  bear- 
ing a  petition  requesting  him  to  entrust 
the  prosecution  of  election  frauds  in  that 
city  to  the  attorney-general,  there  being 
no  confidence  in  the  district  attorney. 

D.  C     Congress:    Funeral  services 

are  held  in  the  Senate  chamber  for  Sena- 
tor Alfred  H.  Colquitt  of  Ga. 

John  ^t.  Reynolds,  as.siBtant  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  renders  a  decision  which 
enlarges  the  pension  roll. 

Mar.  28.  D.  (\  Congress;  Senate: 
Joseph  N.  Dolph  of  Ore.  introduces  a 
resolution  abrogating  the  Clayton-Bul- 
wer  Treaty;  it  is  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Foreign  Relations. 

N.  Y.  The  Senate  passes  the  Non- 
partisan Election  Inspectors'  Bill. 

Mar.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
receives  President  Cleveland's  veto 
message  on  the  Seigniorage  Bill. 

The  answer  of  President  Dole  of  the 
Provisional  Government  of  Hawaii  to 
the  demand  by  Minister  Willis  for  more 
specific  charges  Is  received  at  Washing- 
ton. 

Ga.     Gov.  Northen  appoints  Speaker 

Charles  F.  Crisp  to  be  U.  S.  Senator 
as  successor  to  A.  H.  Colquitt,  deceased. 
[Mar.  30.    Declined.] 

N.  Y.  The  Senate  votes  for  a  legisla- 
tive investigation  of  the  management 
of  the  Elmira  Reformatory. 

Apr.  2.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
W.  Voorhees  of  Ind.  opens  the  tariff 
debate  in  a  three  hours'  speech  ;  the 
Bering-Sea  Bill  is  reported  and  slightly 
amended, 

Ga.    Patrick  "Walsh,  editor  of  The 

Augusta  Chronicle,  is  appointed  by  Gov. 
Northen  to  succeed  the  late  Senator 
Colquitt  as  U.  S.  Senator. 

Apr.  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Bering-Sea  Bill,  to  give 
effect  to  the  award  rendered  by  the  Tri- 
bunal of  Arbitration  of  Paris;  bill  in- 
troduced Apr.  2,  3.  [Apr.  5.  Passed  by 
the  Plouse.    Apr.  10.    Approved.] 

N.  Y.    At  the  Gravesend  municipal 

election  the  anti-McKane  ticket  is 
chosen  by  a  majority  of  273,  and  in  New 
Utrecht  the  reform  ticket  is  elected. 

S.  C.  Gov,  Tillman  Issues  a  procla- 
mation assuming  entire  control  of  the 
police  and  marshals  in  the  cities  and 
incorporated  towns  of  the  State ;  he 
makes  a  statement  in  defense  of  his 
course  ;  the  militia  leave  Columbia  for 
the  scenes  of  the  dispensary  trouble. 

Apr.  4.  D.  C.  Congress;  in  the  Senate 
W.  B,  Allison  of  la.  concludes  his  speech 
in  opposition  to  the  Wilson  Tariff  BiU, 
and    R.   Q.   Mills    of    Tex,    defends    it. 


1894,  Mar.  15-Apr.  4.    455 


House  :  The  motion  to  pass  the  Seign- 
iorage BiU  over  the  President's  veto  is 
defeated.     Vote,  144-114. 

N.  J.  Gov.  Werts  signs  the  bill  mak- 
ing women  eligible  to  oftlce  of  notary 
public,  and  issues  the  first  commission 
to  Miss  Ida  Phares. 

—  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  summons  the 
managers  of  the  Elmira  Reformatory 
to  appear  before  him,  and  answer  the 
charges  against  them. 

R.   I.      The    Republicans    carry    the 

State  election  by  increased  pluralities. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Mar.  18.  Colo.  The  Union  De- 
pot at  Denver  is  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss, 
$300,000. 

la.  A  prairie  fire  rages  on  the  Mis- 
souri River  bottoms  below  Sioux  City. 

Mar.  19.  Colo.  The  troops  are  with- 
drawn from  Cripple  Creek,  order  be- 
ing restored. 

Mar.  21.  Cat.  Ex-Senator  Fair  supports 
an  attempt  to  corner  wheat  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Neb.  An  interstate  Irrigation  Con- 
vention meets  at  Omaha. 

Mar.  23.  Pa.  At  the  Acme  Powder 
Company's  works  at  Black's  Run,  10,000 
pounds  of  dynamite  explode ;  five 
persons  are  killed,  and  one  is  injured  ; 
five  buildings  are  destroyed  ;  loss, 
$12,000. 

Mar.  26  ±.  '  N.  Mex.  —  Ariz.  A  man 
named  Reavis  claims  the  Feralta 
grant,  which  includes  12,800,000  acres 
of  land  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Mar.  27.  New  York.  The  State  of  Geor- 
gia arrives  with  a  hole  in  her  bow 
caused  by  ice-floes. 

Mar.  28.  New  York.  Smallpox  is  de- 
clared epidemic  by  the  health  authori- 
ties. 

Mar.  29.  Tex.  Great  destitution  is  re- 
ported ;  many  are  on  the  verge  of 
starvation. 

Mar.  30.  Chicago.  The  last  of  the 
World's  Fair  Columbian  Guards  are 
formally  mustered  out  of  service. 

Cal.    The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State 

renders  a  decision  which  fixes  the  capi- 
tal at  Sacramento. 

III.    Five  lives  are  lost,  10  persons 

injured,  several  houses  damaged  and 
two  wrecked  by  the  collapse  of  a 
steam-pipe  of  the  Peoria  Water  Com- 
pany. 

Mar.  31.  La.  A  break  occurs  in  the 
levees  near  Sbreveport  and  at  Harri- 
son's Bluffs. 

Cal.    The  Somali,  England's  largest 

merchantman,  arrives  at  San  Francisco, 
147  days  out  from  Hongkong,  having 
been  given  up  as  lost. 

Apr.  2.  Cal.  The  "Industrial Army" 
leaves  Los  Angeles;  it  announces  its 
purpose  to  visit  Washington. 

Apr.  3.  Cal.  An  "Army"  starts 
from  San  Francisco  for  Washington. 


456     1894,  Apr.  5 -Apr.  23. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Apr.  10,  B.C.  Adm.Benham 
is  retired  from  active  service  in  the 
navy  under  the  age  of  limitation. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  Capt.  Thomas  O.  Self- 
ridge  is  promoted  commodore  U.  S.  K. 
[Also  Apr.  16.  Capt.  Joseph  N.  Miller. 
July  10.  Capt.  Montgomery  Sicard. 
July  21.  Capt.  Edmund  O.  Matthews. 
July  31.  Capt.  Charles  S.  Norton.  .Sept. 
7.  Capt.  Robert  L.  Phythian.  Nov.  11. 
Capt.  Rush  R.  Wallace.] 

Apr.  13.  S.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  is  reor- 
ganizing the  militia  ;  he  dismisses  the 
captain  of  one  of  the  rebellious  com- 
panies who  refused  to  proceed  against 
illegal,  defiant  liquor-dealers. 

Apr.  17.  />.  C.  John  E.  Greer  is  com- 
missioned major  —  ordnance  depart- 
ment. [May  16.  William R. Hall— med- 
ical department.  June  6.  George  H. 
Torney  and  Marshall  W.  Wood  — medical 
department.   Aug.  8.    C.  A.  H.  McCauley 

—  quartermaster  department.  Aug.  13. 
Daniel  W.  Burke  — 23d  infantry.  Aug.  16. 
George  W.  Davis  —  11th  infantry.  Sept. 
2.  John  Pitman  —  quartermaster  depart- 
ment. Sept.  1'2.  F.  H.  Hathaway  — 
quartermaster  department.  Sept.  17. 
Frederick  A.  Mahan  —  corps  of  engi- 
neers. Oct.  8.  John  J.  Clague  —  sub- 
sistence department.  Oct,  10.  John 
G.  Trumbull  —  lat  artillery.  Oct.  11. 
Thomas  M.  K.  Smith  —  Ist  Infantry. 
Oct.  25.  David  H .  Kinzie  —  5th  artillery. 
Nov.  10.  William  M.  Wallace— 2d  cav- 
alry. Nov.  2G.  Jacob  H.  Smith— 2d  in- 
fantry. Dec.  29.  Charles  W.  Miner- 6th 
infantry.     Dec.  31.    Joshua  W.  Jacobs 

—  quartermaster  department.] 

Apr.  19.  Pa.  The  18-inch  armor- 
plate  designed  for  the  battle-ship  In- 
diana is  shattered  by  a  shot  from  a  12- 
iuch  gun  at  the  Indian  Head  Proving 
Grounds. 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Apr.  15.  Neiv  York.  A  statue 
to  the  memory  of  Father  Drumgoole  is 
unveiled  by  Archbishop  Corrigan. 

Apr.  17.  Okla.  A  tornado  destroys  15 
houses,  kills  two  persons,  injures  several 
others,  besides  doing  much  damage  to 
property. 

[May  11.  One  destroys  property  at 
Dalton,  O.  May  17±.  Mucli  property 
destroyed  in  Ohio.  June  25.  The  vil- 
lage of  Keighley,  Butler  County,  Kan., 
is  devastated.  June  26.  Houses  are 
demolished  in  Louisville  ;  also  in  Jeffer- 
son, Ind.  Sept.  22.  Michigan  and  Min- 
nesota are  visited.  Oct.  1.  Wichita, 
Kan.,  is  visited.  Nov.  3.  At  Willis, 
Tex.,  three  churches  and  many  houses 
are  demolished.] 

Apr.  20.  D.  C.  The  annual  convention 
of  the  American  Meteorological  So- 
ciety opens  at  Washington. 

Apr.  22.  N.  y.  Swarms  of  17-year 
locusts  appear  in  and  near  Nyack. 


Apr,  9.  Graham,  John,  criminal  lawyer, 
dies. 

Apr.  13.  Field,  David  Dudley,  lawyer, 
jurist,  A89. 

Apr.  14.  Slocum.  Henry  W.,  ntaj.-gen., 
corps  connuaniler  under  Sherman,  A67. 

Vance.  Zebulon  B..  Gov.,  senator  for 

N.  C,  A64. 

Apr.  17.  Knabe,  Ernest  J.,  piano-manu- 
facturer, A57. 

Apr.  Sa.    Waterbury,  N.  J.,  lawyer,  A75. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1694. 
Apr.  5.    Corey,  Charles,    insanity   expert, 
Ati-1.  '         *~     > 


CHXJRCH. 

1894  Apr.  5.  Chicago.  Methodist  min- 
isters pass  resolutions  asking  Pope  IjCO 
to  extend  the  same  religious  freedom  in 
South  America  that  is  enjoyed  in  North 
America —  as  Methodist  missionaries  are 
heing  maltreated  by  Roman  Catholics  in 
Peru,  Ecuador,  and  Bolivia. 

Apr.  21.  The  Judiciary  Committee 
of  the  General  Assembly  (Presbyterian) 
recommends  the  entertaining  of  Prof. 
H.  P.  Smith's  appeal  from  the  Ohio 
Synod,  and  the  Assembly  adopts  the 
order. 

(Apr.  25.)  The  trial  for  heresy  is  con- 
tinued. 

(Apr.  26.)  The  General  Assembly,  by 
a  vote  of  396  to  101,  convicts  Prof.  Smith 
of  heresy. 

Apr.  22.  New  York.  The  58th  anniver- 
sary of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Mis- 
sionary Society  for  Seamen  is  cele- 
brated. 

LETTERS. 

1894    Apr.  6.    Keic  York.    Twenty-nine 

young  women  graduate  from  the  wom- 
en's law-class  of  the  University  of  New 
York. 

Apr.  7.  U.  S.  The  American  and 
the  Union  News  Companies  refuse  to 
handle  W.  T.  Stead's  book,  If  Christ 
Came  to  Chicago. 

Apr.  8.  D.  C.  The  50th  anniversary  of 
the  organization  of  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Keligious  Education  is  cele- 
brated in  Washington. 

Apr.  9.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  signs  the 
Anti-Hazing  Bill,  to  prevent  disor- 
derly conduct  in  colleges. 

Apr.  14.  Boston.  Women  are  admitted 
to  the  privileges  of  the  club-house  of 
the  University  Club. 

Apr.  15.  Phila.  The  trustees  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  decide 
to  lengthen  the  course  to  four  years  in 
the  scope  and  organization  of  the  Whar- 
ton School  of  Finance  and  Economy. 

Apr.  16.  Cal.  Es-President  Harrison 
delivers  his  final  lecture  of  the  course 
before  the  Stanford  University ;  sub- 
ject, "  The  Institution  of  State  Govern- 
ments." 

SOCIETY. 
1894    Apr.  5.    K.  J.    The    Law    and 
Order  Xjeague  of  Franklin  Park  or- 
ders all  negroes  to  leave  the  town 

before  the  7tli  inst. 

Okla.    In  an  Indian  outbreak  42 

lives  are  lost ;  the  flght  between  cow- 
boys and  Indians  is  still  going  on. 

Apr.  6.    Cal.    An  unemployed  army, 

600  strong,  causes  trouble  in  the  city  of 
Oakland,  refusing  to  leave  until  com- 
pelled by  over  1,000  citizens. 


Chicago.     About   3,000   striking 

painters  are  locked  out  by  75  iirms. 

D.  C.    The  testimony  in  the  Breck- 

inridge-Pollard  case  at  Washington  is 
closed. 

[Apr.  14.  The  jury  returns  a  verdict 
of  $15,000  for  Miss  Pollard.] 

/;/.    Frye's  "army"  is  compelled 

by  the  chief  of  police  to  leave  East  St. 
Louis. 

Apr.  9.  New  York,  A  census  of  sa- 
loons open  on  Sunday,  March  18,  is 
published  in  the  City   Vigilant. 

It  reveals  that  in  19  Assembly  districts 
2,960  saloons  were  open  ;  that  in  from 
10  minutes  to  half  an  hour  3.312  persons 
entered  them,  not  counting  eight  police- 
men, while  39  policemen  were  seen  in 
the  immediate  vicinity. 

Police  Captain  "W.  G.  Devery  is 
acquitted  of  the  charge  of  wilful  neg- 
lect. 

A'.  Y.    Articles  of  incorporation  are 

filed  at  Albany  by  the  Patriotic  League 
of  the  Revolution,  with  headquarters 
in  Brooklyn  ;  its  object  is  to  preserve 
relics  of  the  Revolution,  and  to  foster 
patriotism. 

Pa.   The  coke-region  strikers  agree 

to  work  on  the  11,  C.  Frick  scale. 

Apr.  10.  Okla.  Robbers  try  to  hold 
up  a  Rock  Island  train  ;  the  express- 
messenger  shoots  one  dead,  the  train- 
men capture  another,  and  the  rest  flee 
without  securing  booty. 

Apr.  12.  Utah.  The  Salt  Lake  •' In- 
dustrials "  (unemployed  workinguien) 
seize  a  train  at  Provo  City  ;  the  leaders 
are  put  in  jail.  [Apr.  14.  They  are  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  in  Montana  for 
like  offense.  Apr.  19.  They  capture  two 
trains  of  the  Northern  Pacific  road  in 
Montana.  Apr.  30.  The  governor  of 
Idaho  appeals  to  the  Federal  authori- 
ties to  provide  quarters  for  "  Industri- 
als" under  arrest.] 

Apr.  13.  Oa.  Thirty  masked  illicit 
distillers,  called  Moonshiners,  whip  six 
farm-laborers  near  Calhoun,  Gordon 
County.  They  compel  women  thinly 
clad  to  stand  in  the  night  air  to  witness 
the  whipping ;  one  laborer  is  missing 
and  supposed  to  be  dead. 

U.  S.  Employees  on  the  Western  Pi- 
vision  of  the  Great  Northern  Railroad 
strike  against  a  wage-reduction,  and 
allow  nothing  but  nuiil  to  be  moved, 

[Apr.  28.  The  Knights  of  Labor  are 
called  out  in  aid  of  the  Railway  Union 
strikers.  May  1.  The  strike  is  declared 
off.  President  Hill  having  agreed  to  the 
former  scale  of  wages  for  a  large  num- 
ber of  employees.] 

Apr.  14.  N.  Dak.  A  general  strike  is 
ordered  along  the  Montana  Central  and 
Groat  Northern  from  Larimore  to  Spo- 
kane, Washington. 

Apr.  16.  Cal.  A  highwayman  robs  the 
stage  near  Milton  of  the  Wells-Fargo 
treasure-box,  containing  $2,000. 

N.  y.    Ernest  Knigge,  of  the  Citizens' 

League  for  good  government  at  Coney 
Island,  is  assaulted  and  badly  injured  in 
his  store  by  t%vo  masked  men. 

Apr.  17.  CaL  Bands  of  unemployed 
men  loot  the  houses  of  Chinese  and 
tiapanese  on  ranches. 

h}d.    W.    M.    Copland    shoots    his 

brother-in-law,  W.  H,  Bruning  of  New 
York,  in  ex-Attorney-General  Miller's 
office  at  Indianapolis  ;  he  also  accident- 
ally wounds  his  own  lawyer. 

New  York.    Police  Captain  O'Connor 

and  three  of  his  men  are  put  on  trial 
charged  with   being   in   collusion  with 

pool-sellers. 


I 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  Apr.  5.-Apr,  23.     457 


Apr.  18.  Boston.  The  celebration  of 
Patriots*  Day  is  inaugurated  at  the 
historic  old  North  Church,  where.  119 
years  ago,  warning  lights  gave  Paul 
Revere  the  signal  that  started  him  on 
Ills  memorable  ride. 

Mick.    Two  strikers   are   killed   and 

several  others,  including  a  sheriff,  in- 
jured in  a  labor  conflict  at  Detroit. 

y.   y.    Gov.   Flower    appoints    three 

commissioners  to  investigate  the  man- 
agement of  the  Klmira  Reformatory 
under  Su[>erintendent  Brockway.  [Dec. 
10.   The  governor  dismisses  the  charges.] 

Apr.  19.  Okla.  A  fight  takes  place  be- 
tween United  States  marshals  and  sev- 
eral outlaws  of  the  "  Bill "  Dalton  gang ; 
three  bandits,  a  woman  and  girl,  and 
two  marshals  are  killed. 

Pa.  The  coke-workers  at  the  Ma- 
honing and  Atlas  plants  of  the  Cambria 
Iron  Company  return  to  work. 

Apr.  20.  Xeb.  A  mob  seizes  40  box- 
cars at  Omaha  for  the  use  of  Kelly's 
"Industrial  Army;"  Kelly  refuses  to 
use  them. 

Apr.  21.  />.  C.  The  Commissioners  is- 
sue a  proclamation  warning  Coxey's 
army  against  violating  the  laws  of  the 
District  by  organizing  processions  and 
meetings. 

Ga.    White  Caps  shoot  and  kill  Henry 

Woolley,  a  Murray  Couuty  farmer,  while 
plowing. 

iV.  Y.  An  Anti- Compulsory  Vac- 
cination League  is  organized  in  Brook- 
lyn at  a  meeting  of  physicians  and 
laymen. 

U.  S.    In  obedience  to  the  order  of 

the  national  organization,  130,000  miners 
strike. 

Apr.  22.  D.  C.  Bills  for  the  creation 
of  an  American  organization  similar 
to  that  of  the  French  ** Immortals" 
are  submitted  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

F/n.    Roman  Catholics  drive  agents 

of  the  American  Protective  Association 
out  of  Palatka. 

La.    In  a  race  conflict  one  white 

and  one  negro  are  killed ;  13  negroes 
are  imprisoned,  and  posses  are  scouring 
the  country  hunting  other  negroes. 

STATE. 

1894  Apr.  5.  Md.  Gov.  Brown  signs 
the  bill  which  prohibits  all-the-year- 
round  racing  and  book-making. 

S.  C  Gov.  Tillman  i.ssues  a  proc- 
lamation restoring'  the  civil  status  in 
Florence  and  Darlington  Counties,  and 
ordering  the  militia  home. 

Apr.  7.  A».  C.  Congress;  Senate:  The 
Bering-Sea  question  is  discussed  ;  ob- 
jections are  taken  to  England's  con- 
struction of  tlie  Paris  award. 

Apr.  0.  I).  C.  Congress :  In  the  Sen- 
ate^D.  B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  makes  a  speech 
on  the  Tariff  Bill,  opposing  the  income 
tax. 

U.  S.    The  U.  S.   Chilean   Claims 

Commission  expires  by  limitation  after 
awarding  damages  to  the  amount  of 
$240,000  against  Chile. 

Apr.  10.  />.  a.  Congress :  Senate :  The 
Wolcott  resolution  to  coin  standard 
Mexican  silver  dollars,  under  some 
agreement  with  Mexico,  is  passed. 


The  caucus  of  House  Democrats  adopts 
a  resolution  in  favor  of  the  repeal  of 
the  tax  on  State-bank  circulation. 

/.  T.  The  Creeks  reject  the  propo- 
sition of  the  Dawes  Commission  for  a 
change  in  the  character  of  the  Territo- 
rial government,  over  2,000  Indiana  at 
the  national  meeting  at  Okmulgee  vot- 
ing against  the  change. 

S.  J.    Many  of  the  charter  elections 

result  in  sweeping  Republican  victories, 
causing  a  revolution  in  several  munici- 
pal governments. 

Apr.  11.  D.  C.  The^car,  the  Bush,  and 
the  Corwin  are  ordered  to  get  ready  to 
patrol  the  Bering  Sea  and  prevent  illegal 
sealing. 

Apr.  12.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
filibusters  over  a  new  rule  to  fine  mem- 
bers $10  each  for  not  voting. 

Apr.  13.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  intimates  that  he  is 
in  favor  of  adopting  the  Reed  rule  of 
counting  a  quorum  in  the  Senate ;  in 
the  House,  after  failing  to  get  a  quorum 
to  act  on  the  journal,  the  Democrats 
hold  a  caucus,  and  decide  upon  a  policy 
which  practically  amounts  to  counting 
a  quorum. 

Apr.  14.  IJ.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  W. 
A.  Pelfer  Introduces,  by  request,  a  bill 
to  prohibit  any  person  from  owning 
more  than  one  hundred  acres  of  land ; 
it  is  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Fi- 
nance ;  the  Tariff  Bill  is  debated ; 
seven  items  on  the  chemical  schedule 
are  disposed  of. 

Apr.  15,  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disjwses  of  18  paragraphs  of  the  Tariff 
Bill ;  in  the  House  a  new  quorum-comit- 
iug  rule  is  practically  agreed  upon  by 
the  Democrats  in  the  Committee  on 
Rules  ;  it  is  aimed  against  obstructive 
action  by  an  adverse  minority,  and  de- 
signed to  facilitate  the  transaction  of 
business  by  the  majority. 

Apr.  17.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
committee  is  appointed  to  investigate 
the  alleged  attempts  at  bribery  and  the 
Sugar  Trust's  campaign  contributions  ; 
the  House  adopts  a  rule  to  count  a 
quorum,  embodying  ex-Speaker  Reed's 
principle,  —  counting  those  who  refuse 
to  vote  as  present.    Vote,  212-47. 

Apr.  18.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  Tariff  Bill  is  discussed  by  Senators 
Morrill,  Turpie,  Cameron,  and  Quay, 
David  Turpie  defending  the  bill. 

Secretary  Herbert  receives  charges  of 
armor-plate  frauds  against  the  Carnegie 
Company. 

Apr.  19.  S.  r.  The  Dispensary  Li- 
quor Law  is  declared  unconstitutional 
by  the  State  Supreme  Court,  one  judge 
dissenting. 

Apr.  20.  N.  r.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the 
bill  for  a  Bi-partisan  Police  Commis- 
sion in  New  York  City,  on  the  ground 
that  it  is  bad  in  principle,  and  designed 
in  the  interest  of  party  politics  rather 
than  public  good. 


Apr.  21.  D.  C.  The  bribery  investi- 
gation is  begun  by  the  Senate  Commit- 
tee ;  Kppa  Hunton  of  Va.  and  James  H. 
Kyle  of  S.  Dak.  testify.  (See  Apr,  17.) 
[Apr.  23.    Investigation  completed.] 

Secretary  Lamont  reduces  War  De- 
partment expenses  about  $250,000  by  the 
discharge  of  22  clerks. 

Apr.  22.  Ala.  Congressman  Wm.  C. 
Oates  is  nominated  by  the  Democrats 
for  governor,  defeating  the  anti-Admin- 
istration men. 

Apr.  23.  />.  a  Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate a  test  vote  is  taken  on  the  Tariff 
Bill,  a  motion  to  lay  it  on  the  table 
being  defeated. 

X.  Y.     Bradley's   Bridge  Trustees 

Bill  passes  the  Senate.    Vote,  20-10. 

Pa.    Gen.  Daniel  H.  Hastings  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Apr.  8.  Pa.  At  the  abandoned 
workings  at  Leggett's  Creek  mine  12 
acres  of  Scranton  cave  in. 

Apr.  9.     Wlf.    Davidson's  Theater  at 

Milwaukee  burns  ;  nine  firemen  are 
killed,  and  many  injured. 

Apr.  10.  N.  Y.  A  three-story  apart- 
ment-house in  Brooklyn  collapses  and 
takes  fire ;  two  persons  are  killed,  and 
eight  burned  and  bruised. 

Apr.  11.  N.J.  In  two  wrecks  on  the 
coast  15  sailors  lose  their  lives. 

Apr.  12.  X.  Y.  The  American  Glu- 
cose   Works    in    Buffalo   are    burned : 

los.^,  $1,200,000. 

Apr.  13± .    Mass.    Two  vessels  are  lost 

off  the  coast,  with  all  on  board ;  many 
other  shipping  disasters  occur  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  great  storm, 

Apr.  14.  N.  J.  The  Central  Traction 
Company  files  articles  of  incorporation 
with  the  Secretary  of  State. 

±  Neb.     Judge  E.  S.  Dundy,  of  the 

V.  S.  District  Court  in  Omaha,  restores 
the  rate  of  wages  of  the  employees  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

N.  Y.  Corporation  Counsel  McDon- 
ald begins  action  to  recover  $1,289.50 
overcharge  by,  and  paid  illegally  out 
of  public  funds  by  city  ofticials  to,  G.  F. 
Miller,  for  dinners  and  wines  during  the 
Columbian  celebration  in  Brooklyn. 

Apr.  16.  Xeic  York.  The  Coffee  Ex- 
change decides  to  adopt  the  clearing- 
house system.     Vote,  94-90. 

Apr.  17.  Wash.  The  Bering-Sea  fleet 
sails  from  Port  Townsend. 

Apr.  18.  Til.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  Whisky  Trust  is  held  in  Peoria. 

Apr.  20.  CaL  A  liberty  tree  is  planted 
in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  by 
the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution. 

The  soil  around  its  roots  comes  from 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  historic 
spots  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

Apr.  22.  D.  C.  The  Pan-American 
Bimetallist  Convention  meets  in 
Washington. 


458     1894,  Apr,  23 -May  11. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1894  May  10.  /).  C.  John  W.  Barlow- 
is  commissioned  colonel  —  corps  of  engi- 
neers,  [May  16.  Joseph  P.  Wright  — 
medical  department.  June  28.  Francis 
L.  Town  — medical  department.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1894    May  6.     Hail-storms     do     much 

damage  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 

both  East  and  West. 
May  10.     Va.    The  monument  to  the 

mother  of   George   "Washington  is 

dedicated  at  Fredericksburg ;  President 

Cleveland  is  present. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1684. 

Apr.  30.  Hatton,  Frank,  postmaster-gen- 
eral, editor  Washington  Post,  A50. 

Stockbridge,    Francis    B.,    senator    for 

Mich.,  A68. 

May  1.  Al)eU,  G.  W.,  publisher  of  BaU%- 
more  San,  A52. 

May  7.  Harrow,  Frances  EUzabetli,  writer 
(Aunt  Fannyj,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Apr.  29.  Monsignor  Satolli  or- 
ders that  only  English  shall  he  used 
in  Catholic  Cathedral  churches  of  Amer- 
ica. 

May  4.  Tenn.  The  General  Confer- 
ence (Methodist  Episcopal  South)  meets 
at  Memphis. 

May  10.  N.  Y.  The  25th  anniversary 
of  the  pastorate  of  Rev.  Dr.  Talmage 
in  Brooklyn  is  celebrated. 

LETTERS. 

1894  May  6.  iV.  C.  Secretary  Hoke 
Smith  delivers  the  commencement  ad- 
dress at  the  University  of  North  Car- 
olina. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Apr.  23.  Xew  York.  Dr.  Park- 
hurst  notifies  Police  Captain  Martens  of 
a  "  dive  "  within  30  yards  of  the  police- 
station. 

Apr.  24.  Pa,  Eight  strikers  are 
killed  and  many  wounded  in  a  fight 
with  deputy-sheriffs  in  the  coke-region. 
[Apr.  27.  Strikers  and  operators  are 
said  to  be  arming  and  preparing  for  a 
conflict ;  Gov.  Pattison  addresses  the 
strikers  and  counsels  peace  and  modera- 
tion. May.  4.  Women  lead  an  attack 
of  rioters;  three  Hungarians  are  shot; 
a  company's  official  is  fatally  beaten. 
May  9.  The  strike  is  renewed  with  vio- 
lence. May  24.  Five  strikers  are  killed 
while  making  an  attack  on  a  coke-plant.] 
(See  June  5).  [-Inly  24.  Strikers  make 
some  demonstrations  of  violence  till 
drivenoff  by  thesheritf.  Aug.  17.  Coke- 
workers  in  the  Connellsville  region 
abandon  the  strike,  denouncing  their 
leaders  for  false  representation.] 

Apr.  25.  Colo.  A  conflict  between  strik- 
ing miners  and  deputy-sheriffs  takes 

place  at  Cripple  Creek. 

[May  20.  A  reign  of  terror  prevails  ; 
strikers  plunder  sliops  of  provisions  and 
arms.  May  25.  The  strikers  and  dep- 
uty-sheriffs come  into  conflict.  May  26. 
The  strikers  blow  up  the  Company's 
buildings  and  wreck  the  shaft  with  dy- 
namite.] 

—  O.  A  young  woman  is  killed  in 
the  street  in  Cincinnati    by  Father   D. 


O'Grady,  a  jealous  Uoman  Catholic 
priest. 

Apr.  26.  Mo7it.  Hogan's "  Industrial 
Army  "  is  captured  at  Forsyth,  for  steal- 
ing a  train,  and  taken  to  Helena  under 
an  escort  of  Federal  troops  and  deputy- 
marshals. 

[May  15.  One  member  is  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  six  months,  and  40 
others  for  two  months.] 

Apr.  27.  III.  In  the  coal-region  armed 
strikers  are  driving  out  workingminers. 
Sheriff  Lenz,  of  Marshall  County,  asks 
aid  from  the  State  authorities  ;  the  First 
Regiment  Illinois  National  Guards  is 
ordered  to  the  scene  of  trouble. 

La.     Eight  negroes  are  lynched. 

Okla.     Vigilance  committees  attack 

a  band  of  horse-thieves  ;  they  kill  five, 

and  capture  und  hang  two. 

Apr.  28.    fa.    A  gang  of  tramp  thieves 

is  corralled  in  a  barn  in  Missouri  Valley  ; 
on  being  called  to  surrender,  they  open 
fire,  killing  the  city  marshal  and  wound- 
ing two  of  his  officers. 

Ind.    A  gang  of  25  masked  men 

armed  with  axes  visit  Bert  Willis's  sa- 
loon at  Burlington,  and  destroy  the  stock 
and  fixtures,  burning  them  in  a  bonfire. 

O.     Galvin's   "Industrial  Army" 

seizes  a  train  ;  four  companies  of  militia 
and  Battery  H  are  ordered  to  Mount 
Sterling  and  rescue  it. 

Apr.  30.  Chicago.  Proceedings  are  be- 
gun against  the  Chicago  Gas  Trust 
and  the  American  Tobacco  Company, 
both  doing  business  as  trusts  in  violation 
of  law. 

iVew  York.     Five  men  who  have  been 

burning  stables  to  get  insurance  money 
are  arrested. 

May  1.  /).  C.  Coxey's  "army"  enters 
Washington  ;  the  "  general "  is  not  al- 
lowed to  make  a  demonstration  at  the 
Capitol ;  Browne  and  Jones,  two  other 
leading  men,  are  arrested  for  disorderly 
conduct. 

[May  2.  **  Gen."  Coxey  is  arrested. 
The  "  army"  diminishes  rapidly.  I^Iay 
8.  Found  guilty  of  trespassing  on  the 
Capitol  grounds.  May  9.  The  House 
Committee  nn  Labor  gives  Coxey  a  hear- 
ing respecting  the  trespass  and  the  duty 
of  the  Government  to  laborers.  May  21. 
Coxey,  Browne,  and  Jones  are  sentenced 
to  confinement  in  jail  for  20  days.] 

fa.  *'  Gen."  Kelley,  of  the  *'  Indus- 
trial Army,"  refuses  to  leave  Des  Moines 
when  ordered  to  go  by  the  city  author- 
ities. 

III.—  Tenn.    Several    hundred  more 

coal-miners  go  out  on  strike ;  all  the 
miners  at  Coal  Creek,  Tenn.,  stop  work. 
(See  May  28.) 

May  2.  Minn.  A  mob  of  strikers  com- 
pels over  300  workers  at  Mountain  Iron 
mine,  of  the  Rockefeller  group,  to  quit. 
[May  3.  Troops  are  ordered  to  the 
Messaba  Iron  range,  the  strikers  threat- 
ening destruction  to  life  and  property.] 

Mo.     The  grand  jury  at  Kansas  City 

returns  indictments  against  13  partici- 
pants in  the  recent  election  riots ;  three 
for  murder  in  the  first  degree. 

O.  Conflicts  occur  between  the  po- 
lice and  riotous  mobs  in  Cleveland  ;  the 

local  militia  are  called  to  the  armory. 
[May  8+:.  Militia  men  are  discharged 
by  tlieir  employers  for  aiding  to  sup- 
press the  strike.] 

May  3.  iS^.  Y.  Commercial  Bank  ofl[l- 
i-ers  are  indicted  in  Brooklyn,  charged 
with  violating  the  law  of  1892,  and  wreck- 
ing the  bank. 


May  5.  ^rk.  A  negro  in  Ouachita 
County,  supposed  to  have  smallpox,  is 
burned  in    his  cabin,  which   has  been 

tired  by  persons  unknown. 

Phila.    Barney  Sacks,  a  confectioner. 

shoots  his  mother  and  kills  hinisell. 

May  7.     Ala.      Striking    coal-miners 

destroy  property  in  two  mines  where 
men  refusing  to  join  the  strike  are  at 
work. 

[June  7.  Strikers  blow  up  mine  ma- 
chinery with  dynamite  at  Horse  Creek, 
discharge  gims  into  the  Company's 
stores  and  houseSj  and  wreck  freight- 
cars.  June  18.  Miners  vote  to  continue 
the  strike;  two  bridges  are  blown  up, 
July  IC.  Miners  murderously  attack 
negro  workmen,  killing  eight;  troops 
are  ordered  out  to  quell  the  distu  rbance.  j 

May  8.  The  miners*  strike  is  spreading 
in  Maryland,  West  Virginia,  and  Illinois. 

Xew  York.    Maj.-Gen.  O.  O.  Howard 

is  chosen  president  of  the  National 
Temi)erance  Society  at  its  annual 
meeting. 

S.  C    The  Supreme  Court  of  the  State 

decides  that  the  Ehrans  liquor  Law  is 
valid. 

May  9.  Boston.  The  second  annual  con- 
vention of  Working  Girls*  Clubs  is 
held  ;  over  100  delegates  from  14  promi- 
nent American  cities  attend. 

Neb.    The  Hibernian  Convention  in 

session  at  Omaha  decides  to  form  Co- 
lumbian Leagues  in  each  State  to  off- 
set the  American  Protective  Association 
societies. 

Pa.    A.  Woodley  shoots  and  kills 

Jennie  Buchanan  in  Allegheny;  he 
wounds  himself,  and  is  imprisoned. 

±  Pa.  —  Colo.    Trains  are  stolen  by 

bands  of  Coxeyites  ;  in  Pennyslvania  the 
stealers  are  sent  to  jail  for  20  days. 

Phila.    The  General  Federation  of 

■Women*s  Cluba  begins  its  second  bi- 
ennial session,  with  325  delegates  from 
37  States,  and  500  other  women  present. 
[Mrs.  Ellen  M.  Henrotin,  of  Chicago, 
president.] 

May  10.  Wash.  Two  deputy-marshals 
and  several  citizens  are  shot  in  a  conflict 
with  Coxeyites  who  have  stolen  a  train 
at  Yakima. 

May  11  +  .  Chicago.  The  Pullman 
Palace-Car  "Works  are  closed  against 
the  employees,  they  having  struck  for 
higher  wages. 

(May  22.)  The  American  Railway 
T'nion  declares  a  boycott  upon  all  Pull- 
man cars,  unless  the  company  cunsents 
to  arbitrate  the  differences  with  its  strik- 
ing employees. 

(June  25.)  All  the  shops  of  the  Car 
Company  are  closed  except  the  Delaware 
works. 

(JuxE  26.)  The  boycott  of  the  Pull- 
man cars  goes  into  effect. 

(June  27.)  The  boycott  extends  to  all 
roads  entering  Chicago;  one  railroad 
yields,  and  runs  trains  without  PirJluian 
cars. 

(June  28.)  The  railway  .strike  spreads 
to  20  roads  in  the  West,  and  paralyzes 
travel  from  San  Francisco  to  Chicago ; 
nearly  40,000  men  are  said  to  be  involved. 

(June  29.)  The  operating  of  the  roads 
is  seriously  crippled  by  trainmen  joining 
the  strikers. 

(June  30.)  Strikers  spike  switches  in 
Chicago;  police  protection  is  asked. 

(July  5.)  Rioting  occurs  along  three 
miles  of  the  Lake  Shore  and  Rock  Island 
tracks.  Mayor  Hopkins  and  the  Council 
Committee  ineet  the  American  Railway 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  Apr.  23  -  May  11.    459 


Union  officials ;  Eugene  V.  Debs  issues 
a  statement ;  eight  more  companies  of 
regulars  are  ordered  to  Chicaj^o. 

(July  G.)  a  mob  burns  22s  cars  along 
the  line  of  the  Pan  Handle  Road  ;  side- 
tracked produce-<!ar8  are  looted.  War- 
rants are  sworn  out  for  the  arrest  of 
Debs  and  Howard;  Gov.  Altgeld  orders 
out  two  brij^ades  of  militia;  about  50 
fires  start  in  the  Stock-yards  district. 

(Jdly  7.)  The  mob  continues  the 
burning  of  cars,  and  rioting.  Over 
$1,000,000  damage  is  already  done  by 
incendiaries  ;  the  Government  assumes 
control  of  the  Northern  Pacific  as  a 
Post  and  Military  Road ;  over  100,000 
men  are  out  of  work  in  and  near  Chi- 
cago. 

(July  9.)  Rioting  and  disorder;  the 
Pullman  Company  finally  refuses  to  sub- 
mit the  controversy  with  its  employees 
to  arbitration,  and  a  general  strike  of 
tbe  labor-unions  may  take  place. 

(July  10.)  Debs,  Howard,  and  other 
strike  leaders  are  arrested  for  conspir- 
acy to  obstruct  the  mails ;  they  are  re- 
leased on  bail.  The  Knights  of  Labor 
are  asked  by  the  General  Master  Work- 
man, Sovereign,  to  join  the  strike;  the 
trades-unions  of  Chicag;o  go  out  on  a 
general  sympathetic  strike. 

(July  11.)  The  appeal  to  the  Knights 
of  Labor  to  join  the  strike  is  but  slov^rly 
responded  to ;  only  about  15,000  men  go 
out  in  Chicago,  and  none  go  out  else- 
where. A  dressed-beef  train  of  50  cars 
bound  for  New  York  leaves  under  pro- 
tection of  sohiiers.  A  bomb  is  sent  to 
Vice-President  Wiokes,  of  the  Pullman 
Company,  the  messenger  saying  that  he 
received  it  from  a  lady. 

(July  12.)  Trains  move  more  freely 
without  attendant  disorder ;  reports 
from  the  Middle,  Western,  and  South- 
western States  sliow  that  the  strike  is 
breaking  all  along  the  line. 

(July  13.)  President  Debs  offers  to 
declare  the  railroad  strike  vS  if  the  gen- 
eral managers  wi  11  take  back  the  strikers 
not  accused  of  crime,  but  the  managers 
refuse  to  consider  the  proposition  ;  the 
strike  is  near  its  end  ;  Samuel  Gompers 
issues  a  statement  declaring  a  general 
sympathetic  strike  of  the  Federation  of 
Labor  inexpedient. 

(July  14.)  President  Debs  declares  he 
will  continue  the  strike  if  necessary  ; 
strikers  return  to  work  in  several  places  ; 
the  Chicago  Building  Trades'  Council 
rescinds  its  strike  order.    ■ 

(July  17.)  President  Debs  and  three 
other  strike  leaders  are  lodged  in  jail  at 
Chicago  on  the  charge  of  contempt  of 
the  Federal  Courts;  telegrams  sent  by 
them  to  strikers  after  the  issue  of  the 
injunction  are  produced  in  evidence  ;  the 
prisoners  refuse  to  be  bailed  out. 

(July  18.)  About  lOO  Pullman  strikers 
return  to  work. 

(July  21.)  Several  directors  of  the 
American  Railway  Union  are  arrested. 
Several  hundred  workmen  apply  for  re- 
instatement by  the  Pullman  Company. 

(July  31.)  Half  the  militia  guarding 
Pullman  Js  withdra\vn. 

(Aug.  2.)  Business  is  resumed  at  Pull- 
man ;  300  strikers  return  to  work. 
[Others  follow.] 

(Aug.  5.)  This  colossal  strike  is  de- 
clared off  by  a  vote  of  the  American 
Union ;  the  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illi- 
nois and  the  Santa  F6  roads  are  ex- 
cepted. 

(Aug.  7.)  The  last  of  the  Illinois  Guard 
are  ordered  home. 

(Aug.  14.)  George  M.  Pullman  issues 
a  statement  defending  his  company's 
character. 

STATE. 

1894.  Apr.  24.  D.  C.  Congress; 
Senate  :  the  'Wilson  Tariff  Bill  is  dis- 
cussed, Roger  Q.  Mills  of  Tex.  closing  the 
general  debate  in  a  speech  favoring  the 
bill  with  the  income-tax  provision  ;  the 
House  passes  the  Fost*ofQ,ce  Appro- 


priation Bill  introduced  Mar.  24,  after 
five  discussions. 

The  Senate  Investigation  Committee 
examines  three  newspaper  correspond- 
ents on  the  Sugar  Trust  charges. 

A".  .7.    The  Assembly  passes  the  bill 

forbidding  pool-selling  and  book-mak- 
ing. 

O.     The    House    of    Representatives 

passes  the  bill  granting  to  wromen  the 
sutfrage  in  school  elections. 

Apr.  25.  n.  C.  Congress;  Senate: 
Rapid  progress  is  made  on  the  metal 
scbedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill. 

The  Coinage  Committee  of  the  House 
decides  to  defer  the  consideration  of  the 
Meyer-Bland  Seigniorage  BiU,  and 
discuss  the  Bland  Free  Coinage  Bill 
instead. 

Apr.  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
V.  Allen's  Coxey  resolution,  assert- 
ing tbe  right  of  unarmed  companies  of 
men  to  enter  upon  the  Capitol  grounds, 
is  opposed  by  several  Senators ;  the 
House  passes  the  Diplomatic  and  Con- 
sular Appropriation  Bill  introduced 
Mar.  5;  a  lively  debate  is  caused  by  the 
resolution  already  adopted  to  impose 
fines  on  absentees. 

A^.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  having  signed  the 

bill,  the  town  of  Flatbush  becomes  the 
2i>th  ward  of  Brooklyn  ;  the  governor 
signs  the  bill  providing  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  State  Colony  for  Epilep- 
tics, to  be  known  as  *'  the  Craig  Colony,'* 
in  honor  of  the  late  Oscar  Craig  of  Roch- 
ester. 

Apr.  27.  D.  C.  The  briefs  in  the  John 
Y.  McKane  case  are  submitted  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in 
Washington.    (See  Society,  p.  442.) 

.v.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the  Blan- 
ket Ballot  Election  Bill,  for  secret  vot- 
ing. 

Apr.  29.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  report 
of  a  compromise  among  Democratic 
Senators  is  made  public. 

The  concessions  made  to  the  conserva- 
tives include  a  change  of  the  sugar  duty 
to  an  ad  valorem  basis,  and  the  limiting 
of  the  operation  of  the  income  tax  to 
five  years  only. 

Apr.  30.  -Y.  J.  The  Senate  repeals,  by 
a  strict  party  vote,  the  gerrymander 
laws  of  the  last  Assembly,  also  the  law 
providing  for  the  election  of  Assembly- 
men by  counties. 

May  2.  D.  C.  Congress  :  The  House 
passes  the  Dockery  Commission  Bill, 
to  consider  improved  methods  of  ac- 
counting in  the  Treasury  Department ; 
it  passes  the  Army  Appropriation 
Bill  introduced  Mar.  19. 

May  3.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  the  first  paragraph  of  the 
"Wilson  Tariff  Bill. 

N.  y.  Gov.  Flower  signs  the  annex- 
ation bills  uniting  all  the  Kings  County 
towns  to  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 

May  4.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  River  and  Harbor  Appro- 
priation Bill  introduced  Mar.  31. 

May  7.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Chinese  Treaty  in  execu- 
tive session  ;  the  amended  Tariff  Bill 
(about  400  amendments)  is  presented  in 
Committee  to  the  Republican  Senators  ; 


the  House  passes  the  Dunphy  Hudson 
River  Bridge  Bill,  to  connect  New 
York  and  Jersey  City ;  bill  introduced 
Mar.  27. 

N.  Y.    The  General  Term  of  the  Court 

of  Common  Pleas  decides  that  the  Ives 
Pool  Bill  is  unconstitutional. 

The  Republican  delegates  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  name  the  offi- 
cers :  president,  Joseph  H.  Choate  ;  vice- 
presidents,  ex-Lieut.-Gov.  Alvord  and 
W.  H.  Steel  of  Oswego;  clerk,  C.  E. 
Fitch,  ex-editor  of  the  Rochester  Demo- 
crat and  Chronicle;  Sergeant-at-arms, 
W.  W.  Bennett,  a  war  veteran. 

May  8.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Con- 
vention is  organized  at  Albany  by  the 
election  of  Joseph  H.  Choate  of  New 
York  as  president. 

S.  C.  The  Supreme  Court  at  Colum- 
bia decides  that  the  State  is  practically 
under  prohibition. 

May  9.  V.  <\  Congress:  Tlie  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff. BiU;  an  amend- 
ment to  levy  duties  on  goods  in  bond, 
on  the  date  the  bill  goes  into  effect,  is 
agreed  to  ;  the  Lodge  amendment,  for 
the  imposition  of  discriminating  duties 
on  England,  as  a  means  of  forcing  the 
acceptance  of  bimetallism  by  that  coun- 
try, is  laid  on  the  table ;  the  Russian 
Bering  Sea  Treaty  is  ratified. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  signs  the  *'  Huc- 
kleberry*' Railroad  Bill  and  the  bill  ap- 
propriating $350,000  for  improving  the 
canals  of  the  State. 

May  10.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
Tariff  debate  is  continued  ;  the  Allen 
resolution  for  an  investigation  of  the  po- 
lice treatment  of  the  Coxey  **  Army" 
is  discussed,  Senators  Stewart  and  Tel- 
ler defending  Coxey,  and  Senator  Hoar 
opposing  the  resolution.  [It  fails  to 
pass.] 

Xeto   York.    Richard  Croker  resigns 

as  a  member  of  the  Executive  Commit- 
tee and  as  chairman  of  the  Finance 
Committee  of  Tammany  Hall ;  John 
McQuade  is  selected  to  take  his  place. 

N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the  non- 
partisan Park  Commission  Bill,  as  toa 
partisan. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Apr.  27.  N.  Y.  Gasport  is 
nearly  burned  out. 

Apr.  29  ±.  La.  The  loss  by  the  burning 
of  the  St.  Charles  Hotel  in  New  Orleans 
reaches  $500,(X)0. 

May  3.  N.  Y.  Tlie  second  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  National  Association  of 
Wholesale  Lumber  Dealers  begins  its 
sessions  at  Bulfalo. 

The  Wilson  Line  steamer  Persian  Mon- 
arch, from  London  for  New  York,  runs 
ashore  at  Eastport,  Long  Island. 

May  6.  New  York.  The  steamer  La 
Champagne  of  the  French  Line,  from 
Havre  to  New  York,  runs  ag^round  in 
the  Narrows  near  Fort  Lafayette. 

May  9.    Me.    Norway  loses   $300,000 

by  fire. 

May  10.  Chicago.  The  National  Biur- 
ial-Case  Association  is  in  session. 


460     1894,  May  11-June  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894    May  12.    la.   The  torpedo  boat 

Ericsson  is  luunclied  at  Dubvique. 
June  2.     D.  C.      Orders  are  sent  to  the 
cruiser  Jialtimore  to  proceed  to  Korea 
to  protect  Americans  whose  lives  and 
property  are  iu  danger. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  May  12.  Netv  York.  Sunol's 
statue  of  Columbus  is  unveiled  in 
Central  Park  by  Vice-President  Steven- 
son. 

May  15.  Phila.  The  15th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association  begins. 

May  16.  Phila.  The23d  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Fisheries  Society 
begins. 

May  18±,  Tlxe  worst  storm  of  the  sea- 
son is  raging  on  Lake  Michigan  ;  about 
20  lives  are  lost. 

May  22.  N.  Y.  —  Pa.  The  floods  are 
subsiding  ;  the  loss  in  Lycoming  County, 
Pa.,  alone  is  estimated  at  $3,000,000. 

May  23.  O.  The  second  concert  of  the 
Music  Festival  at  Cincinnati  takes 
place  under  the  lead  of  Theo.  Thomas. 

May  24.  Co7m.  The  bust  of  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe  is  unveiled  at  the 
Wadsworth  Atheueura,  Hartford. 

May  28.  IlL  Xjoeusts  appear  in  large 
numbers. 

May  29.  />.  C.  The  Triennial  Con- 
gress of  American  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  opens  in  Washington. 

May  30.  New  York.  The  statue  of 
Horace  Greeley,  erected  by  Typo- 
graphical Union  No.  6,  is  unveiled;  it 
stands  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Thirty-third  Street. 

Va.    A  moniunent  to  the  Soldiers 

and  Sailors  of  the  Confederacy  is  tin- 
veiled  at  Richmond. 

May  31.  Cofo.  The  damage  to  property 
at  Pueblo  from  cloudbursts  amounts  to 
9600,000 ;  hundreds  of  people  are  home- 
less. 

Jime  2.  Chicago.  The  Field  Columbian 
Museum,  occupying  the  Art  Building  at 
the  World's  Fair,  is  formally  dedicated. 

Colo.    Snow  seven  feet  deep  lies  on 

Pike's  Peak. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 
May  15.     Shaffer,  Chauncy,  criminal  law- 
yer, A75. 
May  20.     Lionberger,  John    K.,   financier, 
dies. 

qnuRCH. 

1894  May  13.  A'.  Y.  Dr.  Talraage's 
Tabernacle  in  Brooklyn  is  again  de- 
stroyed by  tire. 

May  14.  New  York.  The  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Society  of  Com- 
parative, Religions  is  held. 

The  Roman  Cathobc  Parochial 
School  ^Exhibit  opens,  with  addresses 
by  Archbishop  Corrigau,  W.  Bourke 
Cockran,  aud  others. 


May  16.  I'a.  John  B.  Newton  is  con- 
secrated (Protestant  Episcopal)  aasist- 
ant  bishop  of  Virginia. 

May  22.  Chicago.  A  Liberal  Religious 
Congress  is  in  session. 

Representatives  are  present  from  the 
Uuiversalist,  Unitarian,  Independent. 
Reformed  Hebrew,  and  higher  Orthod<»x 
cliurches,  aud  the  Ethical  Culture  So- 
ciety. 

LETTERS. 

1894  May  24.  Conn.  Judge  Shum- 
way  of  the  Superior  Court  at  Hart- 
ford finds  that  the  law  authorizing  the 
School  Board  to  order  all  school  chil- 
dren vaccinated,  and  to  exclude  those 
not  vaccinated  from  the  schools,  is  con- 
stitutional. 

Mass.  Miss  Agnes  Irwin  of  Philadel- 
phia is  chosen  Dean  of  Radcliffe  Col- 
lege at  Cambridge. 

May  26.  .V.  Y.  Rev.  A.  V.  V.  Raymond 
is  formally  installed  as  the  president  of 
Union  College. 

May  27.  Phila.  Some  of  the  most  com- 
prehensive collections  of  educational 
exhibits  at  the  World's  Fair  are  secured 
for  an  economic  and  educational  niu- 
eeum,  by  action  of  the  City  Council  in 
appropriating  $10,000.    (Made  in  1893.) 


SOCIETY. 

1894  May  11.  A'//.  The  women  of  Lex- 
ington are  boycotting  merchants  who 
support  the  candidacy  of  Col.  Breck- 
inridge for  Congress. 

May  14.  Md.  The  American  Order 
of  Steam  Engineers  begins  its  sessions 
in  Baltimore;  it  is  opposed  to  strikes 
and  boycotts  as  interfering  with  indi- 
vidual rights. 

A'.  Y.    Dr.  Talmage  begins  his  tour 

aroimd  the  world. 

New  York.    The  arrest  of  two  young 

pickpockets  leads  to  the  discovery  of  a 
regular  school  forthievery,  and  its  mode 
of  working. 

May  15.  New  York.  The  Wew  York 
Chapter  of  Colonial  Order  is  incor- 
porated. 

Its  object  is  to  cherish  American  tra- 
ditions, and  to  promote  i>atriotism  and 
loyalty  to  national  institutions. 

May  16.  New  York.  A  man  in  East 
Twelfth  Street,  desperate  through  pov- 
erty, kills  his  mother  and  himself. 

—— N.  Y.  In  Waverly,  Alanson  Hyatt, 
under  the  influence  of  drink,  kills  his 
wife,  wounds  his  mother,  aud  kills  hiiu- 
self. 

May  17.  R.  I.  Burglars  enter  the 
Wakefield  post-office  an<I  carry  oif  $5,000 
in  securities  and  $1,400  worth  of  stamps. 

May  18.  New  York.  Bookkeeper  J.  .1. 
Kean,  of  the  Harlem  River  Bank,  is  ar- 
rested on  a  charge  of  stealing  between 
$ig,ooo  and  $20,000. 

May  20.  jr.  Va.  In  Mason  County, 
White  Caps  l^nch  three  negroes,  char- 
ging them  with  stealing  horses,  sheep, 
and  cattle. 

May  21.  New  York.  The  first  pawn- 
shop of  the  Provident  liOan  Society 
opens  for  business  in  the  L'nited  Chari- 
ties Building,  and  has  considerable  pat- 
ronage during  the  day. 


A^.  Y.    The  strike  of  the  employees 

of  the  Atlantic  Avenue  Railroad  in 
Brooklyn  ends  [temporarily]. 

[May  26.  The  Company's  trolley  lines 
are  tied  up  by  a  strike,  the  employees 
objecting  to  beiu^  compelletl  to  provide 
uniforms  ;  there  is  no  disorder.] 

May  23.  Tex.  Robbers  raid  the  First 
National  Bank,  Long  View,  securing 
about  $2,500.  In  a  tight  which  ensues 
two  citizens  and  one  robber  are  killed 
and  several  other  persons  injured,  some 
fatally. 

May  25.  N.J.  Edward  Bull  of  Kearney, 
influenced  by  jealousy,  kills  his  wife 
and  tries  to  kill  himself. 

Okla.    Thirty  well-known  citizens  of 

Tecumseh  are  indicted  for  horse-steal- 
ing; the  territory  of  their  raids  extends 
from  Arizona  to  Arkansas,  and  they  are 
charged  with  many  murders. 

May  26.  N.  Y.  Adolph  Brenner,  an  an- 
archist, makes  an  attempt  to  murder  an 
entire  family  iu  Brooklyn ;  he  lodges  a 
bullet  in  his  own  head. 

May  27.    fiid.    The    striking    miners 

stop  all  coal-laden  cars  on  the  Evansville 
and  Terre  Haute  Railroad  ;  Gov.  Altgeld 
is  appealed  to  for  troops. 

[May  29.  The  strikers  attempt  to  close 
mines  and  seize  coal-trains  ;  the  gover- 
nors of  coal-producing  States  are  asked 
to  act  as  an  arbitration  committee.  June 
2.  Gov.  Matthews  orders  out  the  militia 
to  prevent  lawlessness  by  the  strikers. 
June  27.  Operators  agree  to  the  miners' 
demands  and  work  is  resumed.  Julv  8. 
There  is  a  pitched  battle  between  the 
regular  troops  and  a  mob  «-)f  strikers  at 
Hammond  ;  one  man  is  killed  and  four 
are  wounded.  July  10.  Incendiaries  fire 
a  trestle  bridge  over  the  Calumet  Kiver, 
near  Hammond,  preventing  a  two-sec- 
tion train  from  reaching  that  city.  July 
15.  Strikers  wreck  a  freight-train  at 
Indianapolis.] 

Pa.    Pour  men  are  shot  and  many 

badly  hurt  in  a  riot  iu  the  congregation 
at  St.  Casimir's  Polish  Roman  Catholic 
Church  at  Freeland  ;  four  Poles  are  ar- 
rested ;  cause,  dissensions  respecting  a 
priest. 

May  28.  InrJ.  —  111.  A  Federal  Gov- 
ernment injunction  is  issued  prohibit- 
ing strikers  from  interfering  with  coal- 
trains  ;  more  troops  are  ordered  out  in 
Illinois  to  preserve  order. 

.V.  Y.    Kenneth  F.  Sutherland,  the 

fugitive  Gravesend  justice,  returns  to 
Brooklyn  and  surrenders  himself,  [He 
pleads  guilty  to  one  of  the  eight  indict- 
ments against  him  in  connection  with 
election  frauds ;  he  is  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment for  two  years  and  eight 
months  and  to  a  fine  of  $500.] 

New    York.     Delegates    of    the    Ifa- 

tional  Municipal  lieague  meet  and 
organize. 

May  29.  New  Y(yrk.  Catharine  M.  Fitz- 
gerald, Inspector  McLaughlin's  sister, 
charged  with  murdering  Carrie  Pear- 
sail  last  October,  is  acquitted  on  the 
ground  of  insanity. 

May  30.  Ga.  An  Immigration  Con- 
gress is  opened  at  Augusta,  four  South- 
ern governors  attending ;  every  Southern 
State  is  represented  by  delegates. 

May  31.  It  adopts  the  Atwood  plan  of 
colonization  by  county  organization. 

O.    Sheriff  Riley  calls  on  Gov.  Mc- 

Kinley  for  troops  to  release  a  train  seized 
by  miners  iu  Athens  County;  the  gov- 
ernor orders  out  the  militia  to  prevent 
strikers  from  interfering  with  coal- 
trains. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  May  11 -June  4.    461 


I'a.    Gov.  Pattison  JEsiies  a  warning 

proclamation  to  the  rioters  in  the 
coke-regions. 

June  1.  Ga.  .4  dynamite  bomb  explodes 
almost  under  the  House  of  U.  C.  Wall 
railroad  engineer,  Atlanta.  ' 

June  2.  Colo.  Fully  armed  and  equipped 
miners  surround  Cripple  Creek. 

[.lune  4.  Prominent  men  are  held  as 
hostages  by  striking  miners.  June  5. 
tbe  miners  and  operators  come  to  an 
agreement.  Aug.  5.  The  strike  having 
failed,  the  miners  go  back  to  work  at 
the  former  w.-iges.J 

Mass.   A  union  of  all  the  textile  trades 

in  Fall  River,  to  be  known  as  the  Amal- 
gamated Association,  is  formed. 

-V.  r.  Japanese  residents  in  Brook- 
lyn hold  a  meeting,  and  organize  a  so- 
ciety for  the  social,  intellectual,  and 
moral  welfare  of  their  fellow-country- 
men. 

Junes.  X.  Y.  The  Temperance  Con- 
gress opens   at  Prohibition  Park, 

Staten  IslamI ;  (Jen.  Neal  Dow  speaks. 
The  Mutual  Employment  Society, 
recently  incorporated,  has  for  its  object 
the  securing  of  work  for  deserving  ap- 
plicants without  regard  to  creed  or  na- 
tionality, and  without  expense  to  the 
employers. 

June  4.  jV.  Y.  Twelve  inspectors  of 
.Staten  Island  are  sentenced  for  election 
frauds  to  diiferent  terms  of  imprison- 
ment, and  some  of  them  to  pay  a  fine  of 


S250  in  addition. 

STATE. 

1804  May  11-12.  /;.  c.  Congress: 
The  .Senate  votes  on  several  amendments 
to  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the  duties  on  tannic 
acid,  tartaric  acid,  and  alcoholic  per- 
fumery are  fixed. 

May  14.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
disposes  of  seven  items  on  the  chemical 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill. 

— —  iV.  J.  Gov.  Werts  vetoes  10  reform 
bills  on  the  ground  that  they  are  too 
partisan. 

K.  T.    Got.  Flower  signs  the  Pound 

Compulsory  Education  Bill. 

May  15.    D.  C.     Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  several  paragraphs  of  the  chemi- 
cal schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill;    the 
House  passes  the  Naval   Appropria- 
tion Bill  after  five  discussions  ;  bill  in- 
troduced Apr.  18. 
May  16.     D.  C.    Congress:  In  the  Sen- 
ate fifteen  paragraphs  of  the  chemical 
schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill  are  disposed 
of;  H.  C.  Lodge  of  Mass.  offers  a  resolu- 
tion for  an  inquiry  into  charges  of  at- 
tempts to  bribe  Senators  to  vote  against 
the  Tariff  Bill,  and  the  charge  that  the 
sugar  schedule  was  drawn  in  return  for 
campaign    contribution    to   the    Demo- 
cratic party.    [May  17.    Appointed.] 
May  17.     D.  C.    Congress:  Tlie  House 
passes  the   Agricultural   Appropria- 
tion Bill  introduced  Apr.  30. 
May  18.    D.  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
completes  the  debate  on  the  chemical 
schedule  and  the  earthenware  and  glass 
schedules ;    the    resolution    for    longer 
hours  is  agreed  to. 

.V.    r.    Gov.   Flower,  vetoes  the  bill 

appropriating  «25,000  for  the  expenses 


of  Investigating  the  police  and  other 
departments  of  New  York  City  (Lexow 
Committee),  on  the  ground  that  the  com- 
mittee is  too  partisan. 

Judge  Gaynor  decides  that  a  health 
commissioner  cannot  imprison  persons 
who  decline  to  he  vaccinated  unless  in- 
fected with  disease  or  exposed  to  con- 
tagion. 

May  19.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  The 
Pefifer  resolution  for  a  committee  to  give 
a  hearing  to  Coxey's  army  is  discussed  ; 
the  Populist  Senators  favor  it,  and  pro- 
test against  the  proposal  to  treat  the 
army  as  law-breakers. 
May  20.  N.  Y.  Gov.  Flower  vetoes  the 
New  York  City  Bipartisan  Police  Com- 
mission Bill ;  also  the  police  bills  for 
Albany,  Troy,  and  Richmond  County,  all 
on  the  ground  of  lieing  too  partisan. 
May  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
fixes  the  duty  on  iron  ore  at  40  cents  a 
ton  ;  the  House  in  Committee  of  the 
Whole,  while  considering  the  Legisla- 
tive, Executive,  and  Judicial  Appro- 
priation BUI,  strikes  out  the  item  for 
salaries  of  the  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sion and  its  employees.  Vote,  109-7. 
It  aims  to  destroy  the  commission. 
May  23.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
discusses  the  Tariff  BiU.' 

Itering  Sea.     Three  schooners,  while 

fishing  for  seals  in  the  open  sea,  are 
seized  by  Capt.  May  of  the  Hyacinth, 
who,  after  confiscating  their  gims  and 
papers,  sends  them  home. 
May  24.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
resolution  against  the  use  of  force  in 
favor  of  Hawaiian  royalty  is  discussed  ; 
the  House  amends  and  passes  the  Le- 
gislative, Executive,  and  Judicial 
Appropriation  BiU,  with  the  item  for 
salaries  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
restored ;  bill  introduced  May  15. 

Jf.  Y.    Gov.  Flower  vetoes   the  bill 

providing  that  no  other  than  American 
flags  float  above  public  buildings,  except 
on  special  occasions  when  foreigners  of 
rank  visit  the  country. 

May  26.    /;.  r.    Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
consideration  of  the  metal  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill  is  finished  ;  David  B. 
Hill's  motion  to  put  lead  ore  on  the  free 
list  is  defeated.    Vote,  3-62.    The  House 
begins  the  debate  on  the  bill  to  repeal 
the  10  per  cent  tax  on  State  bank  cir- 
ciUation.    [Five  discussions  follow.] 
May  29.    J).  C.    Congress:  The  Senate 
Committee  makes  a  partial  report  on 
the  Sugar  Trust  scandal,  recommend- 
ing the  prosecution  of  the  newspaper 
correspondents  who  decline  to  give  the 
names  of    their  informants ;    the  Vest 
resolution  opposing  the  annexation  of 
Hawaii  is  tabled.    Vote,  .IC-is. 
— -  .V.    r.    Over  200,000  women  pe- 
tition the  Constitutional  Convention  for 
equal  suffrage. 

May  30.  La.  The  U.  S.  Court  of  Ap- 
peals of  New  Orleans  decides  that  the 
city  is  not  liable  for  damages  for  the 
deaths  of  the  Italians  lynched  in  the  riot 
of  1890. 


— -  Pliiln.  Tlie  Federal  Court  dismisses 
the  motion  made  on  behalf  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  enjoin  the  Gettysburg  Elec- 
"■'<;, Railroad  Company  from  building  a 
trolley  road  on  the  battle-fleld. 


May  31.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  Senate 

passes  a  resolution  declaring  for  non- 
interference in  Hawaiian  affairs;  the 
lumber  schedule  of  the  Tariff  Bill  is 
finished. 

Secretary  Carlisle  and  Senators  Mc- 
Pherson,  Mills,  and  Harris  testify  before 
the  Senate  Committee  in  relation  to  the 
Sugar  Trust  charges. 

Jime  1.  fj.  C.  Congress;  The  Senate 
begins  the  consideration  of  the  sugar 
schediUe. 

New  York.  Business  men  hold  a  mass- 
meeting  to  protest  against  the  proposed 
income  tax. 

June  3.    J),  c.    The  gold  reserve   is 

again  a  source  of  anxiety,  having  fallen 
to  about  $79,000,000. 

— —  Nev  York.  Y'en  Ching,  Chinese  am- 
bassador, and  Ziar  Yen  Foo,  his  secre- 
tary, arrive  from  Havre,  on  a  tour  of 
inspection  to  the  Chinese  embassies  at 
dmerent  countries. 

June  4.  D.  r.  Congress ;  Senate :  The 
sugar  schedule  of  the  Tariff  BUI  is  dis- 
cussed, the  Republicans  attacking  it; 
the  House  debates  the  Bank  Tax  Repeal 
Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894  May  11.  A'eic  York.  Tip,  the 
big  elephant  of  Central  Park,  having 
become  dangerous,  is  killed  by  cyanide 
of  potassium  concealed  in  capsules  hid- 
den in  *'  mash." 

May  13.  JV.  Y.  Dr.  Talmage's  Taber- 
nacle, the  Hotel  Regent,  and  other 
buildings  in  Brooklyn  are  burned  ;  loss 
$1,000,000.  '         ' 

May  14.  Pa.  About  30  persons  are  in- 
jured by  an  explosion  and  fire  at  Brad- 
ford. 

May  15.  nnaton.  The  baseball  buildings 
and  about  12  acres  of  adjoining  prop- 
erty are  burned,  rendering  several  hun- 
dred families  homeless. 

May  17.  Boston.  Many  valuable  port 
records  and  over  $150,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty are  destroyed  by  fire. 

Nev.    Sheep  perish  by  thousands  in 

a  snow,  rain,  and  wind  storm  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada  foot-hills. 

May  18.  Md.  A  number  of  leading 
capitalists,  bankers,  and  railroad  oflicers 
organize  at  Baltimore,  under  the  title  of 
the  Southern  Immigration  Land  and 
Title  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  devel- 
oping the  South. 

Phila.    The  Order  of  Tonti  makes 

an   assignment  to  the  Land  Title  and 
Trust  Company;  assets,  $1,250,000. 
May  19.    Chicago.    The  population  is 

now  reported  at  1,700,000. 
May  25.    Chicago.    The  Viking  ship  is 
donated  to  the  Field  Museum,  Jackson 
Park,    by    the    generosity   of    its    pur- 
chasers. 
May  26.     Chicago.     The  French  Repub- 
lic begins  a  suit  in  the  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court  for  81,000,000  alleged  damage  to 
the  French  exhibit  by  the  fire  in   the 
Manufactures  Building  at  the  World's 
Fair. 
May  28.  Mass.   Wakefield  celebrates  its 

quarter-miUennial. 
May  30.  Wis.  A  train  is  wrecked  by 
an  open  switch  on  the  Wisconsin  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  near  Marshfield ;  four 
men  are  killed,  four  missing,  and  15  peo- 
ple injured. 


462     1894,  June  4-June  27. 


AMERICA; 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  June  13.  R.I.  TheNaval'War 
College  opens  at  Newport. 

June  18.  K.  Y.  Of  the  96  applicants 
for  admission  to  the  West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy,  only  41  are  accepted. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  June  4.  Ore,  Great  damage  is 
caused  by  floods  at  Portland  ;  much  of 
the  business  part  of  the  city  is  under 
water. 

Jime  6.  Cal.  The  45th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation begins  its  sessions  iu  San  Fran- 
cisco, with  2,000  delegates  present. 

June  9.  Wyo.  A  rich  gold  strike  is 
made  in  Dutch  Tom  Gulch. 

June  14.  N.  Y.  The  corner-stone  of  a 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Wash- 
ington and  Kochambeau  is  laid  at 
Dobbs  Ferry. 

June  18  ±.  Pa.  Another  Arctic  Ex- 
pedition—Henry G.  Bryant,  leader  — 
starts  for  the  relief  of  Lieut.  Peary  in 
the  far  north ;  it  is  organized  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Philadelphia  Geographi- 
cal Club. 

June  21.  New  York.  The  memorial 
bust  of  Postmaster  H.  G.  Pearson  in 
the  Post-office  Building  is  unveiled. 

June  25.  New  York.  The  Saengerfest 
closes  with  its  final  concert  this  evening 
in  Madison  Square  Garden,  with  an  im- 
mense audience  present. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894. 

June  4.  Van  Zandt,  Charles  C,  Gov.  of 
K.  I.,  A64. 

June  7.    Price,  R.  M.,  Gov.  of  N.  J.,  A76. 

"Whitney,  William  Dwight.  philolo- 
gist, professor  at  Yale,  A67. 

June  17.  Phelpa.  "William  "Walter.  M.C. 
for  N.  J.,  minister  to  Germany,  AM. 

CHURCH. 

1894  June  8.  D.  C.  Several  Roman 
Catholic  prelates  meet,  and  reorganize 
the  Catholic  Indian  Bureau  under  a 
new  Papal  charter. 

June  9.  Boston.  The  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  New  Jerusalem  meets. 

June  13.  N.  Y.  The  11th  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  International  Missionary 
Union  opens  at  Clifton  Springs,  with 
about  150  mission-board  representatives 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  present. 

June  25.  N.  r.  The  Ancient  Order  of 
Hibernians,  in  its  State  Convention  at 
Rochester,  receives  recognition  by  the 
Church  authorities  in  that  diocese  for 
the  first  time. 

LETTERS, 
1894    June  5.    N.  Y.    The  Board  of  Re- 
gents votes  to  extend  the  system  of  free 
libraries. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  June  4.  Boston.  The  Ameri- 
can Sugar  Refining  Company  files  its 
answer  to  the  information  recently 
brought  by  the  Attorney  (ieneral  which 
Hsks  for  an    injxmction    to  prevent    it 


from  doing  business  until  it  files  a  state- 
ment of  its  business  as  required  by  law  ; 
the  answer  denies  the  constitutionality 
of  such  requirement. 

June  5. 


New  York.    Tlie  trial  of  Police  Cap- 
tain J.  K.  Price  begins. 


Md.    Two  regiments  leave  Bal- 


—  Pa.  W.  Webber  kills  his  father-in- 
law,  Justus  Klemmer,  and  tries  to  kill 

-  -   -         his  wife;  he  is  under  arrest  in  KeadJug. 

timore  for  the  Cumberland  coal-region    t »  t*y      ry         *         i        i        .... 

tn  nr«Kftrv«  orH^r  Juue  16.     (ra.    A    colorcd    Criminal    IS 

skinned  alive  by  a  lynching  mob. 

—  Chicago.  The  American  Railway 
Union  and  the  Knights  of  Labor  effect 
a  coalition. 


to  preserve  order. 

[June  7.  Striking  miners  at  Frostburg 
make  night  attacks  on  the  pickets  of  the 
troops  guarding  the  town.] 

N.  J.    The  Supreme  Court  at  Trenton 

rejects  the  application  of  Miss  Mary 
Phillbroke  to  be  permitted  to  stand  ex- 
amination for  admission  to  the  bar. 

Pa.    Strikers  at    McKeesport    seize 

the  plant  of  the  National  Tube  Works, 
and  assault  the  non-union  employees;  a 
cannon  is  planted  to  guard  against  Pink- 
erton  police ;  the  town  is  virtually  iu 
the  hands  of  the  strikers. 

[June  10.  Strikers  and  ileputy-she riffs 
have  a  conflict  at  Lemont  in  the  coke- 
district  :  one  striker  is  killed  and  two 
wounded.  June  18±.  Many  miners  re- 
turn to  their  work.  June  21.  Two  regi- 
ments and  a  troop  of  cavalry  are  ordered 
to  Jefferson  Countv  to  prevent  rioting 
and  dynamiting.  More  miners  go  to 
work.  July  3i.  Rioting  is  renewed  by 
coal-miners ;  troops  are  called  out.] 

June  6.  ///.  A  coal-miners'  riot  takes 
place  at  Wesley  ;  one  man  is  killed  and 
several  are  seriously  injured. 

[June  9.  Troops  are  hurried  to  Pana 
to  prevent  violence.  July  5.  It  is  al- 
leged that  the  mayor  of  Springfield  en- 
courages the  strikers  to  obstruct  railway 
traffic] 

Mont.  Gov.  Rickards,  by  proclama- 
tion, forbids  the  sun-dance  of  the  In- 
dians at  Great  Falls,  and  orders  the 
local  authorities  to  enforce  the  prohibi- 
tion. 

O.    Gov.  McKinley  orders  out  1 ,200 

troops  to  prevent  seizure  of  coal-trains 
by  strikers. 

[June  8.  Coal-trains  move  under  mili- 
tary protection.  June  9.  Strikers  burn 
bridge  No.  4  to  delay  the  conveyance  of 
the  militia  to  Flushing.  July  3.  Troops 
are  ordered  out  to  protect  moving  coal- 
trains.  July  11.  At  the  yards  in  Toledo, 
12  roads  are  tied  up.] 

W.  Va.    Coxeyites  steal  a  train  at 

Kanawha;  a  company  of  militia  is  or- 
dered to  the  scene  of  trouble. 

June  7.  N.  J.  Mayor  Lebknecher  of 
Newark  refuses  to  fly  any  but  American 
flags  on  the  City  Hall. 

Jime  8.  Chicago.  The  Municipal  Order 
League  secures  the  appointment  of  a 
woman  as  Inspector  of  the  Bureau  of 
Street  and  Alley  Cleaning. 

June  9.    Ind,    Six  men  are  arrested  in 


Neio  York.  Before  leaving  for  Eu- 
rope, Richard  Croker,  the  Tammany 
boss,  resigns  membership  in  the  Man- 
hattan Club. 

June  14.  D.  C.  A  former  employee  of 
the  Carnegie  Company  testifies  "as  to 
the  plate-armor  frauds  ;  he  makes  start- 
ling charges  of  deliberate  deception 
against  a  superintendent, 

N.  J.    John    Kautfmann,  under  the 

influence  of  poverty  and  despair,  kills 
his  wife  and  three  children  and  hangs 
himself  at  Camden. 

June  15.  N'eiD  York.  Erastus  "Wiman 
is  convicted  of  forgery  in  the  second 
<Iegree.  [June  19.  He  is  sentenced  to 
five  years  and  six  months  imprisonment, 
and  later  acquitted.  June  26.  Proceed- 
ings are  stayed.] 

0.4-  Miners'  conventions  in  a  num- 
ber of  coal-carrying  districts  vote  to 
return  to  work  under  the  Columbus 
compromise  agreement.  [The  net  loss 
of  the  great  coal-strike  is  estimated  at 
$20,000,000.]    (See  June  11.) 

June  16.  Va.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
decides  that  Mrs.  Belva  Lockwood  may 
practise  law  in  Virginia. 

June  17.  Cal.  Several  hundred  il- 
licit brandy  distilleries  are  discovered 
in  the  mountain  districts ;  they  are 
worked  mostly  by  Italians. 

Chicago.    Syinpathizers    with    Irish 

Home  Rule  organize  a  committee  to 
raise  money  in  aid  of  the  struggle  in 
the  IJritish  House  of  Commons ;  about 
$10,000  are  already  subscribed. 

Xew  York.    Harvey  Curtis  shoots 

Philip  Moran  to  prevent  him,  while 
drunk,  from  shooting  his  daughter,  to 
whom  Curtis  is  betrothed. 

June  18.  Mont.  The  Cree  sun-dance 
is  held  at  Havre  in  spite  of  the  authori- 
ties ;  great  barbarities  are  practised  by 
the  Indians. 

Pa.    Over  15,000  miners  resume  work 

in  the  soft-coal  region;  big  plants  in 
Pittsburg  start  up ;  the  Central  Penn- 
sylvania operators  refuse  to  yield,  and 
are  still  out. 


Indianapolis  for  car-robbing;  they  con-    June  20.    N.    Y.     The  11th    annual  en- 
fess  that  Claude  McAlpin  was  kidnapped       campment  of  the  Sons  of  Veterans  is 
:agged  in  a  box-car       ,    , ,    ^  ^»-^^, 
tTiim  from  telling       held  at  Middleport. 
the  authorities  what  he  knew  about  the    June  21.    Mass.    Emil  C.  Knappe  is  ar- 
rested in  Boston  on  the  charge  of  em- 
bezzling  .«;49.0(K)    of    the    funds  of   the 
Chicopee  National  Bank  of  Springfield. 

N.  J.    A  robbers'  den  is  found  on 

the  Kearney  meadows ;  several  of  the 
gang  are  arrested. 

Neiv  York.    A  reception  is  given  to 

Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  on  her  arrival 
from  Europe. 

June  22.  New  York.  The  great  Saen- 
gerfest begins  with  a  torchlight  proces- 


and  sent  bound  and  gagged  in  a  box-car 
to  Mexico  to  prevent  him  from  telling 
ti<        •     ■  '      ■ 

robberies. 

La.  City  Councilman  John  T.  Calla- 
han of  New  Orleans  is  indicted  for  ac- 
cepting a  bribe  of  $500.  [Aug.  22.  Found 
guilty.l 

June  10,  Chicago.  John  Cane,  a  tinner, 
while  crazed  with  liquor,  lArounds  five 
men  with  an  ax  ;  lynching  is  threatened 
by  a  crowd  surrounding  the  police  st;i- 
tiou. 

June  11+,  0.  A  conference  of  miners 
and  operators  is  held  at  Columbus. 

It  agrees  on  a  connpromise  vvage  scale 
of  GO  cents  a  ton  in  Ohio  and  G9  cents 
in  Pennsylvania ;  strikers  continue  de- 
struction of  railroad  property  iu  Ohio 
and  Alabama. 


sion,  in  which  10,000  singers  take  part. 

The  new  State  Club  is  formally 
opened  in  the  presence  of  a  large  as- 
semblage. 


UNITED   STATES. 


1894,  June  4-Jiine  27.     463 


—  A'.  Y.  Mrs.  Halliday  is  sentenced  at 
Monticello  to  die  by  electricity  in  the 
weelt  beginning  Aug.  6. 

June  23.  Volo.  .Adj.-Gen.  Tarsney,  tlie 
representative  of  Gov.  Waite  in  the  mi- 
ners' strilte,  is  kidnapped,  talcen  away 
in  a  carriage,  and  tarred  and  feathered 
by  maslced  men  at  Colorado  Springs. 

N.  Y.  'White  Caps  beat  Patrick  Ed- 
wards of  Ijivingston  Manor  for  drunk- 
enness, and  duck  him  in  a  mill-race. 

June  24.  n.  C.  The  California  contin- 
gent of  the  "  Army  of  the  Unemployed  " 
arrives  at  Washington,  125  strong. 

June  25.  Chicaao.  Ex-Treasurer  W.  A. 
Simrott  of  the  Switchmen's  Mutual  Aid 
Association  absconds  ;  his  accounts  are 

short  825,000. 

Ga.    Six  masked   men   hold    up  a 

train  on  the  Savannah,  Florida,  and 
Western  Railway  near  Thomasville,  and 
rob  the  express-car  of  $1,222;  the  pas- 
sengers are  not  molested. 

A'.  J.     Edward  R.  Christopher,  auditor 

of  the  Prudential  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  Newark,  is  arrested  on  a  charge 
of  embezzling  about  $ii,ooo  of  the  com- 
pany's funds. 


control  of  railroads,  with  other  planks, 
numbering  16  in  all. 


O.  The  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  de- 
cides that  the  Holcomb  Law,  taxing  the 
business  of  dealing  in  cigarettes,  is  valid. 

June  25.   n.C.   Congress :  Both  Houses 
adjourn  out  of  respect  to  the  memory 
of  President  Camot  of  Trance,  whose 
„    _   1      T       ,  death  is  reported. 

A.  JJak.    Legal  proceedings  are  begun     t„„=  oc      n  ^     /~i  „,,     „ 

o  test  th«  c„r.«Ht„H„.,„Ti*„    June  26.    D.  C.    Congress :  The  House 
passes  the  General  Deficiency   Bill 


June  12.  1).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
practically  legislates  the  Indian  Com- 
mission out  of  ofiBce  by  refusing  to 
make  an  appropriation  for  it. 


in  Pierre  to  test  the  constitutionality 
of  the  Apportionment  Act  under  which 
the  Legislature  was  elected. 

Jvme  13.  l>.  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
The  wool  schedule  is  discussed. 

Kan.    L.   I).   Lewelling  (Populist)  is 

renominated  for  governor. 

June  15.  U.  C.  Congress;  Senate  : 
Several  amendments  to  the  wool  sched- 
ule of  the  Tariff  BiU  are  defeated  by 
very  small  maj(jrities. 

The  Senate  Investigating  Commit- 
tee begins  the  examination  of  Senators 
in  alphabetical  order. 

It  asks  searching  questions  relative 
to  sugar-stock  holdings ;  it  also  makes 


introduced  June  18. 

Tlie  House  subcommittee  resumes  the 
armor-plate  investigation  respecting 
alleged  defects. 

Cnlo.     The   National   Republican 

League  Convention  opens  in  Denver. 

June  27.  Boston.  Judge  Colt  decides 
that  Japanese,  as  Mongolians,  are  de- 
barred from  naturalization. 

Pa.  The  Democrats  nominate  Edi- 
tor Slngerly  of  the  Philadelphia  Itec- 
oril  for  governor. 


inquiry  with  reference  to  campaign  con 
tributions  by  the  Sugar  Trust 
June  27.    Mass.    The    Young  Women's    June  16. 
Conference  at  East  Northfleld  is  con- 
cluded by  Mr.  Moody. 
N'.  Y.    The  second  annual  convention 


of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  As- 
sociation of  the  United  States  begins 
its  three  days'  session  at  Prohibition 
Park,  Staten  Island. 

■  Pa.    Mrs.  Wightman  of  Pittsburg  is 

>unr' * -•  -'-  ' — ' L_.._ 

men, 


D.  C.    Congress:  the  House 
passes  the  Indian  Appropriation  Bill, 

after  11  discussions :  bill  introduced  Apr. 
30. 


June  18.  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
makes  rapid  progress  with  the  Tariff 
Bill  free  list ;  an  amendment  by  David 
B.  Hill  for  free  coal  is  defeated ;  the 
House  passes  the  substitute  for  the 
Hatch  Anti-Option  Bill  (see  Feb.  25) 
after  five  discussions.  [Aug.  2.  Re- 
STATE.  ported  back  by  the  Senate  with  amend- 

ments.] 
1894    June  5.    D.  C.     Congress:  The    j„j,g  jg 


bound  and  gagged  in  her  home  by  two 
,  who  rob  the  house  of  valuables. 


Senate  amends  and  p.asse8  the  Dunphy 
Hudson  Biver  Bridge  BUI.  [June  6. 
House  concurs.    June  8.    Approved.] 

Me.  Henry  B,  Cleaves  (Rep.)  is  re- 
nominated for  governor. 

O,  The  State  is  carried  by  the  Re- 
publicans ;  the  Populists  sutfer  severe 
losses. 

June  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
rejects  the  bill  to  suspend  the  10  per 
cent  tax  on  bank-notes  issued  by  State 
banks,  after  live  discussions.  Vote,  172- 
102. 

The  Senate  Bribery  Investigation 
Committee  examines  Congressman  Cad- 
mus of  N.  J.  in  relation  to  the  Sugar 
Trust's  connection  with  the  Tariff. 
[June  7.  It  decides  to  subpoena  mem- 
bers of  the  Sugar  Trust.  June  8.  Mr. 
Terrell  testifies.  June  12.  President 
H.  O.  Havemeyer.  June  13.  John  E. 
Searles,  treasurer.] 

June  8.  /).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  the  agricultural  schedule  of 
the  Tariff  Bill  under  the  five  minutes' 
rule ;  it  disposes  of  several  paragraphs. 
The  United  States  makes  a  claim  on 
Spain  for  reimbursement  of  sums  im- 
properly collected  as  duties  in  Cuba. 

Pa.    About   150  delegates  in  session 

at  Pittsburg  organize  a  new  political 
party.     It  Is  to  he  known  as  "  The  Pro- 

frressive  American  Party,"  which  will 
Hvor  non-interference  with  public 
schools,  protective  tariff,  a  prohibitive 
■immigration  law  for  25  years,  national 


D.  C.  The  Senate  Investi- 
gating Committee  concludes  its  work 
lor  the  present  time. 

The  Treasury  gold  reserve  falls  to 
S60,000,0(X) :  bank  presidents  decide  to 
furnish  their  own  gold  for  export. 

June  20.  I).  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
finishes  the  consideration  of  the  free  list 
of  the  Tariff  Bill ;  salt  remains  on  the 
free  list. 


Cal.    M.  W.  Estee  (Rep.)  is  nominated 

for  governor  ;  the  State  Convention  de- 
clares for  free  coinage  of  silver  and 
woman  suffrage. 

June  21.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  income-tax  section  of  the  Tariff 
BUI  is  reached ;  Senators  Hill,  Hoar, 
and  Higgins  oppose  the  tax  ;  the  Senate 
Investigating  Committee  reports  the 
contumacy  of  Messrs.  Havemeyer  and 
Searles  ;  a  minority  dissenting  report  is 
filed. 

June  22.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate  June  24 
discusses  the  income  tax,  but  no  vote 
is  reached  ;  incomes  above  S3,000  to  be 
taxed  under  an  adopted  amendment ; 
the  House  amends  and  passes  the  sub- 
stitute Anti-Option  Bill.  Vote,  150-S7. 
Prof.  Mendenhall,  in  charge  of  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  tenders  his 
resifrnation  to  President  Cleveland,  on 
the  ground  of  official  interference  with 
the  working  of  the  bureau. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1804  June  6.  N.  Y.  Onondaga  cele- 
brates its  centennial. 

June  8.  ro(o.  Fifteen  Coxeyites  are 
accidentally  drowned  in  the  Platte 
River,  near  Brighton. 

June  10.  N.  J.  Locusts  on  the  rails  stop 
a  Long  Branch  train  near  Avenel. 

June  14.  N.  J.  The  "  corner-stone  "  of 
the  "Atlantis"  Hotel  is  laid  at  sea, 
19  miles  east  of  Sandy  Hook,  and  11 
miles  from  the  Long  Island  shore ;  the 
"stone"  is  a  tin  cylinder  surmounted 
by  a  flag  with  a  red  border,  a  white  cen- 
ter, and  bearing  the  initial  "  A." 

Nexc  York.  "Flag  Day"  is  cele- 
brated, but  without  suspension  of  busi- 
ness. 

Jtme  17.  Scot.  The  Ethiopia,  Anchor 
Line  steamer,  reports  having  struck  an 
iceberg  on  her  way  from  New  York  to 
Glasgow,  and  having  been  saved  from 
sinking  only  by  bags  of  fiour  jammed  in 
a  hole  at  her  bow. 

Jime  18.  New  York.  Bank  presidents 
hold  a  conference  on  gold  exports. 

li.  I.    The  steamer  Plymouth  runs  on 

the  rocks  at  Rose  Island,  near  Newport. 

Jtme  19.  O.  Many  mines  are  re- 
opened. 

June  20.  Ala.  In  the  Mary  Lee  mine, 
near  Birmingham,  50  miners  are  en- 
tombed by  a  fire. 


June  22.  Mo.  The  WiUiams  Palace 
Car  Company  at  St.  Joseph  is  capitalized 
at  $3,000,000  to  compete  with  the  Pull- 
man and  Wagner  Companies. 

Cal.  Fruit-eanners  organ- 
ize a  trust,  and  incorporate  under  the 
name  of  the  California  Cannery  Com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  $500,000. 

—  N.  J.  Tile  overloaded  tug  James  D. 
Nicoll  sinks  off  the  Navesink  High- 
lands ;  13  lives  are  lost. 

—  O.  Three  persons  are  killed  and  sev- 
eral injured  by  a  train-wreck  at  Chilli- 
cothe. 


June  23.  B.C.  Congress:  The  Senate  June  26.  Pa.  The  Edgar  Thomson 
debates  the  income  tax ;  the  limit  of  ^""^  ,^9'"'«>'  "'  *•>«  Carnegie  Works  at 
exemption  is  restored  to  $4,000. 


Braddock    resume    operations, 

employment  to  1,500  men. 


giving 


464     1894,  June  28-JTily  17. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  July  10.  Cal.  United  States 
troops  start  from  San  Francisco  for 
Sacramento,  which  for  12  days  has  been 
under  mob  rule. 

July  14.  Mass.  The  cruiser  Minne- 
apolis, on  her  trial  trip  in  Massachusetts 
Bay,  develops  a  speed  of  23.05  knots,  un- 
official time. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  July  4.  O.  A  Soldiers'  Monu- 
ment is  dedicated  at  Cleveland. 

.V.  }'.  A  monument  to  the  mem- 
ory of  Capt,  Nathan  Hale,  the  mar- 
tyred patriot,  is  unveiled  at  Huntington. 

July  5.  N.  Y.  The  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Music  begins  its  16th 
annual  meeting  at  Saratoga. 

July  7.  S.  Dak.  Twenty  bridges  are 
washed  away  by  a  heavy  hail-storm  and 
cloudburst  at  Hot  Springs. 

July  9.  Wash.  The  town  of  Conconully 
is  visited  by  a  destructive  cloudburst. 

July  15.  S.  Dak.  The  prairie  flre  is 
still  burning  on  the  ceded  lauds  at 
rierre. 

The  tract  burned  over  is  50  by  90  miles 
in  extent.  A  Russian  settlement  on 
Yellow  Medicine  Creek  is  wiped  out ; 
several  settlers  are  seriously  burned. 

July  16±.  N.J.  Forest  fires  are  ra- 
ging ;  between  6,000  and  7,000  acres  of 
land  are  burned  over. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894. 
June  28.     Temple,  W.  G.,  rear-adm.  U.  8. 

N.,  A70. 
June  30.     Law,  Sallle  C.  C.  {Mother  of  the 

Confederacy),  A84. 
July  11.     Fry,  Janie8B.,maj..gen.  t^  S.  A., 

A67. 
July  13.     Graham,   George  R.,  founder  of 

Graham's  Magazine,  A8l. 


CHURCH. 

1894  July  1.  N.  J.  The  new  audito- 
ri  urn  at  Ocean  Grove  is  formally  opened 
with  impressive  services,  7,000  persons 
present. 

A'.  Y.    Bev.  Thomas  M.  A.  Burke 

is  consecrated  as  the  fourth  {Roman 
Catholic)  bishop  of  Albany. 

July  11-15.  O.  The  National  Conven- 
tion of  the  Young  People's  Society  of 
Christian  Endeavor  is  in  session  at 
Cleveland,  with  10,000  delegates  in  at- 
tendance. 

LETTERS. 

1894  June  28.  Me.  Bowdoin  College 
celebrates  its  100th  anniversary. 

July  2.  N.  J.  The  lOth  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  National  Editorial  As- 
sociation begins  its  sessions  at  Asbury 
Park. 

July  5.  K.  Y.  The  32d  convocation  of 
the  Regents  of  the  University  opens 
in  the  Senate  Chamber  at  Albany,  with 
over  200  educators  present. 

Phila.    The  American  Society  opens 

the  first  meeting  for  University  Ex- 
tension. 


July  8.  K.  Y.  The  Long  Beach  (Long 
Island),  Summer  Parliament  opens. 

July  9.  K.  II.  Tlie  64th  annual  conven- 
tion of  the  American  Institute  of 
Instruction  opens  at  Bethlehem. 

July  15.  N.  Y.  The  Boman  CathoUc 
summer  school  at  Plattsburg  opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  June  28.  N^av  York.  Richard 
Worthington,  formerly  book-publisher, 
is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  embez- 
zling $19,085.71  belonging  to  the  Wor- 
thington Company. 

A'.  Y.    A  Brooklyn  tailor,  M.  Gessner, 

kills  Annie  Sauter,  his  employer's 
daughter,  and  then  kills  himself. 

June  29.  D.  C.  The  Washington  grand 
jury  finds  indictments  against  brokers 
who  refused  to  give  information  to  the 
Senate  Investigating  Committee,  in 
connection  with  sugar  speculation. 

June  30.  Ind.  The  American  W^ire  Rod 
and  Wire  Nail  Mills  at  Anderson  shut 
down ;  800  operatives  are  out  of  work  ; 
the  men  demand  the  wage-scale  with  the 
Amalgamated  Association. 

The  strike  on  the  Western  railroads 

is  spreading. 

July  1.  Cal.  Federal  troops  are  or- 
dered to  Trinidad  to  suppress  riotous 
strikers. 

July  3.  Chicago.  The  jury,  after  two 
hours'  deliberation,  returns  a  verdict 
that  Patrick  Eugene  Prendergast  is  not 
insaiie,  and  that  therefore  lie  is  respon- 
sible for  the  murder  of  Mayor  Carter 
Harrison.     [July  13.     He  is  hanged.] 

.V.   Y.    "Boodle"    Alderman  H. 

W.  Jaehne  of  New  York  is  pardoned  by 
Gov.  i'lower. 

N.  Y.    The  jury  in  the  *  *  Bat "  Shea 

trial  in  Troy  returns  a  verdict  of  murder 
in  the  first  degree.  [July  10.  Sentenced 
to  be  executed  in  the  week  beginning 
Aug.  21.] 

Mich.  Bioting  exists  among  coal- 
miners  ;  troops  are  called  out. 

July  4.  Cal.  Violence  by  strikers  re- 
sults in  the  ordering  out  of  the  militia. 

[July  10.  Troops  start  for  .Sacra- 
mento ;  the  city  has  been  under  mob- 
rule  for  a  week.  July  11.  Strikers  at 
Sacramento  wreck  a  train,  killing  the 
engineer  and  three  soldiers  and  iniuring 
four  others.  July  12.  I>.  Warden  is 
arrested  at  Sacramento  as  leader  of  the 
train-wreckers.  July  14.  Regulars  fire 
into  a  mob  at  Sacramento,  mortally 
wounding  two  men.  July  16.  Strikers 
attack  a  freight-train  in  West  Oakland  ; 
they  are  repulsed  by  troops  and  several 
are  injured  ;  21  are  arrested.] 

New  York.  The  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati holds  its  annual  meeting,  and 
elects  Gen.  John  Cochrane  of  N.  V. 
president. 

Okla.     Seventy-five  masked  men 

overpower  the  guards  and  burn  the  Rock 
Island  Railroad  Bridge  at  Waukomis, 
south  of  Enid  ;  the  soldiers  at  Round 
Pond  are  fired  on. 

Ida.     Masked    men   in    the   Crpur 

d'Algne  region  kill  a  non-union  man 
and  kidnap  four  others. 

Mass,    Over  S3,000  worth  of  statuary 

is  maliciously  destroyed  on  the  estate 
of  the  late  S.  1>.  Warren  at  Wallham. 

N.  J.     A    national    Good    Boads 

Convention  opens  at  Asbury  Park. 

July  6.  Minn.  In  Duluth  dockmen 
strike  for  increase  of  pay. 


.v.  )'.    The  Constitutional  Canventiou 

rejects  a  resolution  introduced  by  M.  I.. 
Towns  of  Brooklyn  condemning  the  act 
of  the  Federal  Government  in  sending 
troops  to  suppress  the  railroad  strike. 

July  7.  Cal.  President  Kingsbury,  of 
the  National  City  American  Railway 
Union,  and  a  yardman  are  arrested  at 
San  Diego,  on  the  charge  of  conspiracy  ; 
Rev.  N.  E.  Ravelin  is  arrested  on  an  in- 
dictment by  the  Federal  grand  jury  at 
Los  Angeles,  charging  him  with  inciting 
to  insurrection  against  the  authority  of 
the  United  States. 

July  8.  .V.  )'.  The  American  Railway 
Union  men  in  Bulfalo  are  ordered  to 
strike  to-morrow. 

W.  Va.    Kelly's  band  of  Common- 

wealers  are  arrested  for  stealing  a 
train. 

They  are  divided  into  three  companies  ; 
two  are  sent  into  Ohio,  one  is  sent  into 
Kentucky,  and  the  remainder,  about  70, 
are  taken  by  police  to  Huntington. 

N.  }'.4-     Labor-unions  in  New  York, 

Boston,  and  elsewhere  pass  resolutions 
of  sympathy  urith  the  railroad  strikers. 

July  9.  Boston.  An  attempt  at  jail- 
delivery  by  100  prisoners  is  made  in  the 

House  of  Corrections. 

±  Mich.     Mayor    Pingree    of   Detroit 

and  a  number  of  other  mayors  favor 
joining  in  a  request  to  George  M.  Pull- 
man to  consent  to  arbitrate  ;  a  mass- 
meeting  in  Detroit  adopts  a  resolution 
asking  Congress  to  pass  a  law  providing 
for  arbitration  in  strikes. 

.\^  J.    Newark   police  capture  nine 

train-plunderers,  and  recover  a  large 
(luantity  of  stolen  goods  buried  near 
their  camp. 

July  10.  Phila.  George  Bellwear,  a 
post^-office  clerk,  is  arrested  for  steatin? 
and  rifling  the  mails;  he  makes  a  lull 
confession  of  guilt. 

July  11.  New  York.  Michael  Brady, 
Police  Captain  Stephenson's  ward  man, 
is  dismissed  from  the  force  for  accepting 
a  bribe. 

July  12,  N.  J.  The  Orangemen  of 
Jersey  City  parade  for  the  first  time 
since  1870,  and  without  disturbance. 

Neto    York.    Judge    Barrett  gives  a 

certificate  of  reasonable  doubt  in  the 
case  of  Erastus  Wiman,  under  sentence 
for  forgery. 

[July  13.  He  is  released  on  530,000 
bail,  pending  the  decision  of  the  Court 
of  Appeals.] 

A  mass-meeting  is  held  In  Cooper 
Union  to  indorse  Eugene  V.  Debs 
and  the  great  railroad  strike  at 
Chicago. 

N.    Y.    The     Brooklyn     authorities, 

fearing  disturbance,  refuse  to  allow 
Orangemen  to  parade. 

Phila.    Green-ribbon  men  attack 

parading  Orangemen  with  brickbats, 
causing  a  small  riot  in  which  some  are 
wounded  ;  a  number  of  participants  are 
arrested. 

July  13.  Mont.  Highwaymen  hold 
up  an  express-wagon  in  Montana,  and 
take  everything  of  value  from  it,  in- 
cluding a  package  of  $11,600  shipped  by 
a  grocery  firm. 

Okla.    Two  bridges  are  blown  up, 

a  large  extent  of  track  is  destroyed, 
and  a  freight-train  of  13  cars  is  thrown 
into  a  river,  killing  three  men  and  in- 
juring others  ;  the  governor  is  appealed 
to  for  protection. 


UNITED   STATES.  1894,  June  28 -July  17.    465 


July  14.  Cmm.  The  chief  of  police  of 
Bristol  orders  thHt  all  nickel-in-the;slot 
machines  be  removed  fioin  the  cigar- 
shups  of  the  city. 

Tenn.    A  negro    bam-bumer    is 

lynched  in  Dixon  County  by  a  body  of 
masked  men. 

July  15.  Pa.  A  house  in  Harrisburg, 
occupied  by  a  man  who  went  to  work  in 
a  striker's  place  in  the  coal-miues  at 
Punxsutawney,  is  wrecked  by  dynamite. 

July  16.  Mich.  A  Grand  Trunk  train 
is  wrecked  near  Battle  Creek  ;  one  man 
is  killed  and  several  persons  are  seri- 
ously injured  ;  strikers  suspected  of  the 
crime. 

\'ew  York.  The  Police  Board  de- 
cides to  try  Capt.  Doherty  and  Wardmen 
Hoch,  Levy,  and  Meehan  on  the  charge 
of  bribe-taking. 

[Oct.  20.  Doherty  and  six  other  ex- 
police  officers  of  various  ranks  are  ar- 
rested on  indictment  tor  blackmail.] 

July  17.  Okln.  Rioting  and  destruc- 
tion of  bridges  occur  on  the  Rock  Island 
Railroad  ;  a  dynamite  bomb  is  thrown 
under  a  train  carrying  soldiers. 


STATE. 

1894  June  28.  /J.  C.  Congress;  Sen- 
ate :  A  motion  to  strike  out  the  income- 
tax  section  of  the  Tariff  Bill  is  defeated. 
Vote,  40-23.  The  House  passes  the  bill 
to  admit  New  Mexico  to  statehood  in 
the  Union. 

June  29.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate  ; 
The  consideration  of  the  Tariff  Bill  in 
Committee  of  the  Whole  is  finished,  and 
the  measure  reported. 

^rass.  The  Senate  adopts  the  amend- 
ment submitting  the  Elevated  Railroad 
Bill  to  the  voters  of  Boston  for  approval 
or  rejection. 
June  30.  D.C.  The  Treasury  statement 
for  the  fiscal  year  places  the  deficit  at 
$71,500,000. 
July  1.  H.  C.  At  a  conference  between 
the  President,  Attorney-General  Olney, 
and  others,  it  is  decided  to  apply  for 
sweeping  injunctions  against  the  rail- 
road strikers  in  the  West.  (See  So- 
ciety.) 

The  Administration  appoints  special 
counsel  and  takes  steps  to  enforce  the 
carrying  of  mails  on  the  railroads  in 
the  West. 
July  2.  1).  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Tariff  Bill  is  considered ;  a  defeat  of 
the  one-eighth  cent  tax  on  refined  sugar 
is  prevented  by  Senator  Quay's  vote ; 
the  sugar  schedule  is  amended  so  that 
the  duty  and  repeal  of  the  bounty  will 
take  effect  upon  the  passage  of  the  bill. 

The  U.  S.  Courts  in  Chicago  issue  an 

injunction  against  the  strikers ;  Fed- 
eral troops  are  ordered  out  in  Colorado, 
and  State  militia  put  into  active  service 
in  Illinois,  to  prevent  interference  by 
strikers. 
July  3.  />.  (■■  Congress  ;  Senate  :  The 
Wilson  compromise  Tariff  Bill  is 
passed;  only  one  Democratic  Senator, 
David  B.  Hill,  votes  against  it;  the  Re- 
publicans vote  solidly  against  it.  Vote, 
39-35. 

Edwards  and  Shlmer,  newspaper  cor- 
respondents who  refused  to  answer  in- 
quiries  of    the    Senate    Investigation 


Committee,  are  indicted  by  the  Wash- 
ington grand  jury. 

Attorney-General  Olney  orders  the  in- 
dictment of  President  Debs  of  the 
Railroad  Union. 

The  blockades  in  Illinois  are  broken 
with  the  aid  of  Federal  troops  ;  violence 
by  railroad  strikers  in  California  occa- 
sions the  calling  out  of  the  militia. 
July  5.  D.  C.  Congress:  Only  the 
House  is  in  session  ;  the  Tariff  Bill  is 
received  from  the  Senate,  having  633 
amendments ;  it  provides  for  higher 
rates  than  the  House  Bill. 

President  Cleveland  replies  to  a  pro- 
test from  Gov.  Altgeld  against  sending 
Federal  troops  to  Chicago. 
.V.  1'.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion reconvenes  at  Albany. 
July  6.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  Sev- 
eral measures  bearing  on  the  railroad 
strike  at  Chicago  are  introduced  ;  in  the 
House  the  amended  Tariff  Bill  is  re- 
ferred to  the  Committee  on  Ways  and 
Means;  the  House  passes  the  bill,  in- 
troduced Apr.  6,  providing  for  the  taxa- 
tion of  national  banks. 
July  9.  n.  C.  Congres.s  :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Naval  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [July  19.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  July  30.  Approved.] 
The  Democratic  members  of  the  Tariff 
Conference  Committee  meet. 

The  President  issues  a  second  proc- 
lamation, covering  nine  Western  States 
and  Territories,  ordering  rioters  to  dis- 
perse. 
July  10.  D.  <:  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Post-office  Ap- 
propriation Bill.  [July  11,  12.  House 
concurs.    .luly  24.    Approved.] 

The  resolution  of  W.  A.  Peffer  of  Kan., 
declaring  it  the  duty  of  the  government 
to  control  all  railroads  engaged  in  in- 
terstate commerce  and  work  the  coal- 
beds,  is  taken  up. 
A'ew  York.  The  Lexow  Commit- 
tee's witnesses  refuse  to  obey  the  sum- 
mons of  the  Police  Commissioners  to 
give  evidence  at  an  investigation  held 
by  the  latter. 
iV.  J.  A  convention  to  revise  the  ju- 
diciary is  in  session  at  Trenton. 
July  11.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Military  Acad- 
emy Appropriation  Bill.  [July  16. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  July  30. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 

It  amends  and  passes,  the  Pensions 
Appropriation  Bill.  [July  13.  Con- 
ference report  agreed  to ;  approved.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Diplomatic 
and  Consular  Appropriation  BUI. 
[July  19.  Conference  report  agreed  to.] 
John  W.  Daniel's  resolution  indorsing 
the  action  of  President  Cleveland  in  the 
railroad  strike  is  passed  unanimously. 
July  12.  D.C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Army  Appro- 
priation Bill.  [July  27.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.    Aug.  7.    Approved.] 

It  amends  and  passes  the  Fortifica- 
tion Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  6. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  8. 
Approved  by  the  President.] 


President  Cleveland  consents  to  ap- 
point a  commission  to  investigate  the 
strike  against  the  Pullman  Car  Com- 
pany under  the  Arbitration  Law  of  1888. 

July  13.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Kiver  and  Har- 
bor Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  6. 
Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug.  20. 
It  becomes  a  law  without  the  Presi- 
dent's approval.] 

July  16.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Legislative, 
Executive,  and  Judicial  Appropria- 
tion Bill.  [July  25.  Conference  report 
agreed  to.  Aug.  8.  Approved  by  the 
President.]  The  House  passes  a  resolu- 
tion indorsing  President  Cleveland's  ac- 
tion during  the  recent  strike. 


JV.  )-.  The  special  Senate  Commit- 
tee begins  its  investigation  of  charges 
brought  against  Gov.  Flower  by  the 
Civil  Service  Reform  Association. 

.Veil'  Ycrrk.    Mayor  Gilroy  accepts  the 

resignation  of  John  McClave  as  Police 
Commissioner,  and  appoints  Michael 
Kcrwin  his  successor. 

July  17.  D.C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  the  Agricultural  Appropria- 
tion Bill  with  an  amendment  appro- 
priating $1,000,000  to  exterminate  the 
Russian  thistle.  [July  31.  Conference 
report  agreed  to.  Aug.  10.  Approved 
by  the  President.]  The  House  passes 
the  Bailey  Uniform  Bankruptcy  Bill. 
The  President  signs  the  bill  enabling 
Utah  to  become  a  State.    (Jan.  4,  '96.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894    June  29.    Conn.    A  brass  tablet 

is  unveiled  in  Hartford,  to  commemorate 
the  meeting  of  Washington  and  Rocham- 
beau  in  the  city  in  1775. 
June  31.    Cat.    A  break  In  a  levee  at 
Sacramento  floods  500  acres  of  fine  land. 
July  1.    New    York.    The    steam    yacht 
Aztec  is  run  down  by  the  steamer  Sam 
Sloan  in  Hell  Gate. 
Jvdy  2.    Chicago.    The  Gas  Trust  is  of- 
ficially dissolved. 

j/e.     Five    persons    are    killed    and 

others  injured  in  a  train- wreck  near 
Moosehead  Lake,  caused  by  a  tie  on  the 
track. 
July  4.     Conn.    About  50  persons  are  in- 
jured by  a  train  collision  on  the  Nau- 
gatuck  division  of  the  New  Haven  road 
at  Seymour. 
Julys.   Chicago.  Several  of  the  World's 
Fair  buildings  are  destroyed  by  an  in- 
cendiary. 
July  9.    O.    Several  railroads  at  To- 

led(»  are  tied  up. 
July  11.    Ind.    The  Big  Four  System 
at  Indianapolis  drops  6,000  men  from  its 
pay-roll,  it  having  suffered  heavily  from 
the  boycott,  and  tues  Wagner  cars  ex- 
clusively. 
July  13.    A'.  J.    The  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  Traction  Company  is  in- 
corporated at  Trenton  ;    capital,  $10,- 
000,000. 
July  14.    New  York.    The  East  Eiver 
Tunnel  to   Long  Island  City  is  com- 
pleted. 

It  is  eight  feet  high  and  10  feet  wide  ; 
it  is  to  be  a  conduit  for  the  big  mains  of 
the  East  Kiver  Gas  Company. 


4G6     1894,  July  17 -Aug.  4. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  July  21.  The  crtiiser  Columbia 
starts  on  her  voyage  to  Bluefields,  Nica- 
ragua, to  protect  American  interests. 

ART  —SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1894    July  17.     if'is.  Thearmyworm 

is  doing  tliousauds  of  dollars  damage. 

July  18.  Minn.  Forest  fires  are  raging 
and  doing  great  damage. 

.V.    1'.    A  Soldiers*  Monument  is 

dedicated  at  the  Soldiers*  Home  at  Bath. 
It  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Samuel  Dietz  of 
New  York  City. 

July22.  jrt/o.  The  Yellowstone 
Park  geysers  are  unusually  active,  the 
new  Crater  Geyser  throwing  rocks  of  25 
pounds  weight  to  the  height  of  200  feet. 

July  26.  Ariz.  In  an  observation  made 
at  the  Lowell  Observatory  in  Flagstaff, 
it  is  found  that  the  light  from  the 
"larger  lakes  "  of  Mara  is  unpolarized, 
and  that  the  light  from  the  polar  sea  is 
polarized.  Hence  the  "polar  sea"  is 
probably  water,  and  the  "lakes"  prob- 
ably not. 

July  28.  Cal.  Central  and  northern 
California  are  illuminated  by  a  brilliant 
meteor. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

July  23.     Low,  Fred.  F.,  Gov.  of  Cal.,  A66. 

July  34.     Montague,  George^  banker,  dies. 

July  05.  Houle,  Wilson,  milliooaire,  phi- 
lanttiropist,  of  Rochester,  A41. 

Mct;ulloiigh,  J.  B.,  Meth.    clergyman, 

editor,  ATI. 

Aug:.  1.  Holt,  Joseph,  judge-advocate-gen- 
eral U.  S.  A.,  A87. 

Aug--  8.  Anilrews,  Judaon  B.,  superinten- 
dent Insane  asylum,  Atil). 


CHURCH. 

1894  July  18.  New  York.  Ninety  pil- 
grims leave  this  port  for  Lourdes  on  the 
Paris;  they  are  under  Rev.  E.  H.  For- 
cile,  who  takes  several  thousand  dollars 
of  "Peter's  pence"  to  Pope  Leo  from 
Brooklyn. 

Mgr.  Satolli    affirms  a  ruling    of 

Bishop  J.  A.  "Watterson  of  Colum- 
b\is,  O. 

He  says  he  will  withdraw  his  approba- 
tion from  any  Roman  Catholic  society 
in  his  diocese  that  has  a  liquornlealer 
or  saloon-keeper  among  its  otficers ;  and 
will,  furthermore,  refuse  absolution  to 
any  of  the  latter  who  sell  on  Sundays 
or  carry  on  business  in  a  forbidden  or 
disedifying  way. 

July  28.  Wis.  The  episcopal  residence 
of  Archbishop  Katzer  is  assessed  at 
$103,150;  the  Board  of  Assessors,  by 
a  vote  of  16  to  7,  decide  that  the  prop- 
erty must  pay  the  tax.  [The  case  will 
be  appealed.] 

July  31.  N.  J.  Ocean  Grove  cele- 
brates its  25th  anniversary. 

July  *  The  3d  annual  convention  of  the 
Baptist  Young  People's  Union  of 
America  is  held  at  Toronto,  Canada  ; 
2,000  delegates  present. 

Aug.  1.  Mass.  D.  L.  Moody's  Confer- 
ence for  Bible  Study  at  Northfield 
opens. 


LETTERS. 

1894    Aug.  3.    New  York.     The  Chinese 
■    News  is  issued  ;  Yung  Kwai,  editor  ;   it 

is  printed  in  Chinese,  on  light  buff  paper, 

and  illustrated. 


SOCIETY. 

1894  July  17.  Utah.  Three  strikers 
are  caught  removing  rails  on  the  Union 
Pacitic  as  the  overland  tlyer  is  due  ;  they 
are  imprisoned. 

July  18.  I).  C.  Mgr.  Satolli  makes  a 
decision  adverse  to  the  liquor-tratfic. 
(.See  Church.) 

July  19.    New  York.    The  trial  of   the 

accused  police  officials  begins  before  the 

Police  Board. 
July  21.    The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 

strike  is  declared  off ;  the  strikers  will 

be  taken  back. 

July  22±.  O.  The  Mobile  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Company  orders  the  dismissal 
of  all  American  Railway  Union  men. 

July  23.  ^'.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  proclaims 
that  the  State  dispensaries  for  the  sale 
of  liquor  will  be  reopened  on  Aug.  1. 
[Aug.  1.    Opened.] 

July  24.  Chicago.  The  Federal  Court 
refuses  to  release  President  Debs  and 
his  associates  on  their  answers  to  the  bill 
of  complaint. 

^V.  J.    The  annual  convention  of  the 

International  Orders  of  King's 
Daughters  and  King's  Sons  opens  at 
Ocean  Grove. 

July  25.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  ap- 
points John  1).  Kenian  of  New  York  and 
N.  E.  Worthington  of  Peoria,  111.,  mem- 
bers of  the  commission  to  investigate 
the  late  railroad  strike. 

July  26.  New  York.  Police  Captain 
Doherty  and  his  ward  men,  Hoch  and 
Meehan,  are  found  guilty  of  extortion 
and  neglect  of  duty,  and  tiismissed  from 
the  force  ;  charges  are  preferred  against 
live  police  sergeants  and  two  patrolmen, 
who  are  suspended  until  trial.  (See 
July  l(i.) 

July  27.  n.  C.  Carroll  D.  Wright  re- 
ports to  the  President  the  result  of  his 
investigation  of  the  slimis  in  large 
cities. 

Tenn.    Convicts   cause  a  dynamite 

pipe  explosion  at  a  mine  at  the  Tracy 
City  coal-mines,  killing  a  mine  official 
and  wounding  two  guards ;  many  of  the 
convicts  defy  the  guards. 

July  28.  Miiin.  Masked  miners  at- 
tack the  crew  of  a  Milwaukee  Short 
Line  freight-train  at  Saint  Paul,  injuring 
some,  and  driving  others  into  the  woods 
near  the  city.^ 

Wyo.  Firemen  on  the  "Wyoming  di- 
vision of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  are 
being  dismissed  for  incendiary  remarks 
during  the  strike. 

July  29.  ///.  A  non-union  engineer  at 
Danville  .lunction  is  shot. 

The  Straw-Haulers'  Association, 
composed  of  farmers,  boycotts  the  A'an- 
dalia  Paper  Mill  Company  because  of 
a  quarrel  between  union  and  non-union 
straw-haulers. 

July  30.  New  York.  Archbishop  Cor- 
rigan  approves  of  Mgr.  Satolli *s 
views  relative  to  the  exclusion  of  liq- 
uor-dealers from  Roman  Catholic  soci- 


He  says  *'  that  acceptance  of  principles 
is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  blind 


application  of  the  same  on  all  occasions 
and  under  all  circumstances." 

Neb.     Beef-killers     at    the    South 

Omaha  packing-houses  strike  for  the 
pay  ruling  during  1893. 

O.    About  100  men  employed  at  the 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  shops  at  Chicago 
Junction  are  discharged  because  they 
refuse  to  withdraw  from  the  American 
Railway  Union. 

Okla.     The   courts    are    busy  with 

divorce  suits  brought  by  people  from 
every  State  in  the  Union. 

July  31.  Pa.  In  a  bar-room  fight 
at  a  mining-camp  seven  miles  east  of 
Pittsburg,  called  Yale,  six  men  are 
killed,  and  seven  men  and  eight  women 
wounded. 

Aug.  1.  N.  Y.  Burglars  wreck  and  loot 
the  Glen  Cove  post-ofiice,  securing  about 
$1,200  in  postage-stamps,  and  over  $i400 
in  cash. 

Neio  York.    A  strike  of  workmen 

on  public  school  buildings  is  ordered. 
[Aug.  2.  A  strike  of  2,000  mechanics 
and  workmen  is  declared.] 

Okla.    Bandits  attack    a   bank  in 

Chandler,  securing  §200;  one  citizen  is 
killed  and  an  outlaw  shot  in  the  effort 
of  the  baud  to  escape. 

Aug.  2.  N.  Y.  The  prosecution  in  the 
Elmira  Reformatory  investigation  closes 

its  case. 

New  Yo7-k.  Russell  B.  Hoyt  is  ar- 
rested, charged  with  extensive  coun- 
terfeiting. 

Chicaf/o.    B.  R.  Tufts,  chief  postal 

clerk  of  the  Rock  Island  road,  between 
Chicago  and  Iowa  City,  is  arrested  on 
the  charge    of    robbing    the    mails    of 

about  $10,000. 

Wis.  The  forest  fires  are  extin- 
guished by  rains  ;  28  carloads  of  lum- 
ber, with  supplies  of  bedding  and 
clothing,  arrive  for  free  distribution 
among  the  survivors. 

Aug.  3,  Goto.  A  highwayman  holds  up 
the  Trnckee  and  Talioe  stage,  and  robs 
15  passengers. 

.1/0.    Coal-shafts  at  Fulton  are 

fired  by  strikers  ;  loss,  §40,000. 

-V.  y.    An    unsuccessful    attempt  is 

made  to  wreck  a  passenger-train  by  an 
open  switch  at  the  outskirts  of  Water- 
town. 

The  Constitutional  Convention  rejects 
an  amendment  offered  by  Mr.  Titus  of 
New  York,  providing  for  the  free  sale 
of  liquor  in  cities  on  Sundays.  Vote, 
50-8C. 

STATE. 

1894  July  18.  D.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  amends  and  passes  the  Indian 
Appropriation  Bill.  [Aug.  8,  Confer- 
ence report  agreed  to.  Aug.  16.  Ap- 
proved.] 

The  Tariff  Bill  conferees  disagree, 
and  decide  to  report  their  disagreement 
to  Congress. 

Secretary  Gresham  instructs  the  U.  S. 
Minister  to  Japan  to  offer  to  the  Jap- 
anese government  the  good  offices  of  tbe 
United  States  in  the  Korean  dispute. 
July  19.  n.  C.  Congress;  House: 
Chairman  Wilson  reports  the  disagree- 
ment of  the  second  Tariff  Conference 
Committee.  The  House  is  much  opposed 
to  the  Senate's  amendments. 

President  Cleveland  approves  the  joint 
resolutions  permitting  Capt.  T.  O.  Self- 


^H     from  the  President  of  France,  and  Prof. 

^F      Asaph  Hall  to  accept  a  gold  medal  from 

the  French  Academy  of  Science. 

July  20.  B.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
President  Cleveland's  letter  to  Chairman 
Wilson  on  the  tariff  situation,  opposing 
the  admission  of  free  raw  materials,  is 
the  subject  of  a  sharp  debate  ;  the  House 
passes  the  Stone  bill  for  the  restric- 
tion Of  immigration ;  bill  introduced 
Jan.  16. 

The  Senate  Sugar  Investigating 
Committee  reopens  its  inquiry  to  ex- 
amine brokers  charged  with  having 
bought  sugar  stocks  for  Senators. 

Orders  are  issued  to  the  superinten- 
dents of  the  mints  at  San  Francisco, 
Carson  City,  Philadelphia,  and  New  Or- 
leans, to  coin  an  unlimited  number  of 
silver  dollars  during  the  present  month. 

y.  Y.    The  Socialists,  through  (iideon 

J.  Tucker,  ask  that  amendments  be  pro- 
vided by  the  Constitutional  Convention, 
requiring  the  State  to  purchase  all  rail- 
roads, and  increase  the  number  of  public 
schools. 

July  21.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
agrees  to  a  joint  resolution  proposing  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  so  as  to 
elect  U.  S.  Senators  by  a  direct  vote 
of  the  people.  Vote,  134-48.  Bill  intro- 
duced Feb.  3. 

Senator  Allen's  report  of  the  results 
of  the  sugar  and  bribery  investiga- 
tion is  made  public  ;  it  exonerates  the 
Senators,  and  recommends  legislation 
against  lobbying  and  similar  practices. 
The  gold  reserve  in  the  tJ.  S.  Treas- 
ury is  reiluced  to  below  $61,000,000. 

Chicago.  Merchants  and  bankers  ap- 
peal to  President  Cleveland  not  to  with- 
draw the  U.  S.  troops  from  the  city  at 
present. 

July  23.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  Ar- 
thur P.  Gorman  of  Md.  makes  a  bitter 
attack  upon  President  Cleveland,  al- 
leging that  he  expressed  approval  of  the 
Senate  Bill  when  it  was  imder  discussion 
in  that  body.    (Tariff  discussion.) 

S.  C.  Gov.  Tillman  issues  a  proclama- 
tion reestablishing  State  control  of  the 
liquor-traffic,  and  ordering  the  county 
ilispcnsers  to  open  their  dispensaries  on 
Wednesday,  Aug.  1. 

July  24.  JJ.  V.  Congress ;  Senate  :  D. 
B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  in  reply  to  Senator  Gor- 
man defends  the  President,  and  fa- 
vors concessions  by  the  Senate.  The  di- 
rect vote  resolution  is  refered.  [No  final 
action  taken.] 

A'.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion sends  to  the  third  reading  the  pro- 
posed amendment  to  prevent  the  rail- 
roading of  bills  through  the  Legislature. 

July  26.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate  :  AV. 
F.  Vilas  of  Wis.  defends  President  Cleve- 
land's letter  (See  July  20) ;  B.  B.  Hill's 
motions  for  free  coal  and  iron  ore  are 
voted  down ;  the  House  passes  the  bill 
providing  that  life-saving  stations  shall 
be  kept  open  10  months  instead  of  eight. 
The  Japanese  Minister  at  Washing- 
ton is  recalled,  and  his  successor  named. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  July  17 -Aug.  4.      467 


Wis.  W.  II.  Uphant  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

July  27.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
sends  the  Tariff  Bill  back  to  conference 
without  instructions ;  motions  to  recede 
from  Senate  amendments  on  sugar  are 
defeated. 

July  28.  D.  C.  Congress :  The  House 
passes  a  joint  resolution  extending 
current  appropriations  until  Aug.  14. 

July  30.  D.  C.  Congress:  In  the 
House,  C.  A.  Boutelle  of  Me.  presents 
a  resolution  for  the  recognition  of  the 
Hawaiian  Hepublic;  referred  to  the 
Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  [Fails 
to  pass.] 

Secretary  Gresham  orders  Minister 
Denby  to  return  to  Peking,  believing  war 
between  China  and  Japan  inevitable. 

The  conferees  on  the  Tariff  Bill  meet 
and  adjourn  without  agreement. 

July  31.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  Tariff 
Bill  conferees  fail  to  agree. 

Mich.  John  T.  Rich  (Rep.)  is  renom- 
inated for  governor. 

Aug.  1.  D.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  W. 
E.  Chandler  of  N.  H.  offers  a  resolution 
calling  for  an  investigation  of  the  rela- 
tions of  the  Nova  Scotia  coal  syndicate 
to  the  Tariff  Bill ;  the  House  passes  the 
Agricultural  Appropriation  Bill,  the 
Senate  having  withdrawn  its  amendment 
regarding  the  Russian  thistle. 

The  Armor-plate  Investigating  Com- 
mittee of  the  House  visits  the  Carnegie 
Works  at  Homestead. 

Aug.  2.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  Civil  Appropri- 
ation Bill  after  six  discussions.  [Aug. 
15.  Conference  report  agreed  to.  Aug. 
20.    Approved  by  the  President.] 

The  Sugar  Investigating  Commit- 
tee makes  a  report  signed  by  all  the 
members  ;  a  supplemental  report  is  made 
by  Senators  Davis  and  Lodge. 

Ga.  W.  Y.  Atkinson  (Dem.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 

Aug.  3.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  pusses  the  General  Defi- 
ciency BiU.  [Aug.  17.  Conference  re- 
port agreed  to.    Aug.  24.     Approved.] 

Aug.  4.  />.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
amends  and  passes  the  State  Taxation 
of  National  Banks  Bill.  [Aug.  7.  House 
concurs.    Aug.  16.    Approved.] 

The  tariff  conference  fails  to  agree  on 
a  report. 

Tenn.    The  Democrats  lose  heavily  in 

the  elections. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  July  17.  Chicago.  The  City 
Council  passes  an  ordinance  giving  the 
Universal  Gas  Company  the  right  to 
build  works  and  lay  mains  in  all  the 
streets  and  alleys  of  Chicago,  the  gas  to 
be  sold  to  consumers  at  $1  per  1,000 
feet,  and  10  per  cent  of  all  receipts  to  be 
paid  into  the  city  treasury. 

Ire.  The  Vigilant  wins  the  yacht- 
race  In  Belfast  Lough. 


July  18.  Cal.  News  is  received  that 
Hawaii  was  formally  proclaimed  a  re- 
public on  the  4th  of  July,  with  S.  B. 
Dole  as  president. 

July  20.  Jre.  The  Vigilant  is  beaten 
by  the  Britannia  for  the  eighth  time 
in  a  race  over  the  Dublin  Bay  course. 

Jtily  21.  Ala.  Birmingham  loses  over 
$500,000  by  the  burning  of  several  large 
business  houses,  including  the  Caldwell 
Hotel. 

Eng.    ITie  Vigilant  again  beats  the 

BHtannia^  this  time  under  conditions 
favorable  to  the  latter. 

July  22.  N.  J.  Five  sailors  are  res- 
cued from  the  masts  of  a  sunk  schooner 
off  Seabright. 

July  23.  Ark.—  O.  Eight  persons  are 
killed  in  a  railroad  wreck;  and  three 
killed  in  a  collision  on  the  '*  Big  Four" 
road  near  Cincinnati. 

Eng.    The  BHtannia  defeats  the 

Vigilant  in  a  race. 

July  24.  Boston.  The  vote  taken  on  the 
Meigs  Elevated  Bailroad  Bill  shows 
15,492  for,  and  14,214  against  its  con- 
struction. 

July  25.  D.  C.  Three  firemen  and  over 
200  horses  lose  their  lives  at  the  burn- 
ing of  the  warehouse  and  stables  of  the 
George  W.  Knox  Express  Company  in 

Wasliington. 

July  26.  N.  Y.  The  Higgins  Soap 
Company  is  forced  into  the  hands  of  a 
receiver  by  the  alleged  swindling  opera- 
tions of  David  Coleman  through  adver- 
tisements of  money  to  invest,  and  oper- 
ating with  false  checks. 

July  28:*^.  Wis.  — Minn.  Thousands  of 
people  are  made  homeless  by  forest  fires ; 
40  lives  are  lost  at  Philips. 

July  29.  Conn.  The  bodies  of  three 
missing  boys  are  found  in  the  locker  of 
a  caboose  car  at  the  freight-yards  in 
Hartford,  a  spring-lock  shutting  the 
door. 

la.    A  fire  at  Belle  Flaine  causes 

a  loss  of  nearly  $500,000. 

July  31.  N.  Y.  Work  is  begun  on  the 
hydraulic  canal  to  supply  100,000  horse- 
power at  Love's  Model  City,  near  Lewis- 
ton. 

Aug.  1.  Eng.  Mr.  Gladstone  declines, 
because  of  old  age  and  infirmity,  the 
latest  invitation  to  visit  the  United 
States. 

A  fishing-schooner  is  run  down  in 

a  dense  fog  by  the  White  Star  steamer 
Majestic;  two  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  2.  Chicago.  The  Pullman  shops 
are  reopened  with  300  men  at  work  in 
the  passenger-car  repair  department. 

Aug.  4.  Chicago.  The  Columbian  Ex- 
position Salvage  Company  files  a 
claim  for  $230,000  damage  done  to  the 
property  in  Jackson  Park  by  rioters  on 
July  5,  when  several  of  the  buildings 
were  burned. 

Colo.    While  crossing  a  stream  near 

Berwin  a  stage-coach  is  washed  away 
by  a  cloudburst  flood ;  five  lives  are  lost ; 
the  mail-sacks  and  one  body  are  found. 

Eng.    The   Vigilant  wins  the  race 

at  Cowes,  beating  the  Britannia  by  four 
minutes  and  29  seconds. 


468     1894,  Aug.  4 -Aug.  23. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Aug.  6.  Pa.  A  naval  reserve 
of  84  men  is  formed,  and  will  proceed 
at  once  to  Philadelpbia  for  six  days* 
training  at  the  League  Island  Navy  Yard. 

Aug.  9.  Ariz.  Troops  are  withdrawn 
from  service  along  the  Southern  Pacific. 

Aug.  13.  D.  C.  Ham.  S.  Hawkins  is 
commissioned  colonel — 20th  infantry. 

ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Aug.  9.  N.  J.  The  statue  of 
Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen  in  Military 
Park,  Newark,  is  unveiled. 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  begins  in 
Brooklyn. 

Aug.  18.  X.  Y.  Oil  is  discovered  on  the 
Scott  farm,  six  miles  from  Dunkirk. 

BIRTH«  —  DEATHS. 
1894. 
Auer.  4.    Rarnard,D.M.,juri8tof  N.Y.,A64. 

Irick,  .lohn  S.,  gen.,  railroad  and  bank 

president,  A83. 
Aug.  0.     Blair,  Austin,  war  Gov.  of  Mich., 

A  76. 
Aug.  7.     Strong,    Jamea,    professor    Drew 

Seminary,  author,  A  72. 
Auer.  14.     Aiiarns,  John  Quincy,  politician 

of  Mass.,  A6I. 
Aug.  16.     Newell,    John,    president    Lake 

Shore  liailroad,  A64. 
Augr.  17.    Kobinson,  Charles,  Gov.  of  Kan., 

A77. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Aug.  14.  New  York.  Three  cor- 
ner-stones of  the  new  Salvation  Army 
huilding  to  be  erected  in  this  city  are  laid. 

Aug.  16.  N.  Y.  The  chiefs  of  the  Six 
Nations  assemble  with  the  Onondagas 
for  a  great  council  near  Syracuse  ;  they 
have  in  view  the  preservation  of  their 
traditional  religion. 

The  Indians  dance  every  nicht  in  the 
Long  House  of  the  nation,  and  the  lead- 
ing chiefs  urge  their  people  to  cast  aside 
Clfristianity,  and  return  to  the  faith  of 
their  fathers.  The  council  is  to  continue 
for  five  days. 

Aug.  19.  N,  Y.  Over  2,000  pilgrims 
visit -the  shrine  of  Our  Lady  of  Martyrs 
at  Auriesville,  near  Tribes  Hill. 

Aug.  21.  O.  The  convention  of  the 
new  Independent  Polish  Catholic 
Church  is  held  at  Cleveland,  with 
Bishop  Vilatte  of  Wis.  presiding. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Aug.  8.  N,  Y.  Chautauqua 
and  the  Catholic  Summer  School  at 
Plattsburg  exchange  greetings  by  tele- 
grams. 

Aug.  18.  Mo.  Catholic  priests  of  Kan- 
sas City  recommend  to  Bishop  Fink  the 
abandonment  of  parochial  schools; 
also  that  the  pupils,  about  1,000  in  num- 
ber, take  advantage  of  their  rights  to 
attend  the  public  schools. 

Aug.  20.  Pa.  Judge  Parker,  in  the  Gal- 
litzen  School  Case,  decides  that  nuns 
having  certificates  issued  by  the  county 
superintendent  may  be  employed  as 
teachers  while  wearing  their  peculiar 
garb ;  hut  that  sectariaii  books  or  secta- 
rian instruction  must  not  be   used  or 


given,  nor  the  public-school  property 
used  for  other  than  free-school  purposes. 

Aug.  22.  N.  Y.  Wells  CoUege,  at 
Aurora,  elects  W.  E.  Waters,  of  the 
University  of  Cincinnati,  as  president. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Aug.  4.  Mo.  Miss  Ella  Ltinney 
shoots  and  kills  Eugene  McEnroe  near 
Lenora. 

—  N.  J.  John  Connors,  farmer  of  Mor- 
risville,  a  drunkard  and  wife-beater, 
shoots  his  wife  and  kills  himself. 

A'.  Y.    Chu  Nong  shoots  Chu  Hing 

in  Albany  because  the  latter  owed  liim 
money  he  could  not  collect. 

Pa.   Miners  riot  at  Bamesboro,  and 

burn  coal-tipples. 

Aug.  5.  New  York.  In  a  fit  of  melan- 
cholia J.  B.  Hunt. kills  his  wife  and 
shoots  himself. 

CuL    W.  B.  Melville,  collecting  clerk 

of  the  Bank  of  California,  San  Fran- 
cisco, is  sentenced  to  San  Quentin  Peni- 
tentiary for  eight  years  for  embezzling 
$24,000. 

Aug.  6.  New  York.  A  man  crazed  by 
drink  gashes  a  woman  with  a  razor  on 
board  the  C.  H.  Northam  in  the  East 
Kiver. 

Aug.  8.  N.  Y.  At  Long  Beach  the  little 
daughter  of  Mr.  Ryder  is  lured  away  by 
parties  unknown. 

The  New  York  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion votes  against  a  proposal  to  abolish 
capital  punishment. 

New  York.    Police  Captain  Devery 

is  said  to  be  too  ill  to  appear  for  trial  ; 
his  appearance  is  excused  pending  a 
report  from  a  committee  of  police  sui- 

feons.  [Aug.  31.  Found  guilty  of  bri- 
ery, and  dismissed.] 

Pa.    Cashier  H.  A.   Gardner  of  the 

Second  National  Bank,  Altoona,  ab- 
sconds, taking  with  him  $150,000  of  the 
bank's  funds. 

Aug.  9.  Md.  Eighty-eight  members  of 
Coxey's  commonweal  army  are  arrested 
at  Hyattsville  and  sent  to  jail. 

Aug.  10.  Cal.  The  silver  men  and 
<jtherH  at  Los  Angeles  form  a  secret 
political  order  called  the  United  Sons 
of  America. 

Neb.    The    Nebraska    militia    is    in 

authority  at  South  Omaha  ;  striking 
packers  are  forbidden  to  congregate, 
and  saloons  are  closed. 

A'.  J.    Tramps  overawe  the  crew  and 

hold  up  a  train  at  Cranford ;  three  are 
captured  by  the  police. 

New  York.    A  thief  Is  captured  while 

trying  to  steal  a  tray  of  diamonds,  val- 
ued at  $5,000,  from  the  jewelry  store  of 
J.  H.  Johnston,  in  Union  Square. 

Aug.  11.  Chicago.  The  Sunday  Obser- 
vance Association  asks  aid  of  the  courts 
to  prevent  the  playing  of  baseball  on 
Sunday. 

///.  The  State  attorney-general  be- 
gins action  to  declare  void  the  char- 
ter of  the  Pullman  Company,  on  the 
ground  that  it  has  engaged  in  business 
not  authorized  by  the  charter. 

N.  T.    Two  men  and  a  complete  illicit 

still  outfit  are  captured  near  Fult4)u 
Ferry  in  Brooklyn. 

Tenn.  A  negro  is  lynched  at  Hum- 
boldt for  barn-burning. 

Va.    Tlie  militia  break  up  the  Cox- 

eyite  camp ;  t!ie  campers  are  driven 
t)ver  the  State  boundary  into  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 


}V.  Va.     I>r.  J.  W.  Davis,  a  prominent 

physician  of  Montgomery,  is  killed  by  a 
man  in  ambush  while  returning  home 
from  visiting  a  patient. 

Aug.  12.  Chicago.  The  Pullman  Com- 
pany orders  the  eviction  of  strikers 
from  houses  which  they  rent  from  the 
Company. 

Ind.    A  number  of  Poptilist  leaders* 

are  arrested  in  Indianapolis  for  holding 
a  political  meeting  on  the  Sabbath. 

/.  T.     Two  more  members  of  the  Bill 

Cook  fraiifi  of  outlaws  are  shot  dead  in 
a  conflict  with  the  Uchee  scouts  under 
command  of  •'  Jim"  Sapulpa. 

Aug.  14.  Chicago.  Alderman  John 
Coughlin  receives  an  infernal  machine ; 
he  opens  it  without  causing  an  explosion. 

Kan.     Populist    Jerry    Murphy,   the 

city  jailer  at  Leavenworth,  after  re- 
ceiving an  order  of  dismissal  from  the 
office,  unlocks  the  prison  doors  and 
liberates  the  prisoners. 

New  York.    The  trial  of  five  police 

sergeants,  on  charge  of  accepting  bribes,, 
is  concluded  ;  the  announcement  of  the 
result  is  deferred. 

The  American  Chemical  Society 
begins  its  sessions. 

Aug.  15.  N.  H.  At  Henniker,  A.  Mc- 
Lean, a  young  man  18  years  of  age, 
shoots  and  kills  Miss  Nettie  Douglass, 
15  years  of  age  ;  he  is  arrested. 

New  York.  The  National  Associa- 
tion of  Newspapers,  Booksellers,  and 
Stationers  opens  its  11th  annual  conven- 
tion. 

Four  police  sergeants,  found  guilty 
of  accepting  bribes,  are  expelled  from 
the  force ;  one,  because  of  general  good 
conduct,  is  allowed  to  retire  on  half 
pay. 

N.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion rejects  the  proposal  to  submit  the 
woman -suffrage  question  to  popular 
vote. 

Aug.  16.  Chicago.  The  strike  at  the 
stock-yards  is"  declared  off,  the  men 
agreeing  to  work  at  former  wages. 

Aug.  17.  N.  Y.  Moses  Weldon,  a 
farmer  living  near  Fort  Plain,  is  fleeced 
out  of  $4,000  by  confidence  men,  who 

escape  capture. 

New  York.     Mrs.  Rhoda  Sanford,  the 

keeper  of  a  disorderly  house,  testifies 
before  the  Police  Board  to  having  made 
payments  for  ''police  protection." 

Aug.  18.  Moss.  Edward  Crosby  is 
killed  by  burglars  while  trying  to  cap- 
ture them  in  his  brother's  house  in  Mer- 
rimac. 

S.  C.    Another    judge    declares    the 

laquor  Dispensary  Law  unconstitu- 
tional. 

Aug.  19.  Chicago.  Detectives  arrest 
four  expert  Polish  counterfeiters  ;  much 
spurious  silver  coin  is  in  circulation. 

Aug.  20.     Chicago.    Two  men  and  a  boy 

are  arrested  on  the  cliarge  of  attempting 
to  wreck  a  Great  Western  train  near 
May  wood  on  July  6. 

Gov.  Altgeld  visits  Pullman,  and 
finds  wiile-spread  destitution  among  the 
ex-workmen.  [Aug.  21.  He  appeals  to 
the  public  for  aid.] 

Conv.  Mrs.  Robbins,  who  swin- 
dled many  Harvard  men  in  New  York 
last  May,  is  arrested  in  Hartford  for  a 
similar  offense. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Aug.  4-Aug.  23.     469 


The  Convention  of  the  Brotherhood 

of  Locomotive  Firemen  passes  resolu- 
tions condemning  sympathetic  strikes. 

Afass.  M<^)re  tlian  10.000  textile  work- 
ers in  New  Bedford  strike  against  a  re- 
duction of  wages  ;  nenrly  three-fourths 
of  Fail  River  iiiill  employees  are  idle. 
[Aug.  2:5.  At  Fall  Kiver  23,000  cotton- 
mill  operatives  are  locked  out.  Oct.  11. 
Mcst  of  the  operatives  return  to  work, 
and  the  mills  are  reopened.  Oct.  20. 
Tlie  strike  of  spinners  ends  at  New  Bed- 
ford by  an  agreement.] 

— ■  Xeir  Tori:  The  striking  tailora  are 
permanently  enjoined  from  interfering 
with  employers. 

Charges  of  bribery  are  preferred 
against  Police  Captain  Stephenson. 
[Sept.  6.  Dismissed  from  the  force.] 
(See  Dec.  10.) 

Aug.  21.  Mick.  Prof.  Ely,  of  the  Mich- 
igan University  at  Ann  Arbor,  is  put  on 
trial  for  teaching  socialistic  and  an- 
archistic doctrines. 

Pfiila.    Anthony    Comstock     causes 

several  arrests  for  publishing  and  dis- 
tributing vile  books  and  photographs. 

Aug.  22.  -.v.  J.  Alderman  Parks  of 
New  York  City  is  arrested  on  the  charge 
of  running  a  gambling  establishment 
at  Aabury  Park. 

.V.  r.    The  National  Council  of  the 

Daughters  of  Ijiberty  begins  its  17th 
annual  convention  in  Brooklyn ;  400 
delegates  are  present  from  25  States, 
representing  30,000  members. 

The  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion holds  its  13th  annual  meeting  at 
Brooklyn. 

The    17th    annual    meeting    of    the 

American  Bar  Association  opens  at 
Saratoga. 

Aug.  23f.  Chicago.  The  hearing  in  the 
contempt  cases  of  President  Eugene 
V.  Deba  and  his  associates  is  begun  in 
the  Federal  Court  before  Judges  Gross- 
cup  and  Woods. 

(Sept.  23, 25.)  The  Government  closes 
its  cjise ;  the  defense  decides  to  intro- 
duce no  testimony  ;  oral  arguments  are 
heard  by  the  court  on  Sept.  25. 

(Dec.  14.)  Debs  is  sentenced  to  six 
months'  imprisonment  for  contempt  of 
■court;  his  associates  in  the  American 
Union  railroad  strike  are  sentenced  to 
three  months.  They  obstructed  railroad 
traffic  in  disregard  of  an  injuBctiou. 

STATE. 

1894  Aug.  6.  n.  C.  Congress:  The 
Senate  passes  the  bill  for  the  deporta- 
tion of  alien  anarchists,  and  discusses 
the  Chandler  resolution  for  the  investi- 
gation of  the  Nova  Scotia  coal  syndicate. 
It  amends  and  passes  the  Stone  bill  for 
the  restriction  of  immigration.  [Aug. 
8.  The  House  non-concurs.]  (See  July 
20);  the  House  recalls  the  River  and 
Harbor  Bill  from  conference  for  cor- 
rection. 

A  caucus  of  Democratic  Representa- 
tives is  called  on  the  tariflf  situation ; 
the  conferees  fail  to  agree. 

Alabama  is  carried  by  the  Demo- 
crats, Col.  Oates  being  elected  governor. 

La.    Theconventionof sugar-planters 

in  New  Orleans  decides  to  withdraw 
from  the  Democratic  party,  and  act  with 
the  Republicans  in  national  elections. 


Aug.  8.  B.  C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
few  unimportant  bills  are  passed  by 
unanimous  consent  in  the  absence  of  a 
voting  quorum  ;  the  House  passes  sev- 
eral bills  appropriating  money  for  pub- 
lic buihiings  and  non-concurs  in  the 
amended  Anti- Anarchist  Bill. 

The  President  formally  recognizes  the 
Hawaiian  Republic. 

N'.  C.  The  Democrats  in  State  Con- 
vention declare  for  free  silver. 

y.  Y.    The  Constitutional  Convention 

adopts  the  report  adverse  to  abolishing 
the  death  penalty.    Vote,  85-55. 

Aug.  9.  7).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
debates  the  Administration's  Hawaiian 
policy. 

The  Tariff  Conference  Committee 
reaches  no  agreement. 

Aug.  10.  f>.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  D. 
B.  Hill's  resolution  that  the  tariff  con- 
ferees report  an  agreement  or  disa- 
greement causes  a  lively  debate ;  no 
action  follows.  • 

Aug.  13.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
ratifies  the  new  Chinese  treaty  regu- 
lating immigration.  Vote,  47-20.  The 
House,  carrying  out  a  Democratic  caucus 
program,  passes  the  "Wilson  Tariff  Bill, 
concurring  in  all  its  amendments.  Vote, 
182-106.  Separate  bills  for  free  coal, 
sugar,  iron  ore,  and  barbed  wire  are 
passed,  and  sent  to  the  Senate.     [Aug. 

20.  Amended  by  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Finance,  and  reported  back  to  the 
Senate.] 

Aug.  14-16.  D.C.  Congress;  Senate: 
The  four  free  raw  material  bills  passed 
by  the  House  are  debated  and  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Finance.  [Aug.  30. 
Reported  back  with  amendments.  Dec. 
12.  Passed  over.]  D.  B.  Hill  gives  no- 
tice of  an  amendment  providing  for  the 
repeal  of  the  income  tax. 

Aug.  15.  7>.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
passes  an  Anti- Anarchist  Bill  for  the 
exclusion  and  deportation  of  alien  an- 
archists;  bill  introduced  Aug.  15.    [Aug. 

21,  24.  Consideration  objected  to  in  the 
House.]  A  letter  from  Secretary  Carlisle 
is  read,  saying  that  the  Free  Sugar  bill 
would  caxise  a  deficit  of  $30,000,000;  the 
House  attends  to  routine  business. 

The  Tariff  Bill  is  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  President. 

O.    The   Populists  and  Labor  Party 

form  a  coalition. 

Aug.  17.  JJ.  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
resolution  is  offered  by  E.  Murphy,  Jr., 
of  N.  Y.  against  further  tariff  legisla- 
tion this  session.     [Aug.  18.    Passed.] 

Aug.  18,  Tex.  Charles  A.  Culbertson 
(Dem.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  19.  J).  C.  Congress  is  ready  to 
adjourn,  and  is  waiting  for  the  Presi- 
dent's action  on  the  Tariff  Bill. 

Aug.  21.  Del.  Joshua  H.  Marvil  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Aug.  22.  Neb.  Tliomas  J.  Majors  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Tenn.  H.  Clay  Evans  (Rep.)  is  nomi- 
nated for  governor. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Aug.  4±.  Neb.  Drought  suffer- 
ers in  the  western  part  of  the  State  ask 
for  relief. 

Aug.  5.  New  York.  Capt.  A.  Freitch 
starts  alone  from  the  Battery  for  Queens- 
town  in  a  forty-foot  boat,  schooner- 
rigged,  with  a  centerboard. 

Aug.  6.  Eng.  Tbe  Vigilant  wins  the 
race  around  the  Isle  of  Wight,  beating 
the  Britannia  by  six  minutes,  and  the 
Satanita  by  40  minutes. 

D.  C.    A  2,000-mile  bicycle  relay 

run  begins  at  Washington  at  noon,  to 
convey  a  message  from  the  White  Hou.se 
to  the  governor  of  Colorado  at  Omaha. 
[It  ends  Aug.  10  at  8.12  P.M.,  nearly  27 
hours  ahead  of  time.] 

New  York.     The  authorities  seize  51 

packages  of  cheese,  the  bacillus  of 
diphtheria  being  found  in  them,  owing 
to  the  milk  having  come  from  a  farmer 
in  whose  family  a  fatal  case  of  diphtheria 
had  occurred. 

Aug.  8.  Vt.  Stowe  celebrates  the  cen- 
tenary of  its  settlement. 

Aug.  9.  Chicago.  Business  is  resumed, 
at  Pullman;  the  big  Corliss  engine 
starts,  and  over  1,000  men  commence 
work. 

Eng.     The   Britannia    defeats   the 

Vigilant  in  a  race  at  Cowes. 

Pa.    Eight  acres  of  land  cave  in 

over  the  Hampton  Mine  at  Scranton  ; 
a  number  of  dwellings  are  wrecked. 

Aug.  10,  la.  It  is  discovered  that  a 
firm  in  Sioux  City  slaughters  cheap 
ranch  horses,  and  ships  the  product 
to  Jersey  City  as  "dried  beef." 

In  a  train  wreck  and  fire  on  the 

Rock  Island  Railroad  11  lives  are  lost ; 
one  man  is  arrested  for  wrecking  the 
train. 

Aug.  14.  Eng.  The  Satanita  defeats 
the  Britannia  in  a  race  at  Ryde ;  the 
Vigilant  is  not  in  the  race. 

Aug.  15.  New  York.  The  Cunard  Line 
steamer  Campania  arrives  after  making 
the  passage  from  Queenstown  in  five 
days,  nine  hours,  and  29  minutes, 
over  three  hours  less  than  the  run  of  any 
other  steamer.    (See  p.  471,  Aug.  31.) 

Aug.  18.  Chicago.  Four  French  exhib- 
itors, having  had  goods  in  the  Manufa<'- 
tures  Building  at  the  time  of  the  fire  on 
Jan.  8,  commence  action  against  the 
"World's  Columbian  Exposition  Com- 
pany for  $16,(XX)  damages. 

Aug.  20.  The  Bering-Sea  fleet  officers 
report  the  number  of  seals  at  the  seal 
islands  to  be  much  less  than  in  former 
years. 

Aug.  21.  New  York.  Julius  de  Marcus 
and  Mrs.  Juliette  Fournier,  of  Brooklyn, 
are  found  shot  and  dead  in  Central 
Park,  having  committed  suicide  through 
love-craze. 

Aug.  23.  Va.  J.  M.  Winstead,  presi- 
dent of  the  Piedmont  and  People's  Sa- 
vings-bank, of  Greensboro,  N.  C,  jiunps 
from  a  City  Hall  tower  in  Richmond, 
a  height  of  170  feet,  and  is  terribly 
mangled. 


470     1894,  Aug.  23-Sept  18. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Sept.  12.  D.  C.  Charles  G.  Saw- 
telle  is  commissioned  colonel  —  quarter- 
master department.  [Oct.  8.  John  W. 
Barringer  —  sustenance  department. 
Oct.  25.  Eoyal  T.  Frank  —  1st  artillery. 
Nov.  10,  Edwin  V.  Sumner— 7th  cav- 
alry. Nov.  26.  Daingerfield  Parker  — 
18th  infantry.  Dec.  31.  Mar.  I.  Luding- 
ton  — quartermaster  department.] 

Sept.  17.  D.  C.  The  War  Department 
issues  an  order  concentrating  the 
army,  and  doing  away  with  several 
posts. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Aug.  25.  Wyo.  Grasshoppers  are 
devouring  the  grass  in  Cheyenne. 

Aug.  26.  Tex.  Boll-worms  are  destroy- 
ing a  large  portion  of  the  cotton-crop  in 
Dallas  Coiuity. 

Sept,  1.  Tex.  Hundreds  of  lives  are 
lost  in  the  floods. 

Sept,  3.  Mich,  Minn.,  Wis.  The  forest 
flres  are  partially  quenched  by  rain. 

Tlie  total  number  of  lives  lost  is  esti- 
mated at  from  800  to  1,200;  relief  work  is 
in  progress  in  the  striclten  territory. 

Sept.  4.  The  members  of  the  Cook  Arc- 
tic Expedition  arrive  at  North  Sydney, 
Cape  Breton,  on  a  fishing-schooner,  the 
Miranda  having  been  abandoned  at  sea 
in  a  sinking  condition.  [Sept.  11.  Ar- 
rive in  New  York.] 

Sept.  7.  Pa.  The  largest  steel  plate  yet 
made  is  rolled  at  Chester  by  the  Well- 
man  Iron  and  Steel  Works  ;  it  is  450 
inches  long,  130  wide,  and  \\  thick. 

Sept.  8.  N.  J.  An  oil-well  is  discov- 
ered on  a  farm  in  Finderne. 

Pa.     A   cloudburst  at    Bethlehem 

causes  much  damage. 

Sept.  15.  New  York.  The  relief  steamer 
Falcon  returns  from  the  Arctic  to  New- 
foundland with  all  the  members  of  the 
Peary  expedition  except  Peary  and  two 
companions,  who  are  to  spend  another 
year  in  the  polar  region. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1894. 

Aug.  37.  Shaw,  D.  B.,  M.  C.  for  Mich., 
A40. 

Thaxter,  Celia,  author,  A58. 

Aug^.  38.  .Stevens,  Simon,  lawyer,  aboli- 
tionist, A64. 

Sept.  1.  Banks,  Nathaniel  P.,maj.-gen., 
editor,  lawyer,  M.  C,  Gov.  of  Mass., 
speaker,  A78. 

Sept.  2.  Kirkwood,  Samuel  J.,  Gov.  of  la., 
secretary  of  interior,  A8I. 

Sept.  4.  Willing,  .James  C,  president  Co- 
lumbian University,  A69. 

Sept.  5.  Stonemau,  George,  Gov.  of  Cal., 
gen.,  A72. 

Sept.  7.    Talladee,  C.  W.,  Inventor,  A64. 

Sept.  11.  Pico  Pio,  Gov.  of  the  two  Cali- 
fornias,  A94. 

Sept.  14.  McCauley,  E.  Y.,rear-adm.  V.  S. 
N.,  A67. 

CHURCH. 
1894    Sept.    1.    Pa.    The     Poles     and 

Greek    Catholics     of     Hazleton     form 

a  new  church,  to  be  known  as  the 

American  Catholic. 
Sept.  17.    New  York.    The    German 

Roman    CathoUc    Central    Verein, 

with  110  delegates  in  attendance,  is  in 

session. 


LETTERS. 

1894  Aug.  26.  N.  Y.  Allen  Barlow 
of  Binghamton  leaves  all  his  property, 
valued  at  $100,000,  to  found  an  industrial 
training-school  in  that  city. 

Aug.  28.  N.  Y.  Judge  Bartlett  denies 
the  application  to  compel  school  prin- 
cipals to  admit  pupils  who  refuse  to  be 
vaccinated. 

Sept.  15.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  the  Educational  and 
the  Charities  amendments,  the  latter 
providing  for  educational  require- 
ments in  sectarian  charitable  insti- 
tutions. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Aug.  25.  ni.  A  railroad  detec- 
tive is  shot  by  masked  train-robbera  on 
a  train  near  Deertield. 

La.  Louis  O.  Desforges,  city  council- 
man of  New  Orleans,  is  indicted  on  the 
charge  of  soliciting  a  bribe  of  $7,500 
from  the  IjOuisviUe  and  Nashville  Rail- 
road Company. 

Mich.    Three  members  of  the  Detroit 

School  Board  —  Messrs.  Walsh,  Lip- 
hardt,  and  Lichtenberg — are  held  for 
trial  on  the  charge  of  bribery  in  connec- 
tion with  school  supplies. 

A'.  Y.  The  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion at  Saratoga  elects  James  C.  Carter, 
of  New  York  City,  its  president. 

Aug.  26.  Tex.  Hubbell  Smith,  charged 
with  forgery,  is  arrested  in  Fort  Worth  ; 
$560,000  in  cash,  stocks,  and  bonds  are 
found  upon  him. 

Aug.  27.  Chicago.  George  M.  Pullman 
testifles  before  the  National  Labor  Com- 
mission. 

(AtTG.  29.)     The  commission   finishes 
the  hearing  of  testimony. 

N.  Y.    John  J.  Huber  kills  himself 

after  attempting  to  kill  his  boarding- 
mistress  in  Brooklyn  because  she  re- 
fuses to  leave  her  liusband. 

Aug.  28.  Colo.  Gov.  Waite  is  ar- 
rested on  a  charge  of  unlawfully  open- 
ing and  retaining  a  letter ;  he  is  released 
on  bond.    [Aug.  31.    Acquitted.] 

Ky.  The  Breckinridge  Congres- 
sional election  contest  is  developing 
much  personal  bitterness, 

La:    Councilman  Numa  Douboussat 

of  New  Orleans  is  arrested  after  taking 
a  bribe  of  $ioo  to  vote  for  an  ordinance 
pending  in  the  City  Council. 

Aug.  31.  La.  The  New  Orleans  grand 
jury  adjourns  after  indicting  II  council- 
men  and  the  city  engineer  for  bribery. 

New  York.    Charles  Fiegenbaum  kills 

iosephine  Hoffman,  a  widow,  at  whose 
ouse  he  boarded. 

N.  Y.    Judge  (Jaynor  decides  the  Act 

not  unconstitutional  that  makes  it  a 
crime  to  receive  betting  money  out- 
side of  a  race-track. 

Sept.  1.  Ark.  Ten  of  a  gang  of  20 
counterfeiters  captured  in  Arlvunsas  are 
in  the  penitentiary  awaiting  trial. 

Kan.    Two   masked    men   enter   a 

bank  at  Tescott,  kill  the  cashier,  and,  se- 
curing a  considerable  amount  of  money, 
start  South. 

N.  Y.    The  Kon-sectarian  Hospital 

and  Home  for  Epileptics  in  Brooklyn 
is  formally  opened. 

Tenn.    Six  negroes  are  taken  from 

a  deputy-sheriff  by  lynchers,  shot  and 


killed  at  Millington,  on  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Sept.  2.  N.  J.  Edward  Mehaffey,  while 
drunk,  kicks  his  wife  to  death,  in  Harri- 
son, because  she  refuses  to  give  him 
money  she  had  saved  to  pay  debts. 

Sept.  3.  N.  Y.  The  American  Social 
Science  Association  begins  its  annual 
session  in  Saratoga. 

The  new  Odd  Fellows'  Home  at 
Lockport  is  dedicated  with  imposing 
ceremonies;  Grand  Sire  C.  L.  Campbell 
making  the  principal  address. 

New    York.     A    strike    of   several 

thousand  garment- workers  begins  in 
this  city  ;ind  Brooklyn  with  the  object 
of  abolishing  the  "  sweating  "  system. 

[Sept.  4.  A  number  of  clotliing  pon- 
tractors  accept  the  terms  of  the  striking 

f;arment-workers.  Tailor  strikers  in 
irooklyn  invade  a  shop,  sack  it,  and 
assault  the  proprietors.  Sept.  6.  The 
strikers  win.  Sept.  19.  The  manufac- 
turers, having  failed  to  ratify  the  agree- 
ment entered,  3,000  employees  continue 
the  strike.] 

Labor  Day  is  observed  throughout 

the  United  States. 

Sept.  4.  Chiraffo.  The  hearing  of  the 
contempt  cases  against  President  Debs 
and  other  officers  of  the  American  Kail- 
way  Union  is  renewed. 

B.  F.  Gaston,  who  has  been  swindling 

negroes  by  a*l)ogu8  scheme  of  emigration 
to  Africa,  is  killed  by  enraged  victims. 

Sept.  5.  Pa.  Another  strike  is  on  in 
the  southern  end  of  the  coke-region  be- 
tween Uniontown  and  Fair  Chance. 

-* —  Wis.  Four  ex-supervisors,  three  pres- 
ent supervisors,  and  four  contractors  are 
arraigned  in  Milwaukee,  charged  with 
conspiracy  to  defraud  the  county. 

Sept.  6.  \ew  York.  Police  Superin- 
tendent Byrnes  makes  a  report  to  the 
Police  Board  «»f  the  abuses  existing  in 
the  force ;  the  board  unanimously  dis- 
misses Capt.  John  T.  Stephenson,  and 
resolves  to  abolish  the  position  of  ward 
man. 

Sept.  8.  Oa.  Union  and  non-union 
longshoremen  tight  a  pitched  battle  in 
Savannah. 

Sept.  9.  La.  Link  Waggoner,  a  noted 
desperado,  is  shot  and  killed  by  a  mob 
in  the  parish  jail  at  Minden. 

Sept.  10.  Miss,  The  governor  and  other 
officials  are  arrested  on  the  charge  of 
imitating  U.  S.  currency  in  the  issue  of 
money  warrants  designed  for  circulation 
in  payment  of  State  obligations. 

— -  Pa.  The  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public meets  in  its  28th  National  Va\- 
campment  at  Pittsburg.  [Col.  Thomas 
G.  Lawler,  commander-in-chief.] 

Sept.  11.  Ky.  The  attendance  at  a  bar- 
becue given  at  Paris  by  the  supporters 
of  Mr.  Owens,  the  opponent  of  Brecken- 
ridge,  is  estimated  at  nearly  25,000. 

Sept.  12.  Ariz.  Two  masked  men 
hold  up  a  stage  and  rob  the  passengers 
of  valuables  and  $500  in  coin, 

Sept.  14.    La.    A  suit  for  the  impeach- 

^  ment  of  Mayor  Fitzpatrick  is  hogun  in 
a  New  Orleans  court  on  behalf  of  25  rep- 
resentative citizens. 

N.  Y.    A  race-fight  occtu'S  at  New 

Rochelle ;  three  whi  te  men  are  shot,  and 
several  negroes  are  arrested. 

Sept.  15.  Cal.  The  Idaho  stage  is  held 
up  ten  miles  north  of  Ukiah  by  a  masked 
highwayman,  and  the  Wells-Fargo  treas- 
ure-box taken. 

A".  C.     Fifteen  farmers  of  Guilford^ 

tried  for  forcing  four  Mormon  missioo- 
aries  out  of  the  couuty,  are  acquitted. 


UNITED   STATES.        1894,  Aug.  23 -Sept.  18.      471 


Utah.  Enoch  Daviea,  wife-mur- 
derer, is  shot  by  order  of  court  at  Lehi 

Jimctiou. 

Sept.  16.  N.  Y.  Fanner  Whittemore's 
wife  is  killed,  and  he  and  his  daughter 
are  badly  injured  at  Glens  Falls  by  l^eoji- 
ard  Blodgett,  a  larm-haiid  ;  the  criminal 
is  being  sought  for  by  several  hundred 
men. 

T.  T.    The  Boolin  gang,  in  revenge, 

string  an  Indian  up  by  his  heels,  and 
shoot  him  through  the  head,  near  Miuco. 

Sept.  17.  Pa.  Carrier!  and  Levato,  pri- 
vate bankers  in  the  Italian  quarters  in 
Pittsburg,  riee,  taking  with  them  about 
$io,ooo  of  deposits. 

N.  Mex.     Striking   miners   on    the 

Santa  F6  system  resume  work. 

Sept.  18.  Chicnfjo.  Gamblers  resist  a 
raid  on  their  headquarters  by  detec- 
tives ;  while  the  tight  is  going  on  the  pro- 
prietor, Harry  Varnell,  secures  from  a 
neighboring  magistrate  warrants  for  the 
arrest  of  the  detectives. 

Mo.    Masked   robbers  attempt   to 

hold  up  a  Santa  F^  train ;  armed  men  on 
board  give  them  a  hot  reception ;  the 
engineer  is  shot. 

STATE. 

1894  Aug.  23.  D.  C.  Congress ;  Sen- 
ate :  There  is  no  quorum  ;  the  House  re- 
ceives the  report  of  the  committee  on  the 
annor-plate  frauds;  the  Carnegie  Com- 
pany is  found  guilty  of  gross  neglect  of 
duty,  and  the  charges  are  sustained. 

Secretary  Carlisle  directs  that  the  U. 
S.  flag  shall  be  displayed  over  all  public 
buildings  under  tiie  control  of  the  Trea- 
sury Department  during  business  hours, 
unless  stormy  weather  prevents. 

S.  Dak.     Charles  H.  Sheldon  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor,  and  a  plat- 
form adopted  declaring  for  free  silver. 

Aug.  24.  D.  C.  Congress:  Both 
Houses  pass  a  resolution  for  an  ad- 
journment sine  die  on  Tuesday,  Aug.  28. 

Aug.  25.  K.  r.  TheConstitutioiialCon- 
vention  favors  the  abolition  of  prison 
contract  labor. 

Aug.  26.  I).  C.  The  Administration  de- 
cides to  recognize  the  sovereignty  of 
Nicaragua  over  the  Mosquito  reserva- 
tion. 

U.  S.  The  Central  Labor  Union  de- 
cides to  imite  with  the  People's  Party 
in  the  fall  election  campaign. 

Aug.  27.  />.  C.  Congress :  No  quorum 
present  in  either  House. 

Aug.  28.  r.  5.  The  "Wilson  Tariff 
Bill  becomes  law  without  President 
Cleveland's  signature. 

The  Income  Tax  Appendix  to  the 
Tariff  Bill  proviiies  for  a  tax  of  2  per 
cent  on  incomes  above  $4,000 ;  it  lays  a 
tax  of  two  cents  on  every  pack  of  play- 
ing-cards, and  $1.10  on  each  gallon  of 
proof  liquor,  and  the  same  tax  ou  nine 
gallons  below  proof. 

D.  C.  The  53d  Congress;  the  sec- 
ond session  ends. 

Sept,  1.  U.S.  Canada  accepts  the  lum- 
ber reciprocity  provision  of  the  new 
Taritf  Law. 

Sept.  3.  Jrk.  The  Democrats  elect 
their  state  ticket  by  30,000  plurality; 
the  Populists  fail  to  carry  a  single 
county. 


Sp.    Spain  cancels  the  reciprocity 

treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Cuba. 

Sept.  4.    JVer.    Senator  John  P.  Jones, 

a  Republican  for  over  twenty  years, 
joins  the  Populists  because  of  the  atti- 
tude of  the  Kepublicaiis  toward  silver. 

Sept.  5.    Colo.    David  H.  Waite  (Pop.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 
N.  II.      Charles    A.   Busiel  (Rep.)  is 

nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  6.  Neto  York.  The  citizens'  meet- 
ing called  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
issues  an  address  asking  for  support  in 
the  movement  against  Tammany  Hall, 
and  provides  for  a  Committee  of  Seventy. 

Wis.  George  W.  Peck  (Dem.)  is  nom- 
inated for  governor. 

Sept.  11.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  several  amendments, 
including  one  to  abolish  coroners. 

Sept.  12.     Colo.    H.  W.  Mclntyre  (Rep.) 

is  nominated  for  governor. 
Nev.    The    Democratic     Convention 

demands  unlimited  silver  coinage. 

JV.  Y.  The  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion passes  an  amendment  prohibiting 
free  railroad  passes  and  prison  contract 
labor. 

Utah.     The    Republican    Convention 

declares  for  free  silver  coinage  at  the 
ratio  of  16  to  1. 

Sept.  14.  N.  Y.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  an  amendment  for 
separate  municipal  elections. 

Sept.  17.  La.  The  Sugar-Planters' 
Convention  at  New  Orleans  unanimously 
decides  to  join  the  Republican  party  on 
national  issues,  as  it  favors  a  protective 
tariff. 

Kev.  Senator  John  P.  Jones,  hav- 
ing joined  the  Populists,  is  asked  by  the 
Republicans  to  resign  his  seat. 

Sept.  18.  N.  Y.  Levi  P.  Morton  (Rep.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Aug.  24,  New  York.  The  Ameri- 
can Line  steamer  AVhj  York  arrives  after 
making  the  trip  from  Southampton  in 
six  days,  eight  hours,  38  minutes  — 

one  hour  less  than  any  previous  record. 

Wash.    A  fire  in  a  mine  imprisons 

the  men  at  work  ;  37  bodies  are  brought 
to  the  surface. 

Aug.  27.  N.  II.  Forest  fires  in  the 
Blue  Hills  burn  over  400  acres  of  wood- 
land, destroying  2,000,000  of  cut  timber, 
1,600  cords  of  wood,  and  100  cords  of 
bark,  besides  much  standing  timber. 

Mo.    By  the  collapse  of  a  bridge 

over  a  ravine  at  Fairmount  Park,  Kan- 
sas City,  20  persons  are  injured. 

Aug.  28.  Mich.  Forest  fires  destroy 
property  to  the  value  of  over  $1,000,000. 

New  York.    The  cable-steamer  Mac- 

kay-Bennett  arrives. 

She  has  cable  on  board,  to  connect  New 
York  with  Waterville,  Ireland,  by  way  of 
Coney  Island,  and  Canso,  Nova  Scotia. 

Aug.  30.  D.  C.  A  convention  to  pro- 
mote Southern  development  is  opened 

in  Washington. 
Aug.  31.    New  York.    The  Cunard  Line 
steamer  Lucania  arrives,  after  making 
the   voyage  from  Queenstown    in    five 


days,  eight  hours,  and  38  minutes  — 
the  quickest  western  trip  yet  made. 

Ire.    The  Campania,  of  the  Cunard 

line,  arrives  at  Queenstown  after  lower- 
ing the  eastern  trip  by  one  hour  and  13 
minutes,  having  made  it  in  five  days, 
10  hours,  and  47  minutes. 

Sept.  1.  N.  Y. '  Atty.-Gen.  Hancock  of 
Albany  decides  that  steamers  and 
steam-cars  having  liquor  licenses 
may  sell  while  temporarily  in  dock  or 
at  station,  as  well  as  in  transit. 

Tex.     In  the  vicinity  of  Uvalde  300 

miles  of  railroad  track  are  tmder 
water,  and  heavy  rain  is  still  falling. 

Sept.  2.  N.  J.  Two  excursionists  are 
killed  and  several  injured  by  a  rear- 
end  train  collision  on  the  West  Jersey 
Railroad  in  Camden. 

Wis.     Hundreds   of    lives   are    lost, 

about  12  towns  and  villages  burned,  and 
an  enormous  amount  of  property  is  de- 
stroyed in  the  Northwest  by  forest  fires. 
Cornell  University  loses  heavily,  having 
$1,000,000  invested  aroimd  Long  Lake  in 
pine  lands  that  are  completely  divested 
of  standing  trees. 

Sept.  3.  Coh.  The  Irrigation  Con- 
vention begins  its  session  in  Denver. 

Sp.  A  decree  canceling  the  recipro- 
city treaty  between  Spain  and  the  United 
States  in  regard  to  Cuba  is  gazetted  in 
Madrid,  to  go  into  effect  as  soon  as  the 
new  customs  tariff  in  America  is  en- 
forced. 

Tex.     Over    1,000   men    begin    work 

repairing  40  miles  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  destroyed  by  a  flood. 

Sept.  4.  Miim.  Over  400  bodies  of 
forest-fire  victims  are  recognized ; 
medical  aid  reaches  Hinckley  and  Pine 
City ;  16  towns  are  destroyed,  20  partly 
burned,  and  24  counties  affected, 

Mich.    The  fires  in  the  woods  are 

being  checked  or  extinguished  by  rain. 

Sept.  5.  N.  Y.  The  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany secures  control  of  all  the  Brooklyn 
gas-companies  except  the  Williamsburg 
and  Nassau. 

Sept.  8i:,  Minn.   The  death-list  in  Pine 

County  alone  by  forest  fire  is  700. 
O.    The  centennial  celebration  at 

Defiance  overcrowds  the  city. 
Sept.  9.    Mijin.    Forest  fires  fanned  by 

the  wind  are  again  threatening  several 

towns  ;  inhabitants  are  fleeing  to  places 

of  refuge. 
Sept.  10.     O.    The  town  of  Dalton  is 

burned    by   an    incendiary   fire  ;    loss, 

$250,000. 

Sept.  11.  Mich.  Forest  fires  are  again 
raging.     [Sept.  15.    Quenched  by  rain.] 

Sept.  13.  Mo.  A  train  is  blown  from 
the  track  by  a  wind-storm  j  two  persons 
are  killed  and  20  injured. 

Pa.    McKeesport  celebrates  the 

centennial  of  its  settlement. 

Sept.  14.  Nev.  The  New  York,  of  the 
American  Line,  arrives,  after  making 
the  passage  from  Southampton  in  six 
days,  seven  hours,  and  14  minutes. 

Sept.  15.  Pa.  A  fire  in  the  busine.s8  sec- 
tion of  Scranton  causes  a  loss  of  $300,000; 
three  firemen  are  badly  injured. 


472      1894,  Sept.  19 -Oct  18. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Oct.  4.  Pkila.  The  Union  League 
Club  tenders  a  reception  to  Adm.  Ben- 
hazn,  and  presents  him  with  a  gohl 
medal  for  his  heroic  action  at  Rio  Ja- 
neiro.   (See  Brazil.) 

Oct.  8.  D.  C.  Michael  K.  Morgan  is 
commissioned  brigadier-general  —  sub- 
sistence department. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Sept.  26.  The  great  West  India 
cyclone  reaches  the  Florida  and  Georgia 
coasts  ;  it  causes  great  damage  to  the 
cotton  and  rice  crops. 

Oct.  13.  Cal.  Mammoth  caverns  (sur- 
passing the  Kentucky  Mammoth  Cave) 
are  discovered  in  the  Guyamaca  range, 
iii  Southern  California. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Sept.  26.    Thompson,  Lannt,  sculptor,  A61. 
Sept.  30.     Blakeman,  H.,  publisher,  A70. 
Oct.  3.     Swing,    David,   clergyman,  college 

profeBSor,  A64. 
Oct.  7.    Holmes.  Oliver  'Wendell,  poet, 

author,  A86. 
Cartlu,  Andrew  G.,  war  Gov.,  A77. 

CHURCH. 

1894  Sept.  23.  New  York:  The  37th 
anniversary  of  the  Fulton  Street 
Prayer-meeting  is  celebrated. 

Sept.  24.  .V.  r.  The  Biennial  Confer- 
ence of  the  American  Unitarian  As- 
sociation begins  at  Saratoga. 

Sept.  26.  Xtfie  York.  A  Holiness  Con- 
vention is  in  session,  with  a  large  at- 
tendance of  delegates. 

Sept.  29.  New  York.  A  monastic 
brotherhood  is  instituted  in  the  Prot- 
estant Kpiscopal  Diocese  of  New  York 
by  Bishop  Potter,  the  members  taking 
vows  of  celibacy  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

Oct.  2.  N.  J.  Judge  Van  Syckel,  in  his 
charge  to  the  grand  jury  at  Elizabeth, 
says  that  lotteries  at  church  fairs  and 
festivals  are  illegal. 

Oct.  10.  Pkila.  The  annual  conference 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  archbishops 
in  the  United  States  is  in  secret  session. 

Oct.  14.  X.  Y.  The  golden  jubilee  of 
Rev.  Sylvester  Malone,  pastor  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  of  SS.  Peter  and 
Paul  of  Brooklyn,  is  celebrated. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Sept.  19.  The  German  Verein  re- 
solves that  "  we  do  not  ask  for  our 
school-work  any  State  subvention ;  we 
assume  most  willingly  these  sacrifices 
to  secure  the  eternal  and  the  temporal 
welfare  of  our  children." 

Sept.  21.  Tlie  plans  for  the  Roman 
Catholic  Simimer  School  of  Amer- 
ica, to  be  of  six  weeks'  duration,  are 
arranged ;  in  connection  with  this  system 
reading-circles  are  to  be  formed. 

Sept.  28.  X.J.  The  students  of 
Princeton  at  a  mass-meeting  decide 
that  hazing  ought  to  be  abolished. 

Oct.  2.  Pa.  Thaddeus  Stevens's  will  is 
sustained  after  20  years  of  litigation  ;  an 
Industrial  School  is  to  be  established  in 
Lancaster. 


SOCIETY. 

1894  Sept.  18.  Xew  York.  Dr.  Park- 
hurst,  speaking  before  a  branch  of  the 
City  Vigilance  League,  says  there  is  no 
part  of  the  city  government  that  is 
not  corrupt,  even  the  judges  paying 
money  for  their  places  on  the  bench. 

Pkila.    The  United  Typothetse 

Convention  begins  its  eighth  annual 
session. 

Sept.  19.  Chicago.  Judge  Gibbons  di- 
rects a  judgment  of  ouster  against 
the  "Whisky  Trust;  its  existence  is 
declared  illegal. 

Sept.  20.  Boston.  Five  thousand  gar- 
ment-makers strike  for  shorter  hours 
and  higher  wages.  [Sept.  24.  1,000  re- 
turn to  work.  Sept.  27.  Many  return 
imder  favorable  terms.] 

Okla.    Farmers  capture  Perry  Cook 

near  Lincoln  with  several  stolen  horses 
in  his  possession  ;  they  lynch  him. 

Sept.  21.  Ky.  At  Lexington  J.  D.  Liv- 
ingstone is  stabbed  by  Col.  Breckin- 
ridge's son,  Desha. 

N.  J.  The  Newark  garment-workers 

go  out  on  a  strike. 

New  York.    Several  men   hold  up 

an  Eighth  Avenue  street-car,  and  after 
robbing  the  passengers  make  their  es- 
cape; one  suspect  is  arrested. 

The  National  Society  of  Electro- 
Therapeutists  holds  its  annual  meet- 
ing ;  Dr.  W.  L.  Jackson  is  elected  presi- 
dent. 

Sept.  22.  New  York.  The  shirk-makers 
vote  to  go  out  on  strike  for  higher 
wages. 

N.  Y.     Excise  Commissioner  Krug  of 

Newtown  is  arraigned  for  accepting  a 
bribe,  and  held  for  trial  in  the  sum  of 
$3,500. 
Constitutional    Convention   Dele- 

fates  Kurth  and  Deterling  of  the  Sixth 
)istrict  of  Brooklyn  are  arrested,  and 
held  in  $1,000  bonds  to  appear  for  trial 
on  the  charee  of  bribery  brought  against 
them  by  the  Albany  Argus.  [Dec.  5. 
Discharged  by  the  Albany  grand  jury.] 

Sept.  23.  Ark.  Prof.  G.  F.  Ellis  is  mor- 
tally wounded  by  President  G.  L.  Bry- 
ant of  theTexarkana  Interstate  Normal 
and  Business  College ;  the  latter  is  ar- 
rested. 

N.  J.    ASter  holding  up  near  100 

people  on  a  road  near  Newark,  tramps 
to  the  number  of  about  40  are  dispersed 
by  a  dozen  men  armed  with  sticks  ;  five 
are  arrested. 

Sept.  25.  New  York.  A  Builders' League 
is  organized  for  lighting  labor-unions 
and  walking  delegates. 

O.    The    body    of    General   Freight 

Agent  J.  B.  Caven,  of  the  Valley  Rail- 
road Company,  is  found  riddled  with 
bullets  in  a  street  in  Cleveland. 

Sept.  27.  />.  C.  H.  W.  Howgate,  former 
chief  of  Weather  Bureau  at  Washington, 
is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  stealing 
$370,000  of  government  funds. 

Sept.  28.  Nt-w  York.  George  Appo,  who 
gave  testimony  before  the  l^exow  Senate 
Committee  against  the  "green  goods" 
men,  is  found  mth  his  throat  badly  cut. 

Pa.    R.  Armstrong  of  Allegheny  City 

is  convicted  of  ottering  a  bribe  of  $300  to 
Councilman  John  Born  to  vote  for  a  cer- 
tain engineer  for  the  new  water-works. 

Sept.  30,  Aftnn.  Seven  lives  are  sacri- 
ficed by  a  drunken  husband  and  father 

at  Chaska  by  driving  his  team  into  the 
river. 


Oct.  1.  7>.  C.  The  grand  jury  indicts 
Messrs.  Havemeyer,  Searles,  and 
Seymour  for  refusing  to  testify  before 
the  Senate  Sugar  Investigating  Com- 
mittee. 

The  U.  S.  Court  of  Appeals  reverses 

Judge  Jenkins's  decision  regarding 
strikes  in  the  case  of  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific employees ;  he  affirms  the  right  to 
abandon  a  train. 

Ky.    Many  illicit  stills  are  destroyed  ; 

over  xoo  moonshiners  are  to  be  tried  iu 
Louisville. 

Oct.  3.  The  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  of  Ap- 
peals renders  another  labor  decision 
supporting  Judge  Ricks  in  denying  an 
engineer's  right  to  abandon  a  train- 

Oct.  4.  la.  The  Society  of  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee  at  its  meeting  in  Council 
Blutfs  elects  its  officers  ;  Gen.  Granville 
M.  Dodge,  president. 

Oct.  5.     Chicago.    Ex-Gov.  J.  T,  Bever- 

idge  and  two  others  are  arrested  on  the 
charge  of  using  the  mails  in  the  interest 
of  a  lottery  scheme. 

lud.  After  a  fight  with  bank-rob- 
bers near  Bloomfield,  one  of  them  is 
shot  and  three  run  down  ;  $6,100  of  bank 
funds  is  found  in  their  possession. 

O.    County  Commissioners    Cassidy, 

McDonald,  and  Biggert  are  indicted  at 
Columbus  for  bribery  and  misconduct  in 
office. 

Oct.  6.  Tex.  Henry  Gibson,  colored,  is 
lynched  at  Fairfield  by  unknown  par- 
ties. 

Mich.    The  City  Council  of  Grand 

Haven  orders  the  closing  of  all  restau- 
rants, livery-stables,  cigar-stores,  news- 
stands, and  drug-stores,  on  Sunday,  in 
accordance  with  law. 

Oct.  7,  Ind.  John  McCarthy,  failing  to 
obtain  a  liquor  license  in  Bushville, 
shoots  J.   G,  Wolf,  of  the  committee 

opposing  his  application. 

O.  Four  leading  druggists  of  Cincin- 
nati are  arrested  for  selling  adulterated 
drugs. 

Oct.  8.  N.  Y.  The  Commercial  Trav- 
elers* Home  Association  of  America 
meets  in  Binghamton. 

They  give  a  reception  and  banquet  to 
Gov.  Flower,  of  New  York,  and  Gov. 
Pattison  of  Pennsylvania,  at  the  State 
Armory. 

S.  C.  The  Dispensary  Law  is  de- 
clared constitutional  by  the  Supreme 
Court. 

New  York.  Six  thousand  cloak- 
makers  vote  to  go  on  strike  in  New 
York  and  neighboring  cities  to  assist  the 
1,500  who  are  out. 

[Oct.  11.  In  New  York  they  are  at- 
tacked by  the  police  when  holding  a 
mass-meetjng.  Oct.  12.  They  obtain 
their  demands  and  the  strike  ends.] 

Oct.  11.  N.  Y.  The  Indian  Mohonk 
Conference  is  in  session. 

Oct.  12.  Cal.  The  Iiakeport  stage  is 
held  up  by  a  highwayman  near  Pieta 
Station,  and  the  Wells-Fargo  box  taken. 
Two  robbers  hold  up  the  overland 
express  near  Sacramento,  and  secure 
$50,000. 

D.  C.    Two  employees  of  the  Bureau 

of  Engraving  and  Printing  in  Washing- 
ton are  charged  with  stealing  more 
than  200,000  postage-stamps. 

Ijtd.    The  ISth  annual  convention  of 

the  American  Humane  Association 
at  Evansville  closes  its  session  ;  John 
G.  Shortall  of  Chicago,  president. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Sept.  19-Oct.  18.    473 


Xew  yirrk.    A  woman's  movement 

against  Tammany  is  organized. 

t'a.    A  train  is  held  up  by  seven 

masked  men  near  Quaiitico  :  its  safe  is 
Itluiulered  of  about  §180,000;  §1,000  re- 
ward is  oflfered.  for  the  arrest  of  auy  of 
the  robbers. 

Oct.  13.  Colo.  Masked  men  rob  a 
gambling-house  in  Denver  while  in  full 
operation,  securing  about  $400. 

Pa.    A  boy  Is  shot  and  killed,  and 

four  persons  are  badly  injured,  in  a 
drunken  riot  at  Maltby.  a  small  Hunga- 
rian settlement  near  Wilkesbarre. 

Oct.  15.  D.  r.  The  youiig  Japanese 
Prince  Yamashina  and  traveling  com- 
panions arrive  in  Washington. 

—  O.  Clarence  Robinson  confesses  at 
Cleveland  that  lie  and  his  wife  murdered 
Montgomery  Gibbs,  the  Buffalo  lawyer. 
[Oct.  18.    Indicted.] 

Ore.    The    Pacific    Express  office  in 

The  Dalles  is  robbed  of  $14,000  at  an 
early  hour, 

Oct.  17.  Chicago.  An  international 
anti-gambling  association  is  formed. 

Mass.    A  large  number  of  Fall  River 

weavers  strike  again,  after  a  brief  re- 
sumption of  work.  [Oct.  27.  The  stri- 
kers yield,  and  decide  to  resume  work.] 

iVew  York.    The    Brotherhood    of 

Tailors  celebrates  with  a  big  parade 
and  mass-meeting  their  deliverance  from 
the  "sweating"  system,  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  piece-work. 

O.    A  mob  of  would-be  lynchers 

is  fired  on  by  militiamen  at  Washington 
Court  House  ;  two  men  are  kilted  and 
several  wounded ;  the  prisoner  is  a  negro 
convicted  of  assault  on  a  white  woman, 
and  sentenced  to 20  years'  imprisonment. 

Oct.  18.  F(a.  Fifteen  hundred  cigar- 
makers  go  on  strike. 

STATE. 

1894  Sept.  19.  Co^iti.  O.  Vincent  Coffin 
(Rep.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

O.    The  Democratic  State  Convention 

adopts  a  free-silver  plank  and  a  resolu- 
tion in  favor  of  the  popular  election  of 
Senators. 

S.  C.    John   Gary    Evans    (Dem.)  is 

nonnnated  for  governor, 

Sept.  20.  y.  T.  The  Constitutional 
Convention  passes  an  amendment  for 
home  rule  for  cities. 

Xeb.    The  Democrats  favor  fusion 

witli  the  Populists. 

Sept.  21.  X.  J.  The  commission  revis- 
ing the  judicial  system  practically  com- 
pletes its  labors  at  Trenton,  and  the 
changes  proposed  are  published. 

iV.  Y.    The  Constitutional  Convention 

passes  an  amendment  prohibiting  pool- 
selling  and  all  forms  of  gambling. 

Sept.  22.  Ky.  The  oflScial  canvass  in 
the  Ashland  District  gives  W.  C.  Owens 
as  Representative  in  Congress  a  plurality 
of  22,5  over  W.  C.  P.  Breckinridge. 

Sept.  25.  iV.  C.  The  Republicans  favor 
fusion  with  the  Populists. 

Sept.  26.  X.  Y.  Senator  D.  B.  Hill 
(Dem.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Sept.  27.  D.  C.  President  Cleveland  is- 
sues a  proclamation  granting  amnesty 
to  persons  convicted  of  polygamy. 

Xeb.    Six  counties    bolt    the   fusion 

ticket  of  Democrats  and  Populists,  and 
nominate  a  straight  Democratic  ticket. 

Sept,  28.  Cmui.  Ernest  Cady  (Dem.)  is 
nominated  for  governor. 


A^.  }'.    The    amendments    of    the 

Constitutional  (convention  are  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  vote  in  three  sections,  as  fol- 
lows :  1.  The  legislative  apportion- 
ment. 2.  The  canals.  3.  All  the  rest. 
The  Convention  adopts  the  proposed 
Constitution.  Vote,  95-75.  [Sept.  29. 
Adjourns.] 

Oct.  2.  X.  J.  The  Legislature  meets, 
and  passes  a  resolution  for  adjournment 
sine  die. 

X.  Y.    Tlie  Democratic  members  of 

the  Constitutional  Convention  issue  an 
address  arraigning  the  Republicans  for 

partisanship. 

Oct.  3.  Ark.  At  Little  Rock  a  tor- 
nado kills  four  persons,  while  several 
are  missing,  and  many  injured ;  prop- 
erty worth  51,000,000  is  destroyed. 

±  JVis.     Settlers  in  the  Black  Brook 

section,  near  Grantsburg,  burned  out 
by  forest  fires,  are  in  a  pitiable  con- 
dition. 

Oct.  4.  D.  C.  Action  begins  at  Wash- 
ington to  compel  the  Treasury  to  pay 
sugar  bounties  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1895. 

Xew  York.  The  Committee  of  Sev- 
enty, the  Good  <TOvernment  clubs,  and 
several  anti  -  Tammany  organizations 
agree  with  the  Republicans  on  a  muni- 
cipal ticket ;  W.  L.  Strong,  a  Republican 
business  man,  and  John  W.  Goff,  the 
counsel  of  the  Lexow  Committee,  are 
nominated  respectively  for  mayor  and 
recorder.  [Oct.  9.  This  ticket  is  in- 
dorsed by  the  State  Democracy  faction 
and  the  Anti-Tammany  Democracy ;  also, 
Out.  12,  by  the  Republican  County  Con- 
vention.   Nov.  G.    The  ticket  is  elected.] 

O.  The  Democratic  Executive  Com- 
mittee issues  an  address  declaring  that 
the  tariff  is  settled,  and  that  the  money 
question  is  the  chief  issue  now  before 
the  people. 

Oct.  6.  Afass.  Fred.  T.  Greenhalge 
(Rep.)  is  nominated  for  governor. 

Oct.  8.  Mass.  William  E.Russell  (Dem.) 
is  nominated  for  governor. 

Oct.  9.  X.  Y.  The  Anti-Hill  or  Inde- 
pendent State  Democrats  nominate  a 
third  gubernatorial  ticket,  placing  Ev- 
erett P.  Wheeler  at  the  head,  and 
accept  Lockwood  and  Brown  of  the  reg- 
ular Democratic  ticket. 

Oct.  10.  Xew  York.  The  Tammany 
County  Convention  nominates  Nathan 
Strauss  for  mayor  and  Frederick  Smyth 

for  recorder. 

Oct.  12.  D.C.  District  Judge  McComas 
refuses  to  issue  a  mandamus  directing 
Secretary  Carlisle  to  pay  the  sugar 
bounty  this  year. 

Oct.  13.  D.C.  The  grand  jury  in  Wash- 
ington indicts  H.  O.  Havemeyer  and  J. 
E.  Searles  of  the  Sugar  Trust,  and  A.  L. 
Seymour,  a  New  York  broker,  for  re- 
fusal to  answer  questions  by  the  Senate 
Investigation  Committee.  [Oct.  18.  The 
presifient  and  treasurer  are  arraigned  in 
Washington  on  the  charge  of  contempt 
of  the  Senate,  and  held  In  $5,000  hail 
each.] 

U.  S.  The  detlcit  In  the  national  rev- 
enues since  Sept.  1  Is  over  $18,000,000. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Sept.  22.  Kan.  Xiand  caves  in 
at  the  junction  of  Harvey,  Butler,  and 
Marion  Counties  to  the  depth  of  35  feet ; 
the  cave-ins  extend  in  a  crooked,  stream- 
like  course  a  distance  of  24  miles. 


Sept.  23+ .  la. —  Minn.  About  75  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  times  that  num- 
ber injured  by  the  storm  in  northern 
Iowa  and  southern  Minnesota. 

Ore.      Portland    loses    three  lives, 

$2,000,000,  and  one  steamer  by  fire. 

Sept.  25.  Chicago.  Gov.  Altgeld  alleges 
that  the  Fidlman  Company  has  es- 
caped taxation  on  about  one-third  of  its 
assets. 

Sept.  28.  Chicago.  A  fountain  given 
by  the  National  Wom.in's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  of  Chautauqua 
County,  is  unveiled  in  the  corridor  of 
Willard  Hall ;  Miss  Willard  makes  the 
address. 

Sept.  29.  la.  A  Chicago  Great  West- 
ern passenger-train  is  saved  from 
plunging  through  a  burned  bridge 
between  Dundee  and  Lamont  by  a 
seven-year-old  girl,  who  flags  the  train 
with  her  red  apron. 

U.  S.    Nearly  all  the  tin-plate  mills 

close  because  of  controversies  respect- 
ing wages, 

Sept.  30.  ra.  The  entombed  miners 
at  the  Northwest  Colliery  at  Simpson, 
near  Carbondale,  are  rescued. 

Oct.  4±.  Fla.  At  Key  West  50  victims 
of  wrecks  caused  by  the  recent  storm 
are  washed  ashore. 

Oct,  6.  Mick.  Six  men  are  killed  and 
12  injured  by  falling  walls  at  a  fire  in 
Detroit. 

Oct.  6.  Ala.  One  man  is  killed  and 
four  persons  hurt  by  a  train  falling 
through  a  bridge  over  the  Coosa  River 
at  Anniston. 

Pa.    A  new  wheel  trust  is  formed, 

which  controls  nearly  all  the  factories 
west  of  the  AUeghanies. 

Oct.  7.  Tenn.  An  express  -  train  is 
wrecked  by  unknown  persons  on  the 
Southern  Railway,  near  Bristol. 

Oct.  11.  X.  Y.  The  members  of  the 
President's  Cabinet  attend  the  cere- 
monies at  the  dedication  of  the  old 
Holland  Purchase  Ijand  Office  at 
Batavja,  to  the  memory  of  Robert 
Morris,  the  financier  of  the  American 
Revolution  ;  Secretary  Carlisle  delivers 
the  address. 

Pa.  Twenty-seven  boilers  ex- 
plode at  a  Shamokin  colliery  ;  five  men 
are  killed  and  six  injured. 

Oct.  13.  Miss.  Biloxl  is  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  ;  loss,  $200,000. 

Oct.  14.  La.  Near  New  Orleans  15  per- 
sons are  injured  and  $40,000  worth  of 
railroad  property  is  destroyed  by  a  train 
collision  at  a  crossing. 

Oct.  16.  X.  Y.  Kingston  celebrates 
the  117th  anniversary  of  the  burning 
of  the  town  by  the  British. 

Tex.  Fire  destroys  property  at  Hous- 
ton valued  at  $500,000. 

Oct.  18.  The  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
road report  shows  a  deficit  of  over 
§6,000,000  for  the  year. 

— —  Mass.  Attleboro  begins  a  two  days' 
celebration  of  the  200th  anniversary  of 
its  incorporation. 


474     1894,  Oct.  19-Nov.  21. 


AMERICA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Oct.  25.  D.  C.  James  W.  For- 
syth is  coinniissioueii  brigadier-geueral 
—  general  officer. 

Nov.  8.  D.  C.  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  is 
retired  from  the  active  list  of  the  regu- 
lar army. 

Nov.  9.  D.  C.  Gen.  Alexander  McD. 
McCook  is  promoted  to  the  f>ffice  of 
major-general,  and  succeeds  (ien.  How- 
ard. 

Nov.  10.  />.  C.  Eear-Adm.  Gherardi 
is  retired,  having  reached  the  age  of 
limitation,  after  48  years'  service  in  the 
navy. 

Gen.  Miles  is  assigned  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Coast,  Gen.  Ruger  to  com- 
mand at  Chicago,  and  Gen.  Forsyth  to 
California. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1894  Oct.  19.  y^.  Y.  A  monument 
to  the  memory  of  the  Tarrytown 
heroes  of  the  Revolution  is  unveiled  in 
Sleepy  Hollow  Cemetery. 

Oct,  24.  Phila.  An  equestrian  statue 
of  Gen.  George  B.  McClellan  is  un- 
veiled. 

Nov.  5.  Neio  York.  A  new  wing  of  the 
Museum  of  Art  is  opened. 

Nov.  15.  Okla.  A  blinding  sand- 
storm occurs  ;  it  is  especially  severe  in 
the  Cherokee  Strip.  The  authorities 
order  fires  extinguished  in  the  business 
section  of  Guthrie. 

Nov.  18.  New  York.  The  statue  of 
Thorwaldsen  is  unveiled  in  Central 
Park. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Oct.  19.     Booth,  Samuel,  mayor  of  Brook- 

Ivn,  A76. 
Oct.  31.    Bedle,  Joseph  D.,  Gov.  of  N.  J,, 

jurist,  A63. 
■ Wiuslow,  Samuel,  mayor  of  Worcester, 

A67. 
Jet.  35.     Hopkins,  TV.  E.,  com.  U.  S.  N., 

A73. 

Ford,  John  Bruce,  publisher,  A78. 

Oct.  36.     Alexander,  S.  D.,  clergyman,  A75. 
Oct.  30.    Peterson,   K.   E.,   founder    Peter- 
son's Magazine^  A82. 
Nov.  16.     McCosh.  James,  president 

Princeton,  author,  Pres.  clergyman,  A83. 
Winthrop,    Robert   C,    philanthropist, 

litterateur,  A85. 
Nov.  17.    Shedd,  William  G.  T.,  prof.,  A74. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Oct.  19.  New  York.  Archbishop 
Corrigan  secures  a  branch  of  the  Sul- 
pician  Order  of  Priests  of  Canada. 

Gen.  "William  Booth  of  the  Salva- 
tion Array  arrives  from  Montreal. 

Oct.  22.  New  York.  Gen.  Booth,  the 
head  of  the  Salvation  Army,  is  given  a 
grand  reception  in  Union  Square ;  clergy- 
men welcome  him  in  an  address. 

Oct.  23.  Mass.  The  convention  of  the 
American  Missionary  Association 
opens  at  Lowell. 

Neio  York.    A  second  great  meeting 

of  the  Salvation  Army  to  welcome 
Gen.  Booth  is  held  in  Carnegie  Music 
Hall,  Chauncey  M.  Depew  making  the 
address. 


Oct.  25.  Pa.  The  Pittsburg  conference 
of  the  Evangelical  Church,  representing 
100  congregations,  votes  to  establish  the 
New  Evangelical  Church. 

Nov.  1.  New  York.  Prayers  are  offered 
at  the  Greek  chapel  for  the  repose  of 
the  soul  of  the  dead  Czar. 

Nov.  8.  N.  Y.  The  resignation  of  Dr. 
Talmage  as  pastor  of  the  Brooklyn 
Tabernacle  is  accepted. 

Nov.  13-15.  Mich.  The  Baptist  Con- 
gress, representingthe  Baptist  churches 
throughout  the  country,  is  in  session  at 
Detroit. 

LETTERS. 

1894    Nov.  12.    Pa.    The  Pennsylvania 

Supreme  Court  sustains  the  decision  of 
a  lower  court  refusing  to  enjoin  Catho- 
lic nuns  from  wearing  their  garb 
while  performing  their  duties  as  teach- 
ers in  public  schools. 
Nov.  15,  New  York.  The  formal  open- 
ing of  the  Teachers  College  in  its 
new  building  takes  place  with  suitable 
ceremonies  and  addresses. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Oct.  19.  Tex,  Four  masked 
men  hold  up  a  train,  and  secure  over 
$4,000. 

Oct.  21.  /.  T.  Robbers  hold  up  a 
train  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railway  ; 
they  shoot  and  wound  several  passen- 
gers, but  secure  little  booty.  [Two  hun- 
dred men  are  called  out  to  pursue  them.] 

Oct.  22.  N.  Y.  Mayor  Schieren  lays 
the  corner-stone  of  the  German  Hos- 
pital in  Brooklyn,  after  a  parade  by  a 
large  number  of  German  organizations. 

N.  Y.  Patrick  Riley,  an  expert  dy- 
namiter, is  committed  to  White  Plains 
jail  on  the  charge  of  attempting  to  blow 
up  a  large  frame  building  occupied  by 
about  lOU  Italian  laborers. 

New  York.    Ex-Police   Sergeant 

Liebers,  indicted  for  blackmail,  sur- 
renders himself. 

Oct.  23.  Tenn.  A  colored  woman,  di- 
vorced from  her  husband  in  Shelby 
County,  is  allowed  $2  a  month  alimony. 

Chicago.    Hoodlums  attack  a  train 

and  burn  cars  in  one  of  the  suburbs. 

Oct.  24.  O.  The  national  convention  of 
the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  College  Fra- 
ternity opens  in  Columbus  for  a  tbree 
days' session  ;  150  delegates  are  present. 

Chicago.    A  Russian  emigrant,  Simon 

Ranskin,  breaks  windows  when  refused 
work,  and  stones  the  officer  who  arrests 
him. 

T.  T.    The  Cook  gang  raid  towns, 

and  rob  cotton-pickers  at  work  ;  a  strong 
force  of  Indian  police  and  deputy-mar- 
shals are  in  pursuit  of  the  criminals. 

fOct.  29.  Five  of  the  outlaws  are  taken. 
Nov.  4.  Two  officers  and  one  of  the 
Cook  gang  are  killed  and  two  other  out- 
laws wounded.  Nov.  9.  The  gang  raids 
Leuapah,  I.  T.,  killing  one  man  and  rob- 
bing a  store.  Nov.  14.  It  holds  up  a 
train  of  cars  in  Indian  Territory;  large 
rewards  are  offered  for  the  capture  of 
the  outlaws.  Nov.  17.  The  marshals 
surround  the  gang  and  kill  "Cherokee 
Bill."  Nov.  19.  The  officials  request 
the  assistance  of  U.  S.  troops.  Nov.  23. 
Two  of  the  gang  are  arrested.  Nov.  25. 
Several  more  arrested.  Nov.  28.  Four 
more  are  taken.] 


N.  J.    Clemens  Warner  is  stabbed 

and  killed  at  Sayrevilie   by   W.   Hart, 

who  escapes. 

Oct.  25.  New  York.  The  "Woman's 
Municipal  League  holds  a  mass-meet- 
ing in  Cooper  Union ;  President  Low, 
C.  S.  Fairchild,  Henry  George,  and  Dr. 
Parkhurst  make  addresses. 

Oct.  26.  Conn.  J.  A.  Francis,  teller  of 
the  City  Bank  of  Hartford,  is  in  jail  on 
the  charge  of  being  a  defaulter  for  about 
S23,000. 

Oct.  27.  N.  Y.  The  post-office  at 
Brewsters  is  robbed  of  between  $400 
and  $500  in  cash  and  stamps. 

Oct.  28.  O.  Incendiaries  bum  the 
home  of  J.  S.  Coxey  (Coxey's  Army), 
near  Massillon. 

Pa.    A  miners'  boarding-house  near 

Wilkesbarre  is  wrecked  by  itnknown 
dynamiters  ;  three  men  are  killed  and 
several  wounded. 

Oct.  30.  Chicago.  A  clerk  is  overpow- 
ered and  about  $6,000  worth  of  jewelry 
and  ^vatches  stolen  from  a  jewelry  store 
by  two  robbers,  who  make  their  escape. 

Oct.  31.  Ky.  A-  mob  in  Crittenden 
County  lynches  "  Eddy  "  Martin  because 
he  refused  to  turn  State's  evidence 
against  his  friend,  Pauper  Commis- 
sioner Goode. 

Nov.  1.  Chicago.  T.  Brady  is  arrested 
with  three  others  for  holding  up  a 
street-car  and  attempting  to  mb  its  pas- 
.sengers,  taking  from  one  a  diiimond  pin. 

Nov.  2.  New  York.  The  grand  jury  in- 
dicts more  police-officers  for  bribery. 

Nov.  3.  .V.  Y.  Dr.  T.  DeAVitt  Tal- 
mage, after  an  all-around-the-world 
tour,  arrives  in  Brooklyn. 

N.    Y.    William    Gipps,    of   Buffalo, 

kills  his  mother  and  seriously  wounds 
his  father. 

Nov.  7.  Chicago.  Several  men  are  shot 
at  the  polls  ;  a  defeated  candidate  shoots 
two  men,  and  a  gang  of  eight  men  fire 
volleys  at  election  officers  at  one  polling- 
place,  wounding  three  men  ;  no  arrests 
are  made. 

Tex.    W.  A.  Turner,  express-agent  at 

Wylie  Station,  is  arrested,  charged  with 
taking  $1,500  from  a  Wells-Kargo  Ex- 
press Company  envelope,  and  substitut- 
ing paper. 

Nov.  8.  O.  Ex-Treasurer  Mandru*s  ac- 
counts in  Stark  County  show  a  shortage 
of  $ig,4^;  false  and  duplicate  entries 
appear  in  the  cash-book. 

Nov.  9.  O.  The  First  National  Bank  at 
Oberlin  is  broken  into  and  robbed  of 
about  $500  in  silver. 

Nov.  10.  Aia.  Four  thousand  ne- 
groes are  preparing  to  leave  for  Liberia, 
Africa,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Inter- 
national Migration  Society. 

M(l.    The  20th  annual  convention  of 

the  American  Bankers'  Association 
begins  in  Baltimore. 

Nov.  11.  Neto  York.  Charles  Miller, 
watchman  in  a  stone-works  at  Harlem, 
is  found  murdered  ;  there  is  no  clue  to 

the  perpetrators  of  the  crime. 

Nov.  13.    La.    The  Knights  of  Ijabor 

meet  in  convention  in  New  Orleans. 
Nov.  16.  O.  The  21st  national  conven- 
tion of  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  meets  in  Cleveland. 
[Miss  Frances  E.  Willard  is  reelected 
president.] 

Miss.     Mayor  J.  W.  Harman  of  Lulu, 

and  Henry  Lawrence,  a  leading  jeweler 
of  the  town,  are  shot  and  killed  by  J.  W. 
Bond  and  his  brother. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Oct.  19-Nov.  21.     475 


Kov.  17.  /.  T.  The  Chotopa  Protec- 
tective  Association  is  organized  with  C2 
business  men  as  members  to  guard  tbe 
town  against  the  Cook  gang. 

-V.    r.     A   Ijaw   Enforcement 

League  is  organized  in  Brooklyn  ; 
George  F.  Elliott,  president. 

Va.    Nearly  3,000  men    go    out   on 

strike  at  Keynoldsville  and  Dubois. 

Nov.  18.  New  York,  Richard  Leach 
kills  his  housekeeper  in  West  Forty- 
ninth  Street,  and  alter  attempting  to 
kill  himself,  surrenders  to  the  police. 

Nov.  19.  Phila.  H.  H.  Holmes,  Mrs. 
Carrie  Pitezel,  and  Jepbthab  I>.  Howe 
are  arrested  for  participating  in  a 
fraudulent  life-insurance  scheme. 

New  York.    The  conference  to  form  a 

State  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs 
begins  its  session ;  Mrs.  J.  0.  Croly  is 
elected  president. 

Tenn.  Several  lynchers  of  six  ne- 
groes near  Kerrville  are  identified,  an4l 
their  names  given  at  the  trial  of  two 
suspected  men. 

Nov.  20.  Ala.  Three  negro  laborers 
are  killed  by  whites  at  Williams's  lum- 
ber-camp in  Escambia  County. 

Ark.     Amy    Seymour    shoots    and 

kills  Judge  Ferrell  in  Jonesboro,  and 

is  arrested. 

La.    The  Knights  of  Labor  reelect 

General  Master  Workman  Sovereign. 

Nov.  21.  New  York.  The  American 
Authors*  Guild  is  in  session,  James 
Grant  Wilson  presiding. 

Charges  of  neglect  of  duty  are  pre- 
ferred against  District-Attorney  Fel- 
lows, and  laid  before  Gov.  Flower. 

[Nov.  27.  He  files  his  answer.  Dec. 
22.    The  governor  dismisses  the  charges.] 

Mass.  The  American  Protective  As- 
sociation, 1,200  strong,  parades  in  Con- 
cord ;  it  is  stoned,  and  a  number  in- 
jured. 

STATE. 

1894  Oct.  19.  Chicago.  A  Federal 
grand  j  ury  indicts  officials  of  the  Santa 
F6  Railroad  for  violation  of  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Law  in  paying  rebates. 

New  York.  Nathan  Strauss  with- 
draws from  the  Tammany  city  ticket, 
and  ex-Mayor  Hugh  J.  Grant  is  nomi- 
nated for  mayor  by  Tammany  Hall. 

Oct.  26.  D.  C.  The  German  Ambassa- 
dor informs  Secretary  Grcsbani  that  the 
importation  of  cattle  and  fresh  beef 
from  the  United  States  to  Germany  will 
soon  be  prohibited. 

Oct.  28.  Npw  York.  The  Committee 
of  Seventy  issues  an  address  charging 
tyranny,  corruption,  and  criminality 
against  Tammany  Hall. 

Oct.  29.  IJ.  C.  Secretary  Gresham  pro- 
tests against  Germany's  prohibition 
of  importation  of  American  cattle. 

Oct.  30.  JJ.  C.  The  Treasury  Depart- 
ment is  informed  that  Quebec,  having 
revoked  its  discriminating  stumpage 
dues  on  lumber  exported  from  the  prov- 
ince, Canadian  lumber  will  under  the 
new  tariff  come  into  this  country  free. 
f  '  President    Cleveland  sends  a  cable- 

gram of  sympathy  in  reply  to  one 
from  Czar  Nicholas  II.  announcing  the 
tleath  of  the  emperor's  father. 


Nov.  2.  D.C.  President  Cleveland  signs 
an  order  extending  the  classified  system 
in  the  civil  service. 

Nov.  3.  />.  O.  Secretary  Carlisle  decides 
tliat  ex-Vice-President  Morton's  coach- 
man, J.  I.  Howard,  comes  under  the 
contract  law  as  a  domestic  servant,  and 
therefore  ought  not  to  be  deported.  He 
is  released  from  detention. 

Nov.  4.  N.  r.  The  Committee  of 
Seventy  issues  a  final  appeal  to  New 
York  citizens  to  vote  for  honest  govern- 
ment. 

Nov.  6.  Netr  York.  Tammany's  ticket 
is  defeated  by  45,000  majority. 

U.  .S'.    The  Democracy  of  the  solid 

South  is  broken;  West  Virginia  is  Re- 
publican ;  in  Missouri  Hepublicaus  elect 
the  majority  of  Congressmen ;  in  Ten- 
nessee the  Republicans  elect  their  candi- 
date for  governor  [who  is  later  declared 
not  elected  by  the  Legislature]. 

Nov.  7.  .V.  r.  The  Constitutional 
Amendments  are  carried  by  majorities 
ranging  from  about  14,000  for  the  Su- 
preme Court  judges  to  over  3G,000  for  the 
State  apportionment.  The  Greater  New 
York  consolidation  scheme  is  carried  in 
all  but  two  places,  Mount  Vernon  and 
Flushing. 

Nov.  8.  N'ew  York.  Judge  Fitzgerald 
calls  attention  to  the  neglect  of  the  dis- 
trict attorney's  office  relative  to  the 
indictments  brought  for  illegal  regis- 
tration. 

Nov.  9.  Mo.  The  Federal  grand  jury  at 
Jackson  refuses  to  indict  the  State  au- 
thorities for  the  printing  of  State  war- 
rants in  imitation  of  United  States 
currency. 

New  York.  The  Committee  of  Sev- 
enty decides  to  continue  in  existence, 
and  cooperate  in  securing  "  an  honest, 
efficient,  economical,  ana  non-partisan 

government." 

Nov.  12.  D.  C.  The  Federal  Commis- 
sion appointed  to  investigate  the  Pull- 
man strike  submits  its  report  to  the 
President.     (See  Society.) 

Nov.  13.  D.  C.  Secretary  Carlisle  is- 
sues a  circular  calling  for  bids  for  a 
second  issue  of  $50,000,000  of  bonds. 

New    York.     A   Tenement   House 

Commission  opens  its  investigations. 

Nov.  17.  />.  C.  It  is  announced  that  the 
President  will  extend  the  civil  service 
regulations  to  the  Internal  Revenue 
Office. 

Nov.  19.  /.  T.  Officials  request  that 
troops  be  sent  to  suppress  lawlessness. 

Nov.  20.  />.  C.  Gold  is  withdrawn 
from  the  Treasury  for  the  purchase  of 
bonds. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  Oct.  20.  Chicago.  Clothing  mnn- 
ufacturers  organize  the  Merchants'  As- 
sociation of  Chicago  ;  capital  repre- 
sented, over  $15,000,000. 

Oct.  22.  .V.  Y.  The  dwelling-house  of 
the  Rev.  Ross  Taylor  at  Nyack  is 
burned  in  the  night ;  four  children  are 
lost. 

Oct.  26.  Mich.  One  man  is  killed  and 
11  are  entombed  alive  in  the  Pewabic 
mine  at  Iron  Mountain.  [Oct.  27.  Res- 
cued.] 

A'.   ./.     The   Great  White  Spirit 

(Distilling)  Company  files  papers  of  in- 
corporation at  '1  renton,  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  §5.000,000;  its  headquarters 
are  to  be  in  Boston. 


—  New  York.  The  Cunard  steamer  Lii- 
cania  arrives  after  reducing  the  west- 
em  record  by  20  minutes. 

Oct.  28.  Pa.  Two  men  are  killed  and 
several  injured  by  a  rear-end  train 
collision  on  the  Pennsylvania  road, 
near  Philadelphia. 

Oct.  30.  Ger.  The  embargo  on  Amer- 
ican cattle  is  extended  to  all  parts  of 
the  empire. 

Neio  York.    Seven  persons  are  killed 

in  a  tenement-house  fire  on  the  West 
Side. 

Nov.  2.  Neb.  Three  firemen  are  buried 
under  tons  of  brick  and  timber  at  a  big 
fire  at  South  Omaha;  property  loss, 
$500,000. 

Nov.  3.  Ind.  The  Scottish  Rite  Build- 
ing, the  Natural  Gas  Building,  and  the 
Indiana  Medical  College,  in  Indianap- 
olis, are  burned  ;    loss,  $200,000  and  a 

valuable  Masonic  Library. 

Nov.  4.  Cat.  A  fire  in  San  Francisco 
causes  a  loss  of  $300,000. 

±  La.  Race  troubles  in  New  Or- 
leans cause  incendiary  fires. 

Nov.  5±.  Chicago,  A  number  of  fami- 
lies leave  Pullman  for  Hiawatha,  Kan., 
to  join  the  new  cooperative  colony 
there,  some  of  them  former  employees 
in  the  Pullman  shops. 

Ga.    Fires  break  out  in  four  foreign 

steamers  loading  cotton  at  Savannah. 

Nov.  6.  D.  C.  The  Court  of  Appeals 
decides  against  the  Blodgett  claim, 
which  has  clouded  titles  to  real  estate 
in  the  finest  residential  part  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Ga.    Fire  is  discovered  on  six  more 

cotton-steamers  at  Savannah  ;  loss,  550,- 
000.  R.  F,  Harmon,  the  stevedore  in 
charge  of  the  non-union  men,  is  threat- 
ened with  death,  by  letter. 

Nov.  7.  Pa.  Six  men  are  killed  and 
$200,000  worth  of  property  is  destroyed 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  in 
a  collision  caused  by  disobedience  to 
orders. 

Nov.  10+.  /.  T.  Near  Wilburton  400 
Choctaws  are  on  the  war-path. 

N.    Y.     The  four-masted   coal-laden 

schooner  Massasoit,  of  Taunton,  Mass.. 
is  driven  ashore  in  a  blinding  snow- 
storm on  Long  Beach,  Ijong  Island  ;  the 
captain,  wife,  and  crew  of  11  men  are 
rescued  by  the  life-saving  patrol. 

+    Forest  fires  are  raging  in  west 

Tennessee,  north  Mississippi,  and  east 
Arkansas;  several  plantations  are  dev- 
astated, and  the  tenants  left  homeless. 

Nov.  12.  Phila.  The  new  steamship 
5/.  Louis,  of  the  American  Line,  is 
laimched. 

Nov.  15.  Pa.  A  big  coal-breaker 
near  Plymouth  is  burned  ;  loss,  nearly 
$200,000;  about  300  people  are  thrown 
out  of  work. 

Nov.  19.  New  York.  The  right  to  tax 
in  this  city  the  estate  of  Jay  Gould 
and  the  property  of  his  children,  who 
declare  they  reside  elsewhere,  is  affirmed 
in  the  Supreme  Court. 


476      1894,  Nov.  21 -Dec.  14. 


AMERICA: 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Nov.  21.  D.  C.  Gen.  Miles 
formally  takes  command  of  tho  Mili- 
tary Department  of  the  East. 

Dec.  3.  Md.  The  unamaored  criiiser 
Baltimore  is  ordered  to  proceed  to  Taku, 
aud  furjiisli  a  guard  of  marines  for  duty 
at  the  American  legation  at  Peking. 

Dec.  13.  Utah.  The  invading  TJte  In- 
diana agree  to  return  to  Colorado ;  the 
Utah  militia  returns  to  Salt  Lake. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Nov.  25  +  .  Ariz.  The  discovery  of 
a  wonderful  village  of  cliff-dwellers  in 
the  Bradshaw  Mountains  is  announced. 
The  houses  number  2G0,  and  some  have 
been  explored ;  large  quantities  of  pot- 
tery and  some  agricultural  (?)  instru- 
ments have  been  found. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Nov.  21.     Wyman,  Andrew  A.,  jurist,  A64. 

Adams,  James  T.,  jurist,  dies. 

Nov.  23.     Walters,   W.   T.,  philanthropist, 

art  collector,  A74. 
Nov.  30.     Brown,  Joseph  E.,  Gov.,  senator 

for  Ga.,  A75. 
Brush,  G.  R.,  medical  Inspector  U.  8.  N., 

A59. 
1)60.  4.    Abbett,  Leon,  Gov.  N.  J.,  jurist, 

A58. 
Dec.  6.    CampbeU,  A.  J.,  M.  C.  for  N.  Y., 

A66. 
I>ec.  7.    Browne,  John  M.,  medical  director 

U.  S.  N.,  A63. 
Deo.  12.    Wright,  J.  U.,  broker,  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Dec.  10.  New  York.  The  Amer- 
ican Moslem  Institute  unanimously 
repudiates  Mohammed  Alexander  Rus- 
sell Webb,  who  is  charged  with  drunken- 
ness. 

Dec.  13.  Boston.  The  16th  annual  ses- 
sion of  the  Church  Congress  (Protes- 
tant Episcopal)  of  America  opens. 

LETTERS. 

1894  Dec.  1.  .V.  Y.  The  Brooklyn 
Catholic  Historical  Society  is  incor- 
porated for  purposes  of  historical  and 
literary  research  with  a  Catholic  trend. 

Dec.  4.  N.  Y.  The  Brace  Memorial 
Farm  School  in  Westchester  Coxmty  is 
formally  opened. 

Dec.  12.  Mass.  Dr.  Dudley  A.  Sargent 
of  Harvard  proposes  to  make  athletics 
a  part  of  the  regular  curriculum  for  a 
degree. 

Phila.  Ex-minister  W.  Potter  pre- 
sents to  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia a  complete  set  of  Hansard 's  Par- 
liamentary Debates — 4^  volumes,  and 
covers  the  proceedings  of  the  British 
Parliament  from  1803  to  1891. 

SOCIETY. 

1804  Nov.  22.  New  York.  Charges 
against  Police  Justice  Diwer  are  filed 
with  Chief  Justice  Daley,  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  by  W.  H.  Hale,  a 
Brooklyn  lawyer. 

[Dec.  17.  Further  charges  are  made 
and  his  trial  begins.  Dec.  28.  Found 
not  guilty.] 


Nov.  23.  La.  The  Knights  of  Labor  in 
convention  at  New  Orleans  by  resolu- 
tion protest  against  the  issue  of  $50,- 
000,000  bonds  by  the  Government  as 
an  outrage  on  the  toiling  masses. 

Nov.  24±.  New  York.  The  Shoe  and 
Leather  National  Bank  is  discovered  to 
have  been  robbed  of  $354,000  by  Samuel 
C.  Seeley,  a  bookkeeper. 

[Nov.  25.  Frederick  S.  Baker,  an  ac- 
complice, is  found  drowned  in  Hem|>- 
stead  Harbor,  Long  Islan<i.  Dec.  11. 
Seeley  is  arrested  in  Chicago,  and  later 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  eight 
years.] 

Tex.     Two     thieves    who     raided 

Shiner,  robbing  A.  G.  Wangeman  of 
about  $20,000,  and  setting  fire  to  the 
busiest  part  of  the  town,  are  arrested. 

Nov.  25.  Minn.  Herant  M.  Kiretsch- 
jian,  secretary  of  the  Phil-Armenic  As- 
sociation of  the  Northwest,  has  issued 
an  appeal  from  Minneapolis  to  tlie 
people  of  the  United  States,  soliciting 
contributions  for  the  suffering  Arme- 
nians. 

Nov.  26.  7.  T.  A  freight-train  is  fired 
on  by  seven  mounted  bandits,  but  no- 
body is  hurt ;  the  engineer  refused  to 
stop  the  train. 

Nov.  27.  Chicago.  Lawyer  E.  P.  Hil- 
liard  is  killed  in  his  office  by  E.  C. 
Hastings,  a  milkman. 

New  York.    The  City  Vigilance 

Xjeague  gives  a  dinner  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Parkhurst. 

Nov.  28,  Ore.  Six  masked  men  raid 
a  gambling  hotel  in  Baker  City;  they 
secure  about  §11,200  and  escape. 

O.  Strikers  set  fire  to  the  stave- 
sheds  of  the  Shelley  Brothers'  factory  in 
Holgate ;  damage  about  $24,000. 

New  York.    An  illicit  distillery  in 

Kivington  Street  is  raided  ;  the  appara- 
tus and  a  quantity  of  raw  material  are 
seized. 

Tex.  Sheriff  McGee  is  killed  at  Ca- 
nadian City  hy  bandits  who  try  to  rob 
an  express- tram. 

Dec.  2,  New  York.  John  Burns,  the 
English  labor  leader  and  socialist,  ar- 
rives. 

Dec.  3.  N.J.  Tlie  Hoboken  post-oflftce 
is  robbed  of  $7,350  in  stamps  by  the  use 
of  duplicate  keys. 

Dec.  4.  New  York.  The  new  Seton 
Hospital  for  consumptives  at  Spuyten 
Duyvil  Parkway  is  opened  by  Arch- 
bishop Corrigan. 

Dec.  6.  Conn.  The  National  "Wo- 
man's Indian  Association  is  in  session 
at  New  Haven. 

Tex.    Three  men  hold  up  a  train, 

and  secure  $140,000. 

Dec.  7.  N.  Y.  Parts  of  the  eastern  dis- 
trict of  Brooklyn  are  raided  by  thieves. 

Utah.    Settlers   arm    to   drive    the 

Utes  out  of  southeastern  Utah. 

Dec.  8.  Minn.  The  convention  of  the 
National  Municipal  League  opens  in 

Minneapolis. 

/.  T.    Col.  A.  J.  Blackwell  i."  tortured 

in  David  by  Cherokee  Indians  for  selling 
land  in  their  reservation. 

.S.  C.  The  House  passes  a  bill  de- 
claring that  intoxication  and  the  use 
of  obscene  and  profane  language  are 

misdemeanors. 


A')/.    Two    unknown    masked    men 

force  an  entrance  into  the  house  of 
Thomas  ICdgerton  at  Springfield,  and 
shoot  and  kill  him  in  the  presence  of 
his  wife  and  five  children. 

Dec.  9.  la.  The  Sioux  City  grand  jury 
return  52  indictments  against  ex-county 
officials  and  members  and  ex-members 
of'the  Jioard  of  Supervisors. 

Tex.     Ex-Cashier  W.  F.  Brice,  of  the 

City  National  Bank  of  Quanah,  is 
charged  with  embezzlement,  aggregat- 
ing 4=;i7,500,  of  which  §20,000  is  from 
Kansas  City,  $10,000  from  St.  Louis,  and 
$7,500  from  New  York  banks. 

Dec.  10.  <'o/o.  The  convention  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  opens 
in  Denver.  John  Burns,  M.P.,  the  Eng- 
lish labor  leader,  makes  an  address. 

Neir   York.    The  trial  of  ex-Capt. 

Stephenson  for  blackmailing  and  ac- 
cepting a  bribe  is  begun.  [He  is  found 
guilty  on  Dec.  12,  and  on  Dec.  26  sen- 
tenced to  three  and  a  half  years.imi)ris- 
onment  and  to  pay  a  fine  of  $1,000.] 

Dec.  11.  New  York.  The  members  of 
Typographical  Union  No.   6,   by  a 

vote  of  l,04it  to  4*4,  adopt  a  resolution 
calling  for  the  destruction  of  the 
liquor-traffic  in  both  State  and  na- 
tion. 

O.  Two  counterfeiters,  with  a  com- 
plete counterfeiting  apparatus  and  bat- 
teries and  a  quantity  of  spurious  coins, 
are  captured  in  Mansfield. 

D.  C.  The  Labor  Commission  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  the  great  railway 
strike  reports. 

It  recommends  that  there  be  a  per- 
manent United  States  Strike  Commis- 
sion of  three  members,  with  powers 
similar  to  those  vested  in  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  to  deal  with 
disputes  between  railroad  companies 
and  their  employees,  etc. 

Dec.  12.  O.  W.H.  Price,  printing-press 
manufacturer,  is  killed  by  a  burglar  at 
his  home  in  Cleveland. 

Dec.  13.  Chicago.  The  National  Civil 
Service  Keform  League  reelects  Carl 
Schurz  president,  and  passes  resolu- 
tions demanding  further  extension  of 
the  classified  service. 

The  Congress  of  Arbitration  and 
Conciliation  is  in  session. 

— —  Colo.  A  third  woman  is  found 
strangled  in  Denver  by  unknown  per- 
sons. 

N.  H.    Frank  A.  McKean,  cashier  of 

the  Indian  llead  National  Bank  of 
Nashua,  is  missing ;  shortage,  $30,000. 

Neir  York.    Police  Captain  'West- 

ervelt  is  put  on  trial  before  the  Police 
Board  for  allowing  policy  shops  to  be 
run  in  his  precinct. 

Dec.  14.  Ariz.  One  train-robber  is 
sentenced  to  death  in  the  District  Court 
of  Pinal  County,  and  another  to  30  years' 
imprisonment. 

D.  C.  A  big  strike  of  street-rail- 
way employees  begins  at  Washington. 

Tenn.    Chancellor  A.  Allison,  of  the 

Davidson  County  Chancery  Court,  is 
instantly  killed  by  Clerk  6.  K.  Whit- 
worth,  of  the  same  court,  who  at  once 
fatally  wounds  himself  with  the  same 
revolver;  he  was  incensed  by  Mr.  Alli- 
son's appointing  another  clerk  in  bis 
place. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1894,  Nov.  21-Dec.  14.    477 


STATE. 

1894    Nov.  21.    D.  C.    Tho  commission 

appointed  to  investigate  tlie  present  sys- 
tem of  tribal  government  of  the  Indians 
recommends  its  abolition. 

Nov.  22.  Tex.  A  grand  jury  returns  in- 
dictments against  the  Standard  Oil 
Trust  for  violation  of  the  laws  of  the 
St.ite. 

Nov.  23.  D.  C.  The  new  commercial 
treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Japan  is  signed  in  Washington. 

Nov.  24.  n.  C.  Bids  for  the  new  loan 
are  opened  at  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment ;  proposals  aggregating  over  $154,- 
000,000  are  received.  [Nov.  20.  Secretary 
Carlisle  awards  the  whole  issue  of  the 
new  bonds  to  the  Stewart  syndicate 
at  its  bid  of  117.077.] 

Nov.  30.  ,V.  r.  Gov.  Flower  on  techni- 
cal grounds  refuses  to  grant  extradition 
papers  for  the  ofHcers  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  to  the  governor  of  Texas. 

Dec.  1.  Ala.  W.  C.  Oates  is  inaugu- 
rated at  Montgonierv  as  governor  of 
Alabama  ;  Capt.  Kolb,  the  defeated 
(Populist)  candidate,  also  takes  the  oath 
of  office,  but  there  is  no  disturbance. 

Dec.  3.    B.C.    The  53d  Congress;  the 

third  session  opens. 

Only  routine  business  is  transacted  in 
both  Houses  ;  the  President's  message 
is  read. 
Deo.  5.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
discusses  a  closure  resolution,  and  re- 
fers a  resolution  calling  for  information 
as  to  the  surrender  of  the  two  Japa- 
nese students  by  the  American  Consul 
in  Shanghai,  China.  [Dec.  28.  The  Gov- 
ernment demands  satisfaction  for  their 
surrender.]  The  House  passes  the  Print- 
ing Bill. 
Dec.  6.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Morgan  Bill  to  amend  the 
act  incorporating  the  Maritime  Canal 
Company  of  Nicaragua.  [39  discus- 
sions follow.] 

The  Treasury  reserve  reaches  its 
highest  recent  mark,  standing  at  $111,- 
142,000. 
Dec.  7.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  House 
refers  to  the  Committee  on  Privileges 
and  Elections  the  Federal  Elections 
Bill  providing  for  the  repeal  of  all  stat- 
utes relating  to  supervisors  of  elections 
and  special  deputy-marshals.  [1895. 
Feb.  7.  Passes  Senate.  Feb.  12.  Ap- 
proved by  the  President.] 

It  is  announced  that  President  Cleve- 
land will  send  an  independent  commis- 
sion to  investigate  the  outrages  com- 
mitted by  Turks  and  Kurds  upon  the 
defenseless  Armenians. 

The  Chinese  treaty,  regulating  im- 
migration, is  ratified  in  Washington. 

Deo.  8.  New  York.  Sir  Julian  Paunoe- 
fote,  British  .\mbassador,  arrives  on  his 
way  to  Washington. 

Dec.  9.  Cal.  The  Republicans  decide  to 
contest  the  election  of  James  H.  Budd 
as  governor,  on  the  ground  of  extensive 
frauds. 

Dec.  10.  T>.  r.  Congress ;  Senate  :  A 
resolution  asking  Secretary  Gresham 
for  the  corresiK>ndence  in  the  Bering 
Sea  damage  cases    is    passed ;   in    the 

'  House,  R.  Hitt  of  111.  introduces  a  reso- 


lution calling  for  the  papers  touching 
the  proposed  payment  of  $425,000  to 
Great  Britain  under  the  Bering  Sea 
award ;  .Joseph  L.  Rawlins  of  Ut<ah 
introduces  a  bill  annexing  to  Utah  that 
portion  of  Arizona  north  of  the  Colo- 
rado River. 

The  President  sends  the  report  of  the 
Strike  Commission  to  Congress. 

Dec.  11.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  the  railroad  Anti-Pooling  Bill 
after  four  discussions.  Vote,  106-110. 
Bill  introduced  May  31.  [Dec.  13.  Sen- 
ate :  Referred  to  the  Committee  on  In- 
terstate Commerce.] 

Boston.  The  Republicans  elect  Ed- 
win U.  Curtis  mayor.     Plurality,  1,G00. 

S.  C.    Ex-Gov.  Benjamin  R.  Tillman 

is  elected  Senator  over  Senator  M.  C. 
Butler.     Vote,  131-21. 

Dec.  12.  I).  C.  Congress;  Senate:  A 
motion  to  take  up  the  bill  repealing  tho 
differential  duty  on  refined  sugar  is 
defeated.  Vote,  23-27.  A  motion  to  con- 
sider a  closure  resolution  is  defeated. 
Vote,  24-34 ;  in  the  House  the  Committee 
of  the  Whole  refuses  to  strike  out  from 
the  Urgent  Deficiency  Bill  the  appro- 
priation for  the  collection  of  the  in- 
come tax.    Vote,  &t-127. 

A',  r.    Consolidation  is  carried  in 

Brooklyn  by  an  official  majority  of  277. 

Dee.  13.  D.C.  Congress ;  Senate  :  The 
Nicaragnia  Canal  Bill  is  discussed. 

The  Senate  Rules  Committee  reaches 
a  deadlock  on  a  proposal  to  adopt  clo- 
sure on  revenue  and  appropriation  bills; 
Senator  Gorman  is  absent. 

Secretary  Carlisle  issues  a  circular 
calling  for  bids  for  a  third  issue  of 
$50,000,000  of  5  per  cent  ten-year 
bonds. 
Dec.  14.  n.  C.  Congress:  The  House 
passes  a  resolution  calling  for  the  cor- 
respondence in  relation  to  Secretary 
Gresham*8  promise  to  pay  $425,000  dam- 
ages to  Canadian  sealers. 


MISCELLANEOUS, 

1894  Nov.  21':.  iris.  Thesurveyun- 
der  Congressional  authority  of  a  route 
for  a  proposed  22-foot  ship-canal  from 
Lake  Superior  through  White  Birch,  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  near  Saint  Louis 
or  Minneapolis,  is  completed. 

Nov.  22,  New  York.  Gold  is  bought 
by  intending  subscribers  for  Govern- 
ment bonds  at  a  slight  premium. 

Nov.  23.  The  steamer  Ozama  of  the 
Clyde  Line  is  lost  off  the  Carolina  coast. 

Nov.  24.  lur!.  Suit  is  filed  .at  Winam.-ic, 
involving  land  worth  over  $200,000, 
on  which  over  100  farmers  are  settled. 

A  syndicate  representing  30  banks 

in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and 
Chicago,  bids  116.8808  for  any  part  of  the 
government  bonds  offered  for  sale,  or 
117.077  for  the  whole  $,50,000,000. 

Nov.  26.  ^fo.  The  Trans-Mississippi 
Congress  meets  in  St,  Louis,  [Nov,  28. 
It  demands  free  silver  at  the  ratio  of  16 
tol.] 


Neb.  Judge  Dundy  at  Omaha  de- 
clares the  Nebraska  Maximum 
Freight  Bate  Law  unconstitutional. 

Nov.  27.  Neto  York.  Over  $26,000,- 
000  in  gold  is  deposited  in  the  Sub- 
Treasury  in  payment  of  the  new  bonds. 

I'a.    Judge  Dallas  declines  to  order 

the  Reading  receivers  to  reinstate  the 
discharged  employees. 

Nov.  28.  Conn.  The  schooner  Annie  J. 
Pardee  is  wrecked  off  Saybrook;  the 
life-saving  men  are  unable  to  rescue  the 
captain  and  crew  of  nine. 

O.    The  Iiozier  Bicycle  "Works  at 

Toledo  are  burned  ;  loss,  $500,000. 

Nov.  29.  Mass.  A  train  strikes  a 
large  vehicle  loaded  with  football 
players  and  others  at  Southbridge,  kill- 
ing two  and  injuring  many,  several 
fatally. 

Nov.  30.  Wash.  Fourteen  acres  cf 
flUed-in  land  at  Tacoma  are  engulfed 
by  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound. 

Dec.  5.  D.  C.  The  Governments'  special 
report  estimates  that  over  75,000,000 
bushels  of  wheat  of  this  year's  crop 
will  be  fed  to  stock  because  of  the  low 
price  of  wheat  in  the  market. 

±    N.  Y.    The  tramp  steamer  Dorian 

runs  down  the  schooner  Clara  B. 
Simpson  off  Eaton's  Neck,  Long  Island 
Sound  ;  three  lives  are  lost. 

Dec.  6  I- .  Tex.  Western  Texas  is  swept 
by  fire ;  25,000,000  acres  of  grass  are  con- 
sumed. 

Deo.  7.  Turk.  By  invitation  of  the  Sul- 
tan of  Turkey,  an  American  will  ac- 
company the  Commission  of  Inquiry  to 
Armenia.    [Later,  he  is  rejected.] 

Dec.  8.  N.  Y.  A  wharfage  trust  is 
organized  in  Brooklyn,  having  a  capi- 
tal of  $30,000,000. 

Nero  York.    The  French  Line  steamer 

La  Ilourf/ogne  sails  for  Havre  with 
$1,250,000,  the  first  large  shipment  of 
gold  for  many  months. 

Dee.  9.  Pa.  The  Shenango  Glass 
Works  at  Newcastle  are  burned ;  loss, 
$100,000 ;  300  men  are  thrown  out  of  work. 

Dec.  10.  Conn.  A  sperm-whale  nearly 
40  feet  long  is  caught  in  Fisher's  Island 
Sound. 

N.  Y.    James  Mahar,  an  American, 

dies  of  starvation  in  the  Brooklyn  City 
Hospital,  having  been  eight  days  with- 
out food  while  unsuccessfully  looking 
for  work, 

Dec.  11.  Chicago.  Two  persons  are  killed 
and  10  seriously  injured  by  a  cable-car 
collision. 

A'.  Y.    Birge's  wall-paper  factory 

in  Buffalo  is  destroyed  by  fire ;  loss, 
$500,000 ;  over  500  employees  are  thrown 
out  of  work. 

Pa.  Pittsburg  car-lines  consoli- 
date under  the  .Second  Avenue  Trac- 
tion Company,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of 
.$5,000,000, 

Dec.  13  +  .  7).  C.  Secretary  Lamont  de- 
cides that  the  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
bridge,  over  the  Hudson,  must  be  a 
suspension  bridge. 


478     1894,  Dec.  14-Dec.  30. 


AMERICA; 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1894  Dec.  15.  la.  Important  gold 
discoveries  are  made  iu  Iowa  Gulch. 

Deo.  27 1.  Boston.  The  American 
Chemical  Society  opens  its  loth  gen- 
eral  meeting  with  75  members  present. 

N.  J.    The  3il  annual  meeting  of  the 

American  Psychological  Association 
begins  at  Princeton  College. 

*  »  Boston.  The  public  library  build- 
ing is  completed  at  a  cost  of  $2,000,000. 

•  *  Mass.  AlvanG.Clarkof  Cambridgeis 
making  a  40-inch  lens  for  the  Chicago 
University. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 
1894. 

Deo.  14.      Poltieinus,    .lohu,    publisher, 
printer,  A68. 

Porter,  .Josiah,  adj.-gen.,  A63. 

Dec.  15.    Lord,  Jolin,  historian,   lecturer, 
dies. 

Dec.   16.    Oilflllan,  .lames,  jurist,  AM. 

Dec.  19.     Kelly,  Eugene,  banker,  ASK. 

Dec.  SO.     Alcorn,  J.  L.,  Gov.  of  Miss.,  sen- 
ator, A78. 

Dec.  26.    .Simpson,  .Tames,  merchant,  A47. 

Van   Fleet,  Aljraliain,   vice-chancellor, 

N.  J.,  A.  64. 

Dec.  29.     Fair,  .lames,  "  bonanza  million- 
aire," senator  for  C^al.,  .\ti3. 

Dec.  .30.    Fitzgerald.  John,  president  Irish 
National  League  of  America,  AM. 


CHURCH. 

1894  Dec.  14.  Md.  The  Unitarian 
Conference  of  churches  in  the  Middle 
States  and  Canada  begins  its  session  in 
Baltimore. 

Deo.  20.  An  Evangelical  Alliance 
Committee  urges  Secretary  Gresham 
to  influence  the  protection  of  Christians 
in  Armenia. 

Homan    Catholics  in    this  country 

are  forbidden,  by  order  of  Pope  Leo, 
to  belong  to  the  Sons  of  Temperance, 
the  Knights  of  Pythias,  or  the  Odd 
Fellows. 

Dec.  30.  New  York.  A  mass-meeting  is 
held  to  protest  against  the  Armenian 
persecutions,  Chauncey  M.  Depew 
being  the  chief  speaker. 

*  •  The  Slavonian  Synod  (Evangelical 
Lutheran)  is  organized. 

*  *  Ore.  The  General  Assembly  (tTnited 
Presbyterian)  meets  at  Albany ;  John 
A.  Wilson,  moderator. 

*  *  Wash.  The  Universalist  State  Con- 
vention is  organized. 

LETTERS. 

1894    Deo.  27.    Phlla.   The  first  Con-    . 
greaa  of  Philologists  ever  held  iu  this 
country  opens. 

*  *  Poems  Here  at  Home,  by  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  appears.  . 

*  *  Ivan  the  Viking,  by  Paul  du  Chaillu, 
appears. 

*  •  Pudd'nhead  Wilson,  by  Mark  Twain,    ' 
appears. 

*  *  JohnsorCs  Universal   Cyclopedia  (new    * 
and  enlarged  edition),  Charles  K.  Adams, 
editor,  appears. 

*  *  .4  jlfoK7irfq/'il/a7iy  Cities,  by  Frederick    ' 
Jones  Bliss,  appears. 


*  *  A  Student's  Text-Book  of  Botany,  by 
Sidney  H.  Vines,  appears. 

*  *  Basal  Concepts  in  Philosophy,  by  Al- 
exander T.  Ormond,  appears. 

*  •  Hoyer  Williams,  by  Oscar  S.  Straus, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Animal  as  a  Machine  and  a  Prime 
Motor,  and  the  Laws  of  Energetics,  by 
Robert  H.  Thurston,  appears. 

*  *  A  Protegie  of  Jack  Hamlin's,  by  Bret 
Harte,  appears. 

*  *  Overheard  in  Arcady,  by  Robert  S. 
Bridges,  appears. 

*  *  Modern  Mystics  and  Modem  Magic, 
by  Arthur  Lillie,  appears. 

*  *  Edward  Livingston  Voumans,  by  John 
Fiske,  appears;  also  A  History  of  the 
United  States  for  Schools. 

*  *  Dante  Gabriel  Rosseiti,  by  F.  G. 
Stephens,  appears. 

*  *  A  Short  History  of  the  Crusades,  by 
Jacob  Isidor  Mombert,  appears. 

►  *  Congreyationalists  in  America,  by  Al- 
bert E.  Dunning,  appears. 

►  •  Modern  Methods  of  Sewerage  Disposal, 
by  George  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  appears. 

»  *  A  History  of  the    United  States,  by 

Allen  C.  Thomas,  appears. 
'  *  A     History     of    the     Congregational 

Churches  in  the  United  States,  by  Wil- 

liston  Walker,  appears. 
^  *  An  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medicine, 

Biology,  and  Allied  Sciences,  by  George 

M.  Gould,  appears. 
'  *  A  History  of  the  Mental   Growth  of 

Mankind  in  Ancient  Times,  by  John  S. 

ilittell,  appears. 
'  *  A     Historical     Sketch    of    Unitarian 

Movement  since  the  Reformation,  by  Jo- 
seph H.  Allen,  appears. 

*  A  Traveler  from  Altrnria,  by 'WllUstm 
Bean  Howells,  appears. 

*  Climbing  and  Exploration  in  the  Ka- 
rakoram- Himalayas,  by  William  Martiu 
Conway,  appears. 

*  A  Champion  of  the  Cross,  by  Charles 
F.  Sweet,  appears. 

*  The  Silva  of  North  America,  by 
Charles  S.  Sargent,  appears. 

*  The  Sherman  Letters,  edited  by  Rachel 
Sherman  Thorndike,  appears. 

*  The  Study  of  Animal  Life,  by  J.  Ar- 
thur Thomson,  appears. 

*  Life  of  Frances  Power  Cobbe,  by  Her- 
self, appears. 

*  Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan,  by 
Lafcadio  Hearn,  appears.  "* 

*  Wealth  Against  Commonwealth,  by 
Henry  Demarest  Lloyd,  appears.  * 

*  The  Interpretation  of  Nature,  by  Na- 
thaniel Southgate  Shaler,  appears.  * 

*  Tlie  History  of  Illinois  ami  Louisiana 
under  French  Rule,  by  Joseph  Wallace,    * 
appears. 

*  The  Growth  and  Influence  of  Classical    * 
Greek  Poetry,  by  J.  C.  Jebb,  appears. 

*  In  the  Land   of  the   Cave  aiul   Cliff-    * 
Dwellers,  by  Lieut.  Frederick  Schwatka, 
appears.  % 

*  Economic  Geology  of  Ihf  United  .Stales, 
by  Ralph  S.  Tarr,  appears. 


*  *  The  First  Stages  of  the  Tariff  Policy 
in  the  United  States,  by  William  Hill, 
appears. 

*  *  A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,  Isaac  K.  Funk  editor-in- 
chief,  appears. 

*  *  Reed's  Rules,  by  Thomas  B.  Reed,  ap- 
pears. 

*  *  Essay  Horace  Chase,  by  Constance 
Fenimore  Woolson,  appears. 

*  *  jTri^fcj;,  by  GeorgeduMaurier,  appears. 

*  *  Roman  and  Medieval  Art,  by  W.  H. 
Goodyear,  appears. 

*  *  Louisiana  Studies,  by  Alcee  Fortler, 
appears. 

*  *  Sewage  Disposal  in  the  United  States, 
by  George  W.  Rafter,  appears. 

*  *  The  Story  of  Two  Noble  Lives,  by 
Augustus  J.  C.  Hare,  appears. 

*  *  Japan,  by  David  Murray,  appears. 

*  *  Pomona's  Travels,  by  Frank  R.  Stock- 
ton, appears. 

*  *  Marion  Darche,  by  F.  Marion  Craw- 
ford, appears  ;  also,  Katherine  Lauder- 
dale. 

*  *  The  Copperhead,  by  Harold  Frederic, 
appears. 

*  *  Brothers  and  Strangers,  by  Agnes 
Blake  Poor,  appears. 

'  *  The  Monism  of  Man,  by  David  Allyn 

Gorton,  appears. 
►  •  Leonidas  Polk,  Bishop  and  General, 

by  William  M.  Polk,  appears. 
'  *  The  Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  the  U.  S., 

by  Edwin  Altee  Barber,  appears. 
"  *  Studies  of  the  Stage,  by  Brander  Mat- 
thews, appears. 
'  •  The   Ore    Deposits   of  the   U.  S.,  by 

James  F.  Kemp,  appears. 
'  *  Landmarks  of  a  Literary  Life,  by  Mrs. 

Newton  Crosland,  appears. 
'  *  Total  Eclipses  of  the  Stin,  by  Mabel 

Loomis  Todd,  appears. 
'  *  Aji  Essay  on  Judicial  Power  and  Un- 

cottstitutional    Legislation,    by  Brinton 

Coxe,  appears. 

*  Cartier  to  Frontenac,  by  Justin  Win- 
sor,  appears. 

*  History  for  Ready  Reference,  by  J.  N. 
Larned,  appears. 

*  Samuel  Longfellow,  by  Joseph  May, 
appears. 

*  The  Art  of  Music,  by  C.  Herbert  and 
H.  Parry,  appears. 

*  Personal  Recollections  of  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  by  Horatio  Bridge,  appears. 

*  Wah-Kee-Nah  and  Her  People,  by 
James  C.  Strong,  appears. 

*  Good  Old  Dorchester,  by  W.  D.  Orcutt, 
appears. 

*  Art  in  Theory,  by  George  Lansing 
Raymond,  appears. 

*  Secularism,  its  Progress  and  Morals, 
by  John  M.  Bonham,  appears. 

*  On  the  Offensive,  by  George  J.  Put- 
man,  appears. 

»  Recollections  of  a  Virginian  in  the 
Mexican,  Indian,  and  Civil  Wars,  by 
Dabney  H.  Maury,  appears. 


UNITED    STATES.  1894,  Dec.  14-Dec.  30.      479 


*  *  Abraham  Lincoln,  Complete  Works,  by 
John  G.  Nicolay  and  Joliu  Hay,  appears. 

*  *  General  Scott,  by  Marcus  J.  Wright, 
appears. 

*  *  The  Evolution  of  Woman,  by  Eliza 
Burt  Gramble,  appears. 

*  *  The  Spanish  Pioneers,  by  Charles  F. 
Luiumis,  appears. 

*  *  Fatnotis  Companies  and  Their  Works, 
by  J.  K.  Paine,  Theodore  Thomas,  and 
Karl  Klauser,  appears. 

*  *  History  of  the  Philosophy  of  History, 
by  Robert  Flint,  appears. 

*  *  v4  History  of  the  United  States  Navy 
from  1775  to  1893,  by  Edgar  Staunton 
Maclay,  appears. 

*  *  The  Recipe  for  Diamonds,  by  C.  -T. 
Cutcliffe  Hyne,  appears. 

*  *  Pastime  Stories,  by  Thomas  Nelson 
Page,  appears. 

*  •  The  Holy  Cross,  by  Eugene  Field, 
appears. 

*  *  Bayou  Folk,  by  Kate  Chopin,  appears. 

*  *  Pembroke,  by  Mary  E.  Wilklns,  ai>- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  Dec.  15.  Chicntjo.  President  C 
S.  Puriiiton  of  the  Purinton  Brick  <;oni- 
pany  disappears  ^vith  $40,000  of  the 
funds  belonging  to  the  company. 

New  York.    The  Police  Board  under 

pressure  restores  Capt.  Creeden  to  his 
office. 

Dec.  16.  Pa.  David  Slocum  of  Wash- 
ington township,  afld  his  aged  wife,  are 
bound,  and  robbed  of  their  life  savings 
of  over  §9,000,  by  a  band  of  armed  men  ; 
preparations  for  torture  are  discovered. 

fa.    J.  R.  Huntington,  clerk  in  the 

Council  Blutfs  Citizen's  Bank,  kills  him- 
self after  wounding  C.  A.  Crowell  and 
F.  X.  Hayden.  bank  inspectors  ;  cause,  a 
shortage  is  discovered. 

Dec.  17.  Ind.  John  McBride  is  elected 
presiiient  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Iiabor,  with  headquarters  in 
Indianapolis. 

Dec,  18.  N.  J.  Five  farm-hands  are  in 
jail  at  Freehold  for  burning  barns  and 
slables  through  revenge;  total  loss, 
$50,000. 

Dec.  19.  AVw  York.  A  Committee  of 
Fifty,  with  Setb  Low  as  president,  is 
organized  to  study  the  liquor-prob- 
lem, with  a  view  to  public  and  private 
action. 

N.  Y.     A  national  bank  at  Rome  is 

robbed  of  $40,000  by  a  cashier  and  teller. 

Dec.  22.  Judge  Woods,  in  the  case  of 
Debs  and  the  other  A.  R.  U.  officers, 
grants  a  stay  until  Jan.  8,  that  the  de- 
cision may  be  tested  in  a  higher  court ; 
the  sentences  are  made  cumulative  in- 
stead of  concurrent. 

Dec.  24.  On.  A  race-war  breaks  out ; 
seven  negroes  are  lynched  for  the  mur- 
der of  a  constable. 

Dec.  25.  O.  Nine  non-union  glass- 
workers,  arriving  at  >rartin*8  Ferry,  are 
assaulted  and  two  terribly  beaten  by  the 
local  men ;  the  union  denounces  violence. 

An  attempt  to  burn  the  city  of  Zanes- 
viUe  is  partially  successful. 

The  commander-in-chief  of  the  Sons 

of  Veterans  refuses  charters  to  camps 
compoaed  of  negroes  in  the  South. 


Dec.  26.  Mo.  The  sheriff-elect  of  St. 
Louis  is  indicted  for  election  frauds  and 
bribery. 

N.  H.  The  will  of  N.  B.  Gale,  ad- 
mitted to  probate  at  Laconia,  gives 
$100,000  to  the  town  for  hospital, 
bbrary,  and  park  purposes. 

New  York.  Coupon  Clerk  E.  R.  Car- 
ter, of  the  National  Bank  of  Conmierce, 
is  arrested  for  stealing  about  $30,000  of 
the  bank's  fun<ls. 

The  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion meets, 

Dec.  27.  N.  ./.  The  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Psychological  Asso- 
ciation begins  ut  I'rinceton  College. 

Dec.  28.  New  York.  The  Federation 
of  East  Side  Workers,  representative 
of  churches  and  benevolent  societies 
working  below  Fourteenth  Street  and 
east  of  Broadway,  adopts  a  constitution 
and  elects  officers. 

Okla.    A  train  is  held  up,  but  the 

highwaymen  are  put  to  flight. 

Dec.  30.  A'.  1'.  A  bookkeeper  of  the 
Hudson  River  National  Bank  of  Hud- 
eon  is  found  to  be  $14,000  short  in  his 
accounts ;  he  is  arrested. 

*  *  D.  C.  Congress  makes  Xiabor  Day, 
the  first  Monday  in  September,  a  legal 
holiday. 

STATE. 

1894  Dec.  14.  I).  C.  The  Treasury 
reserve  has  fallen  to  $9G,341,884,  a  loss 
of  $14,799,116  in  eight  days. 

±  Under  authority  of  a  Joint  Com- 
mittee of  the  two  Houses  of  Congress  a 
bill  is  drawn,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to 
provide  for  earlier  and  more  frequent 
promotion  of  naval  officers. 

N.  Y.  The  State  officers  who  can- 
vassed the  Mylod  returns  from  Dutch- 
ess County  in  1891  appeal  their  case  to 
the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Dee.  17.  I).  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
debates  the  Springer  substitute  for  the 
Carlisle  Currency  Bill,  exempting  the 
notes  of  State  banks  from  taxation.  [15 
discussions  follow.] 

N.  Y.    Gov.-elect  Morton  decides  not 

to  appoint  12  additional  justices  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  for  which  the  new  Con- 
stitution makes  certain  provisions. 

Dec.  18.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  Senate  : 
David  B.  Hill  of  N.  Y.  speaks  in  favor 
of  closiu:e ;  the  debate  on  the  currency 
reform  is  begun  in  the  House. 

Dec.  19.  D.  C.  Congress:  The  Senate 
receives  the  report  on  Hawaii ;  the 
House  continues  to  debate  the  Cur- 
rency Bill. 

Dec.  21.  D.  C.  Congress  ;  House:  A 
substitute  for  the  Carlisle  Currency 
Bill  is  introduced  by  William  M. 
Springer  of  111.,  and  made  the  subject 
of  debate. 

iV.    Y.    For  contempt  of  court,  the 

Court  of  Appeals  reaffirms  its  sentence 
against  the  State  Board  of  Canvassers 
of  1891  for  their  action  in  regard  to  the 
Mylod  returns  from  Dutchess  County, 
fining  its  five  members  §5.50. 

Dec.  22.  />.  C.  A  suit  to  test  the  con- 
stitutionality of  the  income  tax  is  be- 
gun in  the  Supreme  Court. 

Dec.  23.  Tex.  Gov.  Hogg  sends  a  req- 
uisition to  the  ^veruor  of  Florida  for 


the  person  of  H.  M.  Flagler,  of  the  Stan- 
dard   Oil    Company.      [Dec.    25.       Gov. 
Mitchell  honors  it.] 
Dec.  28.    Mo.    The  conference  of  the 
Populists  opens  at  St.  Louis. 

Dec.  29.     B.    C.     President    Cleveland 

signs  the  act   establishing    a   national 

military  park  on  the  Shiloh  battle-field. 
*  *  U.  S.    Governors  inaugurated :  — 

-96  *  *  Ala.    William  C.  Gates  (Dem.). 

-96  *  *  Alas,     flames  Sheakley  (Dem.). 

-95  *  *  Ida.     Wm.  I.  McConnell  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  la.     Frank  I),  dackson  (Kep.). 

-95  *  *  Mass.     F.  T.  Greenhalge  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  Mich.    John  T.  Rich  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  O.     Wm.  McKinley,  Jr.,  (Rep.>. 

-97  *  *  Okla.     Wm.  C.  Renfrew  (Dem.). 

-95  *  *  Ji.  I.    D.  Russell  Brown  (Rep.). 

-96  *  *  .S'.  C.    John  Gary  Evans  (Dem.). 

-97*  *  Va.  CharlesT.  G'Ferrall(Dem.). 

MISCELLAKEOUS. 

1894  Dec.  15.  Mo.  Two  lives  are  lost 
and  much  damage  done  to  property  by 
a  cyclone  near  Attalia. 

Dec.  17.  New  York.  Judge  Truax  sets 
aside  the  deed  of  gift  made  by  the  ex- 
ecutors of  the  Fayerweather  will. 

Dec.  204.  Many  vessels  are  reported 
lost  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Dec.  21.  N.  J.  In  Salem  14  persons  are 
bitten  by  a  mad  dog. 

Dec.  22.  Penn.  Cedarcroft,  near  Ken- 
nett  Square,  the  former  home  of  Bayard 
Taylor,  is  burned. 

Dec.  23.  Neb.  The  people  of  the  drought- 
blighted  counties  are  starving  and  in 
need  of  clothing. 

Dec.  24.  Pa.  The  cut  in  wages  is 
posted  at  the  Carnegie  Steel  Works  at 
Homestead ;  several  high-priced  men  are 
dismissed ;  the  rents  of  the  company's 
houses  are  materially  reduced. 

Dec.  25.  Par.  Fatal  collisions  occur 
on  the  Pennsylvania  and  Big  Four  rail- 
roads ;  a  train  is  wrecked  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific. 

Dec.  26.  Boston.  The  Denison  Manu- 
facturing Company  celebrates  its  50th 
anniversary  by  distributing  among  the 
einployees  a  sum  equal  to  five  dollars 
each  for  each  year's  service,  the  total 
gift  amounting  to  $33,000. 

Tex.     Sixteen   persons  are  hurt  in  a 

railroad  collision. 

Dec.  27.  N.  J.  A  State  court  declares 
boycotting  to  be  illegal,  and  a  trades- 
union  is  enjoined  from  boycotting  a 
newspaper. 

N.  Y.    A  fire  in  Buffalo  causes  a  loss 

of  $300,000. 

Dec.  29.    Ore.    Over  40  lives  are  lost 

at  a  Christmas  festival  at  Silver  Lake 
through  a  fire  caused  by  the  upsetting 
of  an  oil-lamp. 

Okla.   Payne  Ctuinty  court-house,  with 

all  the  county  records,  is  burned. 

Ky.     Louisville   loses  about  $300,000 

by  fire. 

Dec.  30.  Fla.  The  fruit-growers*  loss 
from  freezing  weather  during  the  last 
72  hours  is  estimated  at  $3,000,000. 

Ida.    The  mineral  output  for  the 

year  1894:  Gold,  $1,879,000;  silver, 
$2,359,000;  lead.  $3,406,000. 

N.  Y.  The  Delavan  House  in  Al- 
bany is  burned. 


480    234  B.  c.-A.  D.  1883,  Aug.  18.        A  N  N  A  M. 


Annam  is  a  coast  country  of  southeastern  Asia,  under  the  protection  of  France,  and  having  Hu^  for  its  capital.  The 
government  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  with  a  French  resident.  The  religious  are  Buddhism,  Confucianism,  spirit  vorship,  and 
the  Christian  faith.    Area  of  Annum,  about  27,020  square  miles;  population,  about  5,000,000. 

Frexoh  Cocuix-CuiXA  is  a  French  colony  south  of  Anuam,  on  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula.  Area,  23,082  square  miles  ; 
population,  2,0^,453. 

Cambouia  is  a  dependency  of  France,  lying  between  Siam  and  French  Cochin-China ;  Pnompenh  is  its  capital.  Area,  3S,600 
square  miles  ;  population,  iibout  1,500,000. 

TONGKINO  (Tutilting,  Tonkin,  or  Tonquin)  is  a  French  colonial  possession,  lying  northeast  of  Annain,  with  Hanoi  for  its 
capital.    Area,  34,740  sfiuaro  miles;  population,  about  9,000,000. 

For  convenience  of  classification  these  four  countries  are  here  combined  under  Annam,  and  each  item  is  prefixed  with  a 
locality  word. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
234  *  *  B.  c.    Annam  is  conquered  by 
the  Chinese.         

007  ±  *  •  A.  D.  An  anti-Chinese  revolt 
breaks  the  rule  of  the  foreigners. 

1406  *  *  Annam  is  reconquered  by  the 
Chinese.    [1428.    Expelled.] 

1789*  *  Cochin-Ckina.  Bishop  Pi- 
gneaux  de  Beshaine  of  Ardan  lands 
at  the  head  of  a  well-armed  force  of 
adventurers. 

1802  *  *  Tongking  is  reconquered  by 
the  Annamese,  aided  by  the  French. 

1843  Jan.*  Cochin-Chiua.  A  French 
frigate  anchors  off  Touron  and  demands 
the  release  of  the  captive  missionaries. 
[They  are  delivered,  and  embark.] 

1847  *  *  Cochin- ChiTia.  ThienTu,  hav- 
ing continued  his  persecutions  of  the 
French  missionaries,  Adm.  Lapierre  ap- 
pears before  Touron,  and  after  some 
resistance  dismantles  the  fortifica- 
tions, but  is  unable  to  secure  liberty 
for  missionaries  in  Annam. 

1858  Aug.  31.  Cockin-China.  A  Franco- 
Spanish  squadron  under  Adm.  Rigault 
de  Genouilly  anchors  off  Touron;  an 
Tiltimatum  is  sent  to  the  king  because 
of  the  persecutions  of  Christians  and 
the  murder  of  M.  Diaz ;  tbe  city  is 
stormed. 

1859  Feb.  17.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  Adm, 
Genouilly,  with  five  vessels,  bombards 
Saigon,  and  forces  its  surrender. 

The  booty  consists  of  400  caimon,  6,000 
rifles,  160,000  pomids  of  powder,  and 
$500,000  in  specie ;  the  French  lose  200 
killed  and  wounded. 

1860*  *  Tongking.  M.  Dupuis,  an 
adventurer  and  merchant,  makes  an 
ax*med  invasion. 

1861  Feb.  *  Fr.  Cochin-China.  Adm. 
Gamier  subdues  the  revolting  natives. 

1862  Dec.  17.  Fr.  Cochin-China,  An 
insurrection  breaks  out  !tg;iinst  the 
French.  [1863.  Feb.*  The  revolt  ia 
suppressed.] 

1872  *  *  Tongkintj.  M.  Dupuis  ascends 
the  Red  River  with  an  armed  flotilla, 
[Mar.  4.  He  reaches  the  head  of  navi- 
gation at  Manghao.] 

1873  Oct.  8.  Fr.  Cnrhin-China.  Fran- 
cis Gamier*s  expedition,  escorted  by 
two  men-of-war.  sails  from  Saigon  for 
the  mouth  of  tlie  Red  River  ;  the  entire 
force  numbers  less  than  200  men. 

TSov.  5.    Tongking.    Garnier's  expedition 

arrives  at  Hanoi. 
"Nov,  20.     Tongking.    M.  Dupuis  attacks 

the  citadel  of  Hanoi,  and  carries  it  hy 


assault  ;  it  is  the  first  step  in  the  con- 
quest of  the  Red  River  valley. 
Dec.  11.  Tongking.  Nam-Dinh  is  cap- 
tured from  tlie  Annamese  by  the 
French,  after  a  short  resistance.  [It  is 
soon  evacuated.]  The  whole  delta  of 
the  Red  River  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  invaders. 

Dec.  21.  Tongking.  A  force  of  Chinese 
Black  Flags  and  Annamese  surround 
the  citadel  at  Hanoi;  the  small  garri- 
son makes  a  vigorous  defense ;  Francis 
Gamier  and  M.  Balny  D'Avricourt 
lead  sorties  from  different  gates,  and 
both  are  killed. 
1874  Jan.  8.  Tongking.  The  French 
evacuate  Ninh-Binh.  [Jan.  10.  They 
evacuate  Nam-Dinh,  and  strengthen 
the  garrison  at  Hanoi.  July*  The 
French  garrison  is  withdrawn  from 
Hanoi.] 

1883  Mar.  26,  27.  Tongking.  An  at- 
tack of  the  Black  Flags  on  Hanoi  is 
repulsed  by  the  French. 

Mar.  27.  Tongking.  The  French  bom- 
bard and  capture  Nam-Dinh. 

Mar.  *  Fr.  Cochin-China.  The  French 
Red  River  expedition  of  G20  men  and 
10  war-vessels  is  organized  by  Capt. 
Henri  Riviere. 

Apr,  2.  Tongking,  Riviere's  expedi- 
tion arrives  at  Hanoi. 

Apr.  26.  Tongking.  Hanoi  is  as- 
saulted and  captured  by  the  French. 

May  8.  Tongking.  Tiin-Yun-Fu,  sus- 
tained by  his  Black  Flags,  declares  hos- 
tilities against  the  French. 

May  *  Tongking.  Capt.  Riviere  with  a 
force  of  230  men  is  besieged  at  Hanoi 
by  the  Black  Flags. 

May  16.  Tongking.  The  French  des- 
troy Gia-lam,  and  retire  to  their  ships. 

May  19.  Tongking.  The  French  make 
a  sortie  at  Hanoi,  and  are  driven  back 
by  the  Black  Flags ;  Riviere  and  three 
other  French  officers  are  killed ;  the 
French  garrison  is  shut  up  in  the  citadel. 

June  16.  Tongking.  Gen.  Bouet  ar- 
rives at  Hanoi  with  reenforcemeuts, 
and  assumes  command. 

July  5.  Tongking.  Tlie  French  repulse 
an  attack  at  Haiphong. 

July  11.  Tongking.  Tbe  Black  Flags 
are  repulsed  at  Nam-Dinh.  [July  19. 
Col.  Badens  makes  a  successful  sortie 
at  Nam-Dinh.    [Also  on  Aug.  7.] 

July  20.  The  French  Capt.  Morel 
Beaulieu  offers  protection  to  the  na- 
tives who  have  been  deserted  by  Annam, 
and  made  to  suffer  on  all  sides  during 
the  war. 


Aug,  15.  Tongking.  Gen.  Bouet  with 
a  force  of  1,500  men  makes  a  sortie 
against  the  Black  Flags  near  Hanoi ; 
the  French  are  repulsed,  and  forced  ta 
return. 

Aug.  18-20.  Co<'h in-China.  A  French 
squadron  under  Adm.  Courbet  bombards 
and  C£U)tures  the  forts  at  Hu6 ;  th» 
Annamese  suffer  heavy  loss.  [Aug,  20. 
An  armistice  is  arranged.] 

CHXJRCH. 

1555*  *  Cambodia.  Caspar  da  Cruz,  a 
Dominican  from  Portugal,  introduces 
Christianity. 

1626  *  *  Tongking.  Many  Jesuits  ar- 
rive, including  the  celebrated  mission- 
ary Alexander  of  Rhodes. 

1780i  *  *  Tongking.  French  missions^ 
ries  reintroduce  Christianity ;  it  spreads 
rapidly. 

1800i  *  *  Annam.  French  priests  claim 
to  have  converted  the  emperor,  and 
establish  a  hierarchy  of  great  influence. 

1821  *  *  Opposition  to  French  mis- 
sionaries becomes  strong  under  the  new 
ruler ;  persecution  is  encouraged  [and  is 
continued  after  his  death  under  three 
emperors], 

1833  *  *  Tongking.  Francis  Gagelen, 
Jesuit  missionary,  is  strangled.  [1834. 
M.  Ordorico  is  beheaded.  1835.  M* 
Marchaud  is  torn  to  pieces,  after  suf- 
fering torture  by  hot  irons.] 

1836  *  *  Tongk-ing.  Six  missionaries 
are  beheaded,  and  one  is  strangled. 
[1839.    Another  missionary  is  executed.] 

1841  *  *  -42  *  *  Tongking.  Three  mis- 
sionaries are  killed,  and  several  more 
are  imprisoned. 

1851  *  *-58  *  *  Annam.  Ten  French 
missionaries  are  beheaded,  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  natives  are  persecuted. 

May  4.  Cochin-China.  M.  Schofiaer,  a 
French  missionary,  is  beheaded  by  order 
of  the  grand  mandarins,  for  preaching. 

1857  *  *  Tongking.  Bp.  Diaz,  the  Span- 
ish vicar-general,  is  beheaded  after  suf- 
fering cruel  torture. 

1858  July  27.  Tongking.  The  French 
missionary.  Bp.  Melchior,  is  murdered 
with  great  barbarity. 

1860  Nov.  *  Tongking.  The  A  b  b  6 
Neron  is  brutally  murdered  by  anti- 
French  fanatics.  [1868.  July  *  By  or- 
der  of  the  bonze,  several  native  Chris- 
tians are  massacred.] 

1883  *  *  Annam.  Christians  are  massa- 
cred at  the  instigation  of  a  native 
prince. 


ANNAM. 


234  B.  C/-A.  D.  1883,  Aug.  18.     481 


STATE. 

214+ *  *B. c.  Annam.  The  Chinese 
invade  and  annex  the  country. 

112*  *B.c.-968*  *A.  D.  Tongkingisa 
dependency  of  China. 

110  *  *  B.  c.  -907  *  *  A.  i>.  Annam.  Chi- 
nese vassal  governors  hold  authority 
in  the  South. 

263  *  *  A.  D.  Annam,  The  Chinese  do- 
mination ends. 

767*  *  Tongking.  The  capital  is 
founded  (La  Thaug). 

*  *  *  Annam  is  again  subject  to  China. 

806  *  *  Cochin-China.  The  name  Koue 
Tchen  is  first  applied  to  Southern  Tong- 
king.   (Corrupted  into  Cochin-China.) 

907±  *  *  Annam.  Native  chiefs  who  are 
weary  of  Chinese  rule  lead  a  successful 
revolt. 

970±  *  *  Annam  is  under  independent 
native  princes,  who  are  only  nominal 
vassals  of  China.  [1280.  The  Chinese 
attempt  its  complete  subjugation.] 

1406  *  *  Annam  is  again  subdued  by 
the  Chinese. 

1427  *  *  Tongking.  XjC-ljoi  obtains  the 
throne  by  violence;  he  virtually  sepa- 
rates the  province  from  Annam,  and  by 
a  successful  rebellion  becomes  indepen- 
dent of  China. 

1428  *  *  Annam.  China  abandons  its 
rule  of  Annam.  [1471.  Annam  is  con- 
quered by  Tongking.] 

1553  *  *  Annam  throws  off  the  yoke 
of  Tongking. 

1610*  *  Annam.  Tsianipa  is  occupied  by 
the  Annamese,  and  the  aborigines  are 
driven  from  the  plains  into  the  bill 
country. 

1650±  *  *  Annam  virtually  consists  of 
two  kingdoms;  the  northern  is  ruled 
by  the  L6  dynasty,  and  the  southern  by 
the  Nguyen  family. 

1780±  *  *  Tongking.  Gia-Long  is  de- 
throned by  an  invading  successor  of 
Nguyen-Dzo,  the  late  viceroy, 

1787  Nov.  28.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  France 
obtains  the  peninsula  of  Touron  and  the 
Isle  of  Pulo-Condore  by  the  treaty  of 
Versailles. 

French  influence  becomes  dominant 
through  the  instrumentality  of  Bishop 
Pigneaux  de  Beshaine,  chief  of  the  Jes- 
uit mission  at  Bangkok,  Siam. 

1788  *  *  Tongking.  The  king  is  de- 
throned and  exiled;  he  appeals  to 
France,  through  the  French  missiona- 
ries, for  aid. 

1802  *  *  Tongking  is  conquered,  and 
reunited  to  Annam. 

1820  *  *  Annam.  Gia-Long,  the  king, 
dies;  he  had  named  his  younger  son, 
Minh-Mang,  as  his  successor.  [The  new 
king  is  bitterly  opposed  by  his  eldest 
brother,  Canh-Dzue;  he  meets  with  great 
difficulty  in  suppressing  a  rebellion.] 

1821*  *  Annam.  The  anti-foreign 
party  becomes  powerful  after  the  death 
of  Gia-Long. 

1840*  *  Annam.  Thien  Tu  succeeds 
his  father,  Minh-Mang,  as  king,  and  re- 
news the  persecution  of  Christians. 


1848  *  *  Annam.  Tu  Due,  the  younger 
son,  succeeds  his  father,  Thien  Tu,  as 
king ;  he  cruelly  persecutes  the  native 
Christians  and  their  mis«ionaries. 

1851  *  *  Annam.  Nu-Phong,  the  elder 
brotherof  Tu  Due,  leads  an  unsuccessful 
rebellion  to  wrest  the  kingdom  from  him  .■ 

1858*  *  Annam.  The  king  orders  M. 
Diaz  put  to  death  because  a  French 
vessel  happens  to  be  cruising  near  the 
coast. 

1859  Oct.  *  T<m{/king.  The  French 
government  determines  to  intervene 
in  behalf  of  Christians. 

1860  Oct.  15.  The  treaty  of  Tien-tsin 
is  signed  ;  it  assures  the  whole  of  the 
Oriental  seas  to  the  French. 

1861*  *  Tongking.  The  pretender,  Le 
Phung,  leads  a  revolt  [which  is 
successful  for  a  time  in  resisting  the 
French ;  subdued  in  186G]. 

1862  Jime  5.  Annam.  The  treaty  of 
Saigon  is  signed ;  peace  is  made  with 
France  under  the  pressin-e  of  an  Invad- 
ing army  and  a  dangerous  rebellion. 

Three  of  the  lower  provinces  are  ceded 
to  the  French  ;  Christianity  is  to  be  tol- 
erated and  an  iudenmity  paid. 

Dec.  17.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  An  insur- 
rection breaks  outagainst  France  in  the 
ceded  provinces. 

1863  Sept.  *  Annam.  Ambassadors 
are  sent  to  France  to  regain  the  ceded 
provinces.  [Their  mission  is  ujisuccess- 
ful.] 

1864  •  •  Cambodia.  Phara-Norodom 
is  crowned  king. 

1867  June  25.  Fr.  Cochi7i-China.  The 
revolt  against  the  French  continues. 

Tlie  French  occupy  the  three  lower 
provinces,  and  by  proclamation  annex 
them  to  France. 

1870*  *  Tongking.  M.  Dupuis,  a 
Frenchman,  explores  a  part  of  the  Red 
River.  [1872.  May  *  On  behalf  of  the 
French  government  he  issues  a  procla- 
mation to  the  people.] 

1873  Dec.  21.  Tongking.  M.  Philas- 
tre,  the  new  French  envoy,  arrives  at 
the  delta  of  the  Red  River ;  he  learns 
that  the  French  occupy  the  forts,  and 
that  Garnier  is  dead.  [He  introduces  a 
pacific  policy.]    (See  Army.) 

18731  *  *  The  French  determine  to  ex- 
pel the  Chinese  from  the  valley  of  the 
Red  River,  and  annex  Tongking. 

1874*  *  The  French  protectorate  is 
threatened  by  the  Black  Flags ;  vig- 
orous measures  are  taken  for  its  de- 
fense. 

Mar.  15,  Fr.  Cochin-China.  A  treaty 
with  the  French  is  concluded  at  Saigon. 
The  king  is  to  be  independent  of  China, 
the  ports  are  to  be  opened  to  commerce, 
the  Christian  religion  to  be  tolerated, 
and  the  six  lower  provinces  to  bo  Anally 
abandoned  to  France. 

Aug.  31.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  A  com- 
mercial treaty  is  signed  by  France  and 
Annam  at  Saigon. 

1881  •  *  France  resents  the  intrusion 
of  China  in  Tongking ;  it  refuses  to  rec- 
ognize the  latter*s  claims  of  suzerainty, 


and  prepares  for  an  armed  occupa- 
tion. 

1882  Jan.  *  Fr.  Adm.  La  Pierre  is 
appointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the 
French  forces  in  Tongking. 

Apr,  *  The  Tongkingese  authorities  are 
exasperated  at  the  presence  of  an  armed 
French  flotiUa  in  the  Red  River ;  they 
regard  it  as  a  menace  and  a  gross  infrac- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  1874. 

*  *  Tongking.  France  asserts  her  claim 
to  a  protectorate. 

*  *  Tongking.  The  Annameae  repel  an 
invasion  of  a  French  force  sent  by  Le 
Myre  de  Villers,  governor  of  Saigon. 

1883  *  *  Tongking.  China  becomes  an 
ally  of  Annam,  its  tributary,  in  resist- 
ing French  aggressiveness. 

Apr.  21.  Tongking.  Capt.  Riviere  is- 
sues an  ultimatum  at  Hanoi. 

He  demands  from  the  mandarins  a 
treaty  for  French  supremacy,  and  threat- 
ens to  bombard  the  citadel  if  they  re- 
fuse. [The  mandarins  reply  that  they 
have  no  power  to  consider  treaties.] 

*  *  Tongking.  The  Emperor  Tu  Due  re- 
sists the  aggressiveness  of  the  French. 

July  20.  Annam.  The  Emperor  Tu  Duo 
dies ;  Hiep-hoa  is  enthroned. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1295  *  *  Cambodia  is  a  vast  and  im- 
portant country. 

1590±  •  *  Cambodia.  Swarms  with  for- 
eign adventurers. 

1600+  *  *  Cambodia.  The  Portuguese 
establish  factories. 

1635  ±  *  *  Cambodia.  The  Dutch  es- 
tablish factories. 

1641  *  *  Cambodia.  A  Butch  expedition 
explores  the  Great  Mekong  River 
for  1,000  miles. 

1643  *  *  Cambodia.  Many  Europeans 
are  butchered  at  the  instigation  of  the 
Portuguese. 

1702  *  *  Cambodia.  The  English  es- 
tablish a  factory  ofC  the  coast. 

1799  *  *  Tongking.  Pigneaux  de  Be- 
shaine, Jesuit  bishop,  dies. 

1820  *  *  Annam.  Gia-Long,  the  king, 
dies. 

1840*  *  Armam.  Minh-Mang,  the 
king,  dies. 

1848  *  *  Annam.  Thien  Tu,  the  king, 
dies. 

1858  July  27.  Tongking.  Bishop 
Melchior  is  murdered. 

1860  Nov.  *  Tongking.  Abb6  Neron 
is  murdered. 

1866±  *  *  Fr.  Cochin-China.  A  French 
expedition  imder  Capt.  Doudart  de 
Xiagree  ascends  the  Mekong  to  Middle 
China. 

1879  *  *  Annam.  Bun-Lan,  or  Thau- 
Khai,  the  emperor,  is  born. 

1883  May  20.  R.  T.  Riviere,  French 
commander,  dies. 

July  20.  Annam,  Tu  Due,  the  king, 
dies. 

Aug.  *-Dec.  *  Tongking.  The  unarmed 
natives  suffer  much  from  all  parties 
in  the  war. 


482     1883,  Sept.  1-1893,  May  17. 


ANNAM. 


ARMY— NAVY. 

1883  Sept.  1-3.  Tongking.  Gen.  Bouet 
makes  a  successful  sortie  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Sontay.  [Sept.  3.  He  beheads  a 
number  of  Annamese  prisoners.] 

Sept.  15.  The  Annamese  troops  dis- 
band. The  Yellow  Flags  continue  hos- 
tilities. 

*  *  Totigking.    Col.  Badens  with  a  Email 

force  surprises  the  citadel  of  Ninh- 

Binh;  it  surrenders  without  bloodshed. 
Sept.  20.     Tongking.    It    is    announced 

that  A<lm.  Courbet  supersedes  Gen. 

Bouet. 
Nov.  17.     Tongking.    The  Black   Flags 

make  a  fierce  attack  on  the  French  at 

Hai  Dzuong,  and  are  repulsed  by  the  aid 

of  the  gunboat  Varabine. 
Dec.  16.     Tongking.      Adm.    Courbet 

shells  and  captures  the  forts  at  Sontay ; 

French  loss.  75  killed  and  245  wounded. 

[I>ec.  *  Sontay    is    fortified,    and  "the 

French  advance.] 
1884    Jan.  1,  2.    Tongking.    Pirates 

attack  Nam-Diuh. 
Jan.  20±.    Tongking.    Chinese  reen- 

forcements  arrive  to  assist  the  natives 

against  the  French. 
Mar.  12.     Tongking,     Gens.    N^grier, 

Bri^re  de  risle,  and  Millot  defeat  the 

Chinese  at  Bao-Ninh;  the  Celestials 

hastily  retire  from  the  city. 
Mar.  22.      Tongking.      The    citadel     of 

Thai-Nguyen  is  captured  by  a  French 

force  under  Gen,  Bri^re  de  I'Isle. 
Apr.  0.     Tongking.     The  Chinese  set 

Honghoa  on  fire,  and  retreat  from  the 

town. 

June  23.  Tongking.  A  rash  attempt  is 
made  by  Col.  J^ugenne  with  700  men  to 
occupy  Ijangson ;  the  Chinese  resist. 
and  kill  10  of  the  French. 

Aug.  30.  Tongking.  Gen.  Brifere  de 
rXsle  succeeds  Gen.  Millot  as  com- 
mander of  the  French  forces. 

Oct.  ♦  Tongking.  Fighting  is  renewed 
between  the  French  and  the  Chinese. 

Oct.  6-8.  Tongking.  The  Chinese 
regulars  attack  the  French  imder  Gen. 
N^grier,  who  repulses  them,  killing 
many  of  the  Chinese. 

Oct.  10,  11.  Tongking.  The  Chinese 
are  again  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  3,000, 
by  Col.  Donnier,  near  Chu ;  French  loss, 
20  killed  and  90  wounded. 

Oct.  13.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  are 
again  repulsed  at  Tuguen  Qua-Hmig, 
losing  many  men. 

Nov.  20±.  Tongking.  The  Black  Flags 
are  defeated  by  the  French. 

Dec.  *   Ton/fking.    The  French  retire  to 

the  hill  country  before  the  approach 

of  a  great  Chinese  army. 
Dec.  *  The  defeat  of  Chinese  pirates  is 

announced. 
1885    Jan.  •     The   arrival    of    10,000 

men  increases  the  army  of  Bri^re  de 

risle  to  40,000  men. 


Jan.  3±.  Gen.  Nfigrier  defeats  12,000 
Chinese  in  a  great  battle  east  of  Chu. 

Feb.  2.  The  French  forward  move- 
ment begins. 

Feb.  6.     Tongking.    The  French  capture 
Dong  Song  after  a  severe  fight,  taking 
•   three  forts  and  a  large  amount  of  sup- 
plies and  ammunition. 

Feb.  8.  Tongking.  The  Chinese,  10,000 
strong,  attack  the  French  near  the 
frontier,  and  are  repulsed. 

Feb.  10.  Tongking.  The  column  moves 
forward,  and  the  Chinese  fall  back. 

Feb.  12.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  give 
battle,  and  are  driven  back. 

Feb.  13.  Tongking.  The  citadel  of 
Iiangson  is  finally  occupied  by  the 
French  without  resistance,  as  the  gar- 
rison retires. 

Feb.  24.  Tongking.  Tuyen-Kouan  is 
attacked  by  the  Chinese,  but  they  are 
repulsed  by  the  French. 

Feb.  27.  Tongking.  Gen.  NSgrier  cap- 
tures a  large  quantity  of  war  material, 
stores,  and  ammimition  from  the  Chi- 
nese. 

Mar.  2.  Tongking.  The  siege  of  Tu- 
yen-Kouan is  raised  after  18  attacks  by 
the  Chinese  in  as  many  days,  the  French 
having  lost  463  men. 

Mar.  4-7.  Tongking.  Col.  Duchesne 
again  defeats  the  Chinese.  [Mar.  22. 
Again  at  Dong-Dang.] 

Mar.  24.  Tongking.  The  French  and 
Chinese  fight  a  severe  battle  on  the 
frontier. 

Mar.  27.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  de- 
bouch in  great  numbers  before  the 
French  position  at  Ki-Lua ;  the  latter 
fall  back  on  Dong-Song  and  Than- 
Moi. 

Mar.  28.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  drive 
the  French  back  in  great  confusion,  and 
retake  Iiangson;  Gen.  N4grier  is 
wounded. 

Mar.  30.  Tongking.  Col.  Herbenger 
evacuates  Dong-Song  on  the  approach 
of  the  Chinese. 

Apr.  3.  Tongking.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  are  signed. 

Apr.  14.  Tongking.  The  Chinese,  un- 
informed of  the  peace,  attack  the 
French  at  Kep,  and  are  repulsed. 

Apr.  *  Tongking.  Gen.  de  Courcy  is 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  French 
forces  in  the  field. 

Apr.  »  The  Chinese  reward  Luh  Vinh 
Phuoc,  the  chief  of  the  Black  Flags, 
for  his  services  against  the  French. 

May  5.  Tongking.  The  Chinese  troops 
evacuate  Iiangson,  and  proceed  to 
withdraw  from  the  province. 

July  2.  Cochin-China.  The  Annamese 
at  Hue  revolt,  and  surprise  the  French 
in  a  night  attack. 

July  5,  6.  Cochin-china.  The  regent 
Thayet,  with  30,000  men,  treacherously 


attacks  Gen.  de  Courcy  at  Hu^,  but  is  de- 
feated and  captured.  [.July  10.  French 
reenforcements  arrive  at  Hu^.] 

Aug.  24+.  Tongking.  The  citadel  of 
Than  Hoa  is  occupied  by  the  French 
without  resistance. 

Aug.  *  The  Black  Flags  raid  five  mis- 
sionary stations,  and  massacre  the  priests 
and  10,000  native  Christians. 

Sept.  *  Cochin-China.  Two  French 
missionaries  are  reported  killed  and 
24,000  native  Christians  massacred  at 
Kuang-Tri. 

Oct.  *  Tongking.  Gen.  Jounont  attacks 
Thau-Moi,  and  routs  its  defenders  after 

fighting  three  days. 

Oct.  *    Tongking.    Black  Flag   bands 

annoy  the  French. 

Dec.  •  Tongking.  Gen.  N^grier  defeats 
the  Black  Flags. 

1886  Nov.  *  Tongking.  Insurrections 
break  out  against  the  French,  but  are 
soon  suppressed. 

1887  Jan.  •  Tongking.  Insurgents  are 
again  active.  [Apr.  19.  Col.  Bose  cap- 
tures Mupng.] 

1888  Sept.*  Tongking.  A  native  guard 
is  organized  by  the  French  for  the  pur- 
pose of  suppressing  piracy. 

1889  Jan.  17.  The  pirates  are  de- 
feated by  Gen.  Borgnis  des  Bordes. 

Mar.  16.  Doivan,  the  chief  of  the  Bac- 
Ninh  pirates,  surrenders,  and  quiet 
follows. 

1890  Nov.  8±.  Tongking.  Piracy  is 
rampant,  the  French  outposts  being  at- 
tacked constantly. 

1893  May  17.  Siam.  A  bloody  battle 
occurs  between  the  French  Annamese 
garrison  at  Khong  and  the  Siamese, 
on  the  boundary  line  of  Annam  and 
Siam  ;  the  Siamese  government  repudi- 
ates responsibility  in  the  matter. 

CHURCH. 

1885  Aug.±  *  -Dec.  •  Annam.  About 
22,000  native  Christians  are  massa- 
cred. 

1886  Aug.  *  Tongking.  Seven  hun- 
dred Christians  are  massacred  by  the 
Black  Flags,  who  destroy  30  villages. 

1890  •  *  Annam.  There  are  no  Protes- 
tant missions  in  the  country. 

The  educated  classes  follow  Confu- 
cius, Buddhism  is  tolerated  by  the 
government,  and  many  of  the  natives 
profess  Roman  Catholicism.  Some  Ro- 
man Catholic  authorities  claim  420,000 
members,  imder  125  Euroi>ean  priests 
and  2GA  native  priests,  in  seven  apostolic 
vicariates. 


STATE. 

1883  Apr.  25.  Fr.  Cochin-China.  The 
Emperor  Hiep-hoa  is  forced,  by  a  French 
naval  demonstration,  to  sign  a  treaty 
at  Saigon. 

Tf-rms:  A  French  protectorate  and  the 
exclusion  of  foreijin  i»owers,  except  as 
approved  by  the  French  Government ; 


ANNAM. 


1883,  Sept.  1-1893,  May  17.    483 


Bink  Tiiiin  is  ceded  to  France;  French 
occupation  of  the  forts  on  the  Hu^  River ; 
Freiichadniinistration  of  customs  ;  ports 
to  be  opened  and  an  indemnity  to  be 
paid  by  Anuam,  etc. 

Oct.  *  Cambf)tUa.  The  king,  Norodom, 
recognizes  the  French  protectorate 
by  treaty. 

Dec,  14.  Annam.  Anti-French  fanatics 
kill  King  Hiep-hoa,  and  Yoe-Duc 
succeeds  him. 

1884  Mar.  26  f:.  Annam.  An  Annam- 
ese  prince  is  executed  for  instigating 
the  massacres  of  Christians. 

May  11.  Ckhia.  Capt.FournierandLi- 
Hung-Chang,  the  imperial  prime  minis- 
ter, sign  a  treaty  at  Tien-tsin ;  the 
French  protectorate  of  Annam  and  Tong- 
king  is  recognized,  and  the  Chinese 
troops  are  withdrawn  from  the  north- 
ern provinces. 

June  6.  The  Annamesesign  a  convention 
which  compels  the  acknowledgment  of 
the  French  protectorate. 


July  1±.  Tomjking.  The  Chinese  de- 
cline to  ratify  the  treaty  of  May  11,  and 
refuse  to  pay  indemnity  for  the  killing 
of  French  citizens  at  Laugson. 

July  18±.  Tony  king.  The  Chinese  de- 
mand the  evacuation  of  Langson  and 
other  places  held  by  the  French. 

Aug.  2,  Annam.  The  king's  death  is  an- 
nounced, and  his  young  brother,  Kien- 
phouc,  is  his  successor. 

1885  Apr.  5.  China.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  peace  are  signed  at  Peking. 

The  Chinese  agree  to  evacuate  Tong- 
king,  and  France  will  take  it  under  its 
protectorate,  and  also  evacuate  For- 
mosa. 

June  9.  China.  The  Treaty  of  Tien- 
tsin is  ratified  by  the  French  and  Chi- 
nese. 

July  2.  Annam.  The  Annamese  rise 
in  revolt  against  the  French. 

Sept.  14+.  Annam.  Chaul-Mong,  the 
adopted  son  of  Tu  Due,  is  proclaimed 
emperor. 


Sept.  19.    Annam.    The    emperor    is 

crowned,  and  named  Douck-Hanh. 
1886    Jan.  31.     TongUng.    Paul  Bert 

is    appointed    French    resident.     [Nov. 

11.    He  dies.] 
Jan.  28.    Annam.    The  emperor,  Douck- 

Hanh,  dies. 
Jan.  30.    Annam.    Thau-Khai,    the 

young  son  of  Douck-Haiih,  succeeds  to 

the  throne. 
Apr.  *  Cambodia.    The  rebellion  led  by 

Prince  Si-Votha  is  broken,  and  he  sues 

for  peace, 

1888  Sept.  8.  Tongking.  M.  Richaud 
succeeds  Paul  Bert,  deceased  January, 
1887. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884  Jan.  1,2.  Tongking.  Pirates  de- 
vastate Nam-Dinh,  and  kill  the  people. 

1889  Jan.  29.  A7inam.  Douck-Hanh, 
the  king,  dies. 

Feb.  27.  Tongking.  Gen.  Des  Bordes 
of  the  French  army  is  murdered. 


ARABIA  AND  THE  MOSLEMS. 

Arabia  is  a  large  peninsula  of  Western  Asia,  and  is  destitute  of  any  permanent  river  ;  its  area  is  estimated  at  1,200,000  square 
miles,  and  its  population  at  5,000,000.  The  country  has  no  common  government ;  its  political  divisions  are  various,  and  include 
three  Turkish  provinces :  Hedjaz  along  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  Yemen  farther  south,  and  El  Hassa  bordering  the  Persian 
Gulf  ;  three  sultanates,  Oman  along  the  gulf  of  the  same  name.  El  Nejd  in  the  interior,  and  Hadramant  in  the  south ;  Aden,  in 
the  extreme  south,  is  a  British  protectorate.  Tlie  religion  of  the  people  is  Mohammedan,  and  their  language  is  Arabic.  About 
185,000,000  Mohammedans  are  at  the  present  time  scattered  over  northern  Africa,  southern  Asia,  and  southeastern  Europe. 

Authorities  are  not  agreed  concerning  the  precise  dates  of  the  chief  events  connected  with  the  life  of  Mohammed.  Many  of 
the  Moslem  dates  are  of  imcertain  value. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1438*  *-1388*  *B.c.  Setil. (Sethos), 
the  ruler  of  Egypt,  sends  a  military  ex- 
pedition into  Arabia. 

25  *  *  B.  c.  The  Bomans  send  an  expe- 
dition into  Arabia  under  C.  ^lius  Gallus. 
His  army  consists  of  10,000  Roman  in- 
fantry, 500  Jews,  and  1,000  Nabatheans ; 
they  suffer  greatly  from  the  climate, 
and  return  without  making  conquests. 

500*  *A.D.  The  Mustareb,  or  Northern 
Arabs,  revolt,  and  in  the  battle  of  Ha- 
zaz  forever  break  the  yoke  of  Yemen. 

529*  *The  Abyasinians  numbering 
70,000,  under  Aryat,  invade  Yemen  to 
avenge  the  persecution  of  Christians. 

562  *  *  Chosroes,  king  of  Persia,  makes 
an  expedition  against  the  Christian  king- 
dom founded  in  Arabia  by  Abyssinians. 

*  *  The  Abyssinians  are  driven  out,  and 
Arabia  becomes  a  province  of  Persia. 

569  *  *  Kins  Abraha  of  the  Abyssin- 
ian dynasty,  advancing  for  conquest,  is 
defeated  near  Mecca. 

ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

500±  *  •  Antar,  or  Antarah,  chief  and 
poet,  flourishes. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

a67i:  •  *  Oilenatlnis,  warrior,  husband  of  Ze- 

nobia,  is  assassinated. 
5461:  *   •  Aluiallah-Ben     Abdel     Moottallb, 

merchant,  father  of  Mohammed,  born.    [570. 

Dies.     A'.'St.] 


571  *  *  Abu  Bekr.  father-in-law  and  suc- 
cessor of  Moliainmed,  born.  [634,  Aug.  22. 
Dies.     A63.J 


CHURCH. 

500  *  *  A  stone  temple  or  shrine  at 
Mecca  of  unknown  antiquity  is  visited 
by  worshipers,  and  greatly  enriched  with 

offerings. 

529  *  *  The  Abyssinians  under  Aryat 
proclaim  the  Christian  religion  [and 

maintain  it    for  7G  years   through  the 
southern  half  of  the  peninsula]. 

STATE. 

1919  *  *  (?)  B.  c.  Chaldea,  Ishmael, 
the  son  of  Abraham,  is  born  ;  from  him 
the  Arabs  claim  descent. 

1550  *  *  -1305  *  *  B.  c.  The  dynasty 
of  Hammurabi  reigns  in  Chaldea. 

1438  ** -1388  **  B.  c.  Seti  I.  (Se- 
thos), king  of  Egypt,  reigns ;  his  expe- 
dition penetrates  Arabia  and  advances 
to  the  Euphrates. 

722  *  *  -705  *  *  B.  c.  Sargon,  king  of 
Assyria,  having  destroyed  the  kingdom 
of  Israel,  extends  his  conquests  into 
Arabia,  and  exacts  tribute. 

400±  *  *  B.  c.  Yemen,  the  oldest  mon- 
archy of  Arabia,  is  established. 

[It  continues  for  about  2,500  years ; 
ruling  the  southern  half  of  the  penin- 
sula directly  and  the  northern  half  in- 
directly.] 


105  *  *  A.  ».  The  Romans,  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  Syria,  take  possession  of  the 
country  from  the  northern  end  of  the 
Red  Sea,  and  call  it  the  Koman  province 
of  Arabia. 

5th  century.  The  northern  Arabs  re- 
volt against  the  king  of  Yemen  ;  the 
Koreysh  tribe  begins  to  develop. 

522  *  •  King  Caleb,  or  Elesbaan,  of  Abys- 
sinia, extends  his  kingdom  into 
Arabia. 

529  *  *  The  Yemen  monarchy  is  over- 
thrown by  invading  Abyssinians  under 
the  king  of  Axoum,  the  capital  of  Abys- 
sinia, to  which  Yemen  (Arabia  Felix) 
belonged  by  right  of  conquest. 

562  *  *  Chosroes  overthrows  the 
Abyssinian  kingdom  in  Arabia,  and 
places  Salf,  leader  of  the  native  Homer- 
ites,  in  power. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

500*  *  An  important  coast  trade  along 
the  Red  Sea  brings  wealth  to  the  Ko- 
reysh Arabs. 

*  *  The  annual  fair  of  Okad,  near  Mecca, 
becomes  a  national  assembly ;  races, 
games,  and  commerce  the  chief  attrac- 
tions. 

[It  becomes  the  central  emporium  of 
all  the  Arab  tribes,  and  a  truce  exists 
between  warring  tribes  when  present  on 
the  fair  grounds.] 


484    570,  ** -775, 


ARABIA 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

6th  Century.  The  heroic  period  of  the 
northern  Arabs  ;  a  series  of  wars  among 
"Mustareb"  tribes. 

623  *  •  The  Holy  'War  begins ;  Mo- 
hammed attacks  and  plunders  a  Mecca 
caravan. 

624*  •Mohammed  defeats  the  Ko- 
reyshites  in  the  battle  of  Bedr. 

±*  *  Mohammed  is  at  war  with  the 
Jews. 

625  «  *  Mohammed  is  defeated  in  the 
battle  of  Ohod  by  idolaters  led  by 
Abu  Sofian. 

627  *  •  Mohammed  is  besieged  in  Me- 
dina by  the  Koraish,  40,000  strong ;  part 
of  his  followers  turn  against  him  ;  the 
siege  is  raised  in  14  days.  [It  is  called 
the  War  of  the  Fosse,  or  Ditch.] 

628  *  ♦  Mohammed  leads  his  followers  in 
a  successful  war  against  several  Jew- 
ish tribes. 

620  •  *  Syrid.    Mohammed's    followers 
led  by  Kaled,  defeat  an  army  of  100,000 
Romans    and    allies   at   the  battle   of 
Muta;    for    his    bravery    Mohammed 
names  Kaled  "  The  Sword  of  God." 
630  *  *  With  10,000  men  Mohammed  en- 
ters Mecca  in  triumph. 
631*  •  Mohammed  proclaims  a  holy  war 
against  the  Byzantine  empire ;  it  proves 
an  utter  failure. 
632  •  ♦  -34  *  *  The  Mohammedans  sub- 
due large  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and 
Europe. 
634  •  *  Syria.    The  Saracens  (Mohamme- 
dans) besiege  and  capture  Damascus. 
634*  »-44*  »TheMohammedans 
make  conquests  in  Persia,  Palestine, 
and  Phoenicia. 
637  *  *  Persia.    The  Saracens  defeat  the 
Persians  at  the  battle  of  Jaloulah,  or 
"  Battle  of  the  Bridge." 
640    Dec.  22.    £gypt.    The   Saracens 

under  Amru  take  Alexandria. 
642  *  *  Persia.  In  the  battle  of  Neha- 
vend,  "  Battle  of  Victories,"  the  Sara^ 
cens  defeat  the  Sassanidae  (Persians); 
their  empire  is  destroyed. 
645  *  *  -656  •  *  Othman  (Osman)  sub- 
dues northern  Africa,  and  captures 
Khodes  and  Cyprus. 

Civil  wars  occur  with  much  blood- 
shed. 
656  •  •  First  civil  war  ;  at  a  battle  near 
Basrah,  "the  Day  of   the  Camel," 
All  defeats  the  rebellious  friends  of  the 
murdered   Othman,  including   Ayesha, 
one  of  the  wives  of  Mohammed,  who 
rode    up    and    down    the    battle-fleld 
motmted  on  a  great  camel. 
683  *  ♦  Hosein  besieges  Medina,  and 
destroys  the  temple  ;  he  raises  the  siege 
on  hearing  of  the  death  of  Calif  Tezid. 
692  *  *  Mecca  is  taken  after  a  siege  of 
eight  months  by  Hejaj,  the  general  of 
Abdalmelik. 
710±  •  *  Musa,  the  Saracen  governor  of 


along  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 
711*  *Tarik,  the  Saracen  general, 
crosses  to  Spain,  and  overthrows  the 
kingdom  of  the  (Catholic)  Visigoths 
at  the  battle  of  Jeres  de  la  Frontera. 
[Spain  is  conquered  after  a  struggle 
of  eight  years.] 

725  *  •  Turkey.  The  Saracens  invade 
Constantinople  with  120,000  men,  be- 
sides 1,800  who  approach  by  sea;  the 
Arab  fleet  is  destroyed  by  Greek  fire. 

732  *  *  Fr.  The  Saracens  enter  Gaul, 
and  are  defeated  and  routed  by  Charles 
Martel  in  a  great  battle  between  Tours 
and  Poitiers.  [This  battle  is  said  to 
have  changed  the  history  of  Europe.] 

•  *  Civil  wars  are  renewed  with  the 
Shiites,  or  followers  of  All. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS  — 
^--^  NATURE. 

'eiOi  j  *  The  Koran,  the  sacred  book  of 
th^^ohammedans,  is  divulged  by  Mo- 
llammed.  [First  published  by  Abu-Bekr 
636+.] 

622  July  15.  l"he  Mohammedans  be- 
gin their  era  from  the  Hegira,  or 
flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to 
Medina. 

700*  '-SOO*  *  The  medical  schools  of 
Bagdad  and  Salerno  flourish.  (?) 

705  *  *  The  mosque  at  Mecca  is  erected 
by  the  calif,  El  Madgy. 

750  *  *  Sp.  John,  Bishop  of  Seville,  pre- 
pares an  Arabic  Bible. 

760+  •  *  Astronomy  and  geography 
are  sciences  cultivated  by  the  Arabs. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

671±  *  *  Mohammed,  religious  teacher, 
founder  of  Mohammedanism,  born.  [632, 
JmieS.    Dies.    A61+.] 

581  •  *  Omar  I.,  calif  and  captor  of  Jerusa- 
lem, born.     [644.    Dies.     AGS.] 

*  *  *  Antar,  warrior  and  poet,  b.  and  d. 
600+  *  •  AU-lbn-Abi-Tallb,  son-in-law  of  Mo- 
bammed,  born.    [661.    .\ssa8sinated.    .\59J.] 

631  *  *  Kahadijah,  wife  of  Mohanuned,  dies. 

632  *  *  Fatlma,  only  daughter  of  Moham- 
med, A26+. 

6B6  •  *  Othman,  calif,  Is  murdered. 

663  •  *  Kaab,  poet,  dies. 

663  *  *  Amru.  general,  dies. 

680  *  •  The  sons  of  Ali  niurdered. 

700+  ♦  *  Amru-el-Kais,  poet,  dies. 

706  *  *  Abd  el  Mealiek,  calif,  A  60. 

713  *  *  Mansur.  Al.  Abou  Jaffar  Abdallah, 

second  Abbassl.le  callt,  founder  of  Bagdad, 

born.    [776±.    Dies.    A63+.: 
730+ *  *  Abu- Moslem, general,  born.    [(66  ^. 

Dies.    A35+.] 
766+  *  •  Jobeidah,    wife    of   Harun-al-Ras- 

chid,  born.    [831.    Dies.    A66+.: 
765+  •  *  Harun  al  Baschld  ("  Aaron  the 

Just"),  calif  of  Bagdad,  born.    [809.    Dies. 

A44+.] 

•  *  *  Geber,  Aboo-Moossah-Jaafar-al-Sofee, 
alchemist,  born  and  died. 

CHURCH. 

570  *  *  The  Christian  Abyssinians  vainly 


604  *  *  Mohammed  sets  forth  his  creed. 

606*  '-eil*  •  Mohammed  of  ten  retires 
to  a  solitary  cave  near  Mount  Hara, 
and  gives  himself  up  to  religious  medi- 
tation. Here  he  has  his  first  vision ; 
he  says  the  chief  part  of  the  Koran  is 
brought  to  him  by  the  angel  Gabriel. 

He  comes  into  connection  with  the 
Hanifs,  or  penitents,  who  seek  deliv- 
erance from  sin  and  reject  idolatry. 

610+  *  *  Mohammed  appears  in  Mecca 
as  a  prophet. 

61 1  *  *  Kadijah  becomes  Mohammed's 
first  convert. 

612  *  *  or  613  *  •  Mohammed  publicly 
announces  himself  a  prophet,  and  is 
met  with  imprecations  and  maltreat- 
ment. 

613+  *  *  Mohammed  has  made  no  con- 
verts beyond  his  family  and  friends. 

621+  *  *  Mohammed  makes  his  alleged 
ascent  into  heaven. 

622  *  •  Mecca.  Mohammed's  cause  is 
greatly  advanced  by  the  addition  of 
12  pilgrims  from  Yathreb. 

July  16.  The  Hegira;  Mohammed  flees 
from  Mecca  for  an  asylum  in  Medina 
[where  he  becomes  a  political  leader 
and  a  religious  reformer]. 

He  makes  Friday  the  principal  day 
for  worship,  and  Mecca  the  principal 
place;  for  the  Jewish  fast  he  substi- 
tutes the  month  Ramadan. 

*  *  Mohammed  endeavors  to  gain  over  to 
his  religion  the  Jews  in  Medina,  but 
fails,  and  becomes  their  irreconcilable 
enemy. 

623  Dec.  *  Mohammed  commences 
the  Holy  'War  (mission  work)  by  at- 
tacking a  Mecca  caravan,  which  ho 
plunders. 

Mohammed  produces  the  8th  chap- 
ter of  the  Koran,  which  he  alleges 
came  to  him  from  heaven. 

625  •  *  Banu  Nadir,  the  Jew,  is  ex- 
pelled from  Medina  with  his  powerful 
family. 

626  *  *  Mohammed  prohibits  wine  and 
games  of  chance. 

627  *  *  A  heroic  spirit  is  exhibited  by 
the  600  or  700  Jews  who  are  martyred 
by  Mohammed. 

628  *  *  Rapid  spread  of  Islamism. 

629  •  *  KaUd,  Amru,  and  Othman, 
who  presided  over  the  Kaaba,  become 
Mussulmans,  increasing  Mohammed's 
power  and  influence ;  he  is  acknowl- 
edged in  all  the  country  between  the 
Euphrates  and  the  Red  Sea. 

630  Jan.  *  Mohammed  with  10,000  men 
enters  Mecca  on  a  pilgrimage,  and 
destroys  the  idols. 

632  *  *  Mohammed  and  40,000  adherents 


perform  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca, 
endeavor  to  seize  the  keys  of  the    ju^e  8.    Mohammed    dies.     He   was 
holy  temple  from  the  Koreyah  Arabs.         slowly  poisoned  by  a  Jewess.  (?) 
*The  religion  of  the  Arabs  sinks  into    *  •  _34  *  *  The    Koran  is  collected 
idolatry  or  indifference.  [later  enlarged  by  the  Soona,  an  oral 


Egypt,   extends   Arabian   conquests   571    July  16.    Mohammed  is  bom.  tradition]. 


AND   THE   MOSLEMS. 


570,**-775, 


485 


634:t  *  *  A  mosque  is  erected  on  the 
site  of  Solomon's  temple  at  Jerusa- 
lem. 

642  •  *  In  Egypt  the  Christians  (Copts) 
aid  the  Arabians  under  Omar,  out  of 
hostility  to  the  Greek  Orthodox  Church. 

644  *  *  The  Christian  Berbers  in  North 
Africa  are  won  orer  to  Islamism  by 
Othman. 

679  *  *  The  great  schism  takes  place. 
Separation  of  believers  into  two  par- 
ties, the  Sconces,  Sunnites  (Tradition- 
alists), who  accept  the  addition,  and  the 
Sheeah  or  Shiites  (Separatists),  who 
reject  it,  and  regard  AH  (son-in-law) 
as  Mohammed's  rightful  successor. 

720  *  ♦  The  successful  Saracens  threaten 
to  encircle  Christendom,  and  to 
speedily  destroy  the  Christian  faith. 

732  *  *  Charles  Martel  saves  Christian 
Burope  from  becoming  a  Moorish  Eu- 
rope by  winning  the  battle  against 
Abd-er-Rahman  between  Tours  and  Poi- 
tiers.   (See  A.  andN.) 

750  *  *  Rise  of  the  Motazilites,  who 
originated  the  Mussulman  theology. 

STATE. 

622  Mar.  *  Seventy  Moslems  from 
Yathreb  conclude  an  offensive  and 
defensive  treaty  with  Mohammed  at 
Akaba,  near  Mecca. 

July  16.  The  Hegira,  or  flight  of  Mo- 
hammed from  Mecca  to  Medina^  takes 
place.  [It  is  the  beginning  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan era ;  Mohammed  becomes  a 
great  political  and  religious  leader.] 

628  *  *  Mohammed  organizes  a  pilgrim- 
age to  Mecca. 

•  *  Mohammed  receives  the  homage  of  his 
followers  under  a  tree  near  Medina. 

•  *  The  Meccans  refuse  Mohammed  ad- 
mission to  the  city ;  they  make  a  treaty 
with  him  at  Hodaibiya,  agreeing  to  a 
truce  for  10  years. 

•  *  Mohammed  sends  letters  to  the 
kings  of  Persia  and  Abyssinia,  and  the 
chiefs  of  several  Arab  tribes,  demand- 
ing of  them  to  become  followers  of  his. 

630  *  *  Mohammed  takes  possession  of 
Mecca.  [His  final  and  complete  suc- 
cess is  assured.] 

632  *  *  On thedeathof  Mohammed,  Abu- 
Bekr  his  father-in-law,  is  elected  his 
successor  —  calif.    [He  reigns  two  years.] 

634  Aug.  23.  Abu-Bekr  dies,  and 
Omar  becomes  calif.  [He  bears  the 
title  Emir-al-Mumenin,  Commander  of 
the  Faithful,  which  all  succeeding  ca^ 
lifB  assume.] 

—  ♦  *  The  Yemen  monarchy  is  ab- 
sorbed in  the  Mohammedan  conquest. 

642*  *  Persia  is  conquered  by  the  Ara- 
bians. 

644  *  *  Omar  is  assassinated,  and  Oth- 
man (Osman)  becomes  caliph.  [He 
reigns  12  years  ;  be  extends  the  king- 
dom into  northern  Africa.] 


655  *  *  Othman  is  murdered  by  fanatics 
during  an  insurrection,  and  All,  the 
husband  of  Fatima  and  son-in-law  of 
Mohammed,  becomes  calif  ;  he  is  recog- 
nized by  only  part  of  the  Arabs. 

[The  followers  of  Ali,  known  as  Shi- 
ites,  recognize  him  as  the  first  legiti- 
mate successor  of  Mohammed  ;  their 
opponents  are  the  Sunnites,  who  recog- 
nize the  first  four  califs  as  legitimate 
successors  ;  the  Mohammedans  of  Persia 
are  mostly  Shiites,  those  of  the  Turkish 
empire  and  India  mostly  Sunnites.] 

*  *  Moawiyah  is  supported  as  calif  in 
Syria. 

660  *  *  Ali  [the  sixth  of  this  name]  is 
assassinated,  and  HaBsan  his  son  be- 
comes calif. 

661  *  ♦  Hassan  resigns,  and  Moawiyah 
succeeds  him  ;  he  is  the  great-grandson 
of  Mohammed. 

661  *  *  -750  *  •  The  dynasty  of  the 
Ommiades. 

[Moawiyah  changes  the  royal  resi- 
dence from  Medina  to  Damascus, 
and  makes  the  office  of  calif  hereditary.] 

679  *  *  -683  *  *  Yezid  I.,  son  of  Moa- 
wiyah, is  calif. 

680  *  *  Abdallah  revolts,  aaid  is  pro- 
claimed calif  at  Medina  by  the  people 
of  Mecca  and  Medina. 

683  ♦  •  Moawiyah  H.,  son  of  Moawiyah 
I.,  is  calif. 

683  *  *  -684  *  *  Merwan  I.  is  calif. 

684  *  *  -705  *  *  Abdalmelik  is  calif. 

*  *  *  The  glory  of  the  Moslem  empire 
culminates. 

*  *  *  The  decline  of  Arabia  commences. 
705*  *-715*  *  "Walid  I.  is  calif ;  Spain 

becomes  part  of  the  Moslem  empire. 
710±  *  *  Conquests   are  extended 

through  North  Africa  to  the  Atlantic 

under    Musa,    the    Arab    governor    of 

Egypt. 
715*  *-717*  *  Sohman  is  calif . 
717  *  *  -720  *  *  Omar  II.  is  calif. 
720  *  *  -724  *  ♦  Yezid  II.  is  calif. 

*  *  *  The  Moharmnedan  Berbers,  shep- 
herds of  Mount  Atlas,  parts  of  North 
Africa,  and  other  people  of  African, 
Koman,  and  Greek  descent,  become 
mixed  with  the  Arabs,  and  are  called 
Moors. 

720  *  *  Fr.  The  Saracens  advance  be- 
yond the  Pyrenees. 

724  *  *  -743  *  *  Hashem  is  calif. 

He  is  very  strict  in  the  practice  of 
religious  duties,  and  an  avowed  enemy 
of  luxury. 

743  *  •  -744  •  *  "Walid  II.  la  calif. 
744*  *  Yezid   HI.   becomes   calif;    he 

dies  of  the  plague  after  reigning  five 

months. 

*  *  Ibraham  becomes  calif ;  he  is  de- 
posed after  reigning  three  months. 

*  *  -750  •  *  Merwan  n.  is  calif. 

The  califate  reaches  its  greatest  ex- 
pansion, and  includes  within  its  domin- 
ion southwestern  Asia  from  the  Indus 


to  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Cauca- 
sus, all  northern  Africa,  Sardinia,  Cor- 
sica, and  parts  of  France  and  Spain, 
750  ♦  *  Dynasty  of  the  Abbassides. 

*  *  Abul  Abbas,  a  great-grandson  of  an 
uncle  of  Mohammed,  having  overthrown 
Merwan  II. ,  the  Abbassides  com- 
mence their  reign,  Abul  Abbas  being 
made  calif  by  the  soldiers. 

754  *  *  -775  *  *  Al  Mansur  is  calif ;  he 
introduces  learning  among  the  Arabs. 

756*  *The  separate  califate  of  Cor- 
dova is  established  in  Spain  by  Abd-er- 
Rahman. 

*  *  *  ^r.  The  Moslems  advance  north- 
ward and  invade  Gaul,  where  they  are 
repulsed. 

759  *  *  Pepin  delivers  France  from  the 
last  vestige  of  Mohammedan  rule. 

762+  •  *  Bagdad,  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  a 
city  on  the  Tigris,  is  founded  by  Al 
Mansur,  and  becomes  the  seat  of  the 
Saracen  empire.  The  golden  period 
of  the  Saracenic  empire  begins. 

775  *  *  -785  •  *  Al  Mahdi  is  calif. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

571±  *  *  620  *  *  Mohammed  rises  from 
obscurity  to  jKJwer. 
(571)  He  is  born. 

(577±  *  *)  He  loses  his  mother,  and  ia 
committed  to  the  care  of  a  slave. 

(579+  *  *)  He,  having  lost  his  grandfather, 
is  adopted  by  his  uncle  Abu  Talib. 

(694±  *  ♦)  He  edrus  his  living  as  a  shep- 
herd. 

(595  *  *)  He  enters  the  house  and  business 
of  Kadijah. 

(598+  *  *)  He  marries  Kadijah. 

(606±  *  *)  He  settles  the  dispute  of  the 
chiefs  respecting  the  restoration  of  the 
sacred  black  stone  on  the  rebuilding  of 
Kaabeh. 

(619  *  *)  He  loses  his  uncle,  and  three 
days  later  his  wife ;  he  seeks  solace 
by  marrying  several  wives  —  Ayesha, 
seven  years  of  age,  and  Sawda,  and 
Hafsa ;  the  second  became  his  bride 
only  two  months  after  the  death  of  the 
first  wife. 

He  gives  his  daughter  Fatima  in  mar- 
riage to  Ali-Ibn-Taleb. 

(622  *  *)  Tlie  Koreyshites  attempt  to  as- 
sassinate the  prophet ;  he  hides  in  a 
cave. 

(627  *  *)  He  marries  Zainab,  the  divorced 
wife  of  his  adopted  son  Zald. 

(628  *  *)  He  marries  Safiya,  whose  father 

and  husband  he  had  killed. 
(628+  *  *)  He  marries  Jeweira,  a  woman 

of  great  beauty. 
An  attempt  is  made    to   poison   the 

prophet,  but  he  is  delivered. 
(629  *  *)  He    claims    a    revelation    from 

heaven  permitting  him  to  have  as  many 

concubines  as  he  may  wish  ;  he  takes 

Mary. 


641  *  *  Egypt.  The  Saracens  burn  the 
great  library  at  Alexandria.  (?) 

644  •  •  Omar  is  murdered  by  a  Persian 
slave. 

692  *  *  Abd- AUah  Ebn  Zobeyr  is  slain 
in  storming  the  walls  of  Mecca. 

695  *  *  Abdalmelik  coins  the  first  Ara- 
bian money  ;  Somyor,  a  Jew,  is  his  mint- 
master. 


486     776,  **-1807,  **. 


ARABIA 


ABMY  — NAVY. 

920  *  *  Mecca  is  stormed  by  the  revolt- 
ing Karmathians  under  their  leader, 
Suleyman  Aba-Jahir. 

1258  *  »  The  Tartars  take  Bagdad,  and 

end  Moslem  rule  in  that  city. 

15X7  *  *  The  Turks  conquer  Egypt 
and  Arabia,  and  thereby  transfer  the 
sovereignty  to  the  Ottoman  sovereign. 

1630*  *  The  Yemenites  expel  the  Turks 
from  their  native  province. 

1650±  *  *  The  Yaarebah  princes  drive 
the  Portuguese  princes  out  of  Mus- 
cat. 

1737  *  *  Nadir  Shah  attacks  the  king- 
dom of  Oman,  and  takes  the  principal 
towns,  and  slaughters  many  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

1797  *  »  The  Turks  with  an  army  of 
5,000,  and  5,000  Arabian  allies,  invade 
Hasa  for  the  suppression  of  the  Waha- 
bis  ;  they  besiege  Hofhuf,  the  capital, 
and  retire  unsuccessful. 

1801  •  *  The  Wahabis  invade  Bagdad 
and  besiege  and  plunder  Kerbala. 

1802  •  •  The  Wahabis  subdue  Taif ,  the 
pleasure-ground  of  Mecca,  with  much 
bloodshed. 

1803  Apr.  •  Mecca  is  taken  by  the 
Wahabis. 

1804  •  *  Sayyid,  at  the  head  of  the  Wa- 
habis, conquers  Medina,  plunders  the 
tomb  of  the  prophet  of  its  accumulation 
of  rich  offerings,  and  treats  the  people 
with  much  severity. 

*  *  -11  *  *  The  Wahabis  are  at  war 
with  their  neighbors  and  especially  with 
the  Turks. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS  — 
NATURE. 

8th  Century.    Geber  (Abu  Musa  Jaffaral- 

Sofi)  the  chemist  flourishes. 
813  *  *  -842  ♦  »  Alitndius    writes  on 

astronomy  and  medicine. 

818  *  *  Al-Mamun  patronizes  literature 
and  learning. 

820±  *  *  Aristotle  is  first  translated 
into  Arabic. 

900±  •  *  Albategnius,  the  great  astron- 
omer, determines  the  length  of  the 
tropical  year. 

950  *  •  Alfarabius,  writer  and  scientist, 
linguist,  and  compiler  of  an  encyclope- 
dia [the  first],  familiar  with  all  branches 
of  science,  dies  at  Damascus. 

995±  *  *  Astronomers  have  a  sextant 
whose  radius  is  59  feet,  nine  inches. 

*  *  Azzarkal,  the  mathematician  and 
astronomer,  flourishes. 

961  *  *  -976  *  »  The  Society  of  the 
Brothers  of  Purity  or  Sincerity, 
founded  at  Basra,  prosecutes  philosophic 
and  scientific  studies. 

961  *  *  -976  *  *  Spain.  Learning  is  en- 
couraged by  Alhakun,  Calif  of  Cor- 
dova ;  the  catalogue  of  his  library  fills 
a  volumes. 


Twenty-seven  free  schools  are  opened 
in  Cordova  for  the  poor ;  knowledge  is 
widely  distributed  in  Mohammedan 
Spain. 

lOlli  Century.    Hydropathy  is  practised. 

978±  *  *  Spain.  The  successor  of  Ha^ 
kem  burns  every  book  in  the  royal 
library  which  treats  of  philosophy  or 
astronomy. 

*  *  The  Society  of  Brothers  of  Basra 
write  a  cyclopedia  of  knowledge  in  51 
treatises. 

lOOOi  *  •  Avicenna,  the  physician  and 
scholar,  flourishes  [the  most  learned 
man  of  his  timej. 

1006  *  *  The  Talmud  is  translated  into 
Arabic.    (?) 

1008+  ♦  *  Ebn  Junis  draws  up  astro- 
nomical tables.    (?) 

1030±  »  *  Alhazen  discourses  on  the 

nature  of  sight,  and  writes  a  treatise  on 
optics. 

1045*  *-1070*  *  Spain.  _  Avioebron, 
the  Hebrew  poet,  better  known  as  Solo- 
mon ben  Gabriol,  writes  his  philosophi- 
cal work.  Fountain  of  Life. 

1050+  »  *  Magnifying  glasses  are  in- 
vented by  Alhazen. 

1150*  *Philosophical  books  are 
burned  at  Bagdad  by  command  of  the 
calif. 

1180  *  *  Philosophy  revives  in  Spain, 

and  is    cultivated    by    Avenpace,   Ibn- 
Tofail,  and  Averroes. 

1185*  *  Death  of  Ibn-Tofail  in  Mo- 
rocco, a  writer  of  romance  and  phi- 
losophy, and  a  treatise  on  medicine, 
and  also  one  on  astronomy. 

1192  •  *  At  Bagdad  the  books  of  a  phy- 
sician are  publicly  cursed  and  burned, 
and  their  owner  is  imprisoned. 

1195*  *  Spain.  Philosophers  are  ban- 
ished and  their  works  burned ;  Ben- 
Habib  is  condemned  to  death  for  philos- 
ophising. 

1253  *  *  Spain.  Alphonsine  (astro- 
nomical) tables,  composed  by  Al  Ragel 
and  Al  Kabitz,  are  drawn  up  under  the 
auspices  of  King  Alfonso  X.  of  Castile. 


1038  (7)  •  •  Alhazen,  philosopher,  uiathcma- 

tlcian,  dies. 
1045  *  •  Hariri,  Abu  Mohammed  Kasem  ben 

all,  poet,  born.     [1122+.     Dies.     A77±.] 
1058  *  *  Algrazel.  scholar,  teacher,  philoso- 
pher, mystic  saint,  born.    [1111.    A53.] 
*  *  *  Abdallah  ben  Yasim,  scholar,  soldier, 

dies. 
1072+ •  •  Avenzoar,  physician,  born.    [1162. 

Dies.    A  90+.] 
1087+  •  •  Abu      Abdallah     Mohammed. 

founder   of  the    Almohades,  born,     rliao 

Dies.    A43i:.] 
1099  •  •  Edrisl,    geographer,    born.      [1164. 

Dies.    A  65.) 
1110+  ♦  *  A  bu-el-Kasim,  surgical  writer,  dies. 
1138*  *  Avempace,  philosopher,  dies. 
1149+  •  •  Averroes,  Jbn  Itoslid,  philosopher, 

physician,  born.     [1198.    Dies.    A49+.J 
±  ♦  •  Fakhr-ed-Din,  Ad-Kazi,  physician,  born. 

[1210.     Dies.     A61  +  .:  ' 

1161  •  *  Abdul  Latif,  writer,  born. 
1185  •  *  Ibn-Tofail,   writer  of  romance  and 

medicine,  dies  in  Morocco. 
1193    Mar.  84.     Saladin  Yusnf  Ibn  Ayub, 

sultan  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  dies. 
1831  *  •  Abdul  Latif,  writer,  A70. 
1858  »  *  Abu  Hayyan,  Athir-el-iUur,  author, 

born.     [1344.     Dies.     A88.: 
1269  •  '  Othniau,   founder  of   the  Ottoman 

Empire,  born.     [1326.     Dies.] 
1873+  »  *  Abu  el  Feda,  warrior,  author,  born. 

[1331.    Dies.     A58+.: 
1276  •  ♦  Adh  ahahebi.  historian,  born.    [127,5. 

Dies.     A73.] 
1332*  'Ibn  Khaldun  or  Klialdoun,  histo- 
rian, born.     [1406.     Dies.     A  74.) 
1608+  *  *  Abu  el  Eazl  or  Aboulfazl,  vizier, 

historian,  dies. 
1891+  »  •  Abd  el  Wahab,   founder  of  the 

Wahabis,  born  in  Nejd.   [1787.  Dies.  A96+.] 
1803*  *  Abd  el  Aziz,  Wahabi  chief,  assas- 
sinated. 
1807*  *  Abd  el  Kader,  warrior,  born.  [1883. 

Dies.    A76.] 

CHURCH. 

800  *  *  The  Karmathian  Mohammedan 
sect  arises   [and  in  900  devastates  the 

East]. 

900  *  *  General  skepticism  develops 
in  the  heart  of  Arabia  among  the 
Karmathites. 

030  *  *  The  Kaabeh  is  ruined,  and  the 
sacred  black  stone  is  carried  to  Hasa 
[where  it  remains  22  years]. 

1730±  ♦  *  Rise  of  the  Wahabis  — the 
Arabic  Puritans. 

They  seek  to  reform  Islamism;  con- 
demn fine  dressing,  use  of  tobacco  and 
wine,  the  honors  paid  to  shrines,  and 
inculcate  hatred  to  foreigners,  espe- 
cially the  Turks.  ITie  reform  spreads 
swift  and  wide  in  Arabia. 

1805  *  *  Nearly  all  Arabia  accepts  the 
reformed  Islamism  of  the  Wahabis. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

776+*  *  Albumazar,  astronomer,  born.    [885. 

Dies.    A109+.] 
780  *  *  AUiakem  Ibn  Atta,  prophet,  dies. 
806  »  *  Abu   Teman,   poet,   born.     [845  (?). 

Dies.    A39+.) 
832+  *  *  Kliazes,  or  Easts,  physician,  born. 

[932.     Dies.     A80+.: 
890+  *  *  Masudi,  Abu  Hasen  All  ben  Huseln 

ben-Ali,  historian,  born.  [956.  Dies.    A66+.] 
932  *  *  Abu  Faras,  poet,  born.    [968.    Dies. 

A  36.) 
850*  *  Albategnius,     Mohammed     ben 

Jablr.  astronomer,  born.  [929.  Dies.  A79+,J 
950  *  *  .Vlfarabius,  writer  on  all  branches  of 

science,  dies. 
965  *  *  Al  Mootenabbee,  poet,  dies. 

*  *  *  Al-Kindi,  philosopher,  dies. 
970  •  »  Abu  el  Ala,  Wind  poet,  born.    [1057. 

Dies.    .\87  +  .] 

979  *  •  Ibn-Yunas,  Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman, 
poet,  astronomer,  born.    [1008.    Dies.   A30.] 

980  •  *  .\vicenna,    physician,  author,  born. 
[1037.     Dies.    A57.) 

994+  *  *  All  Ibn  ul  Albas,  physician,  dies. 

*  *  *  Azzarkal,  mathematician,  astronomer, 
horn  and  dies. 


STATE. 
785*  *-786*  *  Al  Hadi  is  calif. 

786*  *-800*  •Harun-Al-Easohid 

(Aaron  the  Just)  is  calif  ;  he  is  a  patron 
of  learning  and  an  enlightened  ruler. 
800*  *-941*  *  N.  Africa.     The  Ag- 
labite  dynasty  is  in  power  at  Kairwan 
and  Tunis. 

808*  *-908*  *  W.  JfHca.  The  Ed- 
risite  dynasty,  founded  by  Edris,  a 
descendant  of  All,  the  son-in-law  of 
Mohammed,  reigns  at  Fez. 

809  *  *  -813  *  *  Al  AmiTi  is  calif. 

813  *  *  -833  *  »  Al  Mamun,  son  of 
Harun-al-Raschid,  is  calif ;  he  Is  a  lib- 
eral patron  of  schools  and  science. 

820  *  *  The  Arabian  monarchy  is  dis- 
membered. 


AND   THE   MOSLEMS. 


776,**-1807,**.    487 


•  *  -872  •  •  The  dynasty  of  the  Taher- 
ites  is  iu  power  at  Kliorassaii. 

833  •  •  -841  »  •  Al  Motassem  is  calif. 
He  has  40,000  Turkislx  slaves,  bought  in 
Tartary ;  tliey  become  the  disposers  of 
the  throne ;  he  builds  Saumara,  aud 
makes  it  the  seat  of  goverument ;  the 
califate  gradually  declines. 

[841-«47,  Al  Wathek  is  calif ;  S17-861, 
Al  Motawakkel ;  SGl-SO'.',  Al  Mostan- 
ser;  862-S66,  Al  Mostain;  860-809,  Al 
Motaaj  869-870,  Al  Mohtadi.] 

870*  *-892*  »A1  Motamed  is  calif. 
He  reestablishes  the  capital  at  Bag- 
dad; the  Turkish  guards  lose  gome  of 
their  prestige  and  power. 

S72*  'Persia.  Yakub  Ebn  Seis,  the  bra- 
zier, overthrows  the  Taherites,  aud 
founds  the  SafTarian  dynasty. 

890*  •-951*  *TheKarmathians, 

prompted  by  skepticism  and  injustice, 
revolt,  and  sever  Arabia  from  the  em- 
pire ;  they  condemn  the  pomp  of  the 
oourt  at  Bagdad,  and  war  against  it. 

892*  *-902*  'AlMotadhed  is  caliph. 


1031  *  *  -75  »  *  Al  Kaim  is  calif. 

1032±  *  *  Afghanistan.  The  principal- 
ity of  Ghazni  declines. 

1055  *  *  Togrel  Beg  conquers  Persia ; 
after  capturing  Bagdad  he  marries  the 
daughter  of  Al  Kaim  aud  becomes  Emir 
Al  Omra. 

1075  *  *  -04  •  *  Al  Moktadi  is  calif. 

*  *  *  Hassan  Jubah  of  Nishapur,  "the 
old  man  of  the  mountain,"  raises  an  in- 
surrection ;  his  followers  are  called  as- 
sassins and  are  numerous  in  Persia  and 
Syria. 

1074  •  •  Syria.  Shah,  the  leader  of  the 
Seljuks,  captures  Jerusalem  ;  by  insult- 
ing and  robbing  Christians  his  followers 
furnish  a  cause  for  the  crusades. 

1092  *  *  Syria.  Melek  Shah  dies,  and 
the  kingdom  of  the  Seljuks  is  divided 
and  declines. 

1004*  •-1118*  *  Al  Mortader  is 

calif. 
1096*  *  Syria.    Mustali,  the  eighth 
Fatimite  calif  of  Egypt,  takes  Jerusa- 
lem. 


1206*  »-27*  *  Mongolia.  Genghis 
Khan  rules  the  Mongols. 

1225  *  *  -26  •  •  Al  Zaher  is  caUf ;  he 

reigns  only  a  few  months. 

1226  *  *  ^0  *  •  Al  Mostanser  is  calif. 
1240*  *-58*  *  Al  Mostasem  is  caUf. 

1256  »  *  -65  *  *  Persia.     Houlakou, 

frandson  of  Genghis  Khan,  is  sultan, 
le  exterminates  the  assassins,  captures 
Bagdad,  destroying  l,600,000people,  puts 
Mostasem  the  calif  to  death,  tlius  ending 
the  califate  of  Bagdad  ;  the  califate  is 
transferred  to  Egypt  [where  it  continues 
as  a  spiritual  power  until  1577]. 

1291*  *  Syria.  The  Mohammedans  cap- 
ture Sidon. 

The  Knights  of  St.  John  yield  the 
last  stronghold  of  the  Christians  to  the 
Arabs  in  the  surrender  of  Acre. 

1508  *  *  The  Portuguese  occupy  Mus- 
cat. 

1517  *  *  SeUm  I.,  the  Turkish  or  Otto- 
man sultan,  after  conquering  Egypt,  ob- 
tains the  investiture  of  the  califate, 
which  thus  becomes  a  politico-religious 
office. 


•»  Turkestan  becomes  independent  under    1099*  *  Syria.  The  Crusaders  capture    ^^^^*  *  The  Ottoman  sultan  receives  the 


Ismail  Samani. 

902  •  *  -908  *  •  Al  Moktafl  is  calif. 

902  ±  ♦  •  Ismail  Samani  conquers  Persia. 

908  *  •  The  Patlmites,  descendants  of 
Fatima,  daughter  of  Mohammed,  appear 
in  Egypt.  [They  claim  the  califate  in 
western  Africa,  with  Kairwan  for  the 
capital,  and  subvert  the  Aglabite  and 
Edrisite  dynasties.] 

*  *  -932  *  *  Al  Moktader  is  calif. 

935±  *  •  Algeria.  The  town  of  Algiers 
is  founded  by  the  Arabs  near  the  site 
of  ancient  Icosium. 

932*  *-034*  *  AlKaher  is  calif.  [934- 
940.  Al  Eadhi  is  calif.  A  tribute  of 
50,000  dinars  is  annually  paid  to  the 
Karmathians.  940-944,  Al  Motaki ;  944- 
945,  Al  Mostakfl.] 

•  *  *  Ahmed,  the  Buyide,  vizier  of  the 
calif  of  Bagdad,  engrosses  all  political 
power ;  he  establishes  the  office  or  ap- 


Jerusalem   from   the  Moslems.      [1111. 

They  take  Sidon  and  Berytus  (Beyrout) 

from  the  Mohammedans.] 
1104*  *  Syria.    The  Crusaders  under 

Baldwin,  king  of  Jerusalem,  take  Acre. 

[1109.     They     take    Tripoli    in    North 

Africa.] 
1118*  »-35*  *AlMostar8hed  is  calif. 
1135  •  •  -36  •  ♦  Al  Raschid  is  calif. 
He  defeats  the  Turks  in  their  attempt 

to  capture  Bagdad. 

1136*  *  Assassins  cruelly  murder  Al 
Haschid. 

-1160  *  *  Al  Moktafl  is  calif. 

1147  *  *  Syria.  The  second  crusade, 
urged  by  Pope  Eugenius,  begins. 

1160  *  *  -70  *  *  Al  Mostanjed  is  calif. 

•  *  *  Great  disorders  occur  in  Persia; 
the  governors  of  provinces  assume  inde- 
pendence, and  are  rivals  for  supreme 
authority. 


pointmentot  Emir  Al  Omra;  his  desceu-    1170*  ♦-80*  *  Al  Mostadhi  is  calif. 


dants  continue  his  claims. 
945  *  *  -974  *  *  Al  Moti  is  calif. 
958  *  *  -972  *  *  Maiz  Ad  Din,  a  calif 

of  the  Fatimite  dynasty,  subjects  regions 

of  Africa  and  Egypt  to  Moslem  rules  ;  he 

builds  Cairo. 

961±  »  *  Afghanistan.    The  principality 

of  Ghazni  is  established. 
972*  *-973»  *  Cairo  becomes  the 


*  *  *  Salad  in,  vizier  of  Egypt,  proclaims 
Al  Mostadhi  calif  of  Egypt. 

*  *  *  Saladin,  having  become  Sultan  of 
Egypt,  conquers  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
and  Arabia. 

1180  *  *  -1225  *  •  Al  Waser  is  calif. 

*  *  *  The  assassins  murder  many  emi- 
nent Mohammedans  and  Christian  lead- 
ers. 


capital  of  the  Fatimite  Arabs  in  Egypt.    11^3  *  *  -Afghanistan.    The  principality 


974  •  *  -991  *  *  Al  Tai  is  calif. 

983  *  *  -1056  •  *  Insurrections  occur 
in  Persia,  and  Imad  Al  Daulah  founds 
the  Buyide  or  Deylimite  dynasty. 

991  *  »  -1031  *  »  Al  Kader  is  calif. 

997*  *-1028*  *  Afghanistan.  Ma  fa- 
mud  is  sultan  of  Ghazni,  which  he  en- 
riches with  the  immense  spoils  obtained 
in  12  expeditious  against  Hindustan. 


of  Ghazni  falls. 

1187*  *  Saladin  defeats  the  Christians 
at  Tiberias. 

1191    July  17.    Syria.    The  Crusaders 
capture  Acre. 

1102  *  »  Syria.    Eichard,  King  of  Eng- 
land, the  lion-hearted,  takes  Jaffa,  and    1454  *  *  Coffee  comes  into   repute   la 
forces  Saladin  to  make  peace.  Arabia. 

1193    Mar.  24.  T   Egypt.    Saladin  dies,    1804  *  *  The  SiUtan  Saood,  of  the  klng- 
aud  his  dominions  are  divided.  dom  of  Oman,  is  killed. 


nominal  allegiance  of  many  of  the  Arab 
tribes. 

1630  *  ♦  The  Yemenites,  after  having  ex- 
pelled the  Turks,  establish  a  kingdom 
of  30  small  provinces. 

1650  ±*  *  The  Portuguese  surrender 

Muscat  to  the  Yaarebah  princes. 
1737  *  *  -41  *  *  The  kingdom  of  Oman 

(Muscat)  is  under  Persian  rule. 
1741  *  *  Ahmad  Ebn  Saood  founds  a 

dynasty  in    Oman   after   repelling  the 

Persian  invaders. 

1765  *  *  Abd-el-Aziz,  one  of  the  Waha- 
bis,  reigns  in  Nejd,  assuming  the  titles 
of  imam  and  sultan;  he  extends  his 
dominions. 

1775  *  *  Sayyid  succeds  his  father,  Ah- 
mad Ebn  Saood,  in  Oman  (Muscat). 

1803+ *  *  Saood,  sou  of  Aziz,  com- 
mences his  prosperous  reign  at  Mecca 
over  the  Nejd  kingdom  ;  he  soon  dic- 
tates on  what  terms  yearly  pilgrimages 
may  be  made  from  all  parts  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan world. 

1804  *  *  Sultan  Saood  reigns  in  the 
kingdom  of  Oman. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

800±  *  ♦  The  first  apothecary's  shop 
in  the  world  is  established  at  Bagdad. 

1243*  *-58*  *  During  the  reign  of 
Mostasom  the  sacred  black  stone  is 
fixed  in  the  threshold  of  tlie  principal 
entrance  of  his  palace  at  Bagdad.  [This 
entrance,  the  "  Porte,"  becomes  by 
eminence  the  title  of  his  court.] 

1300  *  *  Coffee  is  introduced.  (Arabia.) 


488     1810,  *  *-1893,  Apr.  12. 


ARABIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1810  *  •  -1819  •  *  The  British  subdue 
the  Wahabi  pirates. 

1811*  *-15*  *Mehemet  Ali,  Egyp- 
tian vassal  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey, 
conquers  the  Wahabis  ;  Arabia  becomes 
[for  a  few  years]  an  Egyptian  prov- 
ince. 

1812  *  ♦  Jouson  Beg,  son  of  Mebemet 
All,  storms  and  captures  Medina,  the 
"City  of  the  Prophet,"  and  massacres 
the  garrison  and  inhabitants. 

1816  Sept.  ♦  Ibrahim  Pasha  of  Egypt, 
adopted  son  of  Mehemet  Ali,  lands  at 
Yembo  to  complete  the  subjugation  of 
the  Wahabis. 

*  *  The  Wahabis  surrender  their  last 
stronghold  at  Dereyeeyah,  after  a  siege 
of  five  months  by  Ibrahim,  the  pasha 
of  Egypt. 

1817  *  *  Toorkee,  son  of  Abdallah,  or- 
ganizes guerrilla  bands,  and  finally 
drives  the  Turks  out  of  the  eastern  and 
central  provinces. 

1858  July  25,  26.  Consuls  and  Chris- 
tians having  been  massacred  at  Jiddah, 
Com.  Pullen  with  the  Cyclops  of  the 
British  navy  bombards  the  town. 

1871  Jan.  30i;.  Sa'id  Toorkee  takes 
the  city  of  Muscat,  and  kills  the  chief. 

1883  Oct.  *  The  sultan's  rebel  brother 
besieges  Muscat  till  driven  away  by 
the  British  ship  Philomel. 

1890  Nov.  17.  The  Porte  calls  upon 
Arab  chiefs  to  form  a  corps  of  100,000 
foot-soldiers  and  10,000  cavalry,  to 
act  in  conjunction  with  Turkish  troops 
in  time  of  need.  ' 

1891  Aug.:t  A  revolt  in  Yemen  is 
crushed  by  the  Turks. 

Ahmed  Kitshdi  Pasha,  the  Turkish 
commander,  enters  the  capital  with 
fourteen  camel-loads  of  hands,  cut  from 
rebel  chieftains. 

Sept.  23.  The  Governor  of  Yemen  and 
all  Turkish  ofiicials  are  driven  out  of 
Sana  by  insurgents,  who  capture 
Uodeida. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  LETTERS  — 
NATURE. 

1859  •  *  Tischendorf  obtains  the  Codex 
Sinaiticiis,  a  manuscript  of  the  Septua- 
giut  and  Greek  New  Testament,  from 
the  Convent  of  St.  Catherine  on  Mount 
Sinai. 

1874  Feb.  *  Charles  T.  Beke  an  Eng- 
lish traveler  claims  to  have  discovered 
the  Mount  Sinai  of  the  Bible. 

1893  Apr.  12.  A  complete  Syrian  text 
of  the  Four  Gospels  is  discovered  in 
the  Convent  of  Mount  Sinai. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1814*  *  Sa'ld  Toorkee,  sultan  of  Muscat, 
bom.     [1888,  June  6.     Dies.     A74.] 

1818  Dec.  18.  AbdaUah,  the  Wahabi 
chief,  is  beheaded  In  Constantinople. 


1820  Bou  Ma'za,  Si  Mohammed,  dervish, 
fanatic,  born. 

1870  *  *  Feysal,  aged  and  blind,  is  assassi- 
nated. 


CHURCH. 

1810  *  *  The  "Wahabis  allowno  pilgrims 
to  visit  the  holy  places  except  those  who 
join  their  reformation  of  Islam.  It 
occasions  war. 

1853  *  *  Only  50,000  pilgrims  visit 
the  holy  shrine  at  Mecca. 

1858  June  15.  At  Jiddah,  the  seaport 
of  Mecca,  the  Mohammedans  massacre 
26  Christians,  including  the  English 
and  French  consuls  and  part  of  their 
families. 

•  *  A  host  of  pilgrims  arrive;  60,000  visit 
Mecca. 

1865  *  *  The  "Wahabis  are  reported  to 
be  in  a  prosperous  condition,  and  the 
sect  extended  into  India. 

*  *  The  Keith  Falconer  Mission  of  the 
Free  Church  of  Scotland  is  opened  at 
Sheik  Othman,  10  miles  from  Aden. 

1889  Aug.  1.  The  Reformed  (Dutch) 
Mission  of  South  Arabia  is  organized 
as  an  undenominational  mission. 


STATE. 

1811  *  * -15  •  *  The  Wahabis  ter- 
ritory is  conquered  by  the  Turks  under 
Mehemet  Ali,  and  it  becomes  an  Egyp- 
tian province. 

1814  *  *  Abdallah  succeeds  his  father 
as  ruler  of  the  Wahabis  in  Nejd. 

1815  *  *  The  treaty  of  peace,  con- 
cluded with  the  Wahabis  by  Jouson, 
is  rejected  both  at  Cairo  and  Constan- 
tinople. 

1816  *  *  The  Turks  establish  despotic 
rule  in  Arabia,  which  is  aggravated  by 

the  licentiousness  of  their  officers. 

1818  *  ♦  The  "Wahabis  revolt  under 
Toorkee,  and  reestablish  their  govern- 
ment, after  driving  the  Turks  out  of  the 
central  and  eastern  provinces. 

1839  *  •  Aden,  on  the  south  coast,  be- 
comes a  British  possession  by  treaty 
with  Oman. 

1842  Koorshid  Pasha,  the  representa- 
tive of  Egyptian  rule,  is  crowded  out  by 
Feysul,  son  of  Toorkee,  and  Asseer  is 
added  to  the  now  independent  Wahabis 
empire. 

1856  *  *  The  death  of  Sayyid  is  followed 
by  a  contest  for  the  throne;  his  son, 
Sayyid  Thuwainy,  finally  gets  Oman, 
and  Majd  gets  Zanzibar,  near  the  Afri- 
can coast. 

1858  Aug.  6.  Eleven  of  the  assassins 
of  the  Christians  and  consuls  at  Jiddah 
are  executed.  [Their  leaders  suifer 
later.] 

1868  Oct.  *  Syud  Redin,  Imam  of 
Muscat,  is  driven  away,  and  the  chief, 
Azau  bin  Gheo,  seizes  authority. 


1870  Aug.  *  Syud  Bedin  attempts  to 
regain  his  office  at  Muscat. 

Oct  7.  Af.  Sayyid  Thuwainy  obtains 
Zanzibar  on  the  death  of  his  brother. 

1871  Jan.  30±.  Sayyid  Toorkee  cap- 
tures Muscat,  and  kills  Chief  Azau  bin 
Gheo. 

1875  Dec.  *  Sayyid  Aseer  is  deposed 
in  Muscat  by  his  brother  Sayyid  Toor- 
kee. 

1880  Mar.  21.  The  Grand  Sheriff  (gov- 
ernor) of  Mecca,  is  assassinated  by  a 

fanatic. 

1882  June  *  Muscat  is  agitated  by  a 
rebellion  against  the  Sultan. 

1891  Sept.  23.  The  governor  of  Ye- 
men and  all  the  Turkish  officials  flee 
from  Sana  to  escape  the  rebels. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1812  Aug.  9.  A  caravan  consisting  of 
2,000  is  destroyed  by  a  blasting  wind 
while  crossing  the  deserts  of  Arabia 
when  returning  from  Mecca ;  only  20 
persons  are  saved. 

1828*  •  Abd-el-Kader  of  Algeria 
makes  his  second  pilgrimage  to  Mecca, 
and  receives  the  title  Hadji. 

1856  *  *  The  Sultan  Saood  (son)  dies, 
after  reigning  52  years. 

1866*  •Thoweynee,  the  sultan  of 
Oman,  is  assassinated  by  his  own  son. 

1877  *  *  Capt.  Kichard  F.  Burton  ex- 
plores  the  ruined  cities  of  Midian,  find- 
ing many  relics  and  gold. 

1886  *  *  Nov.  18.  Five  Arab  horses, 
sent  by  the  sultan  of  Oman,  are  pre- 
sented to  Queen  Victoria. 

1889  •  *  Dec.  10.  Cholera  is  raging  at 
Bagdad. 

1890  Jan.  22.  The  authorities  forbid 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca  on  account  of 
the  prevalence  of  cholera. 

Jan.  *  A  great  flight  of  locusts,  cover- 
ing 2,000  square  miles,  is  reported  to  have 
passed  across  the  Red  Sea  from  Africa 
to  Arabia. 

July  8.  A  terrific  hiuricane  at  Mus- 
cat demolishes  many  dwellings  and  kills 
over  700  persons. 

Jxily  13.  Pilgrims  returning  from 
Mecca  are  quarantined  at  EUir 
20  days  before  proceeding  through  the 
Suez  Canal. 

July  17.    Deaths  from  cholera  in 

Mecca  average  50  daily. 

[Cholera  continues  to  prevail  in 
Mecca.  July  29, 140  deaths  on  this  day. 
Aug.  7,  175  deaths.  1893.  Apr.  21.  It 
is  again  prevailing.  June  9,  60  deaths ; 
June  10,  70  deaths  ;  June  27,  900  cases 
reported ;  July  2,  440  deaths ;  July  4, 
2G0  deaths;  1894.  July  1,  400  deaths.] 
Aug.  7.  At  Jiddah  100  deaths  from 
cholera  are  daily  reported.  [1894. 
Sept.i  •  A  total  of  11,000  deaths  of  pil- 
grims are  reported.] 


ARGENTINE. 


1515,  **-1823,  Oct.*.    48d 


TiiK  AuoKXTi.vK  Republic,  formerly  called  the  Argentine  Confederation,  and  earlier  tlie  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata,  is 
a  country  in  the  southern  part  of  the  American  continent,  and  mostly  in  the  south  temperate  zone.  It  lies,  for  the  most  part, 
between  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east  and  the  Andes  on  the  west ;  it  is  separated  from  Uruguay  and  Brazil  by  the  Rio 
Uruguay,  from  Paraguay  by  the  Parana,  Paraguay,  and  Pilcomayo  rivers  ;  Bolivia  borders  the  extreme  north,  and  Chile  lies  on 
the  west  and  south.  Extreme  length,  2226  miles ;  extreme  breadth,  920  miles ;  area,  1,168,682  square  miles  ;  estimated  population, 
4,086,492. 

The  country  is  divided  into  14  provinces  and  nine  territories  ;  Buenos  Ayres  is  the  capital.  The  executive  of  the  government 
is  a  president ;  the  Congress  consists  of  30  senators  and  86  deputies.  The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  the  prevailing  faith,  but 
other  religions  are  tolerated ;  the  population  is  chiefly  of  Spanish  descent ;  the  Spanish  language  is  generally  spoken.  Many 
immigrants  have  arrived  during  recent  years. 


ABMY  — KAVY. 

1635  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.    Pedro  de  Men- 

doza,  having  founded  a  settlement, 

conquers    the    adjacent    country ;    his 

force  comprises  2,000  men. 

1806  June  26.  Buenos  Ayres.  England 
and  Spain  at  war.  Sir  Home  Popham 
and  Qen.  Beresford  take  the  city  after 
slight  resistance  by  the  viceroy,  Sobre- 
monte,  who  retires. 

Aug.  12.  Buenos  Ayres.  Spaniards 
under  Viceroy  Sobremonte  attack  the 
city,  and  the  British  under  Gen.  Beres- 
ford surrender. 

Oct.  29.  Buenos  Ayres  is  retaken 
from  the  Spaniards  by  tlie  British. 

1807  Feb.  3.  Sir  Samuel  Auchmuty 
with  a  British  force  takes  Montevideo 
by  storm. 

July  7.  Montevideo  is  evacuated  by 
the  British. 

1808  May  •  Buenos  Ayres.  General 
'Whitelock  with  8,000  men  attacks  the 
city,  but  is  forced  to  capitulate,  and 
agrees  to  abandon  both  sides  of  the 
River  La  Plata  within  two  months. 

1814*  *  Montevideo,  adhering  to 
Spain,  is  compelled  to  surrender 
to  the  revolutionary  army  of  the  prov- 
inces. 

•  *  Civil  war  rages  much  of  the  time 
under  various  leaders  [until  1852]. 

1817  *  ♦  The  combined  armies  of  the 
Argentine  KepubUc  and  Chile  defeat 
the  Spaniards  at  Chacabuco. 

1818  *  *  The  allied  armies  again  defeat 
the  Spaniards  at  Maypu. 

CHURCH. 

1610  *  •  Christianity  is  first  Introduced 
by  the  Jesuit  fathers. 

1620  *  *  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a  bish- 
opric by  creation  of  Pope  Paul  V. 

1820  Nov.  19.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  first 
Protestant  worship  in  the  city  is  held 
at  the  home  of  Mr.  Dickson,  an  English- 
man, by  Mr.  James  Thompson,  a  Scotch- 
man. (1821.  Mar.  23.  The  first  Sunday- 
school  is  opened.] 

1823  Oct.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  mission 
of  the  American  Board  is  opened  by 
J.  C.  Brigham  and  Theophilus  Marvin. 

STATE. 

1515  *  *  .Spanish  explorers,  led  by  Juan 
Diaz  de  Solis,  searching  for  a  south- 
west passage,  enter  the  Kio  de  la 
Plata,  and  land  on  the  north  coast. 

1519  •  »  Magellan  enters  the  fresh- 
water sea  Plata,  but  does  not  go  ashore. 


1527  •  *  Sebastian  Cabot  enters  the 
Plata,  and  anchors  opposite  the  site  of 
Buenos  Ayres  ;  be  starts  a  settlement 
on  the  Parana,  called  San  Espiritu, 
which  is  soon  deserted. 

1534  *  *  Pedro  de  Mendoza  sails  from 
Cadiz  for  the  Plata  River,  with  the  lar- 
gest and  wealthiest  expedition  that  has 
yet  left  Europe.  [1535.  Jan.  *  He  ar- 
rives in  the  Plata.] 

1535  Feb.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  Mendoza 
lands  his  expedition,  and  Santa  Maria 
de  Buenos  Ayres  is  founded. 

1536  Aug.  15.  One  of  Mendoza's  cap- 
tains ascends  the  Parma,  and  makes  a 
settlement  at  Asuncion. 

1537  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  settlement 
is  burned  by  the  Indians,  and  the  Span- 
iards sail  for  Corpus  Christi,  together 
with  reenforcements  just  received  from 
Spain. 

1542*  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  reestab- 
lished by  a  fresh  expedition  under 
Cabesa  de  Vaca ;  it  forms  part  of  the 
province  of  Peru. 

1543  Feb.  3.  Buenos  Ayres.  Indian 
hostilities  .again  compel  the  Spaniards 
to  evacuate  their  settlement. 

1559  *  *  Hurtado  de  Mendoza,  the  sol- 
dier, poet,  and  historian,  crosses  the 
Andes  from  Chile,  and  founds  the  city 
of  Mendoza. 

1565  *  *  Spaniards  from  Peru,  led  by 
Diego  de  Villarsel,  found  the  city  of 
Tucuman. 

1570  *  *  The  Spanish  court  cripples 
the  colonies  by  restrictions  on  naviga- 
tion and  commerce. 

1573  •  *  Spaniards  from  Peru  found 
Cordova. 

*  *  Juan  de  Garay  leads  out  an  expedi- 
tion, and  founds  Santa  T6. 

1580  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  Garay  makes  a 
third  and  successful  attempt  to  found 
the  city  ;  the  colony  prospers. 

+  «  *  Don  Juan  de  Garay  is  made  lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1602  *  *  Spain  permits  the  colonists  to 
export  two  ship-loads  of  produce  each 
year,  with  50  per  cent  customs  duties 
added. 

1620  *  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  separated 
from  Asuncion ;  and  the  provinces  on 
both  sides  of  Paraguay  are  designated 
as  the  government  of  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  are  subject  to  the  viceroyalty  of 
Peru. 

1665  *  *  Spain  relaxes  its  restrictions 
on  commerce. 

1774  *  •  Free  trade  is  permitted  with 
several  American  settlements. 


1775  •  ♦  Buenos  Ayres  Is  separated  by 
the  Spaniards  from  Peru  ;  they  make 
it  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Rio  de 
la  Plata  and  the  seat  of  a  viceroyalty. 
[It  includes  the  territories  now  known 
as  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  and  the  Argentine 
Republic] 

1810  May  25.  The  revolutionary 
movement  against  Spain  takes  form ; 
a  provisional  government  of  nine  per- 
sons is  established,  with  the  consent  of 
the  viceroy,  to  govern  the  provinces  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

1811  •  » The  Confederation  joins 
the  insurrection  of  the  other  provinces 
against  the  rule  of  Spain. 

1813  Jan.  31.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  con- 
gress meets  and  elects  Posadas  dictator 
of  the  Confederation, 

»  •  »  A  sanguinary  struggle  with  the 
adherents  of  Spain  ensues  In  all  the 
country  of  the  River  Plata.  [The  party 
of  independence  is  finally  victorious.] 

1816  Mar.  25.  A  new  congress  of  dep- 
uties elected  by  the  people  meets  at 
Tucuman ;  it  elects  Payridon  Presi- 
dent of  the  Republic. 

July  9.  The  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence from  Spanish  rule  is  formally 
made  by  the  Congress,  and  a  title  chosen. 
The  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata. 
[Comparatively  good  order  follows.] 

1817  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  Involved  in  war 
with  Brazil;  the  Portuguese  having 
taken  possession  of  Banda Oriental  [Uru- 
guay] and  anarchy  ensuing,  both  parties 
struggle  to  possess  the  country. 

1822  Feb.*  *  Buenos  Ayres  is  recog- 
nized as  a  part  of  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic, and  declared  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment. 

Mar.  1.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  general  con- 
gress of  all  the  liberated  States  meets 
and  decrees  an  amnesty ;  the  war  con- 
tinues. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1537  *  *  An  exploring  expedition  of 
200  men  is  massacred  by  the  Indians. 

1570  *  •  Spain  cripples  the  colonists 
by  restricting  navigation  and  commerce. 

1793  Mar.  30.  Juan  Manuel  de  Bo- 
sas,  dictator,  is  bom. 

1800  Mar.  19.  Justo  Jos^  Urquiza, 
general,  is  born. 

1811  Feb.  11.  Domingo  Faustino 
Sarmiento  is  born.  [He  becomes  dis- 
tinguished as  an  educator,  author,  jour- 
nalist, minister  to  the  United  States, 
and  President  of  the  KepubUc] 


490    1821,  June  26-1889,  Apr.  30.     ARGENTINE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1821    July  9.    Gen.  San  Martin  leads 

his  victorious  troops  from  Chile,  and 
makes  a  triumphal  entry  into  Iiima, 
the  stronghold  of  Spanish  power  in 
America. 

1824  Dec.  9.  The  Republican  army 
gains  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
Spaniards  at  Ayacucho,  in  the  Peru- 
vian districts  of  the  Amazon. 

1826  *  *  -28  *  *  War  with  Brazil  is 
waged  for  the  possession  of  Uruguay. 

1828  *  *  A  rebellion  breaks  out  against 
the  party  in  power. 

The  Unitarians  (Anti-Federalists),  sup- 
ported by  Gen.  Lavalle  and  his  troops, 
rebel  against  the  Federals  in  power  and 
defeat  them  ;  President  Dorrego  is  cap- 
tured and  shot. 

1829  *  *  Federalists  led  by  Gen.  Rosas 
defeat  Gen.  Lavalle. 

1838*  *-40*  *War  with  France 
occurs. 

*  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  French  blockade 
the  city  because  of  a  dispute  with  Gen. 
Rosas. 

1839  *  *  Gen.  Lavalle,  encouraged  by  the 
blockade,  rallies  the  Unitarian  party. 

1840  *  *  Gen.  Lavalle  invades  Buenos 
Ayres,  but  is  routed  by  the  Federal 
army  under  Gen.  Pacheco ;  he  is  cap- 
tured and  finally  shot.  , 

1845  Mar.  28.  Gen.  Justo  Jose  Ur- 
quiza,  while  assisting  Oribe  against  the 
government  of  Montevideo,  defeats  Gen, 
Rivera  at  India  Muerta. 

*  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  British  inter- 
vene, blockade  the  city,  and  claim  free 
navigation  of  the  River  La  Plata. 

Nov.  20.  The  combined  British  and 
French  fleets  land  a  force  to  attack 
Gen.  Rosas  in  bis  intrencbments  at 
Punta  de  Obligata,  and  drive  bini  out. 

1847  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  allies  raise 
the  blockade. 

1851  Oct.  2.  Gen.  TJrquiza  having 
joined  forces  with  Brazil  and  Monte- 
video, Gen,  Oribe  is  compelled  to  ca- 
pitulate, and  the  nine  years'  siege  of 
Montevideo  ends. 

1852  Feb.  3.  Gen.  Urquiza,  command- 
ing the  combined  army  of  Entre  Rios 
and  Brazil,  defeats  and  overthrows  Gen, 
Rosas  at  Monte-Caseros,  '*  The  Gate 
of  Buenos  Ayres,"  which  brings  the 
victor  to  the  office  of  provisional  dic- 
tator of  the  Argentine  Confederation. 
Buenos  Ayres  capitulates,  and  the  civil 
war  ends. 

Sept.  11.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  rebellion 
breaks  out  against  Urquiza,  caused  by 
the  alleged  non-recognition  of  the  po- 
litical and  commercial  preeminence  of 
Buenos  Ayres.    [He  is  deposed.] 

Dec.  28.  Buenos  Ayres.  TJrquiza  in- 
vests the  city,  but  soon  retires. 

Apr.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  fleet  of  the 
Confederation  blockades  the  city,  Ur- 
quiza commanding  the  besiegers. 

Apr.  18.  Buenos  Ayres.  TJrquiza  de- 
feats his  opponents'  squadron.  [July 
13.  The  besiegers  withdraw,  and  the 
civil  war  is  ended.] 


1859  Oct.*  Civil  war:  Hostilities  are 
resumed  between  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment at  Parana  and  the  independent 
government  at  Buenos  Ayres. 

Oct.  23.  The  Confederate  forces  un- 
der Gen.  Urquiza  defeat  Col.  Mitr^  at 
Cepeda,  in  the  province  of  Buenos 
Ayres;  Urquiza  enters  Buenos  Ayres. 

1860  May*  Gen.  Urquiza  resumes 
the  command  of  the  Federalist  army  in 
San  Juan. 

1861  Sept.  11.  The  war  is  renewed 
and  ended  ;  the  Congressional  army  is 
defeated  at  Pavon,  in  the  province  of 
Santa  F^,  by  Gen.  Mitr^.  [This  battle 
ends  the  Federalists'  system.] 

1864  *  *  Paraguay  begins  a  war  with 
Brazil  [and  soon  involves  Argentina]. 

1865  Apr.  13.  Paraguayans  commence 
hostilities  by  firing  upon  two  Argen- 
tine vessels  in  the  port  of  Corrientes. 
[Apr.  14.  They  take  possession  of  the 
town.] 

1866*  *The  allies  carry  on  the  war 
against  Paraguay. 

1867  Jan.  *  Another  rebellion  breaks 
out  under  Saa  and  Videla  in  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  the  main  army  is  recalled  from 
Paraguay. 

1870  Mar.  1.  The  war  with  Para- 
guay ends  by  the  shooting  of  Lopez 
at  Aquibana. 

*  *  Civil  war  breaks  out  in  Entre  Rios 
because  Congress  sends  troops  to  secure 
a  free  election. 

1873  Jan.  *  The  army  of  Entre  Rios  is 
completely  routed  by  national  troops 
and  the  war  ends. 

Dec.  *  The  defeat  of  Xiopez  Jotu*dan, 
the  rebel,  is  announced. 

1874  Dec.  2.  Civil  war  :  The  revolu- 
tionary forces  are  defeated  in  battle ; 
Gens.  Mitr^  and  Arredondo  are  made 
prisoners,  and  the  abortive  revolution 
ends. 

CHURCH. 

1836  *  *  Buenos  Ayres  becomes  a  mis- 
sion of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  U.  S.  A. 

1851*  *  Mission-work  is  begim  by  Capt. 
AUen  Gardiner  in  Ooshooia,  Terra 
del  Fuego. 

Sept.  *  Capt.  Gardiner  and  his  missionary 
associates  starve,  owing  to  a  mistake 
in  not  landing,  with  their  supplies,  pow- 
der and  shot  to  enable  them  to  obtain 
game. 

Oct.  *  Supplies  for  the  starved  mission- 
aries at  Ooshooia  arrive  too  late. 

1853  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  American 
Presbyterians  open  a  mission.  [It 
closes  in  1859.] 

1855  *  *  A  mission  is  started  on  Keppel 
Island,  West  Falklands,  Terra  del 
Fuego,  having  an  industrial  farm,  a 
school  and  workshop,  with  one  cate- 
chist  and  a  farm  bailiff. 

1859  Nov.  6.  Two  missionaries,  while 
conducting  their  first  service,  are  mur- 
dered by  the  natives  in  Terra  del 
Fuego. 


1863  Jan.  *  Missionaries  again  visit 
Terra  del  Fuego. 

1864  *  *  A  mission  is  opened  at  Pata- 
gones,  or  Kl  Carmen,  by  the  South 
American  Missionary  Society. 

1868  *  *  A  mission  settlement  is  formed 
on  Navarin  island.  Terra  del  Fuego. 

1869  Jan.*  Ooshooia,  in  Terra  del 
Fuego,  becomes  a  station  of  the  South 
American  Missionary  Society.  [1889. 
It  reports  300  natives  baptized.] 

1874  *  *  A  Girls*  Boarding- School  is 
founded  in  Rosario  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A. 

1879  *  *  Cordova  has  a  mission  of  the 
South  American  Society,  with  one  mis- 
sionary. 

1886  *  *  Buenos  Ayres.  A  Theological 
Institute  is  founded  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  U.  S.  A. 

STATE. 

1824*  *  Bolivia.  Paraguay  and  Uruguay, 
after  much  struggling,  finally  establish 
separate  republics. 

1825  Jan,  23.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  Na- 
tional Constitution  for  the  States  of 
[the  present]  Argentine  Republic  is  de- 
creed ;  13  independent  States  are 
confederated,  and  entitled  "  The  Ar- 
gentine Confederation."  Rivadaria 
(Unitarian)  is  elected  President. 

Feb.  2.  The  British  government  rec- 
ognizes the  independence  of  the  Repub- 
lic, and  enters  into  a  commercial  treaty. 

1827  *  *  By  mediation  of  England 
Banda  Oriental  [Uruguay]  is  made  in- 
dependent of  both  Buenos  Ayres  and 
Brazil. 

1827  *  *  -1857  *  •  No  meeting  of  the 
National  Congress. 

July  *  Dorrego  (Federalist)  is  elected 
President  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

1828  *  *  A  rebellion  breaks  out ;  Presi- 
dent Dorrego  is  captured  and  shot  by 
Unitarians  (Anti-Federalists). 

Gen.  Rosas  becomes  the  leader  of  the 
Federalist  party,  which  aims  to  secure 
the  practical  independence  of  the  prov- 
inces. 

1829  Dec.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  Gen.  Juan 
Ma.iuel  de  Hosas  is  made  dictator  of 
Buenos  Ayres  by  Act  of  Congress,  and 
by  his  arbitrary  conduct  becomes  a  ter- 
ror to  both  parties. 

1832  Dec.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  The  dictSr 
tor  Bosas  is  deposed. 

1835  Mar.  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  Gen.  Rosas 
is  reelected  dictator,  and  becomes  the 
sole  and  uncontrolled  ruler  of  Buenos 
Ayres  [for  15  years]. 

1840  *  *  A  new  treaty  of  peace  is  made 
between  the  Confederation  and  Monte- 
vi<leo. 

1842  *  *  Gen.  Kosas  joins  Gen.  Oribe, 
the  exiled  president  of  Uruguay,  in  an 
endeavor  to  subject  Montevideo  to 
Buenos  Ayres,  the  former  city  being 
the  center  of  the  Unitarian  party  and 
a  refuge  for  exiles. 

1846  *  *  Gen.  Urquiza  is  elected  gov- 
ernor of  the  province  of  Entre  Rios. 


ARGENTINE.     1821,  June  26-1889,  Apr.  30.     491 


1851  *  *  Gen.  Urquiza  overthrows 
Gen.  Rosas  at  Montevideo,  and  is  made 
dictator. 

1852  Feb.  3.  Buenos  Ayrea  capitu- 
lates to  Urquiza. 

May  31.  Justo  Jose  de  Urquiza  is 
elected  provisional  president;  Vin- 
ceute  Lopez  is  elected  governor  of 
Buenos  Ayres. 

June  23.  Urquiza,  having  won  over  the 
army  by  a  sudden  coup  d'itat,  puts  him- 
self at  the  head  of  the  Government  as 
dictator. 

Urquiza  acknowledges    the    indepen- 
dence of  Paraguay. 

Sept.  10.  Urquiza  is  deposed  [and 
soon  heads  a  revolt]. 

±*  *  Urquiza  is  duly  elected  President 
by  the  other  13  provinces. 

Sept.  11.  Buenos  Ayres  secedes  from 
the  Confederacy  ;  the  revolution  is  led 
by  Gen.  Bartolom^  Mitre;  Valentine 
Alsina  is  elected  governor. 

Sept.  *  Urquiza  leaves  Buenos  Ayres 
to  attend  the  Congress  at  Santa  Fe. 

Oct.  *  Urquiza  secures  by  treaty  the  free 
navigation  of  all  rivers  flowing  into  the 
La  Plata. 

Nov.  20.  The  Congress  of  the  Con- 
federation meets,  and  ilirects  Urquiza 
to  suppress  the  rebellion  in  Buenos 
Ayres. 

Dec.  *  Another  revolution  in  Buenos 
Ayres  changes  the  governor ;  Gen.  Pin- 
tos  takes  the  office. 

1853  Jan.  22.  The  Federal  Congress 
meets  again  to  form  a  constitution  ;  it 
favors  the  war  against  Buenos  Ayres. 

May  1.  The  new  Constitution  is  pro- 
mulgated ;  it  makes  Bueuos  Ayres  the 
capital  of  the  Confederation.  [May  23. 
It  becomes  effective.] 

Oct.  12.  Buenos  Ayres  secedes  again, 
and  forms  an  independent  State ;  Dr. 
D.  Pastor  Obligado  is  elected  its  first 
governor. 

Nov,  20.  Gen.  J.  Urquiza  is  elected 
President  for  six  years. 

1854  Jan.*  A  new  Constitution  is 
formed  in  Buenos  Ayres. 

*  *  The  seat  of  government  is  changed 
to  Bajada  del  Parana. 

*  *  Filibusters  enter  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  Urquiza  repels  them. 

Dec.  20.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  signed  by 
Buenos  Ayres  and  the  President  of  the 
Bepublic. 

1855  Jan.  8.  Another  treaty  of  peace 
Is  signed  by  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Re- 
public ;  with  the  former  treaty  it  pro- 
vides for  independent  government 
and  for  mutual  assistance. 

Oct.  10.  Negotiations  are  opened  for  a 
union  of  the  two  sovereignties. 

Dec.  24,  Argentine  refugees  from 
Montevideo,  under  Gen.  Floras,  invade 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  a  coimter  invasion 
follows,  causing  much  irritation. 

1856  Mar.  18.  The  Argentine  Gtovern- 
ment  withdraws  from  the  treaties  of 
1854  and  1855. 


July  19.  The  Confederate  Congress 
at  Parana  establishes  differential  duties 
against  Buenos  Ayres  [commencing  Feb. 
1, 1857]. 

1857  May  *  Dr.  Valentine  Alsina  is 
elected  governor  of  Bueuos  Ayres. 

*  *  The  union  of  the  two  republics  is  re- 
stored by  treaty. 

*  *  Pastor  Obligado  is  elected  governor 
of  Buenos  Ayres  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

1859  Nov,  11.  Buenos  Ayres,  by  a 
treaty,  rejoins  the  Confederation,  of 
which  Urquiza  resigns  the  presidency. 

1860  Feb.  8.  Dr.  S.  Derqui  is  elected 
President  of  the  14  provinces. 

Nov.  *  An  insurrection  breaks  out  in 
San  Juan.  [1861.  Sept.  17.  Hostilities 
are  renewed.  1862.  Jan.  *  The  insur- 
rection is  suppressed.] 

Oct.  12.  Gen.  Bartolom^  Mitre  is 
elected  President  of  the  new  Argentine 
Republic  for  six  years,  and  assumes  the 
oflice.    [Prosperity  follows.] 

1865  Mar.  29,  Paraguay  officially 
proclaims  war  against  the  Confedera- 
tion because  of  a  declaration  made  in 
Congress  on  Mar.  18.  [The  war  contin- 
ues until  1870.] 

Apr.  13.  The  Argentines  are  sur- 
prised by  the  sudden  hostilities  of 
President  Lopez  of  Paraguay.  [Apr.  IC. 
War  is  declared.] 

May  1.  The  Argentine  Republic,  Brazil, 
and  the  Banda  Oriental  [Uruguay]  unite 
in  a  treaty  to  overthrow  President 
Lopez,  and  yet  preserve  the  indepen- 
dence of  Paraguay. 

May  25,  Buenos  Ayres.  A  National 
Congress  opens. 

1867  *  ♦  Urquiza,  nominally  under  the 
order  of  the  National  government,  prac- 
tically maintains  a  position  of  neutral- 
ity in  the  province  of  Eutre  Rios. 

1868  Oct.  12.  Col.  Domingo  F.  Sar- 
miento  is  peacefully  elected  President 
for  a  term  of  six  years. 

1871  Apr.  11.  Urquiza  is  assassi- 
nated at  his  residence  by  well-known 
officers  of  his  army;  Xiopez  Jourdan 
is  elected  governor  in  his  place  by  the 
Legislature  of  the  province  of  Entre 
Rios. 

*  *  The  new  governor  in  his  inaugural 
address  assumes  responsibility  for 
the  assassination;  and  Congress 
refuses  to  recognize  his  office,  on  the 
ground  of  undue  influence  upon  the  Le- 
gislature ;  it  sends  troops  into  the  prov- 
inces to  secure  a  free  election. 

1873  Jan.  3.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
made  with  Brazil. 

1874  Sept.  24.  A  revolution  is  de- 
clared by  the  defeated  party  in  the 
national  election,  led  by  Brig.-Gen. 
Mitre,  who  unsuccessfully  appeals  to 
arms  for  the  overthrow  of  President- 
elect Avellanda. 

Oct,  12,  Don  Nicolas  Avellanda  is 
constitutionally  installed  President  of 
the  Republic  for  a  term  of  six  years, 

Sept.  *  -Nov.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  An  in- 
surrection   under   Gen.  Mitre   breaks 


out.  [Dec.  2.  The  insurrection  is  sup- 
pressed.] 

Dec.  17.  A  state  holiday  is  observed 
for  rejoicing  over  the  restoration  of 
peace. 

1876  May  16.  The  national-bank  spe- 
cie payments  are  suspended  by  the 
Government. 

Dec.  12.  The  rebellion  is  at  an  end, 
and  Gen.  Lopez  Jourdan  is  captured. 

1879  May  *  A  revolution  breaks  out 
in  the  province  of  Jujuy. 

1880  Feb.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  A  revolu- 
tion breaks  out. 

June  *  -July  *  A  settlement  is  made 
of  disputes  with  Buenos  Ayres. 

Oct.  12.  Gen.  J.  A.  Roca  of  the  Anti- 
Buenos  Ayres  party  is  elected  President 
of  the  Republic  in  opposition  to  Dr. 
Tejedor. 

Oct.  *  The  revolt  in  Buenos  Ayres  is 
ended  by  mutual  concessions. 

1881  July  23.  By  treaty  with  Chile, 
Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Fuego  aro 
divided  between  the  two  States. 

1882  Nov.  24.  La  Plata,  the  new 
capital  of  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
is  founded  by  Dr.  Roca,  the  governor. 

1883  Aug.  *  Buenos  Ayres.  A  general 
amnesty  bill  is  passed. 

1889  Apr.  30.  A  treaty  defining  the 
boimdary  between  the  Republic  and 
Bolivia  is  signed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1821  Jime  26.  BartolomS  Mitre, 
general,  statesman,  and  author,  is  born. 

1852  *  *  Gen.  Bartolom6  Mitre  estab- 
lishes La  Nacion.  [It  soon  becomes  the 
most  important  paper  lu  the  Platine 
region.] 

*  *  The  currency  is  greatly  depreci- 
ated ;  the  Government  votes  $5,000,000 
to  reimburse  those  who  created  the 
insurrections,  giving  two  generals 
§227,000,  and  two  majors  $128,000. 

1857  *  ♦  Historia  de  BelgranOt  by  Barto- 
lom<S  Mitre,  appears. 

1860  Mar.  20.  An  earthquake  at 
Mendoza  destroys  about  two-thirds  of 
the  city,  and  7,000  lives  are  lost. 

1871  Apr.  11.  Justo  Jos^  Urquiza 
is  assassinated,  A71. 

1872  Jan.  1.  Native  Gauchos  mas- 
sacre the  foreigners  in  the  Tandel  dis- 
tricts. 

1875  Feb.  28.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  mob 
bums  the  Jesuits'  College  and  the 
archbishop's  palace ;  several  priests  are 
killed  [order  is  finally  restored  by  pro- 
claiming martial  law]. 

1876  May  16.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  na- 
tional bank  is  closed,  and  the  Govern- 
ment suspends  specie  payments. 

1877  Mar.  14.  Eiig.  Juan  Manuel  de 
Hosas,  dictator,  dies  near  Southamp- 
ton, A84. 

1882  Feb.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Gov- 
ernment opens  an  exhibition. 

1884  *  *  Historia  de  San  Martin,  by  Bar- 
tolom^  Mitre,  appears. 


492    1889,  Feb.  11-1894,  May  25.     ARGENTINE. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  July  21.  Several  army  officers 
are  under  arrest  at  Buenos  Ayres  for 
conspiracy  to  overthrow  the  President 
of  the  Republic. 

July  26.  Suenos  Ayres.  A  revolution 
breaks  out,  followed  by  three  days' 
fighting,  with  the  loss  of  upwards  of 
1,00()  lives. 

July  28.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Govern- 
ment forces  are  defeated,  with  heavy 
loss,  and  a  truce  for  twenty  hours  is 
agreed  to.  During  the  fighting  1,000 
men  are  killed  and  5,000  wounded. 

Feb.  21.  Buenos  Ayres  is  declared  in 
a  state  of  siege. 

1891  Mar.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  Insur- 
rectionary troubles  break  out ;  the 
state  of  siege  is  resumed. 

1892  Apr.  10.  Elections  for  dele- 
gates to  choose  a  president,  are  held, 
and  the  state  of  siege  is  afterwards  re- 
imposed. 

Sept.  25.  The  city  of  Bosario  is  cap- 
tured by  the  insurgents,  and  the  na- 
tional troops  are  forced  to  retreat. 

Sept.  29.  The  insurgents  at  Bosario 
surrender  to  the  national  forces.  [Oct. 
1.  The  city  of  Rosario  is  recaptured, 
and  the  rebellion  is  entirely  suppressed.] 

Oct.  5.  The  rebels  are  in  full  retreat, 
with  cavalry  in  pursuit. 

Deo.  26.  Troops  are  mobilized  to  sup- 
press the  spreading  rebellion  in  the 
province  of  Corrientes. 

1893  Jan.  12.  The  insurgents  surren- 
der to  the  Government. 

Aug.  1.  The  insurrection  continues; 
several  towns  are  taken  by  the  insur- 
gents. 

Aug.  2.  The  government  of  Santa  F6 
surrenders  to  the  insurgents.  [Aug.  3. 
The  vice-governor  is  killed  by  rebels.] 

Aug.  15.  A  state  of  siege  is  proclaimed 
in  the  disturbed  provinces. 

Aug.  18.  It  is  announced  that  the  reb- 
els have  defeated  the  Government 
troops  in  the  province  of  Corrientes. 

Sept.  26.  Thecityof Tucumaniswrested 
from  the  insurgents ;  the  revolution- 
ary junta  are  arrested  and  confined. 

1894  Feb.  15.  The  insurgents  are  In 
possession  of  the  State  of  Parana,  and 
disaffection  is  spreadiiig  elsewhere. 

CHURCH. 

1891  Sept.  5.  The  Government  makes 
known  its  objection  to  an  extensive 
settlement  of  Jews  in  the  country. 

1893  JvUy  4±.  The  Government  de- 
cides to  send  a  representative  to  the 
Vatican  to  adjust  with  Pope  Leo  all 
questions  that  have  arisen  beFween 
Church  and  State  in  the  republic. 

STATE. 

1889  Dec.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  The 
Federal  Congress  opens  in  extra  ses- 
sion. 

1890  Apr.  4.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Min- 
istry resigns. 


June  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  Defalcations 
are  discovered  in  the  Custom  House 
amounting  to  310,000,000  annually.  [A 
financial  crash  follows.] 

July  17.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  President 
of  the  Republic  sends  a  message  to  the 
House  of  Deputies  asking  it  to  authorize 
the  issue  of  $6,000,000  in  paper  cur- 
rency. 

July  22.  Buenos  Ayres  is  greatly  agitated 
over  the  discovery  of  a  conspiracy 
to  overthrow  the  government ;  4,000 
troops  and  3,000  armed  policemen  gar- 
rison the  Government  buildings  and  the 
Cathedral. 

July  26.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  revolution 
breaks  out,  caused  by  fin<ancial  distress 
following  a  period  of  maladministration 
and  extravagance  ;  the  shops  are  closed, 
and  the  troops  and  revolutionists  are 
fighting  in  the  streets  ;  the  Minister  of 
Finance  is  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of 
the  revolutionists. 

July  24.  Buenos  Ayres.  SeBor  Kacedo, 
Minister  of  War,  resigns,  causing  a 
Ministerial  crisis. 

July  30.  Buenos  Ayres.  Quiet  is  re- 
stored ;  the  revolutionary  leaders  agree 
to  the  terms  of  the  Government,  and  a 
general  amnesty  is  granted. 

Aug.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  crisis  con- 
tinues; the  Director-General  of  Posts 
and  Telegraphs  resigns. 

Aug.  5±.  Buenos  Ayres.  President  Cel- 
man  resigns,  and  Sefior  Pellegrini  acts 
in  his  stead. 

Aug.  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  President  Cel- 
man's  resignation  is  accepted,  and 
SeBor  Carlos  Pellegrini  succeeds  him. 

Oct.  5.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Federal  Con- 
gress passes  the  Conversion  Xiaw. 

Oct.  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  panic  is 
caused  by  a  rumor  that  a  new  revolu- 
tion has  broken  out ;  detachments  of 
cavalry  patrol  the  streets. 

1891  Feb.  17.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  con- 
spiracy to  assassinate  the  principal 
members  of  the  Government  is  discov- 
ered. 

Mar.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  state  of 
siege  is  raised ;  the  elections  pass  off 
quietly,  the  Union  Civica  being  victo- 
rious. 

Apr.  8.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Cabinet 
suspends  payment  of  deposits  in  the 
provincial  and  national  banks. 

June  3.  Buenos  Ayres.  Five  banks 
are  compelled  to  close  their  doors  ;  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  passes  a  bill  ex- 
empting banks  from  legal  process 
for  one  month. 

June  25.  A  provisional  government 
is  set  up  by  insurgents  in  Catamarca. 

July  1.  The  provincial  revolutions  are 
suppressed. 

July  23.  Buenos  Ayres.  Both  Houses  of 
the  Federal  Congress  vote  a  reduction 
in  the  duties  on  petroleum  and  rice. 

Sept.  24.  Buenos  Ayres.  Tlie  Govern- 
ment abolishes  its  legations  at  Vienna, 
Lisbon,  Berlin,  and  Mexico,  thereby  sav- 
ing §100,000  a  year. 


Sept.  30.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Govern- 
ment suspends  gold  payments  for  two 
years. 

1802  Feb.  8.  The  ConciUation  party 
defeats  the  Radicals  in  the  national  elec- 
tions. 

Apr.  2±.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  state  of 
siege  is  again  proclaimed.  [Apr.  4. 
Quiet  is  restored.] 

Apr.  10.  The  provincial  election  of 
delegates  to  choose  a  president  passes 
off  quietly. 

Oct.  12.  Suenos  Ayres.  Saenz  Pena  is 
inaugurated  President.  [Oct.  14.  The 
new  Cabinet  is  formed  with  Tomas  An- 
chorena  as  Minister  of  Foreign  Alfairs.] 

Dec.  2.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  Cabinet  crisis 
is  settled  by  the  resignation  of  the  Min- 
ister of  the  Interior. 

Dec.  12.  Buenos  Ayres,  Differences 
arise  in  the  Cabinet.  [Many  Federalists 
are  arrested  on  the  frontier,  in  the 
province  of  Corrientes.] 

1893  Feb.  6.  The  wheat  tax  causes 
an  armed  revolt  in  the  province  of  Santa 
Ti. 

June  7.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  Cabinet 
resigns.  [June.  8.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed.  Aug.  1.  The  insurrection  con- 
tinues. Aug.  8.  The  revolution  is 
ended,  the  governor  of  the  province  of 
Buenos  Ayres  having  resigned.] 

Sept.  1.  Buenos  Ayres.  Thirty  Radical 
leaders  are  arrested  for  conspiring  to 
overthrow  the  Government.  [Oct.  3. 
The  rebellion  is  entirely  suppressed.] 

1894  Apr.  17.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  au- 
thorities turn  over  to  the  Brazilian 
Minister  Admiral  Mello's  fleet  of  five 
vessels  now  at  that  port.    (See  Brazil.) 

May  25.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  plot  is  dis- 
covered to  blowup  the  Congressional 
buildings  and  the  Bourse ;  two  Aus- 
trians  and  an  Italian  are  arrested. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889     Feb.  11.    A    report    is    issued 

showing  that  in  January,  1888,  steamers 

took   29,000  immigrants  to  Buenos 

Ayres. 
Apr.  9.    The  premium  on  gold  reaches 

64  per  cent.    [July  27.    75  per  cent.    Sept. 

13.    125  per  cent.] 
Jan.  26.    Brazil  and  the  Republic  sign  a 

boundary  treaty. 
June  9.    Buenos  Ayres.    The  premium 

on  gold  is  134  per  cent.   [July  8.    Panic; 

gold  195  per  cent.    July  10.    320.] 
July  12.    Buenos  Ayres.    The  financial 

panic  subsides,  and  the  premium  on 

gold  falls  to  198  per  cent.    [Aug.  30.    It 

is  141;  Oct.  1,  143;    1891,  Jan.  20,  216; 

Mar.  5,  271 ;    May  7,  252 ;    Aug.  5,  301 ; 

Oct.  16,  353 ;  Nov.  13,  263.] 
1891   Mar.  2.    Buenos  Ayres.   The  state 

of  siege  is  resumed,  and  business  is 

paralyzed. 
Mar.  6.    Buenos  Ayres.    Business  ia 

suspended  by  a  decree  for  two  days. 
Mar.  14.    Buenos  Ayres.     The  banks 

reopen  for  business. 


ARGENTINE.         1891,  Mar.  2-1894,  May  25.   493 


Mar.  10.  Buenos  Ayres.  Ex-President 
Mitre  is  cordially  welcomed. 

Mar.  28.  An  attempt  is  made  upon  the 
life  of  Gen.  Boca,  Prime  Minister  of 
the  Republic. 

June  31.  Biienos  Ayres.  The  banks 
open  their  doors  for  the  first  time 
since  the  recent  revolt. 

Aug.  14.  Baron  Hirsch  signs  a  docu- 
ment empowering  Dr.  Lowenthal  and 
others  to  expend  10,000,000  pesos  for 
land  to  provide  homes  for  the  expa- 
triated Bussian  Jews. 

Aug.  23.  Buenos  Ayres.  A  panic  is 
caused  by  the  report  of  the  failure  of 
the  Provincial  Mortgage  Bank. 

Aug.  25.  A  plot  to  blow  up  public 
buildings  at  Cordova  is  discovered. 


Sept.  24.  Buenos  Ayres.  The  first  col- 
ony of  Hebrew  immigrants,  consist- 
ing of  150  families,  sent  to  the  Republic 
by  the  benevolence  of  Baron  Hirsch, 
arrives. 

Oct.  11.  The  Government  appropriates 
3100,000  to  take  part  in  the  Chicago 
"World's  Fair. 

*  *  Civilization  is  developing  in  Terra 
del  Fuego  under  the  teachings  of  mis- 
sionaries ;  and  at  Ooshooia  shipwrecked 
crews  are  now  guided  to  places  of  safety 
instead  of  being  massacred  as  in  former 
years. 

1892  Deo.  24+.  Buenos  Ayres.  An 
anti-Chilean  demonstration  is  made. 

Dec.  30.  Buenos  Ayres.  Several  police- 
men and  firemen  are  arrested,  charged 
with  conspiring  to  bum  the  city. 


1893  Aug.  27.  The  censorship  of 
the  press  is  established. 

Sept.  22.  Bevolutionists  tear  up  rail- 
road tracks  in  the  provinces  of  Cordova 
and  San  Juan. 

Sept.  27.  Buenos  Ayres.  Col.  Espina 
is  arrested  for  inciting  a  revolt ;  he  is 
convicted,  and  sentenced  to  be  shot. 
[Sept.  *  Sentence  commuted  to  20  years 

imprisonment.] 

Oct.  11.  Some  of  the  disbanded  rebel 
soldiery  engage  in  brigandage  among 
the  foreign  settlers. 

Oct.  13.  The  end  of  the  revolt  is  cele- 
brated with  a   Te  Deuni  and  military 

/Hes. 

Nov.  15.  Buenos  Ayres.  Six  anarchists 
are  expelled. 


AUSTRALIA. 


Australia  is  an  island-continent  lying  south  of  Asia,  between  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on 
the  south  and  west. 

It  is  a  British  possession,  and  is  divided  into  five  colonies  :  Victoria  at  the  extreme  south,  with  the  smallest  territory  and  the 
largest  population,  capital  Melbourne ;  New  South  Wales  in  the  southeast,  capital  Sydney ;  Queensland  in  the  east  and  north, 
capital  Brisbane ;  South  Australia  in  the  central  part,  with  the  northern  territory  extending  from  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the 
Arafura  Sea,  capital  Adelaide  ;  Western  Australia  is  an  extensive  region  in  the  western  part  of  the  island,  capital  Perth. 
Area  of  the  whole  country,  2,944,628  square  miles ;  population  in  1891,  3,173,000,  comprising  about  3,118,125  white  people,  chiefly 
of  British  descent,  the  remainder  being  aborigines. 

Each  colony  has  a  governor  appointed  by  the  Crown,  who  is  aided  by  a  cabinet  or  Executive  Council ;  each  has  a  Legislative 
Council  and  a  Legislative  Assembly  for  the  enactment  of  laws. 

Note.  —  The  abbreviations  used  to  denote  the  colonies  of  Australia  are  as  follows:  N.  S.  W.  for  New  South  Wales  ;  Que.  for  Queensland; 
S.  A.  for  Soath  AustraUa  ;  Vic.  for  Victoria;  W.  A.  for  West  Australia;  Tas.  tor  Tasmania. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1601  *  *'Maiioel  Godinlio  De  Exedia, 
a  Portuguese,  is  said  to  have  discovered 
Australia. 

1606  Mar.  *  The  Dutch,  sailing  in  the 
Duyfhen,  discover  Australia. 

*  *  Luis  Vaez  de  Torres,  a  Spaniard, 
follows  the  western  coast. 

June  *  Torres  discovers  Torres   Strait, 

north  of  Queensland. 
1616  *  *  W.J.    Dirk  Hartog,  a  Dutch 

navigator,  visits  Shark  Bay,  and  surveys 

part  of  the  west  coast. 
1618  *  *  The  north  coast  is  surveyed  by 

Zeachen,  a  Dutch  navigator,  also  by 

Peter  Carpenter. 

1622  *  *  The  Dutch  ship  Le€moin,OT  Lion- 
ess,  follows  the  south  coast. 

1623  Jan.  *  Carstenz,  a  Dutch  navi- 
gator, names  the  great  north  gulf  Car- 
pentaria, in  honor  of  Peter  Carpenter. 

1627  *  *  Peter  Nuyts  surveys  the  south 
coast  [Nuyts'  Land],  [No  further  com- 
munication is  had  with  civilization  for 
half  a  century.] 

1628*  *Gren.  Peter  Carpenter  ex- 
plores the   north  gulf. 

*  *  W.  A.  Dutch  traders  explore  De 
AVitt's  Xjand  on  the  western  coast, 

1642  Nov.  16.  Abel  Janssen  Tas- 
man,  a  Dutch  navigator,  discovers  the 
island  [called  by  him  Van  Diemen's 
X>and,  and  after  his  name,  Tasmania]. 


1644  *  *  Tasman  explores  the  northwest 
coast  [from  Arnhem  Land  to  Dampier 
Archipelago]. 

1689  Jan.*  William  Dampier,  an 
English  buccaneer,  while  searching  for 
Dutch  booty,  begins  to  explore  the  west 
and  northwest  coasts. 

1699  *  *  W.  A.  Dampier,  commanding 
the  Roebuck,  explores  900  miles  of  the 
northwest  coast. 

1763*  *-1806*  *  Explorations  are 
made  by  the  English  navigators,  Samuel 
Wallis  and  Philip  Carteret. 

1770  Apr.  28.  Capt.  James  Cook 
makes  an  important  visit  in  the  bark 
Endeavor,  when  returning  from  the 
Royal  Society's  expedition  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  at  Tahiti ;  he  is  accom- 
panied by  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  Dr. 
Solander.  [They  land  at  Botany  Bay,  and 
call  the  country  New  South  Wales.] 

*  *  *  N.  S.  W.  Port  Jackson  is  visited 
and  named  by  Capt.  Cook,  who  takes 
possession  in  the  King's  name. 

1772  Mar.  25.  Capt.  Cook  makes  a 
second  voyage  of  exploration. 

1773  *  *  Capt.  Pumeaux,  in  the  Ad- 
venture,  explores  the  coast  of  Tasmania 
and  Bass  Strait, 

1774*  *  Norfolk  Island,  1,050  miles 
northeast  of  Sydney,  is  discovered  by 
Cook.  [It  is  a  dependency  of  New  South 
Wales.] 

1777  *  *  Capt.  Cook  appears  again  on 
his  third  voyage. 


SOCIETY. 

1786  *  *  JSng.  The  Government  is  em- 
barrassed in  the  disposal  of  its  convicted 
criminals.    It  proposes  a  penal  colony. 

(See  State.) 

STATE. 

1660  *  *  E7ig.  The  first  Council  of 
Trade  and  Plantations  is  created. 

1665  W.  A.  The  country  is  named 
New  Holland  by  order  of  the  States- 
General. 

1688*  *The  English  first  visit  the 
country;  Capt.  Dampier  lands,  and  re- 
mains five  weeks. 

1697  *  *  A  Dutch  expedition,  under 
Vlamingh,  visits  the  island. 

1699  *  *  Vlamingh  comes  again  to  make 
researches  for  the  English  government. 

1705  *  *  An  unimportant  Dutch  expe- 
dition arrives. 

1768*  *  Eng.  A  separate  Colonial 
Office  is  formed.   [1781.   It  is  abolished.] 

1783  *  *  Eng.  Parliament  passes  a  new 
Act  authorizing  the  transportation  of 
convicts. 

1786  *  *  Eng.  Orders  in  Council  fix  on 
the  east  coast  of  New  Holland  [N.  §.  W.] 
for  a  penal  station. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1531+  *  ♦  Australia  is  known  to  the 
French  previous  to  this  date. 


494    1788,  Jan.  2-1841,* 


AUSTRALIA. 


ART—  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 

LETTERS. 

1789*  *-92*  *  William  Bligh   is  sent 

to  tlie  South  Seas  to  procure  valuable 

plants  for  introduction  into  the  West 

Indies. 

1795*  *  K,  S.   W.    George   Bass  and 

Matthew  Flinders  begin  the  survey  of 

the  coast  in  the  Botany  Bay  region. 

*  *  N.S.  W.  A  Government  Gazette  is 
first  issued. 

1797  *  *  John  Macarthur  begins  the 
breeding  of  sheep  in  a  scientific  man- 
ner. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Coal  is  discovered  at  Point 
Solander  on  the  Hunter  River. 

1798*  *  Vic.  Bass  Strait  is  discovered 
by  George  Bass  and  Matthew  Flinders. 

*  *  Tas.  Bass  and  Flinders,  in  a  small 
sloop,  survey  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

1800*  *  Vic.  Flinders  makes  exten- 
sive surveys  by  order  of  the  British 
Government. 

*  *  Capt.  Grant  surveys  the  coasts. 

1801  *  *  -05  *  *  Flinders  explores  the 
north,  east,  and  south  coasts. 

1802  *  *  Vic.  Flinders  drops  anchor  in 
Port  Phillip. 

1803  *  '^N.  S.  W.  The  Sydnep  Gazette 
and  the  New  South  Wales  Advertiser  is 
authorized  to  be  issued. 

1813  ♦  *  N.  S.  W.  Macquarie  sends  an 
exploring-party  into  the  interior  to  find 
pasture  for  cattle ;  Bathurst  pastures 
are  reached,  and  a  road  130  miles  long 
is  made. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Wentworth,  Lawson, 
and  Bloxland  penetrate  the  Blue 
Mountain  region,  and  discover  fine  pas- 
ture lands. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Bathurst  Plains  are  dis- 
covered. 

1817  May  1-Aug.  29.  An  expedi- 
tion, led  by  Lieutenant  Oxley,  follows 
down  the  Lachlan  River. 

1821  *  *  The  Philosophical  Society  of 
Australia  is  founded. 

1823  *  ♦  Que.  Maneroo  Plains  are  ex- 
plored by  Capt.  Currie;  Moreton  Bay 
and  Brisbane  Eiver  aie  explored  by 
Oxley. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Gold-mines  are  known  to 
be  in  the  country. 

1825  *  *  Pastures  near  Moreton  Bay  are 
explored  ;  one  is  named  Brisbane. 

1827  *  *N.S.  W.  AUan  Cunningham, 
an  eminent  botanist,  leads  an  important 
expedition  northward  until  he  beholds 
the  Darling  Downs. 

1828  *  *  -31  *  *  Gov.  Sir  Ralph  Darling 
sends  Capt.  Charles  Sturt  to  explore 
the  course  of  the  large  rivers  flowing 
northeast  and  northwest  into  interior. 

1829  *  *  S>  A.  The  Murray  River  is 
explored  by  Capt.  St«rt. 

18304:  *  *N.S.W.~  S.  A.  Capt.  Sturt 
explores  the  country,  following  water- 
courses to  Lake  Alexander. 

1831  *  *  -36  *  *  n:  S.  W.  Sir  Thomas 
Mitchell's  ex  pedition  explores  the 
brpji  hes  of  the  Darling  River. 


*  *  N.  S.  JV.  An  expedition  led  by  Capt. 
Charles  Sturt  explores  the  Murrum- 
bidgee  River,  traveling  2,000  miles. 

*  *  *  Capt.  Parker  and  Mr.  Kent  ex- 
plore the  country  ;  Parker  is  killed  by 
the  natives. 

1836*  *  S.  A.  The  Iiibrary  of  the  In- 
stitute is  founded  at  Adelaide. 

*  *.V.  S.  W.  Thomas  Mitchell,  sur- 
veyor-general, makes  extensive  explora- 
tions of  river  courses,  and  discovers 
Australia- Felix. 

1837  Dec.  3±.  Sir  George  Grey  and 
liieut.  liushington  arrive  at  Hanover 
Bay,  and  thence  explore  northwestern 
Australia. 

1838  Nov.* -39  July*  5.^.  Edward 
John  Eyre  makes  an  overland  journey 
with  a  flock  of  sheep  from  Adelaide  to 
Albany,  Western  Australia.  [He  again 
makes  the  journey  with  3,000  sheep.] 

1839  *  *  X.  S.  IV.  Count  Strzelecki, 
a  Prussian  geologist,  discovers  gold  in 
Bathurst,  Wellington,  and  other  places, 
but  keeps  the  discovery  a  secret. 

18^0*  *N.  S.  W.  Count  Strzelecki 
makes  explorations  in  the  Australian 
Alps,  and  visits  the  thickly  wooded  coun- 
tries of  Gippsland. 

*  *  Eyre  explores  southwest  Australia 
from  Spencer  Gulf  to  King  George's 
Sound. 

CHURCH. 

1793  Ang.*N.  S.  W.  The  first 
church  is  built. 

1795  *  *  Australia  becomes  a  mission- 
field  of  the  English  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1802  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  first  brick 
church  is  erected. 

The  first  clergymen  are  chaplains ; 
they  traflBc  in  whisky,  and  with  a  few 
noble  exceptions  they  aggravate  the 
miseries  of  the  people. 

1815  *  *  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  becomes  a 
mission-field  of  the  English  Wesleyans. 

1817  Mar.  *  The  Auxiliary  Bible 
Society  is  established. 

1823  *  *  Rev.  Dr.  !Lang,  a  clergyman 
from  Scotland,  begins  mission-work 
among  the  aborigines. 

1825  *  *  The  London  Missionary  So- 
ciety engages  in  mission-work. 

1831  *  *  After  six  years  of  failure  the 
London  Society  gives  up  its  mission- 
work,  but  the  colonial  government 
continues  it. 

1832  *  *  N.  S.  W.  A  mission  is  opened 
at  Wellington. 

1835  Sept.  *  N.  S.  W.  Bishop  Pold- 
ing,  the  first  Catholic  bishop,  arrives. 

1836  *  *  N.  S.  JV.  The  bishopric  of 
Australia  (li.  C.)  is  established. 

June  *  *  Bishop  Broughton,  the  first 
Protestant  bishop,  arrives. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  is  created  a  metro- 
politan bishopric. 

1838  *  *  S.  A.  The  Dresden  Luther- 
ans open  a  mission  among  the  abo- 
rigines. 


1840  *  *  Three  missionaries  arrive 
from  England  to  work  among  the  abo- 
rigines. 

SOCIETY. 

1788  Jan.  2.  Convict  criminals  first 
arrive  from  England  to  foimd  a  penal 
station. 

Of  the  1,044  people  with  whom  Capt. 
Phillip  founds  the  first  settlement  in 
Sydney,  seven-tenths  are  convicted 
criminals,  and  the  remainder  the 
guards  of  the  convicts  ;  among  them 
is  one  woman  to  three  men. 

1795±  *  *  Life  is  held  cheaply;  murder 
is  committed  at  any  time  for  two  or 
three  days'  rations. 

1804  *  *N.S.  TV.  An  insurrection  of 
convicts  occurs. 

1807  Feb.  •  N.  S.  JV.  Gov.  Bligh  pro- 
hibits the  payment  of  bills  for  liquor 
in  labor  or  goods,  in  order  to  curtail  the 
trafiBc. 

1810*  *  A  free-school  system,  a  public 
market,  and  the  Sydney  races  are  es- 
tablished. 

1822  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  flow  of  free  im- 
migration begins. 

1824  ♦  *  Que.  A  penal  settlement  is 
established  at  Moreton  Bay.  [1825.  The 
first  party  of  convicts  arrives.] 

1829  *  *  Trial  by  jury  in  civil  actions 
is  introduced. 

1830  Mar.  *  W.  A.  Fifty  ships  arrive, 
convejring  2,000  emigrants;  they 
bring  with  them  £1,000,000  in  cash. 

1832  ♦  *  Fie.  Edward  Henty  comes 
from  Tasmania  with  cattle  and  sheep, 
and  establishes  himself  as  the  first 
settler. 

1837  *  *  New  South  "Wales  becomes 
the  sole  receptacle  for  felons. 

1838*  *  N.  S.  W.  "The  assignment" 
system  of  employing  convicts  is  dis- 
continued. 

1839  *  *  The  transportation  of  con- 
victs from  England  is  su.spended. 

*  *  JJ'.  A.  Almost  universal  bank- 
ruptcy prevails,  owing  to  overspecula- 
tion  in  land,  building,  and  other  enter- 
prises. 

STATE. 

1788  Jan.  18.  N.  S.  W,  A  free  Euro- 
pean settlement  is  begun  by  Capt. 
Arthur  Phillip  at  Botany  Bay. 

Capt.  Phillip's  expedition  consists 
of  two  men-of-war  and  six  transports, 
carrying  about  550  male  and  200  female 
convicts,  40  free  women,  marines  and 
crews,  making  a  total  of  about  1,100 
people  at  the  time  of  embarkation,  May 
13,  1787. 

Jan.  24.  N.  S.  JV.  A  French  expedi- 
tion arrives  six  days  too  late  to  claim 
possession. 

Jan.  26.  N.  S.  JV.  The  British  flag  is 
first  raised  at  Sydney  Cove  by  Capt. 
Phillip. 

Capt.  Arthur  Phillip,  the  governor, 
founds  Sydney,  near  Port  Jackson,  as 
an  English  penal  station,  with  l,030per- 
sons,  800  of  whom  are  convicts.  [Feb.  7- 
He  proclaims  the  colony  organized.] 


AUSTRALIA. 


1788,  Jan,  2-1841,* 


495 


Oct;*  A\  S.  W.  Another  colony  is 
planted  on  Norfolk  Island. 

•  •  Worfolk  Island,  about  900  miles  east, 
is  settled  by  people  from  Port  Jacksoii, 
New  South  Wales. 

1790  *  *  xV.  5.  W.  The  colony  receives 
a  large  reenforcement,  [1792.  Gov. 
Arthur  Phillip  resigns.] 

1705  Sept.  *  .V.  S.  W.  Capt.  Hunter, 
who  succeeds  Gov.  Phillip,  arrives  ;  the 
white  population  is  less  than  4,000. 

1800  Sept.  28.  N.  S.  W.  Capt.  Philip 
Qidley  Xing  is  appointed  governor. 

1801  *  ♦  Eng.  The  Colonial  O&ce  is 
reconstructed,  and  combined  with  the 
■yV'ar  Department. 

1803  Oct.  *  Vic.  A  convict  colony 
is  planted  at  Port  Phillip.  [It  departs 
within  four  months.] 

•  *  Tas.  The  English  colony  of  Van 
Diemen's  Iiand  is  established  as  an 
auxiliary  penal  station.  [1812.  It  is 
made  a  single  colony.  1823.  It  is  par- 
tially separated  from  New  South  Wales. 
1825.  It  is  fully  separated,  and  becomes 
a  province.] 

1804*  *N.  S,  W.  About  300  Irish 
convicts  unite  in  the  first  and  last  in- 
surrection by  convicts,  which  is  speedily 
quelled. 

1805  *  *  N.  S.  W.  John  Macarthur, 
called  the  Father  of  New  South  Wales, 
commences  sheep-farming  at  Camden. 

1806  *  •  A'.  S.  W.  Capt.  William  BUgh 
is  governor.  The  Government  officials 
make  a  rich  monopoly  of  the  rum- 
traffic,  and  mutiny  when  disturbed. 

1808  Jan.  31.  N.  S.  W.  Gov.  Bligh 
is  deposed  for  his  tyranny  by  insurgent 
military  and  colonial  forces  under  Maj. 
Johnston. 

1809  *  *  jV.  S.  W.  Col.  Lachlan  Mac- 
quarie  assumes  the  governorship.  [He 
holds  the  office  for  12  years.] 

1814*  *  N.  S.  W.    Civil  courts  are 

created. 
1817    Feb.  *  N.  S.  fT.    Barron  Field, 

the  first  judge,  arrives. 
1821    Dec.  1.    K.  S.   rr.    Gov.    Sir 

Thomas  Brisbane  arrives,  and  assumes 

the  governorship.    [He  introduces  free 

institutions.] 

1823  *  *  Que.  Surveyor  Oxley  practi- 
cally rediscovers  Queensland  and  founds 
Brisbane. 

*  *  E7ig.  The  first  Australian  Constitu- 
tion is  granted. 

1824  *  *  N:  S.  W.  The  first  land  regu- 
lations are  issued.  The  first  chief  jus- 
tice arrives.  The  freedom  of  the 
press  is  formally  proclaimed. 

*  *  Vic.  Hamilton  Hume  and  Capt.  Ho- 
vell,  by  an  overland  journey  from  Syd- 
ney, visit  Port  Phillip  at  Corio  Bay. 

1825  *  ♦  Vic.  A  temporary  settlement  is 
made  by  Capt.  Wright  near  Western- 
port  Bay. 

Dec.  18,  N.  S.  JV.  Sir  Ralph  Darling 
is  governor. 

1826  *  *  W.  A.  The  settlement  of  King 
George's  Sound  is  established  as  a 
military  station. 


1827  •  *  JVr.  5.  W.  The  prosperous  colony 
supports  its  own  civil  government. 

1828  July  15.  .V.  5.  W.  The  Home 
Government  grants  a  second  constitu- 
tion ;  it  increases  the  governor's  council 
from  seven  to  fifteen. 

*  *  W.  A.  Col.  Thomas  Peel  projects  the 
Swan  River  settlement. 

1829  Jan.  17.  Western  Australia  is 
formed  into  a  province,  and  Capt.  [Sir 
James]  Stirling  is  appointed  lieuten- 
ant-governor.   [June  21.    He  arrives.] 

July  13.  N.S.W.  TheLegislative 
Council  holds  its  first  meeting  at  Syd- 
ney. 

Aug.*  W.  A.  Capt.  Stirling's  expedi- 
tion arrives  at  the  entrance  of  Swan 
River. 

1830  Mar.  *  W.  A.  About  50  ships 
at  Swan  River  land  2,000  immigrants, 
who  bring  with  them  £1,000,000;  they 
proceed  to  survey  the  land  and  erect 
dwellings. 

Apr.  21.  N.  S.  W.  The  Legislative 
Council  passes  a  Bushranger's  Act 
through  all  its  legislative  stages,  which 
practically  places  the  country  under 
martial  law. 

1831  *  *  N.S.  W.  Land  grants  are  reg- 
ulated by  a  uniform  method  of  public 
sale  at  auction. 

*  *  W.  A.  Settlements  are  made  at 
Perth,  Freemantle,  and  Guildford. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  Sir  Ralph  Darling,  the  gov- 
ernor, returns  to  Kngland,  and  Sir  Rich- 
ard Bourke  succeeds  to  the  governor- 
ship. 

1833  *  *  N.  S.  W,  The  Commissioners 
of  Crown  Lands  are  appointed. 

1834  Aug.  15.  -Eng.  Parliament  passes 
the  South  Australian  Act. 

*  *  S.  A,  The  boundaries  of  the  prov- 
ince are  established. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Henty  family  settle  [at 
Portland]. 

1835  May  29.  Vic.  Geelong  is  set- 
tled by  John  Bateman's  company,  which 
obtain  deeds  of  land  from  the  abori- 
gines. 

Aug.  *  S.  A.  The  territory  is  separated 
from  the  mother  colony,  granted  to  the 
South  Australia  Colonization  Asso- 
ciation, and  erected  into  a  province. 
[Aug.  29.    Vic.    Melbourne  is  founded.] 

Nov.  *  Vic.  Port  Phillip  is  colonized 
by  the  Port  Phillip  Association  from 
Tasmania. 

1836  July  *  S.  A.  Tlie  country  is  col- 
onized by  the  British ;  Adelaide  is 
founded. 

Dec.  28.  S.A.  The  first  governor, 
Capt.  Hindmarsh,  arrives ;  he  ofiiGially 
proclaims  the  colony. 

*  *  li.  S.  TV.  Temporary  grazing  li- 
censes for  "squatting"  are  issued  for 
outlying  districts. 

*  *  Vic.  Gov.  Bourke  recognizes  the  set- 
tlement at  Port  Phillip  by  a  proclama- 
tion, and  appoints  a  police  magistrate. 

1837  Nov.  *  Vic.  Melbourne  is  laid 
out  as  a  town. 


*  *  Vic.  Sir  Richard  Bourke,  governor 
of  New  South  Wales,  selects  sites  for 
towns  at  Port  Phillip,  and  orders  the 
survey  of  the  lands  ;  Capt.  Iionsdale  is 
appointed  governor. 

1838  Feb.  24.  ^.  S.  W.  Sir  George 
Gipps  is  governor.  [The  practice  of 
assigning  the  service  of  convicts  to 
settlers  is  abandoned.] 

*  *  Vic.    Sir  George  Gipps  is  governor. 

1839  *  *  Vic.  The  colony  at  Port  Phillip 
is  called  Victoria,  and  Charles  J.  La- 
trobe  is  appointed  lieutenant-governor. 
Port  Phillip  has  a  population  of  6,000. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  New  Zealand  is  incorpo- 
rated with  this  colony.  The  colonial 
statute  provides  for  the  border  police 
to  keep  order  in  pastoral  districts. 

Sept.  30.  Vic.  Charles  J.  Latrobe, 
superintendent  of  Port  Phillip,  arrives 
at  Melbourne. 

1840  *  *  Evg.  The  Colonial  Ijand  and 
Fmigrant  Commissioners  are  appoint- 
ed to  assist  the  Colonial  Secretary  in  the 
disposal  of  Australian  Crown  lands,  and 
to  promote  emigration. 

*  *  N'.  S.  W.  Important  land  regula- 
tions are  issued. 

*  *  Vic.  The  town  of  Portland  is  laid 
out ;  Melbourne  is  divided  into  two  dis- 
tricts, north  and  south. 

1841  *  *  S.  A.  Capt.  George  Grey  is 
governor  at  Adelaide. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  New  Zealand  is  detached 
from  the  province  of  New  South  Wales. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1790  *  *  The  store-ship  Guardian  is  lost 
with  much  needed  supplies. 

1795  *  *  N.  S.  W.  Cattle  becom^  accli- 
mated. 

1805  *  *  A  colonial  ship  is  built. 

1806  *  *  A  great  flood  prevails  in  the 
valley  of  the  Hawkesbury  River ;  it  is 
followed  by  famine. 

1827  *  *  -29  *  *  N.  8.  W.  The  colonists 
pass  through  a  severe  commercial  crisis 
caused  by  speculation  and  drought. 

1835  May*  Vic.  John Bateman pur- 
chases a  large  tract  of  land  from  the 
natives  near  Port  Phillip,  and  with  15 
associates  [takes  possession  of  600,000 
acres] . 

*  *  Vic.  John  Pascoe  Falkner  and  others 
encamp  on  the  site  of  Melbourne. 

1839  *  *  S.  A.  Speculation  causes  al- 
most universal  bankruptcy. 

*  *  -42  *  *  There  is  a  great  influx  of  im- 
migrants drawn  by  the  prosperity  of  the 
colony  and  the  discovery  of  rich  copper- 
mines  at  Burra  Burra  ;  speculation  is 
rampant,  and  insolvencies  follow. 

1841  *  *  The  latest  census  reports  a  pop- 
ulation of  87,200  males,  43,700  females. 

May  *  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  is  first  lighted 
with  gas. 

*  *  -43  *  *  N.  S.  W.  A  severe  commer- 
cial crisis  is  caused  by  extravagance, 
inflated  prices,  and  speculation. 

*  *  On  the  discovery  of  gold  agriculture 
is  for  a  time  abandoned. 


496    1841,  *  *-1866,  May  * 


AUSTRALIA. 


ART — SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 
1841 »  *S.A.    Silver  ore  is  discovered 
on  the  Mount  Lofty  range. 

1842  ♦  *  S.A.  Eich  copper  ore  is  found 
near  Kapunda  Station ;  the  Burra 
Burra  mines  are  also  opened. 

1843  *  *  W.A.  The  explorers  Landor 
and  Lefroy  visit  the  country. 

1844  *  *  S.  A.  Gold  is  discovered  at 
Echunga. 

*  *N.  S.  W.  The  Parliamentary  Li- 
brary is  founded  at  Sydney. 

1845  Dec.  17.  Leiehart's  expedition 
arrives  at  Port  Essington,  in  North  Aus- 
tralia. 

*  *  S.A.  Capt.  Charles  Sturt  advances 
to  the  middle  of  the  continent,  for  the 
most  part  over  a  stony  desert. 

1847 »  *  Leichart  again  attempts  to 
cross  the  continent  from  east  to  west, 
starting  at  Fitzroy  Downs  [and  is  never 
heard  from]. 

1848  Apr.  3.  Dr.  Leiehart's  last  de- 
spatch is  sent  from  Gogoon.  [He  meets 
his  death  either  by  enemies  or  by  starv- 
ing-] 

Aug.  13.  QiK.  E.  B.  Kennedy's  first 
expedition  starts  to  explore  the  penin- 
sula of  Cape  York. 

Dec.  13.  Que.  Kennedy  is  killed  by 
the  natives. 

*  *  A.  C.  Gregory  makes  an  exploration 
of  the  interior. 

*  *  N.S.  ir.  A  Board  of  National  Edu- 
cation and  a  Denominational  School 
Board  are  formed. 

*  *x:s.  W.  The  Sydney  University  is 
founded.    [1860.    Incorporated.] 

*  *N.->S.  W.  Count  Strzelecki  makes 
extensive  explorations  in  New  South 
Wales  and  Tasmania. 

1851  Feb.  12.  N.  S.  W.  Gold  is  dis- 
covered by  Edward  H.  Hargreaves,  a 
returned  gold-seeker  from  California  ; 
great  excitement  follows. 

Feb.  *  ^le.  Gold  is  discovered  in  Sum- 
merhill  Creek  on  the  Macquarie  Plains. 

July  *  N.  S.  W.  Dr.  Kerr,  a  squatter, 
discovers  a  mass  of  virgin  gold  weigh- 
ing more  than  100  pounds,  on  Meroo 
Creek. 

Aug.*   Fie.   The  gold-fields  at  Ballarat 

are  discovered. 
Oct.  *    Vic.    Gold  discoveries  are  made 

at  Melbourne  which  surpass  all  others. 

1852  Oct.  11.  N.S.ir.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Sydney  is  inaugurated. 

1853  *  »  Vic.  The  PubUo  Library  is 
founded  at  Melbourne. 

1855  •  *  Vic.  The  University  of  Mel- 
boturne  is  founded. 

*  •  -58  *  *  Vic.  A.  C.  Gregory  makes 
further  explorations  in  the  interior. 

1856  •  •  IV.  A.  The  Freemantle  Gazette 
is  issued  at  Albany. 

1858  June  *  Que.  Gold  is  discovered 
at  Canoonan. 

•  *  -62  *  »  J.  MacDonaU  Stuart's  ex- 
pedition solves  important  problems  re- 
specting the  inland  lakes. 


1860  Mar.  *  S.  A.  J.  MacDonaU  Stu- 
art attempts  to  cross  the  continent 
from  Adelaide  nortliward  and  fails, 
though  a  reward  of  =£10,000  is  offered. 

Aug.  20.  Robert  O'Hara  Burke,  Wil- 
liam .John  Wills,  .John  King,  and  others 
start  inland  from  Melbourne  for  the 
purpose  of  exploring  the  continent  from 
south  to  north  ;  all  except  King  perish. 

*  *  S.  A.  The  Government  offers  a  re- 
ward of  £10,000  for  the  first  person  to 
cross  the  continent  from  south  to  north. 

1861  May  13.  N.  S.  W.  The  Great 
Comet  is  first  seen  at  Sydney. 

•  *  S.A.  John  MaeD.  Stuart  makes  ex- 
plorations. 

1862  Jan.  22.  Stuart  starts  on  his 
third  and  most  successful  journey  across 
the  continent. 

Aug.  *  MacDonaU  Stuart  and  M'Kin- 
lay  complete  the  journey  across  the 
continent  from  south  to  north. 


CHURCH. 

1841  *  *  New  Zealand  is  detached  from 
the  bishopric  of  Australia. 

*  *  N.S.  W.  The  vices  of  the  white 
man  demoralize  the  mission  at  Welling- 
ton, and  it  is  broken  up. 

*  *  Five  more  missionaries  go  to  teach 
the  aborigines. 

1842  *  *  Tasmania  is  detached  from 
the  bishopric  of  Australia. 

1847  *  »  Vic.  The  bishopric  is  di- 
vided; the  sees  of  Adelaide,  S.  A., 
Newcastle,  W.  A.,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W., 
and  Melbourne,  Vic,  are  erected  ;  the 
bishop  of  Sydney  is  metropolitan. 

1849  *  *  W.  A.  A  Roman  Catholic 
mission  is  begun,  with  10  priests,  14 
monks,  and  seven  nuns. 

1850  Feb.*  Vic.  -4  band  of  Moravian 
missionaries  lands  at  Melbourne. 

*  *  N.  S.  fV.  A  mission  among  the 
natives  is  opened  by  William  Ridley. 

*  •  Moravians  open  a  mission  at  Lake 
Bogo. 

*  *S.A.  The  English  Bible  Christian 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  sends  out 
James  Way  and  James  Rowe. 

1856  *  *  Tlie  Moravian  missionaries  at 
Lake  Bogo  retire. 

1857  ♦  *  IV.  A.  The  diocese  of  Perth 
is  established. 

1858  *  *  Moravians  reopen  the  mission 
at  Lake  Bogo. 

*  *  S.  A.  George  Tapbn,  a  Scotchman, 
opens  a  mission  for  the  Aborigines' 
Friends'  Association  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Alexandria. 

He  translates  parts  of  the  Bible  into 
Narrenjeri,  writes  a  grammar  of  that 
tongue,  and  makes  a  careful  study  of 
22  native  languages. 

1859*  *  Que.  Brisbane  is  made  a 
bishopric. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Ebenezer  mission  is 
begun  by  the  Moravians. 

1862  *  *  S.  A.—  Vic.  Adelaide  and  Mel- 
bourne become  mission-stations  of  the 
New  Connection  Methodists. 


*  *  Vic.  Rama hy  uck,  Gippsland,  be- 
comes a  mission-station  of  the  Moravi- 
ans. The  Presbyterians  open  a  mission 
at  Bamahyuck.  Mr.  Buhner  is  sent 
to  Gippsland  to  open  a  mission. 

18e3**N.S.W.  The  diocese  of 
Goulbum  is  established. 

1864  *  *  N.  S.  W.  A  Missionary  Jubi- 
lee is  celebrated  at  Sydney,  and  £12,000 
is  subscribed  for  a  Wesleyan  College 
and  for  the  relief  of  church  property. 

SOCIETY. 

1841  *  *  -46  *  *  Mrs.  Chisholm  estab- 
lishes a  "  Home  for  Female  Emi- 
grants." 

1848  Sept.  4.  N.  S.  W.  Transporta- 
tion of  criminals  to  the  colony  ceases. 

*  *  iV.  A.  The  colonists  petition  that 
convicts  be  sent  out  to  them. 

1849  *  *  W.  A.  Convicts  arrive  and 
are  kindly  treated. 

•  •  Vic.  The  Hashemy  arrives  laden  with 
convicts ;  the  indignant  colonists  drive 
the  vessel  to  Sydney.  [The  convicts  are 
welcomed  by  the  squatters  of  Darling 
Downs.] 

•  *  Strong  opposition  is  made  to  trans- 
portation, which  has  been  revived  by 
Lord  Grey. 

1850*  *  W.  A.  Convicts  arrive,  and 
are  welcomed  by  the  colonists  because 
of  the  scarcity  of  labor. 

1852  *  •  Vic.  There  is  a  great  flow  of 
immigration  to  Melbourne  from  Eu- 
rope, America,  and  China,  averaging 
2,000  arrivals  each  week  ;  the  newcom- 
ers are  attracted  by  the  gold-flelds.  [The 
population  of  Victoria  is  doubled  in  one 
year.] 

1853  *  *  Tas.  The  transportation  of 
convicts  to  Van  Diemen's  Land  ceases, 

*  *  Vic.  Social  disturbances  occur  in 
the  gold-fields. 

1854  Oct.  8.  Vic.  The  Victoria 
Bank  at  Ballarat  is  broken  into,  and 
robbed  of  £14,300  and  200  ounces  of 
gold-dust. 

1855  Nov.  30.'  Vic.  A  nia«s-meeting 
is  held  at  Ballarat  on  the  payment  of 
gold  licenses.  [Riots  follow,  and  the 
flag  of  the  Southern  Cross  is  raised ;  30 
rioters  and  a  few  soldiers  are  killed  on 
Dec.  3.] 

1858  July*  Archdeacon  Cowper 
dies  at  the  age  of  80,  after  a  residence 
in  Australia  of  about  50  years. 

*  *  Vic.  The  mayor  of  Melbourne  visits 
England  to  congratulate  the  Queen 
on  the  marriage  of  the  princess  royal. 

1861  *  *  N.  S.  }V.  Miners  engage  in  an 
anti-Chinese  riot,  with  great  barbarity. 

1862  *  *  A'.  .S.  W.  The  country  is  ter- 
rorized [for  many  years]  by  the  exploits 
of  the  bushrangers. 

1864  Oct.  *  Vic.  The  vigorous  opposi- 
tion to  the  reception  of  convicts  causes 
a  shipload  to  be  sent  back  to  England. 

1865  *  *  IV.  A.  The  transportation  of 
criminals  to  the  colony  is  abandoned 
by  the  Home  Government  notwithstand- 
ing the  protests  of  the  settlers. 


AUSTRALIA. 


1841,  **-1866,  May 


497 


STATE. 
1842  *  *  X.  S.  W.  The  first  representa- 
tive constitution  is  granted  by  the  pas- 
sage of  an  Imperial  statute;  the  Gov- 
ernment nominees  in  the  colonial 
council  are  reduced  to  a  minority,  — 12 
out  of  3C,  — only  half  of  whom  are  to  be 
office-holders. 

*  •  A  new  set  of  land  regulations  is 
issued  for  all  the  colonies ;  they  divide 
the  mother  colony  into  threo  land  dis- 
tricts. Northern  ("Moreton  Bay),  Middle 
(Sydney),  and  Southern  (Port  Phillip). 

*  *  Eng.  The  Crown  iLand  Sales  Act, 
for  New  South  Wales,  passes  Parlia- 
ment. 

*  *  X.  S.  jr.  —  Vic.  Sydney  is  incorpo- 
rated ;  Melbourne  receives  its  charter, 

*  *  Vic.  Agitation  of  separation  from  the 
mother  colony  begins  [and  grows  rap- 
idly]. 

*  *  Que.  MoretonBay  [Brisbane]  is  pro- 
claimed a  free  settlement. 

1845  *  *  S.  A.  Maj.  J.  H.  Kobe  is  gov- 
ernor. 

1840  Aug.  3.  .V.  S.  W.  Sir  Charles 
Fitzroy,  the  governor,  arrives.  [1850. 
He  is  appointed  governor-general.] 

*  *  Que.  An  abortive  proclamation  of 
"North  Australia'*  is  issued.  [1849. 
It  is  revoked.] 

1847  *  *  X.  S.  jr.  Granting  of  pastoral 
leases  (l  to  14  years)  is  authorized  by 
the  Crown. 

1848  *  *  X.  S.  JV.  The  constitution  is 
proclaimed.  [Sept.  4.  Eng.  The  trans- 
portation of  convicts  is  abolished  by 
Orders  in  Council.] 

*  *  S.  A.  Sir  Henry  Fox  Young  is 
governor. 

1849  *  *  jr.  A.  Convicts  are  first  trans- 
ported to  this  colony, 

1850  Aug.  5.  S.  A.  An  improved 
representative  government  with  a  new 
constitution  is  provided  ;  all  the  colonies 
except  Western  Australia  have  similar 
forms  of  government. 

Nov.  11.  X.  S,  TV.—  Vic.  A  vessel  ar- 
rives bringing  tidings  of  the  separation 
of  Port  Phillip  from  New  South 
Wales  [public  rejoicing  continues  for 
five  days  at  Melbourne]. 

*  *  Vic.  Port  Phillip  is  separated  from 
New  South  Wales,  and  erected  by  the 
government  into  a  province  called  Vic- 
toria. 

1851  June  9.  Vic.  A  gold  discovery 
committee  is  appointed  at  Melbourne, 
which  is  authorized  to  offer  rewards  for 
discoveries. 

July  1.  Vic.~X.  S.  JT.  Port  Phillip 
and  New  South  Wales  are  legally  sepa- 
rated ;  Victoria,  with  a  population  of 
77,000,  becomes  a  separate  province  of 
the  British  realm. 

Aug.  20.  S.  A.  The  new  liCgislative 
Council  (General  Assembly)  meets  for 
the  first  time. 

*  *  Vic.  Melbourne  becomes  the  capital. 

*  ♦  Eng.  The  custom-houses  of  Aus- 
tralia are  transferred  to  the  manage- 
ment of  the  colonies. 


1852  *  *  The  gold  revenue  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  colonial  exchequers. 

*  *  The  Home  Government  requests  each 
colony  to  form  a  constitution  for  it- 
self. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Legislative  Assembly  at 
Melbourne  first  meets. 

1853  Mar.  *  Vic.  Mints  are  estab- 
lished. 

Dec.  21.  X.  S.  jr.  A  constitutional 
bill  is  passed,  to  be  submitted  to  the 
Imperial  Parliament  at  London. 

1854  June  *  Vic.  Sir  Charles  Hot- 
ham,  the  governor,  arrives. 

Dec.  3.  Vic.  Insurgent  miners  en- 
trench themselves  at  the  Eureka  stock- 
ade, Ballarat. 

*  *  Eng.  A  separate  Colonial  Office  is 
created. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  Sir  'William  T.  Denison 
is  governor. 

1855  July  16.  X.  S.  W.  A  new  con- 
stitution is  granted  by  the  English 
Parliament ;  it  provides  for  representa- 
tive government. 

Nov.  23.  Vic.  A  representative  con- 
stitution is  proclaimed. 

*  *  X.S.  W.  Sir  CharlesFitzroy  retires 
from  the  governor-generalship  ;  the  full 
title  of  governor  is  now  given  to  the 
rulers  of  the  other  colonies.  A  mint 
is  established  at  Sydney. 

*  *  A  federal  council  is  formed  by  the 
advocates  of  colonial  federation ;  its 
decisions  have  no  authority. 

1856  May  22.  X.  S.  W.  The  first 
parliament  under  responsible  govern- 
ment is  opened  at  Sydney  by  Sir  William 
Denison. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  A  select  committee  is 
appointed  to  consider  the  best  means 
of  legislating  on  matters  of  a  common 
interest  and  looking  toward  federation. 

*  *  Vic.  The  ballot  system  is  intro- 
duced into  the  electoral  law.  Sir  Henry 
Barkly  is  governor. 

1857  Nov.  26.  Vic.  The  first  parlia- 
ment is  opened  at  Melbourne.  The 
federation  of  the  colonies  is  proposetl 
by  Sir  Charles  Gavan  Duffy;  a  select 
committee  to  consider  the  proposal  is 
appointed  as  in  New  South  Wales. 

1858  •  *  X.  S.  W.  Manhood  suffrage 
is  carried  by  a  majority  vote. 

1859  Dec.  4.  Que.  The  Moreton  Bay 
District  is  separated  from  New  South 
Wales  by  the  Home  Government,  and 
made  an  independent  colony  called 
Queensland;  population,  30.000.  [Sir 
George  F.  Bowen  is  appointed  gover- 
nor.] 

1860  May  29.  Que.  The  first  parlia- 
ment opens  at  Brisbane  under  the 
ministry  of  Mr.  Herbert. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  Sir  John  Young  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1861  Nov.*  W.A.  John  S.Hampton 
is  appointed  governor. 

Nov.  *  S.  A.  Sir  Dominic  Daly  is  gov- 
ernor.   [1862    Mar.  *   He  assumes  office.] 

1862  *  *  X.  S.  W.  Primogeniture  is 
abolished. 


1863  May*  Vic.  Sir  Charles  Dar- 
ling is  appointed  governor.  [Sept.  11. 
Gov.  Darling  arrives  at  Melbourne.] 

1865  Jan.  *  Vic.  The  House  of  As- 
sembly passes  a  new  tariff  act.  [The 
Legislative  Council  rejects  it.] 

Mar.  22.  Vic.  The  parliament  at 
Melbourne  passes  an  important  land 
act. 

July  *  Vic.  Gov.  Darling  raises  money 
for  colonial  uses  by  imregular  methods. 
[This  action  of  Gov,  Darling  precipitates 
a  crisis.] 

Dec.  *  Vic.  The  parliament  at  Mel- 
bourne is  prorogued. 

1866  Apr.  *  Eiig.  The  governor  of 
Victoria,  Sir  Charles  Darling,  is  re- 
called. 

Apr.  *  Victoria  is  disturbed  by  minis- 
terial ditficulties ;  M.  McCulloch  is 
appointed  premier. 

May  *  Vic.  The  House  of  Assembly 
votes  £20,000  to  Ijady  Darling  on 
her  departure  with  her  husband,  the 
ex-governor.  [1867.  Aug.  20.  The  Legis- 
lative Council  rejects  the  resolution,  and 
a  ministerial  crisis  follows.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843  *  *  Vic.  Agnes  Booth,  actor,  is 
born. 

1844  Aug.  15.  X.S.  W.  LudwigliCi- 
chart's  expedition  leaves  Moreton  Bay, 
on  the  east  coast,  and  journeys  inland. 

1846  *  *  The  census  reports  114,700 
males,  74,800  females. 

1850  *  *  JV.  S.  W.  The  arst  sod  is  turned 
for  the  construction  of  the  first  rail- 
way.    [The  enterprise  fails.] 

1851  Aug.  *  Gold-mines  begin  to  be 
worked ;  a  great  rush  of  people  follows. 

*  *  The  census  reports  males  106,000 ; 
females,  81,000  (exclusive  of  Victoria* 
80,000). 

1852  *  *  Vic.  Adelaide  receives  during 
the  year  £2,216,157  in  gold  from  Mel- 
bourne, chiefly  for  provisions,  supplies, 
etc. 

1853  *  *  Vic.  Melbourne  is  greatly  im- 
proved by  new  buildings. 

*  *  X.  S.  W.  A  second  attempt  is  made 
to  construct  a  railway. 

1855  *  *  X.  S.  IV.  A  railway  is  opened 
from  Newcastle  to  Maitland. 

Dec.  31.  Sir  Charles  Hotham,  governor, 
dies. 

1857  June  *  X.  S.  W.  The  (atherine 
Adamson  is  wrecked  26  miles  from  Syd- 
ney ;  20  lives  are  lost. 

1859  Aug.  6.  The  steamer  AdmeUa  is 
lost ;  40  persons  perish. 

1861  Oct.  1.  Vic.  A  grand  Exhibi- 
tion of  Colonial  Products  and  indus- 
tries is  opened  by  the  governor  at 
Melbovirne. 

1864  Sept.  20.  X.  S.  W.  Aaron  Bu- 
zacott,  a  missionary  of  the  London 
Society,  dies,  A64. 

1865  June  29.  X.S.W.  The  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral  and  much  other 
property  at  Sydney  are  destroyed  by  tire. 


498      1866,  May  *-1887,  Apr.  22.      AUSTRALIA. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1866  May  *  N.  S.  IV.  The  Royal  So- 
ciety of  New  South  Wales  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *N.  S.  W,  The  Public  Schools  Act 
is  passed,  providiug  for  two  chisses  of 
schools  and  a  Council  of  Education. 

1867  *  *  S.A.  Francis  Cadell,  an  ex- 
plorer, navigates  the  Murray  liiver  to 
the  junction  of  the  Darling. 

*  *  Que.  The  Gympie  gold-field,  130 
miles  from  Brisbane,  is  discovered. 

1868  Mar.  28.  N.  S.  W.  The  founda- 
tion of  Capt.  Cook*s  monument  at 
Sydney  is  laid  by  the  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh, son  ol  Queen  Victoria. 

May  *  Vic.  Woolen  and  paper  manu- 
factories are  established. 

1869  *  *  Vic.  The  great  telescope  is 
set  up  at  the  Melbourne  Observatory. 

*  *  .V.  S.  W.  The  Free  Public  Library 
is  founded  at  Sydney. 

1870  Sept.  *  W.  A.  Gold  is  discov- 
ered. 

KTov.  *  Capt.  Cadell  makes  explorations 
in  South  Australia,  and  discovers  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Koper. 

1871  Nov.*  Vic.  Capt.  Burton  dis- 
covers gold  in  the  Bendigo  fields. 

1878  Feb.  2.  A'.  S.  W.  Capt.  Cook's 
statue  is  uncovered  at  Sydney. 

1880  *  *  .V.  S.  W.  State  aid  to  denomi- 
national schools  is  abolished ;  a  Minis- 
ter of  Public  Instruction  is  created. 

1882  *  ♦  Piturine,  a  narcotic,  la  first 
extracted  from  the  dried  leaves  of  the 
Duboisia  pituri. 

Dec.  18,  Srnest  Morrison  sets  out  to 
walk  across  the  continent,  southward, 
from  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  to  Mel- 
bourne. [He  accomplishes  the  journey 
in  120  days.] 

1886  May*  W.  A.  A  gold-field  is 
discovered  at  Perth. 

Oct.  *  S.  A.  Alluvial  gold  is  discovered 
at  Tatutpa,  Waukariuga. 

CHURCH. 

1866*  *  S.  A.  The  Moravians  estab- 
lish a  mission  for  the  aborigines  at 
Copperamana  [which  is  abandoned  in 
1872]. 

1868  Nov.  30.  N.  S.  W.  The  new 
cathedral  at  Sydney  is  consecrated. 

1869  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  dioceses  of 
Bathurst,  Armidale,  and  Grafton  are 
established. 

1872  Oct.  25.  N.  S.  W.  The  Synod 
of  the  Church  of  Australia  assembles  at 
Sydney. 

Dec,  15.  Vic.  John  Geddie,  mission- 
ary in  the  South  Seas,  dies  in  Geelong, 
A57. 

*  *  A  mission  in  the  Southwest  is 
opened  under  Mr.  Clark.- 

1873*  *The  Primitive  Methodist 
Church  heroically  attempts  to  found  a 
mission  on  Frazer's  Island  [afterwards 
at  Mackay]  ;  the  endeavor  fails. 


1875  *  *  Vic.    The  diocese  of  Ballarat 

is  established. 
1877*  *  S.  A.    Hermannsburg   is 

founded  by  the  Hermannsburg  Mission. 
The  mission  works  among  the  black 

natives,  who  prove  themselves  very  apt 

in  learning,  and  as  apt  in  forgetting. 

1878  *  *  Tas,  Penguin  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  United  Methodist 
Free  Churches. 

*  *  Que.  The  diocese  of  North  Queens- 
land is  established. 

*  *  The  Bavarian  Lutherans  reoccupy 
the  mission-station  in  Copperamana. 

1883  *  *N.S.  W.  The  diocese  of  Riv- 
erina  is  established. 

1884  Jan.  1.  N.S.W.  Alfred  Barry 
is  consecrated  bishop  of  Sydney  and 
metropoUtan  of  Australia. 

1885*  *  N.  S.  W.  The  archbishop  of 
Sydney,  Patrick  F.  Moran,  is  created 
a  cardinal. 

SOCIETY. 

1867  Nov.  23.  Vic.  The  Duke  of 
Fdinburgh  arrives  at  Melbourne. 

*  *  Vic.  An  address  is  presented  to  the 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  by  Edward 
Hently,  the  first  settler,  and  others. 

1868  Feb.  *  A'.  5.  jr.  The  Duke  visits 
Sydney. 

Mar.  12.  N.  S.  W.  At  a  picnic  at  Port 
Jackson,  a  Fenian  named  O'Farrell 
shoots  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  in  the 
hack.  [The  Duke  soon  recovers  from  his 
wound.    Apr.  4.    He  sails  for  England.] 

Apr.  21.  N.  S.  W.  O'Farrell,  the 
would-be  assassin  of  the  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh, is  executed  at  Sydney. 

1879  Feb.  8-10,  N.  S.  W.  A  band  of 
thieves  from  Victoria,  known  as  the 
•*  Kelly  Gang,"  seize  and  plunder  the 
town  of  Jerilderie. 

1880  Jime  27,  28.  Vic.  Ned  Kelly 
and  several  of  his  gang  of  bushrangers, 
robbers,  and  murderers,  are  captured 
and  sent  to  Melbourne.  [Nov.  11.  Kelly 
is  hanged.] 

*  *  Vic.  An  International  Temperance 
Convention  in  Melbourne  passes  a  reso- 
lution urging  each  colony  to  form  an 
alliance  for  securing  local  option. 

1885  *  *  Que.  Laws  favorable  to  local 
option  are  passed. 

*  *  Vic.  Chinese  immigrants  are  al- 
most entirely  excluded. 

STATE. 

1866  Aug.  13.  Vic.  The  new  gover- 
nor, John  H.  T.  Sutton,  arrives  at 
Melbourne. 

1867*  *  N.  S.  W.  The  Earl  of  Bel- 
more  is  governor. 

Mar.  *  Vic.  The  Ministers  from  the 
Australian  colonies  hold  a  postal  con- 
ference at  Melbourne  to  improve  postal 
communication  with  Europe. 

Dec.  30.  Vic.  The  parliament  at  Mel- 
bourne is  dissolved. 

1869  *  •  Eng.  Sir  Benjamin  C.  C.  Pine 
is  appointed  governor  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia. 


Mar,  12.  Vic.  The  Ministry  resigns, 
in  consequence  of  the  governor's  objec- 
tion to  the  insertion  of  the  Darling 
grant  in  the  Appropriation  Bill. 

Apr.  7.  Eng.  Frederick  A.  Weld  is 
appointed  governor  of  Western  Aus- 
tralia. 

May*  IV.  A.  Sir  Benjamin  C.  C.  Pine 
assumes  office  as  governor. 

July  *  Vic.  The  McCuUoch  Ministry 
settles  the  Darling  grant  question. 

Oct.  *  Vic.  The  McPherson  Ministry 
is  formed. 

Dec.  *  S.  A.  Sir  James  Pergusson  is 
governor. 

*  *  Que.  Gov.  Sir  George  Ferguson 
Bowen  retires  from  the  governorship, 
and  Gov.  Blackall  succeeds  him. 

1870  Apr.*  Vic.  A  new  McCuUoch 
Ministry  is  formed,  which  includes 
McPherson. 

May  *  Eng.  Premier  McCuUoch  is 
knighted  by  the  Queen.  [June  14.  Vic. 
He  resigns  his  office.] 

June  *  Vic.  The  union  of  the  five  colo- 
nies in  a  federation  is  discussed  in  the 
Assembly  at  Melbourne. 

*  *  Eng.  Representative  goverament 
is  granted  to  Western  Au.^tralia. 

*  *  W.  A.  A  liCgislative  Council  is 
elected  on  the  model  of  the  Constitu- 
tions of  1850,  consisting  partly  of  nomi- 
nee and  partly  of  elected  members. 

1871  Apr.  8.  Que.  The  Marquis  of 
Normanby  is  governor. 

July  13,  Eng.  Lord  Kimberley,  British 
Colonial  Secretary,  expresses  dissatis- 
faction with  the  complex  tariff  system 
of  the  four  colonies. 

July  *  Vic.  Sir  Charles  Gavan  Duffy 
becomes  premier. 

Sept.  27.  Delegates  from  the  four 
Australasian  colonies  meet  to  con- 
sider the  interference  of  the  British 
Government  with  their  local  fiscal 
arrangements. 

1872  May  29.  Vic.  Premier  Duffy 
resigns  on  an  adverse  vote  in  the  As- 
sembly. 

June  *  Vic.  Mr.  Francis  forms  a  Minis- 
try at  Melbourne. 

Dec.  *  N.  S.  W.  Sir  Hercules  Robin- 
son is  appointed  governor. 

*  *  The  members  of  parliament  begin  to 
receive  salaries  of  £300  a  year. 

1873  Jan.  *  N.  S.  W.  Delegates  from 
the  several  colonies  meet  in  conference 
to  discuss  customs  imion,  postal  af- 
fairs, and  arrangements  respecting  rail- 
ways. 

Feb.  *  Vic.  Sir  George  F.  Bowen  suc- 
ceeds Sir  John  H.  T.  Sutton  (Viscount 
Canterbury)  as  governor. 

*  *  Que.  The  Ministry  present  a  free- 
trade  budget. 

Apr.  *  N.  S.  ir.  Sir  Hercules  Robin- 
son, governor,  arrives. 

June  *  S.  A.  Sir  Anthony  Musgrave 
is  governor. 

1874  Sept.  22.  Que.  Willi  am  W, 
Cairns  is  appointed  governor. 


AUSTRALIA.        1866,  May  *-1887,  Apr.  22.   499 


Oct.  7.     W.  A.    ■William  C.  F.  Bobin- 

8on  is  appointed  governor. 

1875  Aug.*  i'ic.  A  ministerial  crisis 
is  caused  by  the  rejection  in  parliament 
of  the  free-trade  policy  proposed  by 
Premier  Kerford  ;  the  premier  resigns. 
Sir  William  Stowell,  the  acting  governor, 
refusing  to  dissolve  parliament. 

Oct.  *  Vic.  Graham  Berry,  the  premier, 
being  defeated  in  his  proposed  protec- 
tion scheme,  resigns  ;  the  objectionable 
feature  of  the  scheme  is  the  proposal  to 
tax  the  richer  more  heavily  than  the 
poorer  colonies. 

Oct.  *  Vic.  A  coalition  Ministry  is 
formed  by  Sir  James  McCuUoch. 

Nov.  *  Vic.  Tlie  Ministry  proposes  an 
income  tax,  with  a  tax  on  land  and 
realized  property. 

1876  June  *  Vic.  Parliament  passes 
the  income-tax  bill  by  a  majority  of 
three. 

Mar,  *- June*  Vic.  The  Administra- 
tion becomes  involved  in  a  dispute  witli 
the  Messrs.  Stevenson  respecting  the  un- 
der-valuation  of  their  goods  in  the  pay- 
ment of  duties ;  the  Stevenson  letters 
are  unlawfully  opened  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1877  Jan.  *  Que.  Sir  Arthur  Ken- 
nedy is  governor. 

Jan.  •  S.  A.  William  W.  Cairns  is 
governor. 

May  *  Vic.  The  elections  favor  the  Pro- 
tectionists, and  Premier  McCulloch  re- 
signs ;  Graham  Berry  is  again  ap- 
pointed premier. 

June  *  S.  A.  W.  F.  D.  Jerrois  is  gov- 
ernor. 

Oct.  30±.  Vic.  Premier  Berry's  Appro- 
priation, Defense,  and  Exhibition  Bills 
are  rejected  by  the  Legislative  Council. 

Oct.*  Vic.  Parliament  enacts  a  land-tax, 

*  •  IV.  A.  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Harry  St. 
George  Ord  is  governor. 

1878  Jan.*  Vic.  The  Legislative 
Council  dismisses  the  county  court 
and  judges;  the  Ministry  is  approved 
by  the  governor,  Sir  George  F.  Bo  wen. 

Feb,  13  +  .  Vic.  Overruling  the  Coun- 
cil, the  Assembly  orders  that  public 
creditors  shall  be  paid  by  its  vote 
alone. 

Dec.  10.  Vic.  The  Marquis  of  Nor- 
manby  Is  appointed  governor. 

1879  May  3.  N.  S.  W.  liord  Augus- 
tus  F,  Xjoftus  is  appointed  governor. 
[Aug.  4.    He  arrives  at  Sydney.] 

Sept.  *  Vic.  A  reform  bill  is  introduced 
in  parliament  by  Premier  Berry.  [Dec.  * 
It  Is  withdrawn.] 

1880  Feb.  9.  Vic.  Parliament  is  dis- 
solved. 

Feb.  28.  Vic.  The  elections  favor  the 
opponents  of  the  Ministry.  [Mar.  2.  The 
Ministry  resigns.  Mar.  3.  The  James 
Service  Ministry  is  formed.  June  24. 
Parliament  rejects  the  new  reform  bill. 
June  29.  The  Assembly  Is  dissolved. 
July  14.  The  Service  Ministry  re- 
stgns.] 


July  28.  Vic.  Graham  Berry  again 
forms  a  Ministry. 

*  *  W.  A.  Sir  W.  F.  Robinson  is  gov- 
ernor. 

*  *  Most  of  the  colonies  impose  a  poll-tax 
of  £10  on  all  Chinese  immigrants. 

*  *  Vic.  A  Federation  Council  meets 
at  Melbourne  ;  it  adjourns  to  Sydney. 

1881  J\ily  *  Vic.  Parliament  refuses 
Premier  Berry  a  vote  of  confidence ;  Sir 
Brien  O'Loghlen  becomes  premier,  and 
forms  a  new  Ministry. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  A  conference  is  held  at 
Sydney  to  pave  the  way  for  federation. 

1882  Nov.  •  S.  A.  Sir  W.  Robinson 
is  governor. 

*  *  W.A.  Sir  Frederick  Napier 
Broome  is  governor. 

1883  Jan,  3,  N.S.  W.  The  Ministry 
resigns ;  Alexander  Stuart  forms  a  new 
administration. 

Mar.  *  Que.  Sir  Anthony  Musgrave  is 
governor. 

Apr.  4.  Qtie.  The  Queensland  Govern- 
ment takes  possession  of  New  Guinea 
in  the  name  of  the  Crown. 

*  *  An  Australasian  army  and  navy 
are  being  slowly  developed  for  colonial 
defense. 

Dec.  6.  N.  S.  W.  A  conference  of 
delegates  representing  all  the  colonies 
opens  at  Sydney ;  it  recommends  the 
annexation  of  New  Guinea. 

Dec.  7.  N.  S.  W.  The  Intercolonial 
Conference  at  Sydney  adopts  a  scheme 
for  federation,  and  the  creation  of  a 
federal  council  for  Australasia. 

It  prepares  a  bill  [which  is  passed  by 
the  Imperial  Parliament  as  the  Federal 
Council  Act] ;  it  agrees  on  a  scheme  for 
the  introduction  of  an  intercolonial  ju- 
dicial system,  and  fails  to  agree  upon  a 
restrictive  policy  respecting  Chinese 
immigration.  [Dec.  8.  The  Conference 
closes.] 

1884  Mar.*  Vic.  The  Marquis  of  Nor- 
manby  resigns  the  governorship. 
[Apr.  10.  Sir  Henry  Brougham  Iioch 
is  appointed  governor.] 

June  30.  Vic.  Premier  Service  favors 
a  bill  for  the  confederation  of  the 
colonies. 

Aug.  *  The  federation  scheme  is  ac- 
cepted by  Victoria,  Tasmania,  and 
Queensland. 

Nov.  1±.  N.  S.  W.  The  federation 
scheme  is  rejected  in  the  Legislature 
by  a  majority  of  one. 

Dec.  *  Germany  protests  against  the  an- 
nexation by  Great  Britain  of  New  Guinea 
and  the  other  islands. 

1885  Jan.*  Woodlark  and  other 
islands  in  the  East  Indian  Archipelago 
are  formally  taken  possession  of  in  the 
name  of  the  British  crown. 

Feb.  1.  The  colonies  offer  to  the  Home 
Government  military  contingents  for 
the  reenf  orcement  of  Gen.  Gordon  in  the 
Soudan  war. 

Feb.  23.  N.  S.  W.  A  military  contin- 
gent, 800  strong,  is  ordered  for  the  Sou- 
dan, and  £30,000  are  raised  as  a  patriotic 
fund. 


Mar.  3.  N.  S.  W.  The  military  contin- 
gent embarks  for  Suakim  ;  the  patriotic 
fund  is  increased  to  £45,000. 

May*  The  military  contingent  returns 
from  Suakim. 

Dec.  9.  All  the  colonies  except  New 
South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  unite  in 
a  confederation. 

Dec.  11.  Lord  Derby  announces  that  the 
consideration  of  the  federal  scheme  is 
deferred. 

Dec.  12.  N.  S.  W.  Ijord  Carringtoij 
assumes  office  as  governor. 

Dec.  17.  iV.  S.  W.  The  ministry  re- 
signs; a  new  administration  Is  organ- 
ized by  Sir  John  Robertson. 

*  ♦  The  Federal  Council  of  Austra- 
lasia is  established. 

1886  Feb.  18.  Vic.  Duncan  Gillis 
forms  a  new  Ministry. 

Feb.  25.  N.  S.  W.  Sir  John  Robertson 
and  Patrick  Jennings  form  a  coalition 
Ministry. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866  Oct.  25.  Vic.  The  Interna- 
tional JGxhibition  is  opened  at  Mel- 
bourne. 

1868  Feb.  19.  S.  A.  Sir  Dominic 
Daly,  governor,  dies. 

1869  *  *  N.  S.  W.  The  railway  is  ex- 
tended to  connect  Sydney  with  Goul- 
burn. 

1870  Aug.  30.  N.  S.  W.  The  Gov- 
ernor-General, Lord  Belmore,  opens  the 
Intercolonial  Exhibition  at  Sydney. 

Sept.  8.  Vic.  The  Industrial  Mu- 
seum at  Melbourne  is  opened. 

1872  Aug.  22.  S.  A.  Adelaide  and 
Port  Darwin  are  connected  by  tele- 
graph. 

1874  Apr.  11.  Vic.  An  Industrial 
Exhibition  Is  opened  at  Melbourne  by 
the  governor. 

1878  *  *  S.  A.  The  first  railway  Is  be- 
gun at  Port  Augustus. 

1879  Sept.  17.  N.  S.  W.  An  Inter- 
national Exhibition  is  opened  by  the 
governor. 

1880  Oct.  *  Vic.  An  International 
Exhibition  is  opened  at  Melbourne. 

1882  Jan.  16.  N.  S.  W.  The  Wolver- 
ene is  presented  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment to  the  colony  of  New  South  AVales. 

Sept.  22.  iV.  S.  n\  The  Exhibition 
Building  at  Sydney  is  burned  down. 

1883  June*  Vic.  Direct  railway 
conununication  between  Melbourne 
and  Sydney  is  completed. 

1886  Mar.  30.  The  Ly-ee-Moon,  an 
Iron  steamer,  is  wrecked  oflF  Green  Cape  ; 
76  persons  perish. 

1887  Mar.  23.  N.  S.  W.  A  mine  ex- 
plosion occurs  at  Bulli  colliery,  near 
Sydney ;  85  men  are  killed. 

Apr.  22.  A  violent  hurricane  destroys 
a  pearl-fishing  fleet  on  the  northeast 
coast;  550  persons  are  lost. 


500     1887,  Oct.  *-1894,  Nov.  29.        AUSTRALIA. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1889  Apr.  10.  N.  S.  IV.  A  committee 
at  Sydney  reports  on  M.  Pasteur's  sug- 
gestion of  a  means  to  exterminate  rab- 
bits. 

Apr.  18.  N.  S.  W.  Destructive  floods 
occur. 

May  29.  N.  S.  W.  The  Meteorological 
Society  reports  a  destructive  hurri- 
cane extending  along  the  entire  coast, 
and  a  rainfall  never  before  equalled ; 
railroad  traffic  is  suspended  and  several 
lives  are  lost. 

July  21.  QuA^.  "Warner  Davidson  dis- 
covers a  bright  comet. 

1890  Jan.  5.  Qiie.  Floods  covering 
an  area  of  500  square  miles  do  great 
damage. 

Feb.  16.  Qiie.  Great  floods  again  pre- 
vail. 

Mar.  1.  Que.  Floods  damage  the  town 
of  Brisbane  to  the  amount  of  $1,500,000. 

Apr.  3.  Que.  A  cyclone  does  great 
damage. 

May  11.  Que.  Darling  is  surrounded 
by  floods. 

July  11- Aug.  *  Vic,  Floods  damage 
the  city  of  Melbourne  to  the  amount  of 
$2,000,000. 

1891  Jan.  31.  Que.  Floods  cause 
great  loss  of  life  and  property. 

Feb.  1.  Qiie.  The  country  suffers  again 
from  floods. 

Feb,  6.  Que.  Floods  prevail ;  a  large 
number  of  persons  are  drowned ;  part  of 
the  city  of  Brisbane  is  submerged. 

Feb.  7.  Que.  Brisbane  is  in  darkness  ; 
water  is  30  feet  deep  in  its  principal 
streets ;  500  houses  are  demolished. 

Feb.  8.  Qiie.  The  floods  have  sulv 
sided  ;  loss  of  life  and  property  is  greater 
than  at  first  reported. 

Feb.  10.  Que.  The  loss  by  the  flood  is 
estimated  at  $15,000,000. 

Feb.  19.  Que.— Vic.  Brisbane  and 
other  places  are  flooded ;  three  vessels 
are  stranded  in  the  Botanical  Garden  at 
Melbourne. 

1893  Aug.  0.  W.  A.  A  great  dis- 
covery of  gold  is  made  at  Coolgardie, 
near  Perth. 

CHURCH. 

1887  *  ♦  Que.    Bowen,  on  the  extreme 

northeast  coast,  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel,  with  one  missionary. 
1889  *  *  Vic.  Eamahyuck,  a  Moravian 
mission-station,  reports  one  missionary 
and  wife. 

*  *  Vic.  The  Ebenezer  Mission  reports 
one  married  and  one  unmarried  mission- 
ary ;  the  mission  buildings  are  on  a  plot 
of  ground  given  by  the  Government ;  the 
success  of  the  work  far  exceeds  the  an- 
ticipation of  the  missionaries. 

*  *  iV.  .9.  jr.  Norfolk  Island  is  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Society  for  the  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel ;  it  has  one 
missionary. 


'*'  '^  Macleag  is  a  station  of  the  Hermanns- 
burg  Evangelical  Lutheran  Mission. 

1890  *  *  S.  A.  Burkujanna  is  reported 
as  a  prosperous  mission-station  of  the 
Hermannsburg  Society. 

Apr.  9.  Qm.  At  Townsville,  C.  G, 
Barlow  is  installed  in  the  bishopric  of 
North  Queensland. 

1891  Jan.  1.  Vic.  At  Melbourne  the 
Anglican  Cathedral  is  consecrated 
with  imposing  ceremonies. 

SOCIETY. 

1888  Oct.  *  Vic.  Strikes  are  frequent 
among  workmen,  and  opposition  to  Chi- 
nese immigration  is  very  strongly  ex- 


1889  Apr.  30.  Vic.  John  Dillon, 
M.P.,  the  Irish  home  ruler,  addresses  a 
monster  meeting  at  Melbourne. 

June  *  N.  S.  W.  The  courts  of  Sydney 
decide  that  publishers  of  newspapers 
cannot  collect  pay  for  Sunday  adver- 
tisements, the  contracts  being  illegal. 

1890  May  11.  N.  S.  W.  Messrs.  Dil- 
lon, Deasy,  and  Esnionde,  Irish 
home-rule  advocates,  arrive  at  Sydney. 

May  16.  Vic.  Immense  meetings  are 
held  at  Ballarat  in  favor  of  Irish  home 
rule. 

June  21.  Vic.  Cardinal  Moran,  the 
chief  justice,  and  the  premier  of  Queens- 
land, are  proposed  as  arbitrators  of 
the  labor  troubles  in  Australia. 

June  28.  Vic.  Strikers  are  becoming 
disorderly. 

June  29.  The  shipping-trade  strike 
has  spread  to  New  Zealand. 

Aug.  7.  N.S.  W.  Strikersholdalarge 
demonstration  in  Sydney,  and  adopt 
resolutions  declaring  that  the  men  will 
stand  firm. 

Aug.  31.  Vic.  The  full  police-force  of 
Melbourne  and  1,000  special  constables 
are  on  duty  ;  40,000  men,  represent- 
ing all  trades,  form  in  procession  and 
parade  the  streets  ;  there  is  no  disturb- 
ance. 

Sept.  10.  N.  S.  W.  The  conference  of 
employees  at  Sydney  condemns  boy- 
cotting and  upholds  freedom  of  con- 
tract. 

Sept.  11.  N.  S.  W.  In  consequence  of 
the  strikes  7,000  men  are  out  of  work  in 
the  New  Castle  district. 

Sept.  15.  N.  S.  W.  The  Labor  Con- 
ference at  Sydney  adopts  a  proposal  to 
call  out  all  the  shearers,  wool-shed  labor- 
ers, and  carriers,  a  procedure  that  will 
affect  80,000  men. 

Sept.  19.  N.  S.  TV.  The  mayor  of  Syd- 
ney reads  the  riot-act  to  the  strikers. 
[Sept.  26.    Iiabor  troubles  continue,] 

1891  Feb.  24.  Qiw.  Troops  and 
armed  strikers  are  face  to  face  at  Cler- 
mont. 

Apr.  28.  A  scheme  is  drafted  to  bring 
Hebrew  immigrants  from  Poland  and 
the  southeast  of  Europe,  and  locate 
them  on  lands  in  Australia. 


May  2.  The  promoters  of  Hebrew  emi- 
gration from  Europe  are  informed  that 
Hussian  exiles  are  not  wanted. 

July  31.  N.  S.  W.  The  Assembly  re- 
jects the  bill  granting  the  right  of  suf- 
frage to  women.     Vote,  57-34. 

1892  Mar.  27.  Vic.  Attempts  are 
made  to  lynch  F.  B.  Deeming. 

Mar.  28.  Vic.  The  coroner's  jury  finds 
Deeming  guilty  of  murdering  his  wife 
and  four  children  at  Kainhill.  [Apr.  28. 
His  trial  begins  in  Melbourne.  May  9. 
He  is  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  b& 
executed  ;  he  confesses  that  he  mur- 
dered his  wife.     May  23.    He  is  hanged.] 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  White  workmen  protest 
against  the  introduction  of  colored 
labor. 

Aug.  11.  X.S.W.  The  shearers' strike 
is  declared  settled. 

Oct.  5.  Q?(«.  A  labor  vessel,  while  re- 
cruiting off  the  coast  of  Malayta,  Solo- 
mon Islands,  is  attacked  by  natives, 
looted,  and  its  crew  are  killed, 

Wov.  2.  N.  S.  W.  Strikers  on  the  docks 
resort  to  dynamite  just  as  business  is 
beginning  to  revive. 

STATE. 

1887  Oct.*  W.A.  The  Legislative 
Council  petitions  for  a  change  from  a 
Crown  colony  to  representative  gov- 
ernment. 

*  *  Londmi.  A  conference  of  delegates 
from  the  colonies  adopts  a  scheme  of 
Australasian  naval  defense. 

Nov.  24-25.  ^H»7.  Parliament  passes.. 
as  the  Australasian  Naval  Force  Act, 
the  scheme  adopted  by  the  colonial  con- 
ference.    [It  is  approved  by  the  Queen.) 

*  *  Londmi.  Parliament  passes  the  Brit- 
ish Settlements  Act. 

1888  Jan.  16-19.  Tas.  The  Fede- 
ration Comicil  meets  at  Hobart. 

May  16-18.  N.  S.  W.  The  Legislative 
Assembly  passes  a  Chinese  restriction 
bill,  regardless  of  the  treaties  of  Nanking 
and  Peking. 

June  14-16.  A  conference  of  the 
Australian  colonies  appeals  to  the  Im- 
perial Government  for  restriction  of 
Chinese  immigration. 

Nov.  *  Qxie.  Sir  Henry  Arthur  Blake 
is  appointed  governor.  [He  is  objected 
to,  and  he  resigns.] 

Aug.  13.  Londmi.  The  act  for  Impe- 
rial defense  passes  Parliament ;  it  pro- 
vides for  defraying  the  expenses  of  a 
naval  defense  of  the  Australasian  colo- 
nies. 

Dec.  *  Que.  Sir  Henry  "Wylie  Norman 
is  appointed  governor. 

Dec.  *  S.  A.  The  Earl  of  Kintore  is 
governor. 

*  *  London,  An  Imperialstatuteispassed 
providing  for  the  maintenance  of  a 
naval  force  of  seven  men-of-war  at 
the  Australian  station,  three  of  them  to 
be  kept  in  reserve. 

1889  Jan.  29-Feb.  4.  Tas.  The  Fed- 
eration Council  meets  at  Hobart. 


AUSTRALIA.         1887,  Oct.  * -1894,  Nov.  29.    501 


Feb.  2.  7'rts.  The  Federation  Council 
adopts  an  address  to  the  Crown. 

It  views  with  deep  anxiety  recent 
events  in  Samoa,  favors  treaties  guar- 
anteeing Sanioan  independence,  and  ex- 
presses the  opinion  that  foreign  domina- 
tion of  Samoa  (by  (iermany)  endangers 
the  safety  of  Australia. 

Feb.  2.  A'.  S.  JV.  Parliament  is  dis- 
solved. 
Mar.  6.  .V.  S.  ir.  The  Ministry  re- 
signs after  defeat  on  the  question  of 
protection.  [Mar.  14.  Sir  Henry  Parkes 
forms  a  new^  MinistirO 

Apr.  10.  A*. S.  tr.  The  (Jovernnient 
proposes  to  abolish  all  specific  duties 
and  to  adopt  direct  taxation. 

June  7.  Vic.  Parlianaent  is  opened 
at  Melbourne  by  Acting-Gov.  W.  C.  F. 
Robinson. 

June  22.  Vic  Gov.  Sir  Henry 
Brougham  Ijoch  accepts  the  governor- 
ship of  Capo  Colony. 

June  24,  25.  S.  A.  J.  A.  Cockburn 
forms  a  new  Ministry, 

July  16.  London.  The  House  of  Lords 
votes  ill  favor  of  granting  the  petition  of 
Western  Australia  for  responsible  gov- 
ernment. [The  question  is  deferred  in 
the  Commons.] 

July  22.  Vic.  The  Earl  of  Hopetoun 
is  appointed  governor. 

July  31.  A^  S.  W.  The  Legislative  As- 
sembly passes  a  bill  providing  for  the 
payment  of  yearly  salaries  to  its 
members. 

Nov.  10.  N.S.W.  At  a  public  meeting 
in  Sydney  resolutions  are  adopted  in 
favor  of  colonial  federation. 

Dec.  9.  The  federation  proposal  is  ac- 
cepted by  A'ictoria,  Queensland,  South 
Australia,  Western  Australia,  and  Tas- 
mania. [New  South  Wales  and  New 
Zealand  reject  it.] 

1890  Feb.  6.  Vic.  The  Australasian 
Federal  Conference  opens  at  Mel- 
bourne ;  the  prime  minister  of  A'ictoria 
is  elected  chairman. 

June  5.  S.  A.  Parliament  opens  at 
Adelaide;  the  prosperous  condition  of 
the  colony  is  reported. 

June  10,  Vic.  The  Legislative  Assem- 
bly unanimously  approves  the  scheme 
for  the  federation  of  the  Australian 
colonies,  and  appoints  delegates  to  the 
convention  for  that  purpose. 

June  *  The  scheme  for  the  federation 
of  the  colonies  grows  in  favor. 

July  27.  X.  S.  W.  The  Earl  of  Jer- 
sey is  appointed  governor. 

Aug.  7.  Que.  The  Cabinet  resigns, 
owing  to  a  lack  of  supptut  in  ]»arIiH- 
ment  on  its  budget  proposals. 

Aug.  8.  Qup.  A  new  Cabinet  is 
formed,  with  Mr.  Griffiths  as  prime 
minister. 

Sept.  11.  y.S.  W.  The  Legislative  As- 
sembly adopts  Sir  Henry  Parkes's 
scheme  for  federation.    Vote,  97-11. 

Sept.  21.  Vic.  A  Decimal  Coinage 
and  Metrical  'Weights  and  Measures 
Act  is  passed  by  the  Legislative  Assem- 
bly. 


Nov.  4.  Vic.  A  new  Cabinet  is  an- 
nounced at  Melbourne, 

Dec.  8.  Que.  The  Government  accepts 
the  Anglo-Mexican  treaty  of  Nov. 
27.  1888, 

♦  ♦  JV.  A.  The  colony  receives  a  bicam- 
eral constitution  and  respoosible  gov- 
ernment. 

1891  Mar.*  K.  S.  W,  A  Federal 
Convention  at  Sydney  [after  five 
weeks]  agrees  upon  a  constitution  to 
be  submitted  to  the  several  colonies. 

It  provides  for  a  federal  executive, 
legislature,  and  judiciary. 

Mar.  2.  A^.  S.  W.  The  Australasian 
Federal  Convention  meets  in  the  Par- 
liament House  at  Sydney,  having  seven 
representatives  from  each  colony,  except 
New  Zealand,  which  sends  only  three; 
Sir  Jlenry  Parkes  is  elected  president. 

Apr.  9,  A'.  5.  IV.  The  Australasian 
Federal  Convention  adopts  the  draft 
of  a  constitution. 

The  Federal  Parliament  Is  to  consist 
of  two  houses  somewhat  resembling 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of 
America ;  each  colony  to  be  represented 
by  an  equal  number  in  the  Senate  for 
the  protection  of  colonial  rights  ;  mem- 
bers of  the  popular  chamber  to  be  chosen 
according  to  the  population  :  each  colony 
to  elect  its  own  governor,  but  the  gov- 
ernor-general to  be  appointed  by  the 
Crown. 

*  *  N.  S.  W.  The  Federal  Conven- 
tion at  Sydney  closes, 

*  *A  bill  to  constitute  a  •'Common- 
wealth Australia"  is  afterwards  in- 
troduced into  the  parliaments  of  the 
several  colonies.  [The  people  evince 
but  little  interest  in  the  matter.] 

May  25.  The  colonies  decide  to  join  the 
International  Postal  Union  in  Oc- 
tober. 

Jime  30.  A".  S.  W.  The  complete  elec- 
tion returns  show  that  the  Opposition 
has  elected  57  members,  the  Ministerial- 
ists 51,  the  Labor  Party  26,  and  the  In- 
dependents 3  ;  grouped  according  to 
tariff  policy,  the  representatives  will 
number  75  for  protection,  and  62  for 
free  trade. 

July  31.  A^  S.  }V.  The  Legislative 
Assembly  rejects  the  motion  of  Sir 
Henry  Parkes  in  favor  of  woman  suf- 
frage.    Vote,  57-34. 

Sept.  6.  J'ic.  The  Legislature  passes 
the  Federation  Bill,  but  adopts  an 
amendment  excluding  New  Zealand 
from  the  federation. 

Oct.  18±.  A^  S.  W.  Sir  Henry  Parkes, 
premier,  resigns.  [Oct.  23.  A  new  cabi- 
net is  formed  by  Mr.  Dibbs.] 

Dec.  19.  A^.  S.  W.  Parliament  adopts 
a  protective  tariff  bill  after  a  sitting 
of  36  hours.    Vote,  60-3. 

1892  Jan.  6.  S.  A.  A  new  Ministry 
is  formed. 

1893  Feb.  3,  A^  S.  W.  Kobert  W. 
Duff  is  appointed  governor. 

Mar.  24.  Que.  The  Intercolonial 
Postal  Conference  at  Brisbane  agrees 
to  a  resolution  to  establish  a  Pacific 
cable  between  Australia  and  Vancouver. 


Apr.  29.  Australian  savings-banks 
are  to  be  consolidated  with  the  postal 
service. 

1894  Nov.  29.  The  Australian  pre- 
miers convene  to  discuss  Imperial  fed- 
eration and  intercolonial  free  trade. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887  *  *N.S.  W.  The  Government 
offers  a  reward  of  £25,000  for  the  de- 
vising of  means  of  exterminating  Eu- 
ropean rabbits,  which  have  become  a 
destructive  i>e8t. 

1888  Aug.  1.  Vic.  The  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  is  opened  at  Mel- 
bourne. 

Aug.  21.    N.  S.  W.    Richard  Jonis  dies, 

A76. 
Sept.  28,    Sir    Thomas    Cockburn 

Campbell,  4th  baronet,  politician,  dies, 

A47. 
Oct,  9.    Qiie.    Sir  Anthony  Musgrave, 

governor,  dies. 

1889  May  25.  A^.  S.  W.  A  great 
storm  causes  loss  of  life. 

June  22.  N.  S.  W.  At  Newcastle  70 
miners  are  entombed  in  a  pit;  all  are 
rescued  except  two. 

1890  Feb.  22.  Vic.  The  West  Mel- 
bourne docks  are  opened. 

Apr.  5.  Vic.  The  Melbourne  Exhi- 
bition closes  with  a  deficit  of  about 
$1,000,000. 

July  12.  A^.  5.  W.  J.  B.  Watson, 
"  Quartz  Keef  King,"  dies,  A64. 

Oct.  1.  N.  S.  W.  Sydney  suffers  a  loss 
of  £750,000  by  fire. 

1891  Feb.  7.  S.  A.  The  wheat  crop 
is  12,600.000  bushels,  with  probably  9,000,- 
000  bushels  available  for  export. 

Aug.  28.  A^.  S.  W.  By  a  coUision  of 
steamers  near  Sydney,  26  lives  are  lost. 

Dec,  1.  Eng.  Charles  Perry,  first  bishop 
of  Melbourne,  dies,  A84. 

1892  Mar.  5.  Vic.  The  Mercantile 
Bank,  Melbourne,  suspends,  though 
having  an  excess  of  assets. 

1893  Feb.  4.  Fr.  The  French  Cabinet 
approves  the  proposition  to  lay  a  cable 
from  the  French  colony  of  New  Cale- 
donia to  Australia. 

May  15.  N,  H.  W.  Sydney  Linton,  bishop 
of  Riveriua,  dies,  A5I. 

1894  Apr.  4.  Vic.  The  Commercial 
Bank  of  Melbourne  suspends  payment. 

Apr.  6.      Vic.    The    Colonial    Bank, 

Alexandria,  suspends. 
Apr.  20.  The  (Australian)  Joint-Stock 

Bank  of  London  fails. 
Apr.  25.    The    London    Chartered 

Bank  suspends ;  the  suspension  of  thb 

Standard  Bank  of  Australia  follows. 
May  9.     Vic.    The  Bank  of  Victoria, 

Melbourne, suspends ;  liabilities, £2,400,- 

000. 
June  15.    Three  more  bank  failures 

are    reported ;    the  London  Stock    Ex- 

change  is  panicky  ;  three  defaulters  are 

posted. 
Jime  16.      Vic.     The    City    of    MeU 

bourne  Bank  falls. 


502    179  B.C.-A.D.  1127,**.    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Austria-Hungary  fs  a  state  of  Central  Europe,  having  Vienna  for  its  oapital.  Area,  240,942  square  miles ;  population  in 
1890,  41,358,886.  It  is  one  of  the  great  powers,  and  has  a  constitutional  government  administered  by  an  hereditary  monarchy. 
The  people  comprise  several  races  ;  of  these  about  one-half  are  Slavs,  ono-fourth  Germans,  one-sixth  Magyars,  and  one-fifteenth 
Koumanians.  The  greater  part  of  the  people  are  Roman  Catholics  in  religion,  but  the  Protestants  and  Greek  Catholics  each 
number  several  millions  of  adherents.  Little  is  known  of  the  peoples  dwelling  before  the  Christian  era  in  that  part  of  the 
basin  of  the  Danube  which  now  belongs  to  Austria-Hungary. 

Note.  —  The  very  extensive  literature  of  this  country  is  almost  entirely  omitted  In  these  pages  to  economize  space. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
115*  *  B.  c.    Thecountry  of  theTaurisci 
is  invaded  by  the  Roman  consul.  Marius 
^^milius  Seaurus,  who  meets  the  Ger- 
man tribes  as  he  advances  northward. 

17  *  *  A.  D.  Maroboduua,  a  prince  of 
the  Marcomanni,  is  conquered  by  the 
Germans  under  Arminius. 

169*  *-180*  *"War  between  the 
Goths  and  the  Homans. 

170  *  *  The  legate  Vindex  is  defeated 
by  barbarians,  and  loses  20,000  men. 

174  *  *  The  Roman  army  is  saved  from 
the  Quadi,  as  by  a  miracle. 

356*  *-359*  *  Aust.-Hung.  The  Ale- 
manni,  Quadi,  and  Sarmatce  invade 
Khsetia  and  Fannonia,  and  ravage  the 
country  till  they  are  repulsed  with  great 
loss. 

788  *  *  The  Avari  cross  the  river  Enns, 
and  attack  Bavaria,  but  are  repulsed  by 
Charlemagne. 

806  *  *  The  Franks  invade  Bohemia 
with  three  armies,  and  force  the  inhabi- 
tants to  pay  tribute. 

892  *  *  The  Hungarians  attack  Mora- 
via without  success. 

907  *  *  Hung.  The  Hungarians  terribly 
defeat  the  Germans  at  Presburg. 

910  *  *  Ger.  The  Germans  are  again  de- 
feated near  Augsburg,  in  Bavaria. 

*  *  *  The  Germans  defeat  the  Hungari- 
ans before  Wels. 

024  *  *  It.  The  Hungarians  invade 
Italy,  and  burn  Pavia. 

933*  *  Ger.  The  Hungarians  are  re- 
pulsed by  Henry  of  Saxony  before 
Mersebiu-g, 

936*  *  Bohemia  is  invaded  by  two  Ger- 
man armies,  which  enter  by  way  of 
Thuriiigia  and  Saxony. 

955  *  *  Hung.  Otho,  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, repulses  the  Hungarians,  con- 
quers their  territory,  and  annexes  it. 

1025  ±  *  *  Bohemia.  Bretislav  I.  con- 
quers Silesia  and  Lesser  Poland,  and 
takes  Cracow  by  assault. 

1067  *  *  Transylvania.  The  invading 
Cumans  (or  Polovtses)  are  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Cserhalom. 

1089  *  *  Hung.  King  Ladislaus  I.  con- 
quers Croatia. 

1102  *  *  Hung.  King  Coloman  wrests 
Dalniatia  from  the  Venetians. 

1127  *  *  Galicia.  Stephen  II.  of  Hun- 
gary avenges  his  father  by  conquering 
Premysl.  [He  is  soon  driven  away,  and 
loses  many  towns  on  the  coast  of  the 
Adriatic.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

463  *  •  Attila.  "  The  Scourge  of  (iod,"  Kmg 
of  the  Huns,  dies  In  Hungary. 


869  *  *  Arpad.  founder  of  the  Hungarian 
monarchy,  born. 

885  Apr.  d.  Methodius.  Greek  mission- 
ary to  ."Slavonians,  dies. 

893  *   *  Savatopulk,  King  of  Moravia,  dies. 

907  *  *  Arpad,  King  of  Hungary,  A38. 

956  *  *  Adalbert,  Saint,  Apostle  to  Prus- 
sians, born. 

967  *   *  Boleslav,  King  of  Bohemia,  dies. 

979*  ''Stephen  I.,  Saint,  born  at  Gran, 
Hungary. 

991  *  *  Leopold  I.,  Margrave  of  Austria,  dies. 
997  *  *  Adalbert,  Saint,  patron  saint  of  Bo- 
hemia, murdered. 

1038  Aug.  15.  Stephen  I..  Saint,  Kingof 
Hungary,  A59. 

1044  *  *  Aba  Samuel,  or  Aba  Samu,  King  of 
Hungary,  dies. 

1047  •  ♦  Andrew  I.,  King  of  Hungary,  is  as- 
sassinated. 

loei  *  •  Bela  I.,  King  of  Hungary,  killed  by 
the  fall  of  a  tower. 

1063  *  *  Andrew,  King  of  Hungary,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

366  *  *  IL    St.  Damasus  is  pope. 

367  *  *  It.    Ursicinus  is  (anti)  pope. 

±*  *Ulfilas  (Wulfila),  the  scholar, 
preaches  to  the  Arian  Goths,  and  makes 
a  Gothic  translation  of  the  Scriptures. 

380  *  *  Hung.  A  Church  Council  is 
held  at  Sirmlum;  it  condemns  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Arians. 

381*  *  Aust.  A  Church  Council  is  held 
at  Aquileia ;  it  condemns  the  Arians. 

384  *  *  It.  Siricius  is  pope.  [398,  St. 
Anastasius  ;  795,  Leo  III.] 

710*  *  Aust.  St.  Emeran  of  Poictiers 
founds  the  bishopric  of  Salzburg. 

804  *  *  Hung.  The  Greek  missionaries, 
Cyril  and  Methodius,  preach  to  the 
Slavs,  and  adapt  the  Greek  alphabet  to 
the  Slavonian  language. 

845  *  *  Bohemia.  Fourteen  nobles  are 
baptized  at  Kegensburg. 

863  *  *  or  864  *  *  Moravia.  St.  Cyril 
and  his  brother  Methodius  propagate 
Christianity  among  the  Moravians. 

874±  *  *  Bohemia.  Christianity  is  in- 
troduced ;  Borivoy,  the  first  Christian 
prince,  builds  the  first  Bohemian 
church,  and  dedicates  it  to  St.  Clement. 

891*  *  It.  Formosus  is  pope.  [896, 
Boniface  IV. ;  985,  John  XVI.] 

906  *  *  Bohemia  accepts  Christianity 
through  the  etf ort  of  Princess  Dubravka, 
who  first  converted  her  husband,  Prince 
Mieczyslaw. 

925  *  *  Bohemia.  St.  Ludmila  is  canon- 
ized.   [934,  St.  "Wenceslaus.] 

974  *  *  Hung.  The  Pope  is  informed  of 
the  conversion  of  5,000  Hungarians 
by  Pilgrim. 

983*  *  Bohemia.  St.  Adalbert  is  bishop 
of  Prague. 

989  *  *  Bohemia.  St.  Adalbert  becomes 
discouraged  with  the  vices  of  the  clergy, 
and  retires  to  a  monastery. 

992  *  *  Hung.  Christianity  is  intro- 
duced in  the  reign  of  Geyza,  who  mar- 


ried Clotilde  of  France,  a  Christian 
princess. 

994+  *  *  Hung.  Duke  Stephen  is  bap- 
tized. [He  completes  the  conversion  4»f 
his  people.] 

996*  *  It.  Gregory  V.  is  pope.  [999,  Sil- 
vester.] 

1000  *  *  Hung.  Stephen  establishes  the 
Boman  Catholic  religion ;  he  receives 
the  title  of  Apostolic  King  from  the 
Pope.    [The  title  is  still  used.] 

1003  *  *  //.  John  XVII.  is  pope ;  soon 
dies  ;  later  John  XVIII. 

1032  *  *  Bohemia.  Prince  Oldric  founds 
the  Monastery  of  Sazava,  in  which 
the  Slav  liturgy  is  used. 

1060+  *  *  Hung.  Bela  I.  suppresses  a 
new  rising  of  the  pagans  against  Chris- 
tianity. 

1088*  *  It.  Urban  II.  is  pope.  [1099,. 
Pascal  II.] 

1092  *  *  Hung.  Ladislaus  promulgates  a 
law  in  opposition  to  a  recent  decision 
of  Pope  Gregory  VII,,  permitting  the 
priests  to  marry. 

1096*  *  Hung.  The  First  Crusade 
crosses  Hungary  ;  depredations  abound. 

LETTERS. 

864  *  *  The  Greek  missionaries  preach  in 
Slavonia,  and  adapt  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet to  the  Slavonic. 

SOCIETY. 

921*  *  Bohemia.  Saint  Ludmila  1» 
murdered. 

1047  *  *  Hung.  King  Andrew  is  assas- 
sinated by  his  brother. 

1063  *  *  Hung.  King  Solamon  is  de- 
posed by  his  son. 

1108*  *  Bohemia.  The  turbulent  fam- 
ily of  the  Vesovici  is  massacred. 

STATE. 

179*  *  B.  c.  Aust.  latria  becomes  a  Ro- 
man province. 

129**  B.C.  Aust.  niyriaandDalma- 
tia  become  Roman  provinces. 

14  *  *  B.  c.  The  country  is  inhabited  by 
the  Taurisci,  a  Celtic  race  [later  called 
Norici],  whom  the  Romans  incorporate 
with  their  armies,  or  transport  to  other 
lands.  

30+  *  *  A.  D.  Hungary,  a  part  of  an- 
cient Pannonia,  and  Dacia  become 
subject  to  the  Komans  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius. 

33+  *  *  Aust.  The  Romans  annex  (Ester- 
reich  ("  Eastern  kingdom,"  east  from 
Germany,  anciently  called  Noricum) 
and  part  of  Pannonia, 

274*  *The  Goths,  after  conquering 
Dacia,  erect  the  double  kingdom  of  the 
Westgoths  and  the  Sastgoths. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    179,  b.c-a.d.  1127,^ 


503 


the 


376 '-  •  *  Hungary   is    invaded    by 
Huns,  who  drive  out  the  Goths. 

437  ♦  *  Hunri.  Attila  [known  as  the 
Scourge  of  God]  becomes  king  of  the 
Huns.  [He  conquers  Pannonla  and  other 
countries.] 

447*  *  Hung.  The  Romans  abandon 
Sirmia  to  Attila,  engaging  to  pay  him 
heavy  tribute 

r>th  and  6th  Centuries.  The  country  Is 
successively  overrun  by  the  Boii, 
Vandals,  Heruli,  Rugii,  Cloths,  Huns, 
Lombards,  and  Avari. 

500  *  *  Hungary  is  held  by  the  Lom- 
bards. 

550i  •  •  Hunq.  The  Czechs,  or  Slavs, 
take  possession  of  the  plains  of  Hun- 
gary. 

568*  ♦Hungary  is  overrun  by  the 
Avari. 

The  river  Enns  divides  the  people  of 
German  origin  from  the  Avari,  who  come 
from  the  East. 

748  *  *  Aust.  Borut  is  prince  of  Carin- 
thia.  [750,  Karat;  753,  Chotimir ;  772, 
Valaduc] 

*  *  Bohemia.    Premysl  becomes  duke. 

*  *  Hung.   Fagan  princes  rule  [till  870] . 
759  *  *  Bohemia.    Prague  is  founded. 
791  *  *  -796  *  »  Aust.       Charlemagne 

delivers  Austria  from  the  pagans,— 
Huns,  Avari,  and  others. 

817  ±  *  *  Aust.  Louis  the  German,  son 
of  Louis  le  D^bounaire,  defeats  Kadbod, 
the  margrave  (lord  or  governor)  of  Aus- 
tria, and  annexes  his  dominions. 

823  *  *  Hung.  Ljudevit  becomes  prince 
of  Croatia. 

Boma  succeeds  Ljudevit.  [830,  Povin; 
892,  Matlmir  ;  900,  Kresimir  ;  9.58,  Kresi- 
mlr  II.;  968,  Zedeslav  ;  970,  Drzislav.] 

870  *  *  Bohemia.  Borzivoj  becomes 
duke.  [Dukes  rule  the  country  till 
1198.] 

8742:  *  *  Moravia  throws  off  the  German 
yoke. 

876  *  *  Austria  is  enlarged  by  the  addi- 
tion of  Bavaria. 

883  *  *  Aust.  The  Bavarian  descendants 
of  Kadbod  the  margrave  revolt  against 
Charles  the  Fat,  Emperor  of  the 
Franks. 

884  •  *  Hung.  The  history  of  Hun- 
gary properly  begins  with  the  appear- 
ance of  the  Magyars. 

889  *  *  Hung.  Arpad,  the  founder  of 
the  Hungarian  dynasty,  and  chief  of 
the  Magyars,  flourishes.  [He  conquers 
all  of  Hungary  and  Transylvania  ;  kings 
of  his  line  follow  until  1309.] 

•  *±  Hung.  Pesth  [Budapest]  is 
founded. 

890±  *  *  Moravia  under  Savatopulk  is  a 
powerful  state. 

•  *  Austria  loses  Pannonia,  which  goes 
to  Croatia. 

884  »  *  Moravia  is  invaded  by  a  great 
host  of  Hungarians,  of  Finnish  origin, 
having  according  to  tradition  216,000 
warriors. 

•  *  Bohemia.  Spitchnev  I.  becomes 
duke. 


900  *  *  Moravia  is  invaded  by  Bava- 
rians and  Czechs. 

912*  *  Bohemia.  Vratislav  is  duke. 
[925.  Vacslav  the  Saint  is  duke.  936, 
Boleslav.    967,  Boleslav  II.] 

937  *  *  Austria  is  destroyed  as  a  march 
and  absorbed  by  the  Magyars,  whose 
frontier  is  bounded  by  the  river  Enns. 

950  *  *  Bohemia  is  forced  to  pay  trib- 
ute to  Otho  I.,  Emperor  of  Germany. 

955  Aug.  10.  Aust.  The  Bavarian 
Ostmark  is  reestablished  on  the  Lech- 
feld  (Augsburg)  by  the  defeat  of  the 
Hungarians.  [Later  it  is  transformed 
into  the  duchy  of  Austria.] 

*  *  Hung.  Otho  I.  takes  territory  from 
the  Hungarians,  and  annexes  it  to  Ger- 
many. 

962  *  •  The  German  states  become  [con- 
tinuously] connected  with  the  Holy 
B.oman  (German)  Bmpire. 

972*  *  Hung.  Geiza,  the  first  paciflc 
king  of  pagan  Hungary,  is  enthroned. 

973  *  *  Aust.  The  dynasty  of  Leopold 
of  the  House  of  Babenberg  begins.  [It 
lasts  263  years.]    Leopold  I.  is  margrave. 

976  *  *  Aust.  Henry  of  Scheyer  is  in- 
dependent duke  of  Carinthia.  [978,  Otho 
of  'Wormsfeld;  995,  duke  the  second 
time ;  lOU,  Conrad  I.  of  Wormsfeld  ; 
1012,  Adelbero  of  Eppenstein  ;  1035,  Con- 
rad I,  of  Wormsfeld.] 
984  *  *  Vienna  is  the  capital  of  Austria. 
991  ♦  *  Aust.    Ottocar  I.  is  margrave  of 

Styria.     [1038,  Ottocar  HI.] 
994  •  *  Aust.    Henry  I.,  son  of  Leopold 

I.,  is  margrave. 
997  *  *  Hung.     Duke  Stephen  (Saint) 
assumes  the  title  of  king. 
[He  extends  his  kingdom  eastward,  and 

fives  a  constitution  and  written  laws, 
[ungarians   honor  him   as   the  second 


founder  of  their  nation,  the  first  being 
the  legendary  Arpad.] 
1000    Aug.  15.     Hung.      Stephen    is 
crowned  at  Gran  with  a  crown  sent  by 
the  pope. 

*  *  Aiist.  Kresimir  I.  is  king  of  Croatia. 
[1035,  Stephen  I.  ;  1056,  Kresimir  II.] 

1002+  *  *  Bohemia  resists  Boleslav  the 
Brave  of  Poland. 

*  *  *  Hungary  receives  an  extensive  im- 
migration of  Germans. 

1004  *  *  Bohemia.  Jaromir  becomes 
duke.  [1012,  Oldric  ;  1037,  Betislav  I.  ; 
anarchy  follows.] 

1018*  *  Aust.  Albert  I.  the  Victorious 
(over  the  Magyars)  is  margrave.  [The 
ostmark  almost  doubles  its  size  under 
his  rule.] 

1030  *  *  Styria  is  created  a  margravate. 

1038*  *  Hung.  Peter  I.,  nephew  of 
Stephen  I.,  is  enthroned. 

1039  *  *  Aust.  There  is  an  interreg- 
num in  Carinthia.  [It  continues  till 
1046.] 

1040+  *  *  [Austria]  is  taken  from  the 
Hungarians  and  Joined  to  Germany. 

1041  *  *  Hung.  Aba  or  Owen  becomes 
king. 

*  *  Bohemia  is  conquered  by  the  German 
Emperor  Henry  III.,  who  devastates  the 
country. 


1044  *  *  Hung.  Peter  the  German  is 
again  enthroned. 

1046  *  •  Hung.  Peter  is  dethroned  by  a 
popular  assembly  at  Csanad. 

*  *  Hung.  Andrew  I.  becomes  king. 
[He  is  assassinated  in  1060  by  his  brother 
Bela.] 

1047  *  *  Aust.  'Welf  of  Altorf  becomes 
the  independent  duke  of  Carinthia. 
[1057,  Conrad  III. ;  1059,  Berthold.] 

1055  *  *  Bohemia.  Spitchnev  II.  be- 
comes duke.  [1061,  Vratislav  II. ;  1110, 
Borzivoj.] 

1056  *  *  Aust.  Ernest  the  Valiant  be- 
comes margrave. 

1060  *  *  Hung.  Bela  I.  deposes  Andrew 
and  becomes  king. 

1061  *  *  Hungary  is  overrun  by  Poles. 
1063  •  *  Hung.    Salomon  becomes  kmg. 

[1077,  Ladislaus  the  Saint.] 
1073*  *  Aust.  Markhardt  of  Eppenstein 
becomes  hereditary  duke  of  Carinthia. 
[1076,  Liutoid  ;  109O,  Henry,  Margrave  of 
Istria;  1122,  Henry  IV.;  1124,  Egelbert, 
margrave  of  Istria ;  1134,  Ulrich  I.] 

1074  *  '  Aust.  Slavisa  becomes  king  of 
Croatia.  [1076,  Demetrius  Zvonimir ;  in 
his  reign  Croatia  attains  the  zenith  of 
her  power.] 

1075  *  *  Aust.  Leopold  II.  the  Hand- 
some becomes  margrave.  [He  resists 
the  Emperor  until  reduced  to  submis- 
sion.] 

1086  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  rewards 
Vratislav  II.  with  the  title  of  king. 

1087  *  *  Aust.  Stephen  II.  becomes 
kingof  Croatia  by  conquest.  [1102.  He 
assumes  the  title.] 

1092*  *  Aust.  Ottocar  IV.  becomes  mar- 
grave of  Styria.  [1122,  Leopold  the 
Strong;  1129,  Ottocar  V.] 

1095  *  *  Hung.  Koloman,  the  nephew 
of  Ladislaus,  becomes  king. 

1096  *  *  Aust.  Leopold  III.  the  Saint 
becomes  margrave  **  by  the  grace  of 
God." 

*  *  Werner  is  the  first  named  Count  of 
Hapsburg;  in  this  family  is  established 
the  House  of  Hapsburg  [from  which 
the  Imperial  House  of  Austria  is  de- 
rived]. 

1100  *  *  Hung.  Croatia  is  united  with 
Hungary  on  the  death  of  Stephen  II., 
its  king. 

1102  *  *  Hung.  Koloman  is  crowned 
king  of  Croatia  ;ind  Dalmatia,  after 
conquering  the  former. 

1114  *  *  Hitng.  Stephen  II.  (Thunder), 
13  years  of  age,  becunies  king. 

1120*  *  Ilo/iemw.  Vladislav  I.  be- 
comes duke.  [1125,  Sobieslaus  1.;  1140, 
Vladislav  II.] 

1126*  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  being 
defeated,  renounces  his  claims,  and  rec- 
ognizes Sobieslaus  as  prince. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

453  *  *  Hung.  Attila,  the  chief  of  the 
Huns,  drinks  so  freely  of  honey  and 
water  on  his  wedding-day  that  he  dies 
of  suffocation. 


504      1131,  *  *-1326,  *  *        AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1140*  *  Aust.  Guelf  attempts  to  recon- 
quer Bavaria  from  tlie  margrave  of 
Austria,  and  is  defeated  in  the  battle  of 
"Weinsberg. 

1203*  *  Hung.  The  Venetians,  aided  by 
the  Crusaders,  take  Zadar  from  Hun- 
gary, 

1240±  *  *  Hungary  is  terrorized  by  an 
invasion  of  Mongols,  who  are  irresisti- 
ble for  a  time. 

12^1**  Hung.  The  Mongols  are 
cheeked  by  a  defeat  at  Grobnik.  [They 
reappear,  devastate  the  country,  and 
commit  horrible  cruelties.] 

1246  *  *  Hang.  Bela  IV.  defeats  the 
Emperor  Frederick  II.,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Leitha,  where  Frederick  is  killed. 

1255  ♦  *  Bohemia.  Rudolph,  Count  of 
Hapsburg,  Emperor  of  Germany,  assists 
King  Ottocarin  his  crusade  against  the 
pagans  of  Prussia. 

1260*  *  Bohemia.  Ottocar  is  compelled 
to  cede  Styria  to  Hungary,  but  soon  re- 
gains it  as  the  fruit  of  a  great  victory. 

*  *  .\forai'ia.  Bela  IV.  of  Hungary  is 
defeated  by  Ottocar  on  the  plains  of 
Moravia;  18,000  men  are  killed. 

1270±  •  *  Aust.  War  breaks  out  be- 
tween Bohemia  and  Hungary ;  the  Ma- 
gyars ravage  Austria,  and  carry  away 
16,000  captives. 

1274  *  *  Bohemia.  Budolph  marches 
against  Ottocar  as  a  rebel. 

1275  May  15.  Ottocar,  having  refused 
to  pay  homage  to  the  Emperor  for  bis 
lands,  is  placed  under  the  ban  of  the 
Empire. 

1276*  *  Vienna.  The  Emperor  Rudolph 
takes  the  city. 

*  *  King  Ottocar  of  Bohemia  18  forced  to 
sign  a  treaty  by  which  he  surrenders  to 
the  Emperor,  Austria,  Styria,  Carinthia, 
and  Carniola,  and  holds  Bohemia  and 
Moravia  as  flefs  of  the  Empire. 

1278  Aug.  26.  Aust.  Rudolph  of  Haps- 
burg, having  secured  Ladislaus  IV.,  the 
King  of  Hungary,  as  an  ally,  defeats  the 
Bohemians  in  the  battle  of  Marchfeld, 
near  Vienna,  one  of  the  most  terrible  of 
the  Middle  Ages  ;  Ottocar  is  killed. 

1290  *  *  Bohemia.  King  Wenceslaus 
takes  possession  of  Cracow  and  Lesser 
Poland. 

1314  *  *  -22  *  *  War  rages  between 
Louis,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  and  Frederick 
of  Austria  ;  they  are  rivals  for  the  Im- 
perial crown. 

1315  Nov.  15i:.  Switz.  The  revolt- 
ing Swiss  Confederates  (1,400)  under 
Unterwaldeu  utterly  defeat  the  Aus- 
trians  (15,000)  under  I>uke  I^eopold  in 
the  mountain-pass  at  Morgarten;  1,500 
men.  the  flower  of  the  Austrian  chiv- 
alry, perish. 

1322  Sept.  28.  Ger.  Frederick,  Duke 
of  Austria,  contending  for  the  crown  of 
the  (German  Empire,  is  defeated  and 
captured  by  Louis,  Duke  of  Bavaria, 
at  the  battle  of  Ampfing,  near  Muhl- 
dorf,  Bavaria. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1173*  *  Stephen  III.,  Kingof  Hungary,  dies. 
1176  *  *  Andrew  II.,  King  of  Hungary,  born. 

1197  *  ♦  Henry  VI.,  Emperor  of  (lerniaiiy,  <i. 

1198  *  *  Leopold  VI.,  the  Glorious,  Luke,  is 
killed  in  battle. 

1S07  •  *  Elizabeth.  Saint,  b.  at  Presburg. 

1216  *  *  Rudolph  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 
bom. 

1330  •  •  Leopold  VI.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

1231  *  *  Elizabeth.  Saint,  A24. 

1336  *  *  Andrew  II.,  King  of  Hungary,  A60. 

1246  June  16.  Frederic  II..  the  Fighter, 
the  last  male  of  the  House  of  liamberg,  is 
killed  in  battle  with  the  Hungarians. 

1353  *  *  Wenceslaus,  King  of  Bohemia,  dies. 

1378  Aue.  36.  Ottocar  11.,  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, is  killed. 

1291  July  15.  Rudolph  I.,  Emperor  of 
(iermany,  dies. 

1301  *  •  Andrew  IIL,  King  of  Hungary,  d. 

1305  *  *  Wenceslaus  1 1.,  King  of  Bohemia,  d. 

1307  *  *  Rudolph,  King  of  Bohemia,  is  killed 
in  the  war. 

Gessler,  Hermann,  the  Austrian  bailiflf,  is 
killed  by  WiUiam  Tell.  (?) 

1308  *  *  Albert,  Emperor  of  Germany,  fs 
murdered  by  John  the  Parricide. 

1313  •  '  Henry  VH.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 

dies. 
1316  •   *  Charles  rv..  Emperor  of  Germany 

and  King  of  Bohemia,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1140+  *  *  Bohemia  is  visited  by  Cardi- 
nal Guide,  who  supervises  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  church,  and  imposes  celibacy 
on  the  clergy. 

1147  *  *  Bohemia.  Ladislaus  II.  goes  on 
a  crusade. 

1187*  *  Bohemia.  The  bishop  of 
Prague,  being  a  prince,  refuses  obedi- 
ence to  the  Prince  of  Bohemia. 

1189*  *  Hung.  The  Third  Crusade, 
led  by  Frederick  Barbarossa,  crosses 
the  country,  and  is  received  with  great 
magnificence. 

1198*  * /(.    Iimocent  III.  is  pope. 

1200+  *  *  Vienna.  The  Jews  have  a  syn- 
agogue. 

1205i:  *  *  Berthold,  of  scandalous  life, 
is  bishop  of  Bulgaria;  he  and  his  sister, 
the  queen,  surround  themselves  with 
favorites  of  infamous  characters,  until 
he  is  driven  out  by  the  people  ;  the 
queen  is  killed  by  them. 

1216  *  *  It.  Honorius  is  pope.  [1227, 
Gregory  IX. ;  1241,  Celeatine  IV.  ;  1243, 
Innocent  IV.] 

1217  *  *  Ajist.  Duke  Leopold  VI.  be- 
comes a  crusader,  and  goes  to  the  Holy 
Land.  ^ 

*  *  The  Fifth  Crusade  is  led  by  King 
Andrew  11. 

±  *  *  Hung.  The  clergy  are  scandal- 
ously corrupt. 

1279*  *  Hung.  The  Synod  of  Buda 
places  a  limit  on  the  knowledge  which 
monks  are  allowed  to  acquire. 

LETTERS. 

1147±  *  *  Hungarian  students  begin  to 
find  their  way  to  Paris. 

13th  Century.  Bohemia.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Prague  is  in  existence  as  a 
*'  studium  generale,"  and  the  earliest  in 
German  States. 

13th  Century.  Bohemia.  The  only 
schools  in  the  country  belong  to  the 
monks. 


1290  *  *  -1310  *  •  Bohemia.    The  Buko- 

pis  Kralodworsky  is  wTitten. 
1314  *  *  Bohemia.    Bhyminu  Chronicle  of 

Bohemia,  by  Dalimil,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1131  *  *  Hung.  Bela  U..  King  of  Hun- 
gary, has  his  eyes  put  out  by  his  royal 
uncle. 

1132  *  *  Hung.  Bela  U.  orders  68  of  his 
enemies  to  be  slain. 

1174*  *  Hung.  King  Bela  TIT.  intro- 
duces the  Greek  civilization  into 
Hungary. 

1192*  *  Aust.  Leopold  V.,  Duke  of 
Austria,  detains  Richard  X.  of  Eng- 
land a  prisoner,  when  returning  in 
disguise  from  the  Crusade,  but  he  is 
compelled  to  surrender  him  to  the  Em- 
peror Henry  VI. 

1290*  *  Hung.  Ladislaus,  the  Cumau,  is 
assassinated  by  the  Cumaus. 

1297  *  *  Bohemia.  The  coronation  of 
Wenceslaus  11.  is  one  of  the  most  bril- 
liant ceremonies  and  immense  festivals 
of  the  Middle  Ages. 

1306  *  *  AATenceslaus  HI.  is  assassi- 
nated. 

1308  May  1.  Albert  I.,  Duke  of 
Austria,  is  assassinated  by  his  nephew, 
John  of  Austria. 

STATE. 

1131  *  •  Hung.  Stephen  II.  abdicates, 
and  Bela  II.  (blinded  by  Koloman)  is 
enthroned. 

1136*  *  Aust.  Albert  II.,  and  later 
Leopold  rv.,  son  of  Leopold  IIL,  be- 
come margrave ;  th©  accession  of  Leo- 
pold occasions  war.  [1141,  Henry  laso- 
mirgott.] 

*  ♦  Vienna  is  made  an  Imperial  city. 
1138  *  *  Austria  is  enlarged  by  the  ad- 
dition of  Bavaria. 

1141*  *  Hung.  Geiza  H.,  10  years  of 
age,  is  enthroned.  [German  immigrants 
arrive  and  fomid  24  towns  in  the  valley 
of  the  Maros.) 

1143  *  *  Aust.  Henry  II.  becomes  in- 
dependent duke  of  Carinthia. 

1156*  *  Aust.  Henry  II.  is  made  the 
first  duke  of  Austria. 

The  margravate  of  Austria,  founded 
by  Charlemagne,  is  separated  from  Ba- 
varia, which  is  surrendered  to  Henry 
the  Lion,  and  made  an  hereditary  duchy, 
by  the  Emperor  Frederick  I.  The  terri- 
tory west  of  the  Enns  is  annexed. 

Sept.  21.  Aust.  An  Imperial  edict  de- 
clares the  duchy  hereditary,  even  in 
the  female  lines,  and  other  privileges. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Silesia  is  restored  to  Bohe- 
mia by  Frederick,  and  Xjadislaus  re- 
ceives the  title  of  king  for  himself  and 
his  successors. 

1161  *  •  Hung.  Stephen  m.  and  Ste- 
phen rv.  are  enthroned.  Stephen  IV. 
and  Ladislaus,  his  uncle,  are  rivals.  An- 
archy prevails. 

1164*  *  Aust.  Ottocar  VT.  becomes 
margrave  of  Styria. 

1173  *  •  Hung.    Bela  HI.  is  enthroned. 

He  marries  Margaret  of  France,  the 

widow  of    Prince    Henry    of    Englan<L 

Bela  promotes  civilization,  and  (fivides 

the  country  into  counties. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1131, 


1326, 


505 


1174*  *  Dohemia.  Sobieslaus  II.  is 
enthroned. 

1177  *  ♦  AuRt.  Leopold  V.  the  Pious  be- 
comes duke.  [1198,  Leopold  VI.  the 
Proud,  brother  of  Frederick.] 

1178*  *  Bohemia.  Vladislav  II.  abdi- 
cates, and  retires  to  a  convent. 

1180  *  *  Amt.  Ottociir  VI.  of  Styria  re- 
ceives the  title  of  hereditary  duke 
from  the  Emperor. 

1189*  *  Bohemia.  Konrad  Otho  is 
enthroned. 

1192  *  *  Bohemia.  Premysl  Ottocar  is 
enthroned. 

*  *  Austria  annexes  Styria.  [A  perma- 
nent union.] 

*  *  Aust.  Leopold  V.  captures  Rich- 
ard I.  of  England. 

Richard  is  passing  through  his  domin- 
ions incognito,  on  nis  return  from  the 
crusade. 

[1194±.  The  ransom  paid  for  his  re- 
lease is  used  to  enlarge  Vieima  and 
enclose  It  with  walls.] 

*  *  The  Emperor  Frederick  II.  receives 
Camioia. 

1194*  *  Aitst.  Frederick  I.  the  Catholic 
becomes  duke. 

1196*  *  Hung.  Emerich,  son  of  Bela 
III.,  is  enthroned. 

1201  *  *  Aust.  Bernard  becomes  in- 
dependent duke  of  Cariuthia.  [126i>, 
Premysl  Ottocar  II.] 

1204*  *  Bohemia  is  confirmed  in  the 
use  of  the  royal  title  by  the  Pope. 

*  *  Hum/.  Ijadislaus  H.,  the  young  son 
of  Emerich,  is  enthroned  (six  months  a 
king). 

1205  *  *  Hung.     Andrew   H.,    son    of 

Bela  III.,  is  enthroned. 
1222  *  *  Hum/.    The  Golden  Bull,  or 

the  charter  of  Andrew  II. ,  is  granted  ; 

it  is  the  Magua  Charta  of  Hungary,  and 

the  foundation  of  its  national  liberties. 
1230*  *  Aust.     Frederick    II.    the 

Fighter  becomes  duke. 

*  *  Bohemia.  "Wenceslaus  I.  succeeds 
Ottocar  his  father. 

1231  *  *  Hung.    The    Golden   Bull   is 

again  solemnly  conftrmed. 
1235  ♦  *  Hu7ig.    Bela  IV.  is  enthroned  ; 

the    Emperor    Frederi<;k    II.    makes    a 

claim  for  tribute. 

*  *  *  Aust.  The  Emperor  Frederick  II. 
declares  Austria  and  Styria  to  have 
lapsed  to  the  Imperial  Crown,  and 
appoints  Otto,  Count  of  Eberstein,  to 
rule  these  provinces,  as  his  lieutenant. 

1246  *  *  Aust.  The  Babenberg  line  of 
kings  becomes  extinct  by  tlie  death  of 
Frederick  II.  [An  interregnum  fol- 
lows in  the  rule  of  Austria  till  127.'J.] 
Bohemia  and  Hungary  both  claim  the 
inheritance,  and  struggle  for  its  posses- 
sion. 

*  *  Aust.  Ladislaus,  the  margrave  of 
Moravia,  assumes  authority  over  the 
provinces  of  Austria,  in  the  right  of 
Gertrude  his  wife,  the  niece  of  Freder- 
ick U.   The  Emperor  is  a  rival  claimant. 

1247*  *  Moravia.  Ladislaus  dies  with- 
out heirs. 


1250  *  *  Aust.  Hermann,  the  margrave 
of  Baden,  marries  Gertrude,  and  as- 
sumes authority  in  Austria. 

1251  *  *  Aust.  The  states  of  Austria  in- 
vite Premysl  Ottocar  to  become  their 
ruler. 

1253  *  *  Bohemia.  Premysl  Ottocar 
H.  Is  enthroned. 

He  acquires  the  duchy  of  Austria,  and 
reconquers  Styria  from  the  Hungarians. 

*  *  Aust.  Albert  III.  becomes  count  of 
Tyrol.  [12M,  Meinhardt  I.;  1258,  Mein- 
hardt  IL] 

1254  *  *  -73  *  *  Oer.  Interregnum  in 
the  Holy  Uomaii  Empire. 

1256  *  *  Aust.  Ulrich  HI.  becomes  in- 
dependent duke  of  Cariuthia. 

1269  *  *  Bohemia.  Ottocar  inherits 
Carinthia,  a  part  of  Carniola,  and  Fri- 
uli,  by  the  bequest  of  Ulric. 

1270*  *  Hung.  Stephen  V.  is  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Aust.  Premysl  Ottocar  marries  the 
daughter  of  the  King  of  Hungary. 

1272  *  *  Hung,  r^adislaus  HI.  the  Cu- 
men  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ottocar  declines  the 
throne  of  the  German  Empire,  wliich 
is  otfered  by  the  German  princes. 

1273*  *-1740*  *  The  Hapsburg  dy- 
nasty. 

1273*  *-91*  *Kudolph  I.,  Count  of 
Hapsburg  in  Switzerland,  and  Duke 
of  Austria,  is  elected  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many by  the  three  archbishops  of  ]\Iaiuz, 
Cologne,  and  Treves. 

*  *  Hung.  Ottocar  refuses  homage  to 
Kudolph  of  Hapsburg. 

*  *  Vienna  is  the  real  capital  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire. 

1276  *  *  Aust.  Rudolph  I.,  Emperor 
of  the  Holy  Roman  (German)  Empire, 
becomes  duke. 

1278*  *  Bohemia.  'Wenceslaus  II. 
succeeds   Premysl  Ottocar. 

1280  Sept.  *  Bohemia.  A  truce  is  en- 
tered by  Otto  and  the  nobles. 

1282*  *  Aust.  Albert  I.  and  his  brother, 
Uudolph  II.,  become  dukes  of  Austria, 
Styria,  and  Carinthia,  hy  the  investment 
of  their  father,  the  Emperor. 

The  duchies  of  Austria,  Styria,  Ca- 
rinthia, and  Carniola  are  given  as  Im- 
perial fiefs  to  Rudolph's  sons. 

1283  *  *  Aust.  Albert  I.  becomes  sole 
ruler  of  Austria,  Styria,  and  Carniola. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Wenceslaus  II.  comes  out 
of  prison,  after  a  delay  of  five  years,  and 
ascends  the  throne. 

1286  *  *  Ausf.  The  Emperor  bestows 
Carinthia  upon  Menhardt  H.,  count  of 
Tyrol. 

1289  *  *  Hungary  and  Poland  are  in- 
vaded by  the  Moguls. 

1290  *  *  Hung.  Andrew  m.  the  Ve- 
netian, the  son-in-law  of  the  Emperor,  is 
enthroned. 

1292    June  24.    Aust.    Adolf  of  Nas- 
sau is  elected  Emperor  of  Germany,  and 
crowned  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Albert   I.,  the  Emperor's  son,  is  dis- 

t)laced  by  the  opposition  of  the  Arch- 
ushop  of  Mainz,  in  order  to  favor  Adolf, 
the  prelate's  relative. 


1295  *  *  Aust.  Henry  of  Carinthia  be- 
comes count  of  Tyrol,  and  independent 
duke  of  Carinthia. 

1298*  *-1308*  *  Ger.  Albert  I., 
Duke  of  Austria,  succeeds  Adolf  as 
Emperor  of  Germany. 

1301*  *  Hung.  Andrew  III.  dies,  and 
the  Arpad  or  native  dynasty  (Ma- 
gyars) expires. 

*  *  Hung.  Prince  Wenceslaus  of  Bohemia, 
a  usurper,  12  years  of  age,  is  elected  king. 

1305*  *  Hung.  Otto  of  Bavaria,  a 
usuri>er,  is  enthroned. 

Juno  *  Bohemia.  Wenceslaus  HI.,  a 
frivolous  and  debauched  prince,  is  en- 
throned, after  the  death  of  Wenceslaus 
II. ;  he  is  the  last  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Premyslides.  [1306  Aug. 4,  Assassinated.] 

1306  *  *  Bohemia.  Rudolph  of  Haps- 
burg is  enthroned. 

1307*  *  Bohemia.  Henry,  Duke  of 
Carinthia  and  Count  of  Tyrol,  is  en- 
throned. 

*  *  Switzerland  revolts  from  the  rule 
of  the  House  of  Austria  because  of  op- 
pression. [William  Tell  shoots  Gess- 
ler.(?)] 

1308  *  *  Hung.  Charles  Robert  of  An- 
jou  is  elected.  [He  really  becomes  king 
two  years  later,  when  Hungary  comes 
under  the  rule  of  the  House  of  Anjou.] 

May  1.  Ger.  Albert  I.  is  assassinated 
by  his  nephew,  John,  near  the  Hapsburg, 
while  attempting  to  enslave  the  Swiss. 
[His  death  is  terribly  avenged  by  Eliza- 
beth, his  widow,  and  Agnes,  his  daugh- 
ter.] 

Albert  I.  is  succeeded  by  his  five  sons, 
Frederick,  Leopold,  Henry,  Albert,  and 
Otto. 

*  *  Aust.  Frederick  I.  and  Leopold  I. 
become  dukes. 

*  *  Hung.    Otto  abdicates. 

*  *-1313*  *  Ger.  Henry  VII.,  Count 
of  Luxemburg,  a  half-Frenchman,  is 
Emperor. 

1310  *  *  Bohemia.  Blind  John  of  Lux- 
emburg is  elected  king  by  the  National 
Assembly.  [The  House  of  Luxemburg 
retains  the  crown  127  years.] 

1314  *  *  -30  *  *  Frederick  of  Austria 
is  King  of  Germany. 

1314  *  *  Ger.  Frederick  HI.  of  Haps- 
burg, Duke  of  Austria,  son  of  Albert,  is 
set  up  as  king  in  opposition  to  Louis, 
Duke  of  Bavaria.  [War  follows  for 
eight  years.     Frederick  is  defeated.] 

*  *  Galicia.  Cracow  is  the  capital  of  the 
Franks. 

1322  *  *  Ger.  Frederick  HI.  is  taken 
prisoner  by  Louis  of  Bavaria  at  Ampflng. 

1325  *  *  Ger.  Frederick  IH.  is  re- 
leased on  condition  that  he  renounces 
the  throne  of  the  Empire. 

1326*  *  Bosnia.  Herzegovina  is 
united  with  Bosnia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1194  *  *  Vienna    is    walled    and   en- 
larged,   the    cost    being   met    by    the 
£40,000  ransom  money  paid  for  the  re- 
lease of  Kichard  I.  of  England. 


506      1326,** -1436,**.        AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1332  »  *  Aust.    King  John  of  Bohemia 

is  defeated  at  Mailberg,  and  forced 

to  purcluase  a  peace. 
1344  *   *  -82  *  *  Hung.    lK)uia   I.  the 

Great,  King  of  Hungary  and  Poland, 

prosecutes  m,iny  campaigns. 
1346    Aug.  26.    Fr.    Blind  King  .John 

of  Bolieniia  dglits  for  Philip  of  France 

in  the  battle  of  Cr6cy,  and  is  killed. 
1348  •  *  Hung.    Louis  I.  invades  Italy, 

and  punishes  the  accused  murderers  of 

his  brother  Andrew,  King  of  Naples. 
1356  »  *  Hung.    The  first  war  between 

Hungary  and  Venice  occurs. 
1386    July  9.    Switz.     The  Swiss  gain 

a  great  victory  over  Leopold  in  the 

biittle  of  Sempach ;  Leopold  is  killed, 
and  the  liberty  of  Switzerland  is  as- 
sured. 

At  this  battle,  according  to  tradition, 
.\rnold  von  Winkelried,  rushing  upon 
tile  Austrians,  gathers  a  number  of  their 
spears  against  his  breast,  and  falls 
pierced  through,  thus  opening  a  way  for 
his  countrymen.    (?) 

1388  Apr.  9.  Smitz.  A  small  body  of 
Swiss  defeat  the  Austrians  at  Nafels. 

1396  Sept.  28.  Bulgaria.  Battle  of 
Nikopoli.  The  Turks  under  Sultan 
Bajazet  I.  defeat  the  allied  Christian 
powers  under  Sigismund,  King  of  Hun- 
gary ;  20,000  of  the  Allies  are  killed. 

1400  *  *  Ger.  The  Emperor  Rupert  de- 
clares war  against  'Wenceslaus,  King 
of  Bohemia. 

1419  »  *  -36  *  »  Bohemia.  The  Hussite 
War. 


1434  May  30.  Bohemia.  The  Ta- 
bontes  (Hussites)  are  orushingly  de- 
feated by  the  Calixtines  and  Itoman 
Catholics  In  battle  at  Bohmisch-Brod ; 
Andrew  Procopius  is  killed. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1326  •  •  Leopold,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

1330  *  •  Frederick,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

1331  •  •  Engelbert,    historian,    Benedictine 
monk  of  Austria,  dies. 

1335  •  •  Henry,  Duke  of  Tyrol,  dies. 
1339  »  •  otto,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 
1346    Aug.  26.     John.  King  of  Bohemia 

(blmd),  is  killed  at  Ur^cy. 
1358    July  20.    Albert  U.,  Dukeof  Austria. 

dies. 

1360  *  •  Zlska,  John,  general,  born. 

1361  •  •  Wenceslaus,  Kingof  Bohemia, born. 
1365  •  »  Kudolph  v.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

Jerome  of  Prague,  Boliemian  martyr,  born. 
^°S     .*  ''*'o"asclie,  Margaret,  Countess  of 

Tyrol,  dies. 
1373  •  *  Huss,    John,   Bohemian   religious 

reformer,  born. 
1378  •  •  Charles  I.,  Emperor  and  King  of 

Bohemia,  dies. 
1382  •  •  Louis  the  Oreat,  Kingof  Hungary. 

tiles.  o     J, 

1388  •  •  Leopold  IIL,  Duke  of  Austria,  falls 

in  battle. 
1395  •  •  Albert  IIL,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 
1400  •  •  Huniades,  Joannes  Corvinus,  Hun- 
garian general,  born. 
1404'  •  Albert  IV.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies  of 

poisoning. 

1415  *  •  Huss.  John,  Bohemian  reformer, 
burned,  A40±. 

1416  May  30.    Jerome  of  Prag:ue.  Hussite 
martyr,  burned  .151. 

1419  *  *  Wenceslaus,  Kmperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Bohemia,  A68. 

1420  *  *  Podiebrad,  (ieorge.  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, born. 

1424  •  "  Zlska,  John,  leader  of  the  Huss- 
ites, A64. 


It  is  occasioned  by  Catholic  oppression, 
and  indignation  at  the  execution  of  John 
Huss,  the  religious  reformer.  John 
Ziska  Is  leader  of  the  Hussites. 

1420  July  14.  Bohemia.  The  Impe- 
rialists under  Emperor  Sigismund  are 
defeated  by  John  Ziska  at  the  siege  of 
Prague. 

1421  *  »  Bohemia.  The  German  Impe- 
rial troops  are  repulsed  from  the  bor- 
der as  they  enter. 

1422  Jan.  8.  Bohemia.  Sigismund  is 
driven  back  by  the  Hussite  troops  to 
Deutsch-Brod. 

•  •  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  ravage  the 
neighboring  country,  and  make  a  skilful 
tise  of  gunpowder  and  clumsy  cannon. 

•  *  Bohemia.  .John  Ziska  gives  Sigismund 
a  terrible  defeat  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Sazava ;  the  Czechs  are  masters 
of  their  own  land. 

1426*  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  defeat 
the  Saxons  and  Misnians  in  a  bloody 
battle  under  the  walls  of  Ousti. 

1428  •  »  -29  *  »  Bohemia.  The  Hus- 
sites, led  by  Procopius  the  Great, 
carry  on  an  aggressive  war,  and  devas- 
tate part  of  Hungary  and  Silesia. 

1430  *  *  Bohemia.  Andrew  Procopius 
leads  a  great  expedition  of  the  Hussites 
into  Germany,  where  they  become  a 
terror  to  the  inhabitants. 

1431  *  *  Bohemia.  Procopius  defeats 
the  Imperial  army  near  Domazlice 
(Tauss),  and  routs  it  with  great  loss. 


CHURCH. 
1342  •  *  It.    Clement  VI.  is  pope. 

1347  *  *  Bohemia.  Charles  I.  founds  the 
Benedictine  monastery  of  Emaus  at 
Prague. 

1350+  *  *  Conrad  'Waldhauser  and 
Milio  of  Moravia,  the  great  preachers, 
attempt  to  reform  the  morals  of  the 
people,  and  reprove  the  vices  of  the 
clergy. 

1350+  »  *  Persecution  of  the  Jews. 

*  *  The  Flagellants  become  conspicuous. 

1352*  *  Innocent  VI.  is  pope.  [1302, 
Urban  V.] 

1356  Apr.  7.  Vienna.  Rudolph  l\. 
lays  the  foundation  of  the  cathedral 
of  St.  Stephen.  [A  splendid  specimen 
of  Gothic  architecture.] 

1358  *  •  Rudolph  IV.  becomes  duke,  and 
proceeds  to  finish  the  church  of  St. 
Stephen. 

1393  *  *  Bohemia.  King  Wenceslaus  at- 
tacks John,  Archbishop  of  Prague, 
because  he  refuses  to  surrender  one  of 
his  castles. 

1395+  *  •  Aust.  The  sect  of  the  Vau- 
dois  prospers,  notwithstanding  the  re- 
pressive measures  of  Albert  IV. 

1400  *  »  Aust.  Duke  Albert  IV.  makes 
a  dangerous  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land,  and  is  applauded  as  Mirabilia 
Mundi. 

1403  •  *  Bohemia.      The    I'niversily    of 
Prague    condemns    45    propositions 
taken  from  the  works  of  'Wyolif . 
1408  *  •  Bohemia.    A  meeting  of  the  na- 
tion is  held  at  the  University  of  Prague, 


and  it  is  decided  that  the  45  Wyclif 
articles  are  not  necess.arily  heretical. 
1409  *  *It.   A  General  Council  is  held 
at  Pisa,  to  end  the  schism  of  Avignon 

(2  popes). 

1410*  *  It.  John  XXIII.  is  pope.  [1417, 
Martin  V.] 

1412  *  »  Bohemia.  John  Huss  is  under 
the  ban  of  the  Pope. 

*  *  It.  Pope  John  XXIII.  promises  ple- 
nary indulgences  to  those  who  aid  his 
cause  against  the  Kingof  Naples;  Hnss 
denounces  the  trade  in  indulgences. 

1414  Nov.  1.-18*  *  Ger.  The  17th 
General  Council  of  the  Church  is  held 
at  Constance  in  Baden,  for  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Hussite  heresy,  the  removal 
of  schism,  and  the  reformation  of  the 
Church. 

Nov.  28.  Ger.  John  Huss  is  arrested 
at  Constance  for  heresy,  in  disregard  of 
the  solemn  pledge  of  the  Pope  for  his 
personal  safety  ;  his  enemies  allege  that 
it  is  wrong  to  keep  faith  with  a  heretic. 
[Dec.  i.  He  is  cast  into  the  dungeon  of 
the  Dominican  monastery.] 

1415  June  5,  7,  8.  Ger.  Huss  ap- 
pears before  the  Council,  and  is  required 
to  make  Immediate  recantation. 

July  6.  Ger.  John  Huss,  cited  to  ap- 
pear before  the  Council  tor  the  last  time, 
and  answer  respecting  the  doctrines  of 
transubstantiation,  is  condemned,  and 
immediately  burned  as  a  heretic. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  form  a  party 
within  the  Church;  they  refuse  obedi- 
ence to  foreign  priests,  or  either  priests 
or  bishops  who  transcend  the  Word  of 
God. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  assembled  Hussites  de- 
clare John  Huss  a  saint  and  a  martyr, 
and  fix  his  festival  on  July  6,  the  day 
of  his  death. 

1416  May  30.  Ger.  Jerome  of 
Prague  is  burned  at  Constance  for  the 
heresy  of  Protestantism. 

1419  *  *  -36  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussite 
War. 

_  The  Bohemians  demand  communion 
in  both  kinds,  bread  and  wine,  for  the 
laity  as  \vell  as  the  clergy,  and  rapidly 
spread  their  doctrine. 

1419  •  *  Bohemia.  On  the  death  of  King 
Wenceslaus  churches  and  monaster- 
ies are  attacked  and  pillaged,  and  the 
Catholic  priests  driven  out  of  the  towns 
to  make  place  for  the  Hussites. 

1420  *  »  Bohemia.  The  Taborites  sepa- 
rate from  the  Bohemian  and  the  national 
church  by  choosing  a  bishop  to  conse- 
crate their  priests. 

+  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  declare 
their  creed  in  four  articles. 

Communion  in  both  kinds  ;  freedom 
of  preaching;  secularization  of  church 
property  ;  and  the  punishment  of  mortal 
sins  and  offenses  against  ecclesiastical 
law  with  only  temporal  penalties. 

1422+  »  *  Bohemia.  The  Taborites  split 
into  sects. 

Some  preach  a  community  of  goods, 
and  even  of  marriage.  John  ZiskaTiums 
some  of  them  alive. 

1424  »  •  Clement  VII.  is  (anti)  pope. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1326,  **-1436,  * 


501 


t 


1431  *  *  -49  *  *  Switz.  The  18th  Gen- 
eral Council  of  the  Church  at  Basel. 
The  moderate  Hussites  enter  a  treaty. 

*  *  It.  Eugenius  IV.  is  pope.  [1439.  Felix 
V.  is  (auti)  pope.  1447.  Nicholas  V.  is 
pope.     1465.    Calixtus  111.] 

1433  Jan.  6.  Switz.  ProcopiuB,  with 
lOOotlier  Hussites,  enters  Basel  to  attend 
the  council  of  the  Church. 

1434  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Taborites  (Huss- 
ites) are  annihilated  in  battle  at  Boh- 
misch-Brod, 

LETTERS. 
1348    Jan.  26.     Bohemia.     Pope  Clem- 
ent VI.  authorizes  a  **  studium  gene- 
rale"  at  Prague  in  all  the  faculties. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  Charles  IV. 
founds  the  University  at  Prague. 

1364  May  *  Gal.  The  University  of 
Cracow  is  founded  by  King  Casimir 
the  Great. 

Sept.  *  Gaficia.  Urban  V.  constitutes 
the  University  of  Cracow  a  "stu- 
dium generale  "  in  all  the  faculties  save 
theology. 

1365  *  *  Vienna.  University  of  Vienna 
founded  by  Rudolph  IV. 

1367  *  *  Hung.  The  University  of 
Piinfkirchen  is  founded  by  King  Louis. 

1367  *  *  Bohemia.  Thom.  Stiny's  book 
for  his  children  is  written. 

1380  *  *  Bohemia.  A  complete  version 
of  the  Bible  in  the  Slavonic  appears. 

1389±  *  *  Hung.  The  University  of 
Ofen  is  chartered  by  Boniface  IX. 

1398  *  *  Bohemia.  John  Hiiss  is  a  pro- 
fessor at  Prague. 

1400  *  *  Galicia.  The  University  of 
Cracow^,  which  has  hitherto  had  only 
a  nominal  existence,  is  reconstituted 
[and  prospers]. 

1402  *  *  Bohemia.  Baron  Andreas  de 
Duba  writes  his  judicial  constitution 
for  Bohemia. 

*  *  Bohemia.  John  Huss  is  rector  of  the 
University. 

1409  *  *  Bohemia.  Hussite  troubles 
drive  all  the  German  professors  and 
students,  numbering  5,000,  out  of  the 
University  of  Prague ;  they  go  to  Leip- 
sic,  where  Frederick  the  Warlike 
founds  a  miiversity. 

1415  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Church  Council 
of  Constance  suppresses  the  Univer- 
sity of  Prague  as  the  seat  of  heresy. 

SOCIETY. 
1393  *  *  Hung.    The  female  sovereign  is 
called  King  because  of  an  aversion  to 
the  name  Queen. 

STATE. 
1330  *  *  Frederick  III.  dies. 

*  *  Aust.  Albert  H.  and  Otto,  his 
brother,  become  dukes. 

*  *  Margaret  Multasche  becomes  count- 
ess of  Tyrol. 

She  marries  John  Henry,  son  of  John 


of  Bohemia, 
marriage.] 


[Later  she  repudiates  the 


1335  *  *  Aust.  The  dukes  acquire  Ca- 
rinthia  by  inheritance. 

*  *  Bohemia.  King  John  divides  the 
reign  with  his  sou  Charles  as  coregent. 

1339  *  *  Aust.    Albert  U.  is  duke  and 

sole  ruler. 
1342*  *  Hung,    Louis   the  Great   of 

Anjou  is  elected  king.    Hungary  attains 

the  climax  of  its  power. 

*  *  Tyrol.  Margaret  is  divorced  from 
her  youthful  husband. 

1346  *  *  Bohemia.  Charles  I.  (IV.),  son 
of  John,  is  enthroned. 

1347  *  *  -78  *  *  Ger.  Charles  IV.  is 
emperor. 

1354±  *  *  Bohemia  annexes  Silesia. 
1358*  *  Aust.     Budolph     IV.     the 
Founder  is  duke. 

*  *  Hungary  acquires  the  Danubian 
principalities  by  conquest. 

1363  *  *  Bohemia.  MTenceslaus,  son  of 
the  Emperor  Charles,  is  king.  , 

*  *  Austria  acquires  Tyrol  as  a  bequest 
from  Margaret  Multasche. 

1365  *  *  Aust.  Albert  HI.  and  Leo- 
pold IH.,  two  brothers  of  Rudolph  IV., 
succeed  him  as  dukes  of  Austria,  with 
undivided  territory. 

1370  *  *  Poland.  Louis  of  Hungary  is 
proclaimed  king  of  the  Poles. 

1376  *  *  Bosnia  is  no  longer  ruled  by 
chiefs,  but  erected  into  a  kingdom. 

*  *  Bohemia.  King  'Wenceslaus,  son 
of  Charles  IV.,  is  elected  king  of  the 
Romans. 

1378  *  *  -1400  *  *  "Wenceslaus  is  Em- 
peror of  Bohemia  and  Germany. 

1379*  *  Aiist.  Albert  III.  and  Leopold 
III.  divide  their  possessions. 

Albert  taket*  the  duchy  of  Austria,  and 
Leopold  the  duchies  of  Styria,Carinthia, 
Caruiola,  Tyrol,  and  Outer  Austria. 

1382  *  * //un*7.  Mary,  called  King 
Mary,  is  enthroned. 

Anarchy  follows  ;  much  blood  is  shed. 
Klizaht'th,  the  queen  of  Louis,  is 
drowned. 

*  *  Aust.  The  town  of  Aqulleia  volun- 
tarily unites  with  Austria;  it  is  a  valu- 
able addition  of  sea-front  for  the  duchy. 

1385*  *  Hung.  Charles  Durazzo 
(Charles  II.),  the  Pretender,  claims  the 
throne.     [He  is  assassinated.] 

1386i:  *  *  Hung.  Mary  reigns  con- 
jointly with  her  consort,  Sigismtmd  of 
Brandenburg,  a  son  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  Hungary  suffers  from  the 
severity  of  their  rule. 

*  *  Aust.  "William  and  Leopold  be- 
come dukes. 

July  9.  Switz.  Duke  Leopold  of  Sty ria 
is  killed  at  .Sempacli  while  waging  war 
against  the  Swiss,  who  resisted  his  op- 
pressions. 

1387  *  *  -1437  *  *  Hung.  The  House 
of  Luxemburg  rules  Hungary. 

1389  *  *  Bosnia.  The  King  of  Bosnia 
is  defeated  by  the  Turks,  and  becomes 
their  vassal. 

1392  *  *  Hung.  Mary  dies,  and  Sigis- 
mundreignsaloneasKingof  Hungary. 


1393  *  *  Himg.  The  rule  of  Sigismund 
is  so  oppressive  that  the  Hungarians 
invite  the  invasion  of  the  Turks  for 
their  relief. 

1394  *  *  Bohemia.  The  nobles  force  the 
cruel  'Wenceslaus  to  virtually  abdi- 
cate. 

1395*  *  Aust.  "William  I.  and  his 
brothers,  with  their  cousin,  Albert 
rV.,  are  dukes  of  Austria. 

1397  *  *  Hung.  The  Diet  of  Temesvar 
provides  for  representative  govern- 
ment. 

1400  *  *  -1410  *  *  Ger.  Rupert,  the 
elector  palatine,  is  elected  emperor  in 
place  of  Wenceslaus  by  the  archbishops, 
the  three  ecclesiastical  electors.  Only 
his  own  party  respect  his  authority. 

1401  *  *  Hung.  Sigismxuid  is  made  a 
prisoner  in  his  palace.  [He  is  soon  lib- 
erated.] 

1404  *  *  Aust.    Albert  V.  succeeds  his 

father,  Albert  IV.,  as  duke. 
1406  *  *  Aust.    Frederick  of  the  Empty 

Purse  becomes  duke.     [The  nobles  of 

Tyrol  oppose  him.] 

1410  *  *  -37  *  *  Ger.  Sigismund,  King 
of  Hungary,  is  emperor,  the  first  Hun- 
garian chosen  to  the  Imperial  office. 

1411  *  *  Aust.  Albert  V.  obtains  Bohe- 
mia  and  Moravia. 

*  *  Aust.  Frederick  IV.  becomes  duke 
of  Tyrol  and  Outer  Austria. 

*  *  Aust.  Ernest  is  duke  of  Styria,  Ciu 
rinthia,  Carniola,  and  Trieste. 

The  provinces  are  divided  into  the 
duchies  of  Austria  and  Carinthia  and 
the  county  of  Tyrol. 

1415  *  *  Bohemia.     An      insurrection 

follows  the  burning  of  the  Reformers 
Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague  for  heresy. 
(See  Church.) 

July  *  Bohemia.  The  Hussites  at  Prague- 
rise  against  Wenceslaus,  pitch  his  anti- 
Hussite  sheriifs  out  of  the  windows,  and 
compel  the  king  to  appoint  others,  fa- 
vorable to  their  party. 

1419  Aug.  16.  Bohemia.  King  Wences- 
laus dies. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Sigismund  takes  the 
throne. 

[He  is  soon  driven  out  of  the  country.] 

*  *  Hungary  loses  its  lands  on  the  Dal- 
matian coast  in  a  war  with  Venice. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Many  of  the  Hussites  form 
a  political  party,  and  rise  in  arms  under 
John  Ziska.  They  build  the  city  of 
Tabor. 

1422  *  *  Aust.  Albert  V.  marries  the 
daughter  of  Sigismund,  whose  dowry  is 
Moravia. 

1424  *  *  Aust.  Albert  VI.  of  Styria  is 
duke  of  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  Tri- 
este ;  Gratz  is  the  capital. 

1435  *  *  Hungary  reorganizes  the  army. 

1436  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Compactata 
with  the  Estates  is  accepted.    (Church.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1349*  *The  black  death  prevails 
throughout  Austria  and  all  Kurope. 


508     1437,  *  *-1526,  *  *.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1443  *  *  Servia.  Ladislans  YI.  and  Jo- 
annes Iluniades  defeat  the  Turks  at 
Wish,  or  KuDobitz. 

1444  *  *  Hungary  makes  a  truce  with 
Turkey  for  10  years ;  it  is  broken  by 
Ladislaus  IV.,  under  the  persuasion  of 
the  Pope. 

Nov.  20.  Bulrjaria.  The  Turks  under 
Amurath  II.  defeat  the  Hungarians 
under  Joannes  Huniades  and  King  La- 
dislaus near  Varna  ;  Ladislaus  and  a 
great  number  are  liilled,  and  Huniades 
is  taken  prisoner. 

1448  Oct.  19.  Servia.  Huniades  is 
defeated  by  tbe  Turks  under  Amurath 
on  the  plain  of  Kossova;  Huniades' 
army  is  annihilated. 

1456  J:  *  *  Hung.  The  Magyar  fleet  de- 
feats the  galleys  of  the  Turks  on  the 
Danube. 

July  21.  Servia.  Huniades  repulses  an 
attack  of  Mahomet  II.  on  Belgrade. 

The  defeated  Turks  are  routed,  leav- 
ing 24,000  of  their  dead  on  the  ground, 
and  abandoning  all  their  splendid  ar- 
tillery. 

1457  *  *  Aust.  War  breaks  out  between 
the  Emperor  of  Germany  and  his 
relatives,  on  the  division  of  Austria. 

1458  *  *  -90  *  *  Hungary  is  at  war 
with  Bohemia  and  Turkey. 

1462  *  *  Aust.  The  Emperor  Frederick 
in.  is  besieged  at  Vienna  by  bis 
brother  and  cousin,  till  released  by 
George  Podiebrad,  King  of  Bohemia ; 
this  ends  the  war  respecting  the  di- 
vision of  Austria. 

1468  *  *  Bohemia.  Geoi^e  Podiebrad 
captures  the  principal  fortresses  of  his 
rebellious  Catholic  subjects,  and  sends 
his  son  Victorin  to  invade  Austria,  and 
punish  the  emperor  for  encouraging  the 
rebels. 

1468  *  ♦  -69  ♦  *  Bohemia.  Matthias 
Corvinus,  son  of  Joannes  Huniades, 
invades  Moravia  and  Silesia,  where  he 
is  welcomed  by  the  Catholics  and  pro- 
claimed king  ;  George  Podiebrad  forces 
him  to  sign  a  truce  at  Vilemov. 

1471  *  *  -72  *  *  Bohemia  is  again  in- 
vaded by  Matthias,  but  with  small 
success. 

1472  *  *  -73  *  *  Aust.  The  Turks  in- 
vade Carinthia  and  Carniola. 

1475  *  *  Hung.  Matthias  secures  Mo- 
ravia and  part  of  Silesia  by  conquest. 

1477  *  *  Hungary  is  at  war  with  Fred- 
erick Augustus  I.,  Elector  of  Saxony, 
an  ally  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  111. 

1479  July  14.  Bohemia.  Tbe  war  with 
Hungary  ends  by  the  peace  of  Olmiitz. 
(See  State.) 

Nov.  13.  Transylvania.  The  Hungari- 
ans under  Stephen  Batory  totally  de- 
feat the  Turkish  invaders  on  the  plain 
of  Kenyermezo. 

1480  *  *  Bosnia.  Sarajevo  is  taken  by 
King  Matthias. 

1492  *  *  HuTig.  Bajazet  II.  leads  the 
Turks  into  tbe  valley  of  the  Save,  and 
defeats  the  Hungarian  army. 


1493  *  *  Aust.  The  Turks  again  invade 
Carinthia  and  Carniola. 

1513  *  *  Hung.  The  insurrection  of  the 
Kurucs  crusaders,  a  peasant  rising 
against  the  nobles,  breaks  out ;  Dosza, 
the  leader,  is  defeated  by  John  Szapol- 
yai  near  Temesvar. 

1515  *  *  Aust.  The  peasant  war  breaks 
out  in  Carniola. 

1521  *  *  Servia.  The  Sultan  Solyman 
the  Magnificent  besieges  and  takes 
Belgrade,  and  annexes  it  to  his  do- 
minions. 

1526  *  *  -32  *  •  Hung.  War  with  the 
Turks,  caused  by  an  insult  to  Turkish 
ambassadors  by  Hungarians. 

1526  Aug.  26.  Hung.  The  Turks 
under  Solyman,  100,000  strong,  and  hav- 
ing 300  cannon,  defeat  the  Hungarians 
at  Mohacs  ;  the  Hungarian  King  Louis, 
seven  bishops,  22  barons,  and  22,000  men 
are  left  on  the  field.     [Buda  is  captured.] 

ART  ~  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1497*  *  Aust.  A  mine  of  quicksilver 
is  discovered  by  accident  in  illyria, 
yielding  1,200  tons  annually. 

15 12 1  *  *  Aust.  Albert  Diirer  is  made 
court  painter  by  Maximilian. 

1515  *  *  Tyrol.  The  rolling-machine 
is  invented  by  Hall. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

X437  *  •  Sigismund,  King  of  Boliemia,  dies. 
1439  *  *  Albert    H.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 
dies. 

Frederick,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 

Albert  V.,  Kraperor  of  Aastria,  dies. 

1443  *  *  Matthias  I.  Corvinus,  general, 
King  of  Hungary,  born. 

1444  Nov.  10.  Ladislaus  IV.  (or  VI.), 
King  of  Hungary,  killed  in  battle,  A44f . 

1456  Sept.  10.  Huniades,  Joannes, 
Hungarian  general.  A56. 

1457  *  *  Ladislaus  V.,  Duke  of  Austria,  dies. 
1457  *  *  Ladiilaus  the  Posthumous,  King  of 

Hungary  and  Bohemia,  dies. 

1463*  *  All)ert  VI.,  tlie  Prodigal,  Duke  of 
Austria,  dies. 

1471  *  *  Podiebrad,  (Jeorge,  King  of  Bohe- 
mia, A51. 

1480  *  *  Matthias  I.  Corvinus,  King  of  Hun- 
gary, A  47. 

1493  Aug.  19.  Frederick  in..  Emperor 
of  Germany,  A78. 

1498  *  *  Clovio,  Giulio,  painter,  b.  in  Croatia. 

1506  *  *  Philip,  the  Handsome,  Duke  of  Aus- 
tria, dies. 

1516  *  *  La<lislauB  VL,  King  of  Uohemiaand 
Hungary,  dies. 

15181*  *  Zrinyi,  Niklas,  Count,  Hungarian 

general,  born. 
1519  *   •  Maximilian.  Emperor  of  Germany, 

dies. 
1526    Aue.   29.     Louis,  King  of  Hungary 

and  Bohemia,  dies  In  battle^  A20. 

CHURCH. 

1440*  * Htmg.— Bohemia.  Ladislaus 
rV.,  King  of  Poland,  a  Protestant 
loader,  becomes  king, 

1448  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Pope  sends  Car- 
dinal Carvajal  on  a  mission  ;  he  arrives 
at  Prague.  He  arouses  fresh  resentment. 

15th  Century.  It.  I^eopold  HI.  of  Aus- 
tria is  canonized  by  the  Pope  ;  be  had 
founded  monasteries  and  favored  tbe 
church. 

14^57 ±  **  Bohemia.  The  Moravian 
Brothers  first  appear. 

14S8*  *  It.  Pius  II.  is  pope.  [1464, 
Paul  II.] 


1465  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Pope  issues  an 
anathema  against  George,  as  a  re- 
lapsed heretic,  forbids  his  subjects  to 
recognize  his  authority,  and  proclaims  a 
crusade  against  the  Hussites. 

1468  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Pope  threatens 
George  with  excommunication  unless 
he  abandons  tbe  Utraquist  (Hussite) 
faith. 

1471*  *  It*  Sixtus  IV.  is  pope.  [I4M. 
Innocent  VIII.] 

1485+  *  *  Bohemia.  Tbe  Catbolics  and 
Utraquists  (Hussites)  at  Kutna  Hora 
agree  to  a  treaty,  providing  that  in  the 
future  all  religious  parties  will  tolerate 
each  other. 

1492  *  *  //.  Alexander  VI.  is  pope ;  Rod- 
eric  Borgia.  [1503,  Pius  III.  (21  days); 
Julius  U. ;     1512,  Leo  X.] 

1495+  *  *  Ger.  The  Edict  of  "Worms, 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  prohibits  all  new  doc- 
trines. 

1516*  *-26*  *The   Reformation  (.f 

Luther  spreads  into  Bohemia. 
1517+  *  *  Period  of  the  Reformation. 

1522  *  *  It.  Adrian  VI.  is  pope.  [1523, 
Clement  VIL] 

1523  *  *  Bohemia.  The  Utraquist  Synod 
adds  to  the  confession  of  faith  several 
articles  borrowed  from  Luther. 

LETTERS. 

1440  *  *  Vienna.  The  Imperial  Li- 
brary of  Vienna  is  founded  by  Fred- 
erick III. 

1453  *  *  -1517  *  *  Period  of  the  Re- 
naissance.   (See  State.) 

1460i:*  *  Bohemia.  History  of  the  }Voi-ld , 
by  Paul  Zidek,  appears. 

1464  *  *  Bohemia.  Albr.  Kostka  de 
Postupic  writes  his  travels  in  France. 

1465  *  *  Bohemia.  Lew  de  Kosmital 
writes  his  travels  through  Europe. 

1473  *  *  Hungary  receives  the  art  of 
printing  from  Germany. 

1473  i  *  *  Hung.  Matthias  Corvinus  pat- 
ronizes literature  and  the  arts ;  a 
large  library  is  established  at  Buda, 
with  300  copyists  of  manuscripts. 

1476  *  *  Bohemia.  Printing  is  intro- 
duced. 

1491  *  *  Bohemia.  Mart.  Kabatnik 
writes  his  travels  in  Asia  Minor  and 
Egypt. 

1493  *  *  Bohemia.  John  de  Lobkowic 
writes  his  travels  in  Palestine. 

15th  Century.  Bohemia.  Citbor  de  Cim- 
burg  writes  his  political  work  ;  The  Art 
of  Governing  is  written  by  Vict.  Corn, 
de  Wzehod  ;  the  great  Encyclopedia,  by 
Paul  Zidek,  is  written  ;  many  works  on 
economy,  popular  medicine,  etc.,  appear. 

1500  *  *  Aust.  The  Imperial  Library 
at  Vienna  is  enlarged  by  Maximilian  I. 

*  *  *  Bohemia.  History  of  the  World,  by 
Paul  Zidek,  appears. 

1505  *  *  Hung.  Ladislaus  sanctions  the 
founding  of  a  university  at  Breslau. 

1524  *  *  Bohemia.  Barton's  work  on 
the  religious  troubles  is  published. 

1526*  *-1630*  *  Bohemia.  TheCzech- 
ic  literature  attains  its  golden  age. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1437,  *  ♦-1526, 


509 


SOCIETY. 

1471  •  *  /lohemia.  Ladislaus  makes  the 
peasants  serfs  of  the  soil,  by  prohibit- 
ing their  leaving  the  place  where  they 
are  born. 

1513  *  *  Hung.  Dosza,  the  leader  of 
the  revolting  peasants,  is  captured  by 
the  nobles,  seated  on  a  throne  of  fire, 
and  crowned  with  a  red-hot  crown. 

STATE. 

1437  *  *  Bohemia  is  practically  under 
George  of  Podiebrad. 

•  «  liohemia.  Albert  V.  of  Austria  is 
accepteil  by  the  estates  of  Bohemia  and 
Hungary  as  successor  of  Sigismund, 

1438  *  *  Hung.  Albert  V.  of  Austria  is 
enthroned. 

•  *  Ger.  Albert  V.,  Duke  of  Austria,  is 
enthroned  Kmperor  of  Germany  and 
Bohemia,  as  Albert  II.,  while  King  of 
Hungary. 

[The  House  of  Austria  fills  the  throne 
of  Germany  for  368  years,  except  for  a 
brief  interval.  Albert  obtains  the 
crowns  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  and  Ger- 
many by  marrying  Elizabeth,  the 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  Sigismund,  and 
becomes  Albert  II.  (the  Great),  Emperor 
of  Germany.] 

1439  *  *  The  Emperor  Albert  H.  dies. 
An  interregnum  occurs  in  the  German 
Empire. 

♦  *  Ejlizabeth  becomes  sole  sovereign  of 
Hungary. 

June  29.  Aust.  Frederick  IV.  dies,  and 
is  succeeded  by  his  son  Sigismund,  who 
becomes  the  Count  of  Tyrol,  and  Duke 
of  Outer  Austria,  with  Innsbruck  as  the 
capital. 

*  *  Bohemia.  —  Hung .  Ladislaus  V. 
Posthumous,  son  of  Albert  V.,  the  Duke 
of  Austria,  is  elected  king  by  the  parti- 
zans  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

*  *  The  ordinance  called  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction  is  issued,  for  settling  the  suc- 
cession for  the  Empire  of  Germany  in 
the  House  of  Austria. 

1440  Feb.  2.  Ger.  Frederick  HI. 
(or  IV.)  the  Pacific,  cousin  of  Albert  V., 
becomes  emperor.  [He  is  the  last  em- 
peror crowned  by  the  Pope.] 

•  *  Herzegovina  is  made  a  duchy  by 
the  Emperor  Frederick  IV. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  succession  is  infringed 
by  the  election  of  Iiadislaus  m.,  the 
king  of  Poland,  as  king. 

•  *  Austria  baa  Zurich  for  an  ally. 

*  ♦  Hung.  Ijadislaus  UI.  of  Poland  is 
elected  king  by  the  strong  H  unlades 
party. 

1442  *  »  Hung.  The  party  favoring  Lad- 
islaus III.  finally  secure  the  throne. 

1444  Nov.  10.  Bulg.  Iiadislaus  HI. 
of  Poland  falls  at  Varna. 

Hung,       Ladislaus,    an    infant    son 

of  Albert  v.,  succeeds  his  father.  [He 
i.t  poisoned  in  infancy.] 

»  •  Hung.    An  interregnum. 

•  *  Hung.  Joannes  Huniades  is  elected 
governor  for  the  period  of  the  king's 
minority. 

1451  *  *  Bohemia  elects  George  Po- 
diebrad regent ;  the  emperor  confirms 
the  election. 


1453  Jan.  6.  Atut.  Frederick-  III., 
Emperor  of  Germany,  as  the  head  of  the 
House  of  Hapsburg,  erects  the  duchy  of 
Austria  into  an  archduchy  with  sov- 
ereign power. 

May  29.  (Modern  history  begins  with 
the  fall  of  Constantinople,  which  ends 
the  Eastern  Empire.) 

*  *  Hung.  The  young  king,  Ladislaus 
the  Posthumous,  is  allowed  to  return 
from  Austria. 

1453  •  *-1517  *  *  Period  of  the  Re- 
naissance. 

The  "  new  birth  "  of  art,  letters,  trans- 
formation of  state  policies,  development 
of  discoveries,  and  quickening  of  the 
desire  for  freedom  of  intellect  and  con- 
science. 

1457*  *  Hung.  — Aust.  Ladislaus IV., 
Posthumous  dies  childless,  and  the 
crowns  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  pass 
into  the  hands  of  native  kings  for  a 
time. 

*  *  Auit.  The  emperor  Frederick  III.  and 
Albert  VI.  both  claim  to  be  dukes  of 
Austria. 

*  » Hung.  Matthias  Corvinus,  son  of 
.loannes  Huniades,  is  elected  king.  [He 
advances  the  kingdom  to  the  highest 
point  in  its  history.] 

1458  *  *  Bohemia.  George  Podiebrad 
is  elected  provisional  king,  and  [be- 
comes freed  from  the  rule  of  Austria 
and  Hungary].  He  is  a  leader  of  the 
Protestants,  and  favored  by  the  Catholic 
nobles. 

[This  Protestant  nobleman  reigns  over 
the  Czechs  for  13  years.] 

1463  •  ♦  Aust.  On  the  death  of  Albert, 
the  Emperor  Frederic  III.  is  sole  ruler 
of  Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  and  Tri- 
este. [He  unites  all  the  domains  of  the 
House  of  Hapsburg.] 

*  *  Bosnia  is  incorporated  with  Turkey. 
[The  Bosnians  make  many  inetfectual 
efforts  to  recover  their  independence.] 

1466  *  *  Bohemia.  Podiebrad  is  ex- 
communicated by  Pope  Paul  II.  for 
heresy.  A  few  of  the  royal  towns  rebel, 
and  join  an  invading  Imperial  army. 

1468  *  *  Bohemia.  Matthias  Corvinus 
of  Hungary,  instigated  by  the  Pope,  at- 
t.acks  (5eorge  Podiebrad  in  the  hope  of 
uniting  the  crowns  of  Bohemia  and  Hun- 
gary on  his  own  head. 

1469  May  3.  Bohemia.  Matthias  Cor- 
vinus is  crowned.  [A  rival  soon  ap- 
pears.] 

1471  *  *  Bohemia.  George  Podiebrad, 
fearing  the  dismemberment  of  the 
kingdom,  sacrifices  the  interests  of  his 
family  by  offering  the  crown  to  a  for- 
eigner, Kasimir,  King  of  Poland. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ladislaus  of  Poland 
is  electe<l  king  by  the  Utraqulsts. 

The  legalized  oppression  of  the  people 
begins  in  this  reign.  The  peasant  is 
made  a  serf  of  the  soil.  The  nobles  are 
advanced  and  become  oppressive  to  the 
peasants. 
1477  *  *  Belgium.  Maximilian,  son  of 
the  Emperor  Frederick  III.,  acquires 
Bvirgundy  and  the  Netherlands  by 
marrying  Mary,  the  daughter  of  Charles 
the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy. 


1479  July  14.  Bohemia  is  given  to 
Matthias  by  the  Peace  of  Olmiitz ;  he 

also  obtains  Moravia,  Silesia,  and  I.u- 
satia. 
1485  ♦  »  Aust.    Matthias,  King  of  Hun- 
gary, takes  Vienna. 

The  Emperor  Frederick  III.  is  obliged 
to  flee  out  of  Austria  for  his  life.  He 
recognizes  the  claim  of  Matthias  to  the 
crown. 

1490*  *  Hung.  Matthias  Corvinus 
dies  ;  Ladislaus  11.  is  his  successor. 

Hungary  and  Bohemia  are  united,  and 
the  Emperor  Maximilian  claims  both 
kingdoms. 

1493*  » -1519*  *  Ger.  Mazimilianl., 
son  of  Frederick  III.  (Archduke  of  Aus- 
tria), is  emperor. 

[He  transfers  the  government  of  the 
Netherlands  to  his  son  Philip.  He  adds 
TVrol  and  parts  of  Bavaria  to  his  em- 
pire. All  Austrian  lands  are  in  his  pos- 
session.] 

1495  *  *  Ger.  An  Imperial  Diet  is  held 
at  'Worms. 

1496*  *  Austria  and  Spain  are  united. 
Philip  I.  of  Austria  marries  Joanna, 
the  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  ; 
she  is  also  heiress  of  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can colonies. 

1499  *  *  Switz.  The  Peace  of  Basle  is 
concluded  after  200  villages  and  castles 
have  been  destroyed,  and  more  than 
20,000  men  have  been  killed. 

By  it  the  Swiss  are  finally  released 
from  all  obligations  toward  the  House  of 
Austria  and  the  Emperor  of  Germany. 

1501  *  *  Anst.  Maximilian  forms  a 
College  of  Government,  called  the 
Aulic  Council,  at  Vienna. 

1509  *  *  Bohemia.— Hung.  Louis,  son  of 
Ladislaus  II.,  only  three  years  of  age, 
becomes  king. 

1512  *  *  Germany  is  divided  into  10 
circles  at  the  Diet  of  Cologne,  and  Aus- 
tria forms  one  of  them.  Bohemia  and 
Hungary,  as  independent  kingdoms, 
are  not  included. 

1516*  *  Hung.— Bohemia.  Louis  II. 
becomes  king. 

1517*  *  Bohemia.  The  representative 
system  is  adopted ;  the  citizens  of  the 
towns  are  allowed  to  vote  at  the  Diets. 

1519  June  1.  -56  *  *  Ger.  Charles, 
Duke  of  Austria  and  King  of  Spain,  suc- 
ceeds his  grandfather,  Maximilian  I.,  to 
the  throne  of  the  Empire  as  Charles  V. 

1526  »  *  Hung.  King  Louis  II.  falls  in 
battle  with  the  Turks  at  Mohacs. 

Dec.  16.  Hung.  Ferdinand  I.  of -A  us- 
tria  is  proclaimed  king.  [JohnZapolya 
is  rival  king  of  Hungary  in  Transylvania. 
Ferdinand  acquires  right  to  the  crowns 
of  Bohemia  and  Hungary  by  marrying 
Anne,  sister  of  the  deceased  Louis  II.] 

The  [continuous]  rule  of  the  House 
of  Hapsburg  begins.  Austria,  Bo- 
hemia, Hvingary,  Moravia,  Silesia, 
and  Lusatia  are  united. 

Hungarians  insult  the  Turkish  am- 
bassador, causing  war. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1465  *  •  Bosnia.    Serajevo,  the  capital, 
is  founded  by  two  nobles. 


610    1526,  ** -1620,  * 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1629  *  •  Aust.    Solyman   unsuccessfully 
besieges  Vienna,  being  forced  to  raise 
the  siege  after  loosing  70,000  of  his  army 
of  300,000  men  ;  he  returns  to  Buda. 
»  »  -32  *  *  Austria  suffers    from   inva- 
sions of  the  Turks. 
1532*  *  Uuiig.    A  great  Imperial  army 
is  sent  from  Germany  to  aid  Hungary, 
which  is  invaded  and  ravaged  by  Soly- 
man. 
1542  »  *  ^44  *  •  Ilmig.     Solyman    again 

invades  Himgary  and  Austria. 
1552*  *  Transtilrania.    Erlau  is  un- 
successfully besieged  by  the  Turks, 
8,000  of  whom  perish. 
1550  •*  ^tts<.    Carniola  suffers  greatly 

from  an  iuvasion  of  Turks. 
1564  »  *  Hungary  is  partly  abandoned 

to  the  Turks. 
1566  *  *  Hung.    Solyman  with  65,000  men 
besieges  the  heroic  Nicholas  Zrinyi 
with  3,000  men  in  Szigeth ;    after  one 
month  the  Turks  are  successful ;  Soly- 
man dies  in  camp. 
*  ♦  Hung.    A  truce  is  made  with  Sultan 
Selim  II.,  each  side  to  hold  its  own  pos- 
sessions. 
J.604  •  *  Hung.    The  revolting  Protes- 
tants under  Stephen  Bocskai  are  aided 
by  the  Turks. 
1606*  *  Hung.    The  revolt  ends,  peace 

being  made  with  Emperor  Rudolph. 
16\\  *  *  Boliemia.  The  Archduke 
lieopold  of  Styria,  instigated  by  Rudoph 
11.,  advances  with  an  army  of  12,000 
■  men,  captures  several  cities,  and  reaches 
Prague.  [An  army  raised  by  the  Diet 
soon  drives  him  back.] 

1.618* 

War. 

A  long  struggle  occurs  between  Roman 
Catholicism  and  Protestantism,  followed 
by  political  wars  against  the  House  of 
Hapsburg,  and  wars  of  conquest  on  Ger- 
man soil  by  Sweden  and  France. 

*  *  -23  *  *  Bohemia.  War  against  the 
oppressors  of  Protestants;  part  of 
the  Thirty  Years'  War.  It  is  occasioned 
by  questions  relating  to  authority  over 
churches. 

1619  *  *  -40  *  *  Bohemia  is  subdued. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Protestant  Union 
sends  troops  to  aid  the  Bohemians. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Count  Thum,  leading  the 
Protestant  revolt,  marches  on  Vienna, 


Tlie  troops  of  Frederick  V.,  com- 
manded by  Christian  of  Anhalt,  are  de- 
feated by  the  Imperialists  under  Tilly 
and  Maximilian,  and  the  Bohemian  Prot- 
estants are  subjugated  ;  10,000  dead  men 
are  left  on  the  Held. 

Nov.  9.  Bohemia.  Frederick  V.,  the 
Elector  Palatine  and  chief  of  the  Ger- 
man Protestant  Union,  flees  to  Holland. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

X533    Feb.  6.    Dudith,  Andrew,  Hungarian 
reformer,  born. 
.Sept.  7.     KUzabetli,  Princess,  born. 

1540  *  •  Zapolya,  John,  King  of  Transyl- 
vania, dies. 

1560  •  •  Zapolya.  John,  rival  King  of  Hun- 
gary, (iies. 

1561  •  •  liucquoi,  Charlesde  r.., Count, born. 
1664    July  25.    Ferdinand  I..  Emperor  of 

Gerniany,  ABO. 
1566  *  ♦  Domiuis,  de,  Marco  Antonio,  scien- 
tist, Ijorn. 
Sept.  5.  Zrinyi,  Nicholas,  Hungarian  general, 

1676  •  •Maximilian  n..  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, (lies. 

1678  *  *  Clovio,  Giulio,  Croatian  painter,  A80. 

1583*  •  ■Wallenstein,  Albrecht  W.  E. 
von.  Count,  general,  l>orn  in  liolteinia. 

1584  •  *  (iallas,  Mattliias  von,  general,  born. 

1588  *  *  Gondola,  Giovanni,  poet,  born. 

1589  •  *  Dnilitli,  Andrew,  Hungarian  re- 
former, A66. 

1693*  *  Comenius,  John  Amos,  Bishop, 
l)orn  in  Moravia. 

1599  *  ♦  Piccoloinini,  Ottavio,  Austrian  gen- 
eral, born  in  Italy. 

laoi  •  "  Anne,  wife  of  Loms  XIII.,  born. 

1607*  *  Hollar,  Wenzel,  engraver,  born  in 
Bohemia. 

1608  *  •  Montecuculi,  Kaimondo,  Count,  gen- 
eral, born  in  Italy. 

1613  Jan.  20.  Rudolph  II..  Emperor  of 
Germany,  A60. 

1619  Mar.  20.  Matthias.  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, A62. 

1620*  •  (Jyongyosy,  Stephen,  poet,  born  in 
Hungary. 


1-48*  'The   Thirty  Years' 


CHURCH. 

1529*  *Ocr.  The  Evangelicals  are 
called  Protestants. 

1530  Jtme  *  -Nov.  *  Bavaria.  The 
Diet  of  Augsburg  meets  to  settle  reli- 
gious disputes ;  it  forbids  all  innova- 
tions. 

1531  Feb.  27.  Oer.  The  SchmaUcal- 
dio  League,  favorable  to  Protestant- 
ism, is  agreed  upon  by  the  majority  of 
the  Protestant  princes  and  the  imperial 
cities,  at  Schmalkalden,  Hesse. 

1532  *  *  Bavaria.  The  religious  peace 
of  Nm-emberg  is  favorable  to  the 
Protestants. 

1534  •  *  It.    Paul  III.  is  pope. 

1540  *  *  Fr.    The  order  of  Jesuits  is 

formed  by  Ignatius  Loyola  at  Paris. 

[It  successfully  opposes  the  spread  of 

Protestantism.] 


and  besieges  Ferdinand  II.;  he  is  obliged    1545  Dec.  13-63  Dec.  4.    Tyrol.   The 

Coimcil  of  Trent.    The  reformers  are 


to  retire. 
Nov.  *  Bohemia.    Thum     appears     the 
second  time  before  Vienna  and  again 
retreats. 

*  •Hungary  is  invaded  by  Gabriel 
Bethlen. 

1620  *  *  Hung.  Bethlen  makes  peace 
with  the  Emperor. 

•  *  Bohemia.  The  army  of  the  Catholic 
League,  commanded  by  Count  Johann 
Tilly,  is  joined  by  Maximilian  of  Bavaria 
and  the  Imperial  army  in  Invading  Bo- 
hemia. 

Nov.  8.  Bohemia.  Battle  of  "White 
Mountain. 


absent.  [It  is  reckoned  the  18th  Gen- 
eral Countdl  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  which  accepts  its  decisions  as 
the  standard  of  faith,  morals,  and  disci- 
pline.] 

It  is  called  to  reform  ecclesiastical 
abuses,  and  proceeds  to  counteract,  and 
endeavors  to  crush,  the  Reformation. 

It  enacts,  with  anathemas,  tiie  leading 
doctrines  of  the  Reformation :  namely, 
(1)  that  all  the  books  of  Scripture,  in- 
cluding the  Apocryplia,  are  contained  in 
the  Vulgate  version,  and  have  the  same 
divine  authority  ;  the  Church  is  its  sole 
interpreter.  (2)  Tlnit  the  traditions  are 
accepted  as  the  unwritten  Word  of  God, 
and  are  equal  with  the  Scripttu-es.    (3) 


The  Vulgate  is  the  only  authentic  ver- 
sion of  Scripture,  and  this  alone  is  to 
be  read.  (4)  Individual  interpretation 
of  Scripture  contrary  to  the  teaching  of 
the  Church  and  the  universal  consent 
of  the  Fathers  is  prohibited.  (5)  Faith 
is  the  foundation  of  justiflcation,  luit  is 
not  exclusive  of  good  works ;  justilica- 
tion  includes  sanctitication  of  the  inner 
man.  (6)  Tlie  seven  sacraments  are  ap- 
proved, —  baptism,  confirmation,  the 
Lord's  Supper,  penance,  extreme  unc- 
tion, orders,  and  matrimony. 

The  doctrines  of  transubst.antiation 
and  purgatory  are  affirmed  ;  the  grant- 
ing of  indulgences  is  approved,  and  cler- 
ical celibacy  and  auricular  confession 
are  declared  to  be  divine  requirements. 
[1564.    Jan.  26.    Approved  by  the  Pope.] 

15^8*:  **  Hmig.  The  Evangelical 
Church  is  organized  on  the  basis  of  the 
Augsburg  confession. 

1550  *  *  Austria  has  200  parishes  with- 
out priests,  and  268  which  have  become 
Protestant. 

*  • //.  Julius  III.  is  pope.  [1655,  Marccl- 
lus  II. ;  later  Paul  IV. ;  1559,  Pius  IV.] 

1552*  *  Vienna.  Because  of  Protestant 
sentiment  the  procession  of  Corpus 
Christi  is  abandoned. 

*  •  Aust.    The  Jesuits  settle. 
July  16.    Bavaria.   The  Convention  of 

Passau.    The  free  exercise  of  religion 

by  certain  Protestants  till  the  next  Diet 

is  secured. 
1555    Sept.  25.    The  religious  Peace 

of  Augsburg,  Bavaria,  is  entered. 
1560  •  •  Tyrol.    The  Jesuits  arrive. 
1564  *  *  Aust.    The   Jesuits  arrive   in 

Styria. 

*  •  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  I.  obtains  the 
Pope's  sanction,  and  authority  from  the 
Council  of  Trent,  to  permit  the  use  of 
the  sacramental  cup. 

1566  *  *  It.  St.  Pius  V.  is  pope.  [1672, 
Gregory  XIII.] 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  I.  summons  the 
Jesuits  to  Prague,  in  an  attempt  to 
resist  the  progress  of  the  Reformation  ; 
he  founds  an  archbishopric  for  the 
Catholics. 

1572  *  *  Aust.  Maximilian  II.  grants 
freedom  of  conscience  in  his  Aus- 
trian dominions. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Jesuits  are  settled  in 
Gratz. 

1576±  *  •  Aust.  A  counter-reforma- 
tion is  aided  by  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Ger.  Enthronement  of  Fmperor 
Rudolph,  who  becomes  a  tool  of  .lesuits 
and  a  persecutor  of  Protestants. 

1585  *  *  It.    Sistus  V.  is  pope. 

*  *  Reaction  is  against  Protestantism. 
1590  *  *  /(.     Urban   VII.  is  pope  for  12 

days.     [Gregory  XIV. ;    1691,  Innocent 
IX.,  two  months,  and  dies;  1592,  Clem- 
ent VIII.] 
1602  *  *  Bohemia.    Rudolph  renews  the 
persecutions. 

1605  *  *  It.  Leo  XI.  is  pope,  and  dies 
tlie  same  month  ;  he  is  succeeded  by 
Paul  V. 

1606  June  22.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of 
Vienna  grants  toleration  to  Protestants. 

1608  *  *  The  Protestant  Union,  Fred- 
erick IV.,  leader,  is  formed. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1526,**-1620,  * 


511 


1609  •  *  The  Catholic  League,  with 
Maximilian  I.,  Elector  of  Bavaria, 
leader,  is  formed. 

1618  *  •  ^8  *  »  Bohemia  —  Ger.  T  h  e 
long  struggle  between  Roman  Catholi- 
cism and  Protestantism  is  known  as  the 
Thirty  Years'  AWar;  it  originates  in 
the  insurrection  of  tlie  Protestants  of 
Bohemia. 

LETTERS. 

•  »  t  Ausl.  Ferdinaiul  II.  founds  16 
colleges  for  the  Jesuits,  besides  many 
convents. 

1531*  *  Hung.  The  Protestant  college 

at  Debreczin  is  founded. 
;1547  *  *  Aust.    Ferdinand  I.  establishes 

the  censorship  of  the  press. 

•  *  Bohemia.  Sixt.  de  Ottendorf 's  work 
on  the  Diet  is  published. 

1676  r*  *  Bohemia.  Prague  becomes 
one  of  the  most  learned  cities  of 
Europe. 

•  *-1612*  *  Bohemia.  The  arts  and 
sciences  are  zealously  cultivated  by  all 
classes  of  society. 

.1581  •  *  Moravia.    The  University  of 

Olmiitz  is  founded. 
.1586  *   *  Atist.      The    University    of 

Gratz  (Catholic)  is  founded. 
16th     Century.      Bohemia.      Literature 

flourishes. 
Weleslawin,  Paprocky,  and  Hayek  of 

Liboczun  write  popular  histories  ;  Wrat- 

Islas    and   Prefat   write    their    travels ; 

Nicolas  Kouec,   Dobrensky,   and  Lom- 

nicky  write  various  didactic  works. 

1601  •  *  Bohemia.  Johann  Kepler  Is 
appointed  principal  mathematician  to 
the  Emperor  Rudolph  at  Prague. 

-1604  *  *  Bohemia.  Tlie  Supplement  to 
Vitetlio  is  published  by  Kepler  at 
Prague. 

.1609  *  *  Bohemia.  Astronomia  nova,  seu 
Physica  celeetis,  Iradita  Commentariis 
de  .Montibus  Stellm  Martis,  is  published 
by  Kepler.  It  announces  ["  Kepler's 
Laws  *']. 

1611*  'Bohemia.     Dioptriea  is  pub- 
lished by  Kepler ;  it  describes  the  astro- 
nomical telescope  with  two  lenses. 
1612*  »-26*  *  Johann  Kepler  is  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Linz. 

1618  May  8.  Bohemia.  Kepler  dis- 
covers the  laws  which  regulate  the 
periods  and  the  motions  of  the  planets. 

•  ♦  Bohemia.  Kepler  discovers  his  third 
law. 

1619  *  *  Bohemia.  Harmonice  mundi  is 
published  by  Kepler. 

STATE. 

1526  *  •  Transylvania.  John  Zapolya 
becomes  prince  of  this  province. 

•  •  Croatia  is  united  with  Austria. 

1527  •  *  Hung.  John  Zapolya  of  Tran- 
sylvania contests  the  crown,  is  elected 
by  a  party  of  nobles,  and  crowned  a 
rival  king. 

1529  Aug.  5.  Margaret  of  Austria 
and  Ijouise  of  Savoy  negotiate  the  Peace 
of  Cambray. 


*  ♦  Turkish  invasions  distract  Austria. 

1531  Feb.  6.  The  majority  of  Protes- 
tant princes  and  the  imperial  cities  unite 
on  the  Schmalkaldic  League. 

*  •  Humj.    The  rival  kings  enter  a  truce. 
1536f  ♦  *  Hunti.       Solyman    presses 

Hungary  very  hard. 
1538  *  *  Hung.  John  Zapolya,  the  ri- 
val king,  enters  a  treaty  of  compromise 
with  Ferdinand  I.,  King  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  and  founds  the  princi- 
pality of  Transylvania. 

*  *  It.  The  Truce  of  Nice  ends  the  war 
between  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I. 

1540  *  ♦  Transytvania.  The  people  of 
Transylvania  set  up  John  Sigismond, 
son  of  Zapolya,  as  king,  with  the  Turks 
as  allies. 

Nov.  *  Hung.  John  Zapolya  is  crowned 
anti-king. 

1541  *  *  Hung.  The  Turks  compel  Fer- 
dinand I.  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  of 
30,000  ducats  for  possession  of  Hungarj-. 

15»S  Oct.  25.  Cler.  Charles  V.  abdi- 
cates a  great  empire. 

He  resigns  the  Empire  of  Germany, 
the  sovereignty  of  Austria,  Bohemia, 
Hungary,  the  NetlierLands,  and  their 
dependencies  [and  Spain  Feb.  6,  1556]. 

1556  Aug.  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  I.  be- 
comes emperor. 

*  •  Auxt.  The  High  Council  of  "War 
is  founded. 

1558  *  •  Ger.  Ferdinand  I.  is  confirmed 
in  the  Empire  by  vote  of  the  Diet. 

1562  •  *  Bohemia.  Maximilian,  son  of 
Ferdinand  II.,  is  elected  King  of  Bo- 
henda  and  of  the  Romans. 

*  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  II.  concludes  a  treaty 
with  the  Turks,  acknowledging  their 
right  to  conquests  in  Germany,  and 
agrees  to  pay  an  annual  present,  a  trib- 
ute in  disguise. 

1563  •  *  Hung.  Maximilian,  son  of  Fer- 
dinand II.,  is  crowned. 

*  *  Bosnia  is  completely  conquered  by 
the  Turks.  , 

1564  July  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  I.  dies, 
and  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Maximilian 
TT.  to  the  throne  of  the  Empire,  and  to 
the  crowns  of  Austria,  Hungary,  and 
Bohemia.  He  is  favorable  to  Protes- 
tants. 

»  *  Amt.  Duke  Ferdinand,  a  younger 
son  of  Ferdinand  I.,  receives  Tyrol  and 
Lower  Austria. 

Charles,  a  third  son  of  Ferdinand  I., 
is  made  master  of  Styria,  Carinthia, 
Carniola,  and  Gortz. 

1571  •  *  Transylvania.  Stephen  Ba- 
tory  Zapolya  becomes  grand  prince. 

1572*  *  Hung.  RudolphlL.sonof  Maxi- 
milian II.,  is  crowned. 

1575  »  *  Transylvania.  Christopher 
Batory  becomes  grand  prince. 

»  »  Bohemia.    Rudolph  II.  is  crowned. 

1576  *  *  Auat.  Rudolph  II.  is  enthroned 
emperor.  [He  favors  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences.] 

1581  *  *  Transylvania.  Sigismund  Ba- 
tory becomes  grand  prince. 


1601  *  *  Hung.  The  archduke  Ferdi- 
nand is  defeated  at  Kaidzsa,  losing  all 
his  artillery  and  a  large  number  of  pris- 
oners, who  are  beheaded. 

»  *  Transylvania.  Sigismund  B a t o r y 
(second  time)  is  grand  prince. 

1602  *  *  Transylvania.  The  Emperor 
Rudolph  becomes  prince. 

1604  •  *  Hung.  The  persecuted  Pro- 
testants revolt  under  the  leadership  of 
Bocskay. 

1605  *  *  Transylvania.  Stephen  Boc- 
skay becomes  grand  prince. 

1606*  *  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Vienna 
is  signed. 

*  *  Transylvania.  Sigismund  Kakoczy 
becomes  grand  prince. 

1608  *  *  Aust.  Matthias,  by  force  of 
arms,  obtains  the  title  of  Governor  of 
Austria,  Mor.avia,  and  Hungary.  Peace 
is  made  by  the  treaty  of  Libno. 

*  *  Transylvania.  Gabriel  I.  (Batory) 
becomes  grand  prince. 

*  *  Hung.    Matthias  II.  is  king. 

*  *±  The  Emperor  Rudolph  is  compelled 
to  cede  Hungary  to  his  brother  Matthias. 

1609  May  4.  Bohemia.  The  Evan- 
gelicals and  the  Bohemian  Brothers, 
being  refused  the  recognition  of  their 
rights,  organize  an  independent  Diet. 

July  9.  Bohemia.  Rudolph  II.  is  forced 
by  an  armed  revolt  to  sign  a  letter  of 
majesty. 

The  Bohemian  confession,  the  admit- 
tance of  Evangelicals  and  Bohemian 
Brothers  to  the  consi.story,  and  their 
right  to  govern  the  University  of  Prague, 
are  recognized  as  the  fundamental  and 
perpetual  law. 

1611  May  26.  Bohemia.  Matthias  is 
elected  king  by  the  Diet,  as  successor  to 
Rudolph,  who  is  forced  to  abdicate  the 
throne. 

Bohemia  and  Austria  are  also  ceded 
to  Matthias. 

1612  *  *  Rudolph's  brother,  Matthias 
II.,  is  Emperor. 

1613  *  *  Transylvania.  Gabriel  II. 
(Bethlen  Gahor),  a  Protestant,  is  grand 
prince. 

1617  June  8.  Hung.  Ferdinand  II., 
cousin  of  Matthias,  is  crowned. 

1618  May  16.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand 
n.  is  crowned. 

May  23.  Bohemia.  The  Protestants 
revolt,  and  throw  the  king's  lieutenants 
from  the  windows  of  the  castle  of  Prague : 
they  fall  70  feet  into  the  ditch  and  sur- 
vive. [A  provisional  government  by  30 
directors  is  formed.] 

1619*  *-37*  *  Hung.  King  Ferdi- 
nand H.  is  Emperor  of  Germany.  [He 
reunites  all  the  Austrian  domains  except 
Tyrol.] 

Sept.  5.  Bohemia.  The  emperor  is 
deposed  by  the  revolting  Bohemians  for 
oppressing  the  Protestants,  and  Freder- 
ick, the  elector-palatine,  is  elected  king, 
[this  brings  on  the  30  years'  war]. 

Sept.  26.  Bohemia.  The  Diet  elects 
Ferdinand  II. 

1620  Aug.  25.  Hung.  The  Diet  pro- 
claims Gabriel  II.  (Bethlen)  king. 


512     1620,  **-1705i 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — MA  Vy. 

1625  *  •  Tlie  Protestants  find  an  ally  in 
Christian  IV.,  King  of  Denniiuk,  and 
receive  aid  from  England. 

1626  Apr.  26.  Ger.  The  Protestants 
under  (Jount  Mansfeld  are  defeated  by 
■Wallenstein  at  Dessau. 

Aug.  27.  Brunswick.  Tilly  defeats  the 
Danish  king  at  Lutter. 

1627+  *  »  Aust.  The  peasants,  under 
the  hatter  Fadinger,  revolt  in  Upper 
Austria,  and  organize  an  army  70,000 
strong;  the  revolt  is  gradually  sup- 
pressed, and  many  of  its  leaders  are 
executed. 

1620  *  *  Ger.  The  Catholic  armies,  led 
by  Gen.  Albrecht  Eusebius  Wallen- 
stein, enter  Denmark,  and,  meeting 
ineffective  resistance,  compel  a  humili- 
ating peace,  which  is  concluded  at 
Lubeck. 

*  •  Ger.  The  Catholic  princes,  alarmed 
at  Ferdinand's  power,  demand  the  dis- 
missal of  WaUensteln,  which  is  con- 
ceded. 

1630  June »  Prussia.  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden,  lands  an 
army  of  8,000  men  in  Pomerania  to  aid 
the  Protestants  ;  it  is  soon  increased  to 
15,000. 

*  *  Prussia.  Gustavus  conquers  Pom- 
erania, Mecklenburg,  and  part  of  Bran- 
denburg. 

1631  May  20.  Prussia.  Catholics  un- 
der Tilly  take  Magdeburg  by  assault, 
sack  the  city,  and  inflict  barbarous 
atrocities  on  the  defenseless  inhabi- 
tants ;  30,000  (?)  inhabitants  are  massa- 
cred. 

*  *  Bohemia  is  entered  and  Prague  cap- 
tured by  the  Saxons  under  Arnim. 

Sept.  7.  Saxony.  Gustavus,  being  reen- 
forced,  commands  an  army  of  40,000 
Swedes  and  Saxons ;  he  defeats  40,000 
Catholic  Imperialists  under  Tilly  at 
Breitenfeld,  near  Leipsic ;  a  great 
number  of  the  Imperialists  are  killed. 

1632  Apr.  15.  Bavaria.  Tilly  is  again 
beaten  at  the  passage  of  the  River 
Ijech,  where  he  is  fatally  wounded. 

*  *  Bohemia.  'Wallenstein  is  recalled 
by  Ferdinand  ;  he  drives  the  Saxons  out 
of  Bohemia. 

Nov.  16.  .Saxony.  Gustavus  Adolphus 
with  an  army  of  18,000  defeats  Wallen- 
stein with  30,000  at  liUtzen ;  Gustavus 
is  killed. 

1634  Feb.  25.  Bolirmia.  'Wallen- 
stein is  assassinated  by  some  of  his 
own  officers  in  the  castle  of  Eger, 

Sept.  6  (N.  8.).  Bacaria.  The  Protes- 
tants under  Bernhard,  Duke  of  Saxe- 
"W'eimar,  are  defeated  at  NordUngen 
by  the  Imperialists  under  Ferdinand  III. 
and  Gen.  Matthias  Gallas. 

1636  •  •  The  war  assumes  a  new 
phase.  France  and  Sweden  are  allied 
against  the  Empire  and  the  Lutheran 
states  of  Germany,  whicli  are  aided  by 
Spain. 

Oct.  4  {s.  8.).  Pruasia.  Tlie  Swedes  un- 
der Marshal  Ban^r  gain  a  brilliant  vic- 


tory over  Saxons  under  Elector  Johann 
Georg  I.  and  Austriaus  under  Gen.  Hatz- 
fehl  at  "Wittstock. 
1645  Mar.  6.  Bohemia.  The  Swedish 
Gen.  Lennart  Torstenaon  gains  a  bril- 
liant victory  over  the  Imperialists  under 
Hatzfeld  at  Jankau. 

•  ♦  .Morm-ia.  The  plague  causes  Tors- 
tenson  to  abandon  the  siege  of  Brunn ; 
he  returns  to  Bohemia. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Torstenson  resigns  through 
illness  ;  he  is  succeeded  by  Karl  Gustaf 
Vl^rangel,  another  Swede. 

1646*  "Bohemia.  'Wraugel  departs, 
and  joins  Gen.  'Vicomte  de  Turenne,  a 
French  Protestant,  at  Giessen,  Germany. 

1647  *  •  Ger.    The  Truce  of  Ulm. 
The  Elector  Maximilian  is  forced  by 

the  Swedes  and  French  to  conclude  a 
truce,  and  to  renomice  his  alliance  with 
the  emperor. 

1648  •  •  Bohemia.  The  Swedes  under 
Count  Konigsmark  of  Germany  take 
Prague. 

Oct.  24.  The  Thirty  Years'  'War 
ends  in  the  Peace  of  Westphalia.  (See 
State.) 

1661  *  «  64  •  «  Ifunff.  'War  with  the 
Turks. 

It  is  caused  by  a  dispute  concerning 
the  election  of  a  prince  in  Transylvania. 

1664  Aug.  1.  Himri.  The  Turks  under 
the  Grand  Vizier  Koprili  are  defeated 
by  Imperialists  under  Montecuculli  and 
French  auxiliaries,  in  the  battle  of  St. 
Gothard  (Kormend),  and  driven  from 
Hungarian  soil. 

1678  ♦  *  Hung.  The  Protestants  re- 
volt, under  Michael  Teleki  and  Emeric 
Tokolyi,  against  intolerable  oppression 
by  the  Catholic  governor-general,  Am- 
bringen. 

1679  *  *  Xeihertands.  The  war  breaks 
out  again ;  the  struggle  is  in  The  Neth- 
erlands and  along  the  Rhine. 

1680  *  •  (1000?)  Aust.  The  army  is  now 
formed  into  regular  regiments ;  the 
standing  .army  begins  to  grow. 

1683  July*  Vienna.  The  Turks  un- 
der Kara  Mustapha,  aided  by  the  Hun- 
garians, besiege  'Vienna,  which  is 
heroically  defended  by  Eudiger  von 
Starhemberg. 

Sept.  12.  Aust.  John  Sobieski,  King 
(John  III.)  of  Poland,  aided  by  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine,  defeats  100,000  Turks 
under  Kara  Mustapha  in  a  terrible  battle 
at  "X'ienna,  and  raises  the  siege. 

*  *  *  Aust.  A  small  fleet  is  established 
on  the  Danube. 

1686  Sept.  2.  Hung.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  retake 
Buda,  and  the  Mohammedans  are  de- 
livered up  to  the  fury  of  the  soldiers. 

1687  Aug.  12.  Hung.  Charles  of  Lor- 
raine defeats  the  Turks  at  Mohacs. 

1691  Aug.  10.  Hung.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  Prince  Louis  defeat  the  Turks 
under  Koprili  at  the  battle  of  Slanka- 
men  on  the  Danube  ;  Koprili  is  killed. 

1697  Sept.  11.  Hung.  The  Imperial- 
ists under  Prince   Eugene  defeat  and 


rout  the  Turks  at  Zenta ;  more  than 

10,000  of  them  are  killed. 
1698  *  *  Bosnia.    Serajevo  is  taken  by 

Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy. 
1701  *  *  -14  •  *  'War  of  the  Spanish 

Succession. 
England,   The    Netherlands,  Prussia, 

Portugal,  and  Savoy  take  sides  with  the 

Emperor  of  Germany  against  France. 

(See  Germany.) 

1704    Aug.  13.    Bavaria.    Battle  of 
Blenheim. 

The  allied  English  and  Austrians,  led 
by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince 
Eugene,  defeat  the  French  ami  Bavari- 
ans under  Marshal  Tallard  ;  French  and 
Bavarian  loss,  12,000  killed,  13,000  prison- 
ers, including  Tallard. 

ART  —SCIENCE  — NATURE. 

1667    Apr.  6.    Auat.    Ragusa  is  ruined 

by  an  earthquake ;  5,000  persons  perish. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1631  *   *  Kucquoi,  C'iiarles  de  L.,  Count,  A60. 

1634*  *  Doniinis.de,  Marco  Antonio,  divine, 
scientist.  A.5?*. 

1634'  »AWringer,  Johann,  Austrian  fleld- 
marshal,  dies. 
Feb.  25.    Wallenstein,  Albrecht 'Wenzel 
Eusebius  von.  Count,  general,  assassi- 
nated, .\51. 

1637  Feb.  15.    Ferdinand  IV.,  Emperor 
of  VJermany,  dies. 

1638  *  *  Gondola,  Giovanni,  poet,  A50. 
1647  •  •  Gallas.  .Mattliias,  general,  A63. 
1654*  *  Ferdinand  IV.,  King  of  Hungary, 

dies. 

1656  *  *  Picoolomini,  Ottavio,  general,  A57. 

1657  Apr.  2.    Ferdinand  III. .  Emperor  of 
Ceniiaiiy,  A49. 

1659  •  ♦  Apaczai,  Joannes,  Himgarian  schol- 
ar, dies. 

1663  *  *  £ueene.  Prince  of  Savoy,  general, 
born. 

1666*  *  Anne  of  -Vnstria,  wife  of  Louis  XIII. 
of  France,  .\ti4. 

1671  *  *  Comebius.  John  Amos,  Moravian 
bishop,  educator,  A79. 

1676  *  *  Rakoczy.  Franz  Leopold,  prince,  b. 

1677*  *  Hollar,  Wenzel,  Bohemian   engra- 
ver, A70. 

1681  *  *  Monteciiculi,  Itaimondo,  Count,  gen- 
eral, A73. 

1704*  •  Gyongyosy,     Stephen,     Hungarian 
poet,  A  84. 

1705  *  *  Itrowne,  Maximilian  Ulysses,  Aus- 
trian marshal,  born  in  Switzerland. 
May  5.     Leopold   I..    Emperor    of    Ger- 
many, AW. 
Sept.  24.    Daun,  Leopold  Joseph  Maria  Ton, 
Count,  tield-niarshal,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1620  •  *  Ger.  Christian  of  Anhalt  and 
the  margrave,  John  George  of  Bran- 
denburg-Jagorndorf ,  are  put  under  the 
ban  by  the  Pope. 

*  *  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  renews  the 
persecutions,  which  cause  a  renewal 
of  the  war. 

*  •  Aust.  A  violent  anti-reformation 
movement  develops.  [And  later  in 
Silesia.] 

1621  It.  Gregory  XV.  is  pope.  [1623. 
Urban  VIII.] 

1624  *  *  Bohemia.  An  Imperial  decree 
banishes  the  Bohemian  Brothers,  and 
restores  Catholicism  to  their  churches. 

1629  *  *  Ferdinand  aims  at  the  complete 
extirpation  of  Protestantism. 

Mar.  6.  The  Edict  of  Bestitution  is 
issued. 

It  requires  the  restitution  of  secular- 
ized ecclesiastical  property,  and  that 
Protestants  relinq\iish  benefices  which 
they  had  appropriated. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1620,  *  *-1705, 


1631  *  *  Bohemia  is  entered  by  a  Saxon 
army,  and  the  Jesuits  are  driven  out 
of  Prague. 

leHi- *  *  Transylvaiiia.  The  Be- 
(ormed  religion  is  introduced  by  the 
grand  prince. 

1671  Apr.  30.  Jliwg.  The  execu- 
tion of  three  counts  by  the  emperor, 
contrary  to  law,  becomes  a  signal  for 
both  patriots  and  Protestants  to  rise 
against  their  persecutors. 

LETTERS. 

1623  *  *  Aust.  The  University  of  Salz- 
burg is  founded. 

1624  •  *  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  II.  im- 
ports Benedictines  from  Montserrat. 

*  *  *  Bohemia.  Jesuits  escorted  by  sol- 
diery ransack  every  house  for  Bohe- 
mian books,  and  burn  all  published 
after  1414  as  heretical.  [The  Jesuit 
Aut.  Konias  boasted  of  having  destroyed 
by  burning  60,000  Bohemian  books.] 

1627  *  *  Bohemia.  Uxulolphine  Tables  is 
publislied  by  Kepler. 

1630  *  *  Aust.  Pansophice  Prodomus,  by 
John  Araos  Comenius,  appears  at  Lissa. 

1631  *  *  Aust.  Janua  lAngiiarum  Rese- 
rata,  by  John  Amos  Comenius,  appears 
at  Lissa ;  [being  translated  into  twelve 
European  languages,  also  Arabic,  Per- 
sian, and  Turkish]. 

1635*  *  Humj.  The  University  of 
Budapest  (originally  at  Tyrnau)  is 
founded. 

1658  *  *  Aust.  Orbis  Sensualium  Pictus, 
by  John  Amos  Comenius,  the  first  chil- 
dren's picture-book,  appears. 

1672*  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of 
Innsbruck  is  founded  by  the  emperor. 

SOCIETY. 

1668  *  *  Hung.  Eleonora  di  Gonzaga, 
wife  of  King  Leopold  I.,  institutes  the 
Order  of  Xjadies  of  the  Star  of  the 
Cross. 

1671  *  *  Aust.  An  order  of  police  di- 
Tides  laymen  into  five  classes,  and  in- 
structs each  class  what  it  ought  to 
wear  and  to  eat. 

1675  •  *  Austria  founds  a  German  Uni- 
versity at  Czernowitz,  to  Germanize  the 
land. 

1676  *  *  Aust.  Taxes  are  laid  on  bil- 
liards, playing-cards,  and  hair-powder. 

1696  *  *  Vienna.  A  lottery  is  opened 
for  raising  funds  to  establish  a  soldiers* 
hospital.  [It  still  remains  one  of  the 
financial  institutions  of  Austria.] 

1705  ♦  *  Aust.  Kecruiting  is  carried 
on  by  officers  and  sergeants  who  prom- 
ise money  and  booty  tv.-'^-tjlunteers. 

STATE. 

1620  Nov.  9.  Bohemia.  The  Bohe- 
mians are  subdued  by  the  victory  of 
Ferdinand  near  Prague. 

1621  Feb.  20.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand 
1 1 .  begins  the  merciless  persecution  of 
bis  subjects  who  were  involved  in  the 


revolt,  yet  trusted  in  his  mercy,  and  did 
not  flee  when  they  could  do  so. 
June  21.    Bohemia.    The  king  executes 
leaders  of  the  revolt. 

1622  Feb.  3.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand  II. 
issues  a  decree  of  semi-amnesty  to 
revolutionists. 

1623  *  *  Aust.  Ferdinand  II.  cedes 
■Western  Austria  and  the  Tyrol  to  his 
brother  Xjeopold. 

1625  *  *  Hung.  Ferdinand  III.  succeeds 
bis  father  as  king. 

1627  Mar.  15.  Bohemia.  Ferdinand 
II.  grants  a  new  constitution,  and 
adds  a  fourth  estate,  the  clergy,  which 
shall  be  superior  to  the  other  three. 

1629  •  *  Bohemia.  The  Protestants  are 
awed  into  submission  by  the  defeat  of 
their  allies  in  battle. 

*  *-48*  *  Transylvania.  George  I. 
(Rakoczy)  is  grand  prince. 

1635  May  30.  Saxony  concludes  a 
peace  with  the  emperor,  exempting  the 
Lutherans  from  the  Edict  of  Restitution. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Peace  of  Prague, 
between  the  emperor  and  the  Elector  of 
Saxony  is  signed.    (See  Germany.) 

1637  Feb.  15.  Ger.  The  King  Ferdi- 
nand in.  succeeds  his  father  as  Em- 
peror of  the  Holy  Bomau  Empire. 

1644  *  »  Transylvania.  George  Ra- 
koczy leads  an  unsuccessful  revolt 
against  Austria. 

1647  *  *  Hung.  Ferdinand  IV.  be- 
comes king. 

1648  Oct.  24.  The  Peace  of  West- 
phalia is  signed. 

*  *  Prus.  The  Protestant  princes  of  Ger- 
many, having  sought  the  aid  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus  of  Sweden  against  the  oppres- 
sions of  the  House  of  Austria,  the  treaty 
of  Westphalia  as  an  international  code 
follows.  It  proclaims  the  legal  recogni- 
tion of  the  independence  of  Switzerland, 
which  had  long  been  practically  recog- 
nized.   (See  Germany.) 

*  *  Austria  secures  Bohemia  by  treaty. 
(See  Germany.) 

1655  *  *  Hung.    Leopold  I.,  the  second 

son  of  Ferdinand  II.,  is  king. 
1658  •  *  Leopold  I.  is  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire. 

He  pushes  the  Hungarians  into  a  re- 
volt, in  which  the  Turks  come  to  their 
aid. 

[Leopold  adds  one-third  to  the  terri- 
tory of  Austria.] 

1660  *  •  Transylvania.  John  Kemin 
is  elected  prince. 

1661  *  *  Transylvania.  Tlie  election  of 
John  Kemin  leads  to  a  war  with  the 
Ttirks. 

1662  •  *  -89  •  *  Transylvania.  Mi- 
chael I.  (.\pafy)  is  grand  prince. 

1665  •  *  Aust.  Western  Austria  and 
Tyrol  are  returned  to  Austria. 

1670  *  *  Hung.  A  conspiracy  to  throw 
off  the  yoke  of  Austria  with  the  aid  of 
the  Turks  is  discovered  and  frustrated. 

1682  *  *  Hung.  A  conspiracy  of  the 
magnates  is  detected. 


1683  *  *  Vienna.    Leopold  I.  flees  aw.ay 

on  the  approach  of  the  Turks. 
Sept.  15.     Vienna.    Leopold  I.  returns. 

*  *  Hungary  is  subdued,  and  united  tt> 
Transylvania ;  it  is  changed  from  an 
elective  to  an  hereditary  kingdom. 

1687+  *  •  Hung.  Tlie  Diet  of  Presburg 
confers  the  hereditary  succession  to 
the  throne  of  Hung<ary,  upon  the  male 
line  of  Austria. 

*  •  Hung.  Joseph  I.,  sou  of  Leopold  1., 
becomes  king. 

1689  *  •  -91  •  *  Transylvania.  Emilo 
Tokoly  is  grand  prince. 

May  12.  Vienna.  The  grand  alliance 
is  signed  at  Vienna. 

The  Emperor  of  Germany  and  the 
Dutch  States-General  unite  to  prevent 
the  union  of  the  French  and  Spanish 
crowns.  [Later  England,  Spain,  and  the 
Buke  of  .Savoy  join  the  alliance.] 

1690  Apr.  •  Huiig.  Leopold  claims 
Bosnia  and  Bulgaria,  and  raises  an 
army. 

»  »  -99  *  *  Transylvania.  Michael  II. 
is  elected  [last]  prince. 

1691  *  *  Hung.  Nearly  40,000  families  of 
Servian  colonists  settle  on  the  banks 
of  the  Maros. 

*  *  Aust.  A  capitation  tax  is  laid  which 
spares  neitheV  priests  nor  nobles. 

1697  •  •  Netherlands.  The  Peace  of 
Ryswick. 

All  parties  are  in  about  the  same  po- 
sition as  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
but  the  ambition  of  France  is  checked. 

1699  Jan.  26.  Aust.  The  Peace  of 
Karlowitz  is  signed  by  Turkey  and  the 
Allies,  Germany,  Russia,  Poland,  and 
Venice. 

Turkey  cedes  to  Hungary  the  country 
between  the  rivers  Danube  and  Theiss, 
Transylvania  becomes  a  part  of  the 
Austrian  dominion,  and  Herzegovina  is 
ceded  to  Turkey.  The  Sultan  agrees  to 
abstain  from  aiding  Hungarian  malcon- 
tents. 

Feb.  6.  Bavaria.  The  Prince  Elector 
of  Bavaria  suddenly  dies. 

*  *  Sp.  New  intrigues  are  developed  by 
France  and  Austria  at  Madrid. 

1700  ♦  *  Charles  U.  of  Spain,  dying 
without  leaving  any  issue,  occasions  the 
AVar  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

The  Emperor  Leopold's  wife  was  the 
second  sister  of  the  late  king,  and  Leo- 
pold claims  the  crown  for  his  younger 
son. 

1701  Sept.  7.  A  Grand  Alliance  of 
the  naval  powers  is  formed  with 
Leopold  against  France,  to  secure  the 
Spanish  succession  to  Leopold  I. 

1703  ■*  *  Hung.  An  insurrection  of  the 
peasants,  incited  by  Francis  RAkdczy, 
breaks  out,  in  which  some  of  the  nobles 
join. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1679  »  *  Aust.    The  plague  breaks  out 

with  great  violence. 
1691  •  *  Aust.    The   severity  of   winter 

drives  the  wolves  into  Vienna,  where 

men  are  attacked  and  cattle  devoured 

by  them. 


•514      1705,  *  *-1757, 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  —  M  AVY. 

1706  May  23.  Belgium.  The  Allies 
under  Marlborough  defeat  the  Freuch 
under  Marshal  de  Villeroy  at  Kamillies. 
The  Allies  lose  4,000  men.  (Old  Style, 
May  12.) 

Sept.  7.  It.  The  Allies  under  Prince 
Eugene  defeat  the  French  in  Pied- 
mont, and  compel  them  to  raise  the 
seige  of  Turin. 

1708  July  11.  Belgium.  The  Allies 
under  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene 
thoroughly  defeat  the  French  besie- 
gers under  the  Due  de  Vendome  at 
Oudenarde. 

1709  Sept.  11.  Fr.  The  Allies  lose 
20,000  men,  but  defeat  the  French  un- 
der Marshal  Villars  at  Malplaquet. 

1716  •  »  Austria  is  again  at  war  with 
the  Turks. 

Aug.  5.  Hung.  The  Turks  under  the 
Grand  Vizier,  Damad  Ali,  are  totally 
defeated  by  Prince  Eugene  at  Peter- 
wardein. 

1717  Aug.  16.  Servia.  Prince  Eu- 
gene takes  Belgrade  from  the  Turks 
after  a  siege. 

1733*  *  35*  *War  of  the  Polish 
Succession,  following  the  death  of 
Augustus  II. 

The  Emperor  Charles  VI.  is  at  war 
with  France  on  behalf  of  Augustus  111. 
of  Saxony,  who  has  been  elected  King 
of  Poland  by  his  partisans  ;  Austria  is 
driven  out  of  most  of  her  possessions  in 
Italy. 

1736  *  *  -39  *  *  Hung.  An  unsuccess- 
ful war  with  the  Tiurks,  the  allies  of 
Eussia.  The  Turks  are  finally  ex- 
pelled. 

1738  May  27.  Servia.  The  Turks 
defeat  Charles  VI.,  and  capture  Or- 
aova;  they  compel  him  to  treat  for 
peace. 

1740  •  »  -45  •  *  Prussia.    The  Sileaian 
■Wars. 
The  province  of  Silesia  is  claimed  by 


1742  •  *  Attst.  -Hung.  Two  armies  are 
raised  for  defense. 

One  besieges  the  French,  who  have 
talcen  Prague  in  Bohemia,  which  they 
are  compelled  to  abandon  ;  another  con'- 
quers  Bavaria. 

May  17.  Bohemia.  Frederick  the  Great 
defeats  the  Austrians  under  Charles 
of  Lorraine  at  Czaslau,  and  Chotusitz, 
and  thereby  gains  all  the  fortified  posi- 
tions in  Silesia. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Allies  are  driven  out 
by  the  Austrians. 

1743  June  27.  Bavaria.  Battle  of 
Dettingen. 

The  Pragmatic  arniy  (52,000)  under 
Iving  George  II.  of  England  and  the 
Earl  of  Stair  defeats  the  French  (60,000) 
under  Marshal  Noailles  ;  the  Allies  are 
driven  out  of  Bavaria. 

1744  »  •  -45  ♦  •  The  Second  SUesian 
War. 

Frederick  II.  suddenly  renews  hos- 
tilities, and  invades  Bohemia  with  80,- 
000  men. 


Frederick  II.  of  Prussia. 

1740  •  *  -48  ♦  » "War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession. 

It  is  a  war  of  spoliation  caused  hy  rival 
claimants  forthe  throne,  after  the  death 
of  Charles  VI.,  who  desired  his  daughter 
Maria  Theresa  to  succeed  ;  the  counter- 
claimants  are  the  electors  of  Bavaria 
and  Saxony,  the  kings  of  Poland  and 
Spain  ;  Sardinia  and  Prussia  also  claim 

Eortions  of  the  Empire  ;  Maria  Theresa 
as  an  ally  in  Great  Britain, 

1740*  *-42*  »  Prussia.  First  SUe- 
sian "War. 

It  is  caused  by  Prussia  attempting  to 
take  Silesia  from  the  Austrian  Empire. 

•  *  Prussia.  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia 
sends  troops  into  Silesia.  [1741.  He 
captures  Glogau.] 

1741  Apr.  10.  Prussia.  Prussians  led 
by  Count  Sohweriu  and  Leopold  of 
Dessau  gain  their  first  victory,  totally 
defeating  the  Austrians  under  Gen. 
Neipperg  at  Mollwitz  in  Silesia. 

*  *  Austria  and  Bohemia  are  invaded 
by  the  allied  Freuch  and  Bavarian 
army. 


•  *  Bohemia.  Prague  is  taken  by  Fred- 
erick II.  Later  he  is  driven  back  into 
Saxony. 

1745  Apr.  15.  Bavaria.  The  iiivad, 
ing  Austrians  under  Prince  Karl  von 
Batthyanyi  defeat  the  French  and 
Bavarians  at  Pfaffenliofen. 

*  *  Belgium.  The  French  begin  the  con- 
quest of  the  Austrian  Netherlands. 

June  4.    Prussia.    Frederick  II.  defeats 
the  Austrians  and  Saxons  under  Charles 
of  Lorraine  in  the  battle  of  Hohen- 
friedberg,  in  Silesia,  losing  2,000  men  ; 
the  defeated  lose  4,000  killed  and  7,000 
prisoners. 
Sept.  30.     Bohemia.     Frederick    II.    de- 
feats   the  Austrians    under    the    Duke 
of   I.,orraine   in    the    battle   of   Soor; 
Prussiiui  loss,  3,000  ;  Austrian  loss,  8,000 
and  22  guns. 
Dec.  15.    Saxony.    Leopold    of  Dessau, 
commanding  the  Prussians,  defeats  the 
Austrians  and  Saxons  at  Kesselsdorf. 
1746    Oct.  11.    Belgium.     The    French 
under  Marshal  Saxe  totally  defeat  the 
Austrians  and  their  allies  at  Kocoux, 
and  so  complete  the  conquest  of  the 
Austrian  Netherlands. 
1756  *  *  -63  *  *  The  Third  Silesian  War, 
or  the  Seven  Years'  War. 

Frederick  11.  renews  the  war  for  the 
possession  of  Silesia,  against  Austria, 
Russia,  and  France. 

*  *  Aust.  The  army  under  Marshal 
Browne  advances  to  relieve  Saxony, 
held  by  the  Emperor  Frederick. 

Oct.  1.  Bohemia.  The  Austrians  under 
Marshal  Browne  are  defeated  at  Lobo- 
sitz  by  the  Prussians  under  Frederick 
the  Great. 

Oct.  16.  An  army  of  Saxons  numbering 
18,000  surrenders  ;  they  are  forced  into 
the  Prussian  service. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1708*  *  Francis  I.  (Stephen),  Emperor, 
husband  of  Maria  Theresa,  born. 

1711  Feb.  3.  Kaunitz.  Wenzel  .\nton  von, 
Count,  statesman,  born. 

1716  Feb.  a.  Laudon,  (lideon  Ernst  von. 
Baron,  general,  born. 

1730*  *  Hell,  Maximilian,  astronomer,  born. 


1734  May  7.    Wurmser,  Dagobert  Sigimnnd 

von,  general,  born. 
1733    Dec.  13.     Katona,  Istoanor  Stephen. 

historian,  born.  ^ 

1730  •   •  Clerfayt,  de,   Francois  S.   C.  J.  de 

Croix,  Conite,  general,  born. 
1734*  •  Kempelen,  Wolfgang  von.  Baron. 

Hungarian  mechanician,  born. 

1735  Feb.  1.     AlviuczJ',  Joseph  von,  gen- 
eral, born.  '  " 

Ligne,  de,  Karl  Joseph,  Prince,  general,  au- 
thor, born. 
Rakoozy,  Franz  Leopold,  Prince  of  Transvl- 
vanla,  patriot,  AS9. 
^■'SB    Apr.  31.    Eugene.  Prince  of  Savoy 
i  rench-Austrian  general,  dies  at  Vienna 
A73. 
1737  •  •  Eckhe),  Joseph  Hilrav,  numismatist, 
born. 

1740  Oct.  20.     Charles  VI..  Emperor  of 
Germany,  A56. 

1741  •  •  Ueiiiowsky,  Moritz  A.,  adventurer, 
born. 

1742  •  •  Jiorn,  Ignaz  von,  Hungarian  min- 
eralogist, born. 

J 2JZ  .*'*'"■    I-eopoldn..  Emperor,  born. 
1749  *  *  Trench,  Franz,  von  der,  Haron.  gen- 
eral, A  38.  'IB 
1763    Auer.    24.      Mack,      Leiberich     von. 

Baron,  general,  born. 
1753»  »  Itobrowski,  Josef,  .Slavic  philologist. 

born. 
1754  •  •  Zacb,  Franz  Xaver  von,  astronomer, 
born. 
Vega,  Georg  von,  mathematician,  born. 
1756  •  •  Kessler,  Ignaz  Aurellus,  Hungarian 

author,  born. 
1757'  '(Iran,    Daniel,  Austrian   fresco 
painter,  A63. 
Browne,  Slaximilian  Ulysses,  general,  A52. 
Bartsch,  Johann  A.  B.  von,  engraver,  tiorn. 

CHURCH. 

1722  •  •  Saxony.  The  Moravians  form 
a  settlement  called  Herrnhut  (the 
Watch  of  the  Lord)  on  the  estate  of 
Count  Zlnzendorf ,  in  North  Germany. 

1724  *  •  It.  Benedict  XIII.  is  pope. 
[1730,  Clement  XII. ;  1740,  Benedict 
XIV. ;  1758,  Clement  XIII. ;  1769,  Clem- 
ent XIV. ;  1776,  Pius  VI.] 

STATE. 

1705  *  ♦  Joseph  1.,  son  of  Leopold  King 
of  Hungary,  is  elected  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire. 

1706*  *-ll*  *  Transylvania.  Francis 
Rakoczy  is  grand  prince  by  the  choice 
of  the  malcontents. 

1708  Jan.  3.  It.  Mantua  is  ceded  to 
the  emperor. 

*  *  Aust.  The  allies  demand  the  sur- 
render of  the  Spanish  monarchy  to 
Charles  of  Austria. 

1711  *  *  Death  of  the  Emperor  Joseph 
I.  ;  Charles  becomes  heir  of  all  the  Aus- 
trian possessions. 

.  *  ^0  •  *  Charles  VI.,  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  the  brother  of 
Joseph  I.,  King  of  Himgary  and  nominal 
King  of  Spain,  is  elected. 

[He  is  tolerant  to  Protestants,  and  for- 
bids Catholic  hostilities  against  them. J 

Apr.  11.  Netherlands.  Peace  of  Utrecht. 
(See  France  ^ , 

1713  Apr.  19.  Vienna.  The  Emperor 
annomices  the  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1.  It  decrees  that  the  lands  belonging 
to  the  Austrian  Empire  shall  be  indivis- 
ible. 2.  That  Maria  Theresa,  his  eldest 
daughter,  shall  he  the  heir  if  males 
should  fail.  3.  If  this  line  should  be- 
come extinct,  the  daughters  of  .Joseph 
I.  and  their  descendants  shall  inherit. 

1714  Mar.  *  -Sept.  »  Peace  of  Bastatt 
and  Baden. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.        1705,  *  *-1757, 


515 


The  (leriTtrtii  frontier  is  restored  to  tlie 
lilies  fixed  by  tlie  treaty  of  Ryswiclc  : 
Austria  tal<es  tlie  Spanish  Netherlands, 
Milan,  Naples,  and  Sardinia,  amounting 
to  101,350  square  miles,  and  gives  up 
Spain. 

1715  Nov.  6.  The  barrier  treaty  is 
made  with  the  Dutirh.    (See  Belgium.) 

Nov.  15.  Naples  and  Sicily  are  an- 
nexed to  the  dominions  of  Charles  VI. 

1718  July  22.  Servia.  The  Peace  of 
Passarowitz,  between  Germany,  Ven- 
ice, and  Turkey,  closes  the  war  with 
Turkey. 

Austria  cedes  certain  commercial 
rights,  annexes  the  Banat  of  Teniesvar, 
a  part  of  I5i>snia  and  Servia,  with  Bel- 
graile  and  Little  Wallachia.  Venice  re- 
tains her  conquests  in  Dalmatia,  but 
cedes  Morea  to  the  Turks. 

Aug.  2.    The  Quadruple  AUlance  is 

f4>rmed  by  Great  Britain,  France,  and 

the  Emperor  Charles  VI.    [Later  joined 

by  Holland.]    <See  Germany.) 
1720    Apr.  21.    Aust.     The  estates  of 

Lower  A  ustria  agree  to  recognize  Maria 

Theresa  as  rightful  heir,  if  there  should 

be  no  male  heirs. 
1771    Sept.  2.    The  estates  of  Silesia 

follow  the  example  of  Lower  Austria. 
Mar.  *  Croatia  signs  the  approval  of  the 

Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1722  *  *  Transylvania  approves  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction. 

June  *  Humj.  Charles  VI.  opens  the  Diet 
which  ratifies  the  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1723  Oct.  16.  Ilohemin.  The  Diet  of 
the  Kstates  approve  the  Pragmatic 
Sanction. 

*  *  Hung.  Tlie  Emperor  Charles  VI. 
settles  his  dominions  on  bis  daughter 
Maria  Theresa,  in  accordance  with  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction  of  1713. 

•  •  HuiKj.  The  Diet  reduces  the  Servian 
colonists  to  the  condition  of  serfs. 

1725  Apr.  30.  The  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many and  the  King  of  Spain  enter  the 
Treaty  of  Vienna.  [( )f  short  duration .] 
The  Spanish  dominions  in  the  posses- 
sion of  each  party  are  confirmed  to 
them.  The  emperor  privately  engages 
to  use  force  to  restore  Gibraltar  to 
Spain,  and  use  his  offices  to  enthrone 
the  Pretender  in  Great  Britain.  The 
king  guarantees  the  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

1731  Mar.  16.  Vienna.  The  Treaty 
of  Vienna  is  signed  by  Charles  VI.  of 
Germany,  George  II.  of  England,  and 
the  States  of  Holland. 

Itgnarantees  the  Pragmatic  Sanction, 
Imt  neither  France,  Spain,  nor  Sardinia 
has  signed  it. 

July  22.  Spain  accedes  to  the  Treaty 
of  Vienna. 

1733  *  *  Austria  becoiqes  iiivolvetl  in 
the  controversy  concerning  the  Polish 
Succession ;  with  Russia,  she  prompts 
the  election  of  Augustus  III.,  Elector  of 
Saxony,  as  king,  who  is  chosen  by  a 
minority. 

1734  *  *  Hung.  Hungarian  and  Servian 
peasants  unite  in  a  remarkable  re- 
volt under  the  leadership  of  Pero  Tze- 
gedinac.  [Tliey  are  soon  subdued,  and 
cruelly  punished.] 


1735  Oct.  3.  Vienna.  The  prelimina- 
ries of  Peace  are  signed  at  Vienna. 
(See  France.) 

1736  *  »  Francis,  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
marries  Maria  Theresa. 

1738  Nov.  18.  Charles  VI.,  Emperor 
of  Germany,  and  Louis  XV.,  King  of 
France,  enter  the  Treaty  of  Vienna. 
(See  France.) 

1739  Sept.  18.  Servia.  Treaty  of  Bel- 
grade. Charles  VI.  is  forced  to  restore 
to  the  Porte,  Orsova,  Belgrade,  and 
Little  Wallachia,  after  the  fortifications 
are  destroyed. 

1740  Sept.  20.  Huiifi.  The  Diet  ac- 
cepts Francis  I.,  the  prince-consort,  as 
co-regent  with  the  queen. 

Sept.  21.  Huvij.  Maria  Theresa  pre- 
sents her  infant  son  to  the  Diet.  "  Mo- 
riatnnr  pro  rege  nostra  Maria  Theresa .'  " 

Oct.  20.  Hung.  Maria  Theresa,  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Charles  VI.,  and  wife 
of  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  on  the  death 
of  her  father,  becomes  Queen  of  Bo- 
hemia and  Hungary,  and  Archduchess 
of  Austria. 

Charles  VI.  is  the  last  of  the  male  Hue 
of  the  House  of  Hapsburg.  [The  queen 
also  comes  to  the  throne  as  Empress  of 
Germany.] 

*  *  Ausl.  Maria  Theresa  is  accepted 
the  sovereign  of  the  .Austrian  States. 

Theclaimants  for  the  Austrian  inherit- 
ance are  Charles  Albert,  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia, Philip  v.,  King  of  Spain,  and 
Augustus  III.  of  Saxony. 

*  *  Prussia  claims  a  portion  of  Silesia ; 
war  follows. 

1741  *  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  is  en- 
thusiastically received  by  the  Hunga- 
rians, and  crowned  as  queen. 

May  *  Itaoaria.  The  Alliance  of 
Nymphenburg  is  formed  ;  France,  Ba- 
varia, and  Spain  secretly  unite  against 
Austria.  [Later  Saxony  joins,  and  after- 
ward Prussia.] 

May  »  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  convokes  a 
Diet. 

*  •  Bohrmia.  The  Elector  of  Bavaria 
claims  Bohemia,  takes  possession,  and 
is  proclaimed  king. 

1742  Jan.  24.  Ger.  Charles  Albert, 
Elector  of  Bavaria,  is  chosen  emperor, 
with  the  title  of  Charles  VII.  TheCrown 
leaves  the  House  of  Austria  [for  a  short 
time]. 

*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  forms  an  alli- 
ance with  England. 

June  11  — July  28.  I'nis.  Treaty  of 
Breslau  and  Berlin. 

Maria  Theresa  concludes  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  Prussia,  by  which  Silesia 
and  Glatz  are  ceded  to  Frederick  II.  of 
Prussia. 

1743  Apr.  •  Bohemia.  Maria  Theresa 
is  crowned  Queen  of  Bohemia  at  Prague 
by  the  Bishop  of  Olomuc. 

July*  Prus.  The  Emperor  Charles 
VH.,  being  defeated  by  the  Austriaus, 
becomes  a  refugee  in  Frankfort. 

*  *  Sardinia  concludes  a  separate  peace 
with  Austria. 

*  *  Saxony  concludes  a  separate  treaty 
with  Maria  Theresa. 


1744  *  *  Prus.  Frederick  U.  forms  an 
alliance  with  Charles  VII.,  and  France 
and  begins  the  second  war,  to  secure 
his  possessions  in  Silesia. 

1745  Jan.  20.  The  Emperor  Charles 
VII.  dies. 

Jan.  *  An  alliance  is  formed  by  Austria, 
Saxony,  England,  and  Holland,  against 
Prussia,  which  is  jealous  of  the  success 
of  Austria. 

Apr.  *  The  separate  Peace  of  Fiissen. 
Prussia  enters  a  separate  peace  with 
Austria,  and  restores  all  conquests  to 
Bavaria.  Tlie  Elector  of  Bavaria  sur- 
renders all  claims  to  the  Austrian  suc- 

.  cession,  and  promises  to  vote  for  Francis 
Joseph,  the  husband  of  Maria  Theresa, 
in  the  imperial  election. 

Sept.  13-65  *  *  Francis  I.,  the  hus- 
band of  Maria  Theresa,  and  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine,  is  Emperor  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.  The  crown  returns 
to  the  House  of  Austria. 

Dec.  15.  Saxony.  The  Peace  of  Dres- 
den is  concluded  between  Prussia  and 
Austria  (Saxony).  Possession  of  Silesia 
is  confirmed  to  Prussia. 

1747  May*  Hung.  Elizabeth,  Em- 
press of  Russia,  enters  a  defensive 
alliance  with  Maria  Theresa. 

1748  Oct.  7.  Pi-us.  The  Treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle  is  signed  by  Great 
Britain,  France,  Holland,  Germany, 
Spain,  and  Genoa.  It  terminates  the 
war  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 

Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Gustalla  are 
given  up  to  Spain.  .^11  the  hereditary 
estates  are  retained  by  the  empress  ex- 
cept Silesia.  Its  loss  to  a  smaller  power 
is  considered  by  Austria  as  a  disgrace, 
and  she  seeks  by  intrigue  to  regain  the 
lost  province.  The  Pragmatic  Sanction 
is  made  a  part  of  the  international  law 
of  Europe. 

1749  May  14.  Hum/.  A  patent  is  is- 
sued, separating  the  administration 
of  justice  from  provincial  business. 

1750+ *  *  Hungary  lo.ses  about  ]00,000 
citizens  by  a  great  exodus  of  Servians 
to  Russia,  because  of  the  suppression  of 
the  frontiers  of  Tisza  and  the  Maros. 

1756  *  »  Aust.  Elizabeth,  the  Empress 
of  Russia,  becomes  an  ally  of  Austria. 
(See  May,  1747.) 

May  11.  Austria  and  Prance  enter  into 
a  defensive  alliance  by  the  treaty  of 
Versailles. 

Its  secret  clauses  agree  that  Austria 
shall  reconquer  Silesia  and  her  lost 
Italian  possessions. 

1757  Jan.*  Aust.  A  treaty  is  made  be- 
tween Austria  and  Russia  concerning 
the  partition  of  the  Prussian  mon- 
archy when  subdued. 

May  *  Aust.  An  offensive  treaty  is 
made  between  Austria  and  France  con- 
cerning the  division  of  Prussia. 

France  places  105,000  men  and  12,000,000 
of  florins  at  the  service  of  its  ally. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1711  •  *  -14  *  *  Hung.  One  and  a  half 
million  of  cattle  die  of  the  cattle- 
plague. 

1715*  *  Hung.  Helen-Judith,  the  joined 
twins,  are  born.    [They  die  in  1723.] 


516     1757,  **-1790, 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1757  *  *  "War  is  declared  upon  Fred- 
erick II.  in  the  name  of  the  Empire ; 
Hanover,  Hesse,  Brunswick,  and  Gotha 
are  his  allies ;  four  columns  of  Prus- 
sians invade  Bohemia. 

May  6.  Bohemia.  The  Prussians  under 
Prince  Henry  defeat  the  Austrians  in 
a  great  battle  near  Prague ;  the  Aus- 
trian Gen.  Browne  is  mortally  wounded, 
and  the  Prussian  Marshal  Schweriu  is 
killed;  Prussian  loss,  18,000;  Aiistrian 
loss,  20,000. 

June  18.  Bohemia.  The  Austrians 
under  Marshal  Daun  (53,000)  defeat  the 
Prussians  (34,000)  under  Frederick  the 
<ireat  at  Kolln ;  Frederick  is  compelled 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Prague  and  evacuate 
Bohemia. 

July  26.  Hanover.  Frederick's  Allies 
under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  are  de- 
feated by  the  French  under  Marshal 
d'Elstr^es  at  Hastenbeck. 

Aug.  30.  Prussia.  The  invading  Rus- 
sians under,Gen,  Stefan  Apraxin  defeat 
the  Prussians  under  Von  Lehwald  at 
the  battle  of  Gross- jagemdorf,  and 
then  retire  from  Prussia. 

Nov.  5.  Ptvissia.  Frederick,  at  the 
head  of  22,000  Prussians,  defeats  the 
French  under  Prince  de  Soubise  and 
the  Imperialists  under  the  Prince  of 
Saxe-Hildburghausen,  with  a  total  of 
43,000  men,  in  a  great  battle  at  Ross- 
bach  in  Saxony,  and  then  enters  Silesia. 
Prussian  loss,  500;  allies,  1,700  killed 
and  7,000  prisoners. 

Nov.  22.  Prussia.  Battle  of  Breslau, 
Silesia  :  The  Austrians  defeat  the  Prus- 
sians, and  capture  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick-Bevern. 

Dec.  5.  Pr^l8sia.  Frederick  II.  by  su- 
perior tactics  (30,000i:  men)  defeats  the 
Austrians  (80,000+)  under  Charles  of 
Lorraine  and  Marshal  Daun  at  lieu- 
then,  Silesia ;  Austrian  loss,  7,000,  be- 
sides prisoners ;  Prussian  loss,  5,000. 

1758*  *  Moravia.  Frederick  II.  is  un- 
successful in  the  siege  of  Ohniitz. 

♦  •  Russia.  The  Hussians  under  Wil- 
helni.  Count  of  Fermor,  advance  to  join 
the  Austrians. 

•  *  Ger.  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick 
drives  the  French  back  across  the  Khine. 

June  23.  Prussia.  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick routs  the  French  under  tjie  Count 
of  Clermont  at  the  battle  of  Crefeld. 

Aug.  25.  Prussia.  Frederick  the 
Great  defeats  the  Hussians  at  Zorn- 
dorf ;  Prussian  loss,  11,000  men  ;  Russian 
loss,  1,529 ;  the  Austrians  now  advance 
upon  Lusatia. 

Oct.  14.  Saxony.  The  Austrians  (65,- 
000)  under  Count  Daun  surprise  and 
defeat  Frederick  (42,000  men )  at  Hoch- 
kirch,  killing  several  of  his  generals, 
and  taking  his  camp  and  ammunition. 
Austrian    loss,  6,000+  ;    Prussian    loss, 

9,000i:. 

1759  July  23.  Prussia.  The  Rus- 
sians defeat  the  Prussians  under  Gen. 
H.  von  Wedell  at  Kay,  losing  8,000± 


men  ;  the  victors  soon  unite  with  the 
Austrians  under  Baron  von  Laudon. 

Aug.  1.  Prussia.  Duke  Ferdinand  of 
Brunswick,  commanding  the  English 
and  German  forces,  defeats  the  French 
under  Contades  at  the  battle  of  Min- 
den,  and  compels  their  retreat. 

Aug.  12.  Prussia.  Frederick  II.  is  to- 
tally defeated  by  the  Austrians  and 
Russians  <60,000i:)  under  Count  Peter 
SoltikofF  and  Baron  Laudon  atXuners- 
dorf;  Prussian  loss,  18,500;  allies,  IG,- 
000.  [The  Austrians  overrun  Saxony, 
and  soon  take  Dresden.] 

Nov,  20.     Saxony.    The    Prussian  Gen. 

.  Fink  (12,500±  men)  surrenders  to  Baron 
Daun  at  Maxen. 

1760  Jime  23.  Prussia.  The  Aus- 
trians, numbering  30,000,  under  Mar- 
shal Laudon,  surround  and  defeat  8,000 
Prussians  at  Xiandeshut,  Silesia. 

Aug.  15.  Prussia.  Frederick  gains  a 
victory  at  Liiegnitz  over  the  Austrians 
imder  Marshal  Laudon  ;  it  prevents  the 
union  of  the  Austrian  and  Russian 
armies. 

Oct.  3.  Prussia.  Berlin  is  taken  by 
the  Russians  and  Austrians,  and  the 
city  burned  ;  the  allies  retire  on  the 
approach  of  Frederick. 

Nov.  3.  Saxony.  The  Austrians  under 
Count  Daun  are  defeated  by  Fred- 
erick at  Torgau. 

1761  Aug.  12.  Ger.  The  Austrians 
and  Hussians  unite  their  armies  (130,- 
000)  against  the  Prussians  (30,000),  but 
take  no  decisive  action. 

Oct.  1.    Prussia.    The    Austrians    take 

Schweidnitz. 
Dec.  13.     Prtissia.     The  Russians   take 

Colberg. 

1762  Mar.  16.  Russia.  Peter  III. 
concludes  the  Truce  of  Stargard  with 
Frederick  II.,  and  withdraws  froro 
his  alliance  with  Austria. 

July  21.  Prussia.  Frederick  II.  de- 
feats the  Austrians  under  Marshal 
Daun  at  Burkersdorf. 

Aug.  16.  Silesia.  Frederick  II.  again 
defeats  the  Austrians  under  Marshal 
Laudon  at  Keichenbach. 

Oct.  0.  Silesia.  Frederick  II.  takes 
Schweidnitz. 

Oct,  29.  Saxofty.  Prince  Henry  of 
Prussia  and  Gen.  Friedrich  Wilhelm  von 
Seydlitz  <13,000)  defeat  the  Austrians 
and  Imperial  forces  (30,000)  at  Freiberg. 
[The  preliminaries  of  peace  are  soon 
signed.] 

1763  Feb.  15.  Saxony.  The  Seven 
Years*  "War  is  ended  by  the  Peace  of 
Hubertsburg  ;  Prussia  gains  Silesia  ; 
estimated  loss  of  fighting  men,  853,000. 

1778  *  *  -79  *  *  "War  of  the  Bavarian 
Succession. 

Lower  Bavaria  is  invaded  by  Austri- 
ans, but  there  is  no  battle;  the  Peace 
of  Teschen,  concluded  May  12, 1779,  ends 
the  war. 

1778  July*  Bohemia.  Frederick  II. 
and  Prince  Henry  invade  Bohemia. 


1788-91  Austria  is  at  war  with  Tur- 
key»  in  the  hope  of  sharing  with  Rus- 
sia in  the  spoliation  of  Ottoman  terri- 
tory. 

Dec.  *  Aust.  Joseph  H.  resigns  the 
command  of  the  army  against  the 
Turks,  after  losing  45,000  men  by  sick- 
ness and  in  fighting. 

1789  Sept.  29.  Servia.  Austrians  un- 
der Marshal  Laudon  capture  Belgrade 
from  the  Turks. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1763  June  28.  Nunff.  Comorn,  Pesth, 
and  other  sections  are  much  damaged 
by  an  earthquake. 

1774±  *  *  Aust.  Animal  magnetism^ 
professing  to  cure  diseases  by  sympa- 
thetic affection,  is  practised  by  Father 
Hehl,  a  Jesuit,  at  Vienna. 

1786  May  1.  Vienna.  Mozart's  Le 
Xozze  di  Figaro  appears. 

1787  Oct.  29.  Bohemia.  Mozart's 
Don  Giovanni  appears  at  Prague. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1769*  *  Kazinczy,   Francis,   Hungarian  au- 
thor, born. 
1763  *   *  Chaateler,  du,  Jean,  Marquis,  born. 

1765  Aug-.  18.  Francis  I.,  Kniperor  of 
Holy  Roman  Kmpire,  husband  of  Maria 
Theresa,  A57. 

1766*  •  Daun,   Leopold  J.  M.  von.  Count, 
tichi-marslial,  A61. 
Kadtzky,  Joseph  Wenzel,  Count,  general,  b. 
Kej6r,  Gyorgy,  antiquary,  born. 

1767  Nov.  22.  Hofer.  Andreas,  patriot 
of  Tyrol,  born. 

1768  *  *  Abel,  Joseph,  painter,  born. 
Bubna  Littis,  Ferdinand,  Count,  born. 
Francis  I.,  Kmperor,  born. 

1771  *  •  Charles,  or  Karl,  Archduke,  born. 
Schwarzenl)erg,  Karl  P.  von,  marshal,  bom. 

1772  *  *  Kisfaludy,  Sandor,  Hungarian  poet, 
born. 

1773  May  IS.  Metternlch,  Clemens 
Wenzel  von.  prince,  Aust.  staU-snian,  b. 

Csokonai,  Vitez  Mihaly,  poet,  horn. 
1778  *   •  Gausbacher,  Johann,  composer,  b. 

1780  Nov.  29.  Maria  Theresa,  Knipress 
of  Germany,  Queen  of  Hungary  and  llohe- 
mia,  A64. 

1781  •  *  Hormayr,  Joseph  von,  historian,  b. 

1766  *  *  Mailath,  Janos  Nepoinuk,  Count,  b. 
Haynau,  Julius  Jacob  von,  IJaron,  gen.,  b. 
l)6brentei,  (iabor,  author,  l>orn. 
Beniowsky,  Morttz  August,  Count,  Hunga- 
rian adventurer,  A  45. 

Fay,  Andreas,  novelist,  born. 
1788*   *  Hess,   Heinricb    von.   Baron,    Aus- 
trian general,  Ijorn. 
Kisfaludy,  KAroly,  dramatist,  novelist,  ])orn. 

1790  Feb.  20.  Joseph  II..  Emperor  of 
Germany,  A49. 

Kolcsey,  Ferenez,  orator,  born. 

X<audon,  Gideon  Ernst  von.  Baron,  mar- 
shal, A74. 

Csoniade  Koros,  Sandor,  Hungarian  scholar, 
traveler,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1763  *  *  Aust. -Hung.  Maria  Theresa 
reforms  ecclesiastical  abuses,  abol- 
ishes the  Inquisition,  and  suppresses 
the  Order  of  Jesuits. 

*  *  *  Hung.  J'aria  Theresa  forbids 
priests  having  anything  to  do  with  the 
making  of  wills. 

1776  *  *  Hung.    Religious  toleration  is 

granted. 
1780  *  *  Aust.     Abbeys    are   suppressed 

by  Joseph  II. 

*  *  Aust.    Reforms  are  introduced. 

The  right  of  granting  marriage  dis- 
pensations is  transferred  from  the  Holy 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


1757,**-1790,  **.    517 


See  to  the  bishops  of  Austria  ;  heads  of 
religious  oniers  must  reside  In  Austria; 
papal  bulls  must  receive  linpurial  sanc- 
tiou  before  they  are  published,  and  two 
balls  dettning  the  prerogatives  of  the 
Pope  are  not  to  be  tauglit ;  money  is  not 
to  be  sent  to  Rome,  nor  students  from 
Austria  to  there  attend  the  Collegium 
•Germanic  um. 

1781  •  *  Au8t,    An  edict  of  toleration 

is  issued ;  Lutherans,  Calvlnists,  and 
non-Uniat  Greeks  are  granted  the  pri- 
vate practice  of  their  religion. 
1782*  *  Vifuna.  Futile  journey  of 
Pope  Pius  VI.  to  Vienna  to  prevent 
ecclesiastioal  changes. 

1783  ♦  *  Bavaria.  Violent  proceedings 
occur  in  the  case  of  the  bishop  of  Passau. 

1784  *  *  Hung.  The  Protestants  are  per- 
mitted to  worship  In  churches. 

1788  *  *  Aust.-Hung.  In  the  last  eight 
years  700  monasteries  have  been  closed, 
and  36,000  members  of  orders  released. 
Yet  1,3*24  monasteries  and  27,000  monks 
iuid  nuns  remain. 

LETTERS. 

1722  *  *  Bohemia.  A  national  museum 
is  founded  by  the  efforts  of  Leopold 
Krakowski  Kolowrat. 

1740  *  *  Schools  have  hitherto  been  in 
the  hands  or  under  the  control  of  the 
clergy ;  they  are  now  placed  under 
state  control. 

1745  *  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of  Inns- 
bruck receives  its  library  from  Maria 
Theresa. 

1749  Feb.  7.  Vienna.  A  law  is  passed 
reserving  to  the  state  the  sole  right  of 
choosing  the  professors  of  the  Uni- 
versity at  Vienna. 

1762*  *  Vienna.  Gluck's  Orfeo  ed 
Euridice  appears. 

1763*  *  Maria  Theresa  establishes 
many  schools. 

1766  *  *  Hung.  The  commission  of  in- 
struction and  the  censorship  of  the 
press  is  founded. 

1768  *  *  Hung.  Constitutio  Criminalis 
Thereaiana  is  published. 

1770  May*  Vienna.  The  first  normal 
school  opens. 

Sept.  24.  Hung.  An  imperial  resolution 
is  Issued  announcing,  "The  organiza- 
tion of  the  schools  is  and  always  must 
be  an  affair  of  state." 

1774  *  •  Bohemia.  Maria  Theresa  de- 
crees the  use  of  the  German  language 
in  the  higher  and  middle  schools. 

1780  *  *  Emperor  Joseph  urges  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  the  German  language 
in  the  schools. 

1781  *  *  -87  *  *,  91  *  *  Hung.  Un- 
grischea  Magazin  is  issued  at  Presburg. 

1782  July  16.  Aust.  Mozart's  Die 
Ent/iihrung  aus  dem  Serail  appears  at 
Vienna. 

*  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of  Innsbruck 
is  reduced  to  the  status  of  a  lyceum. 

1784  *  *  Galicia.  The  University  of 
Lemberg  is  founded. 

J.788  *  *  Hung.  Magyar  Museum  is  is- 
sued. 


1791  Sept.  30. ' BoA^nia.  Mozart's 
IHe  Zauberjiott  appears  at  Prague. 

*  *  Tyrol.  The  University  of  Inns- 
bruck is  restored  to  its  privileges  by 
the  emperor. 

SOCIETY. 

1763*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  im- 
proves the  condition  of  serfs. 

1770  *  *  Hung.  Maria  Antonia  (Marie 
Antoinette)  marries  the  Dauphin  of 
France. 

1776*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  abolishes 
punishment  by  torture  and  feudal 
service. 

1777  *  *  Hung.  Torture  as  a  criminal 
punishment  is  abolishetl. 

1781  *  *  Hung.  An  edict  of  tolerance 
is  issued  by  Joseph  II. 

1782  *  *  Hung.  Joseph  II.  Causes  the 
slave-trade  to  be  abolished. 

1783  Jan.  *  Aust.  The  marriage  law- 
is  passed,  which  makes  it  a  civil  con- 
tract and  permits  divorce. 

1785  *  *  A%t8t.  Freemasonry  is  offi- 
cially recognized. 

STATE. 

1760  *  ♦  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  institutes 
a  Council  of  State,  to  assist  In  the  ad- 
ministration. 

1762  May  5.  The  Peace  of  St.  Peters- 
burg is  signed. 

Peter  III.,  having  come  to  the  throne, 
makes  peace  with  Frederick  ;  Russia 
restores  her  conquests,  and  both  parties 
agree  to  withdraw  from  all  hostile  alli- 
ances. 

1763  Feb.  15.  Sax(my.  Peace  of 
Hubertsburg  is  signed  by  the  Em- 
press and  the  King  of  Prussia,  and  ends 
the  Seven  Years'  War. 

It  ratifies  the  Peace  of  Breslau  and 
Berlin,  and  also  that  of  Dresden.  Fred- 
erick II.  agrees  to  vote  for  the  Archduke 
Joseph  at  the  election  of  the  King  of 
Rome.  No  territorial  changes  are  ef- 
fected in  any  of  the  countries. 

1764  *  *  Joseph  II.,  son  of  Maria  The- 
resa, is  crowned  King  of  the  Romans. 

*  *  Hung,  Maria  Theresa  associates  her 
son  Joseph  (I  I.)  with  herself  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Hapsburg  dominions. 

*  *  Hung.  Maria  Theresa  provides  a  com- 
pilation of  uniform  laws  for  the  whole 
of  her  dominions ;  eight  volumes  are 
completed. 

1765  Aug.  8.  Joseph  H.  succeeds  his 
father  as  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire;  for  the  Austrian  lands  he  Is 
only  co-regent  with  his  mother,  Maria 
Theresa. 

1772  July  25.  The  treaty  for  the  par- 
tition of  Poland  is  signed  (first  divis- 
ion). Austria  secures  East  Galicia  and 
Lodomeria. 

1773  Dec.  29.  Galicia.  The  estates, 
clergy,  nobles,  and  citizens  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Austrian  dy- 
nasty, and  the  government  Is  set  up  with 
German  officials. 

1775  May  7.  Galicia.  Bukowina  Is 
acquired  by  a  treaty  with  the  Turks. 

*  •  Bohemia.    The  peasantry  revolt. 


1779  May*  Silesia.    Peace  of  Teschen. 
1.  It  abrogates  the  treaty  of  Vienna 

with  Charles  Theodore  ;  Austria  sur- 
renders much  of  its  claim,  and  retains 
only  the  district  of  the  Inn  in  Bavaria. 
2.  Austria  agrees  to  a  union  to  be  formed 
between  the  margravates  of  Ansbach 
and  Baireuth  with  Prussia.  3.  Saxony 
obtains  certain  rights  and  9,000,000  rix 
dollars. 

*  *  A  dispute  between  Frederick  II.  and 
Emperor  Joseph  respecting  Bavaria  is 
settled  without  war. 

*  *  Hung.  Tlie  lands  between  the  Maros 
and  the  Tisza,  the  Danube,  and  the  Car- 
pathians are  absorbed  into  the  kingdom. 

1780  Nov.  29.  Hung.  Maria  Theresa 
dies. 

*  *  Hung.  Joseph  H.  becomes  King  of 
Hungary  on  the  death  of  his  mother, 
Maria  Theresa. 

1782  *  *  Ger.  The  emperor  controls 
the  Pope,  Pius  VI. 

*  *  *  Joseph  II.  attempts  to  improve  the 
legal  system  of  the  Empire. 

1783*  *  Hang.  Frederick  II.  proposes 
a  union  of  the  German  princes  against 
the  encroachments  of  Joseph  II. 

1784  Aug.  27.  Aust.  A  protective 
tariff  customs  is  established. 

1785  *  *  Hang.  Joseph  II.  favors  a  plan 
for  the  exchange  of  territory. 

Charles  Themlore  is  to  exchange  the 
whole  of  Bavaria  for  the  Austrian  Neth- 
erlands (Belgium)  except  Luxemburg 
and  Namur,  as  the  Kingdom  of  Bur- 
gundy. [It  provokes  the  formation  of 
the  J^eague  of  the  German  Princes,] 

July  *  Prussia,  the  electorate  of  Saxony, 
and  Hanover  inaugurate  the  XiCague 
of  the  German  Princes,  to  resist  the 
encroachments  of  the  emperor.  [Bruns- 
wick, Mainz,  Hesse-Cassel,  Baden,  Meck- 
lenburg, Anhalt,  and  the  Thuringian 
lands,  later  join  the  League.] 

*  *  Hung.  Great  opposition  is  made  to 
the  emperor's  removal  of  the  crown 
to  Vienna;  so  he  permits  its  return. 

1788  *  *  Bohemia.  Joseph  11.  announces 
that  the  Diet  will  deliberate  only  on 
such  subjects  as  are  presented  by  the 
sovereign,  and  it  will  only  be  convoked 
when  he  deems  it  best  to  do  so. 

1789  Dec.  8.  Hung.  Joseph  II.  is  con- 
strained to  restore  to  the  Hungarians 
their  confiscated  privileges. 

*  *  Belgium.  The  people  rise  in  revolt 
against  the  Emperor's  progressive  meas- 
ures in  the  Netherlands. 

1790  Jan.  20.  Hung.  Joseph  II.  Is 
constrained  to  withdraw  all  his  re- 
forms, and  restore  things  to  the  condi- 
tion of  1780. 

*  *  -91  *  *  Ger.  Leopold  II.,  the  heir 
of  the  Austrian  monarchy,  succeeds  his 
brother. 

*  *  Ger.  Leopold  H.,  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire,  guarantees  inde- 
I)endence  of  Hungary  with  its  rights. 

*  *  Belgium.  Leopold  II.  suppresses  the 
insurrection. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1763  *  *  Maria  Theresa  fosters  industry 
and  commerce,  after  the  seven  years 
of  war. 


518  1791,  July  *-1810,  Feb.  20,  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1792*  *  "War  with  France  by  the  first 
coalition  ;  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Great 
Britain  are  allies.     (See  France.) 

Apr.  28.  Flanders.  The  French  en- 
ter Flanders  [and  are  routed]. 

*  *  Fr.  Austria ns  with  allies  enter 
France,  and  march  toward  Paris  till 
their  advauce  is  checked. 

Nov.  6.  Belgium.  Austrians  under  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Teschen  are  decisively 
defeated  by  the  French  Republican 
amiy,  under  Gen.  Charles  Francis  Du- 
mouriez,  at  Jemappes. 

1793  Mar.  18.  lielfjium.  The  French 
under  Gen.  Dumouriez  are  defeated  in 
a  great  battle  at  Neerwinden  by  the 
Austrians  under  the  Prince  of  Coburg. 

Sept.  11.  Fr.  Quesnoy  is  taken  by  the 
Austrians. 

1794  Jan.*  Netherlands.  The  Aus- 
trians, Dutch,  English,  and  Hanove- 
rians unite  under  the  Austrian  Prince 
of  Coburg  as  allies  against  the  French. 

May  22.  Belgium.  The  French  attack 
the  allies  at  Tournay;  an  indecisive 
action. 

June  26.  Belgium.  Austrian  troops 
under  Prince  Coburg  are  defeated  by 
the  French  general,  Jean  Baptiste  Jour- 
dan,  at  Fleurus. 

1795  Jan.*  Belgium.  The  allies 
withdraw,  and  Austria  and  England 
are  left  alone  to  fight  the  French. 

Sept.  6.  Prussia.  The  Austrians  are 
driven  back  from  Diisseldorf  by  the 
French  under  Gen.  Jourdan. 

Oct.  11.  Prussia.  The  Austrians  under 
Compte  de  Clerfayt  defeat  the  French 
under  Marshal  Jourdan  at  Hockst,  and 
drive  them  back  across  the  Rhine. 

1796  *  *  The  French  send  out  three 
armies,  one  under  Jourdan  to  attack 
the  allies  on  the  lower  Rhine,  another 
under  Gen,  Jean  Victor  Moreau  on  the 
upper  Rhine,  and  another  in  Italy. 

May  *  Ger.  The  French  cross  the 
lower  Hhine,  and  press  the  Austrians 
back. 

May  10.  It.  Bonaparte  pursues  the 
Austrians  in  northern  Italy. 

May  15.  It.  Bonaparte  enters  Mli- 
lan;  the  Austrians  retire. 

June  16.  Ger.  The  French  are  forced 
to  return  by  Archduke  Charles  of 
Austria,  brother  of  the  Emperor  Francis. 

*  *  Ger.  The  Austrians  are  defeated 
in  unimportant  conflicts  on  the  upper 
Rhine. 

July.  *  It.  Bonaparte  commences  the 
siege  of  Mantiia  [continuing  till  Feb- 
ruary, 1797]. 

Aug.  3.  It.  Bonaparte  defeats  the 
Austrians  under  Count  Wurmser  at 
lionato  and  [Aug.  5]  Castiglione  in  Loni- 
bardy. 

Aug.  5.  It.  Wurmser  is  again  defeated 
at  Medola ;  the  Austrians  seek  shelter 
in  the  mountains  of  Tyrol. 

Aug.  24.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  un- 
der the  Archduke  Charles  defeat  the 


French  under  Marshal  Jourdan  at 
Amberg. 

Sept.  3.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  again 
defeat  the  French  under  Jourdan  at 
AViirzburg. 

Oct.  20.  Ger.  Gen.  Moreau  is  driven 
back,  and  the  French  army  recrosses 
the  Rhine. 

Nov.  12.  It.  The  Austrians  under 
Baron  von  Alvinczy  repulse  the  French 
under  Bonaparte  at  Caldiero. 

Nov.  15-17.  It.  The  Austrians 
{40,000±)  under  Alvinczy  are  attacked 
and  defeated  at  Areola  by  the  French 
(18,000 1)  under  Bonaparte,  Due  de  Mas- 
s^na,  and  Marshal  Augereau. 

1797  Jan.  14.  It.  The  Austrians  un- 
der Alvinczy  are  severely  defeated  by 
the  French  under  Bonaparte  at  Rivoli. 

Feb.  2.  It.  Mantua  capitulates  to 
Bonapartfe  after  a  siege  of  eight  months. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  It.  Bonaparte  crosses 
the  Alps  into  nortliern  Italy  to  meet 
Archduke  Charles  advancing  from  Ger- 
many with  the  Austrian  army. 

Oct.  17.  It.  The  war  with  France 
ends  by  a  treaty  of  peace  concluded  at 
Canipo  Formio. 

1799  Mar.  13.  France  again  declares 
war  against  Austria. 

Mar.  26.  Baden.  Austrians  under  Arch- 
duke Charles  defeat  the  French  under 
Marshal  Jourdan  at  Stockach. 

Apr.  27.  It.  The  French  under  Gen. 
Moreau  are  defeated  near  Cassano 
by  the  Austrians  and  Russians  under 
Suvaroff. 

June  17-19.  It.  The  Austrians  and 
Russians  under  Suvaroff  defeat  the 
French  under  Marshal  Macdonald  in 
a  protracted  fight  on  the  banks  of  the 
Trebbia.    (Battle  of  Parma.) 

Aug.  15.  It.  The  Russians  and  Aus- 
trians under  Suvaroff  defeat  the 
French  untler  Gen.  Joubert  at  Novi ; 
Joubert  is  killed.    French  loss,  11,000±. 

1800  May  4.  Baden.  The  Atistrians 
under  Gen.  Kray  are  defeated  at 
Stockach  by  the  French  under  Gen. 
Moreau. 

June  14.  It.  Great  battle  of  Ma- 
rengo ;  the  French  under  Bonaparte 
defeat  the  Austrians,  who  capitulate. 
(See  France.) 

July  15.  An  armistice  is  concluded  at 
Parsdorf  [but  hostilities  are  soon  re- 
newed], 

Dec.  3.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  under 
Archduke  J6hn  are  crushingly  de- 
feated by  the  French  and  Bavarians 
xuider  Moreau  at  Hohenlinden.  (See 
France.) 

Dec.  25,  26.  If.  The  Austrians  under 
Bellegarde  are  severely  defeated  In  the 
passage  of  the  Mincio  by  the  French 
under  Gen.  Guillaume  M.  A.  Brune. 

1801  Feb.  9.  Fr.  A  treaty  of  peace 
is  conclude'd  at  Luneville. 

1805  Sept.  9.  The  Austrians,  after  join- 
ing the  English  and  Russian  alliance 
against  France,  cross  the  Inn  and  in- 
vade Bavaria. 


Oct.  17.  Wilrtemberg.  The  Austrian 
general,  Karl  Mack,  with  30,000±  men, 
surrenders  Ulm  to  Bonaparte. 

Oct.  29-31.  It.  The  Austrians  under 
the  A  rchd  uke  Charles  defeat  the 
French  under  Marshal  Mass^na  at 
Caldiero. 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  The  French  under 
Marshal  Murat  capture  the  city. 

Dec.  2.  Moravia.  Battle  of  Austerlitz ; 
Napoleon  defeats  the  united  forces  of 
Austria  and  Russia.    (See  France.) 

Dec.  26.  Hung.  The  Peace  of  Pres- 
burg  is  concluded  with  France. 

1806  Jan.  12.  Vienna.  The  French 
evacuate  the  city. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  French  army  occupies 
Prague. 

1808  June  9.  A  decree  is  issued  for 
raising  an  army  of  conscripts  [300,000 
men,  in  addition  to  the  regular  army  of 
350,000  men]. 

1809  Apr.  *  "War  is  renewed  with 
France. 

Apr.  *  Alsace.  An  indecisive  battle  is 
fought  between  the  Austrians  and 
French  at  Thann. 

Apr.  20.  Bavaria.  The  Austrians  under 
the  Archduke  Charles  are  defeated  by 
the  French  under  Napoleon  at  Abens- 
berg. 

Bavaria.    The  Austrians  attack  and 

take  Hatisbon,  and  secure  the  bridge. 

Apr.  22.  Bavaria.  The  French  75,000 
strong,  under  Marshal  Davout,  defeat 
the  Austrians  40,000  strong,  under  A  rch- 
duke  Charles,  at  Sckmuhl;  Charles 
withdraws  to  Bohemia. 

May  11.  Aust.  Napoleon  crosses  tho 
island  of  liobau  to  the  left  bank  of  th& 
Danube. 

May  13.  Vienna.  The  French  under 
Napoleon  take  the  city  a  second  time. 

May  21,  22.  Aust,  Battle  of  Aspern 
and  Sssling;  Napoleon  for  the  first 
time  is  defeated  by  the  Archduke 
Charles ;  Marshal  Lannes  is  mortally 
wounded,  and  the  French  (ISO.OOOi)  are 
forced  to  recross  the  Danube.  (See 
France.) 

June  14.  Hung.  The  Austrians  under 
the  Archduke  John  are  defeated  at 
Haab  by  the  French  under  Prince 
Eugene. 

July  5,  6.  Aust.  Battle  of  Wagram, 
near  Vienna ;  Napoleon,  with  an  army 
of  150,000  men,  totally  defeats  the  Aus- 
trians (120,000)  under  the  Archduke 
Charles,  and  pursues  him  towards  Mo- 
ravia.   Loss  on  each  side,  25,000±. 

July  11.  Aust.  At  the  battle  of  Znaim, 
between  the  Austrians  and  the  French 
under  Marshal  Massena,  the  fighting  is 
stopped  by  news  of  an  armistice. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  Peace  is  concluded 
with  France. 

Aust.    Andreas  Hofer,  a  patriotic 

Tyrolese,  having  headed  an  insurrection 
and  driven  out  the  Bavarians  from 
Tyrol,  lays  down  his  arms  at  the  treaty 
of  Vienna.' 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  1791,  July  *- 1810, Feb.  20.  519 


1810  Feb.  20.  It.  Hofer,  being  uc- 
cuseU  of  treason,  is  shot  at  Mantua  by 
the  French.  [His  family  is  ennobled 
in  1819  under  the  title  of  Von  Passeyr.] 

ART  —  SCIENCE  ~  NATURE. 

1795  *  *  Vienna.  Beethoven  publishes 
his  three  trios  Icnown  aa  Opus  1;  also 
Adelaide. 

1796*  *  Vienna.  Dr.  Franz  Joseph  Gall, 
a  German  physiei.in,  the  original  ad- 
vocate of  phrenology,  gives  his  first 
lecture. 

*  *  Vienna.  Beethoven  publishes  three 
piano  sonatas. 

1798  *  ♦  Vienna.  Iiithography  is  in- 
vented by  Alois  Senefelder. 

1799  Mar.  19.  Vienna.  Haydn's  Cre- 
ation appears. 

1800  *  *  Vienna.  Beethoven  becomes 
deaf.  He  publishes  Prometheus  and 
Mount  of  Olives:  also  his  1st  Symphony. 
[1802,  2d  Symphony ;  1803,  Kreutzer  So- 
nata; 1804,  Eroica  Symphony ;  1805-06, 
Fidelio.  (The  latter  is  rewritten  in  1814) ; 
1806,  4th  Symphony ;  1808,  Symphonies  5 
and  6:  1812,  7th  Symphony;  181S,  Battle 
Symphony ;  1814,  Hth  Symphony ;  1815, 
Meeresstille ;  1824,  Utk  Symphony ;  also 
other  works.] 

1808  *  *  Vienna.  A  Musical  Festival 
for  Haydn  is  held. 

1809  *  *  Etching  on  stone  is  used  by 
Alois  Senefelder. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1791  *  *  Czerny,  Karl,  conipoaer,  born. 
Ilanka,  Venceslav,  philologist,  born. 
Itorn,   Ignaz  von,  Hungarian  mineralogist, 

philologist,  A  49. 
Dec.  IS.    Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  Fran- 
cis I.,  Kuipressof  France,  born. 
Szeclietiyi,  Istian,  Count,  Hungarian  states- 
man, born. 
1782  *   *  Aulicli,  Louis,  general,  born. 
Har.   1,     Leopold    II..   Emperor  of   Holy 

Kouian  F:nipire,  A45. 
Klein,  .loliann  Adam,  painter,  born. 
Hell,  Maximilian,  Hung,  astronomer,  A72. 
1794  *  *  Kaunitz,  Wenzel  Anton  von,  states- 
man, A  83. 

1796  *  •  .losika,  Miklos,  Baron,  novelist,  b. 
1797*  *  liuol-Scbauenstein,  Karl  Ferdinand 

von,  statesman,  born. 

rfeiffer,  Ida  Laura,  traveler,  born. 

Leopold  IL,  (irand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  born. 

Wurmser.  Dag'obert  Si^mund  von,  gen- 
eral, A73. 

1798  •  *  Chniel,  Joseph,  historian,  born. 
Palacky,  Francis,  historian,  born. 
Clerfayt,  de,  Francois,  S.  C.  J.  de  Croix, 

Compte,  general,  A  65. 

1799  *   *  (luylay,  Franz,  Count,  born. 
Negrelli-Moldelbe,  Aloys  von,  engineer,  b. 
Celakowsky,  Frantisck  Ladislav,  poet,  bom. 
FYivaldsky,  Knrich,  Hungarian  naturalist,  b. 

1800  •  •  Linger,  Franz,  Austrian  paleontol- 
ogist, born. 

Vorosmarty,  Mihaly,  poet,  born. 
Czuczor,  Gergely,  writer,  born. 

1801  *  *  Pinsker,  Slmcha,  scholar,  born. 
Jellachich  von  liuzim,  Joseph,  Baron,  Ban 

of  Croatia,  general,  born. 

Fogarasy,  Janos,  Hungarian  lexicographer 
and  Jurist,  born. 

Ebert,  Karl  Kgon,  Bohemian  poet,  born. 
1603    Apr.   27.    KoB8Uth,   Louis,  Hunga- 
rian orator,  slalesman,  born. 

1803  Oct.  17.    De&k.  FranciB,  Hungarian 
statesman,  orator,  born. 

Amerling,  Frederick,  painter,  born. 

1804  Mar.  14.      Strauss.    Johann.    com- 
poser, b. 

Endliclier,  Stephan  lAdislans,  botanist,  born. 
Benedek,  Ludwig  von,  general,  born. 
Kempelen,  Wolfgangvon,  Baron,  Hungarian 

mechanician,  A70. 
Damianlcs,  Janos,  Hungarian  general,  born. 
Rokitansky,  Karl,  pathologist,  born. 


1805    Nov.  34,    Omer  Pasha,   gen.,  born 
in  Croatia. 
Csokonai,Vitez  Mihaly,  Hungarian  poet,  A32. 
1807  •  •Batthyanyi,Kasimir,  Count,  born. 
1809*  *  t;ui,   Ljudevit,  Croatian  journalist, 
born. 
Horvath,  Mihaly,  Hungarian  historian,  b. 
Auenbrugger,  Auenbrug  Leopold  von.  phy- 
sician at  Vienna,  inventor  of  percussion, 
A  87. 

CHURCH. 

1800*  *  It.  Pius  VII.  is  pope.  [1829. 
Pius  VIII.] 

LETTERS. 

1805  *  *  Galicia.  The  University  of 
Lemberg  is  united  with  that  of  Cracow. 

STATE. 

1791  July  *  Ger.  Leopold  II.  by  cir- 
cular letter  calls  on  all  the  sovereigns 
of  Europe  to  come  to  the  aid  of  the 
King  of  France  against  his  revolting 
subjects. 

Aug.  4.  Austria  is  required  to  surren- 
der her  late  conquests  from  Turkey  by 
the  treaty  of  Sistova. 

Aug.  27.  Saxony.  Iieopold  H.  meets 
"Wilham  H.  at  Pillnitz,  to  devise 
means  for  upholding  the  throne  of 
France  against  its  people. 

1792  Feb.  7.  Aust.  Leopold  II.  en- 
ters a  definitive  treaty  of  alliance  with 
William  II. 

Wov.  6,  Belgium.  After  the  battle  of 
Jemappes,  the  Austrian  Netherlands 
fall  into  the  hands  of  the  French; 
Luxemburg  is  excepted. 

*  *  Bulgaria.  The  Emperor  Francis  I. 
(Francis  II.  of  Germany)  succeeds  his 
father,  Leopold  II.,  as  Emperor  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire  [till  1806]. 

1795  *  *  Galicia.  Cracow,  Poland,  is 
awarded  to  Austria.  [Annexed  again  in 
l&4fi.] 

1796  Apr.  ♦  Austria  loses  Lombardy 
by  the  conquests  of  the  French,  and  it 
ia  incorporated  in  the  Cisalpine  Repub- 
lic. 

1797  Apr.  18.  Au^it.  Preliminaries 
of  the  Peace  of  Leoben  are  concluded 
between  Bonaparte  and  Archduke 
Charles. 

Oct.  17.  It.  France  and  Austria  con- 
clude a  treaty  of  peace  at  Campo 
Formio. 

I.  Open  articles  :  Austria  cedes  the 
Netherlands  to  France,  and  in  return  re- 
ceives the  greater  part  of  the  Venetian 
territories,  including  the  city  of  Venice, 
Istria,  and  Dalniatia  on  the  east  shore 
of  the  Adriatic  ;  it  also  recognizes  the 
Cisalpine  Republic,  and  indemnities  the 
Duke  of  Modena  with  Brisgau.  France 
retains  the  Ionian  Islands,  and  the  ques- 
tion of  peace  with  the  Empire  is  to  be 
settled  by  a  Congress  to  meet  at  Ras- 
tadtt. 

II.  .Secret  articles  :  Austria  agrees  to 
cede  to  France  the  territory  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine  between  Basle  and 
Andernach,  including  Mainz  :  the  Rhine 
to  be  free  to  the  vessels  of  France  and 
Germany ;  Germany  is  to  indemnify  the 
])rince8  who  have  lost  by  the  cession  of 
their  territory.  France  is  to  use  influ- 
ence to  secure  to  Austria  Salzburg  and 
part  of  Bavaria.  Each  guarantees  that 
Prussia  shall  not  be  recompensed  for 
the  Rhenish  cession  by  acquisitions  else- 


where.    The  ceded   territories    have    a 
population  numbering  3,500,000. 

1800  *  *  Aust.  Bonaparte  makes  pro- 
posals of  peace,  which  are  rejected. 

1801  Feb.  9.  Fr.  Treaty  pf  the 
Peace  of  Luneville,  between  the  Re- 
public of  France  and  the  German  Em- 
peror, with  more  losses  of  Austrian 
territory. 

Terms  :  L  Cessions  made  by  the  treaty 
of  Campo  Formio  are  contirmed.  2. 
Tuscany  is  ceded  to  Parma,  and  Ger- 
many is  to  indemnify  the  loss.  3.  The 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine  is  ceded  to  France 
by  Germany  as  far  as  the  Dutch  territo- 
ries ;  Germany  to  indemnify  the  princres 
for  the  loss  of  their  territory.  4.  The 
Batavian,  Helvetian,  Cisalpine,  and  Li- 
gurian  Republics  are  recognized.  The 
German  and  Belgic  territory  ceded  is 
25,180  square  miles,  having  a  population 
numbering  nearly  3,500.000.  It  marks 
the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

1804  Aug.  11.  Atist.  Francis  II.  pro- 
claims himself  hereditary  Emperor  of 
Austria,  and  unites  his  dominions  un- 
der the  title  of  the  Austrian  Empire. 

1805  Dec.  26.  Hung.  Francis  11.  is 
forced  to  sign  the  humiliating  Peace  of 
Presburg. 

Napoleon  requires  him  to  cede  the  an- 
cient states  of  Venice  to  Italy  ;  a  large 
part  of  Austrian  territory  is  ceded  to- 
Bavaria;  it  includes  the  principality  of 
Eichstadt,  part  of  Passau,  Augsburg, 
the  Tyrol,  and  all  his  dominions  in  Swa- 
bia,  in  Brisgau,  and  Ortenau ;  28,000 
square  miles,  having  a  population  num- 
bering 2,700,000,  is  transferred  by  Aus- 
tria ;  an  indemnity  of  dBl, 600,000  is  to  be 
paid  to  France. 

*  *  The     Third    Coalition    is    formed 

against    France   by    England,    Russia, 
Austria,  and  Sweden. 

1806  July  12.  Fr.  The  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine  is  signed  at  Paris  ;  it 
destroys  the  integrity  of  the  German 
Empire. 

Dissolution  of  the  old  German  or 
Holy  Homan  Empire. 

Aug.  6.  Gar.  Francis  II.  lays  down 
the  crown. 

1808  *  *  Fr.,  Bonaparte  remonstrates 
with  Austria  for  increasing  her  army. 

1809*  *  The  people  of  the  German 
States  are  summoned  to  take  up  arms 
against  French  supremacy.  Tyrol 
alone  responds  with  a  force,  which  is 
led  by  the  patriotic  Andreas  Hofer. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Schon- 
brunn  or  Vienna,  between  Napoleon 
and  Francis  I.  of  Austria.  (See  Ger- 
many.) 

Austria  cedes  to  France  32,000  square 
miles  of  territory,  containing  three  and 
a  half  millions  or  people,  and  compris- 
ing the  maritime  provinces  ;  to  Bavaria, 
Salzburg  and  Berchtesgaden,  the  Inn- 
viertel,  ami  part  of  Hansruckviertel, 
Russia  receives  East  Galicia,  and  the 
duchy  of  War.saw  takes  West  Galicia. 
Napoleon  receives  the  lands  beyond  the 
Suave,  together  with  \'illach,  Istria, 
Hungarian  Dalmatia,  and  Ragnsa,  from 
which,  with  the  Ionian  Islands,  he  forms 
the Illyrian Provinces.  Anstriaioinsthe 
Continental  system,  breaks  off  her  al- 
liance with  England,  and  pays  an  indem- 
nity. The  Tyrolese  are  abandoned  by 
their  allies,  to  resist  Napoleon  alone. 

1810  *  *  It.  Southern  Tyrol  is  annexed 
to  Italy. 


520    1810,  Feb.  *-1848,  May  15.     AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1812  *  *  Austria  and  France  are  at  war 
with  Russia. 

Austria  furnishes  an  army  of  30,000 
men,  wbicli  shares  Napoleon's  adversi- 
ties in  Russia. 

1813  Aug.  12.  Ausf.  War  is  declared 
against  France. 

Austria  unites  with  the  allies  to  place 
three  armies  in  the  field  :  the  Bohemian 
army  is  under  Marsha!  Karl  Philip  Von 
Schwarzenberg,  an»i  with  it  are  three 
monarchs,  Alexander,  Francis,  and 
Frederick   William. 

Aug.  28.  Saxon  I/.  Napoleon  drives 
away  the  allies  under  Prince  Schwarz- 
enberg from  the  siege  of  Dresden. 

Aug.  29.  Saxony.  Napoleon  with  130.- 
000  French  defeats  the  allies  (200,000± ) 
under  Marshal  Schwarzenberg  at  Dre.s- 
den  ;  Gen.  Moreau  is  killed. 

Aug.  29,  30.  Bohemia.  The  French 
under  Gen.  Vandamme  are  defeated 
near  Kulm  by  the  allies  under  Count 
Osterraann  and  Marshal  Kleist. 

Oct.  16.  Saxony.  The  allies  defeat  Na- 
poleon at  Leipsic,  —  also  called  the  bat- 
tle of  the  **  nations."  (See  France.) 
Napoleon  proposes  peace,  but  no  reply 
is  returned. 

Oct.  19.  Saxony.  Napoleon's  defeated 
army  retreats. 

1814  Mar.  31.  Fr.  The  allies  enter 
Paris. 

1815  May  2,  3.  It.  Marshal  Murat 
having  declared  for  Napoleon,  the  Nea- 
politans are  defeated  by  the  Austrians 
under  Gen.  Bianci  at  Tolentino. 

May  22.  It.  Naples  is  captured,  and 
Marshal  Murat  flees  to  France. 

1821  *  *  //.  Austrian  forces  subdue 
the  popular  uprising  of  Iiiberals  in 

Naples  and  Sardinia,  restoring  the  se- 
verest absolutism  in  government. 

1828  Aug.  5.  Bulgaria.  Czar  Nich- 
olas arrives  before  Varna,  which  is 
besieged  by  a  Russian  army.  [Oct.  11. 
The  town  is  taken.] 

1831  *  *  It.  Austria  assists  in  suppress- 
ing insurrections  in  Modena,  Parma, 
and  Komagna. 

1832  Jan.*  It.  The  Pope  invokes  the 
aid  of  Austria  against  the  Italians,  and 
its  troops  enter  Bologna. 

1847  Mar,  23.  It.  Charles  Albert  of 
Sardinia  enters  Milan  at  the  head  of 
his  army. 

1848  *  *  "War  between  Austria  and 
Sardinia. 

Mar.  22.  It.  Milan  revolts  against 
the  rule  of  Austria. 

Apr.  26.  Galicia.  An  insurrection 
breaks  out  in  Cracow  [It  is  soon  sup- 
pressed]. 

ART  —  SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1811  Apr.*  Hung.  An  inundation  at 
Pesth,  caused  by  the  overflow  of  the 
Banube,  destroys  24  villages ;  many 
people  are  swept  away. 


1813  Summer.  An  appalling  in- 
undation occurs  in  Hungary,  Austria, 
and  Poland. 

1814  *  *  Vienna.  A  sewing-machine 
is  made  by  Madersberger. 

1817  *  *  Aust.  Papyrography  (paper 
plates  for  lithography)  is  invented  by 
Alois  Senefelder. 

1820*  *  Vienna.  The  spinning-ma- 
chine for  flax  is  invented  by  Philippe 
H.  Girard,  a  Frenchman. 

1826  Feb.  28.  Bohemia.  Biela's 
Comet  is  discovered  by  M.  Biela,  an 
Austrian  officer,  at  Josephstadt. 

1828  *  *  Silesia.  Hydropathy  (treating 
diseases  by  water)  is  suggested  by  Vin- 
cenz  Priessnitz  of  Grafenberg. 

1830  Feb.  ♦  Vienna.  The  dwellings  of 
.'JOtOOO  Viennese  are  under  water. 

*  * -34  *  *  Bohemia.  The  *' polka"  dance 
is  introduced.  [It  is  said  to  have  ob- 
tained its  name  in  Prague.] 

1834  *  *  Tyrol.  The  Emperor  erects  a 
statue  in  Innsbruck  to  the  memory  of 
the  patriot,  Andreas  Hofer. 

1846  *  *  Vienjia.  The  Imperial  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  is  founded. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1810  Feb.  20.  Hofer.  Andreas,  Tyrolese 
patriot,  executed,  A43. 

Nov.  30.  Alvinczy,  Joseph  von,  Austrian 
general,  .\75. 

Hunfalvy,  PdJ,  Hungarian  philologist,  born. 
1611  Oct.  22.  Iiiszt,  Francis,  Hungarian 
pianist,  composer,  born. 

Hyrtl,  .Josepli,  anatomist,  born. 

Kittrow,  Karl  Ludwig,  astronomer,  born. 

Teleki,  KadislauB,  patriot,  born. 

Katona,  Istian  or  Stephen,  Hungarian  his- 
torian, A79. 

1812  *  *Garay,Jano5,  Hungarian  poet,  born. 
Kmety,  Geoi^e,  Hungarian-Turkish  general, 

born. 

1813  ♦  *  Sumor,  Janos,  Cardinal,  born. 
Kotvos,  J6sef,  Baron,  born. 

Miklosich,  Franz,  Styrian  philologist,  born. 
1814*  *  FuUzky,  Francis  Aurelius,  Hunga- 
rian patriot,  author,  born. 
Heller,  Stephen,  composer,  born. 
Ligne,  rte,  Karl  Joseph,  Prince,  general,  A79. 

1815  *  ♦  Dudik,  Beda  Franz,  historian,  born. 

1816  ♦  *  Ambros,  August  Wilhelm,  historian, 
born. 

1817  *  *  Albrecbt,  Frederich  Rudolph,  Arch- 
duke, general,  born. 

1818*  *  Gasser,  Valborn  Joseph,  sculptor, 
von,  born, 
(lorgey,  Arthur,  Hungarian  gen.,  born. 
Barach,  Moritz,  novelist  and  poet,  born. 
Abel,  Joseph,  painter,  ASO. 

1819  *  *  Arany,  Joinos,  Hungarian  poet,  b. 

1820  •  *  Klapka,  Gyorgy,  Hungarian  gen.,  b. 
Schwarzenlwrg,  Karl  P.  von,  marshal,  A49. 
llartsch,  Johann  A.  B.  von,  engraver,  Ab3. 

1821  *  *  Scherzer,  Karl  von,  traveler  and 
publicist,  born. 

1822  *  *  Fetofl,  Sandor,  poet,  born. 

1833    Mar.  8.    Andrdasy,  Gyula  (Julius), 

Hungarian  statesman,  born. 
1825  *  •  Jokai,Maura8,  Hung,  novelist,  born. 
Cha8teler,du,  Jean  G.J. A., Marquis, general, 

A62. 
Bubna  Littiz,  Ferdinand,  Count,  gen.,  A52. 

1827  *  *  Tegethoff,  Wilhelm  von,  Baron,  b. 

1828  Oct.  32.  Mack.  Ijeiberlch  Karl 
von.  Baron,  general,  A76. 

1829  •  *  Czermak,  Johann  Nepomuk,  Bohe- 
mian physiologist,  born. 

Gindelv,  Anton,  historian,  born. 
Kisfaludy,    KArolv,    Hungarian   dramatist, 

A40. 
Pobrowski,  Josef,  Bohemian  author,  A76. 

1830  July  20.  Janauschek,  Francesca, 
M.  R.  (Fanny).  Bohemian  actor,  born. 

Francis  Joseph,  Ktnperor,  born  Aug.  18. 

1831  *   •  Beer,  Adolf,  Austrian  historian,  b. 

1832  •  *  Goltmark,  Karl.  Hungarian  com- 
poser, horn. 

Zach,  Franz  Xaver  von,  astronomer,  A78. 
lAub,  Ferdinand,  violinist,  born. 


1834*   *  Senefelder,  Aloys,  Austrian  Inventor 
of  lithography,  dies  at  Munich,  A63. 

1835  Mar.  2.     Francis  I.,  Emperor,  A67. 

1836  *  •  Sacher-Masoch,    Leopold     U.     von, 
novelist,  born. 

1838*   *  Kolcsey,  Ferencz,  Hungarian  poet, 
orator,  critic,  A48. 
Jagic,  Vatroslay,  Croatian  philologist,  born. 
1839*  *  Fessler,  Ignaz  Aurelius,  Hungarian 
author,  A55. 
Peschka-Leutner,  Minna,  Austrian  singer,  b. 
1840*  *  Leitner,  Gottlieb  Wilhelm,  Hunga- 
rian linguist,  born. 
1842  *  *  Csoma  de  Koros  S.  H.,  scholar,  A52. 
Uifalvy,  de,  Charles  Eugene,  Hungarian  lin- 
guist, born. 
1844*  *  Gansbacher,  Johann,  Austrian  com- 
poser, A  34. 
Kisfaludy,  Sandor,  Hungarian  poet,  A72. 
Denifl6,   Friedrich  H.  S-,  Tyrolese  philoso- 
pher, Donunican,  born. 

1845  *   *  Ddczi,  Lajos,  Hungarian  poet,  born. 
1847     Dec*   Maria    Louisa,     Empress    of 

France,  Duchess  of  Parma,  A60. 

Holnb,  Emil,  Bohemian  traveler,  born. 

Charles,  or  Karl,  Archduke  of  Austria,  com- 
mander, A  76. 

Jungmann,  Joseph  Jakob,  Bohemian  philol- 
ogist, A74. 

CHURCH. 

1816  Dec.  23.  Hung.  Bible  societies 
are  prohibited. 

1819  *  *  Amf.  The  Marburg  Bible  so- 
ciety is  organized. 

1846  *  *  /(.    Pius  IX.  is  pope. 

1848*  *  Aust.  The  Jesuits  are  ex- 
pelled. 

LETTERS. 

1810*  *  Aust.  The  University  of  Salz- 
burg is  suppressed. 

*  *  -12  *  *  Vienna.  Anatomy  and  Physi- 
ology of  the  Nervous  System,  and  of  tht^ 
Brain  in  particular,  is  published  by  Drs. 
Gall  and  Spurzheim,  phrenologists. 

1811  ♦  ♦  Prussia.  The  University  of 
Breslau  is  enlarged  by  the  incorpora- 
tion of  that  of  Frank fort-on-the-Oder  iu 
Silesia. 

1816  *  *  Silesia.  The  University  of 
Cracow  is  opened  on  an  independent 
basis. 

1817  *  *  Bohemia.  Venceslav  Hanka  dis- 
covers the  Rukopis  Kralodworsky  in  a 
church  steeple  at  Kndsinhof;  it  com- 
prises 14  lyric  poems  written  between 
1290  and  1310. 

*  *  -41  *  *  Tudomdnyos  gyiljet^nUny  is 
issued. 

1825  *  *  Hung.  The  Himgarian  Acad- 
emy is  established  by  the  Diet. 

1827  *  *  Casopis  Ceskebo  Museum  is  is- 
sued. 

1835  *  *  Griseldis,  by  Eligius  F.  J. 
Miinch-Bellinghausen,  appears. 

1841  *  *  The  King  and  the  Peasant,  by 
Miiuch-Bellinghausen,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1810  Mar.  11.  Aust.  Emperor  Na- 
poleon  Bonaparte  marries  the  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Iiouisa,  daughter  of  the 
Emperor  of  Au-stria,  by  proxy,  at  Vienna. 

Apr.  2.  Paris.  Napoleon  marries 
]\Iaria  Louisa  of  Austria. 

1815  Feb.  8.  Vienna.  Tlie  Congress 
determines  to  abolish  slavery. 

*  *  Austria  unites  iu  the  Pentarcby  of 
Great  Powers,  and  she  becomes  an  ef- 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1810, Feb.* -1848, May  15.   521 


fective  enemy  of  popular  liberty  in 
various  parts  of  Europe. 
'       1819  *  •  Aust.    The    Emperor    ennobles 
the   family  of    Andreas    Hofer,   the 
Tyrolese  patriot-martyr. 

STATE. 

1810  Apr.  2.  Paris.  Napoleon  mar- 
ries Maria  Xouisa,  daughter  of  Francis 

1.  of  Austria  and  Maria  Theresa  of 
Naples. 

1812  •  *  Austria  is  obliged  to  enter  an 
alliance  with  France  against  Kussia. 

1813  Feb.  *  Prussia  and  Russia  invite 
Austria  to  enter  the  Alliance  of  Kalish 
against  France. 

*  *  Austria  enters  the  Coalition,  agree- 
ing to  furnish  an  army  of  200,000  men. 

Aug.  12.  Austria,  having  failed  as  a 
peacemaker,  declares  war  against 
France. 

Sept.  9.    Bohemia.    An   Alliance   is 

formed  at  Teplitz  against  France, 

between  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia. 

1.  The  union    to  be  maintained  and 

the  territories  of  each  to  be  guaranteed. 

2.  Each  to  assist  the  others  to  the  extent 
of  60,000  men  or  more.  3.  No  separate 
peace  or  armistice  to  be  made.  Secret 
articles  provide  for  the  restoration  of 
Austrian  and  Prussian  boundaries  as 
they  were  in  1805. 

Oct.  8.    Aust.    The  Treaty  of  Ried  is 

entered  between  Austria  and  Bavaria, 
which  abandons  Napoleon,  and  joins  the 
alliance  against  him,  and  is  to  have  her 
territories  maintained. 
Oct.  17.  By  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  at 
Leipsic,  Germany  regains  her  inde- 
pendence and  the  Confederation  of 
the  Rhine  is  dissolved. 

1814  Sept.  *  -1815  June  9.  The 
Congress  of  Vienna  settles  the  con- 
flicting boundary  claims  of  several 
States. 

The  emperors  of  Austria  and  Russia, 
the  kings  of  Prussia,  Denmark,  Bavaria, 
and  Wurtemberg,  and  very  many  princes, 
are  present  in  person.    (See  France.) 

Nov.  1.  Aust.  A  general  conference 
is  held  at  Vienna. 

1815  Mar.  13.  Austria  joins  seven 
other  powers  in  proclaiming  the  ban 
against  ISTapoleon. 

JMCar.  23.  Vienna.  The  Treaty  of 
Vienna  is  signed  ;  Italian  provinces  ase 
restored  to  Austria  with  additions  in- 
cluding :  — 

Lombardy,  Venice,  Illyrian  Provinces, 
Dalmatia,  the  T;?rol,  Vorarlberg,  Salz- 
burg, the  Innviertel  and  Hansruck- 
viertel.  ^ 

Mar.  25.  Vienna.  Austria,  Great  Brit- 
ain, Prussia,  and  Russia  conclude  a  new 
alliance,  and  each  agrees  to  furnish  an 
army  of  180,000  men,  and  all  Europe  is 
invited  to  join  them. 

May  15.  Vienna.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Vienna,  the  allies  agree  to  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Dutch  territories  in  the 
Netherlands  and  vesting  their  sover- 
eignty in  the  House  of  Orange. 

June  14.  Vienna.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Vienna,  Denmark    exchanges    Swe- 


dish Fomerania  and  Rugen  for  Lau- 
reuburg,  Prussia. 

Sept.  26.  The  Holy  Alliance  is  formed 
between  the  emperors  of  Austria,  Rus- 
sia, and  the  Kingdom  of  Prussia,  on  a 
theoretical  basis  favoring  morality 
and  rehgion.  [It  soon  becomes  an  al- 
liance for  the  protection  of  absolute 
monarchy.] 

Nov.  20.  PartA.  The  Second  Peace  of 
Paris  is  signed.    (See  France.) 

Nov.  27.  Galicia.  A  new  constitution 
is  granted  for  Poland,  and  Cracow  is 
declared  to  be  a  free  republic. 

*  *  Axtst.  West  Galicia  is  recovered  by 
Austria. 

1819  Aug.l.  Bohemia.  A  Congress  of 
ministers  assembles  at  Karlsbad ; 
Prince  Clemens  W.  Mettemich  of 
Austria  is  the  leader. 

It  resolves  on  the  supervision  of  uni- 
versities, and  unites  in  the  censorship 
of  the  press. 

1820  May*  Aust.  The  final  Act  of 
Vienna  is  signed. 

Oct.  20.  Aust.  The  Emperors  Fran- 
cis I.  and  Alexander  of  Russia  meet  at 
Troppau. 

Nov.  10.  Aust.  The  Emperors  meet. 
[Dec.  17.    They  adjourn  to  Laibach.] 

1821  Jan.  *  Aust,  The  Congress  of 
Laibach. 

The  Emperors  of  Russia  and  Austria, 
the  King  of  the  two  Sicilies,  the  Duke  of 
Modena,  with  representatives  of  France, 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  Sardinia,  and 
other  states,  resolve  to  intervene  in 
Piedmont  and  Naples  for  the  repression 
of  revolutions.    (See  Army.) 

1822  Oct.  *-Dec.*/^  Congress  of 
Verona. 

The  sovereigns  of  Prussia,  Austria, 
Russia,  and  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  Sar- 
dinia, with  tlie  Duke  of  Wellington,  the 
Duke  of  Montmorency,  Prince  Metter- 
nich,  and  others  ;  Mettemich  presides. 
It  considers  the  Grecian  and  Spanish 
disturbances. 

1825  *  *  Hung.    The  Diet  meets. 

1828  *  *  Austria  joins  with  England  in 
interference  to  prevent  the  fall  of 
Constantinople,  and  in  bringing  about 
peace. 

1830  July*  It.  In  Lombardy  30,000 
troops  are  required  to  maintain  Im- 
perial authority. 

1833  *  *  Bohemia.  The  sotvereigns  of 
Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia  meet  at 
MUnchengratz. 

*  *  Bohemia.  A  Ministerial  confer- 
ence assembles  at  Teplitz. 

*  *  The  Zollverein,  or  German  Cus- 
toms Union  of  the  North  German 
States,  is  founded. 

1834  *  *  Aiist.  Ministerial  conference 
at  Vienna. 

1835  Mar.  2.  Aust.  Emperor  Ferdi- 
nand I.  succeeds  his  father  (Ferdinand 
V.  of  Hungary). 

Mettemich,  the  Prime  Minister,  is  the 
leader  of  the  reaction  throughout  Eu- 
rope in  favor  of  absolute  monarchy; 
censorship  of  the  press  and  the  require- 
ment of  passports  are  strictly  enforced. 


1838  July  3.  Aust.  A  new  commer- 
cial treaty  is  entered  with  England. 

1840  *  *  A  ustria  joins  an  alliance  against 
Mehemed  Ali.    (See  Germany.) 

*  *  The  armed  intervention  of  England 
and  Austria  forces  the  viceroy  of  Egypt 
to  surrender  his  high  claims  in  Syria, 
and  content  himself  with  the  hereditary 
rule  over  Egypt,  under  the  over-lordship 
of  Turkey. 

1846  Feb.  22-27.  Silesia.  An  at- 
tempted revolution  in  Austrian  Po- 
land fails. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Court  is  alarmed  by  an  in- 
surrection in  Galicia  against  repres- 
sion. 

Nov.  16.  The  Courts  of  Austria,  Russia, 
and  Prussia  revoke  the  treaty  of  Vi- 
enna; Austria  occupies  Cracow. 

It  constitutes  Cracow  a  free  republic, 
and  it  is  declared  Austrian  territory. 
[England,  France,  Sweden,  and  Turkey 
protest  against  this  annexation.] 

1847  Mar.  23.  Aust.  Charles  Al- 
bert, King  of  Sardinia,  enters  Milan. 

Oct.  3.  Hung.  Ban  Jellachich  is  ap- 
pointed governor. 

1848  *  *  -49  *  •  Uprising  of  the  Hun- 
garians for  independence. 

Mar.  4.    Hung.    A  new  constitution   is 

promulgated. 
Mar.  *  The  rebellion  spreads  into  Tyrol 

and  Lombardy  and  into  Germany. 

Mar.  13-15.  Vienna.  Popular  agitation 
for  reforms  and  a  liberal  constitution 
becomes  violent;  the  Viennese  follow 
the  example  of  the  Hungarians,  and  the 
monarchy  is  in  great  peril  ;  Prince  Met- 
temich, the  Minister,  resigns,  and  flees 
the  city,  which  falls  into  the  control  of 
the  burgher-guard  and  the  students. 

*  *  Hung.  Louis  Kossuth  and  Count 
Batthyanyi  are  at  the  head  of  the  pro- 
visional government  in  Hungary. 

Mar.  18.  //.  The  Emperor,  from  his 
refuge  in  Milan,  abolishes  the  censor- 
ship of  the  press,  and  calls  a  conven- 
tion of  the  states. 

Mar.  23.    //.    Austrians  evacuate  Milan, 

and   Sardinians,  led    by    King    Charles 

Albert,  enter. 
Apr.  *  The    Hungarians*  demand   for  a 

separate  Ministry  is  granted    by  the 

Emperor. 

May  15.  Vienna.  A  second  outbreak 
forces  the  convening  of  a  Constituent 
Diet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814  *  *  Aust.  The  state  factories  begin 
the  manufacttn-e  of  cigars,  which  are 
not  yet  commonly  seen  in  Europe. 

1828  *  *  Aust.  Two  Englishmen  form  a 
steamboat  company  for  the  navigation 
of  the  Danube. 

1830*  * /lung.  Steamboats  run  between 
Vienna  and  Budapest  in  Hungary. 

1832  *  *  Aust.  A  railroad  is  built  con- 
necting Budweis  and  Lintz. 

1834*  *  Hung.  Steamboats  descend  the 
Danube  as  far  as  Orbova. 


522     1848,  May  17-1850,**      AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1848  May  29.  It.  The  army  of  Charles 
Albert,  Iving  of  Sardinia,  defeats  the 
Austrians  under  Marshal  Joseph  Weii- 
zel  Kadetzky  at  Goito ;  the  latter  re- 
treat. 

Bohemia.     An  insurrection  breaks 

out  at  Prague. 

Jvme  15.  It.  Padua  surrenders  to 
the  Austrians. 

July  20.  Bohemia.  The  insurgents  at 
Prague  submit,  and  the  state  of  siege 
is  raised. 

July  25.  //.  The  Sardinian  army 
(25,000)  is  defeated  by  Austrians  (33,000) 
under  Marshal  Kadetzky  at  Custozza. 

Aug.  4.  //.  Milan  is  retaken  by  the 
Austrian  army. 

Aug.  9-49.  Mar.  20.  //.  A  truce  is 
declared. 

Sept.  11.  Hung.  The  Hungarians,  after 
much  agitation  for  civil  rights,  which 
are  refused  by  Austrians,  rise  in  re- 
bellion. 

Sept,  29.  Ilimg.  The  Hungarians  at 
Velencze  defeat  Baron  von  Jellachich, 
the  Ban  of  Croatia,  who  fights  in  the 
interests  of  the  Imperial  Government. 

Oct.  11.  Henna.  The  Hungarians 
approach  within  six  miles  of  A'ienna ; 
the  emperor  flees  from  the  city. 

Oct.  16.  Hung.  Alfred  Zu,  Prince 
Windischgratz,  is  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Austrians. 

Oct.  23.  Vienna.  Windischgratz  and 
Jellachich  with  100,000  men  besiege  the 
Hungarians  at  Vienna. 

Oct.  27.  Aust.  Kossuth  withdraws 
his  army  from  near  Vienna. 

Oct.  28.  Aust.  Vienna  is  bombarded 
by  Windischgratz  and  the  Ban  Jel- 
lachich ;  the  city  is  set  on  fire  in  many 
places. 

Oct.  30.  Hung.  Jellachich  defeats  and 
routs  the  army  of  Hungarians  sent  to 
relieve  Vienna,  at  Schwechat. 

Oct.  31.  Aust.  Vienna  is  taken  by 
storm  by  Windischgratz  after  severe 
fighting. 

Dec.  21.  Hung.  The  Hungarians  are 
defeated  by  the  Austrians  at  Szaikszo. 

Dec.  29.  Hung.  The  Hungarians  under 
Gen.  Perczel  are  again  defeated  at 
Moor  by  the  Ban  Jellachich. 

1849  Jan.  *  Hungary  is  entered  by 
an  Austrian  army. 

Jan.  5.  Hung.  Budapest  is  taken  by 
Prince  Windischgratz, 

Jan.  21.  Transylvania.  The  Austrians 
are  defeated  at  Hermannstadt  by  the 
Polish  Gen.  Joseph  Bern. 

Feb.  4.  Transylvania.  Gen.  Bern  is 
defeated  by  Austrians  under  Gen.  Pulch- 
ner  at  Hermannstadt. 

Feb.  9.  At  Piski  the  Austrians  defeat 
the  Hungarians  under  Gen.  Bern. 

Feb.  14.  Hung.  The  Austrianstakethe 
fortress  of  Essek  from  Hungarians. 

Feb.  26,  27.  Hung.  The  Hungarians 
under  Gen.  Henryk  Dembinsky  are  dis- 
astrously defeated  at  Kapolna. 


Mar.  5.    Hung,    The  Hungarians  under 
Gen.   Janos  Damjanies  defeat  the 
Austrians    under    Gen.    Grammont    at 
Szolnok. 
Mar.  11,  20.     Transylvania.     Himgari- 
ans   under  Gen.  Bem   defeat  and  rout 
the  Russian   allies  at  Hermannstadt 
and  Brasso. 
Mar.  21.    U.    Austrians  under  the  Arch- 
duke Albert  defeat  the  Sardinians  under 
the  Duke  of  Genoa  at  Mortara. 
Mar.  23.     H.    Austrians  under  Marshal 
Joseph  W.  Kadetzky  defeat  the  Sardini- 
ans under  Charles  Albert  at  Novara, 
and  compel  the  conclusion  of  a  peace. 
Mar.  25.    The  armistice  of  seven 
months  expires,  and  tlie  war  with  Den- 
mark is  resumed.    (See  Germany.) 
Mar.  30.    //.    Gen.  von  Haynau  with 
the  Imperialists  takes  and  sacks  Bres- 
cia, after  a  great  and  bloody  battle  ;  he 
treats  his  prisoners  with  great  cruelty. 
Apr.  2.    Hung.    The  Austrians  are  de- 
feated at  Hatvan  by  the  Hungarians. 
Apr,  4.    Hung.     Tlie  Austrians   are  de- 
feated    at    Lapio-Bicske.      [Apr.    C. 
Again  at  Isaszeg.] 
Apr.  6.    Hung.    The     Austrians     under 
Prince  Windischgratz  are  defeated  at 
Godollo  by  the  Hungarians  under  Gen. 
Giirgey. 
Apr.  10.    Hung.    Austrians  are  defeated 

at  "Waitzen  by  the  Hixngarians. 
Apr.  18.    Hung.    The  Imperialists  are 

defeated  at  Gran. 
May  1.    BuBsia  decides  to  join  Austria 

against  Hungary. 
May  16.    It.    Bologna  is  taken  by  the 
Austrians,  after  a  siege  of  eight  days. 
May  21.    Hung.    The  Hungarians  under 
Gen.  Giirgey  storm  and  capture  Buda. 
[July  *  Recaptured.] 
June*  Hung.    Julius  Jakob,  Baron  von 
Haynau,  takes  command  of  the  Aus- 
trian army. 
June  *  Hung.    A  Kussian  army  of  l.iO- 
000  men  crosses  the  frontier  to  aid  tlie 
Austrians. 
June  18.    //.    Ancona  is  taken  by  Aus- 
trians after  a  bombardment. 
Jtme  19.     Transylvania.     Hungarians 
under  (ien.  Bem,  outnumbered  three  to 
one,  are  defeated  by  the  Russians  at 
Hermannstadt. 
June  28.    Hung.    Haab  is  stormed  and 

taken  by  the  Austrians. 
July  14      Hung.    Baron  von  Jellachich 

is  defeated  at  Hegyes. 
July  15-17.    Hung.    An    indecisive  ac- 
tion occurs  at  "Waitzen  between  the 
Russians  and  the  Hungarians  under 
Gen.  Giirgey. 
July  31.     Hung.    The  Iliuigarians  under 
Gen.  Bem  are  defeated  at  Schassburg 
by  the  Russians  under  Gen.  LUders. 
July*  Hung.    The  Hungarians  are  de- 
feated at  Acs.    Budapest  is  recovered 
by  the  Austrians. 
Aug.  5.   Hung.   Hungarians  under  Coimt 
Dembinsky  are  defeated  by  Baron  von 
Haynau  at  Szorek. 


Aug.  9.  Hung.  Hungarians  are  again 
defeated  at  Temesvar  by  Baron  von 
Haynau;  the  Hungarian  army  is  almost 
destroyed. 

Aug.  11.  Hung.  The  Hungarians  are 
defeated  at  Arad. 

Aug.  13.  Hung.  Gen.  Arthur  Giirgey, 
after  being  made  dictator  (Aug.  11)  by 
the  resignation  of  Kossuth  and  others, 
surrenders  at  Vilagos  to  the  Russian 
Gen.  Rudiger;  the  Hungarian  army 
numbers  24,(XXt  men  with  140  guns.  j^He 
is  regarded  as  a  traitor  by  the  Himga- 
rians.] 

Aug.  23.  U.  Venice  is  taken  by  the 
Austrians  under  Marshal  Radetzky, 
after  a  long  siege. 

Sept.  27.  Hung.  Komorn  yields,  and 
the  Htmgarian  war  ends  in  the  sup- 
pression of  the  revolution. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1848  *  *  Blum,    Robert,    political    agitator, 
writer,  shot  at  Vienna,  A41. 

Lembery,  Count,  killed  at  Peath. 
Lenz,  Oskar,  geologist,  born. 
Hormayr,  Joseph  von,  Baron,  Tyrolese  his- 
torian, AfjT. 
Dec.  2.    Francis  Joseph,  emperor,  born. 

1849  *   *  Entilicher,  Stephan  Lad isla us,  Hun- 
garian botanist,  dies  Jlar.  28,  A45. 

Petofl,  Sandor,  Hungarian  poet,  A27. 

Aulich,  Louis,  Hungarian  general,  A57. 

IJatthyanyi,  Louis,  Count,  Hungarian  pa- 
triot, A40. 

Sept.  25.  Strauss,  Johann,  Austrian 
musical  composer,  dies,  A45. 

1850  Dec.   10.     Bem,  Joseph,  Polish  gen- 
eral in  Hungarian  service,  dies,  A&5. 

Janisoh,  Antonie,  musician,  born. 
Gyrowetz,   Adalbert,  Bohemian  composer, 
A  87. 

SOCIETY. 

1849  *  *  Austria  has  530  public  hospi- 
tals, 40  lunatic  asylums,  40  lying-in 
establishments,  33  foundling  hospitals, 
1,351  institutions  for  aged  indigent  per- 
sons, and  7,173  poor-houses. 


STATE. 

1848  May  17.  Aust.  Ferdinand  and 
the  empress  flee  to  Innsbruck,  and 
find  personal  safety  among  their  faith- 
ful Tyrolese. 

May  18-49.  *  *  Prussia.  The  German 
National  Assembly  meets  at  Frank- 
fort, and  creates  a  provisional  Parlia- 
ment. [It  is  disturbed  by  the  strife  of 
factions.] 

Tlie  Assembly  meets  in  the  church  of 
St.  Paul,  and  proceeds  in  t!ie  effort  to 
prepare  a  constitution  for  the  Cermaa 
Empire,  which  shall  be  harmonious  with 
the  governments  of  all  the  states. 

May  20.  Hung.  The  Ban  of  Croatia 
summons  the  Diet  of  the  Croatian- 
Slavonic  nation. 

REVOLUTION. 

May  25.  Aust.  An  attempt  to  dis- 
solve the  Academic  Ijeg:ion  creates  a 
riot,  and  streets  of  Vienna  are  barri- 
caded. 

A  committee  of  guards,  citizens,  and 
students  is  formed  to  preserve  order  and 
is  finally  legalized  by  the  Prime  Minis- 
ter, and  it  assumes  the  authority  of  gov- 
ernment. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1848,  May  17-1850,*  *     523 


May  29.  Gtr.  The  Archduke  John 
of  Austria  is  elected  Administrator  of 
the  Empire  at  Frankfort. 

Jvine  2.  /ioht-mia.  An  anti-German 
gathering,  meeting  at  Prague,  is  called 
the  Slavonic  Congress. 

It  aims  to  unite  the  Slavoni*'!  people 
of  Austria  to  resist  the  extension  of 
German  culture  and  influence. 

June*  Prussia.  The  President  of  the 
National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  is 
Baron  Heinrich  von  Gagern  of  Bai- 
reuth  ;  he  favors  the  union  of  the  Ger- 
man States  on  the  basis  of  the  exclusion 
of  Austria.  Four  parties  appear  in  the 
Assembly. 

June  11.  Prussi^a.  The  Archduke 
John  enters  Frankfort. 

Anton  Von  Schmerling  of  Austria  is 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  the  In- 
terior. [The  Ministry  soon  discovers 
that  it  lacks  authority.] 

June  12.  Bohemia.  An  uprising  of 
the  Czechs  in  Prague  is  suppressed  by 
Gen.  Alfred  Zu  Windischgratz. 

June  *  Aust.  The  emperor  returns 
from  Innsbruck. 

June  *  Hung.  The  Hungarians  change 
the  seat  of  government  to  Sezegedin. 

July  22.  Vienna.  The  first  Reichstag 
meets. 

[The  Biet  declares  its  sittings  per- 
manent, and  elects  a  Conmiittee  of 
Safety ;  it  is  later  forced  to  remove 
from  Vienna,  and  is  established  at 
Kremsier,  Moravia.] 

Sept.  11.  Hung.  A  counter  revolu- 
tion, chiefly  by  Slavonians,  is  led  by 
Jellachich,  Ban  of  Croatia. 

It  is  instigated  and  supported  by  the 
Austrian  government  and  in  opposition 
to  Hungary.     (See  Army.) 

Sept.  28.  Hung.  Count  Iiamberg,  the 
military  governor,  is  murdered  by  a  mob 
at  Budapest. 

The  Hungarian  Diet  appoints  a  pro- 
visional government  under  the  patri- 
ots liouis  Kossuth  and  Ijouis  Batthy- 
anyi. 
Oct.  6.  Aust.  The  emperor  openly  de- 
clares against  the  Hungarians. 

He  annuls  the  decrees  of  the  Biet, 
suspends  the  civil  authorities,  and  makes 
Jellachich,  the  anti-Hungarian  revolter, 
the  commander  of  the  Austrian  army. 

*  *  Hung.  The  Biet  denies  the  authority 
of  the  emperor,  organizes  a  Commit- 
tee of  Safety,  with  Xx>uis  Kossuth, 
president. 

Vienna.    A  second  insurrection 

breaks  out. 

The  garrison  departs  to  suppress  the 
Hungarians,  and  a  revolt  follows.  A 
deputation  asks  their  return,  and  being 
refused,  the  people  take  the  arsenal  by 
storm,  and  murder  Count  Latour,  the 
Minister  of  War. 

Oct.  *  Aust.  The  National  Diet  peti- 
tions the  emperor  for  a  new  Ministry, 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  against  the 
Hungarians,  and  the  dismissal  of  Jella- 
chich, with  amnesty  for  rioters. 

Oct.  7.  Aust.  The  emperor  returns  an 
evasive  address,  and  [flees  to  Olmiiti^, 
Moravia.] 


Oct.  11.    Aust.    The  Hungarian  army 

approaches  within  six  miles  of  the  city. 

Wov.  2.  Vienna.  The  Imperialists  are 
in  possession. 

Dec.  1.  Francis  Joseph,  son  of  Arch- 
duke Francis  Charles  by  the  Princess 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Maximilian  I.  of 
Bavaria,  is  declared  of  age. 

Dec.  2.  Aust.  Ferdinand  abdicates 
the  throne  of  the  Empire  in  favor  of  his 
nephew  Francis  Joseph,  his  brother 
Francis  Charles  having  declined  it. 

Beign  of  Francis  Joseph,  Emperor 
of  Austriaand  King  of  Hungary.  [The 
emperor  at  the  i)resent  time.] 

Dec.  5.  Prus.  The  National  Assem- 
bly is  dissolved,  and  substituted  by  a 
constitution  providing  for  two  cham- 
bers, the  second  elected  by  universal 
and  equal  suffrage. 

Dec.  8.  Hung.  The  Diet  refuses  to  rec- 
ognize the  abdication  of  Ferdinand  I. 

It  denounces  as  traitors  all  who  ac- 
knowledge tlie  Kmperor  of  Austria  as 
the  King  of  Hungary. 

•  *  Hungary  is  treated  as  a  conquered 
country,  and  subjected  to  great  cruel- 
ties. ' 

1849  Mar.  4.  Aust.  The  emperor  dis- 
solves the  Austrian  Reichstag  at  Krem- 
sier, arrests  its  liberal  members,  gives  a 
new  constitution  of  his  own  for  Aus- 
tria, and  abolishes  the  ancient  Hunga- 
rian constitution,  annihilating  the  in- 
dependence of  Hungary,  and  making  it 
a  Crown  land  of  Austria. 

Apr.  14.  Hungary  declares  herself 
free.  On  motion  of  Kossuth  the  Biet 
deposes  the  House  of  Hapsburg-Lor- 
raine.  Kossuth  is  made  governor  of 
Hungary. 

Apr.  26.  Hung.  Russian  interven- 
tion in  aid  of  Austria  against  Hungary 
is  agreed  upon. 

May  *  Prussia.  A  party  in  the  German 
National  Assembly  at  Frankfort  at- 
tempts to  form  (^Jermany  into  an  inte- 
gral empire,  from  which  Austria  is 
excluded. 

*  *  Bosnia.    A  rebellion  breaks  out. 
May*  Prussia.    Many  representatives 

to  the  Parliament  of  Frankf<)rt  are  re- 
called.   [It  adjourns  to  Stuttgart.] 

June  18.  WUrtemberg.  TherumpPar- 
Uament  at  Stuttgart,  having  dwindled 
in  number  and  influence,  is  dispersed  by 
the  WUrtemberg  government. 

June  *  Prussia.  It  is  decided  that  the 
.  administrator  of  the  German  states  shall 
be  superseded  by  a  central  power  to  be 
executed  by  Austria  and  Prussia  al- 
ternately, **for  the  German  Con- 
federacy." 

Aug.  11.  Hung.  Kossuth  accuses  Giir- 
gey  of  treachery  in  surrendering  the 
army,  resigns  his  office,  and  retires  into 
esdle. 

Aug.*  Aust.  The  whole  Ijombard- 
Venetian  kingdom  is  again  subject 
to  Austria. 


Aug.  21.  Hung.  The  patriots  Kossuth, 
Bem,  and  others  flee  to  Turkey,  and 
are  protected  at  New  Orsova. 

Oct.  6.  Hung.  Count  Batthyanyi,  a 
conservative  Hungarian,  is  executed  at 
Budapest,  and  13  patriots  at  Arad,  who 
had  voluntarily  surrendered  ;  Gorgey  is 
spared. 

Oct.  19.  Hung.  Amnesty  is  granted  to 
patriots  who  return  from  their  refuges. 

*  *Aust.  Prince  Felix  Schwarzenberg 
resumes  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

1850  ♦  *  Prussia  advocates  a  German 
Federal  State  with  Austria  excluded. 

Feb.  27.  Bavaria.  A  treaty  is  signed 
at  Munich  by  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony, 
and  WUrtemberg,  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  German  Union. 

Mar.  20.  Saxmy.  The  Parliament  of 
Erfurt  (Central  Germany)  is  opened, 
and  proceeds  to  consider  a  new  German 
Union.  [Apr.  27.  It  concludes  its  dis- 
cussions.] 

May  9-16.  Prussia.  A  congress  of 
German  princes  assembles  in  Berlin. 
The  opposition  of  the  Elector  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  Frederick  William  I.,  to  the  pro- 
posed union  is  made  known. 

Sept.  2.  Prussia.  Austria  attempts  to 
frustrate  the  plans  of  Prussia  by 
means  of  the  Frankfort  Parliament, 
which  reopens,  with  representatives 
from  Austria,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Han- 
over, WUrtemberg,  and  other  states. 

Sept.  7.  Prussia.  Hesse-Casselispro- 
nounced  in  a  state  of  war  by  the 
elector  ;  resistance  is  given  to  the  un- 
popular Minister,  Hassenpfiug,  and  other 
officials,  and  the  courts. 

Oct.  2.  Prussia.  The  Biet  appoints 
General  Haynau  miHtary  dictator 
in  the  electorate  of  Hesse. 

Oct.  14.  Prussia.  The  Elector  of 
Hesse-Cassel  formally  applies  to  the 
Frankfort  Biet  of  Princes  for  assistance 
to  reestablish  his  authority  in  Hesse. 

Nov.  6.  Prussia.  An  Austro-Bava- 
rian  force  of  10,000  men  enters  Hesse, 
and  war  is  imminent. 

Austria  delivers  her  xdtimattim  at 
Berlin,  demanding  that  Prussia  evacu- 
ate Hesse  in  eight  days,  dissolve  the 
Erfurt  League,  and  recognize  the  Biet ; 
'Frederick  William  responds  by  calling 
out  the  entire  military  fprce  of  the 
kingdom. 

Nov.  7.  Prussia.  A  Prussian  force  en- 
ters Cassel  in  the  north. 

Nov.  28,  29.  Moravia.  A  conference 
is  held  at  Olmutz,  under  the  mediation 
of  Czar  Nicholas,  respecting  Hesse-Cas- 
sel. 

Efforts  for  union  are  made,  and  Prus- 
sia, represented  by  Von  Manteuifel, 
yields  to  all  the  demands  of  Austria  rep- 
resented by  Schwarzenberg;  the  Banes 
are  to  have  Schleswig-Holstein,  and  the 
Elector  of  Hesse  is  to  be  restored  to  his 
authority, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850  July  18.  Galicia.  Cracow  is 
nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 


524    1851,  Feb.  17-1861,  Nov.*    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1851  July  19.  //.  Marshal  Radetzky 
from  Mouga  declares  the  Xjombardo- 
Venetian  kingdom  to  be  iu  a  state  of 
siege. 

1853  Feb.  6±.  It.  Marshal  Radetzky 
suppresses  an  outbreak  in  Milan. 

1854  Aug.*  lioumatiia,  TbeAustrians 
enter  the  Danubian  principalities 
of  Wallachia  aud  Moldavia. 

-Sept.  6.  Itoumania.  The  Austrian  army 
enters  Bucharest,  the  capital  of  Wal- 
lachia, 

1855  June  24.  Aust.  The  army  is 
reduced  to  a  peace  footing, 

1857  Mar.  *  Austria  recallsF her  troops 
from  the  Danubian  provinces. 

1859  Feb.  *  -Mar.  *  Austria  prepares 
for  war  by  increasing  her  armies  in 
Italy,  and  fortifying  the  banks  of  the 
River  Ticino,  which  forms  the  boundary 
between  her  Itulian  provinces  and  Sar- 
dinia. 

*  *  Aust.  "War  with  France  and  Sar- 
dinia.   (See  State.) 

Apr.  26.  It.  An  Austrian  force  under 
the  Hungarian  Gen.  Franz,  Count  Ciyu- 
lai,  crosses  the  Ticino  into  Sardinia. 

Apr.  27.  It.  French  soldiers  enter 
Piedmont,  Sardinia. 

May  3.  Fr.  Emperor  Napoleon  HI. 
declares  war  against  Austria  because 
of  her  invasion  of  Italy. 

May  20.  It.  Battle  of  Montebello, 
in  Piedmont.  The  Austrians  under  Gen. 
Stadion  are  repulsed  by  the  French  un- 
der Gen.  Forey,  with  a  loss  of  1,000  killed 
and  wounded. 

May  30-June  1.  It.  The  Austrians  are 
again  defeated  at  Palestro  in  Lom- 
bard y. 

June  4.  It.  Battle  of  Magenta:  The 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph  with  75,000i: 
Austrians  is  defeated  by  55,000t  French 
and  Sardinians  led  by  Napoleon  III. 
(nominally)  and  Marshal  McMahon ;  the 
alliesMoss,  4,000  killed  and  wounded; 
the  Austrians*  loss,  10,000,  besides  7,000 
prisoners. 

June  8.  It,  The  Austrians  are  again 
defeated  at  Melegnano  near  Milan. 

June  24.  It.  Battle  of  Solferino  in 
Lombardy :  The  French  and  Sardini- 
ans, commanded  by  Napoleon  III.  and 
King  Victor  Emmanuel,  defeat  the  Aus- 
trians under  Francis  Joseph  and  Gen. 
Hess,  after  fighting  15  hours ;  Austrian 
loss,  630  officers,  19,311  soldiers ;  loss  of 
the  allies,  eight  generals,  936  officers, 
and  17,305  soldiers  killed  or  wounded. 
This  battle  closes  the  war. 

July  6.  It.  An  armistice  is  agreed  to 
between  the  French  and  Austrians. 

July  12.  Fr.  The  preliminaries  of 
peace  are  signed  at  Villafranca.  (See 
State.) 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1 85 1  *  •  Dobrentei,  Gabor,  Hungarian    au- 
thor, A  35. 
rej6r,  Gyorgy,  Hungarian  antiquary,  A  86. 


1B6S*  •  Celakowsky,    Frantisek    I^adlslar, 
Bohemian  i>oet,  Ad3. 
KolLar,  Jan,  Hungarian  poet,  scholar,  A59. 
18S3    Mar.  14.     Haynau,    Julius    Jacob 
von.  Baron,  Austrian  general,  dies,  Ab7. 
Garay,  Janos,  Hungarian  poet,  A4]. 
1854*  *  Batthyanyi,  Kasimir,  count,  states- 
man, A  47. 

1855  *  *  Sophia,  princess,  born. 

Mailatb,  Janius  Nepumuk,uuuut,  Hungarian 

historian,  A  69. 
1856*  *  Vorosmarty,     IVlilialy,     Hungarian 

poet,  A  66. 
(iisela,  princess,  born. 

1857  June  16.    Oerster.  Etelka,  Hunga- 
rian vocalist,  born. 

Czerny,  Karl,  composer,  A66. 
Sophia,  princess,  dies  at  Buda. 

1858  Jan.  5.    Radetzky,  Joseph Wenzel. 
marshal,  A92. 

Aug.  3 1 .     Kudoli)ti,  arcliiluke,  born, 
rfeiffer,  Ida  Laura,  Austrian  lady  traveler, 

A6I. 
Chntet,  Joseph,  Austrian  historian,  A60. 
Negrelll-Moldelbe,  Aloys  von,  engineer,  A59. 

1859  Mar.  10.     Jellachich.  von,  Joseph, 
de  Buzin,  ban  of  Croatia,  general,  A5H. 

June  11.  Metternich,  Clemens  "Wenzel 
Iiothar  von,  prince,  diplomatist,  ctiief 
minister,  A86. 

1860  *  *  Szechenyi,   Istvan,   count,    Hunga- 
rian statesman,  A  69. 

Kraitsir,  Charles,  pliilologist,  A54. 

CHURCH. 

1852  Jan.  1.  It  is  announced  that  the 
emperor  has  restored  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  to  influence,  and  re- 
established the  Jesuits. 

1856  Aug.  *  The  emperor  signs  a 
concordat  with  the  Pope,  giving  the 
Church  of  Rome  greater  power  than 
it  ever  had  before ;  the  clergy  are  to 
have  unlimited  control  of  all  ecclesias- 
tical and  educational  matters. 

1858  *  *  Bokemia.  T.  Mertel  is  conse- 
crated cardinal  deacon  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  Bohemia. 

1860  Jan.  6-10  and  Feb.  18.  Aust. 
Decrees  are  issued  removing  Jewish 
disabilities. 

1861  Apr.  8.  Civil  and  political  rights 
of  Protestants  are  assured  throughout 
the  entire  Empire,  except  In  Hungary 
and  Venice. 

LETTERS. 
1851*  *Au8t.  There  are  262  colleges 
(Gymnasia)  and  38  schools  for  the  study 
of  the  technical  sciences,  12  agricultural 
schools,  three  mining-schools,  and  11 
academies  of  midwifery,  10  universi- 
ties, eight  academies  for  technical  sci- 
ences, five  mining  and  agricultural  acad- 
emies, and  nine  academies  of  surgery. 

1853  *  *  Ziva  is  issued. 

1855  Aug.  18.  A  decree  is  promul- 
gated requiring  parents  to  send  their 
children  to  school. 

Aug.  *  The  emperor  signs  a  concordat 
giving  the  clergy  unlimited  control  of 
all  educational  matters. 

*  *  Himg.    Budapesti  Szemle  is  issued. 

1857  *  *  Tke  Gladiator  of  Ravenna,  by 
Miincb-Bellinghausen,  appears. 

1861  Feb.  26.  The  statutes  of  the 
new  constitution  are  published. 

SOCIETY. 
1851    Sept.  22.     Ifimg.     Louis    Kos- 
suth, the  patriot,  and  35  other  Hunga- 
rians, are  sentenced  to  death  m  coiitu7na- 
ciam  at  Budapest. 


1853  Feb.  18.  Vienna.  Iiibenyi,  a 
young  Hungarian,  attempts  to  assassi- 
nate the  emperor. 

1854  Apr.  24.  Francis  Joseph  mar- 
ries Elizabeth  of  Bavaria, 

1857  May.  ♦  Aust.  The  emperor  vis- 
its Hungary. 

1860  Jan.  6-10.  Aust.  The  oppres- 
sive laws  against  the  Jews  are  annulled. 


STATE. 

1851*  *  Saxony.  A  conference  of 
Ministers  is  held  at  Dresden  to  promote 
the  union  of  the  German  States ;  Otto 
Theodore,  Baron  Manteuffel,  of  Prussia, 
is  president,  and  Felix  Ludwig  Schwarz- 
enberg  represents  Austria. 

Feb.  17.  Ilung.  The  Austrian  and 
Turkish  governments  come  to  a  settle- 
ment respecting  Hungarian  refugees; 
all  except  Kossuth,  Batthyanyi,  and  six 
others  receive  full  and  entire  amnesty 
on  condition  of  their  not  entering  Hun- 
gary. 

Aust.    Charles  Loring  Brace,  an 

American  traveler  and  philanthropist, 
is  arrested  and  imprisoned. 

He  is  charged  with  "being  a  member 
of  the  democratic  committee,  an  agent 
of  Ujhazy  and  Cretz,  aud  of  traveling 
with  revolutionary  writings,  to  spread 
revolutionary  movements. 

May  15.  Saxony.  The  old  confedera- 
tion of  the  German  States  is  reestab- 
lished by  the  Conference  at  Dresden. 

July*  Aust.    A  new  tariff  is  adopted. 

Aug.  20.  Aust.  The  emperor  issues 
cabinet  letters  declaring  his  ministers 
"are  responsible  to  no  other  political 
authority  than  the  throne,"  "  the  lieichs- 
tag  is  to  be  considered  the  council  of 
the  throne,"  and  the  Minister-President 
is  to  take  "  into  ripe  and  serious  consid- 
eration the  possibility  of  carrying  out 
the  constitution  of  March  4,  1849." 

Oct.  *  Aust.  Jews  are  permitted  to  study 
law. 

Dec.  31.  Aust.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  revokes  the  liberal  constitu- 
tion of  March  4,  1849. 

*  *  Bosnia.  Omer  Pasha  quells  the  re- 
bellion. 

1852  Jan.  15.  Aust.  Trial  by  jury  is 
abolished. 

♦  *  *  Aust.  Absolutism  is  gradually 
reestablished  in  the  P^nipire. 

Apr.  5.  Prince  Schwarzenberg,  the 
Prime  Minister,  dies. 

Apr.  *  Count  Buol  Schauenstein  is  ap- 
pointed Prime  Minister,  and  a  change 
of  commercial  policy  follows. 

May  9-16.  Saxwiy.  A  Diet  is  con- 
vened at  Erfurt  for  the  reorganization 
of  Germany  under  the  presidency  of 
Prussia. 

[Later  a  rival  Diet  is  convened  at 
Frankfort  under  the  leadership  of  Aus- 
tria; the  lesser  States  are  invited  to 
send  representatives  to  both.] 

Dec,  *  Aust.  The  bill  establishing  bien- 
nial parliaments  becomes  a  law. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1851, Feb.  17-1861, Nov.*.    525- 


1853  Feb.  1.  Austria  offers  herself 
as  a  mediator  between  the  Turks  and 
Montenegrins. 

Feb.  19.  Vienna.  Treaty  of  Vienna; 
a  commercial  treaty  for  twelve  years  is 
signed  by  Austria  and  the  Zollverein. 

Feb.  *  Austria  sides  with  Montene- 
gro against  Turkey,  and  demands  the 
redress  of  their  grievances,  which  is 
granted. 

June  21.  Turkey.  Martin  Koszta  is 
seized  at  Smyrna. 

This  Hungarian  refugee,  who  had  de- 
clared at  New  York  nis  intention  of 
becoming  an  American  citizen,  and  hav- 
ing a  U.  S.  passport  in  his  j»ocket,  is 
seized  by  Austrian  authority,  and  placed 
in  confinement. 

July  2.  Capt.  Ingrahara,  of  the  U.  S. 
sloop-of-war  St.  Louis,  at  8  a.m.,  de- 
mands the  surrender  of  Koszta  by 
4  P.M.,  and  threatens  to  take  him  by 
force  if  necessary.  [It  is  finally  agreed 
to  leave  Koszta  in  the  hands  of  tlie 
French  consul,  where  he  remains  until 
released.  Congress  votes  a  medal  for 
Capt.  Ingraham.] 

Aug.  1.  Vientui.  The  Austrian  Govern- 
ment issues  a  circular  letter  addressed 
to  the  Courts  of  Europe,  protesting 
against  the  conduct  of  Capt.  Ingraham. 

Aug.  29.  Vienna.  Austria  protests 
against  the  proceedings  of  Capt.  Ingra- 
ham to  the  Government  of  the  United 
States. 

1854  Apr.  9.  Vienna.  The  Treaty  of 
Vienna;  the  representatives  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  Austria,  and  Russia 
sign  a  treaty  to  maintain  the  Turkish 
Umpire. 

Apr.  20.  Austria  and  Prussia  unite  in 
an  alliance  offensive  and  defensive, 
while  otherwise  neutral  in  the  war. 

June  14.  Austria  agrees  with  Turkey 
to  occupy  the  Banubian  provinces. 

Aug.  *  The  Russians  retire  from  the 
Turkish  territory  in  the  Banubian  prin- 
cipalities, and  the  Austrians  enter  and 
oppose  their  union. 

Bee.  2.  Austria  joins  the  allies  against 
Russia. 

1855  Aug.  18.  Aust.  A  concordat 
with  the  See  of  Rome  confers  extraor- 
dinary rights  upon  Roman  Catholic 
bishops  and  the  Jesuits,  whereby  they 
acquire  great  power  in  the  Empire. 

1856  Feb.  1.  J'iemia.  The  prelimi- 
naries of  peace  are  signed  at  Vienna. 

April  16.  Paris.  Buol  and  Hubner,  the 
representatives  of  Austria,  sign  the 
Treaty  of  Paris,  terminating  the  war, 
abolishing  privateering,  and  defining  the 
rights  of  neutrals  in  time  of  war. 

May  20.  Stmtz.  The  Austrian  minis- 
ter at  Berne  is  recalled. 

July  16.  Aust.  A  general  amnesty  is 
granted  for  all  political  offenders  of 
1*48-1849. 

Nov.*  Austria  proclaims  her  neutrality 
in  the  Eastern  war. 

-65  *  *  Vienna.  Conferences  respect- 
ing the   Russo-Turkish  war  are  held. 

♦  •  -65  *  *  Hungary  continues  in  a  dis- 
turbed state. 


1857  Jan.  25.  It.  Amuesty  is  granted 
to  political  offenders  in  northern  Italy. 

Feb.  10.  It.  The  Sardinian  press  as- 
sails Austria  with  great  freedom  ;  Aus- 
tria remonstrates. 

Mar.  23-30.  Atistria  and  Sardinia 
sever  their  diplomatic  relations. 

Mar.  *  Austria  withdraws  its  army  from 
Moldavia  and  Wallachia  [Roumania], 

-58*  *  Aust.  The  fortifications  of  Vienna 
are  demolished,  and  the  city  enlarged 
and  beautified. 

Apr.  19.  Austria  sends  an  ultimatum 
to  Sardinia. 

Mlay  *  Hung.  The  emperor  and  empress 
visit  Hungary  to  conciliate  the  people, 
but  they  are  coldly  received. 

Oct.  *  Aust.  Alexander  H.  of  Russia 
visits  the  emperor. 

1858  *  *  Hung.  By  an  imperial  decree, 
agricultural  colonists,  if  of  one  nation- 
ality and  creed,  are  allowed  to  settle  in 
various  parts  of  Hungary,  with  special 
exemptions  from  taxation. 

1859  Jan.  1.  Fr.  Emperor  Napo- 
leon III,  addresses  Baron  von  Hubner, 
the  Austrian  Ambassador,  in  words  omi- 
nous of  war,  because  of  Austrian  diplo- 
macy in  Sardinia.  [Great  excitement 
follows  in  European  cities.] 

Jan.  4.  Aust.  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph replies  to  Napoleon's  address, 
using  the  identical  words. 

Feb.  *  Austria  prepares  for  war.  and 
fortifies  the  banks  of  the  Ticino  on  her 
frontier. 

Apr.  19.  Atistria  announces  an  ulti- 
matum, which  requires  the  disarma- 
ment of  Sardinia,  and  the  dismissal  of 
volunteers  from  other  states  within 
three  days. 

Apr.  26.  Sardinia  refuses  the  demand 
of  Austria. 

Apr.  29.  Austria  declares  war 
against  Sardinia. 

Mar.  *  -Apr.  *  Russia  intervenes  in  the 
interest  of  peace,  while  the  preparations 
for  war  go  on. 

May  13-18.  Cotmt  Buol  Schauen- 
stein,  the  Foreign  Minister,  resigns,  and 
Count  Rechberg  is  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed him. 

June  6.  It.  An  armistice  arrests  hos- 
tilities. 

July  11.  The  Emperors  of  Austria  and 
of  France  meet  at  Villafranca. 

July  12.  It.  The  preliminaries  of 
peace  are  arranged  between  Austria  and 
France  at  Villafranca.  Lombardy,  as 
far  as  the  Mincio,  is  to  belong  to  Sar- 
dinia, and  the  four  great  fortresses  of 
Mantua,  Peschiera,  Verona,  and  Leg- 
nano  remain  with  Austria. 

Aug.  8-Sept.  *  Switz.  A  fruitless  con- 
ference of  envoys  is  held  at  Zurich  to 
finally  settle  the  new  treaty. 

Sept.  *  Aust.  An  imperial  patent  is  is- 
sued, granting  increased  privileges  to 
Protestants. 

Nov.  10.    Switz.  The  Treaty  of  Zurich 
is  signed. 
Austria  gives  up  Lombardy,  excepting 


the  fortresses  of  Mantua  and  Peschiera,. 
to  Napoleon  for  transfer  to  Sardinia. 
Italy  is  to  be  formed  into  a  confederation 
of  states  under  the  honorary  presidency 
of  tlie  Pope,  and  Austria  is  to  be  amem- 
ber  on  account  of  Venezia ;  Tuscany  and 
Modena  are  to  be  restored  to  their 
princes.  Certain  revolted  legations  are 
to  be  returned  to  the  Pope,  but  "  with- 
out foreign  intervention." 

1860  Mar.  5.  Vienna,  The  Reichs- 
rath,  the  representative  council,  is  re- 
constituted by  a  decree  of  the  emperor, 
its  numbers  increased,  and  its  powers 
enlarged. 

Mar.  24.  Austria  advertises  for  a  new 
loan,  and  issues  a  protest  against  the 
occupation  of  Tuscany  by  Sardinians. 

May  31.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath. 
meets. 

Oct.  *  Rung.  Francis  Joseph,  Emperor 
of  Austria,  is  crowned  King  of  Hungary 
at  Budapest. 

1861  Jan.  7.  Hung.  Anmesty  is  pub- 
lished in  Hungary  and  Croatia  for  po- 
litical offenses. 

Feb.  26.  Aust.  A  Ijberal  constitu- 
tion for  a  united  monarchy  is  published^ 
though  opposed  by  the  nobility  and  th& 
clergy. 

A  fundamental  law  is  passed  providing 
for  a  close  Diet  for  the  Germano-SIavonie 
lands,  and  provides  for  a  Reichsrath 
composed  of  two  bodies  representing  a 
united  monarchy  (Hungarians,  etc.),, 
with  the  exception  of  Venice. 

Feb.  27-  Httng.  The  former  constitu- 
tion is  restored  by  decree  to  Hungary,, 
Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  Transyl^nia. 

Feb.  *  Hung.  The  Htmgarians  and 
other  non-German  nationalities  resist 
the  new  constitution,  and  demand 
separate  constitutions  with  special  min- 
istries. 

Apr.  8.  Civil  and  political  rights  are 
granted  to  Protestants  throughout  the 
entire  Empire  except  in  Hungary  and 
Venice. 

May  1.  Vienna,  The  new  Reichsrath 
opens. 

The  upper  House  consists  of  17  spirit- 
ual, 55  nereditary,  and  39  peers.  The 
lower  House  consists  of  136  elected 
deputies.  No  representatives  are  pres- 
ent from  Hungary,  Transylvania,  Vene- 
zia, the  Banat,  Slavonia,  Croatia,  and 
Istria. 

[A  liberal  constitution  is  adopted  by 
the  Reichsrath.] 

*  *  Hung.  The  Diet  is  opened  by  th© 
emperor. 

Nov.  *  Htmg.  The  Diet  of  Croatia  is 
abolished. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853  Sept.  8.  Hung.  The  crown  of 
St.  Stephen,  King  of  Hungary,  and  the 
royal  insignia  are  discovered,  and  sent 
to  Vienna. 

*  *  Aust.  The  rocks  obstructing  the 
navigation  of  the  Danube  below  Grein 
are  removed. 

1857  *  *  Hung.  The  rail  way  is  Opened 
from  Szegd  to  Temisv^r,  also  from 
Szolnok  to  Debreczeu. 

*  *  -58  *  *  Vienna.  The  fortifications 
are  demolished,  and  the  city  enlarged. 
and  beautified. 


526    1861,Dec.  *- 1867,  Nov.  *     AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY —  NAVY. 

1861  Dec*  Herzegovina.  An  anti- 
Turk  insurrection  breaks  out. 

1862  Sept.  22.  Herztffovina.  Vucato- 
vitch,  the  leader  of  the  insurrection 
against  the  Turks,  surrenders  to  Kur- 
chid  Fasha,  ami  the  insurrection  ends. 

1864  *  *  "War  with  Denmark. 

Jan.  *  Austria  joins  Prussia  to  prevent 

the   incorporation  of   Schleswig-Hol- 

stein  with  Denmark. 
Feb.  1.     Pruttaia.     Advance  of   the 

Austro-Prussian  army  into  Schleswig. 
Feb.  *  Prussia.    The  Austrians  advance 

upon  Danewerk,  fighting  their  way. 

Feb.  6.  Prussia.  The  Austrians  advance 
at  Oversee,  and  drive  out  the  Danes. 

Apr,  18.  J'rtissia.  The  Duppel  forts 
are  stormed  by  the  Prussians,  and  the 
entrenclinients  captured. 

May  12-June  26.  Truce  and  peace 
conference  is  held  at  London.  (See 
Germany.) 

Oct.  *  The  war  with  Denmark  ends. 
(See  State.) 

1866  May  *  Ocr.  The  emperor  orders 
the  wliole  army  to  be  on  a  war  footing. 

June  7.  Ger,  The  Prussians  enter 
Holstein,  and  drive  out  the  Austrians 
without  bloodshed. 

June  16-July  22.  The  Austro-Prus- 
sian War  of  seven  weeks.  (See  Ger- 
many, f 

It  is  provoked  by  the  quarrel  respect- 
ing the  government  of  Holstein,  but 
really  caused  by  the  fact  that  each 
power  is  too  great  to  submit  to  the 
supremacy  of  the  other. 

Saxony.    The  Prussians  march  upon 

Dresden,  and  the  Saxon  army  retires 
into  Bohemia  to  join  the  Austrians. 

The  army  of  the  Confederation 
against  Prussia,  at  the  western  seat  of 
war,  is  under  Prince  Charles  of  Bavaria. 

June  18.  Prusftia.  The  Austrians  en- 
ter Silesia  while  the  Prussians  enter 
Dresden,  Saxony. 

June  20.  Saxony.  The  Prussians  oc- 
cupy all  Saxony  excej)!  IConigstein. 

June  22  -July  14.  The  Prussians  and 
the  Italians  are  successful. 

[June  22-25.  They  enter  Bohemia. 
June  24.  Italians  defeat  Austrians  at 
Custozza,  It.  June  27.  Austrians  de- 
feat Prussians  at  Trautenau ;  are  de- 
feated at  Naohod.  June  28.  Hanoverians 
surrender  at  Trautenau ;  Austrians  de- 
feated at  Soor  and  at  Skalitz.  June  29. 
Are  defeated  at  Gitschin.  July  3.  De- 
cisively defeated  at  Sadowa.  July  4. 
At  Dermbach.  July  4-14.  Defeated  at 
Hammelburg,  Kissingen,  Fredericks- 
hall,  Uausen,  and  Waldashach.]  (See 
Germany.) 

J'uly  10-22.  The  Prussian  success 
continues. 

[July  10.  Prussians  enter  Prague. 
July  12.  Enter  Briinn,  and  reach  Vi- 
enna. July  14.  Austrians  are  defeated 
at  Aschaffenburg.  July  15.  At  Tobits- 
chau.  July  16.  Prussians  enter  Frank- 
fort, Hesse-Nassau.     July  17.     Occupy 


Darmstadt.  July  27.  Bombard  Wurz- 
burg.  July  *  Send  a  corps  into  Hun- 
gary ;  commence  the  siege  of  Vienna. 
July  22.  Begin  the  engagement  at  Blu- 
menau,  which  is  arrested  by  tidings  of 
an  armistice.]    (See  Germany.) 

July  26.  Aforavia.  Preliminaries  of 
peace  arc  signed  at  Nikolsburg. 

Aug.  2.    Ger.    The  truce  is  proclaimed 
in  Bavaria. 
The  Prussians  enter  Wurzburg. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1862  Feb.  4.  An  inundation  of  the 
Danube  causes  much  destruction  and 

great  distress. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1861  *  *  Teleki,    Ladtslaus,    Hungarian   pa- 
triot, A50. 
Ilanka,    Venceslav,    Bohemian   philologist, 

1863  *  *  Gyulay,    Franz,  count,  Hungarian 
general,  A63. 

1863    Dec.  18.     Ferdinand  Francis,  arch- 
duke, Iieir-j)re8nnii)tive,  born. 
1864*  *  Fay,  Andrews,  Hungarian  novelist, 
A7K. 
Magyar,  Laszlo,  liuugarian  traveler,  in  Af- 
rica, A  47. 
Pinsker,  Sinicha,   Austrian-Jewish  scholar, 
A  63. 

1865  •  *  Kmety,  George^  Hungarian-Turkish 
general,  A55i. 

Oct.  38.     Buol-Schauenstein,    Karl   Ferdi- 
nand von,  Austrian  prime  minister,  AGS. 
.losika,  Miklos,  Hungarian  novelist,  A69. 
1866*  *  C'zucEor,  (Jergely,  Hungarian  poet, 

scholar,  A66. 
1867    June  6.    Matilda,  archduchess,  dies. 

CHURCH. 

1864  *  *  Bohemia.  Prague  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Free  Church  of 
Scotland. 

1867  Nov.*  Hung.  The  "Naza- 
renes,"  resemhling  Quakers,  multiply. 

LETTERS. 

1863  Mar.  29.  Hung.  Newspapers 
charged  with  publishing  seditious 
speeches  are  confiscated  by  the  Gov- 
ern men  t. 

SOCIETY. 

1866  Jan.  29.  Hung.  The  emperor 
and  empress  arrive  at  Pesth, 

1867  June  10.  Hung.  The  corona- 
tion gift  to  the  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph, of  50,000  ducats,  is  bestowed  on 
orphans  and  invalids. 

June  *  Great  excitement  prevails  over 
the  military  execution  of  Maximilian 
in  Mexico. 

July  27.    Vienna  is  visited  by  the  Sultan. 

STATE. 

1862  Nov.  18.  Hung.  Amnesty  is 
offered  for  political  ofifenses,  and  a 
cessation  of  pro-secutions. 

Dec.  *  Bosnia.  Herzegovinians,  prompted 
by  the  Prince  of  Montenegro,  revolt 
against  the  Turks. 

1863  Mar.  30.  Prussia.  The  incor- 
poration of  Schleswig  with  Denmark 
leads  to  the  armed  interference  of  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia  to  execute  the  .decree 
of  the  German  Confederation. 


May*  Au8t.  The  Imperial  crown  of 
Mexico  is  offered  to  the  Archduke 
Maxim ihan  by  an  assembly  of  Mexican 
notables,  by  the  Instigation  of  Napoleon. 

*  *  Prussia.  The  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph invites  the  various  potentates  of 
Germany  to  attend  a  congress  at 
Frankfort  to  consider  schemes  for  the 
reorganization  of  Germany. 

Aug.  16.  Prussia.  Francis  Joseph  opens 
the  Congress  at  Frankfort ;  the  King 
of  Prussia  refuses  to  attend,  and  the 
meeting  is  fruitless. 

Oct.  20.  Ailst.  Transylvanian  depu- 
ties first  take  their  seats  in  the  Aus- 
trian Reichsrath. 

1864  Apr.  10.  Aust.  Archduke  Max- 
imilian definitively  accepts  the  crown 
from  a  Mexican  deputation,  and  becomes 
the  nominal  Emperor  of  Mexico. 

May  12.-June  26.  Prussia.  A  truce 
is  accepted  in  the  war  and  peace 
conference  at  London.  Austria  and 
Prussia  secede  fr<im  the  London  pro- 
tocol, and  the  war  breaks  out  anew. 

May  29.  Afe.z.  Maximilian  and  Char- 
lotte land  at  Vera  Cruz. 

Oct.  30.  Vienna.  Treaty  of  Vienna; 
Austria,  Denmark,  and  Prussia  sign  a 
treaty  by  which  Denmark  cedes  the 
duchies  of  Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lau- 
enburg  to  the  allies. 

1865  June  6-9.  Hung.  The  emperor 
is  welcomed  at  IJudapest,  and  a  new 
policy,  restoring  the  rights  of  Hun- 
gary»  is  inaugurated. 

Aug.  14.  Aust.  The  Treaty  of  Gaa- 
tein,  between  Prussia  and  Austria,  is 
signed. 

1.  Both  Holstein  and  Schleswig  under 
the  common  sovereignty  of  both  powers. 
But  Austria  to  have  the  provisional  ad- 
ministration of  Holstein,  and  Prussia 
that  of  Schleswig.  2.  Rendaburg  to' be 
a  fortress  of  the  Confederation,  and  Kiel 
one  of  its  harbors ;  this  harbor  to  be 
used  in  common,  but  Prussia  to  have  the 
chief  command  there ;  a  military  road» 
a  telegraiih  and  postal  line,  through  Hol- 
stein, are  guaranteed  to  Prussia.  3.  The 
Emperor  of  Austria  surrenders  all  his 
rights  to  the  Duchy  of  Lauenburg  to  the 
King  of  Prussia  for  two  and  a  half  mil- 
lions of  rix  dollars. 

*  *  Prussia.  Von  Gablenz  is  governor 
of  the  Duchy  of  Ilolstoin. 

*  *  Austria,  being  much  opposed  to  the 
increase  of  Prussian  power,  disputes 
the  agreement,  and  enters  into  an  agree- 
ment with  the  middle  states  of  Ger- 
many, 

Sept.  12.  Aust.  An  Imperial  decree  re- 
c<»nv()kes  a  Transylvanian  Diet. 

Sept.  21.  Aust.  An  Imperial  rescript 
suppresses  the  representative  con- 
stitution of  the  Empire,  preparatory  to 
giving  autonomy  to  Hungary  and 
other   provinces. 

Nov.  11.  Hung.  The  moderate  party, 
led  by  Francis  Deak,  rejects  autonomy, 
and  demands  the  restoration  of  the 
Hungarian  monarchy,  with  a  respon- 
sible government. 

Dec.  14.  Hung.  The  emperor  viaits 
Budapest,  and  opens  the  Reichstag. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.     1861,  Dec* -1867,  Nov.*.    527 


Passive  resistance  by  non-payment  of 
taxes  leads  the  emperor  to  consider  the 
demands  of  Hungary  for  self-govern- 
ment. 

Dec.  20.  Iluny.  Carl  Szentivanyi  is 
elected  president  of  the  Keiohstag. 

1866  Jan.  *  While  professing  to  desire 
peace,  Austria  and  Trussia  both  pre- 
pare for  war  [which  will  determine  the 
supremacy  of  one  or  the  other]. 

Mar.  27.  Italy  enters  an  alliance 
with  Pruasia  against  Austria. 

May  19.  Prussia.  The  Diet  at  Frank- 
fort calls  on  Austria  and  Prussia  to 
disarm. 

*  *  Prussia  calls  upon  Saxony,  Hanover, 
and  Hesse  to  replace  their  troops  on 
a  peace  footing,  in  disregard  of  the  de- 
cree of  the  Diet,  and  to  join  a  new  con- 
federation under  her  lead. 

June  13.  Hanover.  Prussia,  being  re- 
fused in  her  demands,  invades  Hano- 
ver, whose  king  retreats ;  also  Elec- 
toral Hesse,  whose  elector  is  made  a 
prisoner,  and  taken  to  Stettin. 

Jime  14.  Prussia.  Austria  alleges  the 
treaty  is  broken  by  the  invasion  of 
Holstein  by  Prussian  troops,  and  is  sus- 
tained by  the  vote  of  the  Diet. 

Kepresentatives  of  Prussia  invite  the 
members  of  the  Diet  to  enter  a  new 
confederation  in  which  Austria  will 
be  excluded,  as  the  Germanic  Confed- 
eration is  dissolved. 

The  Diet  at  Frankfort  decrees  the 
mobilization  of  the  whole  army  of  the 
Confederation,  with  the  exception  of 
the  three  Prussian  corps. 

June  16.  Atfsf.  The  war  with  Prussia. 
It  is  caused  cliit'liy  by  the  general  de- 
sire for  a  vniity  of  German  States  by  re- 
organization, and  the  constant  obstacle 
to  such  unity  arising  from  divers  inter- 
mts  of  two  great  powers,  only  one  of 
■which  was  peopled  by  Germans,  and  Ger- 
manic in  its  interests. 

A  special  provocation  exists  in  the 
quarrel  respecting  the  government  of 
the  North  Albing^an  duchies.  Italy 
participates  in  the  war  for  the  purpose 
of  acquiring  Venezia.  Each  power  pro- 
fesses to  be  forced  into  tlie  war  by  the 
military  preparations  of  the  other. 

The  Germanic  Confederation  falls 

to  pieces ;  the  powerful  State  of  Prussia 
secedes  from  the  Confederation,  which 
is  thereby  dissolved. 

June  18,  Saxony.  Prussia  invades 
Saxony,  whose  king  and  army  retire  to 
Bohemia. 

Prussia  declares  war  against 

Austria. 

June  20.  Italy  declares  war  against 
Austria. 

July  3.  Bohemia.  The  victory  of  the 
Prussians  at  Sadowa  secures  Prussian 
supremacy  in  Germany,  and  estab- 
lishes North  German  unity. 

Venezia  is  given  to  Italy,  and  it  also 
leads  to  the  legislative  independence  of 
Hungary, 

July  ♦  Aust.    Francis  Joseph  appeals  to 

the  mediation  of  France. 
Aug.  23.    Bohemia.    The    Peace    of 

Prague,  between  Prussia  and  Austria, 

is  signed. 


Terms  :  1.  Austria  recognizes  the  dis- 
solution of  the  German  Confederation, 
and  consents  to  the  reorgaiuzation  of 
the  German  States  with  herself  ex- 
cluded, and  farther  consents  to  the  an- 
nexations proposeii  by  Prussia.  Saxony 
is  secured  against  an  alteration  of  her 
boundary.  U.  Austria's  rights  in  Schles- 
wig-Holstein  are  transferred  to  Prussia, 
provided  that  the  nortiiern  districts  of 
Sehleswig  are  united  with  Denmark  if 
its  inhabitants  shall  so  vote.  3.  Aus- 
tria is  U>  pay  twenty  million  rix  dollars 
(*15,(M)0,tXK))  as  the  costs  of  the  war.  4. 
Venetia  is  ceded  to  Italy.  (Arranged 
from  Ploetz.) 

*  *  Prussia.  The  Prussian  Monarchy 
is  enlarged. 

Schleswig-iiolstein,  Hanover,  Elec- 
toral Hesse,  Nassau,  and  the  free  city  of 
Frankfort  are  incorporated  with  Prus- 
sia, adding  39,000  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory and  three  and  a  half  millions  of 
people,  thus  securing  her  supremacy 
over  the  German  States.  (Arranged 
from  Ploetz.) 

Oct.  3.  Vienna.  The  Peace  of  Vienna, 
betweeii  Austria  and  Italy,  is  signed. 

Austria  recognizes  the  kingdom  of 
Italy,  to  which  Venice  is  united,  and 
consents  to  the  union. 

Oct.  *  Hung.  The  Moderate  and  Na- 
tional party  in  Hmigary  demand  au- 
tonomy, and  are  exasperated  by  the 
delay  to  grant  it. 

Oct.  11.  It.  The  iron  crown  of  Italy, 
which  was  removed  from  Monza  to  Man- 
tua by  the  Austrians,  is  surrendered 
with  this  city. 

Oct.  *  Hun^.  The  Htmgarian  legions 
which  joined  the  Prussian  army  against 
Austria  are  allowed  to  return  to  their 
allegiance. 

Oct.  30.  Aust.  Friederich  Ferdinand, 
Baron  Von  Beust,  a  Protestant  and  a 
Saxon,  becomes  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, and  proceeds  to  reorganize  the 
state  on  a  liberal  basis. 

Oct.  *  Gaiicia.  Count  Goluchowiski,  a 
Pole,  is  made  governor. 

Nov.  19.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  is 
opened  at  Budapest  by  an  Imperial 
decree  [which  promises  to  do  justice  to 
the  constitutional  demands  of  the  Hun- 
garians]. 

Dec.  15.  Hung.  Francis  Deak  replies 
to  the  Imperial  decree,  and  is  sustained 
by  the  Reichstag  in  demanding  the 
retoration  of  the  Hungarian  con- 
stitution. 

Dec.  25.  Hung.  The  tmion  of  Tran- 
sylvania with  Hungary  is  ratified  by  its 
Diet. 

^867  Jan.  3.  Vienna.  A  special  ses- 
sion of  the  Keichsrath  is  called  for 
Feb.  23, 

Jan.  *  Hung.  Hungarians  oppose  the 
convocation  of  the  Reichsrath. 

Feb,  4.  Au.^t.  The  autonomy  of  Hun- 
gary is  annovmced ;  Premier  Richard 
Von  Belcredi  resigns. 

Feb.  7.  Vienna.  Baron  Von  Beust, 
the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  is  ap- 
pointed Premier, 

Feb,  17.  Hungary  becomes  reconciled 
by  the  adoption  of  a  dual  system  of 
government. 

Its  self-government  is  securetl  by  the 
restoration  of  the  constitution  of  1848, 


and  the  appointment  of  Julius  Andrassy 
as  Premier  of  a  separate  Hungarian  Min- 
istry. 

Spring,  Vienna.  The  emperor  sum- 
mons the  Reichsrath  to  assemble  for 
reorganization  of  the  State  in  a  liberal 
sense  ;  it  is  one  result  of  the  unsuccess- 
ful war. 
May  22.  Vienna.  The  Germano-Sla- 
vonic  Reichsrath  is  opened  by  the  em- 
peror in  person. 

May±  *  Separate  government  is  de- 
manded by  the  Czechs,  Slavonians,  and 
others,  who  strongly  oppose  absorption 
into  the  dual  government. 

May  25,  Hung.  A  protest  is  made  by 
Croatia,  a  Crown  land,  against  incor- 
poration with  Hungary. 

May  27.  Hung.  The  Croatian  Diet 
at  Agram,  embracing  Slavonia,  is  dis- 
solved. 

Jtine  8.  Hung.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  and  the  Fmpress  Elizabeth  are 
crowned  at  Budapest,  as  sovereigns  of 
Hungary. 

June  9.  Hung.  The  emperor  grants 
the  Hungarians  anmesty  for  political 
offenses. 

June  19.  Mex,  The  Archduke  Maxi- 
milian is  executed  as  a  usurper.  (See 
Mexico.) 

June  23.  Vienna.  Baron  Von  Beust 
is  made  President  of  the  Federal  Coun- 
cil,—  Chancellor  of  the  Empire. 

July  *  Hung.  Louis  Kossuth  is  elected 
a  deputy  of  the  Reichstag. 

Aug,  18.  Aust.  Napoleon  lU.  visits 
Francis  Joseph  at  Salzburg, 

Sept.  13.  Vienna.  Tlie  plan  for  the  di- 
vision of  the  public  debt  and  other 
finances  of  Austria  and  Hungary  is 
signed. 

Sept,  23.  Vienna.  Deputations  of  Hun- 
garians sign  a  financial  convention 
with  Austria. 

Sept.  28.  AxLst.  The  Church  is  aroused, 
and  28  bishops  demand  that  the  con- 
cordat respecting  education  and 
marriage  be  observed,  and  oppose  the 
proposed  change. 

Oct.  *  Hung.  Kossuth  writes  a  letter 
censuring  the  course  of  the  moderate 
party. 

*  *  Bohemia.  The  Czechs  insist  that  the 
emperor  shall  be  crowned  King  of  Bo- 
hemia at  Prague. 

Oct.  *  Aust.  The  emperor,  in  a  letter  to 
Cardinal  von  Rauscher,  i)ropo8es  the 
complete  liberty  of  conscience,  in 
opposition  to  the  agreement  with  the 
Papal  power. 

Oct.  22.  Ger.  King  "William  I.  of 
Prussia  meets  the  Emperor  Francis  Jo- 
seph at  Oos,  near  Baden-Baden. 

Nov.*  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  ai>- 
proves  the  Austro-Hungarian  dualistic 
government. 

MISCELLANEOUS, 
1866  *  *  Aust.    An  Imperial  commission 
undertakes  to  construct  a  new  channel 
for  the  Danube  near  Vienna. 


528   1867,Nov.*-1878,Sept,26.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1868  Oct.  11.  Aust.-Huiig.  Frederick 
von  Beust,  the  Premier,  calls  for  a 
standing  army  of  800,000  men. 

1869  Feb.  9.  //««,/.  The  Koyal 
Hungarian  Guard  is  orgMiizeJ. 

Feb.  20.  Aust.-IIung.  The  frigate 
llmlttzky  is  blown  np  ;  300  lives  are  lost. 

1870  Hec*  Aust.-IIung.  The  army 
consists  of  864,869  regulars  and  187,- 
527  landwehr  (militia). 

1875*  *  The  Herzegovinians  revolt 
against  the  Turks  because  of  exces- 
sive taxation  and  the  abuse  of  power ; 
they  are  supported  by  Montenegro  and 
Servia. 

July  12.  Herzegovina.  The  Turks  are 
defeated  in  an  uprising  at  Xevesinje. 

Aug.  *  Herzegovina.  Seryer  Paslia  de- 
feats the  instirgents. 

*  *  The  leaders  of  the  revolt  are  Peko, 
Palovich,  Socica  Ljubibratich,  and 
others. 

1876  Jan.  18-20.  Herzegovina.  The 
insurgents  are  defeated  at  Trebinje, 
and  their  leader  is  killed. 

Apr.  29.    Herzegovina.    Mukhtar  Pasha 

'  defeats  the  insurgents,  and  revictuals 
the  besieged  force  at  Nicksich. 

May  *  -June  *  Herzegovina.  Unimpor- 
tant engagements  occur. 

June  •  Herzegovina.  The  new  Sultan, 
Murad  v.,  grants  an  armistice.  (See 
State,  1878,  June,  Treaty  of  Berlin.) 

July*  The  priuoipallties  join  in  the 
struggle  against  the  Turks  [and  the 
Eusso-Turkish  War  follows]. 

1877  Apr.  12.  Bosnia.  The  Czar  of 
Russia  declares  war  against  Turkey, 
because  of  its  refusal  to  grant  justice  to 
Bosnia. 

1878  July  31-Aug.  1.  Bosnia  — Her- 
zegovina. An  Austrian  force  enters 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  and  is  resisted 
by  a  part  of  its  inhabitants. 

Aug.  4-6.  Bosnia.  The  Bosnians  aided 
by  the  Turks  vigorously  resist  the  Aus- 
trian advance. 
Aug.  4.  Herzegovina.  Herzegovintans 
resist  the  Austrians  at  Mostar,  the 
capital. 

Aug.  7,  8.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  de- 
feat the  Bosnians  at  Zepce  and  Maglai. 

Aug.  *  Bosnia.  Travnik  is  occupied 
by  the  Austrians. 

Aug.  16.  Bosnia.  The  Bosnians  are  de- 
feated at  Han  Belalovich  by  Gen. 
Filippovic. 

Aug.  18.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  un- 
der Gen.  TegetthofF  defeat  the  Bosnians. 

Aug.  19.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  bom- 
bard Serajevo,  the  capital,  and  take  it 
by  storm. 

Sept.  7.  Bosnia.  The  fortress  of  Tre- 
binje is  surrendered  without  a  battle. 

Sept.  10.  Bosnia.  The  Austrian  ad- 
vance is  checked  at  Behacs.  [Sept. 
19.    It  takes  Behacs.] 

Sept.  21.  Bosnia.  The  Austrians  take 
the  fortress  of  Senkorics,  and  capture 
military  stores. 


Sept.  25.  Bosnia.  Zwomik  is  surren- 
dered to  the  Austrians  with  its  strong 
fortress. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 
1868    Sept.  18t.     Vienna.    The     new 

Palace  of  Fine  Arts  is  founded  by  the 

emperor. 
1873*  ♦  I'ienna.    The  3d  International 

Medical  Congress  is  held. 

1874  Sept.  25.  Vienna.  Part  of  the 
Austro-llungarian  polar  expedition 
arrives. 

*  *  Vienna.  The  minor  planets,  Aus- 
trea,  Melibcea,  and  Siwa,  are  discovered 
by  .1.  I'alisa.  [187",.  He  discovers  Po- 
lana,  Adria,  Abundantia,  Hilda,  Scylla, 
and  Xanthippe.] 

1875  Jime  26.  Hung.  Sterols  kill 
people  at  Jiudapest. 

1876  July  17.  Aust.  An  earthquake 
is  felt  throughout  the  Knipire. 

1877*  *  VientM.    The  minor  planets. 


1871  July  26.  Vienna.  The  "  Old 
Catholics"  hold  their  first  meeting. 

1872  *  ♦  The  American  Board  com- 
mences its  missions. 

Prague  in  Bohemia,  BrUn  in  Moravia, 
and  Innsbruck  in  Tyrol,  are  speedily 
occupied. 

1873  *  *  Hung.  John  Simor  is  conse- 
crated cardinal  priest. 

1874  Mar.  7.  It.  The  Pope  issnes  an 
encyclical  letter  condemning  the  new 
ecclesiastical  laws. 

Apr.*  Aust.  The  bishops  protest 
against  the  new  ecclesiastical  laws; 
both  of  the  political  parties  adopt  the 
motto,  "A  free  church  in  a  free  state." 

LETTERS. 

1869  ♦  *  Croatia.  The  University  of 
Z&gr&h,   .Vgram,  is  founded. 

1872*  *  Hung.  The  University  of 
Kolozsvar,  RIausenberg,  is  founded. 


Eurykleia  and  Belisana,  are  discov-    1874  *  *  Croatia.    The    University   of 


ered  by  J.  Palisa 

[1878.  Also  Elsa,  Istria,  and  Deiopeia. 
18i9.  Also,  Nausikaa,  Arete,  Penelope, 
Callisto,  Martha,  Hedda,  Lacriosa,  Isa- 
bella, and  Isolda.  1880.  Medea,  As- 
chera,  Eudora,  Thursnelda,  Bianca. 
1881.    Stephania.] 

1878  Aug.  30.  Hung.  The  town  of  Mis- 
kolcz  is  destroyed  by  a  waterspout; 
many  lives  are  lost. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1868  •  •  Gasser,  Hans,  Aust.  sculptor,  A51. 
1870*  *  Unger,  I-'ranz,  Austrian  paleontolo- 

Kist,  A70. 
Leopold  II.,  (irand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  Arcli- 

(hike  of  Austria,  A73. 

1871  Feb.  3.     EotvSs,  J6zef,  Hungarian 
author,  patriot,  and  minister,  A58. 

Apr.  7.    Tegethoff,  Willielin  von,  Austrian 

admiral,  A  44. 
Omer    Pasha,    .\u8trian-Turkish    general, 

A6S. 

1872  •  •  Ga],  LJudevit,  Croatian  author,  jour- 
nalist, A  63. 

May  28.    Sophia,  Archduchess  of  Austria, 
mother  of  the  emperor,  A67. 

1873  *  ♦  Czermak,  .lohann  Nepomuk,  Bohe- 
mian physiologist,  A4.^. 

1875  June  29.    Ferdinand   m..    Empe- 
ror, A82. 

Nov.  34.    Itauscher,  Cardinal,  prince  bishop 

of  Vienna,  dies. 
Klein,   Joliann   Adam,  Hungarian  painter, 

A83. 
Laub,  Ferdinand,  violinist,  A43. 

1876  Jan.  29.   De&k,  Francis,  Hungarian 
statesman,  orator,  A73. 

Aniliros,  August  VVilhelni,   Austrian  histo- 
rian of  nuisic,  A60. 
1878    Mar.  8.     Francis  Charles,  Archduke 
of  Austria,  the  emperor's  father,  A76. 

Horvath,  MiliAly,  Hungarian  historian,  A69. 

Fogarasy,  -lanos,  Hungarian  lexicographer 
and  jurist,  A77. 

Rokltansky,  Karl,  Austrian  pathologist,  Alt. 


CHURCH. 
1869    Jan.  1.    Aitst.    Great  opposi- 
tion to  the  Government  is  made  by  the 
clergy. 

*  *  Boliemia.    The  Moravian  Brethren  un- 
dertake to  plant  a  mission. 

*  *  Aust.    The  Bishop  of  lontz  is  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 


Agram  is  opened. 
1875*  *^Ks/.    The   University   of 
Czemowitz  is  founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1868  Dec.  14.  Hung.  A  Jewish 
Congress  at  Budapest  is  opened  by  the 
minister  of  public  worship,  Edtvos. 

1869  Mar.  9-10.  Croatia.  The  sover- 
eigns visit  Agram. 

1870  Jvme  9.  Hung.  The  remains 
of  Louis  Batthyanjri,  the  Hungarian 
patriot,  are  reinterred  with  much  cere- 
mony in  the  public  cemetery,  Pesth. 

1873  Apr.  28^.  Vienna.  The  Prince 
of  Vfales  visits  Vienna.  [June  1-7, 
The  Czar ;  July  30±,  The  Shah  of  Per- 
sia ;  Sept.  17-2'2,  King  Victor  Emman- 
uel;  Oct.  17-23,  Emperor  William  of 
Germany.]  * 

Dec.  2.  Viaina.  Great  rejoicings  oc- 
ctir  in  celebration  of  the  25th  anniver- 
sary of  the  accession  of  the  emperor. 

1874  Feb.  27.  Ofenheim,  the  rail- 
way financier  charged  with  fraud,  is  ac- 
quitted. 

July »  Aug.  *  Eng.     The     empress 

visits  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Aug.    1.      Vienna.     An    international 

Sanitary  Congress  closes. 
•  *  Vienna.     A  Cremation  Society   is 

founded. 

1875  Apr.  5.  H.  The  emperor  is 
warmly  received  at  Venice  by  the  King 
of  Italy. 

June  28.  Bohemia.  The  czar  and 
emperor  meet  at  Eger. 

STATE. 

1867  Nov.  •  Hung.  George  Klapka 
and  other  liiberals  in  the  Reichstag 
join  Francis  DeAk. 


for  using  seditious  language;  pardoned  Dec.  29.    Hung.    The  emperor  approves 
by  the  emperor.  the  Hungarian  bills  for  Jewish  eman- 

1870    July  30.    The  Government  sua-       cipation,  and  for  a  financial  arrange- 
pends  the  concordat  with  Bome  in       ment  with  Austria, 

consequence  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Dec.  30.     Vienna.    Prince  Auersperj;, 
doctrine  of  papal  infallibility.  as  Premier,  organizes  a  new  Ministry. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.   1867,  Nov.  *- 1878,  Sept.  26.   629 


1868  Mar.  21-23.  Vienna.  The  up- 
per llouse  of  tlie  Reichsrath  pnases  the 
Civil  Marriages  Bill,  aiinulling  cleri- 
cal jurisdiction  over  marriages. 

*  *  Aust.  The  Boman  Catholic  clergy 
become  amenable  to  civil  law. 

*  *  Aust.  Sectilar  education  is  placed 
uniier  the  control  of  the  state. 

Apr.  14.  Hung.  Kossuth  resigns  as 
an  elected  member  of  the  Keichstag. 

May  25.  Vienna.  The  emperor  assents 
to  the  Civil  Marriages  Bill. 

May  27.  Hung.  Croatia  accepts  union 
with  Hungary. 

*  •  Aust.  The  disabilities  of  the  Jews 
in  municipal  and  comnmnal  affairs  are 
abolished  by  the  Galician  Diet. 

Oct.  10.  Bohemia.  The  habeas  corpus 
act  is  suspended  because  of  riots  at 
Prague. 

Nov.  24.  Hung.  Croatian  deputies  first 
take  their  place  in  the  Keichstag. 

Dec.  10.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  of  1865 
closes. 

Dec.  14.  Hung.  Jews,  iinder  Mzait 
Eotvos,  Minister  of  Worship  and  Educa- 
tion, and  patriot,  open  a  congress. 

1869  3a,n.*  Aust.  Theclergystrongly 
oppose  the  Government. 

Mar.  9,  10.    Aust.    The  sovereigns  of 

Austria-Hungary  visit  Agram  in  Croatia. 
Apr.  22.    Hung.    The   Chamber   of 

Deputies  assembles  at  Budapest. 
Oct.  *  Aust.    A  successful  insurrection 

arises  in  Dalmatia. 
Dec.  13.     Vienna.     Tlie  emperor  opens 

the  Reichsrath. 

1870  Jan.  *  A  Ministerial  crisis  oc- 
curs. 

Apr.  4.  Viemia.  The  Ministry  resigns, 
and  a  new  one  is  formed  with  Count 
Potoclii  as  Premier. 

Jtlly  18.  Vienna.  Austria-Hungary  an- 
nounces its  neutrality  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war. 

July  30.  Vienna.  Austria-Hungary  de- 
clares the  concordat  of  the  Pope  is 
suspended  in  consequence  of  the  pro- 
mulgation of  the  decree  establishing  the 
infallibility  of  the  Pope. 

The  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy 
becomes  the  official  title  of  the 
Empire. 

Sept.  14  -Oct.  5.  liohemia.  An  agita- 
tion for  self-government  pervades  the 
kingdom,  and  addresses  are  sent  to  the 
emperor. 

Sept,  17.  Vienna.  The  emperor  opens 
the  Reichsrath  at  Vienna;  Bohemian 
deputies  are  absent. 

Sept.  29.  Vienna.  The  Federal  and 
National  parties  in  the  Reichsrath  con- 
tend for  supremacy. 

Nov.  22.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  ad- 
journs. 

1871  Jan.  •  The  emperor  recognizes 
the  new  German  Empire. 

Feb.  8.  The  Government  grants  com- 
plete amnesty  for  iralitioal  offenses. 


Feb.  *  Potocki,  the  Premier,  Is  dis- 
missed, and  succeeded  by  Count  Hohen- 
wart. 

Feb.  20.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath 
opens. 

Sept.  6-8.  The  Emperors  of  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Germany  meet  at  Salz- 
burg. 

Oct.  25.  Aust.  ITie  dissension  between 
German  and  .Slavonian  parties  causes 
a  Ministerial  crisis;  the  Hohenwart 
Ministry  at  Vienna  resigns. 

Nov.  4.  i'ienna.  Baron  KeUersberg, 
Premier,  forms  a  new  Ministry. 

Nov.  8.  Von  Beust  is  dismissed  from 
the  control  of  the  Government. 

Nov.  13,  14.  Vienna.  Count  An- 
drassy  becomes  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs, and  Count  Lonyay  Premier  of 
the  Hungarian  Ministry. 

Nov.  25.  Vienna.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed  by  Prince  Auersperg. 

Deo.  28.    The  Reichsrath  opens. 

1872  Mar.  13.  A  new  constitutional 
law  is  promulgated,  which  authorizes 
the  emperor  to  order  new  elections  of 
the  Chambers. 

Apr.  16.  Hnng.  The  Reichstag  of  18GD 
is  dissolved. 

July*  Hung.  The  Constitutional 
party  is  sustained  by  the  electors. 

Sept.  4.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  opens 
at  Budapest. 

Sept.  6-8.  Ger.  The  Emperors  of  Aus- 
tria and  Germany  and  other  sovereigns 
meet  at  Berlin. 

Dec.  2.  Hung.  The  Lonyay  Ministry 
resigns. 

Dec.  *  Hung.  Szlavy  succeeds  in  organ- 
izing a  new  Ministry. 

1873  Mar.  10.  The  Reichsrath  be- 
comes a  national  representative  as- 
sembly by  a  change  in  the  law,  which 
puts  the  elections  in  the  hands  of  the 
body  of  electors  instead  of  the  pro- 
vincial Diets, 

Oct.  30.  National  elections  for  the 
Reichsrath  are  held ;  228  Constitution- 
alists and  125  Federals  are  chosen. 

Nov.  5.    The  Reichsrath  opens, 

Nov.  *  Hung.  Budapest  is  formally  de- 
clared the  capital. 

Dec.  2.  Amnesty  is  granted  to  polit- 
ical offenders  on  the  25th  anniversary 
of  the  emperor's  accession. 

*  *  The  Government  requires  55  per  cent 
of  the  taxes  of  Croatia  to  be  paid  to 
Hungary. 

1874  Feb.  11.  Hum}.  The  Szlavy 
Ministry  resigns, 

Feb,  26 -Mar,  1.  Hung.  Baron  von 
Wenckhein  forms  a  coalition  Ministry, 

Mar.  20.  Hung.  The  coalition  Ministry 
resigns,  and  is  succeeded  by  a  Bitto 
Ministry. 

Spring.  A  bill  for  abolishing  the  con- 
cordat is  introduced,  and  measures  for 
restricting  the  power  of  the  clergy 
pass  both  Houses. 

Apr.  *  The  bishops  oppose  the  new 
ecclesiastical  laws.    "A free  church  in 


a  free  state"  is  the  popular  aphorism 

of  both  political  parties. 
July*  Bohemia.  The  "  Young  Czech  " 

party  is  rejected  by  the  electors. 
Aug.  14.     Hung.     The  Reichstag 

closes. 

1875  July  *  Bung.  The  Government  is 
sustained  in  the  elections. 

Aug.  22.  Herzegovina.  The  Great 
Powers  agree  to  send  a  conmiission 
to  redress  grievances. 

Sept.+  *  Herzegoi'ina.  The  Bosnians 
join  the  insurgents  against  the  Turks. 

Oct.  20.  Hung.  Koloman  Tisza  be- 
comes Premier. 

1876  July  8.  Bohemia.  The  czar  and 
emperor  meet  at  Reichstadt,  and  unite 
in  a  policy  of  neutrality  respecting 
the  war  between  the  Servians  and  the 
Turks. 

Nov.*  The  expenditures  of  the  Govern- 
ment are  found  to  exceed  the  revenue. 

1877  June  26.  The  Austrian  and 
Hungarian  Ministers  announce  their 
policy  of  neutrality  in  the  Turoo- 
Russian  war. 

Aug.  *  Bosnia.  The  revolt  against  the 
Turks  is  subdued. 

1878  July  13.  Ger.  The  Treaty  of 
Berlin  is  signed.  It  provides  that 
Austria  shall  have  the  administration  of 
the  Turkish  provinces  of  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina,  and  to  occupy  them  with 
Austrian  troops,  together  with  Sandshak 
of  Novi  Bazar.  Count  Andrassy  is 
the  representative  of  Austria  in  the 
Congress.    (See  Germany,  State.) 

July  *  Bosnia  revolts  against  annexa- 
tion to  Austria. 

July  29.  Austrian  troops  enter  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina,  in  accordance  with 
the  Treaty  of  Berlin.    (War  follows.) 

Sept.  26.  Hung.  A  Ministerial  crisis 
occurs  ;  the  Minister  of  Finance  resigns. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  July  26.  Vienna.  A  German 
sharpshooting  match  opens. 

1869  Oct.  *  Aust.  A  Corespondenz 
Karte  (postal  card)  first  appears  in 
Europe. 

1873    May  1.     Vienna.     The     emperor 

opens  an  International  Exhibition. 
May  7±.    Hung.   Twenty-one  persons  are 

killed    in    a   railroad    accident   near 

Budapest. 
May  9.    Aust.    Europe    suffers    from 

financial  distress,  and  many  failures 

occur  at  Vienna. 
Jvme  24.    Hung.    The  Fiimie  railroad 

is  partly  opened. 
Aug.  18.     Vienna.    The   Archduke 

Albert  presents  the  prizes  awarded  to 

exhibitors  at  Vienna. 
Oct.  24.     Vienna.     The  emperor   opens 

the  water-works. 
1876    May  30.     Vienna.    The     new 

channel  of  the  Danube  is  opened. 
1878    Mar.  8.    The  .Sphinx  is  burnt  at 

sea   near  Cape    St.    Elie ;    500  persons 

perish. 


530  1878,  Sept.  28-1889,  Feb.  5.  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1878  Sept.  28.  Bosnia.  liivno,  after 
bombardment,  id  captured  by  the  Aus- 
trians. 

Nov.  9.  Bosnia,  The  war  ends.  [No 
further  resistance  is  offered  to  the  Aus- 
trians  ;  an  amnesty  follows.]  Austrian 
losses,  about  5,000  killed,  wounded,  and 
missing. 

1879  Sept.  8.  Bosnia.  Austrians  oc- 
cupy Novi-Bazar  without  opposition. 

*  *  Herzegovina.  Austrian  forces  oc- 
cupy the  Lim  country. 

1882  Jan.*  IJalmatia,  Herzegovina^ 
Bosnia.  Austrian  troops  arrive  to  sup- 
press disturbances. 

Jan.  16-31.  Herzegovina.  The  insur- 
gents are  defeated  in  several  small 
engagements. 

Feb.  16+.  Herzegovina.  Insurgents  are 
suppressed  at  Glavalicevo. 

Feb.  25.  Herzegovina.  The  insurgents 
are  defeated  at  Cettinje. 

Mar.  14.  Herzegovina.  The  capture  of 
Dragali  by  the  Austrians  is  announced. 

May  12±.  Herzegovina.  The  insurrec- 
tion is  almost  suppressed,  and  the 
fighting  is  chiefly  by  guerrilla  bands. 

Nov.  7»  8.  Vienna.  The  army  is  used 
to  suppress  a  riot  of  shoemakers  and 
others. 

1883  Sept.  8-10.  Croatia.  The  mili- 
tary authorities  are  resisted,  and  re- 
volters  are  suppressed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1870  Mar.  12, 13.  Hun/j.  Heavy  rains 
cause  the  dams  on  the  River  Theiss  to 
give  way,  and  a  flood-wave  destroys 
6,235  houses  out  of  a  total  of  6,566 
houses  in  Szegedin. 

Nov.  10-16,  Dec.  8.  An  earthquake 
in  South  Austria  does  much  damage  ; 
lives  are  lost  in  Agram. 

1882  Apr.  1.  Aust.  An  Interna- 
tional Art  Bzhibition  is  opened  at 
Vienna. 

Apr.  2.  Aust.  The  Austrian  Polar  Ex- 
pedition starts  in  the  Polar. 

*  *  Vienna.  J.  Palisa  discovers  many 
minor  planets. 

Minor  planets  :  Eos,  Lucia,  Rosa, 
Oceana,  Henrietta,  Weringia,  Agathe, 
Adalinda,  and  Vindabona.  1883.  Russia 
and  Carolina.  1884.  Vera,  Honoria,  Ad- 
rastea,  Ida,  Kriemhild,  and  Sita.  1885. 
Walpurga,  Silesia,  Lameia,  Bettina, 
Sophia,  Dresda,  and  Mathilde.  1886. 
Augusta,  Oppavia,  and  Valda.  1887. 
Anna,  Aline,  and  Justitia.  1888.  Sapi- 
entia,  Atropos,  Philagoria,  Adelheld, 
Paulina,  Coelestina,  Thule,  Phtlia,  and 
Lucretia.     1889.    Oct.  3.    Huberta. 

1883  Jan.  10.  Hung.  Raab  is  partly 
submerged  by  floods. 

June  21i.    An   overflow  of   the    River 

Neisse  does  much  damage  in  Silesia. 
Aug.  22.    Aust.    The   Austrian   Polar 

Expedition  returns  to  Drontheim. 
Sept.  15.    Aust.    An  International 

Exhibition  of  graphic  art  is  opened  at 

Vienna. 

1884  Dec.  10.  Aust.  A  destructive 
Btorm  v^isits  Vienna. 


Dec.  26-31.  Earthquake  shocks  are 
felt. 

Dec.  28.  Slight  shocks  of  an  earth- 
quake are  felt  in  Carlnthia  and  Styria. 

1885  Jan.  27-28.  Aust.  Slight  earth- 
quake shocks  are  felt  in  Styria. 

1887  June  3±.  Ajiother  inundation 
visits  Szegedin. 

Sept.  29.  Hung.  A  bronze  statue  of 
Francis  Deak,  the  orator  and  states- 
man, is  unveiled  by  the  emperor. 

1888  Mar.  *  An  inundation  afflicts  Hun- 
gary. 

May  13.  Vienna.  The  Maria  Theresa 
monument  is  inaugurated  in  the  pres- 
ence of  the  emperor  and  empress. 

Sept.  15.  Aust.  A  Meteorological 
Congress  opens  at  Vienna. 

1889  Jan.  15.  The  Danube  River  is 
firmly  frozen  for  18  miles  below  Vienna. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1880  Oct.  10.  Giskra,  Karl,  Austrian 
statesman,  dies. 

Haymerle,  Heinrich  von.  Baron,  statesman, 
dies,  A53. 

1881  Apr.  27.  Benedek,  Iiudwi?  von. 
Austrian  general,  dies,  A77. 

1884  Oct.  3.  Makart,  Hans,  historical 
painter,  A40. 

1885  Jan.  5.  Auersperg,  Adolph,  Prince, 
Austrian  statesman,  dies. 

1886  Oct.  34.  Beust,  Frederlch  Ferdi- 
nand von.  Liberal  statesman,  chancellor, 
A  84. 

July  31.    liiszt.  Franz,  Hungarian  pianist, 
composer,  dies,  A75. 

1887  •  •  A  merlin g,  Frederick,  Austrian 
painter,  A84. 

1888*  *  Heller,   Stephen,   Hungarian   coni- 

poser,  A  7  4. 
1889    Jan.  5.    Reiehbauer,  Herr,  ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  Austrian  Keichsrath,  dies. 
Jan.  17.    Murska,  di,  Uma,  operatic  singer, 

A46i:. 
Jan.  30.     Rudolph,    Archduke,    crown 
prince,  A  31. 

CHURCH. 

1878  *  *  U.    Leo  XIII.  is  pope. 

1879  *  *  Aust.  F.  Von  Fiirstenberg,  the 
Archbishop  of  Olmlitz,  is  consecrated 
cardinal  priest.  [1884.  Nov.  10.  Celes- 
tine  Ganglbauer,  Archbishop  of  Vienna. 
1885.  J.  Mihalovitz,  Archbishop  of  Za- 
gabria.' 

1889  Feb.  4.  The  emperor  addresses 
the  Holy  Father  on  the  death  of  Prince 
Rudolph,  the  crown  prince;  [the  Pope 
replies]. 

LETTERS. 

1881  Feb.  11.  Bohemia.  Lecturesin 
the  Czechic  language  are  established 
in  the  University  of  Prague. 

Sept.  20-29.  Vienna.  An  Interna- 
tional Literary  Association  meets. 
[1888.    Sept.  19.    Meets  again.] 

SOCIETY. 

1879  Apr.  24.  Aust.  The  emperor 
and  empress  celebrate  their  silver 
wedding. 

1881  May  10.  Aust.  The  Archduke 
Rudolph  is  married  to  Stephanie  Clo- 
tilde  of  Belgium. 

July  *  Hohemta.  Czech  and  German  stu- 
dents engage  in  riots  at  Fraffue. 


Oct.  28.-31.  Vienna.  The  King  and 
Queen  of  Italy  are  welcomed. 

1882  Jan.  19.  Vienna.  Johann  Zich 
throws  a  stone  at  the  Kussian  Ambas- 
sador. 

*  *  Aust.  An  attempt  is  made  by  Over- 
dank,  a  soldier,  to  assassinate  the 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph. 

Feb.*  Mohammedans  sjrmpathize 
with  Christian  insurgents. 

Sept.  29.  Hung.  An  anti-Jew  riot 
breaks  out  at  Presburg,  and  martial 
law  is  proclaimed. 

Nov.  7-8.  Aust.  A  riot  of  Shoe- 
makers occurs. 

Dec.  20.  Aust.  Overdank,  a  soldier, 
who  attempted  to  assassinate  the  em- 
peror, is  executed. 

Dec.  27.  The  600th  anniversary  of 
the  House  of  Habsburg  ia  celebrated 
throughout  the  Empire. 

Dec.  *  Bohemia.  Forty-five  socialists 
are  sentenced  to  imprisonment  at 
Prague. 

1883  Mar.  29.  Hung.  The  chief  jus- 
tice, George  von  Mailath  von  Szekhely, 
is  murdered. 

June  *  Hung.  Ten  Jews  are  tried  at 
Nyiregbyhaza charged  with  the  murder 
uf  Esther  Solymosi,  a  Christian  maid, 
on  Apr.  I,  1892;  Joseph  Scharf  is  one 
of  them. 

Jtily  *  -Aug.  *  Hungary  is  disturbed 
by  anti-Jewish  riots,  especially  at 
Pesth,  Zaia,  and  Egersseg. 

Aug.  3.  Hung.  The  ten  Jews  tried  at 
Nyireghyhaza  are  acquitted  of  the  mur- 
der of  Esther  Solymosi. 

Aug.*  Croatia.  Biotsprevailin Agram 
and  other  places  against  the  Jews ;  the 
Slavs  also  make  anti-Hungarian  dis- 
turbances. 

Sept.  20.  Croatia.  Ten  rioters  are 
killed. 

Sept.  30.  Croatia.  The  Government 
sentences  38  rioters  to  imprisonment. 

Oct.  6.  Hung.  Three  men  are  convicted 
of  the  miu:der  of  Chief  Justice 
Szekhely. 

1884  Jan.  *  Aust.  Two  police  detec- 
tives are  assassinated  ;  a  great  conspir- 
acy is  suspected. 

Feb.  9.  Vienna.  Much  Socialistic  dis- 
affection ;  another  policeman  is  mur- 
dered, and  the  excitement  increases. 

Mar.  15±.  Vienna.  The  Government 
expels  700  Socialists. 

Apr.  17±.  Turk.  The  Crown  Prince 
Hudolph  and  the  princess  visit  Con- 
stantinople. 

Apr.  22.  Aust.  Hugo  Schenk  and 
Schlossarck  are  executed  for  the  mur- 
der of  several  servant  girls. 

Aug.  8.  Vienna.  Corporal  Hermann 
Stellmacher,  the  assassin  of  Detec- 
tive Bloch,  is  executed. 

Dec*  Aust.  Startling  bank  frauds  are 
discovered ;  some  of  the  culprits  com- 
mit suicide. 

1886  Sep.  26.  Aust.  A  great  Inter- 
national Hygienic  Congress  is  opened 
by  the  crown  prince  at  Vienna. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.   1878,  Sept.  28 -1889,  Feb.  5.  531 


Sept,  27.  Aiist.  Incendiary  fires  occur 
in  tlie  suburbs  of  Vienna. 

Oct.  10.  Arisi.  The  discovery  of  a  con- 
spiracy to  bum  Vienna  is  announced, 
and  17  men  are  arrested. 

1888  May  14.  Aiist.  The  National 
Industrial  Exliibition,  celebrating  the 
fortieth  year  of  the  emperor's  reign,  is 
opened  at  Vienna. 

June  22.  Just.  A  grand  funeral  of 
Beethoven  is  celebrated  at  Vienna  on 
the  transfer  of  his  remains  from  Wali- 
ring  Cemetery  to  that  of  Simmerung. 

June  27.  Hung.  Agrarian  riots  at 
Fiieldvar  are  supjTessed  with  force. 

Oct.  3±.  Vienna.  The  German  Em- 
peror W^illiam  II.  visits  ^'ienna. 

1889  Jan.  2.  Aust.  A  Socialist  Con- 
gress is  held  at  Hainfield. 

Jan.  15.  The  Government  sentences  19 
Nazarenes,  seven  of  whom  are  women, 
to  imprisonment  for  various  terms  for 
inciting  people  to  refuse  to  do  mili- 
tary duty. 

Moravia.    Eleven  hundred  textile 

workers  strike  for  an  increase  of 
wages. 

Jan.  30.  Aust.  The  Archduke  Ku- 
dolph,  the  crown  prince,  commits 
suicide. 

Iluntj.    Hussars  disperse  a  mob  at 

Pesth. 

Feb.  5.  Aust.  Several  persons  are 
arrested  in  Capes  for  repeating  rumors 
that  the  crown  prince  met  his  death 
at  the  hands  of  the  husband  of  the  woman 
he  had  betrayed.    (See  Feb.  26.) 

STATE. 

1878  Oct.  4.  Hnnfl.  The  Tisza  Min- 
istry resigns. 

Oct.  22.   Aust.   The  Auersperg  Liberal 

Ministry  resigns. 
Oct.  *  Bosnia,  with  the  exception  of  Novl 

Bazar,  is  occupied  by  Austria-Hungary. 
Deo.  5.    Hung.    The  Tisza  Ministry  is 

reorganized,  and  resumes  otlioe. 

1879  Feb.  15.  Vienna.  Dr.Stremayr, 
Premier,  forms  a  iiew  Ministry. 

July  11+.  The  elections  return  a  Lib- 
eral majority  to  the  Keichsrath. 

Oct.  7.  Aust.  A  secret  treaty  of  de- 
fense against  Kussia  is  signed  by  Austria 
and  Germany. 

Oct.  8.  The  Reichsrath  opens  at  Vi- 
enna ;  the  Czech  deputies  are  pres- 
ent. 

Premier  Andrassy,  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  resigns,  and  retires 
from  political  life ;  he  is  succeeded  by 
Baron  von  Haymerle. 

1880*  *  Bosnia  becomes  quiet,  and 
the  reformation  of  the  Government  ad- 
vances. 

June  8.  All  the  diets  of  the  Empire 
open. 

1881  July  *  Bohemia.  Marshal  Krause 
is  appointed  governor  of  Prague. 

Nov.  18±.  Gustave,  Count  Kalnoky, 
becomes  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 


1882  Jan.  16.  Herzegovina.  An  in- 
surrection breaks  out. 

Jan.  *  Troops  are  required  to  suppress 
an  insurrection  in  southern  Dalma- 
tia,  Herzegovina,  and  Bosnia. 

May  29 ±.  The  "New  German  Peo- 
ple's Party  *'  issues  a  manifesto. 

Oct.  26.  The  Ilerzegovinian  insurrec- 
tion is  suppressed. 

1883  Sept.  6±.  Hung.  Gen.  Bam- 
berg, a  special  commissioner,  super- 
sedes the  Ban  of  Croatia. 

Sept.  22.  Hung.  The  Croatians  are 
aroused  against  Hungary,  and  demand 
separation. 

Sept.  *  The  Imperial  Government  at- 
tempts to  conciliate  the  Slavs  in  their 
jealous  opposition  to  Germans  and  Ma- 
gyars ;  they  desire  autonomy. 

Dec. »  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  first 
meets  in  the  new  house. 

Dec.  4.  Hung.  Coimt  Khiin-Heder- 
vary  becomes  Ban  of  Croatia. 

Deo.  17.  Hung.  The  Croatian  Diet 
opens  at  Agram  in  an  important  session. 

1884  Jan.  22.  Hung.  The  Croatian 
Diet  is  dissolved. 

Jan.  30.  Vienna.  In  apprehension  of  a 
great  conspiracy  at  Vienna,  Premier 
Taaflfe  restricts  public  meetings,  the 
press,  trials  by  jury,  and  other  rights. 

Feb.  15.  Vienna.  The  Keichsrath  ap- 
proves the  repressive  police  measures 
of  the  Government. 

Mar.  13±.  Hung.  The  Government  ar- 
rests many  Socialists  at  Budapest. 

Mar.  15+.  Vienna.  Seven  hundred 
persons  suspected  of  conspiracy  are 
expelled. 

June  13+.  Hung.  A  majority  of  the 
Iteichstag  are  elected  by  the  Liberals. 

Aug.  27.  Hung.  The  Croatian  Diet  is 
again  dissolved,  and  political  disagree- 
ments continue. 

1885  Apr.  22.  Aust.  The  Reichsrath 
is  dissolved. 

Apr.  30.  Vienna.  The  reform  Act 
adopted  by  the  upper  House  of  the 
Keichsrath  is  approved  by  the  emperor. 

Aug.  25,  26.  Moravia.  The  emperor 
and  Alexander  III.,  Czar  of  Russia, 
meet  at  Kremsier. 

Sept.  22.  Vienna.  The  new  Reichsrath 
assembles. 

1887  Feb.  26.  Vienna.  The  Reichs- 
rath votes  increased  army  estimates. 

Mar.  5.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  votes 
increased  army  estimates. 

Mar.  13.  A  treaty  of  alliance  is  signed 
with  Germany  and  Italy. 

Oct.  *  Vienna.  Premier  Taaffe  makes  a 
change  in  the  Ministry. 

Nov.  *  H<mg.  The  Croatians  finally 
abandon  the  movement  for  autonomy. 

Dec.  19.  Vienna.  The  Keichsrath  votes 
money  for  war  preparations. 

1889  Jan.  10.  Vienna.  Herr  von 
Tisza,  the  Prime  Minister,  threatens  to 
resign  unless  the  army  hill  Is  passed  by 
the  Reichsrath. 


Jan.  29.  Hung.  The  military  bill  is 
passed  by  a  majority  of  126  votes. 

Jan.  31.  Vienna.  The  Archduke  Charles 
Xjouis,  the  emperor's  brother,  is  offici- 
ally announced  as  heir  to  the  throne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879  Aug.  8,  9.  Bosnia.  A  great  Are 
renders  20,000  persons  homeless  in  Sera- 
jevo. 

1880  Jtrne  10-30.  Hung.  IvanZmer- 
tych,  a  Hungarian,  rides  his  velocipede 
from  Ostend,  Belgium,  to  Budapest. 

1881  Dec.  8.  Vienna.  The  Ring 
theater  is  burned,  and  447  lives  lost. 

1882  Sept.  23.  Hung.  A  railway 
bridge  over  the  Drave  falls,  and  about 
27  soldiers  in  a  train  are  drowned. 

1883  Aug.  16.  Vienna.  The  electric 
exhibition  is  opened. 

Sept.  2.  A  princess  is  born  to  the  Arch- 
duke Rudolph  and  the  Princess  Stepha- 
nie of  Belgium  ;  they  were  married  May 
10, 1841. 

Sept.  12.  Vienna.  Bicentenary  of  the 
siege  of  Vienna  raised  by  John  Sobieski, 
King  of  Poland,  is  celebrated. 

1884  June  1.  — Oct.  *  Aust.  There  are 
882  cases  and  544  deaths  from  cholera 
in  Triest. 

Sept.  20.  Tyrol.  The  emperor  opens  the 
Arlberg  railroad  tunnel  on  the  line 
connecting  Innsbruck  with  Bregenz. 

Oct.  *  -Dec.  •  Hung.  Cholera  prevails, 
principally  in  Budapest  and  Szegedin ; 
966  cases  and  499  deaths  are  reported. 

1885  May  2.  Hung.  The  emperor 
opens  a  National  Exhibition  at  Buda- 
pest. 

Nov.  4.  Hung.  The  National  Exhibi- 
tion at  Budapest  closes. 

1886  Aug.  17,  18.  Vienna.  Joseph 
Pircher,  a  gilder,  secretly  climbs  up  the 
steeple  of  St.  Stephen's,  and  places  a 
banner  on  its  cross,  432  (German)  feet 
high. 

Sept.  2.  Hung.  Budapest  celebrates  the 
bicentenary  of  its  recapture  from  the 
Turks  by  Imperialists  under  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine. 

1887  July  5.  .  Hung.  Twenty.seven 
persons  are  killed  by  the  accidental  ex- 
plosion of  dynamite  at  Jasz  Bereny, 
near  Budapest. 

Dec.  16.  Vienna.  The  Invalide  Kusse 
causes  a  panic  at  the  Bourse. 

1889  Jan.  3.  Hung.  The  maize  ring 
syndicate  collapses. 

Jan.  5.  Vienna.  The  Greek  Govern- 
ment borrows  20,000,000  francs  from  a 
hank. 

Jan.  9.  Hung.  Diphtheria  is  prevalent 
in  Nago,  the  schools  are  closed,  and  20 
children  die  in  one  day. 

Jan.  30.  Aust.  The  Archduke  Ru- 
dolph, the  crown  prince,  is  found 
dead  in  his  bed  by  his  valet ;  apoplexy 
is  announced  as  the  cause ;  suicide  by 
a  pistol-shot  is  the  rumored  cause  of 
his  death. 


532  1889,  Feb.  6 -1890,  May  20.   AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1889  Feb.  *  Hung.  The  Army  Bill  of 
M.  Tisza  awakens  macb  opposition  in 
Budapest. 

June  16.  Bosnia.  Insurgents  at  Novi- 
Bazar  attack  tbe  Turks. 

June  22.  Aust.  The  GoTernment  pro- 
poses the  addition  of  14  heavy  bat- 
teries to  the  armament. 

July  24.  Aust.  The  infantry  is  in- 
creased by  an  addition  of  9,000  men, 
thus  raising  the  service  to  a  war-footing. 

Aug.  23.  Aust.  The  War  Office  decides 
to  supply  the  army  with  smokeless 
powder. 


the   bacillus   of  influenza.     (An- 
nounced.) 

He  finds  in  it  some  similarity  to  the 
pneumonia  bacillus,  but  is  sure  that  it 
18  a  distinctly  different  microbe. 

*  *  Vienna.  J.  Palisa  discovers  the  minor 
planets  Bruna,  Alice,  Ludovica,  There- 
sia,  Baptistiua,  Thora,  and  Bavaria. 
[1891.  Olga,  Fraternitas,  Chaldea,  Con- 
stantia,  Katharina.    1892.    Tamara.] 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1889    Feb.  11.    Pitra,  John  Baptiste,  Car- 
dinal, dies. 
Mar.  21.    Pettenkofen,  August  von,  Aus- 
trian painter,  dies. 
Aug.  6.    PhiliUovich,    Joseph,    Baron    de 


Sept..  Grand  miUtary  maneuvers  take    ,S90%'IS!'TB'.''T^i^'Jy.    Q,ula    (Ju- 
P'a<!e.  Uus).  Count,  Hung,  min.,  statesman,  A67. 

1890  Feb.  4.  Hung.  The  landwehr 
on  a  peace  footing  is  to  consist  of  28  in- 
fantry regiments  and  60  squadrons  of 
cavalry. 

Apr.  28.  Galicia.  Troops  are  detailed 
to  keep  the  peace. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1889  Apr.  6.  Hung.  A  terrible  storm 
demolishes  many  houses,  and  in  some 
cases  whole  villages  have  been  set  on 
Are  by  lightning  and  destroyed. 


CHURCH. 

1889  Feb.  6.  At  Laibach  a  erowd 
smashes  the  bishop's  windows,  and 
forces  the  sexton  to  toll  the  bell  for  the 
crown  prince. 

At  Meran  the  priests  refusing  to  offi- 
ciate at  requiem  mass  for  the  deceased 
crown  prince,  the  people  enter  church, 
and  conduct  the  service. 

Mar.  *  .4uBt.  The  hostility  to  evangeli- 
cal work  by  Protestants  increases. 


Feb.  22.  Aust.  Oalician  miners  em- 
ployed in  Silesian  coal-pits  are  ordered 
to  quit  the  country. 

Feb.  25.  Aust.  The  Countess  of  La- 
rish,  daughter  of  tbe  Duke  of  Bavaria, 
is  sentenced  to  perpetual  exile  for  the 
part  she  played  in  the  death  of  Rudolph. 

Feb.  27.  Aust.  Baron  Hirsch  donates 
120,000  francs  yearly  to  relieve  trades- 
men threatened  with  financial  ruin. 

Mar.  2.  Hung.  Six  Hungarian  stu- 
dents are  arrested  at  Budapest  for 
making  denn>n8tration8. 

Mar.  12.  Vienna.  Signer  Romano,  a 
painter,  commits  suicide. 

Apr.  1.  Aust.  The  Countess  Jose- 
phine Radetkzy  shoots  herself. 

Apr.  7.  Hung.  Szil,  a  wine-store  keeper, 
is  crushed  to  death  in  a  wine-press  by 
robbers. 

Apr.  10.  The  Meyerling  estate, 
owned  by  the  late  Crown  Prince  Ru- 
dolph, is  to  be  used  for  religion  and 
benevolence  — the  main  building  for  a 
Carmelite  nunnery,  and  other  parts 
as  an  asylum  for  a^ed  and  infirm 
residents. 

Apr.  12.  Vienna.  Count  Festitich 
sues  for  separation  from  his  wife  on  the 
ground  of  adultery. 


May  17.    il/orarta.    At  Boskowitz  eight    Apr.  29.     Vienna.    A  Catholic  Congress    Apr.  18.    Aust.    Labor  riots  contin 


persons  are  killed  by  lightning. 

Thirty  persons  are  killed  by  a  storm 
at  Zino. 

June  3,  4.  A  great  storm  prevails, 
causing  great  loss  of  life  and  property. 

May  21.  Bohemia.  Forty-five  persons 
lose  their  lives  through  floods. 

July  29.  Hundreds  of  lives  are  lost, 
crops  destroyed,  and  many  buildings 
damaged  in  Transylvania  and  Buko- 
wina  by  a  cyclone. 

Aug.  4.  Vienna.  A  new  asteroid  of 
the  13th  magnitude  is  discovered  by  Dr. 
Palisa. 

Aug.  21.  Aust.  Several  parts  of  Aus- 
tria are  visited  by  hail-storms,  and 
many  persons  are  killed. 

Nov.  12.  Hung.  The  Government  lias 
purchased  10,000  hotels  throughout 
the  country  for  schoolhouaes. 

Dec.  2.    Aust.    Traflic  is  blocked  by  snow 

for  36  hours. 
•  *  The  invention  of  another  smokeless 
gunpowder,  having  greater   carrying 
power  than  ordinary  gunpowder,  is  re- 
ported. 

It  creates  a  very  thin,  transparent 
smoke,  which  is  so  slight  that  imme- 
diately after  firing  one  shot  aim  can  be 
taken  again. 

1890  Jan.  14.  Vienna.  Astronomers 
announce  that  the  Star  of  Bethlehem 
has  made  its  seventh  appearance  since 
the  birth  of  Christ. 

Jan.  15.  Aust.  Earthquake  shocks 
are  felt. 

Jan.  18.  Ausl.  Several  earthquake 
shocks  occur  at  Carinthia. 

Jan.  21  ±.  Vienna.  Dr.  Weichselbaum, 
of  the  University  of  Vienna,  discovers 


of  nobles  and  clergy  meets. 
May  2.     Vienna.    The  Catholic  Congress 
closes. 

*  *  Hung.  F.dePaulSchonbom,  Arch- 
bishop of  Prague,  is  consecrated  a  car- 
dinal priest. 

*  *  Croatia.  The  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  reports  4,000  copies  of 
Scripture  sold. 

*  •  Bohemia.  F.  M.  Charles,  Archbishop 
of  Prague,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

1890  Feb.  7.  The  Minister  of  Worship 
and  Public  Instruction  favors  the  adop- 
tion of  the  bill  regulating  Jewish  re- 
ligious societies ;  that  is,  that  they  may 
be  independent  in  the  control  of  reli- 
gious concerns  among  themselves. 

Mar.  5.  The  Government  excludes  the 
Old  Catholics  from  the  Roman  decree, 
and  they  are  thereby  compelled  to  be- 
come a  separate  religious  society. 

*  *  Aust.  A.  Dunajewsky,  Bishop  of  Cra- 
cow, is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

LETTERS. 

1889  June  21.  The  government  sup- 
presses Socialist  paper,  Gleichheit. 

SOCIETY. 
1889    Feb.  6.    Aust.    The    Emperor 


Apr.  20-24.  Vienna.  A  strike  of  tram- 
car  men  takes  place  with  anti-Semitic 
rioting  at  Vienna  ;  the  military  are 
called  out  to  restore  order. 
May  10.  Bohemia.  The  street-car 
companies  of  Prague  yield  to  the  de- 
mands of  their  striking  drivers. 
May  24.    Moravia.    At  Saar  10,000 

miners  strike. 

May  30.     Vienna.    Prince    Alexis 

Sohwarzenberg  is  fatally  wounded  in 

a  duel  with  a  lieutenant  of  Hussars. 

June  1.    Bohemia.    The  strikes  are 

spreading ;  over  J,500  men  are  out. 
June  14.    Aust.    Eleven  thousand  tex- 
tile workers  at  Brunn  strike  for  higher 
wages. 
June  19.    Bohemia.    The     police     of 
Prague  forbid  the  Russian  author, 
Filipoff,  to  lecture  in  the  city. 
June  22.    Bohemia.    Two  riotous  mi- 
ners are  killed  and  12  wounded  by  gen- 
darmes during  a  labor  demonstration  at 
Kladno  ;  striking  miners  wreck  and  fire 
many  buildings. 
July  11.    Aust.    At  Briiun  6,000  striking 

spinners  resume  work. 
Aug.  23  f.     Vienna.    The  Shah  of  Per- 
sia visits  Vienna.    [Aug.  27.    At  Buda- 
pest.] 
Francis  Joseph  in  a  proclamation  thanks    Nov.  4.    Aust.    The  Archduke   John 


his  peoples  for  their  sympathy  in  his 
aSliction. 

Feb.  12.  Hung.  Students  make  another 
riotous  protest  against  the  army  bill  at 
Pesth. 

Feb.  15.  Hung.  The  Hungarian  stu- 
dents' riot  at  Pesth  is  quelled ;  several 
arrests  are  made. 


will  take  the  name  of  .Johann  Orth,  and 
enter  a  London  ship-building  yard. 

Nov.  20.  Hung.  A  plot  to  assassi- 
nate Premier  Tisza  is  discovered  and 
frustrated. 

Deo.  8.  Hung.  Count  Karolyi  and 
Count  Iiazaro  tight  in  a  duel  at  Buda- 
pest, 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  1889,  Feb.  6-1890,  May  20.  533 


1890  Jan.  3.  Ami.  A.  letter  con- 
taming  $90,000  ia  stolen  in  transit 
between  Vienna  and  Budapest. 

Jan.  5.  Hung.  Tbe  editor  of  Zustam 
kills  the  editor  of  Branik  in  a  duel  at 
Neusatz. 

Jan.  17.    Bohemia,    The    Czechs    and 

Germans  are  reconciled. 
Feb.  *  Bohemia.    Five  hundred  strikers 

destroy  the  machinery  of  a  glass-fiic- 

tory  at  Gablonz  ;  the  police  kill  two  of 

the  strikers. 
Feb.  •  Bohemia.    The     manufacturers 

concede  tlie  ilemands  of  the  striking 

weavers. 

Mar.  10.  Bohemia.  Prague  students 
are  dispersed  by  the  police,  and  a  num- 
ber placed  under  arrest. 

Mar.  *  Bohemia.  The  trade  societies  of 
Prague  have  resolved  that  the  eight- 
hour  movement  shall  begin  on  May  1. 

Apr.  1.  f'ieniia.  Ten  thousand  build- 
ers' employees  and  800  bakers'  appren- 
tices strike. 

Apr.  8.  Vienna.  Many  persons  are  in- 
jured by  rioting  strikers  j  37  men  are 
arrested. 

Apr.  11.  Aust.  The  Emperor  'Wil- 
liam visits  the  Empress  of  Austria. 

Apr.  14.  Vienna.  Six  thousand  car- 
penters of  Gratz  strike  for  more  wages 
and  shorter  hours. 

Apr.  17.  Aust.  Labor  riota  break  out ; 
troops  and  striking  miners  fight. 

Apr.  22.  Aust.  Socialists  join  train- 
strikers  in  Vienna  in  lighting  the  police 
and  soldiers  with  stones  and  revolvers. 

Apr.  23,  Galicia.  Anti-Semitic  riots 
break  out  in  Biala  :  20  persons  are  killeti 
and  others  -wounded. 

Apr.  25.  Vienna.  Schools  are  to  be 
closed  and  martial  law  proclaimed  on 
May  Day,  owing  to  expected  trouble 
from  strikers. 

Apr.  ♦  Aust.  The  miners  in  the  large 
collieries  of  Count  Wilczek  are  on 
strike.  Troops  have  been  called  out 
to  preserve  peace. 

May  10.  Vienna.  Col.  Frederick 
Grant,  the  new  American  Minister, 
arrives. 

May  11±.  Vienna.  The  Bothschilds 
inform  the  emperor  that,  unless  oppres- 
sion of  the  Jews  ceases,  they  will 
move  their  banking-house  to  Budapest. 

May  20.  Bohemia.  In  a  collision  with 
troops  at  Pilsen  five  miners  are  killed 
and  seven  wounded. 

STATE. 

1889  Feb.  7.  Vienna.  The  emperor 
receives  the  presidents  of  the  two 
Houses  of  the  Reichsrath,  and  thanks 
them  for  the  condolence  tendered  by 
those  bodies  on  the  death  of  Crown- 
Prince  Rudolph. 

Feb.  28.  Humj.  The  action  of  the 
Opposition  becomes  so  violent  that 
its  debate  has  to  be  postponed  in  the 
lower  House  of  the  Reichstag,  on  the 


resumption  of  the  debate  on  the  army 
bill. 

Mar.  16.  Hung.  Count  Szapary  is 
selected  as  Premier  and  Minister  of  the 
Interior. 

Mar.  19.  Hunt).  Herr  Tisza,  the  ex- 
Premier,  is  vindicated. 

Mar.  20.  Hung.  Prime  Minister  Tisza 
is  hooted  at  and  pelted  with  stones 
while  leaving  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

Mar.  22.  Hung.  Herr  Orlean  in  the 
Diet  denounces  the  poUoe  for  inter- 
fering with  the  students'  demonstra- 
tions. 

Mar.  23.    Hung.    Herr  Fabinyi,  Min- 
ister of  Justice,  and  Baron  von  Orczy, 
of  the  Interior,  resign ;  the  latter  is  to 
be  succeeded  by  Herr  Baross,  Minister 
of  Public  Works. 
Apr.  8.    Hung.    The  new  army  bill  as 
amended  by  the  Diet  is  adopted  by  the 
upper  House. 
Apr.  30.       Henna.      The      Government 
serves   notice   upon   tramway  com- 
panies that  their  property  will  be  se- 
questered  unless  reforms  promised  to 
their  employees  are  completed  by  May 
13. 
May  11.     Vienna.    The  lower  House  of 
the    Reichsrath    adopts   the    budget, 
which    shows    a    surplus    of    2,770,059 
florins. 
June  13.     Vienna.    Austria,  Russia,  and 
Germany  send  an  identical  note  to  the 
Swiss  Government,  advising  it  to  deal 
more  severely  with  anarchists  and  so- 
cialists. 
June  24.    Hung.    A  second  strategic 
railroad  from  Hatvan  to  Miskolcz  is 
commenced. 
June  25.    Hung.    The  Government  for- 
bids any  demonstration  at  the  Ea- 
vanitza  Monastery  on  the  anniversary 
of  the  battle  of  Kossova. 
Oct.  21.     Vienna.    A    decree    is    issued 
that  state   oflicials  shall    continually 
wear  uniform  on  and  ofif  duty. 
Dec.  5.     Vienna.    The  Diet  passes  a  bill 
to  incorporate  the  subiurbs  of  Vienna 
with  the  city  itself. 
Dec.  10.     Vienna.    The     Archduke 
Charles  Ijouis  is  appointed  putative 
regent. 
Dec.  13.     Vienna.    A  Bulgarian   loan 
recently  eifected  is  a  cause  of  complaint 
by  Russia  against  Austria  as  a  violation 
of  the  Berlin  Treaty. 
Deo.  30.    Hung.    In   the   Reichstag   all 
the  German  candidates  are  elected  on 
the  second  ballot. 
Dec.  *    Vienna.     The     Government    has 
warned  Servia  that  there  must  be  a  sus- 
pension of   friendly  relations  between 
the  two  countries  unless  the  attacks  of 
the  Servian  press  upon  Austria  are 
stopped. 
1890    Jan.  1.    Hung.     Prime    Minister 
Tisza  declares  that  he  believes  In  the 
triple  alliance  as  the  basis  of  peace. 
Jan.  10.   Bohemia.   The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  personally  attends  to  the  settle- 


ment of  disputes  between  the  Czechs 
and  Germans. 

Jan.  13  i.  Hinig.  The  Reichstag  pro- 
V  ides  for  the  construction  of  war  vessels 
to  protect  its  interests  on  the  Danube. 

-^ —  Vienna.  The  Minister  of  War  states 
that  the  peace  of  Europe  is  not  secure, 
and  therefore  a  considerable  increase 
in  the  army  is  necessary. 

Jan.  24.  Hung.  The  Finance  Minister 
and  the  Rothschild  syndicate  enter  into 
an  agreement  for  the  conversion  of 
302,000,000  florins  of  5  per  cent 
rentes  into  4  per  cent  gold  rentes. 

Jan.  •  Bohemia.  The  Diet  has  accepted 
the  result  of  the  German-Czech  Confer- 
ence. 

Mar.  11.  Hung.  Herr  Von  Tisza,  Prime 
Minister,  resigns.  Count  Von  Szapary 
is  appointed  to  succeed  him,  and  to  form 
a  new  Ministry. 

Mar.  •  Aust.  The  Government  proposes 
modifying  her  stringent  laws  against 
the  Socialists. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889  Feb.  14.  Vienna.  An  electrical 
joint-stock  company,  with  a  capital 
of  2,000,000  florins,  is  organized. 

May  9.  Vienna.  The  grain-market  is 
boycotted  by  Hungarian  merchants, 
on  account  of  the  growth  of  anti-Sem- 
itism, 

May  22.  Aust.  The  train  bearing  the 
empress  and  her  suite  from  Wiesbaden 
to  Vienna  is  derailed  while  being 
switched. 

Aug.  10.  Vienna.  A  water  famine  is 
threatened. 

*  *  The  crops  are  much  below  the  aver- 
age. 

Aug.  19.  Hung.  An  explosion  of  a 
dynamite  cartridge  at  Doman  kills  five 
persons. 

Aug.  26.  Vienna.  The  great  shortage 
in  the  wheat  crops  reported  seriously 
affects  the  Chicago  market,  U.  S.  A. 

Sept.  5.  Aust.  A  portion  of  the  quay 
falls  into  the  river  at  Szegedin. 

Nov.  20.  Vienna.  Four  thousand  em- 
ployees are  out  of  work  in  the  mother- 
of-pearl  button  factories. 

Deo.  5.    Hung.    A   sugar   factory   at  . 
Swolerlowes  collapses,  and  eight  per- 
sons are  killed  and  many  injured. 

Dec.  24.  Vienna.  Influenza  is  spread- 
ing, and  has  developed  Into  lung  inflam- 
mation. 

Dec.  27.  Aust.  Aloys  de  Nagy,  Covmt 
Karol3ri,  formerly  ambassador  to  Great 
Britain  and  Germany,  is  killed  while 
hunting. 

1890  Feb.  *  Vienna.  A  life-insurance 
company  announces  that  it  will  issue  its 
t>olicies  without  medical  examinations. 

Mar.  •  Vienna.  The  importation  of  cer- 
tain American  proprietary  medicine 
is  i)rohibited  by  the  Goveniment. 

Apr.  19.  Hung.  Hundreds  are  dying 
of  famine  in  Biezwaag  and  Bistritz. 


534    1890,  May* -1892,  Aug.*.    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1890  Sept.  17.  Just.  The  Archduke 
Frederick  is  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  fifth  array  corps. 

1891  Apr.  8.  Hussia  masses  troops 
on  the  frontier. 

June  21.  I  stria.  The  naval  work- 
shops at  Pola  are  destroyed  by  fire. 

Oct.  19.  Aust.  The  Govenlment  .orders 
the  strengthening  of  the  frontier 
guards  by  a  large  number  of  troops. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1890  July  16.  Aust.  Heat  is  intense 
in  central  Austria  and  on  the  Alps  from 
Graubuenden  to  Lower  Austria. 

Aug.  2.  Aust.  The  city  of  Lintz  is  in- 
undated by  an  overflow  of  the  Danube. 

Aug.  9.  Bohemia.  "Waterspouts  and 
storms  inundate  the  western  and  cen- 
tral portion  of  Bohemia. 

Aug.  30.  Aust.  Several  earthquake 
shocks  are  felt  in  the  Danube  Valley, 
Vienna,  from  Amstettin  to  Grein. 

Sept.  3.  Bohemia.  A  part  of  the  city  of 
Prague,  also  many  villages  in  the  Dan- 
ube Valley,  are  submerged  by  an  over- 
flow of  the  Moldau  River,  causing 
loss  of  life  and  property. 

Sept.  4.  Aust.  The  Drave  River  over- 
flows its  banks,  and  vast  tracts  of  land 
in  Carinthia  are  laid  waste. 

Nov.  13.  Aust.  The  Government  re- 
quests the  medical  faculty  to  send  pro- 
posals to  Prof.  Koch  for  the  establish- 
ment of  hospitals. 

Nov.  15.  Vienna.  Drs.  NothnageljBill- 
rotli,  and  Kowalski,  of  Vienna,  praise 
Prof.  Koch's  remedy  for  tuberculosis, 
and  say  that  it  is  the  greatest  discov- 
ery  since  that  of  Dr.  Jenner. 

Nov.  26.  Bohemia.  Property  valued  at 
500,000  florins  at  Carlsbad  is  damaged  by 
floods  ;  also  damage  is  done  at  Rostock, 
Jena,  Badkoesen,  and  other  places. 

1891  Jan.  10.  Aust.  An  avalanche 
buries  a  train  near  Klagenfurth,  Carin- 
thia. At  Triest,  Carniola,  an  engine 
freezes  fast  to  the  rails  ;  traffic  is  sus- 
pended. 

Jan.  12.  Galicia.  A  destructive  hurri- 
cane prevails. 

Jan.  13.  Bosnia.  An  avalanche  buries 
many  houses  in  snow,  and  causes  the 
loss  of  many  lives. 

July  24.  In  the  Tyrolean  Alps  large 
tracts  of  land  are  devastated  by  ava- 
lanches. 

Aug.  18.  A^^st.  Forty  persons  are 
drowned  by  a  cloudburst  at  KoUman. 

Aug.  27.  During  a  thunder-storm  lights 
ning  strikes  a  church  at  Tualis,  and 
kills  several  members  of  its  congrega- 
tion. At  Piau  a  hunting-party  is  also 
struck  by  lightning,  killing  one  and 
seriously  injuring  four  others. 

Oct.  19.  Viemui.  The  Museum  of 
Fine  Arts  is  opened  by  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

1892  Apr.  20.  Tyrol.  Much  property 
is  destroyed  and  several  lives  are  lost  by 
a  storm. 


Apr.  24.  Vienmt.  A  colossal  eques- 
trian statue  of  Marshal  Radetzky  is 
unveiled. 

May  13.  Hung.  Many  miners  are 
drowned  by  a  sudden  flood  resulting 
from  a  waterspout. 

June  8.  Disastrous  floods  sweep  the 
Danube  Valley. 

July  25.  Moravia.  The  famous 
"Robber  Tower*'  at  Znaim,  one  of 
the  oldest  relics  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
falls,  killing  five  persons. 

Aug.  3.  Aust.  A  waterspout  at  Triest, 
Carniola,  does  much  damage  to  property. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1800    Oct.  9.    Leidesdorf,  Professor,  lunacy 
specialist,  dies  in  Vienna. 

Dec.  28.    Karolyi.    QuBtav    Sieemund. 
count,  statesman,  minister,  dies. 
1691    Jan.  5.    Saxe-Weinmr,   Prince    Gus- 
tav  of,  Austrian  field-marshal,  A64. 

Jan.  18.  Salvalor  Charles,  Archduke  of 
Austria,  A52. 

Jan.  23.  Simor,Jano8,  cardinal  archbishop 
and  primate  of  Hungary,  A74. 

Aug-.  38.     Taglioni,  Marie,  dancer,  A.58. 

Nov.  33.  Henry,  archduke  of  Austria, 
Austrian  field-marshal,  A63. 

Dec.  14.    Bigismundf  archduke  of  Austria, 
A66. 
1892    Jan.  8.     Brucke,  Ernest  W.,  physiol- 
ogist, A73. 

Feb.  4.    Ponsa,  Magdalen  of  Vienna,  A 1 17- 

May  17.  Klapka,  Gyorgy,  Hungarian  gen- 
eral, A72. 

Aue>  19.  Fiirstenberg,  cardinal  Land- 
grave F.,  prince  archbishop  of  Olmiitz, 
A78. 

CHURCH. 

1890  Nov.  8.  Hung.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic Primate  orders  the  clergy  to  give 
no  attention  to  instructions  emanating 
from  the  Minister  of  Public  Worship. 

1891  Jan.  3.  The  emperor  purposes  to 
erect  a  memorial  monastery  on  an 
island  in  the  Adriatic  in  honor  of  his 
brotlier  Maximilian,  shot  in  Mexico,  and 
of  his  son,  the  late  Crown  Prince  Ru- 
dolph. 

Dec.  17.  The  Methodist  Church  in 
Vienna  is  closed  by  decree. 

Its  pastor  is  prohibited  from  preach- 
ing within  the  capital,  because  one  of 
its  articles  of  belief  denounces  the  sac- 
rifice of  the  mass  as  "a  blasphemous  fa- 
ble and  a  dangerous  deceit."  An  appeal 
against  the  <lecree  is  proposed. 

1892  Jan.  26.  Austria  seeks  to  recon- 
cile the  Vatican  and  the  Quirinal. 

Mar.  10.  Hung.  The  primate,  arch- 
bishops, and  bishops  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  memorialize  Francis 
Joseph  against  civil  marriage  meas- 
ures as  being  hostile  to  that  Church. 

Apr.  10.  Vienna.  An  attempt  is  made 
to  assassinate  the  Primate  of  Hvm- 
gary. 

May  28.  Aust.  The  Vatican  and  Quiri- 
nal come  to  an  agreement  concerning 
the  appointment  of  the  Patriarch  of 
Venice,  they  jointly  agreeing  upon 
Santo,  Bishop  of  Treviso. 

Jiuie  8.  Galicia.  Archbishop  Sembra- 
towics  is  assaulted  by  40  Polish  stu- 
dents in  l^emberg  because  he  visited 
Pope  Leo,  his  doing  so  being  considered 
as  an  act  of  treason  to  the  Greek  Catho- 
lic Church. 


LETTERS. 
1891  Jan.  13.  Galicia.  By  agreement 
with  the  Austrian  Government,  Saron 
Hirsch  plans  to  subsidize  schools  for 
Jewesses,  and  will  invest  £500,000  in 
the  enterprise. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  May  24.  Bohemia.  Tramway 
drivers  are  out  on  a  strike  at  Prague ; 
the  lines  are  at  a  standstill. 

May  27.  Bohemia.  The  tram-car  em- 
ployees at  Prague  are  fined  by  munici- 
pal authorities  $5,000  for  the  cessation 
of  traffic  caused  by  the  strike. 

July  31.  Aust.  The  Archduchess 
Maria  Valeria  is  married  to  the  Arch- 
duke Francis  Salvador  at  Iscbl. 

Sept.  4.  Vienna.  The  International 
Agricultural  Congress  is  opened. 

Oct.  1.  Vienna.  The  Emperor  of 
Germany  arrives. 

Oct.  19.  Vienna.  The  tramway  em- 
ployees strike. 

Nov.  17.  Transylvania.  Six  persons 
are  killed  and  16  injured  in  a  church 
fight. 

Nov.  21.  Aust.  Two  cashiers  of  a  War- 
saw bank  are  murdered  on  the  Vienna 
mail-train,  and  robbed  of  55,000  roubles. 

Dec.  1.  Vienna.  The  Sanitary  Coun- 
cil decides  to  prohibit  unauthorized 
inoculations. 

1891  Jan.  18.  Vienna.  Sadullah  Pa- 
sha, Turkish  Ambassador  to  Austria, 
dies  from  self-inflicted  injuries. 

Feb.  3.  Vienna.  Ten  thousand  shoe- 
makers go  out  on  strike. 

Mar.  6±.  Bohemia.  The  leaders  of  the 
Old  Czechs  declare  their  purpose  to 
retire  from  public  life. 

Mar.  7.  Galicia.  In  an  anti-Semitic 
riot  one  Jew  is  killed  and  a  number  of 
Jewish  shops  are  destroyed. 

Mar.  10.  Hung.  The  Chamber  of  Mag- 
nates passes  the  Sunday-Best  Bill, 
which  defines  Sunday  as  extending  from 
the  close  of  Saturday  to  6  a.m.  Monday. 

Mar.  27.  Tyrol.  At  Keufstein  a  promi- 
nent merchant  is  by  mistake  murdered 
by  a  Mafia  assassin. 

May  20.  Hung,  Ex-Queen  Natalie  is 
warmly  received  on  her  way  to  Bucha- 
rest. 

June  22.  Hung.  A  fierce  riot  breaks 
out  at  Balonya,  in  which  four  men  are 
killed  and  seven  wounded. 

July  27.  Galicia.  "Wholesale  customs 
frauds  are  discovered  in  the  Duchy  of 
Bukowina. 

Aug.  12.  Aust.  Several  Servians  are 
decorated  by  Emperor  Francis  Joseph. 

Sept.  6.  Aust.  Tlie  emperor  decorates 
a  number  of  the  German  emperor's 
attendants. 

Sept.  27.  Bohemia.  The  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Jo.seph  is  splendidly  received  at 
Prague. 

Oct.  1.  Bohemia.  Thirteen  bombs  are 
exploded  under  a  bridge  near  Prague, 
a  few  hours  before  the  arrival  of  a  train 
bearing  the  emperor. 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.     1890,  May*- 1892,  Aug. 


535 


Oct.  5.  Carniola.  An  attempt  is  made  to 
blow  up  the  episcopal  palace  at  Triest. 

Nov.  5.  Galicia.  Polea  in  Galicia  form 
a  secret  organization  to  keep  alive  the 
remembrances  of  the  Polish  struggle 
of  former  years. 

1892  Feb.  7.  Vienna.  Extensive  re- 
lief is  given  to  sufferers  from  the  pre- 
vailing famine. 

Mar.  1.  f'ientm.  The  starving  poor 
fight  at  a  distribution  of  bread. 

Mar.  12.  Vienna  is  shocked  by  a  num- 
ber of  mysterious  murders  committed 
in  "  Jack-the-Ripper"  fashion. 

Mar.  13.  Vienna.  A  collision  occurs 
between  the  police  and  working  men. 

Mar.  28.  Bohemia.  The  Czechs  of 
Prague  attempt  to  celebrate  the  birth- 
day of  Comenius,  notwithstanding  the 
Government's  prohibition.  The  police 
several  times  disperse  the  crowds, 
after  hard  fighting,  in  which  many  are 
woiuided  with  clubs  and  swords. 

Apr.  11.  Vienna.  Incendiary  fires  are 
still  of  frequent  and  alarming  occur- 
rence. 

May  8.  Hung.  A  notary's  house  in  Ve- 
reez  is  wrecked  by  a  dynamite  ex- 
plosion. 

May  12.  Hung.  Anarchists  make  an 
attempt  to  blow  up  a  crowded  street- 
car in  Budapest. 

June  5.  Bohemia.  Twenty-seven  volun- 
teer rescuers  lose  their  lives  at  the 
burning  Birkenberg  silver-mine. 

June  6.  Hung.  Hungarians  welcome 
Francis  Joseph  on  the  anniversary  of 
his  coronation  as  King  of  Hungary  in 
Budapest. 

June  13.  Bohemia.  A  miner  confesses 
that  he  purposely  fired  the  Birkenberg 
silver-mine. 

July  19.  Hung.  Hiotous  reapers  at 
Bebar  are  fired  upon  by  gendarmes ; 
twelve  are  killed  and  many  wounded. 

STATE. 

1890  May  30.  Hung.  The  lower  House 
of  the  Reichstag  rejects  the  biU  restor- 
ing citizenship  to  Louis  Kossuth. 

July  24.  Vienna.  Austriaand  Bulgaria 
agree  to  silence  concerning  negotiations 
between  them  for  a  commercial  treaty. 

Aug.  ±  *  Vienna.  The  Government 
consents  to  the  independence  of  Bul- 
garia on  Aug.  15. 

Aug,  7.  Vienna.  The  Government 
grants  500,000  fiorins  ($1,000,000)  for 
repairing  the  damage  done  by  fioods  and 
assisting  the  sufiferers. 

Aug.  28.  Hung.  HerrAbranyi  resigns 
his  seat  in  the  Reichstag,  as  a  result  of  his 
publishing  an  interview  with  Bismarck. 

Oct.  2.  Aust.  Anti-Semitic  members 
are  elected  to  the  lower  House. 

Oct.  30.  Hung.  The  Anti-Semitic 
Party  in  the  Reichstag  is  dissolved, 
after  existing  for  ten  years. 

Dec.  2.  Vienna.  Count Kalnoky opens 
the  conference  between  Austro-Hun- 
garian  and  German  delegates,  called  for 


the  purpose  of  negotiating  a  commercial 
treaty. 

Dec.  4.  Viemia.  The  Reichsrath  as- 
sembles ;  the  Budget  for  18U1  places  the 
expenditure  at  564,473,940  florins. 

Dec.  13.  Vienna.  The  Democratic 
Association,  having  for  one  of  its  ob- 
jects an  agitation  in  favor  of  universal 
suffrage,  is  broken  up  by  the  police. 

1891  Jan.  25,  Vie7ina.  The  Reichs- 
rath is  dissolved  by  an  unexpected 
decree. 

Jan.  27.  Vienna.  Austria  resumes  dip- 
lomatic relations  with  Brazil,  the  em- 
pire having  given  way  to  a  republic  under 
Beodora  da  Fonseca,  president. 

Feb.  4.  Vienna.  The  finance  minis- 
ter resigns. 

Mar.  5.  Vienna.  The  returns  of  the 
elections  show  that  in  the  urban  dis- 
tricts of  Bohemia  twelve  German  Liber- 
als, eleven  Young  Czechs,  and  three 
German  Nationalists  are  elected  to  the 
lower  House  of  the  Reichsrath. 

Mar.  10.  Hung.  The  Chamber  of  Mag- 
nates at  Budapest  passes  a  Sunday- 
Rest  Bill.    (See  Society.) 

Apr.  11.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  is 
opened  by  the  Bmperor  Francis 
Joseph  with  a  speech  strongly  favoring 
peace. 

Jtme  12.  Vienna.  The  estimates  of  the 
Budget  Committee  of  the  Reichsrath 
show  a  siuplus  of  3,915,987  florins. 

June  17.  Vienna.  The  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Joseph  gives  special  audience  to 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bulgaria. 

June  20.  A  great  Central  European 
Customs  League  has  been  formed  by 
Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Italy,  and 
Switzerland. 

June  30.  The  triple  alliance  of  Ger- 
many, Austria,  and  Italy  is  renewed  for 
six  years, 

Aug.  29.  Vienna.  The  Government  is 
watching  the  massing  of  Russian 
troops  along  her  frontier,  and  in  conse- 
quence adds  18,000,000  florins  to  her  war 
budget. 

Sept.  7.  Austria,  as  a  reply  to  the  Turco- 
Russian  Convention,  willannex  Bosnia 
to  her  dominions. 

Dec.  1.  Vienna.  Austria  decides  to 
participate  in  the  "World's  Fair  at 
Chicago. 

Dec,  4.  Vienna.  The  removal  of  the 
prohibition  on  American  pork  is 
formally  announced. 

Dec.  10.  Hung.  The  Reichstag  is  pre- 
paring to  celebrate  the  one  thousandth 
anniversary  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Hungary  by  a  National  Ex- 
hibition in  1895. 

Dec.  16.  Vienna.  Herr  Gregr,  the 
leader  of  the  Young  Czechs  in  the 
Reichsrath,  demands  the  complete  na- 
tional emancipation  of  Bohemia. 

1892  Jan.  4.  Hung.  The  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph  dissolves  the  Diet. 

Jan.  30.  Hung.  Returns  from  the  elec- 
tions show  gains  by  the  Opposition  or 
Liberals. 


Feb.  23.  Vienna.  It  is  announced  that 
reciprocity  negotiations  are  to  be 
opened  with  the  United  States. 

Apr.  28.  Vienna.  A  motion  is  made 
in  the  lower  House  of  the  Reichsrath  to 
impeach  the  Minister  of  Justice. 

July  10.  Tyrol.  The  Provincial  Diet  of 
Southern  Tyrol  unanimously  resolves 
to  request  the  government  to  make 
Triest  a  free  port. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  May  *  Vienna.  The  emperor 
opens  an  International  Agricultural 
Exhibition. 

June  24.  Hung.  A  second  strategic 
railroad  is  commenced  from  Haven  to 
Miskoleg. 

July  17.  Hung.  A  fire  at  Rosenau  de- 
stroys the  parish  church,  thesynagogue, 
and  twenty  houses. 

Aug.  1.  Galicia.  A  mine  explosion 
suffocates  80  miners. 

Aug.  4.  Hung .  One  hundred  and  eighty 
houses  and  large  stores  of  corn  are 
burned  in  Puespolk  Hatval. 

Aug.  8.  Hung.  Fire  almost  destroys 
the  town  of  Moor;  10  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  25.  Hung.  Tokay,  the  center  of 
Tokay-wine  trade,  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Oct.  *  Vienna.  The  press  bitterly  at- 
tacks the  McKinley  Bill  of  the  U.  S. 
Congress,  calling  it  "  a  measure  of  vio- 
lence worthy  of  a  nation  accustomed  to 
the  use  of  the  revolver." 

Nov.  17.  Aust.  A  ship  capsizes  off  the 
Dalmatian  coast,  and  38  persons  and  a 
number  of  animals  are  lost. 

1891  May  20.  Vienna.  The  Internar 
tional  Postal  Congress  opens. 

July  1.  Aust.  Triest  by  law  ceases  to 
be  a  free  port. 

Sept.  3.  Hung.  The  town  hall  at  Som- 
erein  is  blown  up  by  gasoline,  injur- 
ing three  persons. 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  A  panic  occurs  on 
the  Bourse,  caused  by  a  reported  utter- 
ance of  the  emperor,  to  the  effect  that 
the  European  situation  was  critical. 

Dec.  21.  Vienna.  The  extension  of 
Vienna's  bovmdaries  is  celebrated  by 
the  people. 

1892  Jan.  2.  Hung.  Many  persons  are 
reported  to  have  died  of  starvation. 

May  11.  Galicia.  A  raft  upsets  near 
Brody,  and  60  persons  are  drowned. 

May  27.  Vienna.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce votes  10,000  florins  towards  defray- 
ing the  expenses  of  the  exhibit  at  the 
World's  Fair  to  be  opened  at  Chicago, 
U.  S,  A. 

June  1.  Boliemia.  A  fatal  fire  is  ra- 
ging in  a  silver-mine  at  Birkenburg ;  400 
miners  are  missing.  [June  2.  Over  100 
bodies  are  taken  oat,  no- person  escaping 
alive.] 

Aug.  25.  Au^t.  Two  dynamite  ex- 
plosions occur  at  Triest  causing  only 
slight  damage. 


536  1892,  Sept.  14-1894, May  8.   AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Mar.  31.  Aust.  The  Sylander 
cuirass  is  adopted  ;  it  is  made  of  bullet- 
proof cloth  one-third  of  an  inch  thick. 

Apr.  2i.  Ausf.  The  War  Office  is  plan- 
ning to  increase  the  peace  effective  of 
the  army. 

Sept.  18.  Ausf.  The  Emperor  "Wil- 
liam of  Germany  leads  a  charge  at 
the  maneuvers. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1892  Sept.  26.  Vienna.  The  two  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  founding  of 
the  Academy  of  Art  is  celebrate4l. 

1893  Jan.  4.  Aust.  A  disastrous 
gale  at  Triest,  Carniola,  wrecks  vessels 
and  destroys  life. 

May  8.  Aust.  The  long  drought  is 
broken. 

May  21.  Hung.  The  Honved  monu- 
ment at  Budapest  is  unveiled  ;  the  Em- 
peror Joseph  is  present. 

Aug.  9.  A^l8t.  Earthquakes  and  a 
cloudburst  in  Styria  and  North  Styria 
cause  loss  of  life  and  destruction  of 
property. 

Sept.  28.  Tyrol.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  unveils  at  Innsbruck  the  statue 
of  Andreas  Hofer,  the  Tyrolese  pa- 
triot, shot  by  the  French,  Feb.  20,  1810. 

Bee.  29.  Galicia.  Snow  is  six  feet 
deep. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1893  Nov.  3.    Iranvi,  D.,  Hungarian  leader, 
A70. 

1894  Kar.  30.     KoBSUth.    I>oula.   Hunga- 
rian patriot,  dies  at  Turin,  A92. 

CHURCH. 
1893    Nov.  6.    The  Catholic  clergy  bit- 
terly oppose  the  bill  making  the  civil 
service  comptilsory  in  all  cases  of 
marriage.    (See  State,  Oct.  5.) 

•  *  Hung.  L.  Schlauch,  Bishop  of  Gross- 
Wardein,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

*  *  Hung.  Claudius  Veszary,  Primate  of 
Hungary,  is  consecrated  cardinal  priest. 

LETTERS. 
1893    Sept,  14.     Bohemia.    The  author- 
ities issue  an  Imperial  decree  establish- 
ing a  press  censorship  over  the  Czech 
papers  published  in  Prague. 

SOCIETY. 

1892  Sept.  14.  Camiola.  Miss  Jane 
Armstrong  of  New  York  kills  herself 
in  Triest  after  losing  her  fortune  at 
Monte  Carlo. 

Sept.  18.  Hung.  Kossuth's  ninetieth 
birthday  is  celebrated  at  Budapest. 

Sept.  21.  Louis  Kossuth  forbids  his 
sons  visiting  Hungary  so  long  as  that 
country  recognizes  the  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria as  king;  the  sons  are  invited  to 
represent  their  father  at  tlie  unveiling 
of  a  memorial  in  the  church  at  Tallva. 

Oct.  31.  Hung.  Count  Julius  Szapary, 
the  Minister-President,  is  shot  at  as  ho 


sits  in  the  dining-car  of  a  train  near 
Budapest. 

Nov.  6.  Hung.  The  emperor  refuses 
the  permission  asked  by  the  Hungarian 
Premier,  to  introduce  the  compulsory 
Civil  Marriage  Bill. 

Nov.  10.  Aust.  Victor  Raindle,  the 
legal  adviser  to  the  Imperial  family, 
confesses  to  embezzling  trust  funds; 
deficit,  370,000±  florins. 

Dec.  26+.  Hung.  During  the  Trefort 
jVIinistry  at  Budapest  an  embezzle- 
ment of  4,000,000  florins  occurred  in 
the  Department  of  Education  and  Pub- 
lic Instruction.    (Announced.) 

1893  Jan.  24.  Vienna.  DukeAlbrecht 
of  Wiirtemberg  and  Archduchess 
Margaret  Sophie  are  married. 

Mar.  2.  Hung.  Tliree  rioters  are  killed 
in  Szobozlo,  the  riot  growing  out  of 
the  imposition  of  new  market  tolls. 

Apr.  10.  Vienna.  An  attempt  is  made 
to  assassinate  the  Primate  of  Hun- 
gary. 

May  11.  Aust.  Hebrew  officers  at  Trop- 
pau,  Silesia,  defend  themselves  against 
anti-Semites,  12  of  the  latter  being 
wounded. 

May  17.  Bohemia.  A  fight  between 
Czechs  and  Germans  occurs  iu  the 
Diet. 

June  2.  Bohemia.  Disorder  is  preva- 
lent. 

Hung.  A  dynamite  bomb  is  ex- 
ploded in  a  railway  car  at  Mohacs, 
killing  one  person  and  badly  Injuring 
two  others ;  strikers  suspected. 

June  17.  Aust.  Working  men  are  agi- 
tating for  universal  suffrage. 

June  18.  Vienna.  Working  men  and 
police  are  in  collision;  a  commissary  of 
police  is  killed,  five  policemen  are  seri- 
ously injured,  and  26  working  men 
wounded. 

July  8.  Aust.  Over  50  students  are 
arrested  in  Gratz  for  raising  a  disturb- 
ance in  the  streets. 

July  9.  Vienna.  Socialists  make  a 
demonstration  in  favor  of  universal 
suffrage.  [Aug.  20.  Another  demon- 
stration.] 

Aug.  18.  Croatia.  Several  men  are  ar- 
rested in  Biskupitz  for  making  a  trade 
of  crippling  children  for  begging  pur- 
poses ;  live  mutilated  children  found, 
and  instruments  used  seized. 

Sept.  12.  Bohemia.  The  Young  Czechs 
in  Prague  continue  the  anti-German 
agitation ;  a  number  of  arrests  are 
made. 

Sept.  24.  Atist.  At  Bruenn  88  alleged 
Anarchists  are  arrested. 

Sept.  25.  Aust.  A  formidable  Anar- 
chist plot  is  discovered  by  the  police, 
and  many  arrests  are  made. 

Nov.  3,  Vienna.  Socialists  storm  a 
meeting  of  German  liberals,  and,  after 
a  sharp  fight,  are  repulsed  by  the  police. 

Dec.  9.  Oer.  The  absconding  Vienna 
banker,  Tte  June,  is  arrested  in  Berlin. 

Dec.  15.  Bavaria.  The  emperor  visits 
Munich  in  order  to  be  present  at  the 


wedding  of  a  member  of  the  reigning 
family  of  Bavaria. 

1894  Feb.  25.  Aust.  Cashier  Ferles, 
who  embezzled  102,000  florins  from 
the  Department  of  Public  Debt  at  Vi- 
enna, commits  suicide. 

Mar.  4.  Hung.  More  than  300,000  per- 
sons join  in  a  demonstration  in  Buda- 
pest in  favor  of  the  Civil  Marriage 
Bill. 

Mar.  21.  Hungary  is  in  mourning  for 
Louis  Kossutli. 

Mar.  22.  Hung.  Students  in  Budapest 
compel  several  places  of  amusement  to 
close,  as  a  mark  of  respect  for  Kossuth. 

±  Working  men  in  Lower  Austria, 

Moravia,    and    Bohemia    are    holding 
meetings  in  favor  of  universal  suffrage. 

Mar.  23.  Hung.  Mobs  of  students 
and  citizens  are  dispersed  by  troops  in 
Budapest ;  many  students  are  wouudeii. 

Mar.  24.  Hung.  In  the  riots  at  Bu- 
dapest over  40  soldiers  suffer  from 
injuries  received  from  stones,  clubs,  and 
other  weapons. 

Mar.  28.  Vienna.  The  Socialist  As- 
sembly passes  a  resolution  insisting 
upon  universal  suffrage,  and  advocates 
a  general  strike  as  a  means  of  obtain- 
ing it,  if  necessary. 

Mar.  30.  Aust.  The  Government  for- 
bids the  officers  of  the  reserve  and  Hun- 
garian ofiicials  to  act  in  any  capacity  at 
Kossuth's  funeral. 

The  remains  of  Kossuth  arrive  on 
Hungarian  soil  early  in  the  morning; 
and  at  Budapest,  later  in  the  day,  300,000 
persons  line  the  streets  through  which 
the  funeral  procession  moves  from  the 
railroad  station  to  the  Museum. 

Apr.  8±,  Vienna.  Twenty-five  mass- 
meetings  are  held  by  the  working  men 
in  favor  of  obtaining  a  Universal  Suf- 
frage Bill  from  the  Government. 

Apr.  28.  Bohemia.  Prince  Charles  of 
Bourbon  (pretender  to  the  Spanish 
throne)  is  married  to  Princess  Maria 
Bertha  De  Rohan  in  the  cathedral  at 
Prague,  Cardinal  von  Sehonborn,  Arch- 
bishop of  Prague,  officiating. 

Apr.  30.  Vienna.  A  three  hours'  fight 
between  strikers  and  police  takes  place. 

STATE. 

1892  Oct.  11.  Vienna.  The  German 
and  Austrian  emperors  hold  a  frater- 
nal conference. 

Oct.  26.  Hung.  A  Cabinet  crisis  is 
averted. 

Nov.  5.  Vienna.  The  Reichsrath  con- 
siders a  plan  to  join  the  Oder  and  Dan- 
iibe  Rivers  by  a  canal  to  make  water 
connections  with  the  Baltic  and  Black 
Seas. 

Nov.  6.  Hung.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  refuses  the  request  of  the  Pre- 
mier for  permission  to  introduce  the 
Compulsory  Civil  Marriage  Bill. 
[Nov.  9.  Count  Szapary  resigns  in  conse- 
quence. Nov.  16.  A  new  ministry  is 
formed  by  Dr.  Wekerle.] 

1893  Mar.  20.  Vienna.  The  Czech  or 
native  Bohemian  party  introduces  a  bill 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.    1892,  Sept.  14-1894,  May  8.  537 


in  the  lower  House  of  the  Keichsrath 
for  the  virtual  establishment  of  imi- 
versal  suffrage. 

Apr.  6.  Hung.  Count  Apponyi,  in  the 
Diet,  criticises  the  emperor  for  not 
visiting  Budapest  in  five  months. 

Apr.  12.  Vientia,  A  sensation  is  caused 
in  European  capitals  by  the  reception 
of  M.  Stambuloff  by  the  emperor. 

Apr.  21.  Vienna.  Count Kahioky,  the 
Premier,  gives  notice  to  Col.  F.  Grant, 
Minister  of  the  United  States,  that  an 
exequatur  would  not  be  granted  to  Max 
Judd  as  American  Consul  General  at 
Vienna. 

May  17.  Bohemia.  The  Czechs  and 
Germans  have  a  collision  in  the  Land- 
tag. 

May  25.  Hung.  The  Young  Czechs 
are  to  be  excluded  from  all  Imperial 
Delegations'  committees  at  Prague. 

May  27.  Vienna.  The  emperor  gives 
audience  to  Hungarian  and  Austrian 
delegations,  and  says  that  the  Govern- 
ment is  bound,  in  the  interest  of  the 
defense  of  the  Em[iire,  to  develop  the 
military  organization  by  a  progressive 
and  uniform  process, 

Sept.  12.  Bohemia.  The  Anti- Ger- 
man agitation  of  the  Young  Czechs 
continues  in  Prague ;  thirty-eight  Toung 
Czechs  are  arrested. 

Sept.  13.  Bohemia.  The  Govemment 
suspends  some  of  the  rights  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Prague  in  order  to  put  a  Stop  to 
the  Yoting  Czech  agitation. 

Sept.  14.  Hung.  The  session  of  the 
Austro-Hungarian  Delegations 
opens  at  Budapest,  and  the  budget  is 
presented. 

Sept.  17.  Hung.  In  the  Austro-Hunga- 
rian Delegations  the  Young  Czechs 
protest  against  the  foreign  policy  of 
Count  Kalnoky,  -which  imposes  a  griev- 
ous burden  upon  the  people  through  the 
triple  alliance. 

Sept.  26.  The  Emperor  William  and 
the  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  meet  at 
Hetzendorf. 

Oct.  3.  Hung.  A  bill  granting  liberty 
of  worship  to  all  sects  is  debated  in 
the  upper  House  ;  the  Catholic  prelates 
are  in  opposition. 

Oct.  5.  Hung.  The  upper  House  of  the 
Reichstag  passes  the  bill  granting  lib- 
erty of  worship  to  all  religious  be- 
liefs. 

Oct.  10.  Hung.  The  Govemment  is 
sustained  by  the  rejection  of  •'  no  confi- 
dence" in  the  lower  House  of  the 
Reichstag. 

Vienna.  The  Heichsrath  is  opened, 

and  the  Prime  Minister  introduces  a  bill 
extending  the  right  of  suffrage. 

Oct.  18.  Vienna.  Herr  H.  Von  Henger- 
var  is  named  as  the  Ambassador  to 
"Washington,  XT.  S.  A. 

Oct.  19.  Vienna.  A  Cabinet  crisis  is 
averted  by  Count  Taaff e's  offer  to  aban- 
don the  Franchise  Bill. 

Oct.  23.  The  Austrian  and  Hungarian 
Ck>veraments    concur    resx>eoting    th  e 


terms  of  an  Austro-Russian  Trade 
Treaty. 

Vienna.  The  Suffrage  BiU  is  dis- 
cussed In  the  lower  House  of  the  Reichs- 
rath. 

Oct.  29.  Vienna.  The  emperor  has  de- 
cided to  dissolve  the  Reichsrath. 

Oct.  30.  Vienna.  The  Cabinet  re- 
signs; the  leaders  of  the  Opposition 
submit  a  coalition  program  to  the 
emperor. 

Nov.  3.  Vienna.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  requests  Prince  Windisch- 
graetz  to  form  a  Ministry. 

Nov.  5.  Vienna.  Prince  "Windisch- 
graetz  forms  a  new  Ministry. 

Nov.  6.  Vienna.  The  emperor  gives  his 
assent  to  the  introduction  of  a  bill  mak- 
ing the  civil  service  compulsory  in 
all  cases  of  marriage ;  the  Catholic 
clergy  are  bitterly  opposed  to  the  bill. 

Nov.  14.  Vienna.  The  Prime  Minister 
announces  a  new  Franchise  Bill  to  be 
presented  at  the  opening  of  the  Reichs- 
rath, Nov.  23,  though  not  based  upon 
universal  suffrage. 

Nov.  23.  Vienna.  A  Toung  Czech  test 
motion  for  urgency  Is  defeated  in  the 
Reichsrath  by  a  vote  of  171  to  87,  after 
the  Premier  had  stated  the  new  Cabinet's 
policy. 

Dec.  2,  Vienna.  The  Government  sub- 
mits the  Civil  Marriage  Bill  to  the 
Diet. 

Dec,  9.  Vienna.  The  upper  House  of 
the  Reichsrath  adopts  the  Convention 
with  Great  Britain  for  the  protection 
of  literary  copyright. 

Dec.  10.  Vienna.  The  Hungarian  laws 
dealing  with  disputes  between  Church 
and  State  have  received  the  royal  sanc- 
tion. 

Dec.  11.  Vienna.  Francis  Joseph  has 
received  ten  thousand  telegrams  from 
different  parts  of  Hungary,  conveying  to 
him  homage  and  congratulatious  for  his 
action  in  sanctioning  the  ecclesiastical 
bills. 

1894  Jan.  15.  Bohemia.  The  trial  of 
77  members  of  the  Omladina  Society, 
on  the  charge  of  high  treason,  is  begun 
at  Prague. 

Feb.  6,  Hung.  A  bill  making  civil 
marriage  compulsory  is  passed  by  the 
House  of  Representatives.  Vote,  281-106. 

Mar.  28,  Hung.  The  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  commends  the  concessions 
made  by  the  Ministry  to  the  Hungarian 
popular  sentiment  respecting  the  fu- 
neral of  Ijouis  Kossuth. 

Apr.  10.  Hung.  Francis  Kossuth,  who 
has  become  a  subject  of  the  King  of 
Hungary,  proposes  to  carry  on  his 
father's  work  by  taking  an  active  part 
in  politics.  [Nov.  26.  He  takes  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  the  king.] 

Apr.  11.  Vienna.  The  Premier  speaks 
in  the  lower  House  of  the  Reichsrath  in 
defense  of  the  Cabinet's  ^Electoral  Re- 
form Bill. 

Apr.  26.  Austria  and  Hungary  are  to 
share  the  benefits  of  the  Russo-German 
commercial  treaty. 


May  8.  Hung.  The  trial  of  23  mem- 
bers of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Rotunanian  National  Party  be- 
gins at  Klausenburg;  it  issued  a  docu- 
ment denouncing  the  union  of  Austria 
and  Hungary  ;  it  also  declared  that  the 
union  of  Transylvania  with  Hungary 
unjustly  deprives  the  former  of  its 
autonomy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Sept.  19.     Galicia.    Cholera  is 

spreading. 

Sept.  21.  Hung.  Fire  does  great  dam- 
age in  the  town  of  Paks ;  hundreds  of 
people  are  homeless,  and  400  buildings 
are  destroyed. 

Oct.  1,  Berlin.  The  Ai^stro-German 
military  ride  from  Berlin  to  Vienna 
and  return  is  commenced.  [Oct.  4.  Com- 
pleted, 10  per  cent  of  the  horses  having 
been  killed  by  overwork  in  the  ride. 
The  best  records  are  made  by  12  Aus- 
trian officers.] 

Oct.  4.  Hung.  Cholera  ia  spreading  in 
Budapest. 

Oct.  8.  Hung.  Fifty-three  cases  and  19 
deaths  are  reported  from  cholera  in 
Budapest.  [Oct.  21.  Eighteen  new  cases 
and  eight  deaths  are  reported.  Nov.  18. 
Eleven  new  cases.] 

1893  Jan.  24.  Bohemia.  Eighty 
miners  are  killed  and  many  injured  by 
an  explosion  of  tire-damp  at  Bux. 

Jan.  27.  Hung.  An  explosion  fol- 
lowed by  fire  occurs  in  a  coal-mine  ;  19 
bodies  are  recovered,  and  130  men  still 
in  the  burning  mine. 

Feb.  11.  The  empress  contributes 
$40,000  to  a  new  reading-room  in 
the  Vatican. 

Mar.  29.  Aust.  Many  deaths  from 
cholera  are  reported. 

June  3.  Galicia.  Eighteen  people  are 
drowned  by  floods. 

Aug.  14.  Great  destruction  of  life 
and  property  is  caused  by  floods. 

1894  Jan.  14.  Hung.  Thousands  of 
peasants  are  on  the  verge  of  starva- 
tion. 

Mar.  22.  Hung.  Kossuth's  remains 
are  to  be  buried  at  Budapest,  where  the 
students  compel  several  places  of  amuse- 
ment to  close  until  the  interment. 

Mar,  25.  Hung.  Kossuth's  library  is  to 
be  placed  in  the  National  Library  at 
Budapest. 

Mar.  31.  Hung.  The  bodies  of  Kos- 
suth's wife  and  daughter,  taken  from 
the  English  cemetery  at  Genoa,  are  in- 
terred together  after  simple  but  impres- 
sive services  at  Budapest ;  his  remains 
are  lying  in  state,  and  viewed  by  a  con- 
tinuous stream  of  people  in  the  National 
Museum. 

Apr.  20.  Vienna.  An  International 
Exhibition  is  opened  by  Emperor  Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

Apr.  27.  Aust.  Seven  cave-explorers 
are  imprisoned  by  floods  at  Luglock, 
Gratz.  [May 7.  They  are  rescued;  all 
are  alive,  but  one  woman  is  insane.] 


538    1894,  May  9-Dec.  21.         AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


ART  —  LETTERS  —  NATURE. 

1894  June  7.  Vienna.  A  fierce  hail- 
storm occurs. 

Oct.  12-i-.  Vienna.  Jubilee  of  the  mu- 
sician, Johaun  Strauss,  is  celebrated. 

CHURCH. 

1894  May  11.  Hung.  Pope  Leo 
thanks  Cardinal  Veszary  for  his 
efforts  in  defeating  the  Civil  Marriage 
Bill  at  Budapest,  and  gives  his  blessing 
to  all  who  aided  him. 

Aug.  1.  Hung.  Pope  Leo  sanctions  a 
form  of  prayer  appealing  to  the  Virgin 
and  the  patron  Saint  Stephen  to  save 
H  ungary  from  the  enemies  of  the 
Church. 

The  prayer  is  to  be  repeated  daily  in 
the  Hungarian  churches  by  every ttody 
attending  them,  and  the  Pope  therewith 
grants  3(^  days'  indulgence. 

Sept.  28.  Hung.  Pope  Leo  in  a  letter 
to  the  Hungarian  bishops  instructs  them 
to  work  for  a  modification  of  the  laws 
relative  to  children  of  mixed  mar- 
riages.   (See  State,  Oct.  29.) 

SOCIETY. 

1894  May  9.  Aust.  Nine  striking 
miners  are  killed  and  20  wounded  in  a 
battle  with  the  police. 

May  30.  Vienna.  Prince  Augustus  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  and  the  Arch- 
duchess Caroline  Immaculata  of 
the  Tuscan  branch  of  the  Hapsburg- 
Lorraine  are  married. 

July  9.  Bohemia.  One  person  is  killed 
and  several  are  severely  injured  by  a 
bomb  explosion  in  Pilsen  ;  other  bombs 
are  found  and  fuses  extinguished  in  time 
to  prevent  explosions. 

July  29.  Aust.  The  Archduke  "Wil- 
liam is  thrown  from  his  horse,  receiving 
injuries  from  which  he  dies  in  a  few 
hours. 

Sept.  2.  Hung.  The  International  Hy- 
gienic Congress  opens  in  Budapest. 

Sept.  26.  Vienna.  Seventy  Socialists, 
including  many  party  leaders,  are  ar- 
rested. 

Sept.  30.  Vienna.  A  demonstration  in 
behalf  of  universal  suffrage  is  held  ; 
15,000  persons  march  in  the  parade. 

Oct.  12.  Vienna.  The  Johann  Strauss 
Jubilee  begins. 


Oct.  13.     Tyrol.    A      "  Jack-the-Rip- 

per  "  is  arrested  on  the  charge  of  killing 
and  mutilating  two  women  near  Aniras. 

Oct.  14.  Vienna.  The  Strauss  Jubi- 
lee is  celebrated ;  he  is  in  receipt  of 
numerous  gifts  and  messages. 

Dec.  7±.  Hung.  Francis  Kossuth  at- 
tends a  banquet  given  in  Budapest  by 
independent  members  of  tlie  Hungarian 
Diet,  and  promises  to  advance  all  liis 
father's  ideas  except  those  regarding 
the  dynasty. 

Dec.  8.  Vienna.  It  is  announced  that 
the  bodies  of  Stanislas  Helicius,  a  leader 
of  the  Young  Czechs,  and  his  wife 
were  found  on  their  doorstep  near 
Prague. 

Dec.  13.  Hung.  Ten  thousand  persons 
march  in  procession  through  the  streets 
of  Budapest,  in  order  to  celebrate  the 
passage  and  royal  sanction  of  the  Re- 
ligious Freedom  Bills.  Of  this  number 
5,000  carry  torches. 

STATE. 

1894  May  9.  Hung.  Great  excitement 
prevails  in  Budapest  over  the  debate  on 
the  Civil  Marriage  Bill  in  the  House 
of  Magnates  ;  the  members  of  the  body 
favoring  the  measure  are  threatened  by 
postal  card  that  if  the  bill  is  adopted 
the  Chamber  will  be  blown  up.  The 
bill  is  rejected.    Vote,  139-118. 

May  10.  Vienna.  The  government's 
policy  in  the  recent  strike  is  sustained 
in  the  lower  House.    Vote,  182-83. 

May  21.  Hung.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives again  passes  the  Civil  Mar- 
riage Bill.     Vote,  271-105. 

May  25.  Hung.  The  lower  House  at 
Budapest  passes  by  a  large  majority  a 
bill  transferring  the  registration  of 
marriages,  births,  and  deaths  from 
the  clergy  to  state  officials,  supple- 
mentary to  the  Civil  Marriage  Bill. 

May  28.  Hung.  The  Council  of  Minis- 
ters demands  that  the  emperor  create 
enough  new  members  to  insure  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Civil  Marriage  Bill  in  the 
House  of  Magnates. 

May  31.  Hung.  The  Ministry  under 
Dr.  "Wekerle  resigns,  because  the  king 
refuses  to  insure  the  passage  of  the 
Civil  Marriage  Bill  by  creating  Liberal 
Magnates. 


June  1.  Hung.  The  emperor  instructs 
Count  Khuen  Hedervary,  the  Ban  of 
Croatia,  to  form  a  new  Hungarian  Min- 
istry. 

June  3.  Hung.  All  the  men  asked  to 
join  the  new  Hungarian  Cabinet  refuse 
to  serve.  The  Liberals  unanimously 
ask  Dr.  Wekerle  to  retain  the  Liberal 
leadership. 

June  4.  Hung.  The  emperor  has  sum- 
moned Dr.  "Wekerle  to  an  audience  at 
Budapest. 

June  5.  Hung.  The  emperor  has  an- 
other conference  with  Dr.  "Wekerle. 

June  6.  Hung.  Dr.  "Wekerle  forms 
a  new  Hungarian  Cabinet. 

June  10.  Hung.  The  emperor  yields  to 
the  demand  that  D.  von  Szilagyi  be  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Wekerle  Cabi- 
net as  Minister  of  Justice. 

June  12.  Hung.  The  emperor  recog- 
nizes the  Hungarian  Civil  Marriage 
law  as  a  political  necessity. 

June  21.  Hung.  The  House  of  Mag- 
nates at  last  passes  the  Civil  Marriage 
BiU.  Vote,  128-124.  [June  30.  Parlia- 
ment adjourns.] 

The  object  of  the  bill  is  to  establish 
a  uniform  marriage  contract  and  guar- 
antee its  equal  binding  force.  It  pro- 
vides that  the  civil  contract  must  pre- 
cede any  religious  ceremony, 

Jiily  6.  A  commercial  treaty  between 
Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  is  ratified. 

Oct.  29.  Hung.  Three  bills  granting 
freedom  of  religious  worship  and 
recognizing  the  Jewish  religion  are 
passed  by  Parliament.  [Dec.  10.  Ap- 
proved by  the  king.] 

Dec.  21.  Hung.  Dr.  "Wekerle  resigns. 
[1895.  Jan.  16.  A  new  ministry  is 
formed  by  Baron  Banffy.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  June  15.  Aust.  Two  hundred 
miners  are  killed  by  explosions  in 
coal-mines  at  Karwin. 

July  9.  Bohemia.  Several  dynamite 
bombs  are  found  in  Pilsen;  one  explodes 
and  injures  several  persons. 

Aug.  28.  Bohemia.  The  town  of  Plaas, 
including  the  castle  of  the  Metternich 
princes,  is  devastated  by  fire. 

Sept.  2.  Hung.  The  International  Hy- 
gienic Congress  is  opened  in  Budapest. 

Sept.  15.  Galicia.  Cholera  is  spreading. 


BALUCHISTAN. 

Baluchistan  is  a  territory  of  southwestern  Asia,  having  Khelat  for  its  capital.  Area  estimated  at  130,000  square  miles; 
population,  500,000i:.  The  Khan  is  under  the  influence  of  the  British,  who  maintain  a  garrison  at  Quetta,  and  pay  a  subsidy. 
The  southeastern  part  of  Afghanistan  is  called  British  Baluchistan. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1778  *  *  Nusseer  Khan,  the  usurper, 
routs  the  Afghan  army  sent  by  Ahmed 
Shah  to  subdue  him. 

*  *  The  Afghans  defeat  Nusseer  Khan 
in  a  pitched  battle. 

*  *  Nusseer  Khan  is  besieged  in  Khelat, 
but  finally  obtains  a  treaty  of»peacefrom 
the  Afghans. 


1839  *  *  A  detachment  from  the  British 
army  in  Afghanistan  storms  and  cap- 
tures Khelat,  the  capital,  to  punish  the 
treachery  of  Muhammad  Khan. 

About  400  Baluches  are  killed,  includ- 
ing Merhab  Khan,  and  2,000  prisoners 
are  taken. 

1840  July  *  The  British  garrison  at 
Khelat  is  overpowered  by  the  natives. 

Nov-  *  The  British  retake  Khelat  and 
bold  it  [for  a  short  time]. 


1875  *  *  The  military  power  of  the 

Khanis  less  than  40,000  men,  if  all  should 

respond  to  his  summons. 
1880    July  *  The  Khan  protfers  military 

aid  to  Gen.  Roberts,  after  the  latter's 

defeat  by  the  Afghans. 

STATE. 
1739  *  *  Nusseer  Khan  becomes  Beg- 
ler-bey  after  assassinating  his  tyranni- 
cal brother,  Hajee  Muhammad  Khan. 


BALUCHISTAN. 


1739,  ** -1893,  Aug.  *    539 


1778*  *  Nusseer  Khan  declares  his  do- 
miaions  independent  of  Afghanistan, 
and  war  with  the  Afghans  follows. 

1705  *  *  Nusaeer  Khan  dies  iu  extreme 
old  age. 

June  *  Muhammad  Khan,  the  oldest 
of  three  sons,  succeeds  his  father. 

His  weak  and  tyrannical  reign  reduces 
his  dominions  by  the  revolt  of  many 
provinces. 

•  *  A  rebellion  by  Beheram  Khan  is 
quelled. 

1839**Mehrab  Khan  annoys  the 
British. 

•  *  The  British  establish  a  governor  at 
Khelat,  the  capital, 

1840  *  *  The  British  governor  and  gar- 
rison are  overpowered  by  the  natives. 

1841  *  *  Nusseer  Khan,  son  of  Mehrab 
Khan,  is  enthroned  by  the  British,  who 
evacuate  the  country  after  securing  a 
satisfactory  treaty. 

1854  *  *  Meer  Nusseer  Khan  rules  the 
Khelat  State. 

May  14.  Meer  Nusseer  Khan  concludes 
a  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  by  which 
his  government  is  to  be  subsidized  ;  the 
terms  of  the  treaty  are  arranged  by  Gen. 
John  Jacob. 


1856*  *  Meer  Nusseer  Khan  dies. 

*  *  Meer  Khodadad,  12  years  of  age, 
succeeds  his  brother  as  khan. 

1857  *  *  The  British  send  a  political 
agent,  Maj.  Henry  Qreen,  to  aid  the 
Khan  iu  controlling  his  people  during 
the  revolt  in  India.  [Maj.  Malcolm 
Green  follows  him.] 

1863  *  *  Khodadad  Khan  is  attacked 
and  severely  wounded  by  his  cousin, 
Shere  dil  Khan,  while  riding ;  he  then 
flees  to  British  territory. 

*  *  Shere  dil  Khan  is  elected  and  pro- 
claimed ruler. 

1864  *  *  Shere  dil  Khan  is  murdered 
in  the  Gundava  Pass. 

*  *  Khodadad  Khan  is  restored  by  his 
revolting  subjects. 

A  condition  of  irrepressible  anarchy 
prevails  ;  the  rulers  of  several  provinces 
revolt. 
1873*  *The  British  withhold  the 
stipulated  subsidy,  as  the  conditions 
have  not  been  observed. 

1874  *  *  The  British  suspend  diplo- 
matic relations  with  the  Khelat  State. 

1875  *  *  Maj.  Robert  Sandeman  ne- 
gotiates a  new  treaty. 


*  *  The  annual  revenue  of  the  Khelat 
State  is  about  300,000  rupees,  equal  to 
$150,000. 

1877*  *A  British  force  occupies 
Quetta,  which  soon  becomes  a  peaceful 
and  prosperous  station. 

1887  *  *  The  announcement  is  made  that 
Quetta,  with  the  districts  of  Pishin  Tlial 
Chotiali,  and  Sibi,  are  to  become  Brit- 
ish territory. 

1893  Aug.*  Mir  Muhammad  suc- 
ceeds to  the  office  of  khan. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

*  *  *  The  Church  Missionary  Society 
establishes  a  mission  station  at 
Quetta. 

1889  *  *  The  mission  station  at  Quetta 
reports  one  missionary  and  his  wife,  18 
persons  baptized,  and  11  communicants. 

*  *  *  Three  of  the  four  Gospels  have 
been  translated  into  Baluchi. 

*  *  *  A  railroad  connects  Quetta  with 
the  Punjab  in  India. 

*  *  *The  population  is  estimated  at 
500,000. 

*  *  *  The  religion  of  the  Baluchi  is  Mo- 
hammedanism. 


BELGIUM. 

Beloitm  is  a  state  of  Western  Europe,  having  Brussels  for  its  capital.  Its  area  is  18,600  square  miles  ;  population  in  1895, 
6,410,783.  It  is  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Antwerp,  Brabant,  East  Flanders,  Hainaut,  Li^ge,  Limburg,  Luxemburg,  Namur, 
and  West  Flanders.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy  administered  by  an  hereditary  monarch.  The  people  are 
chiefly  Roman  Catholics,  and  speak  the  French  and  Flemish  languages. 

Note.  —  The  following  abbreviations  are  here  used  tolocate  the  events  described :  Ant.,  Antwerp;  Bra.,  Brabant;  £./*.,  East  Flanders; 
H.,  Hainaut;  Lim.,  Limburg;  Lux.,  Luiemburg;  Z,.,  Li^ge;  iV.,  Namur;  W.  /'.,  West  Flanders;  Brussels,  the  capital,  is  also  used  as  a  locality 
word. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

51  *  *  B.C.  Flanders  is  conquered  by 
Julius  CsBBar. 

1382  Nov.  27.  A.  d.  At  Rosebecque 
Charles  VI.  of  France  defeats  the 
Flemings,  who  had  revolted  against 
their  count. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

930  *  *  Hucbald  of  Flanders  invents  a 
system  of  scales  wherein  the  semitone 
is  always  between  the  second  and  third 
of  a  tetrachord. 

1014  Sept.  28.  Nearly  the  whole  of 
Flanders  is  submerged  in  a  storm. 

1108  *  »  fV.  F.  Ostend  is  inundated 
and  entirely  covered  by  the  sea. 

1320  ♦  *  Very  delicate  lace  is  made  in 
Flanders. 

1340  •  *  The  iron  manufacture  is  well 
established  ;  coal  is  alleged  to  have  been 
used  at  Marche-les-dames. 

1350  •  •  Ant.  The  Gothic  cathedral  of 
Notre  Dame  at  Antwerp  is  founded. 

1402  *  *  Oil  is  first  used  in  jiainting 
by  Jan  Van  Eyck. 

1415*  *}y.F.  Jan  and  Hubert  Van  Eyck 
of  Bruges,  two  brothers,  become  foun- 
ders of  the  Flemish  school  of  painting. 

1432  *  "  E.F.  Jan  Van  Eyck  is  exempt- 
ed from  taxes  at  Ghent  on  account  of 
his  great  merit  as  a  painter. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1058  *  *  Bouillon.    Godfrey,   de,    hero    of 
the  First  Crusade,  born.   [1100.   Dies.  A42.] 

1218*  •  Uoethals,    Hendrlk,    Fleni.    theolo- 
gian, born.     rl293.     Dies.     A75.] 

1235  "  *  Maerlant,  Jakob  van,  Flem.  poet, 
born.     [1309.     Dies.     A65.] 

1340*  *  Artevelile, Philipvan,  revolutionary 
leader,  born.    [1382.     Dies.    A42.] 

1366  *  *  Eyck.  Hubert  van.  Flem.  painter, 
born.    [1426.    Dies.     A60.J 

1390  *  •  Bruges,   .lohn   of,    Flem.    painter, 
born.    [1440.    Dies.    A50.] 
£yck,  Jan  van.  Flem.  painter,  born.   [1440, 
July  9.    Dies.    A50.: 

1403  *  ♦  Chaslelain,  Georges,  Flem.  chron- 
icler, born.     [1475.     Dies.    A72.] 

1420  •  *  Goes,  Hugo  van  der,  Flem.  painter, 
born.    [1480±.    Dies.    A60±.J 


CHURCH. 

1010  »  •  Brussels.  The  Cathedral  of 
St.  Gudule  is  begun. 

1099  *  »  Lux.  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  of 
the  Grand  Duchy  of  Luxemburg,  founds 
the  order  of  Knights  of  the  Holy- 
Sepulchre. 

1206  *  *  -20  *  *  L.  St.  Francis  estab- 
lishes the  Beguine  order  of  Nuns  at 
I.i^ge. 

1273  *  •  Brussels.  The  Cathedral  of 
St.  Gudule  is  completed. 

LETTERS. 
1426  *  *  Bra.    The  University  of  Lou- 
vain  is  established ;  it  is  controlled  by 
the  authorities  of  the  Catholic  Church. 


SOCIETY. 
1338  *  *  Ant.    A   magnificent    tourna- 
ment celebrates  the  birth  in  this  city 
of  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  son  of  Edward 
III.  of  England. 

STATE. 
51  *  *  B.  c.    Belgium  becomes  a  part  of 
the  Roman  Smpire  by  conquest  under 
Julius  Caesar. 

Ist  Century.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Celtic  tribes. 

5th  Century.  The  Inhabitants  are  chiefly 
Germans. 

837  *  *  Antwerp  falls  into  the  hands  of 
the  Northmen. 

870  *  •  After  the  treaty  of  Mersen  the 
Netherlands  provinces  chiefly  belong 
to  Germany,  and  form  a  dependence 
of  the  duchy  of  Lotharingia. 

1008  •  *  Ajitwerp  is  a  marquisate  of 
the  Holy  Eoraan  Empire. 

1406  •  *  Ant.  The  marquisate  of  Ant- 
werp returns  to  Brabant,  after  being 
held  by  the  Count  of  Flanders  and  the 
House  of  Burgundy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1448*  *1570*  *  Antwerp  is  very  pros- 
perous; 2,500  shii>B  are  seen  iu  the 
river  at  one  time. 


540    1450,  *  *-1678,  Sept.  17. 


BELGIUM. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1451  *  *  E.    F.     Ghent    rebels    against 

Philip  of  Burgundy. 
1539  *  *  E.  F.    Ghent   rebels   against 

the  Emperor  Charles  V. 
1564  •  *  1648  *  •  War  of  Liberation 

in  the  Netherlands. 

1566  »  •  A  great  insurrection  is  pro- 
voked in  the  Netherlands  by  an  attempt 
of  Philip  toestablisii  the  Inquisition. 

1567  *  *  The  Duke  of  Alva  with  20,000 
Spaniards  arrives  to  suppress  the  re- 
volt. 

1568  •  •  Bra.  'William  of  Orange  en- 
ters Brabant  with  an  army,  but  the 
Duke  of  Alva  declines  a  battle. 

1572  *  *  William  of  Orange  is  elected 
commander-in-chief  of  the  rebel  forces. 

*  *  Brllle  on  the  mouth  of  the  Meuse  is 
captured  by  the  Water  Beggars.  Kapid 
spread  of  the  insurrection. 

1574  Apr.  14.  Spaniards  win  a  vic- 
tory at  Mookerheide,  where  two 
brothers  of  the  I'rince  of  Orange  fall. 

Oct.  *  William  of  Orange  relieves  Ley- 
den. 

1576  *  •  Antwerp  is  taken  by  the  Span- 
iards, and  given  up  to  three  days  of  pil- 
lage. 

1583  •  *  Antwerp  is  besieged  by  the 
Due  d'Alenfon,  who  is  successfully  re- 
sisted. 

1684  July  10.  William  of  Orange  is 
murdered  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

1585  Aug.  17.  TheDuke  of'parma 
makes  a  triumphal  entry  into  Antwerp 
after  a  successful  siege. 

1601  July  *  ir.  F.  The  Spaniards  be- 
siege Ostend. 

1604  Sept. »  W.  F.  Ostend  capitu- 
lates to  the  Spaniards. 

1622  Aug.  30.  H.  The  indecisive  bat- 
tle of  Fleurus  is  fought  between  tlie 
Catholic  League  under  Gonzales  de  Cor- 
dova and  the  Protestant  Union. 

1667  *  *  -68  *  ♦  W^ar  of  Conquest  on 
account  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

Brabant,  Flanders,  etc..  are  claimed 
by  Louis  XIV'.  on  the  death  of  his  father- 
in-law,  Philip  IV'.  of  Spain. 

*  *  Part  of  Flanders  and  Hainaut  are 
conquered  by  the  French  under  Tu- 
renne. 

1672  •  ♦  -78  •  »  Second  War  of  Con- 
quest by  France  against  Holland. 

1678  Mar.  9.  Ghent  is  taken  by 
Louis  XIV'.  of  France. 

*  •  -79  *  *  Peace  of  Nimeguen,  Hol- 
land. France  and  the  United  Provinces 
sign  a  treaty  of  peace. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

1450  *  *  Ant.  The  Church  of  St.  James 
is  erected  at  Antwerp. 

1468  *  *  A  severe  mnter  occurs  in  Flan- 
ders ;  the  wine  distributed  is  cut  by 
hatchets. 

1471*  tHand  guns  are  used  by  300 
Flemings  who  accompanied  Edward  IV. 
of  England  when  he  landed  at  Kaven- 
spur. 


1475*  *  Diamond  polishing  is  invented 
by  Ludwig  von  Berkem. 

1518*  *  Ant.  The  cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame  in  Antwerp  is  completed. 

1531  *  »  Ant.  The  Exchange,  one  of 
the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind  in  Europe, 
is  built  at  Antwerp. 

1537  •  •  The  dissection  of  the  human 
body  is  performed  by  ^'esalius. 

1544  *  *  A  severe  winter  occurs  in  Flan- 
ders ;  the  wine  is  frozen  solid. 

1556  *  •  Mercator's  Charts  are  pub- 
lished, in  which  the  world  is  treated  as 
a  plane ;  Gerard  Mercator,  or  Kauil- 
niaun,  is  the  alleged  constructor. 

1603  *  *  Democritus  and  Heraclitus  is 
painted  by  Rubens. 

1608*  *Ant.  Rubens  is  called  to 
Antwerp  by  the  death  of  his  mother. 

1609  *  *  Van  Dyck  is  apprenticed  to 
Ilendrik  A' an  Balen. 

*  *  Ant.  Rubens  is  made  court  painter 
by  the  Archduke  Albert  of  Antwerp. 


count. 


"??i\'o''''"  'P  ''<^  ^°'"'  f"''^'"-  statesman,  bom. 

[16«8.     Dies.     A46.] 
Eguiont,  Lamoral,  Flem.  count,  bom.    r  1568. 
Dies.    A46.J 
1034  •  •  Bologna,  Giovanni  di,  Flem.  scnln- 

tor,  born. 
1526  •  *  Colin,  Alexander,  sculptor,  born. 
1631  •  *  Brederode,  Hendrik,  Flem.  coun 

born.    CISUS.    Dies.    A37.] 

1B33«  *  Vermeulen,  Jan,  Flem.  theologian. 

born.    [1585.     Dies.    A52.:  ' 

1048  •  »  Ayala,  llalthasar  de,  Flem.  Jurist,  b. 

Aldegonde,  Philippe  van  Marnlx,  .Seigneur 

de    Mont-sainl,    <llplomati8t,    litterateur. 

born.    C1598.     Dies.    A50.] 

Mander,  Carel  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1550*  •  Steenwyk,  Hendrik,  Flem.  painter. 

born.  * 

1555  •  •  Calvart,  nionlsl,  Flem.  painter,  b. 

1556  *  *  Bril,  Panliis,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1557  *  *  Oort,  Adam  van,  Flein.  painter,  b. 
1660  •  •  Balen,  Hendrik  van,  Flem.  painter, 

born. 
(Jruter  or  Gruytere,  Jan,  Flem.  antiqimry,  b. 
1569  *  •  Brengliel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1570»  •  F'loris,  Krans,  Flem.  painter,  ASO. 
1677  June27.    Rubens,  Peter  Paul,  Flem. 

painter,  born. 
*  •  Helmont,  Jean  Baptlste  van,  Flem.  phy8.,b. 
1678*  *  A  lard,    Francis,   Flem.    Protestant 

theologian,  dies. 
1579  •  •  Snyders,  Franz,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
158S*  •  Crayer,  Gaspard,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
Teniers,  David,  the  elder,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
1584  »  «  Ayala,  Jialthasar  de.  Flem.  tnrlnt. 

A36+ 


"  Ayala,  Jialthasar  de,  Flem.  jurist. 


1611**  Ant.   Rubens  agrees  to  paint, 

for  the   Guild   of   Harquebusiers,    the    lltt  .''i'^'JZltTeiiTi-'il'J:ll 


great  altar  piece  [which  since  1614  has 
decorated  their  altar  in  the  Antwerp 
cathedral],  containing  the  famous  Ue- 
scent  from  the  Cross,  the  Visitation,  the 
Presentation,  the  St.  Christopher,  and  a 
Hermit. 

Rubens  builds  and  decorates  for 
himself  a  beautiful  house  in  Antwerp. 
1615  *  *  Ant.      Anthony    "Van    Dyck 
enters  the  studio  of  Rubens. 

1619  *  *  Battle  of  the  Amazons  is  painted 
by  Rubens. 

1620  *  *  Rubens  procures  Van  Dyck  a 
commission  to  paint  an  altar  piece. 

1622  *  *  Ft.  Rubens  is  called  to  Paris 
by  Maria  de  Medici,  to  decorate  the 
Luxembourg  palace  with  twenty-one 
great  pictures  representing  the  events 
in  her  life  up  to  the  period  of  her  recon- 
ciliation with  her  son,  Louis  XIII. 

1624  *  *  Van  Helmont  introduces  the 
term  gas. 

1629  *  *  Portrait  of  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land is  painted  by  Rubens. 

1638*  *  Crucifixion  of  St.  Peter  iBySiintQA 
by  Rubens. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1450*  •  Despres,  Josqnin,  Flem.  musician, 

horn.     [I530±.     Dies.     A80.] 
X455  *   •  Lefevre,    Peter    B.,    bishop,    born. 

[1537.     Dies.    A82.] 
1460*  *  Matsys.  Qoentin,    Flem.   painter, 

born.    [1529.    Dies.    A69.] 
1463  •  *  Badius,   Jodoeus   or  Jesse,   Flem. 

poet,  born.     [1535.     Dies.     A73.J 
1485t.  *  ■  Cleef  or  Cleve,  Joost  van,  Flem. 

painter,  born.    []530i.    Dies.    A46.J 
1495  *  •  Memling,  Hans,  Flem.  painter,  dies. 
1497*  •  Coxcie,    Michael,     Klem.    painter, 

born.     [1552.     Dies.    A5.5.] 
1499+  *  •  Mabuse,  Jan  or  Gossaert,  Flem. 

painter,  born.    [1562.    Dies.    A63r^.] 
±  Lombard,  Lambert,  Flem.  architect,  born. 

C1568.    Dies.    A59±.] 
1510*  *Yple8,    Charles  de,  painter,   born. 

[1563.     Dies.    A53.] 
+  Cleef,  Henry  van,  painter,  born. 
1512  *   •  Mercator,  Gerard,  Flem.  geog.,  b. 
1513**Balu8,    Michael,    Flem.    cl.,    born. 

[1589.     Dies.    A76.] 
1520  i  •  •  Floris,  Frans,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

Lasso,  (Orlando,  composer,  born. 
1522  •  •  Bnsbectj,    AuKier    Ghislen,    Flem. 

scholar,  traveler,  born. 


'  Honthorst,  (ierard,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
Bnsbecq,  Augier  Gliislen,  Flemish  scholar. 
A70. 

1594*   *  Duquesnoy,  Francois,  Flem.  sculp- 
tor, born. 
Mercator,  Gerard,  Flemish  geographer,  A82. 
Jordaens,  Jakob,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1597  *  *  Hock,  Jan  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1599  *  *  Utrecht,  Adriaan  van,  Flem.  painter, 
born. 

Eykeiis,  or  Eyckens,  Pieter,  historical  paint- 
er, born.     [1649.     liies.     A50+.] 
Miel,  or  Meel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
Van  Dyck.  Sir  Anthony.  Flem.  painter,  b. 

1600  *  *  Oost,  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
1602*  *  Champagne,    Philippe     de,    Flem. 

pahiter,  born. 
1604*  *  Steenwyk,  Hendrik,  Flem.  painter, 
A54.  .  F  , 

1606  *  *  Peters,  Francis  Lnoas,  painter,  born. 
Mander,  Carel  van,  Flem.  painter,  A58. 
Clouet,  Peter,  Flem.  engraver,  born. 

1607  *  *  Quellyn,  Erasnms,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
1608*  *  Bologna,  Giovanni  di,  Flem.  sculp- 
tor, A84. 

1609  *  *  ArminiuB  or  Harmensen,  Jakobus, 

dies,  A49. 
1610*  *  Ostade,  Adrian  van,  Flem.  painter, 

born.  ' 

Teniers,  David,  the  younger,  Flem.  painter,  b. 

161 1  •  »  Hobbema,  Myuderbout,  Flem.  paint- 
er, born. 

1612  *  *  Colin,  Alexander,  sculptor,  A86. 
1614  *  *  Wouters,  Francois,  Flem.  jtalnter,  b. 

Peters,  Bonaventure,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
t.'oques,  Gonzales,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1616*  *  Bourignon,    Antoinette,    Flem.    fa- 
natic, born. 
1619  *  •  Calvart,  Dionisi,  Flem.  painter,  A64. 
1625*  *  Llngelbach,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  b. 
Berchem,  Nicholas,  Flem.  engraver,  A  65. 
Fyt,  or  Feyt,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
1626*  *  Bril,  Pauhis,  painter,  A70. 
1627  *  *  Gruter,  Jan,  Flem.  antiquary,  A67. 
1630*  *  Quellyn,     Hans     Erasmus,     Flem. 

painter,  sculptor,  born. 
1632  •  *  Balen,  Hendrik  van,  Flem.  painter, 

A72. 
1634*  *  Meulen,    Antoon    Frans  van    der, 

Flem.  painter,  born. 
1635  •   *  Peters,  Jolin,  painter,  born. 

1640  May  30.  Rubens.  Peter  Paul,  Flem. 
painter,  A 63. 

Hennepin,  Louis,  Flem.  monk  missionary,  b. 

1641  ♦  *  Van  Dyck,  Sir  Anthony.  Flem. 
painter,  A42. 

Oort,  Adam  van,  Flem.  painter,  A84. 

1043  *  *  Breughel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A73. 

1644  *  *  Helmont,  Jean  Baptiste  van,  Flem. 
physician,  A67. 

1646  *  *  Cleef,  Jan  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 
Duquesnoy,  Fran(;oi8,  Flem.  sculptor,  .^52. 

1649*  *  Teniers,  David,  the  elder,  Flem. 
painter,  A67. 

1650*  *  Hock,  Jan  van,  Flem.  painter, 
A47.  (?) 

1051  *  *  Utrecht,  Adriaan  van,  Flem.  painter, 
A52. 

1652  *  *  Peters,  Bonaventure,  marine  paint- 
er, A  38. 


BELGIUM. 


1450,  *  *-1678,  Sept.  17.    541 


1664  *  *  Peters,  Francis  I.ncas,  painter,  A48. 
1866  •  *  Koos,  I'hilip  Peter,  Flem.  painter, 

lK)ni. 
1666  *  *  lUoeinen,  John  Francis  van,  Flem. 

painter,  born. 
1657*  •  Snyders,  Franz,  Flem.  painter,  A78. 
Lapide,  C'ornelins,  Flem.  commentator,  dies. 
1669  *  •  Wouters,  Francois,  Fleui.  painter, 

A45. 
1660  *  *  Uontliorst,  Gerard,  Flem.  painter, 

A68. 
1663*  *  .\udenaerde,    Robert    van,    Flem. 

painter,  born.  [1743.  Dies.  A80.] 
1664  •  •  Miel,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A65. 
1669  *  *  Crayer  Gasiiard  de,  Flem.  painter, 

A87. 
1671  •  *  Oost,  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  ATI. 

Fyt,  Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A46. 
1678  •  •  llreughel,  Abraham,   Flem.   paint- 
er, Ijorn. 
1674*    'Champagne,    Philippe    de,    Flem. 

painter,  A72. 
1677  *  *  Peters,  John,  marine  painter,  A42. 
1678*  *  Quellyn,   Krasmufi,  Flem.  painter, 

A71. 
Jordaeiu,  Jakob,  Flem.  painter,  A84. 


CHURCH. 

1516*  '-Se*  "The  Protestant  reli- 
gion begins  to  spread  through  Belgiam 
amid  much  persecution. 

1556  *  »  -98  •  *  Keign  of  Philip  II. ;  he 
cruelly  opposes  Protestants  and  Intro- 

I        duces  the  Inquisition. 
*  •  Switz.    George  David,  a  Flemish  fa- 
natic, professing  to  be  the  Messiah,  and 
founder  of  the  Davidists,  dies  at  Basel. 
1567  *  *  The    Duke    of    Alva   arrives 
with  20,000  Spaniards  to  subdue  the 
Protestants;  by  cruelty  and  oppression 
he  drives  them  to  rebellion. 
t        *  *  WiUiaru  of  Orange  is  converted  to 
Protestantism. 
1568    Feb.  •  A  sentence  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion condemns    to  death,  as    heretics, 
nearly  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Nether- 
lands. 
1597*  *  Bniaaels.    Lady    Mary    Percy 
founds  a  .convent.    [In  1794  the  nuns 
are  forced  to  leave  for  England.] 

LETTERS. 

1529  Oct.  14.  Brussels.  Placards  an- 
nounce death  by  burning  to  persons 
concealing  prohibited  books. 

1605  *  *  Ant.  Xieuve  Zijdinghen  is  is- 
sued at  Antwerp. 

1637  •  •  -44  •  »  Gazette  Extraordinaris 
Postfijdinghen  is  issued. 

1649  *  *  Brussels.  Cmirrier  vMtabte  dea 
Pays-Bas  is  issued. 

1667  *  *  E.F.  Gazette  van  Ghent  is  is- 
sued at  Ghent. 

SOCIETY. 

1385  *  *  The  counts  of  Flanders  being 
without  male  heirs,  their  possessions 
go  to  the  House  of  Burgundy  [which 
soon  gains  possession  of  all  the  Nether- 
lands]. 

1567  *  *  The  Duke  of  Alva  persecutes 
the  Protestants,  devastating  the  coun- 
try, and  erecting  scaffolds  in  every  city. 

1584  July  10.  William  the  Silent, 
Prince  of  Orange,  is  a.isassinated  at 
Delft  by  Balthazar  Gerard. 

1609  Oct.  13.  Eubens  marries  Isa- 
bella Brandt. 


STATE. 

1477  •  *  Mary  of  Burgundy,  heiress  of 
Charles  the  Bold,  marries  the  Archduke 
Maximilian,  son  of  Emperor  Frederick 
IV.,  and  thus  transfers  the  Nether- 
lands to  the  House  of  Austria. 

1493  *  •  Maximilian  I.  becomes  Em- 
peror of  Germany. 

1494  *  •  Maximilian  resigns  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Netherlands  to  his  son, 
Philip  the  Handsome,  17  years  of  age, 
who  becomes  regent. 

1496*  *  Philip  marries  Johanna, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of 
Castile,  having  one  son  [later  Charles  V.]. 

1507  *  •  Brussels  becomes  the  capital 
of  the  low  countries  under  Philip  the 
Handsome. 

1516*  *-56*  *  Reign  of  Charles  I. 
(Emperor  Charles  V.),  King  of  Spain. 

1544*  *  "William  of  Orange,  "The 
Silent,"  inherits  the  estates  of  Brabant, 
Flanders,  Holland,  and  the  small  prin- 
cipality of  Orange  in  France,  from  a 
childless  cousin. 

1556  »  •-98*  *PhiUp  II.  reigns;  he 
is  son  of  Charles  I.,  King  of  Spain,  and 
inherits  the  Netherlands  on  the  abdica- 
tion of  his  father. 

1567  Apr.  22.     William   of  Orange 

resigns  his  ofHoes,  and,  with  many  thou- 
sand Netherlanders,  leaves  his  coimtry 
on  the  arrival  of  the  Duke  of  Alva. 

1568  *  *  The  long  war  of  liberation 
begins. 

It  is  caused  by  the  fact  that  ancient 
and  important  privileges  are  jealously 
prized,  while  the  Si>anish  garrison,  the 
penal  e4licts  against  heretics,  the  deed 
of  the  introduction  of  the  Spani.'fh  In- 
quisition, lead  to  a  league  of  the  nobles, 
headed  by  Philip  Marnix  of  St.  Alde- 
gonde. 

*  *  Offense  is  given  Spain  by  the  pres- 
entation of  the  petition  of  300  nobles 
("Beggars"),  the  insurrection  of  the 
lower  classes,  and  the  destruction  of 
Images,  and  sacking  of  churches. 

Feb.  *  By  a  sentence  of  the  Inquisition 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Netherlands, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  are  condemned 
to  death. 

June  5.  Bntasela.  Lamoral,  Count  Eg- 
mont,  Horn,  and  many  Protestants 
are  executed. 

*  *  The  estates  of  Protestants  who  fail 
to  appear  before  the  Spanish  tribunal 
are  confiscated;  that  of  William  of 
Orange  is  among  those  confiscated. 

1572  »  *  Many  cities  of  Holland  raise 
the  standard  of  William  of  Orange, 
who  is  appointed  leader  of  the  rebellious 
provinces. 

1573  *  •  The  Duke  of  Alva  is  recalled 
at  his  own  request ;  Ijuis  de  Hequesens 
y  Zuniga  is  his  successor. 

1576  *  *  Bequesens  dies  of  fever. 

*  *  E.  E.    Pacification  of  Ghent. 

All  the  provinces  of  the  Netherlands 
unite  to  drive  out  the  Spaniards,  after 
the  sacking  of  Antwerp,  Maestricht, 
Ghent,  and  other  cities  by  royal  troops  ; 
national  and  religious  differences  are 
ignored. 


1677  *  *  Don  John  of  Austria  succeeds 
Requesens,  but  is  not  recognized  by  the 
majority  of  the  provinces ;  he  fails  to 
quiet  them. 

1578  *  *  Don  John  dies. 

•  *  Alexander  Famese,  Duke  of  Parma, 
is  governor ;  he  subdues  the  southern 
provinces  (Belgium),  which  adhere  to 
the  Catholic  faith  ;  he  promises  the  res- 
toration of  their  old  political  freedom. 

1579  Jan.  23.  The  Union  of  Utrecht 
founds  a  famous  republic. 

Seven  provinces  declare  their  indepen- 
dence of  Spain :  Holland,  Zealanil, 
Utrecht,  Gelderland,  (ironingen,  Fries- 
land,  Overyssel ;  William  of  Orange  is 
made  stadtnolder;  the  southern  portion 
(Belgium)  continues  under  Spanish  rule. 

1584  *  *  Maurice  of  Nassau  succeeds 
his  murdered  father  as  head  of  the  Seven 
Provinces. 

1598  *  *  -1621  *  *  Phihp  m.  of  Spain 
reigns. 

He  cedes  Belgium  to  his  daughter  Isa- 
bella and  the  Archduke  Albert,  her  hus- 
band. 

1609  *  »  -21  *  *  A  truce  is  maintained 
by  the  Netherlands  and  Spain,  on  the 
basis  of  possession  at  the  time. 

1621  *  *  King  Albert  dies  without  is- 
sue, and  the  coiuitry  reverts  to  Spain. 

*  *-25*  *  Philip  rv.  of  Spain  reigns. 

1646  *  *  Peter  Stuyvesant  is  appointed 
governor  of  New  Netherlands,  America. 

1648*  »  The  independence  of  the  Re- 
public of  the  United  Provinces  is  recog- 
nized by  Spain  and  the  Empire,  at  the 
Peace  of  'WestphaUa. 

1659*  'By  the  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenees 
the  county  of  Artois,  Thionville,  and 
other  districts  are  ceded  to  France  by 
Spain. 

1664  *  *  The  New  Netherlands  (A mei- 
ica)  is  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

1668  *  *  By  the  Peace  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Lille,  Charleroi,  Gudenarde, 
Courtray,  and  other  towns  are  ceded  to 
France. 

1678  •  *  -79  *  »  The  Peace  of  Nime- 
guen  restores  to  Spain  some  of  the  ter- 
ritory previously  ceded,  but  cedes  to 
France  Valenciennes,  Nieuport,  Cam- 
bray,  St.  Omer,  Ypres,  and  Charlemont. 
[These  are  in  part  returned  at  the  Peace 
of  Ryswick.] 

1678  Sept.  17.  France  cedes  to 
Spain  Limburg,  Ghent,  Waes,  etc. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1450+  *  *  Trade  flourishes  in  Flanders ; 
all  the  nations  of  Europe  have  ware- 
houses at  Bruges  and  Ghent. 

1516  *  *  A  post-oifloe  is  established  be- 
tween Vienna  and  Brussels. 

1531  »  •  The  Exchange  is  built  in  Ant- 
werp. 

*  *  The  rising  Commercial  Company  is 
sacrificed  to  the  jealousy  of  the  Dutch. 

1585+  *  *  The  glory  of  Antwerp  rap- 
idly declines. 

1648  »  *  The  Scheldt  is  closed  to  the 
commerce  of  Antwerp  by  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia. 


542 


1680,  »  *-1831,  Aug.  2. 


BELGIUM. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1690    July  1.    The   Prmoe   of  Wal- 
deek  is  defeated  by  Marshal  Luxem- 
burg at  Fleurus. 

1692  July  1.  Namur  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

1695  Aug.  •  Brussels  is  bombarded 
by  the  French  under  Marshal  Villeroi ; 
14  churches  and  10,000  houses  are  con- 
sumed. 

Sept.  *  Namur  is  retaken  from  the 
French  by  King  William  III.  of  England. 

1706  May  23.  Bra.  Battle  of  Kamil- 
lies. 

The  allies  under  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough defeat  the  French  and  Bava- 
rians under  Marshal  de  Villeroi :  the 
French  are  seized  with  panic,  and  the 
defeat  becomes  a  rout.  French  loss  13  - 
000;  allies' loss,  3,500.  [The  French  soon 
lose  all  the  fortresses  in  the  Low  Coun- 
try.] 

•  *  E.  F.  Ghent  is  taken  by  the  British 
under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 

1708  July  11.  The  allies  under  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene  defeat 
the  French  besiegers  under  Louis  Jo- 
seph Due  de  Vendome  and  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy  at  Oudenarde. 

1745  May  •  The  French  commence  the 
subjugation  of  the  Austrian  Nether- 
lands by  an  army  under  Marshal  Mau- 
rice of  Saxony. 

May  11.  H.  Battle  of  Fontenoy,  near 
Tournay.  The  French  under  Marshal 
Maurice  of  Saxony  defeat  the  army  of 
the  Pragmatic  Sanction  (English,  Han. 
overians,  Dutch,  and  Austrians)  under 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  with  the  loss 
of  12,000  men ;  the  French  lose  nearly 
the  same  number. 

1746  Feb.  16.  Brussels.  Marshal 
Saxe  takes  the  city. 

1748  •  »  The  French  retire  by  treaty 
from  their  conquests  in  the  Austrian 
Netherlands. 

1756  *  *  jr.  F.  The  French  garrison 
Ostend  for  Maria  Theresa. 

1789  Dec.  11.  Brussels.  Uprising 
against  the  Austrians ;  the  garrison  is 
compelled  to  capitulate. 

1790  Nov.  *  An  Atistrian  army  en- 
ters Belgium,  and  easily  subdues  the 
people. 

1792  Nov.*  Brussels.  The  French 
under  Gen.  Dumouriez  take  the  city. 

*  *  Antwerp  is  occupied  by  the  French. 

1793  •  *E.F.  Ghent  is  taken  by  the 
French. 

Nov.  6.  H.  At  Jemappes  the  French 
Kepublican  army,  40,000  strong,  under 
Gen.  Dumouriez,  defeat  19,000  Aus- 
trians, and  drive  them  from  their  de- 
fenses; the  Austrians  lose  10,000  men 
and  the  French  12,000.  [The  victory 
gives  to  France  the  country  to  the  south 
of  Li^ge.] 

1794  June  26.  JI.  The  army  of 
France  imder  Marshal  Jourdan  defeats 
the  aUies  under  the  Prince  of  Coburg 
at  Fleurus ;  it  overthrows  the  rule  of 
Austria. 


*  •-1814*  *  French  troops  occupy 

Antwerp. 
1815  June  16.  Bra.  The  allies,  under 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  the  Prince  of 
Grange,  and  Sir  Thomas  Picton,  repulse 
the  French,  under  Marshal  Ney,  at 
Quatre-Bras. 

H.    Napoleon  defeats  the  Prussians 

under  BlUcher  at  the  battle  of  Ligny, 
near  Fleurus. 
June  18.  Bra.  Battle  of  Waterloo. 
Napoleon,  with  an  army  of  71,947  men, 
having  246  guns,  is  defeated  by  the  al- 
lies under  Wellington,  who  have  07,661 
men  and  166  guns  ;  the  battle  r.ages  from 
10  A.  M.  till  Ave  p.  M.,  when  reenforce- 
ments  arrive  for  the  allies,  — 16,000 
Prussians,  and  by  seven  o'clock  50,000 
men  and  104  guns  luider  BlUcher ;  Wel- 
lington moves  the  whole  army  forward 
and  crushes  the  French.  Loss,  allies, 
4,206  killed,  14,539  womided. 
1830*  *-31»  •Civil  War;  the  Bel- 
gians rise  against  the  House  of  Orange. 

1830  Sept.  23.  The  state  troops 
enter  the  city  [and,  after  fighting  the 
revolutionists  three  following  days,  re- 
tire without  results]. 

Oct.  27.  AnI.  The  state  troops,  being 
attacked  by  revolutionists,  bombard 
Antwerp  with  red-hot  balls. 

Dec.  23.  Ant.  Revolutionists  take 
Antwerp ;  the  citadel  is  not  captured. 

1831  Aug.  2.  The  Dutch  army  in- 
vades Belgium  with  45,000  infantry  and 
6,000  cavalry. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 


1880  •  •  liourignon,  Antoinette,  Plem.  fa- 
natic, A  64. 

1683  •  •  Helmont,  Segres  Jacob  van,  Flem. 
pamter,  born. 

1S84*  •  Coques,    Gonzales,  Flem.    painter, 

1685*  *  Ostade,  Adrian  van,  Flem.  painter. 

ATS. 
1687  •  •  Ulouet,  Peter,  Flem.  engraver,  .4.81 

J.ingelliach,  .Jan,  Flem.  painter,  A62. 
1680*  •  I>ens,  Peter,  Flem.  theologian,  born. 

Teniers,  David,  the  younger,  Flem.  painter, 

Hega,  Henri  J.,  Flem.  physician,  born. 
Meulen,    Antoon    Frans    van    der,    Flem 
I>ainter,  A56. 
1699*  •  Hennepin,  Louis,  Flem.  monk  mis- 
sionary, A59. 
Hobbema,  Mlnderhout,  Flem.  painter,  \7l 
1706  •  •  Uoos,  PliUip  Peters,  Hem.  painter, 

1715  •  •  Quellyn,  Hans  Erasmus,  Flem. 
pamter,  A86. 

1716  •  •  Cleef,  ,Ian  van,  Flem.  painter,  A70. 
1 786  •  •  Helmont,  Segres  Jacob  van,  Flem. 

painter,  A  43. 

1735  •  •  Feller,  Franijois  X.  de,  author,  born. 
[1802.     Dies.     AliT.] 

1740»  •  liloemen,  John  Francis  van,  Flem. 
painter,  A84. 

1764  •  'Hega,  Henri  J.,  Flem.  physician, 
A  64. 

1764  *  *  Dael,  Jan  Frans  van,  painter,  born. 

1768  *  *  Mons,  Jean  Baptiste  van,  pomolo- 
gist,  born. 

1773  •  •  lirie,  MatthaeusZ.  van,  Flem.  paint- 
er, born. 

1775  •  •  Dens,  Peler,  Flem.  theologian,  A85. 

1784  *  ♦  F6tis,  Franijois  Joseph,  composer,  b. 

1785*  •  (lerlacbe,  Etienne  C,  Baron,  histo- 
rian, statesman,  born. 

1786  *  •  Potter,  Louis  Jos.  de,  revolutionist, 
born. 
Brie,  Philip  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  born. 

1787*  •  Navez,  Francois  Joseph,  Flem. 
painter,  born. 

1790  »  *  Leopold  I.,  king,  born. 

1793*  *  WiUems,  Jan  Frans,  Flem.  histo- 
rian, born. 

1796  *  *  Qnetelet,  Lambert  Adolph  Jacques, 
astronomer,  statistician,  writer,  born. 


\l%%  '  I  "^"^boeckhoven,  Eugene,  painter,  b. 
b°r      ^'^^"'  '''"arles  Latour,  statesman, 

,  £?,'^'l'"'''t  ''""'*  Prosper,  archivist,  born. 

1801  •  De  Smet,  Peter  John,  Jesuit  mission- 
ary, born. 

,  oAo''.'";'  ^""'I'''  Antoine  F.,  physicist,  bom. 

1802  •  •  Benot,  Charles  Auguste  de,  violin- 
1st,  born. 

1804  •  *  Altmeyer,  Jean  Jacques,  historian, 
bom.  • 

JIS2  I  I  J,*,f  y'O'  Pradens  van,  poet,  born. 
7?°/  '  Wiertz,  Antoine  .Joseph,  pahiter.  b. 
(.eefs,  Willem,  sculptor,  born: 
Schendel,  I'etrus  van,  painter,  born. 
JirS  I  I  ii^T,""'  t'l>'>f'es  Henri,  sculptor,  b. 
IBIO*  ♦  Gallait,  Louis,  painter,  born. 
1812  •  •  Conscience,  Hendril<,  Flem.  novel- 

ist,  t>orn. 
JSJ2  !  I  Keyser,  Nlcalse  de,  painter,  bom. 
IB15  •  ♦  Chavee,  Honore  Jos.,  pbilologist,  b. 
r^.h.J'^"  Auguste  Henri,  painter,  born. 
[1869.     Dies.     A  54.] 
iff  2  !  !  f'^Sf^i  Antoine,  song-writer,  born. 
1818  •  •  I'otvin,  Charles,  iwet,  born. 

Juste,  Theodore,  historian,  born. 
^??°.'  ,*  VIeuxtemps,  Henri,  violinist,  born. 

Portaels,  Jean  Francjois,  painter,  born. 
1881  •  •  Brialmont,  Alexis  Henri,  engineer, 
born.  ' 

1822*  *Laveleye.    ^mlle    Louis  Victor. 

political  economist,  writer,  b. 
1830  •  •  Pauwels,  Ferdinand,  painter,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1741  *  »  Maria  Theresa  opposes  undue 
power  of  the  clergy. 

1765  *  *  Joseph  II.  excites  the  religious 
antagonism  of  the  people  by  curbing 
the  power  of  the  priests. 

1815  *  •  The  differences  in  religion 
make  the  union  of  Holland  and  Belgium 
difficult ;  Catholics  and  Protestants  op- 
pose each  other. 

1818  *  *  The  Jesuits  are  expelled. 

1827  *  *  The  Government  enters  Into  a 
concordat  with  the  Pope  respecting 
bishoprics. 


LETTERS. 
1750+  •  •  Tlie     Belgian     Academy    of 

Sciences  is  founded  by  Maria  Theresa. 
1756  *  *  -93  *  *  Journal  Em-yclnpidique 

is  issued  by  P.  Rousseau  at  Li^ge. 
1772*  •-ISIS*  *L'E sprit  des  Jour- 

•naux  is  issued  at  Li^ge. 
1773  *  •  Brussels.    The    Academy     of 

Belles  IiCttres  is  founded. 
1788  *  •  Jaix.    Journal  historique  et  lit- 

tiraire  is  issued  at  Luxemburg  [then  at 

Maestricht]. 
1816  •  *  A  new  university  is  founded 

at  Li^ge. 
*  *F.    F.    The  University  of  Ghent 

is  founded. 
1820  •  *E.F.    Den    Vaderlander   is   is- 
sued at  Ghent. 

1826  *  •  Tlie  Government  is  strongly  op- 
posed in  its  attempt  to  regulate  the 
education  of  the  Belgians  and  to  im- 
prove the  education  of  the  priests. 

1827  *  •  Tlie  Government  enters  into  a 
concordat  with  the  Pope  respecting 
education. 

1830+  •  •  Brussels.    The  Moniteur  Beige 

is  issued. 
•  •  Brussels.    Le  National  is  issued. 


SOCIETY. 

1830    Aug.  25.    The    revolutionary 
mob  attack  the  National,  a  Government 


BELGIUM. 


1680,  *  *-1831,  Aug.  2,    543 


newspaper,    also   the   residence  of   its 
editor  at  Brussels. 
Aug.  *  Hiots  against  the  Dutch  break 
out  in  nearly  all  the  cities  of  Belgium. 

STATE. 

1697  Sept.  30.  Peace  of  Ryawick, 
near  The  Hague. 

The  conquests  of  France  and  Holland 
are  restored,  and  the  chief  fortresses  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands  to  be  garrisoned 
by  Dutch  troops  as  a  barrier  tu-twefn 
J?  ranee  and  HuUand.     (See  i'"rance.) 

1701  *  *  -14  *  *  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

1701  Sept.  7.  A  grand  alliance  of 
the  naval  powers  is  formed  with  the  Em- 
peror Leopold  I.,  against  France,  aim- 
ing to  secure  to  the  Austrian  House  the 
Spantsli  possessions  in  the  Netherlands, 
and  other  objects.    (See  France.) 

*  *  Brussels  is  taken  by  the  French. 
1703  *  *  Marlborough  invades  the  Span- 
ish Netherlands. 

1706  June  6.  Antwerp  surrenders 
to  the  allies. 

*  *  Brussels,  Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend,  and 
other  places  are  taken  from  the 
French  by  the  allies  after  tlie  vic- 
tory of  Marlborough  at  Ramillies  over 
Villeroi. 

1713  Apr.  11.  By  the  Peace  of 
Utrecht,  Belgium  is  assigned  to  Aus- 
tria, and  called  Austrian  Nether- 
lands. 

1714*  *  Austria  takes  possession  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

1715  Nov.  16.  The  Barrier  treaty  is 
signed,  by  which  the  Dutch  reserve  the 
right  to  garrison  Namur,  Menin,  Ypres, 
Tournai,  and  other  towns. 

*  *  By  treaty  Belgium  delivers  over  to 
Holland,  her  commercial  rival,  several 
of  her  fortresses  as  a  barrier  against 
France. 

*  •  Holland  closes  the  Scheldt,  to  di- 
vert the  trade  of  Antwerp  to  itself. 

1748*  *  The  whole  country,  which  had 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  is 
restored  to  Austria  by  the  Peace  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle. 

*  *  Prosperity  attends  the  mild  rule  of 
Maria  Theresa  and  her  husband,  Fran- 
cis of  Lorraine. 

1781  *  *  Joseph  II.  of  Austria  and  Em- 
peror of  Germany  compels  Holland  to 
evacuate  the  Belgian  fortresses. 

*  *  Heaction  follows  hasty  advancement. 

*  *  Joseph  II.  offends  the  States  by 
attempting  to  overturn  civil  govern- 
ment in  order  to  reform  abuses. 

1785  *  *  Joseph  II.  proposes  exchange 
of  territory. 

Bavaria  to  be  ceded  to  Austria  in  ex- 
change for  the  Austrian  Netherlands 
(Belgium),  excepting  Luxemburg  and 
Namur,  as  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy ; 
the  League  of  the  German  Princes  is 
formed  against  the  proposal  and  it  fails. 

1789  *  *  -90  *  *  Unsuccessful     revolt 

from  Austria. 
1789    Dec.  27.    Bra.    The  States  make 

a  declaration  of  independence. 


1790  Jan.  11.  Other  provinces  having 
asserted  independence,  they  all  unite 
to  form  an  independent  state,  called 
United  Belgiiun,  and  establish  a  con- 
gress. 

Feb.*  Emperor  Joseph  II.  dies. 

Mar.  3.  Leopold  II.,  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, promises  to  restore  the  Consti- 
tution if  the  States  return  to  their 
allegiance  ;  the  people  refuse,  and  war 
follows. 

1791*  *The  former  Constitution 
(Maria  Theresa's)  is  restored,  and  peace 
follows. 

1792  *  *  Austria  is  at  war  with  France, 
and  Belgium  suffers. 

*  *  Belgium  is  conquered  by  the 
French. 

1794  June  26.  The  defeat  of  the  Aus- 
trians  at  the  battle  of  Fleurus  ends 
Austrian  rule  in  Belgium. 

*  *  The  French  make  Antwerp  the  cap- 
ital of  Deux  N6thes. 

1795  *  *  Antwerp  is  annexed  to  the 
Republic  of  France. 

*  ♦-ISOe*  *The  Batavian  BepubUc 
is  founded,  which  surrenders  Dutch 
Flanders  to  France. 

1797  Oct.  17.  By  the  Peace  of 
Campo-Formio,  Austria  cedes  Bel- 
gium to  France,  and  the  dream  of  inde- 
pendence is  dissipated. 

1805  Dec.  26.  Peace  of  Presburg 
between  France  and  Austria.  The 
Netherlands  is  transformed  into  the 
kingdom  of  Holland. 

1810  Apr.  *  The  Netherlands  is  an- 
nexed to  France  by  Napoleon,  who 
claims  the  country  as  "  the  alluvial  de- 
posit of  the  French  rivers." 

1813  Nov.  15.  An  uprising  takes 
place  in  Holland  against  the  French. 

1814  May  30.  Belgium  is  ruled  by  an 
Austrian  governor  [for  some  months 
after  the  fall  of  Napoleon],  by  decree  of 
the  first  Peace  of  Paris. 

1815  Mar.  23.  Belgium  is  imited 
with  Holland. 

Belgium  is  given  to  Holland  as  a  re- 
ward for  great  service  to  the  allies,  ren- 
dered by  Prince  William  Frederic  of 
Orange-Nassau;  the  Dutch  accept  it  as 
the  spoils  of  victory. 

May  31.  Aust.  The  Congress  of  Vi- 
enna determines  the  relations  and 
boundaries  of  the  new  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands. 

Aug.  24,  The  new  Constitution  is  pro- 
mulgated, and  is  detested  by  the  Bel- 
gians. 

1829  *  *  The  Dutch  Government  decides 
on  energetic  proceedings  with  the 
Belgians. 

*  *  -1830  *  *  Only  one  of  the  seven  Gov- 
ernment Ministers  is  a  Belgian ;  the 
State  is  ruled  in  the  interests  of  Hol- 
land. 

May*  The  Dutch  disregard  640  peti- 
tions against  a  new  law  of  the  press. 

Aug.  28.  Prominent  citizens  at  Brussels 
prepare  a  petition  to  the  king,  asking 


for  reforms  in  government  to  secure 
the  rights  of  the  people.  [They  receive 
an  unsatisfactory  reply.] 

*  *  The  representatives  of  the  citizens 
demand  a  separation  from  Holland, 
and  also  pledge  therewith  loyalty  to  the 
House  of  Orange. 

*  *  The  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  is 
verging  to  dissolution  of  the  enforced 
union  of  the  Protestant  commercial 
State  of  Holland  with  the  Catholic  man- 
ufacturing State  of  Belgium,  which  is 
pervaded  with  French  culture. 

Aug.  25.  There  is  an  outbreak  of  a 
mob  in  Brussels,  after  a  performance 
of  the  Muette  de  Portici ;  the  mediation 
of  Prince  William  of  Orange  fails  of  suc- 
cess. 

1830*  *  Revolution  and  indepen- 
dence. 

Sept.  13.  Special  meeting  of  the 
States- General  at  The  Hague. 

It  provokes  renewed  hostility  by  its 
dilatory  action ;  the  riot  is  converted 
into  a  revolution. 

Sept.  20.  Brussels.  The  council  of  the 
king  orders  the  troops  to  take  posses- 
sion. 

Oct.  4.  The  Dutch  Government  is  de- 
posed. 

Oct.  *  When  too  late  the  council  consents 
to  separate  administration  of  govern- 
ment. 

Nov.  10.  Bntssels.  A  national  Bel- 
gian Congress  meets ;  200  deputies 
present. 

Nov.  18.  A  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence is  made  by  the  Congress. 

*  *  A  provisional  government  is  organ- 
ized. 

Dec.  20.  Eng.  The  Conference  of 
London,  called  by  Holland,  proclaims 
the  dissolution  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  procures  cessation  of 
hostilities. 

1831  Jan.*  The  allied  powers  acknowl- 
edge the  independence  of  Belgium. 

Feb.  *  Belgium  adopts  a  liberal  mon- 
archy as  its  form  of  government. 

Feb.  3.  Due  de  Nemours  is  elected 
king,  but  declines,  as  his  father,  the 
French  king,  refuses  his  consent. 

Feb.  24.  Baron  Surlet  de  Chokier  is 
elected  regent. 

June  4.  Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe- Co- 
burg  is  elected  king  by  the  National 
Congress.    Vote,  152-40;  4  absent. 

July  12.    Leopold  accepts  the  crown. 

July  19.  Brussels.  Leopold  publicly 
enters  the  city. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1723  *  *  The  Ostend  East  India  Com- 
pany  is  established. 

1731  *  *  The  Ostend  East  India  Company 
is  dissolved. 

1798  *  *  The  English  destroy  the  wt.rks 
of  the  Bruges  Canal  at  Ostend. 

1803*  *  Napoleon  visits  Antwerp,  ifud 
expends  £2,000,000  sterling  in  the  con- 
struction of  docks. 


544     1831,  Aug.  9-1880,  June  28.        BELGIUM. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1831  Aug.  9.  Brussels.  The  Dutch  at- 
tack the  city,  and  the  king  narrowly  es- 
capes capture  in  the  retreat  of  his  forces. 

Aug.  *  France  sends  50,000  troops  to 
assist  Belgium  against  the  Dutch,  who 
enter  an  armistice. 

1832  Nov.  30.  Ant.  The  French  un- 
der Marshal  Gerard  besiege  Antwerp. 

Dec.  4.    Ant.    The  French  bombard  the 

citadel  at  Antwerp. 
Dec.  23.    Ant.    Marshal    Gerard    takes 

the  citadel  from  Gen.  Chass^. 

1833  *  *  The  war  with  Holland  ends. 
1853    May  10.    It  is  voted  to  increase 

the  army  to  100,000  men. 
1860    Aug.  *  The    military   volunteer 
movement  proves  successful. 

*  *  Ant.  The  new  fortifications  are 
erected  at  Antwerp. 

1870  Sept.  1-2.  Many  French  sol- 
diers cross  the  line  into  Belgium  after 
suffering  defeat  at  Sedan  ;  they  are  dis- 
armed and  interned. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1836  *  *  Quetelet  discovers  the  perio- 
dicity of  meteoric  showers,  occurring 
about  the  10th  of  August. 

1853  *  *  Brussels.  The  first  Interna- 
tional Statistical  Congress  is  held, 
largely  due  to  the  work  of  M.  Quetelet. 

*  *  A  Maritime  Conference  is  held,  to 
obtain  uniform  meteorological  observa- 
tions. 

1860  *  *  K.  A  Government  Agricul- 
turallnstitute  is  founded  at  Gembloux. 

1861  Apr.  25.  A  partially  articulate 
electric  telephone  is  exhibited  at 
Frankfort  by  Philip  Reiss. 

Aug.  17-20.  Ant.  A  Fine  Arts  Fete 
is  held  in  Antwerp. 

1865  Sept.  22-25.  Brussels.  An  In- 
ternational Society  Science  Associa- 
tion is  in  session. 

1867  *  *  Montefiore-Levi  and  Kimzel  in- 
vent an  alloy  of  copper,  tin,  and  phos- 
phorus known  as  phosphor-bronze. 

1865  July  26.  L.  A  monument  to 
Charlemagne  is  unveiled  at  Li^ge. 

Aug.  2.  Ant.  A  statue  of  Leopold  is 
unveiled  at  Antwerp. 

1870  *  *  The  Royal  Botanical  Garden  is 
laid  out  at  Brussels. 

1871*  *  Ant.  The  first  International 
Congress  of  Geographers  is  held  at 
Antwerp. 

1872  *  *  Ant.  The  Exchange  in  Ant- 
werp, rebuilt  in  the  same  Gothic  style 
as  before,  is  reopened. 

1877  Aug.  20>:.  The  Plantin  Mau- 
retus  Museum  at  Antwerp  is  opened. 

1878  *  *  King  Leopold  il.  convenes  a 
Congress  of  African  travelers  and 
explorers  for  the  study  of  the  Upper 
Kongo. 

1879  Oct.  1.  Bra.  A  statue  of  Van 
de  Weyer  is  inaugurated  at  Louvain. 

*  *  Brussels.  Physicians  use  vaccine 
dire<-t  from  the  animals. 


BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1834*   *  Hiel,  Knianuel,  poet,  horn. 

1835  *  *  Leopold  II..  Loui8  Philippe  Marie 

Victor,  King  of  the  Helgians,  born. 
1836*  *  Ahna-Tatlema,  Laurence,  painter,  b. 
1837*  *  Flanilers,   Philip,   (.'ount    of.    King 
Leopold's  brother,  born. 

1839  *  *  Urie,  MattliaeusZ.  van,  Flem.  paint- 
er, A66. 

1840  *  •  Dael,  .Jan  Frans  van,  painter,  A76. 
Brie,  Philij>  Jacob  van,  Flem.  painter,  A54. 

1842  *  •  Mens,  Jean  ISaptiste  van,  poinolo- 
gist,  A 74. 

1846*  *  Willenis,  Jan  Frans,  P'leni.  philolo- 
gist, A&3. 

1850*  *  Louise,  Queen,  dies. 

1858  *  *  Louise,  Princess,  Iwrn. 

1859  *  *  Leopold  Ferdinand,  Prince,  born. 
Potter,  Louis  Jos.  de,  revolutionist,  A73, 
Duyse,  Prudens  van,  Flem.  poet,  A54. 

1865  •  *  Wiertz,    Antoine   Joseph,    painter, 
A  60. 
Leopold  L,(;eorge8  Chretien  Frederick,  King 
of  tlie  lielgians,  A75. 
1869  *  ♦  Leopold  Ferdinand,  crown   prince, 
duke  of  lirabant,  thes. 
Baldwin,  heir  of  I'hilip,  Count  of  Flanders, 

hotn. 
Navez,  Francois  Joseph,  painter,  A82. 
1870*  •  Beriot,  Charles  Auguste  de,  violin- 
ist, A  68. 
Schendel,  Petrus  van,  painter,  A64. 
1871  •  *  F6tls,   Frant;x)i8  Joseph,   composer, 

A  87. 
1873*  *  De  Smet,  Peter  John,  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary, .A  72. 
1874  *  *  Quetelet,  Lambert  Adolph  Jacques, 
astronomer,  statisti<'ian,  writer,  A78. 
Weyer,  Sylvanus  van  de,  statesman,  A72^. 
1877*  *  Altmeyer,  Jean  Jacques,  liistorian, 
A73. 


CHURCH. 

1834  *  *  The  Antwerp  and  the  Belgian 

Foreign  and  the  Ghent  Bible  Society 

is  organized. 
1839  *  *  The  Belgian  Bible  Association 

is  org.anized. 
1842  *  *  The   Clerical   Education   Bill 

passes. 
1844  *  *  The  Netherlands  Society  for 

Promoting    Christianity   among    the 

Jews  is  founded. 

1857  June*  The  Religious  Chari- 
ties Bill  meets  with  great  opposition. 

*  *  The  population  is  chiefly  Roman 
Catholic ;  all  ministers  are  paid  by  the 
State. 

1862  Jan.  *  Bitter  dissensions  arise 
between  the  Roman  Catholics  and  the 
Protestants. 

1866  *  *  Religious  houses  for  males 
number  178  ;  for  females  8,144,  with  15,206 
persons  in  the  latter. 

1874  *  *  The  Government  has  a  sharp 
conflict  with  the  Papacy  respecting  ec- 
clesiastical orders  and  educational 
laws. 

1875  May  *  -June  *  Kiots  expressive 
of  popular  opposition  to  religious  pro- 
cessions occur. 

Sept.  *  A  Roman  Catholic  pastoral  of 
the  heirarchy  against  the  Government 
plan  of  mixed  education  is  published ; 
the  sacraments  of  the  Church  are  re- 
fused to  parents  and  teachers  who  con- 
form to  the  education  law. 

1879  Jan.  16.  The  Roman  Catholics 
are  successful  in  the  elections ;  riots 
follow  at  Brussels  and  Ajitwerp. 

1880  June  28.  Ecclesiastical  dis- 
putes lead  to  a  suspension  of  diplomatic 
relations  with  Rome. 


LETTERS. 

1831  *  *  Brussels.  The  Independent  is 
established. 

1833  *  *  The  magazine  Messager  des  Sci- 
ences historiques  appears  at  Ghent. 

1834  Brussels.  The  Free  University 
of  Brussels  is  foimded. 

*  *  Kederduitsche  Letteroefenigen  is  is- 
sued. 

1835  *  *  Brussels.  The  Observateur  is 
founded. 

*  *  Ant.    The  Pr^curseur  is  issued. 

*  *  -43  *  *  Revue  Belgt  is  issued. 

*  * -44  *  *  Biogra}}hi€  Universelledes  Mvn 
siciens  appears. 

1836  *  *  -46  *  •  Belgiesch  Museum  is  is- 
sued. 

1837*  *-48*  *  Revue   de   Bruxelles   Is 

issued. 
1840  *  *  -43  *  *  Kunst-  en  Letterblad  is 

issued. 

1842  *  *  Bulletin  de  I* Industrie  is  issued. 

*  *  -43  *  *  Trisor  National  is  issued. 

1843  *  *  Annates  des  Travaux  Publics  is 
issued. 

1844  *  *  The  Glaneur  Miesionaire  ap- 
pears, 

*  *  Vlaeynoche  Rederyker  is  issued. 

*  *  -47  *  *  Revue  de  IMge  is  issued. 
1846±  *  *  Broderland  is  issued. 

*  *  -51  *  •  Revue  de  Belgiqus  is  issued. 
1850  *  *  ChrHien    Beige    et    I*  Union   is 

founded. 
1852  *  *  The   Pricis    Jlistoriques,   Littf- 

raires  et  Scientifiques  appears. 
1854*  *The    TAUgraphe    is    issued    at 

Brussels. 

*  *  The  Revue  Catholigue  appears. 

*  *  Brussels.  Revue  Trimestrielle  is  is- 
sued. 

1858  ♦  *  Journal  des  Beaux- Arts  is  issued. 
1868  *  *  Revue  de  Belglque  is  reissued. 

*  *  Athenseum  Beige  is  issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1832  Aug.  9.  King  Leopold  marries 
the  daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  King  of 
France. 

1834    Apr.  5.    Brussels.    Riots  occur. 
The  mob  destroys  the  furniture  of  16 
houses  in  resentment  for  a  display  of  an 
attachment  to  the  House  of  Orange. 

1852  Aug.  10.  The  Queen  of  Eng- 
land is  warmly  received  on  her  visit. 

Oct.  18.  King  Leopold  and  his  son  visit 
England.  [1860.  June  *  He  repeats  his 
visit.] 

1853  Aug.  22.  Ijeopold  marries  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Henrietta  of  Austria. 

1856  Sept.*  Brussels.  An  Interna- 
tional Philanthropic  Congress  is  held. 

1861  Aug.  17-20.  Ant.  A  Fine  Arts 
Ffite  is  given. 

1862  Sept.  22-25.  Brussels.  An  in- 
ternational association  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  social  science  meets. 

1863  Aug.  3.  Ant.  A  ffite  is  given  to 
celebrate  the  abolition  of  the  Scheldt 
dues  and  the  opening  of  the  port. 


BELGIUM. 


1831,  Aug.  9-1880,  June  28.    545 


1866  July  5.  Leopold  II.  and  his 
queen  visit  Knglaiid.  [July*  They  go 
to  Ghent  ] 

Oct.  12-16.    A  national  rifle-meeting 

is  belli. 

Oct.  20.  Brtissels.  Benjamin  S.  Phil- 
lips, Lord  Mayor  of  London,  with 
1,100  volunteers,  visits  Belgium  ;  the 
king  gives  a  magniUcent  banquet  in 
their  honor. 

1867  Jan.  18.  The  Chambers  vote 
ufainst  the  bill  to  abolish  capital 
punishment. 

Feb.  1-2.  The  miners  of  Marchienne- 
Ku-Pout  become  riotous  on  account  of 
a  reduction  of  wages,  and  are  suppressed 
by  the  military. 

Apr.  25.  Philip,  Count  of  Flanders, 
marries  Mary,  Princess  of  Iloheiizol- 
lern-Sigmaringen. 

July*  About  2,400  soldiers  of  the 
guard  civique  and  volunteers  cross  over 
to  England. 

July  12.  London.  Thomas  Gabriel,  the 
Lord  Mayor,  receives  the  Belgian 
visitors, 

July  13.  Eng.  The  Prince  of  Wales 
receives  the  Belgian  soldiers  at  Wimble- 
don. [July  IG.  They  arrive  at  Wind- 
sor.] 

1868  Mar.  25-29.  Riots  break  out 
iu  the  mining-districts,  and  10  lives  are 
lost  in  suppressing  them  by  the  military. 

Nov.  6-13.  Brussels.  An  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Working  men  is 
held. 

1869  Sept.  19.  L.  An  international 
rifle-meeting  is  held. 

1873  May  22.  JSrussels.  Alexander 
II.,  Czar  of  Bussia,  visits  the  city. 

1875  Feb.  4.  Princess  Louise  mar- 
ries Philip,  Duke  of  Saxony. 

Aug.  22-25.  The  king's  silver  wed- 
ding is  celebrated. 

Sept.  27-Oct.  2.  Brussels.  The  fourth 
International  Health  Congress  is 
held. 

Sept.  *  K.  F.  Socialists  hold  a  great 
congress  at  Ghent. 

Dec.  3.  Eugene  T'KindtdeRoodenbeck, 
a  clerk  of  the  Bank  of  Belgium,  is 
convicted  of  149  thefts  amounting  to 
20,000,000  francs;  Fortamps,  the  gov- 
4  emor,  is  also  convicted  of  fraudulent 
transactions. 

1877  Aug.  13.  Ant.  The  centenary  of 
Uubens's  birth  is  celebrated. 

1879  May  29.  King  I.,eopoId  II.  visits 
England. 

*  *  The  "  La  Ligue  Patriotique  contre 
I'alcoolisme  "  is  started  under  the  title 
"L'Association  Beige  contre  I'abus  des 
boissons  alcooliques." 

Its  work  is  (1)  to  collect  and  dissemi- 
nate information  regarding  the  drinking 
habits  of  the  people,  and  the  evils  re- 
sulting therefrom  ;  (2)  to  endeavor  to 
get  temperance  legislation  enacted. 

1880  Mar.  *  Princess  Stephanie  is 
betrothed  to  Archduke  Rudolph  of 
Austria. 


STATE. 

1831  Nov.  15.  Lmidon.  The  Ave  great 
powers  convene,  and  sign  24  articles  of 
pacification. 

1832  Aug.  9.  King  Leopold  I.  mar- 
ries Louise,  eldest  daughter  of  Louis 
Philippe,  King  of  France. 

Oct.  4.    Charles  L.  Kogier  is  appointed 

Minister  of  the  Interior. 
Oct.  22.     France    and    England    sign    a 

convention  against  HoUand. 

1833  May  21.  A  preliminary  conven- 
tion with  Holland  is  signed. 

1839  Apr.  19.  London.  A  flnal  settle- 
ment and  peace  with  Holland  are  made 
by  a  treaty  signed. 

1857  Nov.  9.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed  under  Charles  L.  Rogier. 

Dec.  10.    The  Chambers  reassemble. 

1859  May  •  The  king  proclaims  the 
neutrality  of  Belgium  in  the  Italian 
war. 

1860  June  13.  Loyalty  to  the  king 
is  warmly  expressed  on  the  circulation 
of  vague  rumors  of  annexation  to 
France. 

July  21.  The  octrois,  taxes  levied  at 
the  gates  of  towns  on  articles  of  food, 
are  abolished.  [The  popularity  of  the 
Government  is  increased  thereby.] 

1861  May  1.  A  commercial  treaty 
with  France  is  signed. 

1862  Aug.  22.  The  Chambers  adopt  a 
commercial  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Feb.  4.  The  Ministry  having  resigned, 
it  again  resumes  ofl&ce. 

July  17.  The  Chambers  are  dis- 
solved. 

1864  Aug.  •  The  Liberals  have  a  ma- 
jority in  the  election. 

1865  Dec.  17.  Leopold  H.  succeeds 
his  father. 

1866  Nov.  13.  The  Chambers  are 
opened  by  the  king. 

1838  Jan.  3.  A  new  Liberal  Anti- 
clerical Ministry  under  Herbert  J.  W. 
Frere-Orban  is  formed. 

1870  June*  The  CathoUos  unite  with 
the  Radicals  or  Progressionists  and 
some  offended  Liberals. 

June  19.    Tlie  Frere-Orban  Ministry 

resigns. 
July  3.    Baron  D'Anethan's  Catholic 

Ministry  is  formed. 
Aug.  9.    Belgium  signs  a  treaty  of  its 

neutrahty  as    between  (3reat    Britain 

and  Prussia. 
Aug.  11.    The  treaty  for  the  neutrality 

of  Belgium  is  signed  by  France. 
Nov.  22-25.    Brussels.    The  Ministry  is 

opposed  by  M.  Bara  and  others  ;  riots 

occur. 

1871  Dee.  7.  Baron  D'Anethan  re- 
signs, and  Julius  Malou,  a  moderate 
Catholic,  forms  a  Ministry. 

1872  Feb.  17.  Ant.  The  Duo  de 
Bordeaux  (Conite  de  Chambord),  the 
Bourbon  heir  to  the  French  throne,  ar- 
rives. [Feb.  27.  Popular  demonstrations 
cause  him  to  retire  from  Belgium.] 


Mar.  29.  The  commercial  treaty  with 
France  is  denounced  by  the  Govern- 
ment. 

1873  Feb.  5.  A  new  treaty  of  com- 
merce is  signed  with  France. 

July  27-Aug.  28.  Brussels.  An  in- 
ternational conference  respecting  the 
rights  of  neutrals  is  held,  but  no  results 
are  obtained. 

1874  *  •  The  Government  has  a  sharp 
conflict  with  the  Papacy  respecting 
ecclesiastical  orders  and  educational 
laws. 

1875  Feb.  *  The  German  Government 
complains  of  Belgian  publications  up- 
holding the  censured  German  ecclesi- 
astics. 

Apr.  15.  Germany  protests  against  the 
Duchesne  proposal  to  the  archbishop 
to  assassinate  Bismarck. 

June  13,  14.  A  Catholic  minority  is 
returned  by  the  elections. 

June  20.  The  Catholic  Malou  Ministry 
resigns,  and  Herbert  J.  \V.  Frere- 
Orban  forms  a  new  one. 

1879  July  1.  The  new  law  of  public 
instruction  is  sanctioned  by  the  king, 
Leopold  II. 

1880  June*  Elections  for  Parlia- 
ment are  held. 

The  Liberals  and  the  Clerical  party 
oppose  each  other  regarding  education, 
and  the  former  are  sustained  by  the 
elections. 

June  18.  Diplomatic  relations  with 
Rome  are  suspended  by  the  recall  of 
the  representative  to  the  Vatican  on 
account  of  ecclesiastical  disputes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853  *  *  Brussels.  A  maritime  con- 
ference is  held  to  obtain  imitorm  mete- 
orological observations. 

1858  Aug.  2.  .4nt.  The  Exchange  at 
Antwerp  is  burned. 

June  •  //.  A  railroad  accident  occurs 
near  Mons,  and  21  are  killed. 

1860  *  *  Ant.  The  ancient  fortifica- 
tions are  destroyed.  . 

1861  Dec.  2.  Atit.  The  great  Napo- 
leon wharf  is  burned  ;  loss,  £400,000  and 
■J5  lives. 

1862  Aug.  *  Great  distress  prevails, 
caused  by  the  decline  of  trade. 

Deo.  31.    Population,  4,836,566. 

1865  Dec.  1.    Population,  4,984,451. 

1866  Dee.  31.  Population,  4,829,320. 
1870  Dec.  31.  Population,  5,087,105. 
1874    Sept.  5.    Brussels.    The  Belgian 

Industrial  Exhibition  is  opened. 
1876    June  26.     Brussels.     The    king 

opens  an  international  exhibition  of 

articles  relating  to  health  and  safety. 
Sept.  27-Oct.  2.     Brussels.    A   health 

congress  is  in  session. 

1878  July  28.  L.  A  gigantic  dam 
for  supplying  water  is  inaugurated  at 
La  Gillepe,  near  Verviers. 

1879  Dec.  31.    Population,  5,530,146. 

1880  June  16.  Brussels.  The  king 
and  queen  open  the  National  Exhi- 
bition. 


546     1880,  July  18-1892,  Mar.  17.        BELGIUM. 


ART— SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1880  July  21.  A  statue  of  Leopold 
I.  is  unveiled  at  Laeken. 

1884  Aug.  *  Henry  M.  Stanley  re- 
turns from  the  Kongo,  aiul  reports  to 
King  Leopold  II. 

Sept.  29.  liritssels.  An  International 
Artistic  Convention  is  held. 

1890  June  15.  Bra,  A  monument 
to  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  is  unveiled 
on  tlie  spot  where  he  fell  at  Quatre  Bras, 
"Waterloo. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1881  *  *  Vleuxtenips,  Henri,  violinist,  A61. 
Verboeckhoven,  Kugene  Joseph,  A83. 

1883  *  *  Monckhoven,    Desire    von,  savant, 

A51. 
1883  *  *  Geefs,  Willein,  sculptor,  A77. 
Conscience,  Henilrik,  Flem.  poet,  A73. 
Descbamps,  ('ardinal,  archbishop  of  Mech- 
lin, the  primate,  dies. 
Plateau,  Josepli  .\ntoine  F.,  physicist,  A82. 

1885  *  *  Rogier,  Charles  Latour,  statesman, 
A  85. 

1887  •  *  Keyser,  Nicaise  de,  painter,  A74. 
Gallaitj  Louis,  painter,  A77. 

1888  *  *  Juste,  Theodore,  historian,  A70. 
1888  *  *  Clesse,  Antoine,  poet,  A73. 

Nov.  34.    Pendleton,  George  H.,  U.  S.  min- 
ister to  Germany,  A64. 
Paepe,  Dr.  Ctcsar  de,  socialist^  dies. 


CHURCH. 

1880  Oct.  10.  A  royal  decree  is  issued 
in  favor  of  American  missions  in  Kongo 
Free  State,  Africa,  for  the  evangeliza^ 
tion  of  the  natives. 

Dec.  5.  The  Salvation  Army  is  recog- 
nized in  Ghent  as  a  sect,  and  persons 
who  disturb  its  meetings  are  fined. 

*  *  Archbishop  Goossens  of  Mechlin  is 
created  a  cardinal  priest. 

1891  Feb.  11.  The  Mechlin  Catho- 
lic Congress  decides  to  convoke  an  in- 
ternational congress  to  claim  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Pope's  temporal  power. 

LETTERS. 

1884  Sept.  27.  Brussels.  The  Inter- 
national Xiiterary  Association  meets. 

1889  Jan.  16.  Brussels.  A  letter 
from  Henry  M.  Stanley,  dated  Aug. 
17,  1888,  is  received,  confirming  the  news 
of  his  arrival  on  the  Aruwhimini. 

SOCIETY. 

1880  July  18.  The  national  inde- 
pendence is  celebrated  by  a  great  jubi- 
lee. 

Sept.  6-10.  An  international  con- 
gress in  the  interest  of  commerce  and 
industry  is  held. 

•  *  Brussels.  An  international  congress 
discusses  the  temperance  question. 

Aug.  16.  Brussels.  A  patriotic  ffite  is 
given  in  connection  with  the  exhibition. 

1882  Nov.  *  Public  interest  is  felt  in 
the  trial  of  Armand  and  Lfion  Pelt- 
zer  for  the  murder  of  Wilhelm  Bernays, 
whose  wife  was  an  alleged  accomplice  in 
the  crime. 

Dec.  22.  The  two  murderers,  Armand 
and  L^on  Peltzer,  are  sentenced  to  be 
executed.    [The  sentence  is  commuted.] 


1883  Feb.  23.  Dynamiters  cause  one 
death  by  an  explosion  at  Ganshoren. 

Oct.  18.  Netherlands.  Amsterdam  gives 
the  king  and  queen  a  hearty  welcome. 

1885  *  *  Ant.  An  international  con- 
gress against  the  abuse  of  alcoholic 
liquors  is  held. 

It  leads  to  the  introduction  into  Bel- 

fium  of  the  Swiss  temperance  society, 
nown  as  "La  Croix  Bleue"  (the  Blue 
Cross),  a  total  abstinence  organization. 

1886  *  *  Ijabor  strikes  are  numerous. 
Mar.  22-29.    The    coal-miners    on 

strike  between  Namur  and  Li^ge  be- 
come riotous;  many  are  killed  and 
woujided  by  the  military ;  convents  and 
country  houses  suffer  from  maurauders. 

Mar.  27,  28.  H.  Biotous  demonstra- 
tions occur  at  Charleroi,  Mons,  and  other 
places. 

Apr.  7.  The  workmen  allege  that  the 
disorders  are  caused  by  the  criminal 
classes. 

May  30.  The  strikers  renew  the  agita- 
tion, aided  by  French  dynamiters; 
universal  suffrage  is  demanded. 

June  2.  A  scandalous  sensation  is 
caused  by  the  trial  of  M.  Vandersmis- 
sen,  a  clerical  member  of  the  Chamber, 
who  is  convicted  of  killing  his  wife ; 
he  is  sentenced  to  penal  servitude  for  15 
years. 

1889  Jan.  16.  Brussels.  A  letter  from 
Henry  M.  Stanley  to  Tipoo  Tib  is  re- 
ceived. 

Jan.  28.  The  king  establishes  the  Afri- 
can Society  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Feb.  5.  Collisions  occur  between  the 
striking  glass-workers  and  the  police 
at  Charleroi. 

Apr.  10.  The  Duke  of  Nassau,  the 
new  regent,  is  warmly  welcomed  at 
Luxemburg. 

Brussels,   Gen.  Boulanger  of  France 

is  present  at  a  soiree  given  in  the  city. 

Apr.  10.  The  Government  decides  to 
inform  Gen.  Boulanger  that  he  will 
not  be  allowed  to  conspire  in  Belgium 
against  France. 

May  5.  King  Leopold  proposes  another 
Kongo  conference. 

May  *  -June  *  Strikes  continue. 

June  6.  //.  The  Marchioness  De 
Chasteleer  is  murdered  at  Chateau 
Moulbaix  at  Mons. 

June  14.  Ant,  The  stokers  on  steam- 
ships strike.  [June  19.  The  Red  Star 
Line  increases  wages  and  the  strike 
ends.  Oct.  15.  The  engineers  of 
trans-Atlantic  steamers  strike.  Nov.  * 
The  dock  laborers  strike.] 

June  24.  Brussels.  The  Shah  of 
Persia  arrives. 

July  6.  Brussels.  An  African  Con- 
ference is  held. 

Aug.  7.  Brussels.  The  International 
Penal  liaw  Congress  assembles. 

Oct.  29.  H.  At  Mons  4,000  hands  join 
the  strikers.  [Oct.  30.  A  strike  of 
miners  begins.  Dec.  30.  The  miners' 
strike  ends.] 


Oct.  *  Brussels.    The  Patriotic  Ijeague 

establishes  a  *'  cafe  populaire." 

All  spirituous  liquors  are  excluded  ; 
there  is  a  reading-room  tttted  up  with 
a  library  and  newspapers,  and  amuse- 
ments are  provided. 

Nov.  18.  Brussels.  The  Antislavery 
Conference  opens. 

Nov.  24.  King  I^eopold  receives  the 
members  of  the  Antislavery  Con- 
ference. 

Dec.  2.  The  Antislavery  Conference  rcK 
commends  the  establishment  of  mili- 
tary stations  with  exceptional  powers 
in  all  the  African  territory  for  the  sup- 
pression of  the  slave  traffic. 

Dec.  7.  A  package  of  750.000  francs 
is  stolen  between  Ostend  and  Antwerp 
while  on  its  way  to  Amsterdam. 

1890  Jan.  5.  Brussels.  The  Anti- 
slavery  Society  arranges  for  an  expedi- 
tion to  Lake  Tanganyika. 

Jan.  22.  The  Miners'  Conference 
opens. 

Jan.  27.  Brussels.  The  Antislavery 
Conference  resumes  its  sessions. 

Mar.  28,  The  Antislavery  Conference 
adopts  regulations  restricting  the  liquor 
traffic  in  Africa. 

Apr.  19.  Henry  M.  Stanley  arrives 
from  Africa  with  several  of  his  com- 
panions. 

Apr.  20.  Brussels.  Stanley  is  the  re- 
cipient of  many  honors;  he  is  a  guest 
of  King  Leopold.  [Apr.  26.  Stanley 
leaves  for  Dover.] 

May  20.  Brussels.  An  International 
Miners*  Conference  opens  ;  it  adojits 
resolutions  favoring  a  working-day  of 
eight  hours. 

Julys.  Brussels.  The  General  Act  of 
the  Antislavery  Conference  is  signed. 

July  21.  The  60th  anniversary  of 
Belgian  independence  and  the  25th 
year  of  the  reign  of  King  Leopold  are 
celebrated  in  Brussels. 

Aug.  10.  Brussels.  A  Socialist  dem- 
onstration in  favor  of  universal  suffrage 
is  held  ;  40,000  persons  take  part  in  it. 

Aug.  14.  Brussels.  The  Working  Men's 
Suffrage  Congress  is  held. 

Aug.  21.  //.  Sight  thousand  miners 
strike  in  the  Borinage  District. 

Sept.  7.  />.  The  Social  Science  Con- 
gress opens  in  Liege ;  2,000  delegates  are 
present  from  all  parts  of  Europe. 

Oct.  7.  Ant.  The  gendarmes  quell  a 
riot  at  Malines  ;  several  rioters  are 
woiuided  and  20  arrested. 

Oct.  27.  King  Leopold  starts  for  Ber- 
lin to  visit  the  Emperor  of  Germany. 

Nov,  9,  Many  public  meetings  are  held 
in  favor  of  an  eight-hour  working-day 
and  universal  suffrage. 

Dec.  25.  Brussels.  A  delegation  from 
the  Kadical  Association  presents  a 
petition  to  the  Municipal  Council  in 
favor  of  universal  suffrage. 

1801  Jan.  1.  Brussels.  At  a  meeting 
of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
King  Leopold  severely  criticises  Stan- 
ley's "pitiless  mode  of  action." 


BELGIUM. 


1880,  July  18-1892,  Mar.  17.    547 


Jan.  29.  Brussels.  The  funeral  of 
Prince  Baudouin  tjikes  place. 

FeJ).  9.  King  I.,eopold  receives  a  dele- 
gation of  the  Workman's  Council  of 
Industry,  and  pledges  to  support  the 
demand  for  universal  suffrage. 

Feb.  17.  Meetings  of  workmen  are  held 
throughout  Belgium  with  the  object  of 
organizing  for  a  general  strike,  be- 
cause of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  refut- 
ing to  grant  the  people's  demand  for 
universal  suffrage. 

Mar.  29.  The  police  at  Seraing  arrest 
three  anarchists  with  500  pounds  of 
dyjiamile  in  their  possession. 

Apr.  5.  Miners  declare  in  favor  of  a 
general  strike  in  case  the  Government 
refuses  to  assent  to  the  revision  of  the 
Constitution. 

May  5.  Houses  in  Li^ge  and  Mons  are 
damaged  by  dynamite  cartridges. 

May  8.  About  200,000  men  are  out  on 
strike.  [July  9.  The  miners*  strike 
ends.] 

May  9,  Brussels.  The  Federation  of 
Xiabor  party  decides  to  support  the  coal- 
miners'  strike. 

May  10.  Many  arrests  for  intimidating 
workmen  have  been  made  at  Liege  and 
Charleroi. 

Aug.  16.  Brussels.  The  International 
Socialist  "Workmen's  Congress 
opens. 

Aug.  19.  Brussels.  In  the  International 
Socialist  Workmen's  Congress,  British 
delegates  refuse  to  adopt  the  radical 
reports  of  the  Committee  ;  an  American 
delegate  advocates  a  labor  war. 

Aug.  30,  Brussels.  Gen.  Boulaxiger 
commits  suicide  in  a  cemetery.  [Oct.  3. 
His  funeral  takes  place.] 

1892  Mar.  17.  Bntssels.  A  d3niamite 
cartridge  is  found  on  the  door-step  of  a 
judge's  house. 

STATE. 

1882  Aug.  17.  The  Representatives 
pass  the  Parliamentary  Reform  Bill. 

1884  June  10±.  The  elections  return 
to  the  Parliament  a  majority  of  Cleri- 
cals, owing  to  the  dissensions  of  their 
opponents. 

June  11.  The  Ijiberal  Ministry  under 
Frere-Orban  resigns. 

June  12,  13.  A  moderate  Catholic 
Ministry  under  Julius  Malou  is  formed. 

June  *  The  Senate  is  dissolved. 

July  *  The  new  Senate  is  organized  by 
the  Clericals. 

Aug.  30.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives adopts  the  Educational  Bill; 
vote,  80-49. 

Sept,  7.  Riots  are  incited  by  the  Lib- 
erals at  Brussels  and  Antwerp. 

Sept.  10.  The  Senate  adopts  the  Edu- 
cational Bill ;  vote,  40-25. 

Bept,  13.  Royal  assent  is  given  to  the 
Educational  Bill. 


Oct.  19.    The  communal  elections 

take  place,  and  return  a  great  Liberal 

majority  to  Parliament. 
*  *  A  Ministerial  crisis  ensues,  and 

Malou,  Jacobs,  and   Woeste,   Catholic 

members,  resign. 
Oct.  24.     Auguste  Bemaert  becomes 

Premier  with  Catholic  Ministry. 
Nov.  11,    Parliament  opens. 

1889  Feb  24.  Brussels.  The  Radical 
Congress  supports  military  educa- 
tion, but  demands  abolition  of  the  con- 
script law. 

Apr.  9,  The  Government  warns  Gen. 
Boulanger  to  refrain  from  political 
agitation. 

Apr.  19.  Notice  is  served  on  the  Govern- 
ment that  the  doings  of  the  Boulan- 
g^ists  in  Brussels  displease  the  French 
Government. 

Apr.  *  The  Government  asks  Gen.  Bou- 
langer to  leave.     [He  goes  to  London.] 

July  23.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives votes  10,000,000  francs  for  the  Kon- 
go Railroad. 

July  27.  The  Senate  sanctions  the 
credit  asked  for  by  the  Government  for 
the  Kongo  Railroad. 

Nov.  30.  The  Minister  of  Justice  of 
Brussels  drafts  a  bill  to  deprive  un- 
worthy parents  of  the  guardianship  of 
their  children,  to  educate  abandoned 
and  depraved  children,  and  increase  the 
severity  of  the  penalty  for  demoralizing 
children. 

1890  Jan.  5.  The  Government  stops 
the  exportation  of  coal  because  of  the 
small  supply. 

Jan.  16.  Premier  Bernaert  introduces 
a  relief  bill,  devoting  1,000,000  francs 
to  the  relief  of  disabled  workmen. 

Jtme  18.  King  Leopold  appoints  Henry 
M.  Stanley  governor  of  the  Kongo 
State.  [He  is  to  enter  upon  the  duties 
of  the  office  in  1891.] 

July  8.  The  Premier  introduces  the 
Kongo  State  BiU  in  the  Chamber  of 
Representatives. 

July  19.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives passes  the  bill  which  empowers  the 
Government  to  purchase  the  Kongo 
Free  State  within  10  years,  the  other 
powers  having  consented  to  it.  [July  28. 
It  adopts  the  Kongo  Bill.] 

July  30.  The  Senate  ratifies  the  grant- 
ing of  a  loan  of  25,000,000  francs  to  the 
Kongo  State. 

Nov.  27.  A  bill  extending  the  fran- 
chise is  introduced  in  the  Parliament 
by  the  Premier. 

1891  Jan.  20.  Brussels.  About  4,000 
persons  march  in  the  procession  to  the 
Hotel  de  Ville,  and  present  to  the  Burgo- 
master a  petition  for  the  revision  of  the 
Constitution. 

Mar.  18.  Brussels.  The  Chamber  of 
Representatives  adopts  the  general  act 
of  the  Antislavery  Conference,  with 
the  clauses  annexed  relating  to  tari£f 
duties  in  the  Kongo  basin. 


Apr.*  Ant.  The  Government  raises 
Antwerp  to  the  rank  of  a  first-class 
port. 

Aug.  21.  The  Senate  votes  $15,000,000 
to  fortify  the  Meuse. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882  Dec.  17.  Brussels.  The  Com- 
mercial Museum  is  opened. 

1883  Oct,  15.  Brussels.  The  king 
opens  the  new  Palace  of  Justice. 

Dec.  6.  Brussels.  The  Parliament 
Houses  are  burned  and  the  library  is 
destroyed  with  a  loss  of  $2,400,000. 

1885  *May  2.  Ant.  The  king  opens 
the  Universal  Exhibition. 

July  26.  A7it.  The  new  quays  are 
opened  by  the  king. 

Aug.  8.  Brussels.  An  international 
railway  congress  meets. 

1887  Dec.  31,    Population,  5,974,743. 
Mar.  5.    A  mine   explosion  at  Mons 

colliery  causes  the  loss  of  about  87  lives. 

1888  Nov.  13.  A  mine  explosion  at 
Dour  causes  the  loss  of  121  lives. 

1889  Feb.  3.  Brussels.  A  train  col- 
lides with  a  bridge  near  Gronendael ; 
14  are  killed  and  50  injured. 

Mar.  29.  The  mail-boats  Countess  of 
Flanders  and  the  Princess  Henriette 
collide  in  a  fog;  the  captain  of  the 
former  and  14  others  are  killed  ;  Prince 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  escapes, 

June  6.  Subscriptions  are  being  taken 
to  build  a  railroad  from  Kongo  Falls  to 
Stanley  Pool,  Africa,  262  miles  through  a 
mountainous  country. 

Sept,  6.  Ant.  A  dynamite  explosion 
in  a  cartridge  factory  kills  16  persons, 
injures  some  550  others,  and  destroys 
much  property,  valued  at  30,000,000 
francs. 

Dec.  13.    Ant.    The  influenza  appears. 

Dec.  24.  Brussels.  The  prevalence  of 
intluenza  causes  the  public  schools  to 
close. 

1890  Jan.  1.  The  castle  of  Laeken, 
thesurhurban  residence  of  the  king  and 
queen,  is  partially  destroyed  by  fire. 

1891  Jan.  3.  The  Scheldt  is  closed  by 
ice. 

Sept.  19.  A  mine  explosion  at  Char- 
leroi  kills  29  persons. 

1892  Jan.  3.  Influenza  rages  all  over 
the  country. 

Jan,  6.  Brussels.  Dock  Improvements 
are  inaugurated. 

Jan.  24.  Brussels.  The  Duke  of  Ar- 
exkberg's  castle  is  burned  ;  the  Count 
Egmont  cabinet,  remaining  unchanged 
since  1567,  and  the  Pavilion  Egmont, 
with  all  the  valuable  treasures  con- 
tained therein,  are  totally  destroyed,  to- 
gether with  many  other  works  of  art. 

Jan.  31.  H.  One-fourth  of  the  town  of 
Chimay  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Mar.  11.  A  flre-dtUnp  explosion  oc- 
curs in  the  Anderlues  colliery ;  200 
miners  lose  their  lives. 


548     1892,  Apr.  2-1894,  Dec.  23.  BELGIUM. 


AEMY  — NAVY. 

1893  Apr.  17.  The  Government  calls 
out  all  the  militia;  rioting  occurs  in 
the  streets  of  Antwerp,  Mons,  Grani- 
mont,  and  other  places. 


ART  —SCIENCE -NATURE. 

1894    Dec.  23.    Great  damage  is  caused 
by  a  storm. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1894  *  *  Solvyns,  Itaron,  (liplomatiBt,  dies. 
Ritter,  Frederick  L.,  musical  composer,  A57. 
Chliuay,  I'rince  Joseph  de,  statesmai^  A56. 


SOCIETY. 

1892  Apr.  2.  The  Conservative  As- 
sociation declares  against  universal  suf- 
frage. 

Apr.  5.  It  is  discovered  that  200  dyna- 
mite cartridges  have  been  stolen  from 
a  colliery. 

May  2.  Two  houses  in  Li^ge  are  par- 
tially wrecked  by  dynamite  cartridge 
explosions. 

May  4.  Important  arrests  of  Anar- 
chists are  made,  a  plot  having  been 
discovered  to  cause  many  explosions. 

June  14.  At  the  elections  disorders  oc- 
cur between  the  Liberals  and  Catholics. 

June  22.  Bra.  Rioting  occurs  at  Lou- 
vain  between  students  aud  Socialists  ;  40 
arrests  are  made. 

June  27.  Brussels.  The  Socialists 
overpower  the  police,  injuring  sev- 
eral with  their  own  weapons  ;  many  ar- 
rests are  made. 

July  19.  L.  At  Li^ge  16  Anarchists  are 
placed  on  trial. 

Aug.  *  E.  F.  A  fashionable  caf^  in  Os- 
tend  is  dynamited;  three  persons  are 
fatally  hurt  and  several  wounded. 

Nov.  7.  E.  F.  A  violent  Socialist  dem- 
onstration takes  place  at  Ghent. 

Nov.  8.  Brussels.  The  imiversal  suf- 
frage movement  is  the  cause  of  re- 
newed rioting.     [Nov.  18.    Continued.] 

1893  Jan.  8.  Brussels.  The  cashier 
and  clerk  of  the  Brussels  branch  of  the 
New  York  Life  Insurance  Company 
abscond,  it  is  alleged,  with  .'5225,000. 

Jan.  10.  L.  The  Catholic  Club  at  Sera- 
ing  is  destroyed  by  a  dynamite  explo- 
sion, supposed  to  be  the  act  of  German 
Socialists. 

Jan.  19.  Brussels.  A  large  body  of  un- 
employed are  charged  and  dispersed 
by  gendarmes ;  many  are  hurt. 

Apr.  2.  E.  F.  Socialists  meet  in  con- 
vention at  Ghent ;  a  resolution  is  passed 
for  a  general  strike  in  case  Parliament 
grant  plurality  of  votes  to  property  own- 
ers and  holders  of  university  diplomas. 

Apr.  11.  Workme'n  go  on  strike  be- 
cause the  Chamber  of  Deputies  have 
voted  against  universal  suffrage. 


Apr.  12.  Rioting  occurs,  growing  out 
of  the  strikes  ordered  on  account  of  re- 
jection of  the  Universal  Suffrage  Bill. 
[Apr.  18.    The  bill  passes.]    (See  State.; 

Apr.  13.  Rioting  continues ;  several 
fights  occur  between  gendarmes  and 
strikers. 

Apr.  14.    The   strikes   spread;    much 

rioting  follows. 

Apr.  15.  Rioting  continues ;  in  a  con- 
flict between  gendarmes  and  strikers, 
one  woman  is  killed  and  several  men 
wounded. 

Apr.  16.  The  strike  spreads  and  rioting 
continues ;  the  mayor  of  Brussels  is 
severely  beaten  by  Socialists  :  the  situ- 
ation at  Mons  is  serious. 

Apr.  17.  Disorder  prevails  in  many  cit- 
ies ;  the  Government  promptly  subdues 
the  riotous  strikers  by  military  force. 
(See  Army  —  Navy.) 

Apr.  19.  Work  is  resumed,  and  quiet 
reigns. 

May  22.  Brussels.  The  International 
Congress  of  Miners  opens. 

May  23.  Brussels.  Two  of  the  French 
(ielegates  to  the  Miners*  Congress  are 
expelled  from  Belgium  by  order  of 
the  Government. 

May  24.  Brussels.  The  Miners'  Con- 
gress votes  for  the  eight-hour  day  and 
for  an  international  strike  to  compel  its 
establishment. 

Aug,  30.  ff.  Ten  thousand  coal- 
miners  strike  in  the  Charleroi  district. 

1894  Apr.  18.  Ant.  Mme.  Joniaux,  a 
Iirominent  woman  of  Antwerp,  is  ar- 
rested on  a  charge  of  poisoning  three 
relatives  to  get  insurance  money. 

Apr.  22.  L.  There  are  bomb  explo- 
sions in  Li^ge. 

May  3.  L.  Two  persons  are  injured  and 
a  house  is  wrecked  by  a  bomb  explo- 
sion at  Li^ge ;  the  perpetrator  is  not 
known. 

May  24.    Anarchist  munitions  of  war 

are  found. 

May  28.  Brussels.  Prince  Charles  of 
HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen  and  Prin- 
cess Josephine  of  Flanders,  niece  of 
the  King  of  Belgium,  are  married. 


STATE. 

1892  May  10.  The  Chamber  of  Repre- 
sentatives decides  to  revise  the  Con- 
stitution and  to  increase  the  electorate. 
Vote,  131-7. 

June  11.  Count  M6rode,  son  of  the  late 
President  of  the  Senate,  is  appointed 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  as  suc- 
cessor to  Prince  de  Chimay,  deceased. 

June  16.  The  election  of  members  of 
the  Constituent  Assembly  results  in  a 
small  Iiiberal  majority. 

July  12.  It  is  announced  that  the  Parlia- 
ment will  meet  as  a  Constituent  As- 
sembly. 


July  26.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives passes  the  bill  providing  for  a  re- 
vision of  the  Constitution.     Vote,  104-18. 

Nov.  19.  Brussels.  The  Chamber  re- 
jects a  motion  favoring  universal  suf- 
frage.    Vote,  89-21. 

Nov.  22.  Brussels.  The  International 
Monetary  Conference  meets.  [Nov. 
2.'*.  The  American  delegates  submit  pro- 
posals outlining  the  policy  of  the  United 
States ;  Senator  Allison  speaks.  Dec.  17. 
It  suspends  its  sessions  until  May  13, 
1893.] 

1893  Jan.  17.  Brussels.  Unemployed 
workmen  in  a  body  make  known  their 
starving  condition  to  the  Minister  of 
Public  Works  and  to  the  Chamber  of 
Representatives. 

Mar.  26.  A7it.  An  unofRcial  referen- 
dum favors  manhood  suffrage.  Vote, 
15,794-2,907. 

Apr.  18.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives, terrified  by  the  riotous  uprising, 
passes  a  Universal  Suffrage  Bill  with 
a  plural  voting  clause ;  the  labor  lead- 
ers recommend  discontinuance  of  the 
strike. 

Apr.  21.    The  Senate  approves  the  bill 

extending  the  suffrage. 
June  1.     A    clause    is   adopted    in    the 

Chamber  making  it  compulsory  on  the 

newly  enfranchised  electors  to  record 

their  votes. 

July  13.  The  Chamber  votes  such  a  re- 
vision of  the  Constitution  as  will  enable 
Belgium  to  acquire  colonies. 

July  15.  The  Chamber  of  Representa- 
tives adopts  a  proposal  that  three- 
fourths  of  the  Senate  shall  be  elected 
by  universal  suffrage,  and  the  other 
fourth  by  communal  councils. 

Sept.  2.  The  Senate  passes  a  bill  for  th© 
revision  of  the  Constitution,  by  a 
large  majority. 

The  struggle  for  revision  of  the  Con- 
stitutitjii  is  thus  completed  after  four 
years*  discussion. 

Dec.  30.  The  new  Spanish  provisional 
commercial  treaty  becomes  operative. 

1894  Mar.  16.  The  Chamber  rejects 
the  Cabinet's  project  of  proportional 
representation.    Vote,  75-49. 

Mar  20.  The  Cabinet  resigns  in  con 
sequence  of  the  failure  of  the  Propor- 
tional Representation  Bill. 

June  6.  The  Chamber  passes  the  Elec- 
toral Reform  BiU.    Vote,  70-44. 

Sept.  20.     Parliament  is  dissolved. 

Oct.  15.  Returns  show  that  in  the  elec- 
tions the  liiberals  lose  31  seats  in  the 
Chamber  of  Representatives,  some  of  th© 
Catholic  gains  arising  from  the  fact  that 
many  priests  have  three  votes. 

Dec.  6.  The  Socialist  Representatives  of 
the  Chamber  refuse  to  cheer  for  the 
king,  and  an  uproar  results. 

Dec.  13.  Brussels.  Parliament  con- 
venes. 


BELGIUM. 


1892,  Apr.  2-1894,  Dec.  23.   549 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892  Sept.  13.  Cholera  reports  show 
soveral  deaths  in  Belgium.  [Sept.  15. 
Spreading  in  Antwerp.  Oct.  H.  A  few 
crises  yet  at  Antwerp.] 

Nov.  20.  Brussels.  The  International 
Monetary  Conference  hegiiis  its  ses- 
sions. 

[Nov.  28.  It  appoints  a  committee  to 
consider  the  Rothschild  proposition 
for  purchasing  £5,000,000  silver  annu- 
ally; Mr.  Cannon  is  the  committeeman 
for  the  United  States.  Nov.  30.  The 
committee  holds  its  first  meeting.  Dec. 
1.  It  reports  unfavorably  on  the  Roths- 
child plan.  Dec.  6.  The  Rothschild  plan 
is  withdrawn  from  consideration.  Dec. 
8.    President  Andrews  of  Brown  Uni- 


versity, U.  S.  A.,  addresses  the  Confer- 
ence. Dec.  9.  Bimetallists  in  the  Con- 
ference express  indignation  at  the 
obstruction  offered  by  Great  Britain. 
Dec.  11.  Senator  Allison,  U.  S.  A.,  tells 
the  Conference  that  American  delegates 
might  accept  a  different  ratio  than  16 
to  1  between  gold  and  silver.  Dec.  14. 
Bimetallists  in  the  Conference  charge 
duplicity  on  the  j)art  of  their  opponents. 
Dec.  15.  The  committee  makes  its  re- 
port, which  formulates  no  plan.  Dec.  17. 
The  Monetary  Conference  reserves  final 
judgment  on  the  propositions  submitted, 
anil  votes  to  resume  its  sittings  May  13th 
next.] 

1893    Aug.  10.    Ant.    Pour  cases   of 
cholera  reported.     [Dec.  13.     Cholera 


breaks  out  at  Namiu-.    Jan.  17.    Twelve 
deaths  from  cholera  occur  at  Auvelais.] 

Dec.  10.  Ant.  Twenty  thousand  tons 
of  grain  are  burned;  total  loss, 
$1,600,000. 

1894  Jan.  12.  Ant.  The  Jesuit  Col- 
lege is  burned ;  loss,  $200,000. 

May  5.  Ajit.  King  Leopold,  with  a 
number  of  royal  and  notable  i)erson- 
ages,  opens  the  "World's  Exhibition. 

July  4.  Ant.  The  American  section 
of  the  exhibition  is  dedicated. 

Nov.  12.  Ant.  The  "World's  Exhibi- 
tion is  closed. 

Dec.  16.  Bra.  A  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Father  Damien,  the  mis- 
sionary to  lepers,  is  unveiled  at  Louvain. 


BOKHARA. 

Bokhara  is  a  khanate  of  Central  Asia  subject  to  liussian  infiuence,  and  having  Bokhara  for  its  capital.    Its  area  is  estimated 
at  92,000  square  miles ;  its  population  numbers  about  2,600,000.    The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedanism. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

323  *  *  B.  c.    Bokhara  is  overrun  by  the 
Mongols  and  Thibetans. 


mh  Century.    Bokhara  is  conquered  by 

the  Turks. 
7tk  Century.    The  country  is  conquered 

by  the  Chinese. 

705  :  *  *  The  country  is  conquered  by 

the  Arabs. 
707  *  *  The  Arabs  occupy  Samarcand. 
856 1  *  *  Yacubbin-Leis  is  governor. 

876£  *  *  The  country  is  conquered  by 
Ismael,  the  first  sovereign  of  the  Sas- 
sanean  dynasty  [which  is  maintained  in 
power  for  about  200  years]. 

1216  *  *  The  country  is  subdued  by  the 
celebrated  Mohammed  Shah  Khare- 
zin. 

1220  *  ♦  Mohammed  is  dispossessed  by 
Genghis  Khan,  who  devastates  the 
country. 

*  *  ♦  Octai  IChan,  son  of  Genghis  Khan, 
is  ruler,  and  the  country  prospers. 

1372  *  *  The  handsome  college  of  Ab- 
dullah is  erected  at  Bokhara,  the 
capital. 

1400+*  *  Tamerlane  conquers  the 
country. 

1404  *  *  Ruy  Gonzalez  de  Clavijo,  a 
Spanish  ambassador  to  Tamerlane,  is 
the  first  European  to  visit  the  country. 

1505±  *  *  The  country  is  overrun  by 
the  Uzbeck  Tartars  under  Kl)ulkher 
Khan,  the  founder  of  the  Shelbani  dy- 
nasty, with  which  the  history  of  the  coun- 
try properly  begins.  [They  have  held  it 
till  modern  times.] 

1558*  *^9*  *  Anthony  Jenkinson,  the 
English  traveler,  visits  the  country. 

1580ii  *  *  A  Kirghiz  invasion  desolates 
the  country. 


*  *  *  A  disputed  succession  distracts 
the  people. 

1598  *  *  Baki  Mehemet  Khan  ascends 

the  throne,  introducing  the  dynasty  of 

the  Ashtarkhanides. 
1605  *  *  Veli  Mehemet  is  enthroned  as 

the   successor   of    Mehemet   Khan,   his 

brother. 

1620  *  *  The  mosque  of  Mesdjdi 
Mogak  is  built  at  Bokhara,  the  capital. 

*  *  *  Veli  is  supplanted  by  his  nephew 
Imamkuli. 

1680  *  *  Subhankuly  is  enthroned. 
1702  *  *  Subhankuly  dies,  and  a  war  of 
succession  ensues  between  his  two  sons. 

1707  *  *  Obeidullah    finally    triumphs 

over    his    brother,     and    ascends     the 

throne. 
1740*  *  Obeidullah,    a    feeble    king,    is 

murdered   by   Rehim   Bi  Atalik,   his 

vizier,  who  takes  his  throne. 

1781  *  *  Mir  Maasum,  the  usurper,  re- 
conquers from  the  Afghans  territory 
south  of  the  Oxus. 

1802  *  *  Mir  Majisum  dies,  and  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  fanatical  son,  Emir  Said 
Khan. 

1820  *  *  Meyendorff  and  Nagri  visit 
the  country. 

1826  *  *  Nasrullah  Bahuder,  a  royal 
oppressor,  is  enthroned  ;  he  murders  his 
brother,  and  is  cruel  to  his  people. 

1832  *  *  Sir  Alex.  Humes  visits  the 
coiuitry. 

1866  *  *  Mir  Maasum  proclaims  a  holy 
war  against  the  Russians. 

*  *  A  Russian  army  invades  Bokhara. 

May  *  The  Bokharians  are  decisively  de- 
feated at  Irdjar,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
.Taxartes. 

1867  July  11.  The  Bokharians  reluc- 
tantly sign  a  forced  peace  with  the 
Russians. 


*  *  The  war  is  renewed  by  the  Bokha- 
rians. 

1868  May  25.  The  Russians  again  de- 
feat the  Bokharians. 

May  26.  The  Russians  occupy  Samar- 
cand. 

June  13-20.  The  Russian  garrison  at 
Samarcand  is  besieged,  and  finally  re- 
lieved by  Gen.  Kaufman. 

Nov.  *  Russia  secTires  Samarcand  by 
treaty. 

1873  Dec.  *  A  new  treaty  with  Russia 
is  published.  No  foreigner  is  to  be  ad- 
mitted without  a  Russian  passport. 

1885  Nov.  12.  Seid  Abdul  Ahad  be- 
comes ameer. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1264  *  *  -74  ♦  *  The  brothers  Polo, 
the  Venetian  travelers,  visit  the  coun- 
try. 

[1740.  By  Cladisheff  the  traveler. 
183S.  By  Robert  Wood.  1841.  By  Kan- 
ikhoff  and  Xjehmann.  1842-43.  By 
Gen.Mikhaelovski  Danilevsky.  1842. 
By  Dr.  Joseph  "Wolff.  18G2.  By  Ar- 
menius  Vambery,  the  Jewish  trav- 
eler.] 

1888+  *  *  The  Bokharians  claim  to  have 
365  mosques  in  the  capital  city  ;  the 
most  important  is  one  originally  built 
by  Tamerlane  and  restored  by  Abdullah 
Khan,  occupying  a  square  of  300  feet  and 
a  dome  100  feet  high. 

*  *  *  Bokhara  now,  as  for  a  long  time 
past,  is  the  intellectual  center  of 
Central  Asia,  and  is  celebrated  for  its 
schools.  About  one-fourth  of  the  people 
are  able  to  read  and  write. 

*  *  *  The  Russian  Trans-Caspian  Rail- 
road runs  through  Bokhara  from  Char- 
gui  on  the  Oxus  to  a  station  near  the 
capital  and  thence  to  Samarcand. 


550     1544,*  *-1894,  July  7. 


BOLIVIA. 


Bolivia  is  a  state  of  central  South  America,  without  a  seacoast,  and  having  a  movable  capital.  Its  area  is  576,360  square 
miles ;  the  population  is  estimated  at  1,434,800.  It  has  a  republican  government,  administered  by  a  President ;  its  Congress  con- 
sists of  a  Senate  and  Chamber  of  Deputies,  who  represent  the  eight  political  departments  of  the  country.  Its  religion  is  Roman 
Catholic,  and  its  language  Spanish, 


ARMY  — WAVY. 

1780  *  *  -82  *  *  An  insurrection  uf  In- 
dians breaks  out. 

All  Spanish  posnessions  within  their 
reach  are  burned  ;  20,000  besiege  the  city 
of  La  Paz,  where  their  leader,  Tupac 
Amarii,  is  captured  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  cruelly  put  to  death. 

1782  *  *  Tbe  Spaniards  subdue  the  In- 
dians. 

1809  July* -25  Aug.*  Civil  war 
is  carried  on  intermittently  between  tlie 
Spanish  loyalists  and  the  patriot  forces  ; 
actions  occur  chiefly  in  the  Argentine 
provinces  of  Salta  and  Jujuy,  and  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Titicaca. 

1811  May  *  The  patriot  army  cele- 
brates its  second  victory  over  the 
Royalists,  near  Xiake  Titicaca. 

June  *  The  patriots  are  defeated  by 
the  Spanish  force  under  Gen.  tioyeneche, 
and  are  driven  back  into  Jujuy. 

1815  *  *  Tbe  patriots  are  totally  routed 
between  Potosi  and  Oruro  by  the 
Royalist  army. 

*  *  The  Indians  of  the  Southern  prov- 
inces rise  against  the  Spaniards  for  a 
short  time. 

1816  *  *  The  maneuvers  of  the  Spanish 
Gen.  Jos6  de  la  Serna  are  completely 
defeated. 

*  *  -22  *  *  Guerrilla  warfare  is  main- 
tained by  the  patriots  of  Upper  Peru 
[Bolivia]. 

1823  June  •  The  army  of  Gen.  Santa 
Cruz  enters  Upper  Peru  in  two  di- 
visions. 

July  *  -Aug.  *  The  whole  country  be- 
tween La  Paz  and  Oruro  is  occupied  by 
Gen.  Cruz,  till  driven  back  and  finally 
routed. 

1824  *  *  Great  victory  of  patriots  at  the 
battle  of  Ayacucho  in  I^wer  Peru ;  it 
secures  independence. 

*  *  Gen.  Sucre  leads  a  part  of  his  suc- 
cessful army  into  Upper  Peru. 

1825  Feb.  *  Universal  uprising  of  pa- 
triots in  Upper  Peru,  and  capture  of  La 
Paz. 

Mar.  *  The  Spanish  Gen.  Olaneta  is 
mortally  wounded  by  some  of  his  own 
troops,  who  had  revolted. 

1835  Nov.  20.  President  Santa  Cruz 
leads  an  army  into  Peru,  and,  at  the 
battle  of  Yngavi,  defeats  one  of  the  fac- 
tions struggling  for  supremacy. 

1841  Aug.  *  Peruviana  invade  Bo- 
livia, and  besiege  Ija  Paz  with  the 
hope  of  annexing  that  province,  but  are 
defeated,  routed,  and  many  are  killed. 

*  *  Bolivians  invade  Peru,  but  are  pro- 
hibited from  conquest  by  the  Chileans. 

1865  Feb.  *  The  revolutionary  troops 
under  Gen.  Melgarejo  defeat  Presi- 
dent Acha  near  Potosi. 

1866  Jan.  24.  Melgarejo  completely 
defeats  Arguedaa  at  Viacha. 


1867  *  *  -70  *  *  Civil  war  prevails. 
1872  *  *  The  Indians  again  revolt. 
Jan.  28.    Gen,  Ramon  Gonzalez  defeats 

8,000  Indians  at  Cururuyuqui. 
1879    Apr.  *  Bolivia  and  Peru  unite  in 

war  with  Chile. 
1883  *  *  Peace  is  made  with  Chile. 
1888    May  *  Aji  uprising  of  Indians 

in  Sucasica  is  suppressed. 
1891    Aug.  13.    The  state  of  siege  in 

Bolivia  is  raised. 

1893  Jan.  ±*  An  attempted  revolt 
under  Gen.  Camacho  is  suppressed. 

1894  June  16.  Bolivia  and  Ecuador 
in  peace  are  preparing  for  war  by 
making  large  purchases  of  war  material. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1783  •  *  Bolivar.  Simon,  liberator,  born. 

1793*  »  Sucre,  Antonio  Jos6  de,  patriot, 
born.    [1830.    Murdered.    A37.] 

1794+*  'Santa  Cruz,  Aiidreo,  President, 
born.     C1865.     l>iesA71>.] 

1810*  'Morales,  Augustin,  general.  Presi- 
dent, born. 

1818  ♦  ♦  Melgarejo,  Mariano,  soldier,  born. 

1830  ♦  *  Bolivar.  Simon,  liberator  of  IJo- 
livia,  A47. 

1861  Oct.  35.  Cordova,  Jorge,  President, 
assassinated,  ASn. 

1871  Nov.  23.  Melgarejo,  Mariano,  sol- 
dier, ASS. 

1873  Nov.  28.  Morales,  Augustin,  general. 
President,  assassinated,  A62. 

CHURCH. 
1827*  *A   translation   of  the  New 

Testament  from  tbe  Vulgate  into 
Aimara,  the  language  of  the  Kepublic, 
is  made  by  Pazos  Ranki. 

1832  *  *  The  Gospel  of  St.  Luke  is  is- 
sued in  the  Aimara  language  by  the 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

1887  Oct.±  *  Strong:  opposition  is 
made  at  La  Paz  to  the  stay  of  the 
Jesuits. 

SOCIETY. 

18th  Cenhiry.  Universal  abuse  and  ex- 
tortion are  practised  by  tbe  Spaniards 
in  their  intercourse  with  the  Indians. 

Tlie  1,400  mines  of  Peru  are  worked  by 
compulsory  labor,  the  Indians  being 
chosen  by  lot,  which  is  regarded  as 
equivalent  to  a  sentence  of  death. 

A  tribute  of  $8  is  required  of  every 
Indian  between  18  and  55  years  of  age. 

The  Indians  are  compelled  to 
marry  early  in  life,  the  men  at  15  years 
and  the  women  at  13,  to  increase  the 
taxable  population  and  mine-workers. 

The  Indians,  by  the  law  of  reparti- 
miento,  are  compelled  to  purchase 
worthless  articles  at  extravagant 
prices.  [Such  abu.'^es  finally  lead  to  tbe 
insurrection  of  the  Indians  in  1780-1 
1836*  *  Slavery  is  abolished   by  the 

(Jovernment. 
1801    Aug.  17.    A  plot  to  assassinate 
the  President  is  discovered  ;  a  number 
of  persons  are  arrested  on  suspicion. 


1894  July  7±.  Ex-President  Arce is 
assassinated  at  La  Paz,  and  his  body 
horribly  mutilated  by  his  murderers. 

STATE. 

[Note.  —  For  the  early  history  of  tlie  country 
see  Peru,  of  which  Bolivia  forms  a  part  till 
18250 

1780  *  *  -82  *  •  The  unendurable  out- 
rages practised  on  the  Indians  by  the 
Spaniards  occasion  the  insurrection,  led 
by  the  Inca  Tupac  Amarii,  who  devas- 
tates the  country  from  Cusco  to  Jujuy. 

1782  *  *  The  Spaniards  succeed  in  put- 
ting down  the  insurrection. 

1825  Aug.  6.  The  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence is  made  by  an  Assembly 
of  54  deputies,  at  Cbuquisaca. 

Aug,  10.  The  country  is  named  Bolivia 
in  honor  of  Gen.  Bolivar,  its  deliverer. 

Oct.  6.  The  first  Assembly  of  Depu- 
ties is  dissolved,  and  a  new  Congress 
is  summoned. 

1826  May  25.  The  Congress  assem- 
bles at  Cbuquisaca,  and  considers  tbe 
Constitution  prepared  for  the  new  Re- 
public by  Bolivar. 

*  *  The  Constitution  is  approved,  and 
Gen.  Sucre  is  chosen  President  for  life. 

*  *  Repeated  risings  occur  against  the 
Republic,  till  finally  President  Sucre 
is  driven  from  La  Paz. 

1828  Apr.  *  A  new  Congress  assem- 
bles at  Cbuquisaca,  which  modifies  the 
Constitution,  and  chooses  Marshal 
Santa  Cruz  for  President. 

1829*  *A  revolution  led  by  Gen. 
Blemco  temporarily  overthrows  the 
Government. 

1831  *  *  President  Cruz  restores  order, 
repairs  the  finances,  and  promulgates 
tbe  code  of  laws  which  bears  his  name. 

1835  *  *  Much  internal  disorder  pre- 
vails. 

*  *  President  Santa  Cruz  enters  Peru  to 
assist  one  of  the  factions  aiming  to  con- 
trol the  Government. 

1836  Oct.  28.  Peru.  President  Santa 
Cruz  seeks  to  unite  Peru  and  Bolivia  by 
the  forming  of  the  Peruvian- Bolivian 
Confederation,  with  himself  at  its  head 
as  "  Protector." 

1839  Jan.  *  Peru.  Gamara  and  other 
fugitive  Peruvians,  having  obtained  aid 
from  Chile,  attack  and  defeat  President 
Santa  Cruz  at  Yungay.  [Santa  Cruz 
leaves  the  country,  and  the  Confedera- 
tion is  broken  up.] 

Feb.  9.  Gen.  Velasco  becomes  Presi- 
dent. 

1841  *  *  Jos6  Ballivian  becomes  Pres- 
ident. 

1848  Dec*  Gen.  Belzu  becomes 
President,  by  a  successful  military 
revolution. 


BOLIVIA. 


1544,**-1894,  July  7.    551 


1853  *  *  Free  trade  is  proclaimed. 
1855  *  *  Gen.  Jorge  Cordova  becomes 
President. 

1857  Sept.*  A  revolt  spreads  tlirough- 
out  tho  country,  and  compels  tlie  Presi- 
deut  to  go  into  exile. 

1858  Mar.  31.  Job6  Maria  Iiinares 
by  revolution  seizes  the  government, 
and  proclaims  himself  Dictator. 

I860*  *  Jorge  Cordova  becomes 
President  under  the  Constitution. 

1861  *  *  Fresh  disturbances  arise,  and 
Maria  De  Acha  is  chosen  President. 

1862  •  •  A  treaty  of  x>ea<:e  and  com- 
merce with  the  United  States  is  ratified. 

1863  *  *  .\  similar  treaty  with  Belgium 
is  ratified. 

1865  Feb.  *  De  Acha  becomes  Dic- 
tator. 

Mar.  •  De  Acha  subdues  a  rebellion 

under  Belzu. 
Feb.  *  A  military  revolution  is  led  by 

Maria  Melgarejo,  who   assumes   the 

government   after  defeating    President 

De  Acha. 

1866  Jan.  *  Dictator  Melgarejo  pub- 
lishes an  amnesty. 

Oct.  17.    Melgarejo  puts  down  a  revolt. 

1867  Dec.  21.  Melgarejo  proclaims  an 
Amnesty. 

•  »  _7o  *  •  Civil  war  prevails. 


1871  *  *  A.  Morales  becomes  Presi- 
dent. 

1873  Apr.  *  Don  Adolfo  Ballivian  is 
chosen  President. 

1874  Feb.  14.  Dr.  Thomas  Frias  be- 
comes President. 

Sept.  ♦  An  insurrection  led  by  Corral 
is  suppressed. 

1876  May  4.  Gen.  HUarion  Daza  be- 
comes President. 

1880  June  1.  A  revolution  breaks 
out ;  President  Daza  is  deposed,  and 
Gen.  Campero  is  accepted  as  his  suc- 
cessor. 

Oct.  28.    The  Constitution  is  adopted. 

1882  Chile  takes  the  seacoast  from 
Bolivia,  at  the  end  of  the  war. 

1883  Dec.  *  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
signed  with  Chile. 

1886  *  *  A  boundary  treaty  is  made 
with  Peru. 

1887  Feb.  16.  A  boundary  treaty  is 
signed  by  Bolivia  and  Paraguay. 

Apr.  7.  Tlie  Minister  at  Washington  i.s 
recalled,  and  the  legation  is  with- 
drawn. 

1888  Aug.  15.  Aiceto  Arce  becomes 
President. 

Oct.  *  The  President  suppresses  a  revo- 
lution. 

1880  Jan.  1.  The  Chilean  tariff 
comes  into  operation  in  Bolivia. 


1891  May  29.  The  recognition  by 
Bolivia  of  the  Chilean  rebels  is  for- 
mally published ;  it  is  asserted  that 
Bolivia  will  furnish  them  troops  on  con- 
dition of  Chile  canceling  the  Bolivian 
debt. 

1892  May  3.  The  presidential  elec- 
tion is  held ;  Ex-President  Pacheco  is 
elected,  and  Gen.  Cumacho  is  defeated. 

•  *  A  treaty  is  entered  with  Chile. 

Aug.  6.  President  Baptista  assumes 
office,  and  the  recently  elected  Con- 
gress opens  its  first  session. 

Aug.  7.  An  insurrection  is  successful ; 
many  prominent  men  are  exiled. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1544  *  •  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi 

are  discovered. 
1660  *  *  A   mine    is    discovered    in    the 

district  of  La  Paz  from  which  the  silver 

may  be  cut  out  with  a  chisel. 
1877  *  •  La  Paz  is  lighted  with  gaa. 
1887  *  *  Don  Aiceto  Arce  imdertakes  to 

found  a  college  on  a  grand  scale  at 

La  Paz. 
1890    Jan.  13.    The  reported  shortage 

of  the  banks  of  La  Paz  amounts  to 

$300,000. 
1892    May  15.    A  branch  railroad  is 

completed    to   the    mining    district   of 

Oruro. 


BORNEO. 

Borneo  (Pulo  Kalamantin)  is  the  largest  island  of  the  East  India  group.  Area,  286,161  square  miles.  It  has  no  political 
unity,  and  its  inhabitants  are  of  various  races.  The  estimated  population  of  the  Dutch  division  in  the  south  is  1,100,000  ;  of  the 
British  territory  in  North  Borneo,  175,000;  and  in  Sarawak,  300,000.  Sarawak,  Brunei,  and  North  Borneo  constitute  a  British 
protectorate. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1503  *  *  -07  *  *  Ludovico  Barthema 
visits  the  Archipelago  [and  makes  men- 
tion of  the  island]. 

1518  *  *  The  island  is  discovered  by  Lo- 
renzo de  Gomez,  a  Portuguese  [or  by 
Don  Jorge  de  Menezes  in  1526]. 

1573  *  *  Spaniards  appear  as  rivals  of 
the  Portuguese  traders,  but  are  not 
successful. 

1575  *  *  There  is  an  extensive  Chinese 
immigrration. 

1580  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Brunei,  being  de- 
throned, appeals  to  the  Spaniards, 
who  restore  him. 

1608*  *  Samuel  Blommaert  is  ap- 
pointed Dutch  resident. 

1609  *  *The  English  appear  in  the  island. 

1645  ♦  *  The  Spaniards  send  an  expedi- 
tion to  punish  the  natives  for  piratical 
depredations. 

1698  *  *  The  English  have  an  impor- 
tant settlement  at  Banjermassin. 

1733+ *  *The  Dutcli  bring  about  the 
expulsion  of  the  English  traders,  and 
secure  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  on  tlie 
west  and  south  coasts. 

1756  *  *  The  English  obtain  possession 
of  the  island  of  Balambangan,  and  all 
the  northeast  promontory  of  Borneo. 


1774*  *The  English  conclude  a 
treaty  with  the  Sultan  of  Brunei. 

1775  *  *  The  English  military  post  is 
surprised  and  destroyed  by  the  na- 
tives, who  resent  the  cession  of  their 
territory. 

1779±  *  *  The  Dutch  acquire  authority 
over  all  strangers. 

1795  ♦  *  English  influence  is  at  an  end. 

1809  *  *  The  Dutch  abandon  their  set- 
tlements by  order  of  Marshal  Hermann 
W.  Daendels,  governor  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies. 

1810  *  *  The  natives  increase  in  pirati- 
cal lawlessness  and  violence. 

1811  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Banjermassin 
appeals  to  the  EngUsh  for  help,  and 
makes  a  treaty  with  them. 

*  *  An  expedition  is  sent  by  the  British 
against  Sambas. 

1813  *  *  The  British  punish  the  pirates 
of  Borneo. 

1818  *  *  The  Dutch  possessions  are  re- 
stored, and  Dutch  influence  revives. 

1823  *  *  The  Sultan  surrenders  half  the 
kingdom  of  Banjermassin  to  the  Dutch. 
[1825.    He  makes  further  concessions.] 

1836  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Sooloo  makes  his 
submission  to  the  Spaniards. 


1825  *  *  The  piracy  carried  on  by  the 
natives  is  unendurable. 


CHURCH. 

J6th  Century.  Antonio  Ventimiglia,  a 
Theatine  monk,  attempts  to  Christian- 
ize the  natives,  and  meets  an  untimely 
death. 

1836*  *The  Reformed  (Dutch) 
Church  of  America  establishes  and 
sustains  a  mission,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  the  American  Board. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

15tk  Century.     Early  in  this   period  the 
Portuguese  begin  trade  in  Brunei,  and 

later  in  various  maritime  states. 

1580  *  *  The  Spaniards  gain  favor,  and 
enjoy  trade  witli  the  island. 

1604  *  *  The  Dutch  trade  with  Borneo 

on  the  west  coast. 

1600  *  *  The  Dutch  factories  are  estal>- 

lislied. 

1623  *  *  The  Dutch  factories  are  aban- 
doned. 

1776*  *The   Dutch   reestabUsh   their 
factories. 


552     1839,  *  *-1889,  Oct.  4. 


BORNEO. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1839  *  *  -40  *  *  Sarawak,  the  most 
southerly  province  of  Brunei,  rebels 
against  the  tyranny  of  the  governor. 

1840  *  *  Sir  James  Brooke  assists  the 
Sultan,  Muda  Uassiiu,  in  suppresBlng  the 
Sarawak  rebellion. 

1841*  *  An  English  settlement  is 
made  at  Sarawak  l>y  Sir  James  Brooke. 
IHe  reforms  government,  and  introduces 
a  code  of  humane  laws.] 

*  *  Sir  James  Brooke  is  appointed  ra- 
jah of  Sarawak  by  Muda  Hassim.  [Sept. 
'24.    His  title  is  confirmed  by  the  Sultan.] 

1843  IVIar.  *  *  Capt.  Sir  Henry  Keppel 
of  the  British  navy  and  Rajah  Brooke 
chastise  the  pirates  of  the  Seribas 
River. 

1844  *  *  The  British  defeat  the  pirates 
of  Batang  Lupar. 

*  *  Tlie  Sultan  of  Kuti  acknowledges  the 
Dutch  protectorate. 

1846  Dec.  *  The  British  conclude  a 
treaty  with  the  Sultan. 

The  Island  of  Labuan,  northwest  of 
Borneo,  is  incorporated  with  the  British 
Empire,  and  possession  is  formally 
taken  by  its  representatives. 

The  English  form  a  settlement  on  the 
island  of  Labuan,  and  later  work  a  coal- 
mine there. 

*  *  Rajah  Brooke  is  appointed  governor 
of  the  British  colony  of  Labuan,  and 
consul-general  of  Borneo. 

1847  *  *  The  Sultan  of  Bnmei  agrees 
to  make  no  cession  of  territory  without 
the  consent  of  representatives  of  Great 
Britain. 

Oct.  *  Kajah  Brooke  visits  England. 
±*  *  Rajah  Brooke  succeeds  in  restoring 
order  in  the  district. 

1849*  *  Rajah  Brooke  attempts  to  con- 
clude a  treaty  with  the  Sultan,  but  in 
deference  to  Spanish  protests  it  is  not 
ratified. 

*  *  Rajah  Brooke  leads  an  expedition 

against  the  Seribas  and  Sakuran  Dyaks, 
who  persist  in  piracy;  he  defeats  them. 


destroys  their  fort  at  Patusan,  and  kills 
a  great  number  of  the  pirates. 
1851  *  *  The  Sultan  acknowledges  all 
his  territories  to  be  integral  parts  of 
Spain. 

1857  Feb.  17.  18.  Rajah  Brooke  sup- 
presses an  insurrection  of  Chinese,  in 
which  a  number  of  Europeans  are  mas- 
sacred ;  2,000  Chinese  are  killed. 

*  *  -60  *  *  Capt.  J.  Johnson  ((Japt. 
Brooke),  a  nephew  of  Rajah  Brooke,  is 
made  governor  in  the  absence  of  the 
Rajah  on  a  visit  to  England. 

1858  *  *  Sir  J.  Brooke  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful appeal  to  the  British  Cabinet  for 
help.  [1860.  Nov.  20.  He  returns  from 
England.] 

1859  May  1.  A  terrible  massacre  of 
Europeans  takes  place  at  Kalangaii, on 
the  south  coast. 

1868  *  *  Charles  Johnson,  a  younger 
nephew  of  the  Rajah,  becomes  governor. 

1870  June  *  An  expedition  of  Malays 
and  Dyaks  under  the  Rajah  of  Sarawak 
inflicts  severe  punishment  on  a  maraud- 
ing tribe  of  Dyaks. 

*  *  The  Sultan  of  Sooloo  rebels  against 
Spain,  and  [a  desultory  war  follows]. 

Nov.  8.  The  British  Borneo  Company 
is  gazetted. 

Wov.  *  Spain  makes  a  threatening  pro- 
test, and  declares  a  blockade  ;  she  stops 
British  and  German  vessels ;  a  diplo- 
matic dispute  follows. 

1877*  *  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and 
Spain  agree  to  freedom  of  trade  in 
the  Archipelago. 

*  *  Deut*s  Company  takes  possession. 
1878  *  *  Spain    reduces    its  vassal,  and 

exacts  a  new  declaration  of   allegi- 
ance.   [The  British  government  protests 
against  the  protectorate.] 
1881  *  *  Alfred  Dent  secures  a  charter 
for  his  possessions  in  northern  Borneo. 

1883  *  *  Civil  administration  is  organ- 
ized. 

1884  *  *  The  British  Company's  terri- 
tory is  enlarged. 


1885  *  *  North  Borneo,  Sarawak,  and 
Brunei  are  formed  into  a  British  pro- 
tectorate.   [1888.    North  Borneo  alone.] 

1889  *  *  A  rebellion  against  the  British 
breaks  out. 

Feb.  10.  The  rebels  are  defeated  in 
North  Borneo. 

CHURCH. 

1839  *  *  Mandomai  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

1848  *  *  The  Dutch  Government  embar- 
rasses the  mission-work  of  Americans, 
and  the  American  Board  withdraws 
its  missionaries. 

1851  *  *  Sarawak  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  British  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

1853  *  *  Ijundu  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  British  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel. 

1855  Oct.  8.  Rev.  F.  J.  IWacdougall  is 
consecrated  bishop  at  Calcutta,  the  first 
of  the  English  bishops  consecrated  in  a 
province ;  his  bishopric  is  the  island  of 
Labuan,  near  the  north  coast. 

1858  *  *  A  revised  version  of  the  New 
Testament  is  published  in  the  Dyak 
language. 

1859  *  *  Mandomai  ceases  to  be  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

1864  *  *  Undop  becomes  a  mission-sta^ 
tion  of  the  British  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel. 

1866  *  *  Kwala  Kapnas  becomes  a  mis- 
sion-station of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

1869*  *Mandomai  again  becomes  a 
mission-station  of  the  Rhenish  Society. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868  June  11.  Sir  James  (Rajah) 
Brooke  dies  in  England. 

1881  Nov.  8.  The  North  British 
Borneo  Company  is  chartered. 

1889  Oct.  4.  Six  Chinese  despera- 
does are  executed  for  consi>iracy  at 
Sarawak. 


BRAZIL. 

Brazil  is  a  republic  of  South  America,  having  an  estimated  area  of  3,209,878  square  miles,  and  an  estimated  population  (1888) 
of  14,002,336.  The  government  is  administered  by  a  President ;  the  Senate  has  63  and  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  205  members,  rep- 
resenting 20  States.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  and  Portuguese  is  the  language  of  the  people,  who  are  Brazilians, 
Indians,  negroes,  and  mixed  races,  with  numerous  colonists,  chiefly  Germans,  Italians,  and  Swi„s. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1560  *  *  The    Portuguese    destroy    the 

French  settlement  at  Elo  de  Janeiro. 
1567    Jan.  21.    Mem  de  Sfi,  utterly  de- 
feats the  French  and  their  Indian  allies 

at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
1586*  *An    English    force    led    by 

■Witherington  plunders  Bahia. 
1591*  *The    Spanish   colony  of  Sao 

Vicente   is    burned    by    the    English 

under  Thomas  Cavendish. 
1593  *  *  James  Xiancaster  captures 

Femambuco  from  the  Spaniards. 


1595  *  *  English  under  Lancaster  take 
Olinda. 

1624  *  *  A  Dutch  fleet  takes  Bahia. 

1625  May*  The  Dutch  are  compelled 
to  capitulate  to  the  Portuguese  and 
natives  at  Bahia. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1549+  *  *  Gold  is  discovered  at  Bahia. 

1553+  *  *  Manuel  de  Nobrega,  chief 
of  the  Jesuits  and  joint  provincial,  es- 
tablishes a  college,  named  SSo  Paulo. 
[It  greatly  beneflts  the  rising  state.] 


1629  •  *  Gold-mines  are  discovered  in 
Minas,  Goyaz,  and  Cuyaba  by  slave- 
hunting  expeditions. 


BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

16S3  *  *  Cabral,  Tedro  Alvarez,  explorer,  tl. 
1596  *  *  Mascarenlias,  Garcia  de,  poet,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1500  Apr.  26.  Easter  is  celebrated 
by  religious  services  at  Porto  Seguro, 
by  the  Portuguese  commander,  Pedro 


BRAZIL. 


1499,  June  *-1630,  *  *.    653 


Alvarez  Cabral,  who  commemorates 
the  event  liy  the  erection  of  a  stone 
cross.  [He  names  the  country,  The 
Land  of  the  Holy  Cross.] 
1549  Apr.  *  Six  Jesuits  arrive  at 
Bahia  with  the  lirat  governor-general ; 
they  undertake  the  spiritual  culture  of 
the  savages,  and  the  Portuguese,  who 
are  scarcely  less  savage. 

*  *  Abandoned  priests  foster  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  colonists,  and  oppose 
the  ellorts  of  the  (Jesuits. 

1552*  *The  first  bishop  arrives,  and 
checks  the  disortlers  of  the  priests. 

1553  *  *  Luis  de  Gran,  at  the  head  of 
a  company  of  Jesuits,  arrives. 

*  *  Nobrega,  the  chief  of  the  first  mis- 
sion, is  appointed  joint  provincial. 

*  *  Governor-General  Duarte  opposes  the 
good  work  of  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Fr.  Coligni  sends  a  Protestant  col- 
ony under  Nicolas  de  Villegaignon,  in 
two  ships,  to  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1555*  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  first  Prot- 
estant mission  in  the  world  is  opened. 

The  Church  of  Geneva  sends  14  mis- 
sionaries to  Brazil,  who  land  on  an 
island  in  the  harbor, 

1556±  *  *  Chevalier  de  Villegaignon,  the 
leader  of  the  Protestant  colony,  joins 
the  Catholics,  and  dissension  follows. 

1558  *  *  The  Jesuits  liave  more  success 
under  the  rule  of  the  new  captain-gen- 
eral, Mem  de  Sft. 

1559i  *  *  The  French  Huguenots  are 
persecuted  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  their 
false  leader,  Villegaignon,  and  are 
obliged  to  return  to  France.  [Coligni's 
Protestant  colony  at  Rio  is  entirely 
broken  up  by  the  Portuguese.] 

SOCIETY. 
1629  *  *  Balds  into  the  interior  to  pro- 
cure Indians  as  slaves  commence ;  the 
converted  Indians  of  Jesuit  missions  in 
Paraguay  are  not  spared. 

DISCOVERY—  STATE. 

1499  June*  Brazil  is  discovered  by 
Vincente  Yafiez  Pinzon,  a  companion  of 
Columbus  ;  he  coasts  with  four  ships 
from  near  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Amazon. 

1500  Apr.  22.  Pedro  Alvarez  Ca- 
bral,  a  Portuguese  commander,  driven 
by  adverse  winds  out  of  his  designed 
course  for  India,  arrives  at  Porto 
SegnnX);  he  takes  possession  of  the 
country  for  the  crown  of  Portugal, 
and  calls  it  Tierra  de  Santa  Cruz. 

May  2.  Cabral,  continuing  his  voyage, 
sails  for  India,  after  despatching  a  small 
vessel  to  Lisbon,  to  announce  his  dis- 
covery. 

1501  May  10.  Port,  The  King  sends 
Amerigo  Vespucci  with  three  vessels 
to  explore  the  country  discovered  by 
Commander  Cabral. 

Aug.  16.  Vespucci  arrives  at  Cape  St. 
Roque,  in  "  the  I^and  of  Parrots." 

1502  Jan.  1.  Vespucci  discovers  and 
names  the  Bay  of  Bio  de  Janeiro. 


1503  *  *  Christovao  Jaques,  a  Portu- 
guese, coasts  southward  to  about  02° 
south  on  the  coast  of  Patagonia. 

*  *  Vespucci  arrives  again  with  six  ships, 
visits  Bahia,  and  builds  a  fort  at  Cape 
Frio,  which  he  leaves  in  charge  of  12 
men  with  guns  and  provisions. 

[Tbe  Portuguese  (Jovernment  nearly 
forgets  its  possessions  in  South  America 
for  30  years,  while  private  citizens  de- 
velop a  small  trade  with  the  comitry.] 
1504*  *A  Portuguese  colony  is 
planted  on  the  coast  at  All  Saints  [in 
Bahia],  and  others  follow. 

*  *  Brazil  begins  to  be  named  for  South 
America. 

1510  *  *  Diego  Alvarez,  a  Portuguese, 
is  shipwrecked  on  the  coast  near  Bahia. 
He  gains  the  friendship  of  the  Indians. 

1511  *  *  The  Portuguese  appear  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro  Bay. 

1515*  *  Brazil  is  colonized  by  the 
Portuguese  ;  it  is  their  first  agricul- 
tural colony. 

1521  *  *  Port.  John  m.  becomes  King 
of  the  Portuguese. 

1527  *  *  Christovilo  Jaques,  the  Portu- 
guese governor,  founds  the  first  settle- 
ment at  Pemambuco. 

1528  *  *  Governor  Jaques  is  recalled. 

1530  *  *  Brazil  is  divided  into  captain- 
cies by  the  Portuguese,  and  is  first  per- 
manently occupied. 

1531  Jan.  1.  Martin  Affonso  de 
Sousa,  possessing  a  grant  from  John 
III.,  arrives  with  an  expedition,  and 
gives  its  name  to  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

*  *  Sousa  establishes  a  settlement  at  S&o 
Vincente  Piratininga,  in  the  [present 
province  of  Sao  Paulo]. 

*  *  Pero  XiOpes  de  Sousa,  receiving  a 
captaincy,  founds  a  settlement  at  S&o 
Amaro,  near  his  brother. 

*  *  Vasco  Fernandes  Coutinho  brings 
over  a  company  of  colonists,  including 
60  fldalgos,  and  sinks  a  fortune  in  at- 
tempting the  settlement  of  **  Our  Xiady 
of  the  Victory." 

*  *  Pedro  de  Campo  Tourinho  takes 
up  the  captaincy  of  Porto  Seguro. 
[Sugar-works  are  established.] 

*  *  Jorge  de  Figueiredo,  receiving  the 
captaincy  of  Ilheos,  sends  out  Fran- 
cisco Romeiro  to  take  possession. 

*  *  Francisco  Pereira  Coutinho  re- 
ceives the  captaincy  of  the  coast  from 
the  Rio  Sao  Francisco  to  Bahia. 
[Later  all  the  bays  and  creeks  are 
added  to  the  grant.] 

*  *  The  captaincy  of  Pernambuco  is 
granted  to  Don  Duarte  Coelho  Pereira. 

*  *  Pedro  de  Goes  obtains  the  captaincy 
of  Peraiba  [but  is  driven  off  by  the 
natives  after  a  struggle  of  seven  years]. 

*  ♦  Jofto  de  Barros,  the  historian,  re- 
ceives the  captaincy  of  Maranh&o,  but 
his  grand  expedition  is  wrecked  and  the 
effort  fails. 

1548  *  *  Jews  banished  from  Portugal 
come  to  Brazil. 


*  *  The  colony  attains  sufficient  impor- 
tance to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
mother  country. 

The  power  of  captaincies  is  revoked  ; 
their  grants  are  continued  ;  a  governor- 
general  is  appointed  with  civil  and  crimi- 
nal powers  ;  the  judicial  and  financial 
functions  of  each  province  are  vested 
in  the  Ouvidor. 

1549    Apr.  *  Thom6  de  Sousa  arrives 

at  San  Salvador  [Bahia]  to  establi-sh 
a  city,  and  as  the  first  governor-gen- 
eral of  Brazil. 

He  brings  220  persons  in  the  king's 
pay,  300  free  colonists,  and  400  convicts. 

1553  *  *  Duarte  de  Costa  succeeds  to 
the  office  of  governor-general. 

1555  *  *  Nicolas  Durand  Villegaig- 
non establishes  a  colony  on  an  island 
near  Rio  de  Janeiro,  bearing  his  name. 

1557  *  *  Port.  Sebastian  becomes  King 
of  the  Portuguese. 

1558  *  *  Port.  Mem  de  Sa  is  sent  out 
as  governor-general. 

*  *  Huguenots  and  colonists  from  Genoa 
found  a  settlement  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1560  *  *  The  Portuguese  capture  the 
French  settlement  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1567  *  *  The  Portuguese  found  a  colony 
on  the  ruins  of  the  French  settlement  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro. 

*  *  Sebastian  is  founded. 

1572  *  *  Mem  de  SS  ceases  to  be  gov- 
ernor-general ;  an  attempt  is  made  to 
divide  the  colony. 

1574  *  *  The  colony  is  divided  into 
two  governments. 

1578  *  *  The  territory  is  reunited  into 
one  province  as  an  appanage  of  Spain, 
with  Diego  Laurence  da  Veiga  as 
governor. 

*  *  Portugal  is  annexed  to  Spain. 

*  *  Port.  Philip  U.  of  Spain  usurps 
thecrownof  Portugal,  and  the  colonies 
are  neglected. 

*  *  Port.  Henry,  the  Cardinal,  brother 
of  John  III.,  becomes  King  of  Portugal 
as  Henry  I. 

1586  *  *  Unglish  anti-Spanish  adven- 
turers transiently  destroy  prosperous 
settlements. 

1612  ♦  *  The  French  plant  a  colony  on 
the  Island  Marajo. 

1615  Dec.  *  Belem,  or  Para,  is  founded 
by  Caldeira. 

1618  *  *  The  French  settlement  at 
Marajo  is  surrendered  to  Spain. 

1624  *  *  Invasion  of  the  Dutch. 

1630  *  *  The  Dutch  seize  the  coast, 
and  establish  a  colony  at  Olinda  in  Per- 
nambuco :  Count  Maurice  comes  as 
Dutch  governor  [and  prosperity  follows]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1515  *  *  Brazil  is  the  first  American  col- 
ony founded  on  an  agrictiltural  basis ; 
all  others  were  mining  speculations. 

1549  *  *  The  languishing  Portuguese  col- 
onies become  prosperous  by  the  dis- 
covery of  gold. 


554     1630,  *  *-1863,  June  18. 


BRAZIL. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1630  *  *  The  Dutch  take  Olinda  after 
a  feeb^e  resistance. 

1649  *  *  War  with  the  Dutch  colo- 
nists begins. 

•  •  The  Brazil  Company  of  Portugal  send 
out  their  first  fleet  to  aid  the  colonists 
against  the  Dutch. 

1654  •  *  The  Dutch  yield  Olinda,  and 
Brazil  is  fully  restored  to  the  Portu- 
guese. 

1710*  *A  French  squadron  lands 
1,000  men  under  Duclerc  at  Rio;  half 
are  killed  in  battle,  the  remainder  cap- 
tured and  barbarously  treated. 

1711  Sept.  12.  A  French  squadron 
with  6,000  troops,  under  Adm.  Duguay- 
Trouin,  attacks  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and 
takes  the  town  after  a  battle  of  four 
days. 

Oct.  10.  To  prevent  the  burning  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro  by  the  French,  the 
governor  capitulates.    (See  State.) 

1809  '  *  An  expedition  captures  French 
Guiana  for  annexation  to  Brazil. 

1817  *  *  A  force  of  5,000  troops  totally 
defeats  the  Artigas,  and  occupies 
Montevideo  in  Uruguay. 

1823  •  »  Port.  The  Cortes  sends  a  large 
force  to  Bahia  to  suppress  the  revolu- 
tion. 

July  2.  Bahia,  the  headquarters  of  the 
Portuguese  troops,  is  so  vigorously  be- 
sieged by  the  patriots  that  the  Portu- 
guese army  is  forced  to  reembark. 

♦  *  The  Brazilian  squadron  under  Sir 
Alex.  Inglis  Cochrane  attacks  the  Por- 
tuguese vessels,  and  captures  several. 

1825*  *  The  war  against  Buenos 
Ayres  is  sustained  in  a  feeble  way. 

1828  ♦  *  The  army  is  defeated  by  the 
Argentines,  through  the  incapacity  of 
its  leader. 

1834  *  *  Para  and  Rio  Grande,  the  re- 
bellious provinces,  are  subdued. 

1849  *  *  The  Ministry  send  reenforoe- 
ments  to  Paraguay  and  Montevideo 
against  the  army  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1710+  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  in 
Minas. 

1722±  •  •  The  Arabian  coffee-plant  is 
introduced  from  Cayenne.  [1810.  It  be- 
comes an  article  of  commerce.] 

1729  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  in 
Sezzo  Frio. 

1807*  »The  National  Library  is 
founded  at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1808  *  •  The  first  printing-press  is 
set  up. 

1809  *  *  lilo  de  Janeiro.  The  king  in- 
troduces the  cultivation  of  the  tea- 
plant  in  the  botanical  gardens. 

1810  »  *  Swedes  erect  two  small  refining 
furnaces  at  Ipanema. 

1817  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  National 
Museum  of  natural  history  is  founded. 


*  *  The  first  daily  newspaper  is  estab- 
lished at  tha  capital  city,  the  Diario  do 
Rio. 

1823  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Journal  de  Com- 
mercio  is  issued. 

1838  •  •  The  Historical,  Geographical, 
and  Ethnographical  Institute  of  BrazU 
is  founded. 

1841  *  •  Beds  of  bituminous  coal  are 
discovered  along  the  banks  of  the  Tu- 
barao. 

1844  *  *  Diamonds  are  discovered  north 
of  the  river  Paraguass. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1656  •  »  Mascarenhas. Garcia  de, poet,  A60. 

1684*  *  Andrada,  (iomes  Freire  de,  Portu- 
guese governor  of  Rio,  Count  of  Bobadllla, 
born.    [1763.    Jan.  1.    Dies.    A79.] 

1765  June  13.  Andrada  e  .Silva,  Jos^ 
Bonifacio  de,  statesman,  mineralogist, 
born.    [1388.    Apr.  6.    Dies.    A73.] 

1773  Nov.  1.  Andrada  Machado  e  Silva, 
Antonio  Carlos  Riljeiro  de,  statesman,  born. 
[1845.     Dec.  5.     Dies.    A72.] 

1774  •  •  Gonzaga,  Thomaz  Antonio,  poet, 
born.     [1807.     Dies.    A33.] 

1798  *  *  Pedro  I.,  emperor,  bom. 

1806  *  •  Porto-Alegre,  ilanoel  de  Araujo, 
poet,  born. 

1807  Jan.  22.  Andrade  Neves,  Josi  Joa- 
qulm  de,  general,  born.  [1869.  Jan.  6. 
Dies.: 

1811  •  •  Magalhaens,  de  Domingos,  Jos« 
Goncjalves,  poet,  born. 

1816'  •  Varnhagen,  Francisco  Adolpho  de, 
historian,  born. 

1822  Mar.  14.  Theresa,  princess,  Em- 
press, born. 

*  'Oonc^lvez  Diaz,  Antonio,  poet,  born.  [1864. 
Dies.    A40.] 

1825  *  ♦  Pedro  n..  emperor,  born. 

1826  Apr.  30.  Pelxoto  Florlano.  gen.. 
President,  born. 

1827  Aue.  5.  Fonseca.  Manuel Deodoro- 
da,  gen.,  1st  President,    born. 

1834    Pedro  I.,  emperor,  A36. 

1840  *  •  Tavares-Bastos,  Aureliano  Candido, 

patriot,  born. 
1842    Apr.  29.    Eu.  Louis  P.M.  F.G.d'Or- 

leans,  Comte  d" ,  prince,  general,  bom. 
1844    Moraes,  Prudente  de.  President,  b. 
1846    Isabella,  princess,  born. 

CHURCH. 

1566  *  *  In  order  to  terrify  his  country- 
men, John  Boles,  a  Huguenot  mission- 
ary, is  put  to  death  by  the  Portuguese 
after  an  imprisonment  of  eight  years. 

1577  *  *  Many  of  the  Protestant  colo- 
nists return  to  France. 

1594*  *  French  Catholics  establish  a 
colony  on  the  Island  of  MaranhSo. 

1620*  *Jestiit  settlements  are  formed; 
communism  prevails. 

1760  •  •  Great  opposition  is  made  to 
the  Jesuits  under  a  false  pretext ;  they 
are  expelled  from  the  country. 

1761  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Imperial 
chapel  is  erected. 

1836  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States 
sends  Rev.  Mr.  SpaiUding  as  a  mission- 
ary to  Rio  de  .Janeiro. 

1838  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Rev.  D.  B. 
Kidder  (U.  S.  A.)  joins  the  Methodist 
mission.  [1S41.  The  Methodist  mis- 
sion is  closed  through  financial  embar- 
rassments.] 

1851+  *  *  -53  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Rev. 
J.  C.  Fletcher  labors  as  missionary. 

1854+  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Rev.  Dr. 
Kalley,  a  Scotch  physician,  begins 
evangelistic   labor  at  his  own   ex- 


pense.    [He   continnes   his   work   for 
several  years.] 

1859  Aug.  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Mission- 
aries of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
(North,  U.  S.  A.)  arrive. 

1860  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro  becomes  a  mi.s- 
sion-station  of  the  Southern  Baptists 
(U.  S.  A.). 

*  »  The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
(U.S.A.)  starts  its  first  mission  in  Brazil. 

1861  May*  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Pres- 
byterian mission  is  opened  for  public 
preaching.  [1862.  It  is  organized  as  a 
church,  with  two  members.] 

SOCIETY. 

1630  •  •  The  Dutch  send  an  expedition 
to  Africa,  and  capture  a  Porttiguese 
settlement  in  order  to  obtain  slaves 
for  the  colony  at  Olinda. 

1637  *  *  Maurice,  the  Dutch  governor, 
promotes  the  amalgamation  of  the 
various  native  races  with  the  colonists. 

1640  *  *  Numerous  southern  tribes  are 
reduced  to  slavery  by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  A  hardy  race  of  men  appear  at  Sio 
Paulo  from  the  intermarriage  of  colo- 
nists with  the  natives. 

1830  •  ♦  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Political  dis- 
orders are  caused  by  the  enemies  of  the 
emperor. 

1831  Apr.  *  Dom  Pedro  embarks  for 
Portugual. 

1841  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  hospital 
of  Dom  Pedro  Ix.  (La  Misericordia) 
is  erected.  A  lunatic  asylum  is  also 
erected  with  funds  obtained  by  selling 
titles  of  nobility  at  a  fixed  tariff. 

1843  Sept.  4.  rt.  Dom  Pedro  H. 
marries  Princess  Theresa  of  Naples. 

1852  *  *  The  slave-trade  is  suppressed. 

1861  June  7±.  Natives  plunder  the 
wreck  of  the  British  ship  Prince  of 
Wales  at  Albardas,  and  kill  some  of  the 
crew. 

STATE. 

1636  Jan.  *  -44  May  *  Maurice  of 
Nassau  is  governor-general  of  the  Dutch 
conquests  in  Brazil ;  the  colony  prospers 
under  his  administration. 

*  *  Brazil.  Maurice,  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernor, promotes  the  amalgamation  of 
the  natives  and  colonists  by  marriage. 

1640  *  *  Numerous  Southern  tribes  are 
reduced  to  slavery  by  the  Portuguese. 

*  *  Brazil  is  restored  to  the  possession 
of  the  Portuguese  by  the  Spaniards. 

*  *  Port.  John  of  Braganza  becomes 
king  of  the  Portuguese. 

1641+  *  *  A  feeble  attempt  is  made  for 
independence. 

1644  ♦  *  The  Dutch  recall  Cotmt  Mau- 
rice. 

1645  *  *  The  tyranny  of  the  Dutch 
drives  the  colonists  of  the  North  to  re- 
volt, fJoao  Fernandes  Vieyra  is  leader. 

1654  *  •  After  overthrowing  the  Dutch, 
the  colonies  again  unite  under  the 
royal  authority  of  Portugal. 

1661*  *The  Ihitch  surrender  the 
country. 


BRAZIL. 


1630,  *  *-1863,  June  18.    556 


1667*  •The  French  colonists  are 
driven  out  of  Villegaignon  by  the  Portu- 
guese, who  found  the  city  of  SSo  Sebas- 
tiJSo,  or  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

1682  *  *  An  insurrection  of  the  Dutch 
breaks  out  at  Maranhani. 

1710  *  *  The  French  invade  Rio  de  Ja^ 
neiro. 

1711  Oct.  10.  The  governor-general 
signs  a  capitulation  as  required  by 
Duguay-Trouin,  the  French  admiral,  and 
pays  610,000  crusades,  500  cases  of  sugar, 
and  provisions  for  the  fleet. 

1720  *  *  The  district  of  Minas,  having 
five  settlements  with  royal  charters,  sep- 
arates from  Saio  Paulo. 

1721  *  *  Port,  King  John  V.  abolishes 
the  Brazilian  Company,  which  had 
done  much  for  the  country. 

1730  *  •  The  discovery  of  diamonds  is 
first  announced  to  the  Government. 

1755  *  *  Marquis  de  Pombal,  the  gov- 
ernor-general, reestablishes  a  Brazilian 
Company  to  trade  exclusively  with 
Maranhao  and  Para. 

1759  *  *  Pombal  charters  another  Bra- 
zilian Company  for  Paraiba  and  Per- 
nambuco. 

1763  *  *  The  capital  is  transferred 
from  Bahia  to  Rio  Janeiro. 

1774  *  *  Maranhao  (Northern  Brazil)  is 
attached  to  Brazil. 

1777  *  *  Court  ihtrigues  force  Pombal 
from  his  prosperous  governorship. 

•  *  Port.  Donna  Maria  Francesco  and 
her  husband,  Peter  HI.,  succeed  to 
the  throne. 

1780  ♦  *  A  conspiracy  for  independence 
is  formed  in  Minas,  imder  the  lead  of 
Silva  Xavier  ;  it  is  unsuccessful. 

1808  Jan.  21.  The  Queen  Donna  Ma- 
ria I.,  the  royal  family,  all  the  great  of- 
ficers of  state,  and  numerous  nobility, 
driven  out  of  Portugal  by  Napoleon, 
arrive  at  Bahia. 

Mar.  7.  The  royal  fugitives  arrive  at 
Uio  de  Janeiro  ;  they  set  up  their  court 
there,  with  Don  John  as  regent. 

1809  *  *  The  Portuguese  retaliate  upon 
the  French  by  sending  an  expedition  to 
capture  French  Guiana  and  annex  it 
to  Brazil.  [1815.  It  is  restored  to  France 
by  the  Treaty  of  Vienna.] 

1815  Jan.  16.  Brazil  becomes  a 
kingdom  by  decree  of  the  regent ;  the 
Portuguese  sovereignty  is  entitled  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Portugal,  Brazil, 
and  Algarves. 

1816  Mar.  *  Donna  Maria  dying,  the 
regent,  Don  John,  becomes  King  of  the 
Portuguese,  as  John  VT. 

1817  *  *  A  conspiracy  against  the  Grov- 
ernment  is  formed  in  Pernambuco,  and 
a  republic  is  established  for  90  days. 

*  *  A  conspiracy  to  establish  a  republi- 
can government  is  smothered  at  Bahia. 

1821  Feb.  26.  A  revolt  breaks  out 
among  the  Portuguese  troops  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  [They  compel  the  king  to  ap- 
point a  new  Ministry,  and  grant  a  repre- 
sentative system  of  government.] 


*  •  Port.  The  Cortes  recall  King  John 
VI.  from  Brazil. 

*  *  Port.  John  VI.  returns,  and  Dom 
Pedro,  his  son,  becomes  regent  of  Brazil. 

Brazil    becomes    an    independent 
state. 

1822  Sept.  7.  The  independence  of 
Brazil  is  proclaimed. 

Oct.  12.  Dom  Pedro  is  proclaimed  at 
Rio  de  Janeiro  the  constitutional  Fm- 
peror  of  Brazil. 

Dec.  1.  Dom  Pedro  I,  is  crowned  Em- 
peror of  Brazil. 

1823  May*  The  constitutional  As- 
sembly opens  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  the 
capital  of  the  Empire.  [There  is  much 
angry  contention  over  a  proposed  new 
Constitution.] 

July  *  The  emperor  resolves  to  dismiss 
from  the  Ministry  the  two  brothers  An- 
dradas,  and  is  much  opposed. 

Nov.  *  The  emperor  dissolves  the  con- 
tentious Assembly,  and  exiles  to 
France  two  Ministers,  the  Andradas 
brothers  ;  he  calls  a  new  Assembly  to 
deliberate  on  amore  liberal  Constitution. 

*  *  A  republic  is  proclaimed  in  the 
provinces  of  Pernambuco  andCeara;  a 
rebellion  breaks  out  in  Cisplatina. 

1824  Mar.  25.  The  emperor  ratifies 
the  new  Constitution. 

1825  *  *  Brazil  declares  war  against 
Buenos  Ayres  for  the  possession  of  Uru- 
guay, 

Aug.  29.  By  treaty  Brazil  assiunes  the 
Portuguese  debt  of  £2,000,000,  and 
Portugal  recognizes  its  independence. 

1826  *  *  A  treaty  is  made  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave-trade. 

1827  *  *  The  public  debt  is  consoli- 
dated. 

1828*  *  Great  disaffection  exists 
toward  the  Government  because  of  the 
foreign  policy  of  the  eqiperor  and  finan- 
cial embarrassments. 

1829  *  *  At  the  elections  many  ultra- 
Xjiberals  are  elected  to  oppose  the  Gov- 
ernment in  the  Assembly. 

1830  *  *  The  Chambers  abolish  the  death 
penalty  for  political  offenders. 

1831  Mar.*  The  emperor  selects  a 
Ministry  favorable  to  absolutism  and 
opposes  the  Liberals  ;  much  excitement 
follows ;  public  meetings  of  protest 
are  held  in  which  the  troops  take  part. 

Apr.  7.  A  revolution  occurs  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro ;  Dom  Pedro  I.  abdicates  in 
favor  of  the  heir  apparent,  who  is  only 
five  years  of  age. 

*  *  Dom  Pedro  H.,  a  minor,  becomes 

emperor. 

*  *  A  provisional  Ministry  is  formed. 

Fierce  political  struggles  take  place 
between  the  Republican  partv  ana  the 
Government,  and  an  Imperial  party  fa- 
voring the  restoration  of  Dom  Pedro. 

1834  Aug.  12.  The  regency  is  re- 
formed by  reducing  its  three  members 
to  one,  who  is  to  be  chosen  by  the  whole 
body  of  electors. 


Sept.  18.  Ex-minister  and  priest,  IMego 
Antonio  Feijoo,  is  elected  regent. 

*  *  A  rebellion  breaks  out  in  the  prov- 
inces of  Para  and  Rio  Grande, 

*  *  Araujo  Ijima  is  elected  regent. 

*  *  The  Republican  Government  is  dis- 
credited by  many  disorders. 

1840    May  12.    The    Constitution   is 

again  reformed. 
July  23.    The  Legislature  passes  a  bill 

dispensing  with  the  age  qualification  of 

the  emperor,  and  declaring  Dom  Pedro 

II.  emperor. 

1848  *  *  Great  Britain  is  hostile  because 
of  Brazil's  neglect  to  suppress  the  slave- 
trade  according  to  the  treaty  of  1826. 

1849  *  *  The  Ministry  conclude  an  al- 
liance with  the  governors  of  Monte- 
video and  Paraguay,  pledging  the 
integrity  of  the  republics  of  Uruguay 
and  Paraguay  against  annexation  by 
Buenos  Ayres. 

1855  *  *  The  emperor  sends  a  squad- 
ron, 11  men-of-war  and  11  transports, 
up  the  Parana  to  settle  the  question  of 
a  right  of  way  and  other  disputes ;  but 
the  expedition  fails. 

1862  June  17.  British  officers  are 
arrested  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  disor- 
derly condnct.  [Diplomatic  correspon- 
dence follows.] 

Dec.  31.  Brazil  refusing  to  make  repara- 
tion to  England  for  the  plunder  by  Bra- 
zilians of  the  wrecked  ship  Prince  of 
IVates,  the  British  make  reprisals,  seiz- 
ing five  Brazilian  merchant-ships.  (See 
Society.) 

1863  Feb.  26.  London.  Brazil  by  its 
Minister  pays,  under  protest,  to  Great 
Britain  an  indemnity  of  £3,200. 

May  *  London.  Brazil,  through  its  Min- 
ister, requests  the  British  to  express 
regret  for  taking  reprisals.  [Refused, 
and  diplomatic  intercourse  is  sus- 
pended.] 

June  18.  A  dispute  occurs  with  Great 
Britain  respecting  the  arrest  of  British 
ofBcers  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  the  con- 
troversy being  referred  to  the  King  of 
the  Belgians  for  arbitration,  he  decides 
in  favor  of  Brazil. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1640  *  *  A  mining  craze  injures  the  set- 
tlements. 

1649  *  *  P(yrt.  The  Brazil  Company 
sends  out  its  first  fleet. 

1686  *  *  The  terrible  malady  called  bixa 
[supposed  to  be  a  modified  form  of  chol- 
era] makes  its  first  appearance  at  Per- 
nambuco. 

1849  *  *  The  yellow  fever  first  ap- 
pears ;  it  is  introduced  by  the  slave- 
trade. 

1850  •  *  A  steamship  line  to  Europe 
commences  its  trips. 

1852  *  *  Railways  are  commenced. 
1854  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  lighted  with. 

gas. 
Apr.  30.    The  first  railroad  is  opened. 

in  the  presence  of  the  emperor. 


556     1863,  Oct.  *   1890,  Mar. 


BRAZIL. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1864*  *  Paraguay,  under  the  dictator, 
liopez,  commences  war  oil  Brazil  with- 
out previous  declaration.  [It  continues 
for  six  years.] 

Oct.  7.  The  LT.S.  war-steamer  irar/;  w.sv^^ 
seizes  the  Confederate  privateer 
Florida  in  the  port  of  Bahia,  while  claim- 
ing the  protection  of  Brazil. 

1865  Jan.  2.  Uru.  "War  with  Uru- 
guay. A  force  of  Brazilians  bombards 
and  take  Pajrsandu,  aiul  set  out  for 
Montevideo.    [The  war  ends.] 

*  *  -70  *  *  "War  of  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance or  Paraguayan  War.  (See  Para- 
guay-) 

Aug.  *  Urn.  The  emperor  joins  the 
army. 

Sept.  18.  Uru.  At  Santayuna  on  the 
Uruguay  tlie  three  allies  under  (ien. 
Flores  defeat  the  Paraguayans. 

The  allies  receive  the  surrender  of 
XJruguayana. 

1866  Feb.  25.  Uru.  An  indecisive 
battle  is  fought  at  Paso  de  la  Patria. 

Apr.  16-17.  Artj,  Hep.  The  allies  are 
victorious  on  the  Parana. 

May  2.  Arg.  Rep.  The  Paraguayans  are 
again  defeated  at  !E^tero  Velhaco. 

May  24.  Arg.  Rep.  Another  battle  is 
fought  at  !Estero  Velhaco  without  de- 
cisive results. 

June  14.  Ar<j.  Rep.  The  Paraguayans 
bombard  the  camp  of  the  allies  on 
the  Parana  Kiver. 

July  16-18.  Para.  The  allies  are  de- 
feated in  a  battle  at  Tuyuty. 

Sept.  17,  19,22.  Para.  The  allies  are 
defeated  in  an  attack  on  Curupaiti,  and 
lose  many  men. 

Oct.  18.  Para,  The  Paraguayans  bom- 
bard the  camp  of  the  allies. 

Oct.  30.  Para.  The  allies  repulse  the 
Paraguayans  at  Tuyuty. 

1867  June  13.  Para.  The  Brazilians 
defeat  the  Paraguayans  at  Corumba, 
and  take  the  city. 

Sept.  24.  Para.  The  Paraguayans 
have  the  advantage  in  an  indecisive 
action, 

Oct.  3.  Para.  The  Paraguayans  are 
defeated.     [Oct.  31.     Defeated  again.] 

Oct.  *  The  allies  decline  a  peace  pro- 
posed by  Gen.  Lopez. 

Nov.  3.  Para.  The  Paraguayans  are 
severely  defeated  at  Tuyuty. 

Nov.  6.  Para.  Gen.  Lopez  decrees 
freedom  to  slaves  who  shall  enlist  as 
soldiers. 

1868  Feb.  17.  Ar(f.  Rep.  The  allies 
send  three  monitoi^  up  the  Paraguay 
River. 

Feb.  21.  Para.  The  allies  force  the 
passage  of  Humaita  with  six  iron- 
clads, and  the  Paraguayans  abandon 
Asimcion. 

June  *  Para.  The  Paraguayans  con- 
tinue the  struggle. 

Dec.  11.  Para.  The  allies  totally  de- 
feat Oen.  Iiopez  at  Villeta. 


1869  Mar.  24.  Para.  The  alliee  ap- 
point Comte  d'Eu  commander  of  the 
united  army. 

May  8.  Para.  The  Paraguayan  gar- 
rison of  Rosario  is  surprised  and 
captured. 

Aug.  12,  16,  18,  21.  Several  severe 
conflicts  take  place,  in  which  Gen. 
Loi)ez  is  defeated. 

1870  Apr.  1.  Para.  Gen.  Lopez  is 
defeated  and  killed  by  the  allies,  near 
the  Aquidaban,  and  the  war  ends. 

1890  Jan.  2.  Two  regiments  refuse 
to  recognize  the  Republic  ;  a  fierce  fight 
follows  ;  100  soldiers  are  killed. 

Jan.  14.  Mutineers  are  shot  and  the 
ringleaders  arrested. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 
LETTERS. 

1864  *  *  The  publication  of  the  Imprensa 
Eraiif/elica  is  begun  by  missionaries. 

1865  July  *  A  scientiflc  expedition 
under  Louis  Agassiz  is  favored  by  the 
Government. 

1870  *  *  The  Presbyterians  (North)  of  the 
U.  S.  A.  open  an  American  School  at 
Sao  Paulo. 

1871  June  *  -Aug.  ♦  The  emperor  and 
emjiress  visit  public  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions and  the  manufactories  of  Europe, 
for  the  promotion  of  the  arts  and  sciences 
in  Brazil. 

1874  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Fifty  news- 
papers and  reviews  are  issued  in  this 
city. 

1885  *  *  Miss  Bruce  founds  a  girls* 
school  in  the  suburbs  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
which  is  directed  by  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  (U.  S.  A.). 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1876    Pedro,  prince,  heir  to  the  throne,  b. 
1878    Varnhagen,  P'rancisco  A.  de,  historian, 
A52. 

CHURCH. 

1863  Oct.*  Sao  Paulo  is  occupied  as  a 
mission-station  by  Rev.  A.  L.  Blackford 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (U.  S.  A.). 

1865*  *  Presbyterians  organize  a 
church  at  Sao  Paulo.  [A  training- 
school  follows.]  They  organize  another 
in  Brotas. 

1869  *  *  The  Southern  Presbyterian 
Church  {U.  S.  A.)  starts  a  mission  in 
Campinas,  province  of  SSo  Paulo  [from 
which  many  churches  are  established]. 

1871  *  *  The  Presbjrterians  open  a  mis- 
sion at  Bahia. 

1873  Sept.  * -Dec.  *  The  Government 
prosecutes  the  Archbishop  of  Pernam- 
buco  and  other  Catholic  prelates  for 
infraction  of  the  Constitution. 

*  *Pernanibuco  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Southern  Presbyteri- 
ans (IT.  S.  A.).  Dr.  Kalley  organizes  a 
church. 

*  *Southern  Presbyterians  (U.  S.  A.) 
open  a  day  and  boarding  school  at 
Campinaa. 


1874±  *  *  Presbyterians  send  a  mission- 
ary to  Sorocaba.  [The  work  extends 
rapidly.  Four  churches  are  organized 
in  a  few  years.] 

1875  *  *  Presbyterians  start  a  mission 
and  organize  a  church  at  Cachoeira. 

*  *  S5o  Paulo  becomes  a  mission-station 
<»f  the  Southern  Methodists  (U.  S.  A.). 

*  *  Rio  de  Janeiro  becomes  a  mission 
station  of  the  Southern  Methodists 
(U.  S.  A.). 

1876  *  *  Dr.  Kalley  retires  from  mission- 
work  in  Brazil,  leaving  two  churches 
with  pastors. 

1877  *  *  Rev.  E.  Vanorden  starts  an 
independent  mission  in  the  city  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul.  [It  becomes  a  Presby- 
terian church.] 

1881*  *  The  Southern  Baptists 
(U.  S.  A.)  start  a  mission. 

*  *  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South  (U.  S.  A.)  oi)ens  a  boarding- 
school  for  girls  at  Piracicaba. 

1882±  *  ♦  Presbyterian  mission-stations 
are  opened  in  the  provinces  of  Ceara, 
Maranh&o,  and  AJagoas. 

1884  *  *  A  Presbyterian  church  is  or- 
ganized in  Jjarangeiras,  and  another 
in  Campanha,  province  of  Minas 
Geraes. 

*  *  Presbyterians  start  a  mission-station 
in  Bagagem,  province  of  Goyaz. 

*  *  Two  Presbyterian  churches  are 
organized  in  the  province  of  Parang. 
[A  phenomenal  growth  follows.] 

1886  *  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  Presby- 
terian Church  reports  more  than  320 
members  received  ;  the  church  becomes 
self-supporting. 

*  *  MaranhSo  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  Southern  Presbyterians  (U.  S.  A.). 

1886  *  *  The  Southern  Methodists 
{U.  S.  A.)  send  Rev.  J.  Ransome  to  in- 
augurate mission-work  in  Brazil.  [1887. 
A  church  is  organized.] 

1887  *  *  Bagagem  becomes  a  mission- 
station  of  the  Southern  Presbyterians 
(U.  S.  A.). 

1888  *  *  Paraluis  a  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  with  20  members. 

Aug.  *  The  Presbyterians  (North  and 
South)  imite  their  missions  in  Brazil, 
by  forming  them  into  one  Presbyterian 
synod. 

1889  Nov.  24.  The  United  States  of 
Brazil  is  officially  blessed  by  the 
Roman  Catholic  archbishop. 

1890  Jan.  8.  The  Government  decrees 
the  separation  of  church  and  state, 
guarantees  religious  liberty  and  equal- 
ity, and  to  continue  the  life  stipends 
granted  under  the  monarchy. 

SOCIETY. 

1864  Oct.  15.  The  Princess  Isabella 
marries  Louis  Comte  d'Eu,  son  of  the 
Due  de  Nemours. 

1865  Feb.  7.  Eng.  The  Comte  d'Eu 
and  Princess  Isabella,  visiting  Eng- 
land on  their  marriage  tour,  land  at 
Southampton. 


BRAZIL. 


1863,  Oct.  *-1890,  Mar. 


557 


1866  July  15-22.  Bio  de  Janeiro.  The 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  visits  the  city. 

1871  Sept.  *  A  law  is  enacted  that 
every  cliild  born  of  slave  parents  from 
this  date  shall  be  free,  and  all  slaves 
belonging  to  the  state  or  Imperial  house- 
hold are  to  be  free  at  once. 

Nov.  •  Slaves  owned  by  the  state  become 
henceforth  free  on  joining  the  army  as 
soldiers. 

1872  Mar.  31.  The  emperor  and 
empress  return  from  Europe  to  Brazil. 

1874  July  20-26.  The  military  and 
citizens  attack  and  kill  a  b;ind  of  Ger- 
man fanatics,  popularly  styled 
Muckers  (hypocrites)  .at  Porto  Alegre. 
Their  leader  is  Jacobina  Maurer,  who 
claims  to  be  a  prophetess  and  a  female 
Christ ;  Hans  Georg  Maurer  is  her  priest, 
and  they  destroy  the  property  of  their 
neighbors  wlio  refuse  to  be  converted. 

1876  May  10.  U.  S.  A.  The  em- 
peror and  empress  attend  tlie  open- 
ing of  the  Centennial  Kxhibition  a» 
Philadelphia. 

1877  Sept.  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  em- 
peror   and    empress    return    from 

.  Europe. 

1884  *  *  Tlie  slave  population  is  reported 
at  1,200,000. 

1889  Mar.  •  Itio  de  Janeiro.  Agitation 
for  the  overthrow  of  the  Brazilian  mon- 
archy becomes  threatening  ;  the  Govern- 
ment prohibits  public  discussion  and 
suppresses  Republican  newspapers ; 
riots  are  frequent,  and  a  number  of 
people  are  killed  at  Rio  de  .Janeiro. 

July  17.  Itio  de  Janeiro.  Dom  Pedro 
is  fired  at  by  a  Portuguese  in  a  theater, 
but  escapes  unhurt. 

Nov.  30.  Dom  Pedro  arrives  at  St. 
Vincent,  Cape  Verde  Islands ;  he  is 
courteously  received  by  the  Brazilian 
and  resident  foreign  Ministers. 

Dec.  26.  Hio  de  Janeiro.  Martial  la^sr 
is  proclaimed. 

Dec.  *  Port.  The  deposed  emperor 
arrives  at  Lisbon. 

1890  Jan.  16.  Fr.  The  ex-Emperor 
Dom  Pedro  arrives  at  Cannes. 

Jan.  *  Civil  marriage  is  established  by 
law. 

STATE. 

1864  Aug.  30.  A  new  Ministry  is 
formed,  with  F.  J.  Furtado,  president. 

May  1.  Brazil  signs  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Uru- 
guay against  Gen.  Lopez  of  Paraguay. 

1865  Aug.  *  Diplomatic  relations  with 
Great  Britain  are  restored. 

1870  June  20.  A  treaty  of  peace  is 
made  with  Paraguay. 

Sept.  29.  A  new  Ministry  is  formed 
under  Viscount  St.  Vincent. 

1872  Sept.  27,  28.  A  bill  for  the 
gradual  extinction  of  slavery  is  passed 
by  tlie  Senate. 

Oct.  21.  The  emperor,  aa  umpire,  re- 
ports the  just  boundary  line  between 
United  States  and  the  English  posses- 


sions   in    Canada.     (The    San    Juan 

Question.) 
1873    Jan.  *  A  treaty  is  made  with  the 

Argentine  Republic. 
1876    June  25.    Tlie  Duke  de  Caixias 

is  appointed  president  of  the  Ministry. 

1884  Aug.  •  -Sept.  •  The  law  abol- 
ishing slavery  is  nullified  by  the  plant- 
ers ;  the  agitation  against  slavery  in- 
creases ;  the  Emancipation  Bill  of  Sellor 
Bantas  is  rejected  by  the  Assembly,  and 
a  Ministerial  crisis  follows ;  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  1,200,000  slaves  in 
Brazil. 

*  *  The  antislavery  policy  of  Dantas,  the 
Libera!  Minister,  is  supported  by  the 
emperor. 

1885  May  5.  Dantas  resigns  because 
of  a  hostile  majority  in  the  Assembly. 

*  *  A  law  is  passed  declaring  all  sexage- 
narian slaves  free. 

1888  May  10,  14.  A  law  is  passed 
for  the  immediate  total  abolition  of 
slavery. 

1889  May  4.  The  Assembly  is  opened 
by  the  emperor. 

June  10.    A  Liberal  Ministry  is  formed. 
July  29.    The  Government   appoints    a 

commission  to  represent  Brazil  in  the 

International  Congress  to  be  held  in 

Washington. 
Aug.  29.    The  Government  negotiates  a 

loan  of  $10,000,000  at  4  per  cent, 

the  issuing  price  being  90. 
Sept.  13.    The  general  elections    result 

in  the  return  of  95  Liberals  and  SO  of 

opposition  parties. 

REVOLUTION  :   A   REPUBLIC. 

Nov.  15.  A  revolution  takes  place; 
the  emperor,  Dom  Pedro,  is  dethroned, 
and  Brazil  proclaimed  a  republic,  with 
Manuel  Deodoro  da  Fonseca  as  Presi- 
dent. 

Nov.  *  Dom  Pedro  refuses  the  offer  of 
a  pension  from  the  new  Government. 

Nov.  16.  The  emperor  and  his  fam- 
ily are  placed  on  board  the  Atatjoas  in 
the  harbor  of  the  Rio  de  Janeiro.  [They 
sail  for  Portugal  accompanied  by  an 
iron-clad.] 

Nov.  18.  The  new  republic  is  consti- 
tuted as  the  "United  States  of  Bra- 
zil." 

Nov.  21.  The  provisional  Government 
decrees  suffrage  to  all  males  who  are 
able  to  read  and  write. 

Nov.  22.  The  provisional  Government 
confirms  all  pensions  hitherto  granted. 

Uruguay    and    Argentine     Republic 

recognize  the  United  States  of 
Brazil. 

Nov.  26.  French  officials  in  Brazil  are 
instructed  to  hold  friendly  relations  with 
the  new  Government. 

Nov.  27.  Tlie  provisional  Government 
directs  that  Brazilian  Ministers  are  to 
give  Dom  Pedro  a  genial  reception 
on  landing. 


Nov.  29±.  France,  Switzerland,  and 
the  United  States  informally  recognize 
the  Republic  of  Brazil. 

Nov."*  The  provisional  Government 
adopts  the  old  flag. 

Deo.  6.  The  Portuguese  Minister 
recognizes  the  provisional  Government. 

Dec.  9.  Dom  Pedro  declines  to  abdi- 
cate. 

Dec.  21.  A  decree  is  issued  banish- 
ing the  ex-Emperor  Dom  Pedro  and 
the  other  members  of  the  royal  family. 

Dec.  26.  The  provisional  Government 
decrees  that  traitors  to  the  Republic 
shall  be  tried  by  a  military  tribunal. 

1890  Jan.  6.  The  new  Government  in- 
creases the  duty  on  coffee  from  11  to 
15  per  cent. 

Jan.  17.  Arg.  Rep.  The  Argentine 
Republic  formally  recognizes  the  Re- 
public of  Brazil. 

Jan.  19.  The  Government  divides  the 
country  into  three  banking  districts, 
and  establishes  three  issue  banks,  with 
$250,000,000  capital. 

Jan.  26.  Civil  marriage  is  established 
by  Government  decree. 

Jan.  29.  The  United  States  formally 
recognizes  the  Republic  of  Brazil. 

Jan.  *  A  decree  is  issued  that  foreigners 
residing  in  Brazil  shall  be  considered 
citizens  unless  they  register  declaration 
to  the  contrary ;  another  decree  orders 
the  discontinuance  of  the  use  of  the 
saints'  names  in  the  calendar,  and 
the  substitution  therefor  of  Comte'a  Posi- 
tivest   Calendar. 

Feb.  1.  Sefior  Ribero,  Brazilian  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture,  resigns  his  port- 
folio. 

Feb.  2.  The  banking-law  is  revised ; 
the  Republic  is  divided  into  four  bank- 
ing-districts, with  a  total  paper  cur- 
rency of  200,000,000  milreis. 

Feb.  *  Se&or  Aristides  Lobo,  Minis- 
ter of  the  Interior,  resigns  because  of  a 
disagreement  with  President  Fonseca. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867  *  *  Six  short  lines  of  railroad  are 
in  operation. 

1873  *  *  There  are  15  lines  of  railroads. 

1874  June  •  The  submarine  telegraph 
cable  connecting  Brazil  with  Europe  is 
completed. 

1889  Jan.  3.  The  Pernambuco  steamer 
Stephen  D.  Hooper,  from  Calcutta  for 
New  York,  is  burned  at  sea. 

June  15+.  Small-pox  and  yellow  fe- 
ver are  raging  in  virulent  form  ;  the 
death-rate  of  victims  in  some  places 
reaches  70  per  cent. 

1890  Jan.  7.  Port.  The  body  of  the 
late  Empress  of  Brazil  is  placed  in  the 
Pantheon  of  the  Braganzas  in  Lisbon. 

Jan.  24.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  National 
Bank  of  the  United  States  of  Brazil  is 
incorporated,  the  capital,  $100,000,000, 
being  quickly  subscribed. 

Mar.  *  Yellow  fever  again  prevails. 


558     1890,  Mar.  21    1893,  Dec.  26. 


BRAZIL. 


ARMY -NAVY. 

1890  Max.  21.  An  ironclad  is  launched 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

May  15.  An  uprising  in  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  put  down  by  force. 

1891  Jan.  20.  Near  Rio  de  Janeiro 
IGO  prisoners  overpower  their  guards, 
seize  two  forts,  and  demand  tlie  res- 
toration of  Da  Fonseca.  [The  forts  are 
recaptured.] 

Dec.  10.  In  a  revolt  against  the  Peixoto 
government  at  Campos  10  persons  are 
killed. 

Dec.  23.  The  fighting  against  the  au- 
thorities is  renewed. 

1892  Feb.  19.  After  serious  fighting 
in  the  province  of  Ceara,  the  Governor 
Is  deposed,  and  the  insurgents  assume 
control. 

Apr.  11.  A  seditious  movement  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro  is  promptly  suppressed,  and 
a  three  days*  state  of  siege  is  pro- 
claimed.   [Apr.  14.    Raised.] 

May±  *  A  Brazilian  turret-ship  and 
120  lives  are  lost  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata. 
•June  7.  Bebels  in  Matto-Grosso  are 
put  to  rout,  and  two  rebel  gunboats 
surrender  to  the  Brazilian  Minister  in 
Paraguay. 

1893  Mar.  27.  The  troops  of  the  State 
of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  have  a  desperate 
battle  with  the  revolutionists ;  there 
are  heavy  losses  on  both  sides. 

May  19.  In  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  the 
Government  troops  are  drawn  into  an 
ambuscade  and  routed  by  the  in- 
surgents. 

July  16,  The  Jupiter,  with  the  rebel 
Adm.  Waudenkotk  on  board,  is  cap- 
tured by  two  Brazilian  gunboats. 

July  *  An  important  battle  occurs  in 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  in  which  the  Govern- 
ment troops  are  routed  and  their  com- 
manding officer  killed. 

Sept.  7.  The  squadron  revolts,  and 
the  (iovernment  is  unable  to  prevent 
the  bombardment  of  Bio  de  Janeiro 
by  its  own  vessels. 

The  Italian  cruiser  Dogali  is  or 

dered  to  protect  Italian  residents  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro. 

Sept.  8.  The  foreign  admirals  agree  to 
prevent  the  bombardment  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  by  the  insurgent  squadron. 

Sept.  13.  Adm.  Mello,  commander  of 
the  rebel  Brazilian  fleet,  cannonades 
Rio  de  Janeiro  for  six  hours  without 
doing  much  damage. 

Sept.  18.  The  rebel  fleet  again  bom- 
bards Rio  de  Janeiro  for  three  hours, 
after  which  it  sails  southward. 

Sept.  20.  Adm.  Mello  demands  the 
surrender  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  threat- 
ening another  bombardment  if  his  de- 
mand is  not  immediately  complied  with. 

Sept.  23.  A  part  of  the  rebel  fleet 
blockades  the  port  of  Santos  in  S3k> 
Paulo  ;  the  insurgents  in  the  province 
of  Tucuman  are  driven  back. 
I  Sept.  26+.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Some  of  the 
forts  hold  out  against  the  bombard- 


ment by  the  rebel  fleet,  which  attempts 
to  capture  the  city. 

[Sept.  30.  Adm.  Mello  refrains  from 
bombarding  the  city  on  the  request  of 
the  commanders  of  the  foreign  war- 
ships. Oct.  1.  He  bombards  tiie  city, 
causing  a  panic.  Oct.  6.  He  again  bom- 
bards the  city.  Oct.  10,  12, 16.  He  bom- 
bards the  forts.  Several  men  are  killed 
on  the  12th.  Oct.  17.  Rebel  shells  greatly 
damage  the  city.  Nov.  8.  Two  of  the 
rebel  war-ships  are  badly  damaged  by 
the  fire  of  the  forts.  Nov.  12.  The  offi- 
cers of  the  insurgent  fleet  decide  to  raise 
the  Imperial  fiag.  Nov.  13.  The  fleet  and 
forts  have  a  severe  engagement ;  many 
killed  and  wounded.  Nov.*  A  number 
of  houses  are  burned,  and  the  gas-house 
is  destroyed.  Nov.  22.  The  rebel  war- 
ship Javary  is  sunk  by  t!ie  fire  of  the 
Nictheroy  battery ;  all  on  board  are  lost. 
I>ec.  2±.  Fort  Villegaignon,  held  by  the 
rebels,  is  destroyed.  Dec.  12.  Adm.  da 
Gama  notifies  the  foreign  vessels  that 
he  assumes  command  of  the  rebel  fleet. 
I)ec.  13.  He  gains  possession  of  Copas 
Island  and  Knohado,  in  the  bay.  Dec. 
14.  The  port  is  entirely  closed.  Dec. 
14>-.  The  Nictheroy  battery  arrives  off 
the  coast  in  support  of  the  Government. 
Dec.  16.  President  Peixoto  recovers  the 
island  of  Gobernador  in  the  harbor. 
Dec.  20.  Adm.  Mello  sails  to  meet  the 
Nicthtroy  battery  o£f  the  coast.  1894. 
Jan.  8.  The  commanders  of  foreign  ves- 
sels refuse  to  protect  the  Island  of  En- 
chado,  used  for  hospitals,  from  the  rebel 
fire.  Jan.  13.  A  mutiny  on  the  Nicthe- 
roy is  suppressed.  Jan.  14.  The  rebels 
on  Cobras  Island  bombard  the  shore  bat- 
teries of  the  Government.  Jan.  15.  The 
rebels  are  ambuscaded  and  killed  on  an 
island  in  the  harbor.  Jan.  21.  The  rebels 
are  reenforced  by  Gen.  Saraivaand  8,000 
troops  from  Paranagua.  Jan.  29.  The 
rebels  capture  Bom  Jesus  Island  in  the 
harbor;  25  killed  and  many  wounded. 
Jan.  30.  The  rebel  fleet  fires  on  Ameri- 
can merchant  vessels  ;  Adm.  Benham,of 
the  Detroit,  returns  their  fire,  and  Adm. 
da  Gama  ceases  his  attack.  Feb.  14.  A 
rebel  transport  is  sunk  by  an  explosion. 
Mar.  3.  The  Government  establishes  a 
cordon  of  troops  along  the  bay  shore. 
Mar.  10.  The  (iovernment  fleet  arrives. 
Mar.  13.  The  Government  refuses  terms 
of  surrender,  and  reopens  fire  on  the 
rebels,  who  abandon  Forts  Villegaignon 
and  Cobras  ;  their  war-ships  are  hidden 
among  the  merchantmen.  Mar.  14±. 
The  rebels  surrender  unconditionally  to 
President  Peixoto.  Mar  16i.  Adm.  da 
Gama  and  his  staff  take  refuge  on  a 
Portuguese  war-ship.  President  Pei  xoto 
demands  their  surrender  of  the  Lisbon 
Government.  Mar.  19.  Adm.  da  Gama 
and  70  of  his  officers  sail  on  two  Portu- 
guese war-ships  for  Buenos  Ayres.] 

Sept.  29.  The  city  of  Desterro  surren- 
ders to  a  part  of  Adm.  Mello's  fleet,  also 
the  island  of  Santa  Catharina  with  its 
military  stores. 

Oct.  12.  The  rebels  surprise  and  defeat 
the  Government  troops  at  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul. 

ISov.  28.  An  indecisive  battle  is  fought 
at  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  the  Government 
commander  is  captured,  and  the  rebels 
claim  the  victory;   losses  heavy. 

Dec.  28i:.  The  Government  announces  a 
victory  at  Rio  Grande  do  Sul;  and  an- 
other at  Kictheroy. 


ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE  — 

LETTERS. 

1890  Apr.  17.  Religious  instruction 
in  the  State  schools  is  suj^pressed  by  the 
Government. 

Nov.  11±.  President  Fonseca  compels 
the  newspapers  of  Rio  Janeiro  which 


do  not  support  him  to  suspend  pub- 
lication. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1891  Jan.  2S.    Constant^  Benjamin,  minis- 
ter of  war,  (lies  at  Kio  de  Janeiro. 

Dec.  5.    Pedro    II.,    ei-emperor,  dies  fu 
France,  A6tt. 

1892  Au?.  23.    Fonseca  Manuel  Deodo- 
ro da,  ex-president,  gen.,  A65. 

CHURCH. 
1890    Apr.  *  Religious  instruction  in 
the  state  schools  is  suppressed. 

SOCIETY. 

1890  Mar.  *  Xjeagues  are  fornied  in 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Bahia,  Para,  Santos,  and 
Pernambuco,  Brazil,  to  boycott  Brit- 
ish, in  favor  of  using  American  goods. 

Mar.  2.  Fr.  The  ex-Kmperor  Dom 
Pedro  refuses  to  receive  the  proceeds 
of  a  forced  sale  of  his  property. 

Apr.  5.  Fr.  The  ex-Emperor  Dom 
Pedro  is  seriously  ill. 

Apr.  *  Iiiberty  of  the  press  and  of  pub- 
lic meetings  is  proclaimed. 

Nov.  15.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  first  an- 
niversary of  the  proclamation  of  the 
republic  is  celebrated. 

Dec.  *  Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  announced 
that  all  the  jewels  of  the  ex-empress 
have  been  stolen.  lu  the  collection 
were  the  fluest  Brazilian  diamonds  in 
the  world. 

1891  Apr.  28.  A  scheme  is  advocated 
for  transporting  Hebrews  from  Po- 
land and  southeastern  Europe  to  unoc- 
cupied land  in  Brazil. 

Oct.  9.    Rio  de  Janeiro.    Rioting  occurs. 

1892  Jan.  *  Election  riots  occur  in 
Pernambuco. 

June  21.  Fifteen  lives  are  lost  in  th« 
seditious  disturbances  iu  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul. 

July  *  Italian  riots  occur. 

1893  Oct.  9.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The 
panic  is  subsiding,  and  business  is  re- 
sumed. 

1894  Nov.  16.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Riot- 
ing occurs  in  the  streets. 

Dec.  7.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  plot  to  kill 
both  President  Moraes  and  ex-President 
Peixoto  is  exposed ;  two  men  having 
bombs  have  been  arrested. 

STATE. 

1890  Apr.  20.  Gen.  Peixoto  assumes 
the  War  portfolio  in  place  of  Gen.  Con- 
stant, who  becomes  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion, Posts,  and  Telegraphs. 

Apr.  24.  A  Cabinet  crisis  in  the  repub- 
lic occurs,  and  some  of  the  Ministers 
resign. 

Apr.  27.  President  Fonseca  receives 
the  resolutions  of  congratulation  by 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of 
America. 

May  15.  An  uprising  in  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  suppressed  by  the  military. 

May  19.  The  Government  decrees  that 
after  July  1  all  customs  duties  must 
be  paid  in  gold. 


BRAZIL.  1890,  Mar.  21-1893,  Dec.  26.    559 


May  29.  Conspiracies  xinsettle  confi- 
dence in  the  Government. 

May  *  The  Government  decides  to  ac- 
cept the  arbitration  clause  adopted 
by  the  Pan-American  Congress  in  Wash- 
ington. 

June  22.  The  Constitution  is  signed 
l>y  President  Fonseca. 

June  23.  A  new  Constitution  is  pro- 
mulgated. 

It  is  based  on  that  of  the  United 
States ;  it  provides  for  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  for  President 
and  Vice-President  having  otRcial  terms 
of  six  years,  and  for  a  Supreme  Court. 

Aug.  3.  A  decree  is  promulgated  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro  establishing  the  National 
Mortgage  Bank  with  a  capital  of 
100,000  contos  of  reis,  gold. 

Sept.  3.    At  Rio  de  Janeiro  a  decree  is 
I     issued  granting  a  Government  guaran- 
'    ty  of   State  loans  amounting  to  50,- 
000,000  milreis. 

Sept.  15.  The  elections  for  members 
of  the  Constituent  Assembly  begin  in 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  [The  Government  can- 
didates receive  300,000  votes,  and  the  op- 
position, 100,000.] 

Sept.  25.  Viscount  Pacoarcos  is  ap- 
pointed Portuguese  Minister  to  Brazil. 

Sept,  28.  The  Minister  of  Education 
resigns  his  portfolio. 

Nov.  17.  The  Government  rescinds 
the  decrees  of  banishment  against 
ex-Premier  Preto  and  the  ex-presidents 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Nov.  21.  The  Constituent  Assembly 
at  Rio  Janeiro  recognizes  the  legality  of 
the  Provisional  Government.  Vote,  175- 
47.  It  asks  it  to  continue  its  functions 
until  a  vote  is  taken  upon  the  question 
of  a  federal  Constitution. 

Bee.  5.  The  Republic  is  recognized 
by  Germany.  [Dec.  9.  By  Spain.  1891. 
Jan.  6.     By  Denmark.] 

Dec.  9.  Two  Brazilian  banks  consoli- 
date by  decree  of  the  Governraeut  under 
the  title  of  Banco  de  Republica. 

1891  Jan.  21.  In  the  Assembly  the 
Constitution  is  read  for  the  first  time. 

Jan.  22±.    The  Ministry  resigns. 

Jan.  22.    A  new  Ministry  is  formed. 

Feb.  24.  The  Assembly  finally  adopts 
the  proposed  Constitution;  the 
United  States  of  Brazil  is  now  a  repub- 
lic de  jure. 

Feb.  25.  Gen.  Deodoro  da  Fonseca 
is  formally  elected  President. 

Feb.  26.  Gen.  Fonseca  takes  the  oath 
of  office  as  President. 

May  19.  The  Government  decides  that 
all  custom  duties  must  be  paid  in 
gold.  ^ 

Nov.  5,  President  Fonseca  proclaims 
himself  dictator,  dismisses  the  Con- 
gress* and  asks  the  nation  to  elect  new 
representatives. 

Fonseca  is  supported  in  his  dictator- 
ship by  both  the  army  and  the  navy. 

Nov.  10.  The  province  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  declares  its  independence  of 
the  Republic,  also  the  province  of  Grao 
Para. 


Nov.  13.  The  governor  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  deposed,  and  a  provisional 
government  is  formed. 

Nov.  17.  Gen.  Barrelto  Lieta  is  chosen 
governor  of  Porto  Alegre  by  the  Na- 
tionalist party  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Nov,  18.  The  Junta  is  in  full  control  of 
the  province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
and  preparing  for  war. 

Nov.  19.  The  Junta  of  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul  adopts  a  new  flag. 

Nov.  22.  Dictator  Fonseca  appoints 
Feb.  26  as  the  date  for  holding  the  elec- 
tion, and  summons  Congress  to  meet 
May  3. 

Nov.  23.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  President  and 
Dictator  Fonseca  is  deposed  by  an  up- 
rising of  the  people  ;  he  resigns  his  ofBce. 

Nov.  24.  The  insurrection  in  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  ends  with  the  resigna- 
tion of  Fonseca. 

Nov.  25.  Gen.  Floriana  Peixoto  be- 
comes President ;  he  issues  a  manifesto 
summoning  Congress  to  reassemble 
Dec.  18  ;  the  manifesto  is  received  with 
general  satisfaction. 

Nov.  30.  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  refuses 
to  comply  with  orders  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  reinstate  the  former  State 
officers. 

Dec.  5.  The  Government  and  the 
Church  coming  in  collision,  it  is  de- 
cided to  separate  their  interests. 

Dec.  10.  A  revolt  breaks  out  in 
Campos  against  the  Peixoto  Govern- 
ment ;  10  persons  are  killed. 

Dec.  15.  The  governor  of  the  State  of 
Sao  Paulo,  yielding  to  popular  demand, 
resigns. 

Dec.  23.  Another  revolt  occurs  in  the 
State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Dec.  27.  A  revolt  breaks  out  in  Des- 
terro,  capital  of  the  province  of  Santa 
Catharina. 

1892  Jan.  19±.  Near  Rio  de  Janeiro 
160  prisoners  overpower  the  guards, 
seize  two  forts,  and  demand  the  res- 
toration of  Fonseca ;  the  forts  are  re- 
captured. 

Jan.  22.  The  Chambers  are  prorogued 
until  May. 

Jan.  23.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  TheChambers 
confer  unlimited  powers  on  President 
Peixoto. 

Feb.  19.  The  governor  of  the  province 
of  Ceara  is  deposed  by  armed  instir- 
gents,  who  assume  control. 

Apr.  11±.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  seditious 
movement  is  suppressed. 

Apr,  12.  The  Legislature  of  Matto 
Grosso  declares  its  independence  of 
Brazil. 

A  majority  of  Congressmen  decide 

to  approve  the  acts  of  the  Govern- 
ment without  proceeding  to  the  election 
of  a  President. 

Apr.  17.  The  blockade  of  the  State  of 
Matto  Grosso  is  raised. 

June  20.  The  governor  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  is  deposed  by  adherents  of 
Fonseca. 


July  3.  Diplomatic  relations  between 
Italy  and  Brazil  are  strained  on  ac- 
count of  recent  Italian  riots  in  Brazil. 

July  4.  Congress  extends  the  term 
of  President  Peixoto  to  the  end  of  1894. 

July  23.  The  Chamber  of  Deputies 
passes  the  bill  granting  amnesty  to  all 
political  exiles. 

Dec.  16.  A  revolt  to  make  ex-Gov. 
Portella  President  is  suppressed. 

1893  July  11.  The  Government  for- 
bids the  use  of  cipher  codes  in  tele- 
graphic communications. 

July  23.  A  revolution  to  depose  the 
Governor  breaks  out  in  the  State  of 
Santa  Catharina. 

Sept.  6.  The  officers  of  the  naval  fleet 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro  demand  the  resig- 
nation of  President  Peixoto  for  veto- 
ing a  bill  making  it  impossible  for  the 
Vice-President  to  become  President. 

Sept.  9±.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Martial  law 
is  proclaimed. 

Sept.  20.  Adm.  Mello  of  the  insurgent 
fleet  demands  the  surrender  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro  under  penalty  of  bombard- 
ment if  refused. 

Oct.  7.  President  Peixoto  is  invited  by 
foreign  powers  to  withdraw  his  troops 
from  Rio  de  Janeiro  under  penalty  of 
having  the  insurgents  recognized  as 
belligerents. 

Oct.  23.  Senor  Frederlco  LoreOa  is  pro- 
claimed provisional  President  by 
Adm.  Mello. 

Nov.  17.  Adm.  Mello  proclaims  Count 
d'Eu's  eldest  son,  the  grandson  of 
Bom  Pedro,  as  Emperor  of  Brazil. 

Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  naval  repre- 
sentatives of  eight  nations  agree  not 
to  allow  munitions  of  war  to  be  landed. 

Dec.  17.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Adm.  Mello  of 
the  rebel  fleet  is  aided  by  a  royalist 
manifesto  issued  by  Adm.  da  Gama. 

Dec.  26.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  The  foreign 
Ministers  decide  not  to  recommend  that 
belligerent  rights  be  granted  to  the 
insurgents. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890  Aug.  2.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  A  cof- 
fee syndicate,  with  a  large  capital,  is 
organized. 

1891  Mar.  7.  Yellow  fever  is  again 
prevalent. 

Sept.  1.  The  new  submarine  cable 
line,  providing  direct  communication 
between  Brazil  and  the  United  States, 
is  formally  opened. 

Sept.  14.  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Yellow  fe- 
ver is  raging. 

1893  Sept.  7.  The  Government  stops 
all  general  communication  by  wire 
with  Europe. 

Sept.  30.  Brazil  orders  quarantine 
against  all  European  ports. 

Nov.  11.  Brazil  buys  five  fast  sea- 
going steamers  in  West  Prussia,  to 
be  converted  into  warships  to  operate 
against  the  rebel  Brazilian  fleet. 


560     1894,  Jan.  2-Dec.l. 


BRAZIL. 


AEMY  — NAVY. 

1894  Jan.  2.  Adm.  daGama  issues  an- 
other manifesto. 

Jan,  11.  Tlie  rebels  are  repulsed  at  Nic- 
theroy,  aud  lose  many  prisoners. 

Jan.  14.  The  rebel  war-ship  Aquidaban 
opens  fire  on  Ponta  da  Arora. 

Jan.  16.  The  rebel  force  besieging  Bage 
is  routed  with  heavy  loss  ;  the  forts  :it 
Nictheroy  repulse  an  attack  from  the 
rebel  fleet. 

Feb.  9-12.  The  rebels  are  repulsed  at 
Nictheroy;  they  claim  to  have  cajv 
tiired  five  towns  in  the  State  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul. 

Feb.  12.  The  rebels  are  defeated  at  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  losing  250  killed  and 
wounded. 

Feb.  13,  The  rebels  are  repulsed  at 
Nictheroy ;  Adm.  da  Gama  is  wounded, 
and  four  officers  and  200  men  are  killed 
and  wounded. 

Mar.  2.  The  rebels  are  defeated  at 
Larondi. 

Mar.  19.  ITie  U.  S.  fleet  at  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro disbands. 

Mar.  23.  Adm.  Mello,  as  head  of  the 
provisional  government,  declares  the 
war  will  be  continued. 

Mar.  26.  Adm.  da  Gama  and  officers 
arrive  at  Buenos  Ayres. 

Apr,  9.  Adm.  da  Gama  and  his  staff  es- 
cape from  the  Portuguese  war-ship. 

Apr,  13.  Adm.  Mello  is  forced  to  leave 
Rio  (Jrande. 

^  After  the  sinking  of  the  insurgent 

war-ship  Aquidaban  by  a  Brazilian  Gov- 
ernment torpedo  boat,  Adm.  Mello  con- 
cludes to  seek  asylum  in  the  Argentine 
Republic  and  surrender  his  fleet. 

Apr.  14.  Uru.  Adm.  Mello  and  his 
1,500  troops  surrender  to   the  Uru- 


guayan authorities,  and  the  rebel- 

bon  is  practically  over. 
Apr.  15±.    About  350  insurgents  and  100 

Government     troops     are     killed     anil 

wounded  in  a  battle  at  Kio  Grande  do 

Sul, 
May  6.    Tlie  insurgents  are  defeated  in 

Santa  Catharina  and  Rio  Grande  do 

Sul. 
May  16.    The    Government    forces    are 

defeated  by  insurgents  in  Rio  Grande 

do  Sul  with  the  loss  of  140  men. 
June  27.    The  rebels  are  defeated  at  Rio 

Grande  do  Sul,  losing  over  1,000  men. 
Dec.  1.    An  armed  revolt  breaks  out  in 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

CHURCH. 
1894  Aug.  6.  Pope  Leo,  in  an  ency- 
clical letter  to  the  Roman  Catholic  bish- 
ops of  Brazil,  urges  them  to  educate 
and  enlighten  the  people  with  all  the 
means  at  their  command. 

STATE. 

1894  Jan.  2.  Adm.  da  Gama  issues  a 
second  manifesto. 

Jan.  8.  A  plot  to  assassinate  President 
Peixoto  at  Rio  is  discovered;  several 
persons  involved  are  shot. 

Feb.  28.  Jilo  de  Janeiro.  The  state  of 
siege  is  abolished  preparatory  to  the 
presidential  election. 

Feb.  *  President  Peixoto  offers  to  par- 
don privates  in  the  insurgent  force  if 
application  is  made  within  two  months. 

Mar.  1.  Seflors  Prudente  Moraes  and 
P  e  r  e  i  r  a  are  elected  respectively 
President  and  Vice-President  of 
Brazil.    [Nov.  15.    Inaugurated.] 

Mar.  10.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Pernambuco, 
Santo  Catharina,  Sao  Paulo,  and  Parana 
are  now  the  only  States  under  martial 
law. 


Mar.  12.  Adm.  da  Gama  offers  to  sur- 
render on  condition  that  amnesty  be 
guaranteed  the  insurgents. 

Mar.  13.  The  revolution  ends  by  the 
surrender  of  the  insurgents. 

Mar.  22.  President  Peixoto  revives  the 
Imperial  decrees  authorizing  the  exe- 
cution, without  trial,  of  all  rebels  and 
persons  guilty  of  aiding  and  abetting 
rebellion,  whether  natives  or  foreigners. 

Mar.  24.  Adm.  Mello  is  declared  presi- 
dent of  a  rebel  provisional  govern- 
ment over  the  three  States  of  Parana, 
Santo  Catharina,  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
with  the  capital  at  Destero. 

Urugiuiy.    Adm.  da  Gama  arrives 

at  Montevideo. 

Apr.  14.  Brazil  withdraws  her  Lega- 
tion from  Iiisbon,  and  sends  the  Portu- 
guese Minister  at  Ilio  and  his  staff  their 
passports  because  of  the  aid  extended 
to  the  rebels  by  Portugal. 

Apr.  21.  The  Government  notifies  for- 
eign Ministers  that  the  republic  is  at 
peace. 

Apr.  22.  Uruguay.  The  insurgents 
from  Brazil  decline  President  Peixoto's 
offer  of  amnesty. 

Apr.  27.  Brazil  accepts  England's 
offer  of  mediation  in  her  quarrel  with 
Portugal. 

Wov.  17.  A  decree  of  amnesty  is  ac- 
cepted by  large  numbers  of  rebels. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894    Jan.  5.    Bio  de  Janeiro.    T?  ellow 

fever  breaks  out  again. 
June  1.    Port.    The  Brazilian  refugees 

arrive,  and  are  taken  to  Peniehe  fortress. 
Oct,  22.    Sixty  persons  are  killed  by  an 

explosion  caused  by  a  soldier  dropping 

a  shell  while  removing  the  contents  of 

an  insurgent  magazine. 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA. 


I5KITI8H  East  Africa  is  a  district  of  equatorial  country  extending  about  500  miles  along  the, coast,  and  into  the  interior 
!  far  as  Albert  Edward  Nyanza  ;  it  includes  the  kingdom  of  Uganda  and  the  island  of  Zanzibar  down  the  coast. 


EXPLORATIONS. 

Note.— To  serve  the  convenience  of  those 
who  desire  speedy  access  to  the  various  ac- 
counts of  explorations  in  Kast  and  Central 
Africa,  the  chief  expeditions  are  entered  to- 
gether, without  respect  to  the  countries  from 
which  they  start,  or  those  they  traverse. 

1840  *  *  David  Livingstone  sails  for 
Cape  Town  as  a  missionary  of  the  Lon- 
don Missionary  Society. 

1843  *  *  Livingstone  selects  Mabotsa 
for  a  mission-station. 

1849  Aug.  1.  Livingstone  first  be- 
holds Lake  N'gami. 

1851  June  *  Livingstone  reaches  the 
Zambesi  River. 

The  ill  health  of  his  family  occasions 
explorations  for  two  years,  in  seeking  a 
healthy  site  for  the  mission. 

1853  May  23.  Livingstone  reaches 
Linvanti  on  the  Cbobe  in  Makololo. 


Nov.  11.  Livingstone  begins  to  trace 
the  course  of  the  Zambesi  River,  to  Lake 
Dilolo. 

1854  May  31.  Livingstone,  having 
crossed  the  continent,  arrives  at  St. 
Paul  de  Loanda,  on  the  west  coast. 

1855  Sept,  *  Livingstone  arrives  at 
Linyanti,  South  Africa,  on  his  return 
journey. 

1856  Mar.  2.  Livingstone  arrives,  in 
an  emaciated  condition,  at  Tete,  the  far- 
thest Portuguese  outpost. 

*  *  iJvingstone  discovers  Victoria  Falls 

on  the  Zambesi. 
May  20.    Livingstone  arrives  at  Quili- 

mane,  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  after  recross- 

ing  the  continent. 
Dec.  12.    Livingstone  embarks  for 

England. 

He  has  traversed  a  large  part  of  South 
Africa,  and  walked  about  11,000  miles  in 


16  years.     [His  narrative  attracts  attenr 

tion  to  Africa.] 

1857  Mar.  *  Idvingstone  starts  on  his 
second  expedition,  [lie  ascends  the 
Zambesi  and  Shire  Rivers.] 

♦  *  Capt.  John  H.  Speke  discovers  Vic- 
toria Nyanza,  the  largest  lake  in  Africa. 

Apr.  18.  Iiivingstone  discovers  Lake 
Shirwa. 

1859  Sept.  16.  Livingstone  discovers 
LakeNyassa.    [1861.    He  visits  it  again.] 

1863  Feb.  *  Capt.  Speke  and  James 
A.  Grant  announce  the  discovery  of 
the  source  of  the  Nile  in  [Victoria  Ny- 
anza]. 

1864  Mar.  14.  [Sir]  Samuel  Baker 
discovers  Victoria  Nyanza. 

1865  Mar.  24.  Great  Britain  appoints 
Iiivingstone  consul  at  Quilimane  for 
inner  Africa. 

July  23.  Livingstone  returns  to  Eng- 
land from  his  second  expedition. 


BRITISH  EAST  AFRICA. 


1505-1884. 


561 


1866  Mar.  *  Livingstone  leaves  Zan- 
zibar to  continue  his  search  for  the 
sources  of  the  Nile.  [Aug.  8.  He  reaches 
Lake  Nyassa.] 

1867  Mar.  2.  Livingstone  writes  a 
letter  at  Bembo. 

Apr.  *  liivingstone  (Uscovers  Lake  Tan- 
ganyika, 450  miles  long. 

July  9.  Eng.  E.  D.  Young  sails  with 
an  expedition  organized  to  search  for 
David  Livingstone.  [1868.  Jan.  27. 
It  returns  without  tidings  of  the  mis- 
sionary traveler.] 

Dec.  *  Ijatest  tidings  of  Iiivingstone. 

1868  July  7.  Iiivingstone  dates  a  de- 
spatch to  Lord  Clarendon. 

July  28.  Livingstone  discorers  Lake 
Bangweolo,  or  Bemba,  150  miles  long, 
lying  near  the  center  of  the  continent. 

1869  Mar.  *  Livingstone  reaches  Ujiji 
on  Lake  Tanganyika.  [July  2.  He  starts 
westward.  Sept.  21.  He  reaches  Ban- 
barre  in  Manueinba.  Oct.  23.  Iiiving- 
stone is  forced  to  return  to  Ujijl.] 

May  30.    Livingstone  dates  his  letter. 

1870  Oct.  28.  An  expedition  conducted 
by  Henry  M.  Stanley,  and  equipped 
by  the  New  York  Herald,  at  a  cost  of 
$40,000,  finds  Livingstone  at  Ujiji. 

1871  *  *  Jljivingstone  and  Stanley  jour- 
ney together  to  Unyamyembe. 

Nov.  15.  Livingstone  dates  his  home 
despatches.  [1872.  Nov.  1.  Eng .  Re- 
ceived.] 

1872  Feb.  9.  An  expedition  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  led  by 
Lieut.  Dawson,  starts  to  find  Liring- 
stone.  [Feb.  *  Livin^tone  writes  ani 
other  letter.] 

Mar.  15.  Livingstone  and  Stanley 
part. 

July  1.  Iiivingstone  dates  another  let- 
ter.   [Oct.  2.    Kuf/.    Received.] 

July  26.  New  York.  The  Herald  pub- 
lishes a  letter  from  Livingstone,  at 
Ujiji,  of  November,  1871,  describing  his 
explorations  and  meeting  with  Stanley. 

July  29.  Eng.  Livingstone's  Febru- 
ary letter,  describing  the  horrors  of  the 
slave-trade,  is  given  to  the  public. 

Nov.  20.  A  British  expedition  under 
Sir  Bartle  Frere  sails  for  Zanzibar  to 
suppress  the  slave-trade  in  East  Africa, 
[1873.    Jan.  12.    He  arrives  at  Zanzibar.] 

1873  May  1.  David  Livingstone,  mis- 
sionary, scientist,  traveler,  dies  atllala, 
on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Bangweolo. 

1875  *  *  Henry  M.  Stanley,  supported 
by  the  New  York  Herald  and  the  London 
Daily  Telegraph, malkes a.  survey  of  Vic- 
toria Nyanza  — 230  miles  long  and  180 
miles  wide. 

1879  May  14 1.  The  British  Royal 
Geographical  Society  starts  an  expedi- 
tion from  Zanzibar  under  A.  Keith 
Johnston. 

1880  June  28.  A.  K.  Johnston  dies. 
Joseph  Thompson  takes  charge  of  the 
expedition. 


June  •  The  Johnston  expedition  re- 
turns [to  England]. 

1882  Dec.  13.  At  a  cost  of  £2,600,  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Great 
Britain  starts  an  expedition  for  East 
Africa  under  Joseph  Thompson. 

1883  Aug.  9.  Dr.  Robert  Moffat, 
Scotch  missionary  and  traveler,  dies, 
aged  87. 

CHURCH. 

1842  *  *  Missionary  work  is  begun  by 
John  L.  Krapf  from  Abyssinia  in  Galla- 
land.  He  represents  the  English  Church 
Missionary  Society. 

1844  The  English  Church  Missionary 
Society  begins  work  at  Mombasa,  in 
Masai-land. 

John  L.  Krapf,  a  missionary,  lands 
at  Mombasa,  having  a  letter  to  the  gov- 
ernors and  people  commending  him  as 
"  a  good  man  who  wishes  to  convert  all 
the  people  to  God." 

1846  *  *  John  Rebmann  joins  Krapf, 
and  they  open  tlie  Kisulutini  mission- 
station  of  the  (English)  Church  Society. 

1851  *  *  The  Church  of  England  Mission- 
ary Society  attempts  to  open  a  station 
in  Central  Africa ;  but  sickness,  death, 
and  desertion  cause  it  to  fail. 

1860  Dec.  *  Eng.  The  Universities 
Mission  to  Sast  Central  Africa,  con- 
sisting of  Charles  F.  Mackenzie,  Bishop 
of  Central  Africa,  and  others,  starts  for 
Zanzibar.  [1861.  Feb.  *  They  arrive  at 
the  Zambesi.] 

1861  *  *  Magomero,  on  Lake  Shirwa, 
Central  Africa,  near  the  Shire  River, 
becomes  a  mission-station  of  the  Uni- 
versities Mission. 

1862  Jan.  31.  Bishop  Charles  F. 
Mackenzie,  of  the  Universities  Mis- 
sion, dies  in  Central  Africa. 

[The  location  of  the  mission  is  changed 
from  Magomer*),  near  Lake  Shirwa,  to 
the  mainland  near  Zanzibar.] 

1864  *  *  All  excepting  two  of  the  seven 
missionaries  of  the  Universities  Mis- 
sion have  died ;  those  surviving  return 
home. 

1865  *  *  Galla,  bordering  Abyssinia,  be- 
comes a  mission-fleld  of  the  Swedish 
Evangelical  Society. 

1874  *  *  Frere  Town,  near  Mombasa,  is 
established  by  Church  of  England  mis- 
sionaries and  Ciiristian  African  workers 
brought  from  Bombay. 

1876  May  29.    Alexander  M.  Mac- 

kay  arrives  at  Zanzibar  as  a  Church  of 
England  missionary  for  Uganda.  [1878. 
Nov.  *  He  arrives  in  Uganda  after  en- 
during much  sickness.] 
Jime  *  A  Church  of  England  mission- 
party  leave  Zanzibar  to  open  a  mission 
in  Uganda. 

1877  June  30.  Two  Church  of  England 
missionaries,  Lieut.  Smith  and  Mr.  Wil- 
son, arrive  at  Rubaga,  and  are  welcomed 
by  Mtesa,  King  of  Uganda,  who  avows 
himself  a  Christian  seeking  further 
instruction. 


*  *  The  Xiondon  Society  undertakes 
mission-work  in  Central  Africa. 

1879  Dec.  *  Influenced  by  a  sorceress, 
Mtesa  and  his  chiefs  publicly  prohibit 
both  Christianity  and  Mohammedism  in 
Uganda,  and  return  to  heathenism. 

*  *  Seven  Church  of  England  misslonarleB 
are  in  Uganda. 

*  *  The  first  Roman  Catholic  mission- 
aries arrive  in  Uganda. 

*  *  Mombasa  becomes  a  mission-station 
of  the  English  Church  Society. 

1880*  *The  mission  in  Uganda,  in 
charge  of  Mackay  and  Pearson,  patiently 
endures  the  opposition  of  the  king. 

1881  Mar.*  Mtesa's  envoy  returns 
from  England,  and  the  Uganda  mission 
prospers. 

1882  Mar.  *  The  first  converts  are  bap- 
tized in  Uganda  by  Mackay;  the 
French  priests  depart  after  a  resi- 
dence of  three  and  a  half  years. 

May  17.  James  Hannington  sails  from 
England  as  a  missionary  for  Uganda. 

*  *  Missionary  Mackay  baptizes  five  con- 
verts in  Uganda. 

1883  Jan.  *  Hannington  starts  from 
Uganda  for  England  to  regain  his 
health. 

*  *  The  Church  Missionary  Society  opens 
a  mission-station  at  Sagalla,  about  100 
miles  from  the  east  coast,  in  Masai-land. 

1884  *  *  A  mission  steamer  is  purchased 
for  use  on  Lake  Nyassa,  Central  Africa. 

*  *  A  mission  church  is  organized  at 
Uganda  with  86  members,  including  a 
daughter  and  granddaughter  of  the 
king. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1505  *  *  Portuguese  capture  the  great 
city  of  Kilwa,  with  its  300  mosques ;  also 
the  city  of  Mombasa  the  "Magnifi- 
cent.'* 

*  *  Portuguese  capture  the  city  of  Ma- 
lindi,  and  Magdoshu  the  "  Immense." 

1856  *  *  The  Sayid  of  Muscat  dies,  and 
his  dominions  are  divided  between  his 
two  sons ;  Barghash  has  Zanzibar. 

1862  Mar.  10.  The  independence  of 
the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  has  been  recog- 
nized by  France,  England,  and  Ger- 
many. 

1870  Oct.  7.  Madjid,  one  of  the  sons 
of  the  Sultan  of  Muscat,  after  a  contest 
with  his  brother,  Barghash-bin-Said,  ob- 
tains Zanzibar. 

1876  Apr.  18.  Sayid  Barghash  issues 
a  decree  for  the  confiscation  of  slaves 
brought  to  Zanzibar. 

1884  Oct.  10.  King  Mtesa  of 
Uganda  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Mwanga,  his  son. 

Oct.  29.  The  Anglo-German  Con- 
vention, defining  the  boundaries  of 
Zanzibar,  is  signed  by  the  two  powers  at 
London.  Masai-land  is  allotted  to  Eng- 
land, by  a  convention  marking  "  spheres 
of  influence." 


662 


1885-189L 


BRITISH    EAST   AFRICA. 


EXPLORATIONS. 

1887  Jan.  21.  Henry  M.  Stanley 
starts  from  Londou  for  the  relief  of 
Emin  Pasha.  [June  2.  He  is  opposed 
by  the  Aruwiini  tribes.] 

Jan.  23.  Count  Telekis'  expedition 
starts  for  the  Masai  country. 

1888  May  25.  Stanley  starts  on  his 
return  journey. 

May  29.    Stanley  meets  Emin  Pasha 

on  the  Albert  Nyanza. 
July  19.    MaJ.  Barttelot  is  assassinated 
near  the  Aruwimi  Kiver  by  his  carriers, 
wjiile  conveying  supplies  to  Stanley  and 
Emin  Pasha. 


Uganda ;  they  meet  Henry  M.  Stanley 
at  Usagala. 

Dec.  31.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  leases 
land  to  the  German  EvangeUcal  Mis- 
sion Society  of  East  Africa  on  which 
to  build  a  church  ajid  hospital. 

1889  Jan.  11.  Mwanga,  King  of 
Uganda,  has  overthrown  and  expelled 
his  elder  brother,  King  Kimewa ;  the 
English  and  French  missions  are 
destroyed  and  the  converts  mas- 
sacred. 

Jan.  11-13.  Eight  missionaries  are 
killed. 


Aug.  17.  James  S.  Jameson,  the  suc- 
cessor of  BurtteloC,  dies. 

Stanley  meets  Mr.  Bonney  with  71 

men,  the  remains  of  JIajor  Barttelot's 
party. 

Sept.  *  The  Royal  Geographical  Society 
sends  an  expedition  to  southwest  Zan- 
zibar under  J.  T.  Last. 

1889  Feb.  26.  Dr.  Carl  Peters  starts 
with  an  expedition  having  100  soldiers 
to  relieve  Ernin  Pasha. 

Apr.  3.  Stanley's  letteris  published  in 
England,  in  which  he  narrates  his  terri- 
ble suiferings. 

Nov.  4.  Stanley  reports  another  great 
lake,  called  Albert  Nyanza. 

CHURCH. 

1885  Jan.  *  Eng.  James  Hannington 
is  consecrated  as  bishop  of  Equatorial 
Africa,  and  sails  for  Uganda. 

»  *  Mwanga,  King  of  Uganda,  op- 
presses the  mission  ;  three  boys  who  had 
been  baptized  are  roasted  to  death. 

*  *  Bishop  Hannington  visits  Masai- 
land. 

Jidy  *  The  Church  of  England  Mission  in 
Uganda  reports  35  communicants. 

Oct.  29.  Martyrdom  of  Bishop  James 
Hannington  by  King  Mwanga. 

"  Go  tell  Mwanga  that  I  die  for  the  Ba- 
ganda,  and  that  I  have  purchased  the 
road  to  Uganda  with  my  life." 

1886  June  *  The  mission  in  Uganda 
Bufifers  persecution  ;  GO  or  00  Protestant 
and  Catholic  converts  are  tormented 
and  put  to  death,  yet  20  baptisms  take 
place  within  a  month. 

1887  July  20.  Tlie  Arabs  persuade 
the  King  of  Uganda  to  expel  Alex. 
M.  Mackay.  [He  goes  to  the  south  end 
of  the  lake,  and  remains  three  years  at 
Usambrioa.] 

1888  Apr.  •  Eev.  R.  H.  Walker  joins 
the  mission  of  the  Church  of  England 
in  Uganda. 

Oct.  *  The  Universities  Mission  is  warned 
to  retire  from  the  mainland  by  the  Brit- 
ish Government,  as  operations  against 
slave-traders  by  England  and  Germany 
imperil  their  stay. 

Oct.  »  The  English  and  French  Catholic 
missionaries    are    expelled     from 


1889  Jan.  19.  An  English  missionary 
named  Brooks  and  26  of  his  converts 
are  massacred  near  Saadani  in  German 
East  Africa. 

Feb.  8.  The  agent  of  East  Africa  Com- 
pany obtains  release  of  CathoUc  mis- 
sionaries held  by  the  native  insurgents. 

Mar.  12.  The  missionaries  captured  by 
native  insurgents  are  released  on  pay- 
ment of  $3,000  in  addition  to  ransom 
money ;  the  followers  of  Chief  Busheri 
retreat  into  the  interior. 

*  *  Islamism  is  checked  in  Uganda  hy 
the  laws  of  the  country,  which,  while 
they  permit  murder,  forbid  mutilation, 
thereby  excluding  circumcision. 

*  •  The  English  Universities  Mission  is 
established  at  Zanzibar. 

1890  Feb.  8.  Alex.  M.  Mackay,  mis- 
sionary of  the  Church  of  England  So- 
ciety, dies  of  fever,  aged  41  years. 

Mar.  7±.  Mwanga,  King  of  Uganda, 
conquers  the  native  rebels  with  the  aid 
of  the  missionaries,  and  proclaims  him- 
self a  Christian  ;  the  principal  posts  are 
given  to  the  Protestants  and  Catholics, 
between  whom  a  jealousy  exists. 

Apr.  *  Eng.  Alfred  E.  Tucker  is  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Equatorial  Africa. 

May  9.  King  MwangSi  and  the  mis- 
sionaries  are  again  expelled  from 
Uganda. 

July  25.  Missionary  Stokes  and  Bis- 
hop Tucker's  caravan  start  for 
Uganda  from  Saadani,  German  East 
Africa. 

July  27.  It  is  announced  that  King 
Mwanga  has  rejoined  the  Protes- 
tants, and  also  that  the  French  bishop 
urges  the  Catholics  to  continue  the  war 
against  the  Protestants. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885  May  *  The  Zanzibar  coast  is  the 
subject  of  territorial  disputes  with  the 
German  East  Africa  Company. 

1886  Aug.  19.  The  treaty  between 
England  and  Germany  respecting 
East  Africa  comes   into  force. 

1887  *  *  The  city  of  Zanzibar  has  a 
population  estimated  at  100,000. 

1888  Feb.  ♦-Mar.  »  Zanzibar  and 
Portugal  dispute  respecting  tlie  non- 
cession  of  territory.  "Wax  follows,  last- 
ing five  weeks. 


Mar.  26.  Sayid  Barghash-bin-Said, 
Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  dies,  aged  51. 

Mar.  27.  Sayid  Khalifa-bin-Said  be- 
comes sultan  of  Zanzibar. 

June  6.  The  cession  of  territories  by  the 
late  Sultan  occasions  a  dispute  with 
Italy. 

Sept.  3.  The  Imperial  British  East 
Africa  Company  is  chartered  by  the 
Crown. 

Sept.  7.  The  charter  of  the  Imperial 
British  East  Africa  Company  is  ga- 
zetted in  London. 

Sept.  23.  Germans  land  from  a  man- 
of-war  and  kill  about  100  natives  at 
Bagamoyo. 

Sept.  *  A  great  uprising  of  natives 
against  the  Germans  occurs  along  the 
coast  of  Zanzibar. 

Oct.  9.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  signs  the 
concession  of  a  large  territory  on  the 
coast  to  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany. 

Oct.  17.  liieut.  Cooper  captures  a 
dhow,  but  is  killed  in  the  action. 

Oct.  *  The  German  settlement  on  the 
coast  collapses ;  alleged  cause,  the  ac- 
tion of  the  Arab  slave-dealers. 

Dec.  2.  Germany  and.England  block- 
ade the  coast. 

Dec.  7.  The  chiefs  biun  Bagamoyo, 
and  retire  on  the  approach  of  a  German 
force. 

1889  Jan.  1.  One  hundred  slaves  are 
hberated  on  New  Year's  Day. 

Jan.  7.  The  agent  of  the  British  East 
Africa  Company  gives  hundreds  of 
slaves  their  freedom  at  Zanzibar. 

Jan.  11.  King  Mwanga  of  Uganda 
is  deposed  by  his  body-guard,  and  is  a 
prisoner.  Kiwiwa,  his  brother,  is  made 
king. 

[A  bloody  and  property-destroying  out-      f 
break  against  missionaries  follows,  and       ; 
efforts  are  put  forth  to  reestablish  Mo- 
hammedanism.] 

Jan.  11-13.  The  Arab  slave-dealers 
attack  some  of  the  German  stations  in 
Zanzibar,  and  carry  off  the  freed  slaves  ; 
four  missionaries  are  killed  and  three 
captured. 

Jan.  12.  A  letter  received  In  Zanzibar 
says  that  Stanley  had  landed  in  Decem- 
ber on  the  southeastern  shore  of  the 
Victoria  Nyanza ;  he  had  rejoined  Entdn 
Pasha  since  August  and  left  him. 

Jan.  14.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  offers 
to  mediate  between  East  Africa  Com- 
pany and  natives  on  a  plan  suggested  by 
the  company's  general  agent. 

Jan.  10.  Sir  John  Kirk  starts  from 
London  on  a  special  mission  to  Zanzibar, 
for  the  settlement  of  diflBculties  in  East 
Africa. 

Jan.  24.  A  fresh  revolution  has 
broken  out  in  Uganda.  King  Kiwiwa 
has  been  deposed,  and  his  yoimger 
brother  is  raised  to  the  throne,  the 
former  having  poisoned  two  of  the  prin- 
cipal Arab  instigators  of  the  expulsion 
of  English  missionaries. 


BRITISH    EAST   AFRICA. 


1885-1891. 


563 


Feb.  4.  A  French  vessel  is  boarded 
by  tUi^  coimnaiuier  of  a  British  man-of- 
war  at  Zanzibar ;  measures  are  taken 
for  redress, 

Feb.  5.  A  body  of  Walsire  Arabs  sur- 
rounds the  Sultan's  palace  at  Zanzi- 
bar, and  demands  a  suspension  of  tlie 
blockade. 

Feb.  14.  A  hitch  occurs  in  negotiations 
for  release  of  missionaries  on  the  Zan- 
zibar coast. 

Apr.  5.  The  German  flag  is  raised  over 
the  consulate  at  Zanzibar,  and  Capt. 
Wissmann  assumes  command  of  Ger- 
man interests. 

May  8.  In  Zanzibar  Capt.  Wissmann, 
aided  by  200  (iermau  sailors,  defeats  a 
coast  Chief  Bushiri,  and  destroys  his 
camp,  with  little  loss;  the  natives  lose 
80  killed  and  20  prisoners. 

May  15.  Fever  ravages  the  crews  of 
English  and  German  vessels. 

June  7±.  Adm.  Deinhard  bombards 
Saadani,  and  Capt.  Wissmann  burns 
Wingi. 

June  12.  The  German  Bast  Africa 
Company  recalls  their  agent. 

July  8.  Wissmann  captures  Fangani 
on  the  coast. 

July  27  ±.  Mr.  Neilson,  an  ofBcer  of 
the  German  East  Africa  Company,  is 
murdered  by  Chief  Bushiri ;  Capt.  Wiss- 
man  offers  a  reward  for  his  arrest. 

July  *  Nearly  seven-eighths  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Zanzibar  are  slaves. 

Some  owners  have  1,000.  A  negro  boy 
costs  about  S20,  a  strong  workman  about 
$100  or  S120,  a  pretty  young  negress  from 
$M  to  SIOO,  Abyssinian  women  from  S200 
to  8,"i00,  while  the  women  from  Jeddiah, 
in  Arabia,  bring  very  high  prices. 

Sept.  2.  The  Sult.vn  of  Zanzibar  con- 
cedes the  Ijamu  Islands  and  Benan- 
ger  coast  line  to  the  British  East  Africa 
Company. 

Sept.  10.  Stanley  is  approaching  Mom- 
basa, British  East  Africa,  after  much 
lighting  with  hostile  tribes. 

Sept.  12.  Stanley  is  reported  to  be 
west  of  Victoria  Ny-anza,  and  his  ad- 
vance held  in  check  by  natives. 

Sept.  21±.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  has 
issued  an  edict  empowering  Great 
Britain  jind  Germany  to  search  all 
Zanzibaresc  dhows  and  other  boats 
with  the  object  of  suppressing  the  slave- 
trade.  The  edict  also  declares  that  every 
person  entering  Zanzibar  after  Nov.  1 
shall  be  free. 

Sept.  **  The  Sultan  ^)f  Zanzibar  concedes 
the  government  of  the  Island  to  the 
British  East  Africa  Company. 

Oct.  19-.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  gives 
a  written  promise  to  the  British  consul 
that  all  children  born  in  his  domains 
after  Jan.  1,  1890,  shall  be  free. 

Oct.  27.  Mr.  Stevens  of  the  New  York 
Woritl  returns  to  Zanzibar,  having 
failed  to  find  Stanley. 

Uov.  22.  Supplies  for  Stanley's  party 
arc  sent  from  Zanzibar  to  Bagamoyo 
on  the  coast. 


Deo.  2.    Dr.  Peters  and  Xdeut.  Lied- 
mann,  African  explorers,  are  reported 
in  Zanzibar  to  be  dead. 
Dec.  4.    Emin  Pasha  falls  from  a  bal- 
cony and  is  seriously  injured  at  Baga- 
moyo. 
Deo.  6.    H.  M.  Stanley  arrives  at  Zan- 
zibar.  [1890.  Jan.  2.  He  sails  for  Egypt.) 
Dec.  17.    Mwanga  reconquers  Uganda, 

and  regains  his  thi'one. 
Deo.  30.    At  Seilah,  two  French  mis- 
sionaries  and    their   escort    of    eight 
Greeks  are  reported  murdered. 
1890    Jan.  2.    Agent  McKenzie  of  the 
East  Africa  Company  dislodges  a  chief 
on  British  territory  at  Vitu ;  English 
post-offices   are  opened  at    Mombasa 
and  Eamu, 
Jan.  *  The    cable  from  Mombasa  to 

Zanzibar  is  completed. 
Feb.  1.    The  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany hoist  the  British  flag  in  Manda 
and  at  Patta. 
Feb.  8.    England  and  Germany  consent 
to  submit  to  arbitration  their  respec- 
tive claims  to  the  islands  of  Patta  and 
Manda. 
Feb.  13.    The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  dies 
of  sunstroke,  aged  43. 

Sayid  All,  a  brother  of  Seyjid  Kha- 

lifah,  becomes  sultan. 
Feb.  14.    Severe   fighting    occurs    in 
Uganda;    Mwanga,  assisted  by  Euro- 
peans, defeats  the  Arabs. 
Feb.  28.    The  new  Sultan  releases  pris- 
oners  who  have    been    imprisoned    18 
years  without  a  trial. 
Mar.  18.    Arab    masters    at    Momhasa 
unanimously  accept  the  terms  of  Agent 
Mackenzie,  by  which  3,000  runaway 
slaves  have  settled  in  FuUadoyo,  pro- 
cure their  freedom  by  doing  work  equiv- 
alent to  fifty  shillings  each. 
Mar.  23.    English  agents  seize  200  rifles 
and  a  ton  of  powder  at  Aden,  under  the 
prohibitory  law,  from  a  German  expedi- 
tion, which  was  to  found  a  settlement 
at  Laliete  on  the  Somali  coast. 
Apr.  6.    Capt.   Cafiati   leaves  Zanzibar 

for  Rome. 
Apr.  141;.    The  Sultan  has  canceled  the 
concession  of   the  islands  of  Manda 
and  Patta  to  the  British,  because  of 
German  threats. 
Apr.  30.    The  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany's   expedition   to   Uganda    con- 
cludes a  treaty  with  Mwanga,  placing 
Uganda  exclusively  under  British  influ- 
ence. 
May  4.    All  natives  connected  by  treaty 
with  the  British  East  Africa  Company 
are  to  be  recognized  as  free  without 
payment  of  compensation. 
May9±.    Karema,  aided  by  Arabs,  recon- 
quers Uganda  and  dethrones  Mwanga. 
June  17.    The  Govenmient  sends  300 
Soudanese  and  300  Indian  troops, 
commanded   by  English    officers,  from 
Zanzibar  to  Mombasa  to  enter  the  ser- 
vice of  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 
pany. 


Germany  cedes  Somali  and  Vita 

to  England,  in  return  for  Heligoland, 
Europe,  which  is  ceded  to  Germany. 

June  24.  Lord  Salisbury  states  that  the 
Sultan  of  Zan2dbar's  dominion,  men- 
tioned in  the  Anglo-German  African 
agreement,  includes  a  large  portion  of 
the  mainland. 

June  27.  The  Anglo-German  agree- 
ment is  finally  concluded. 

July  1.  The  Anglo-German  agree- 
ment in  reference  to  Africa  is  signed  at 
Berlin  by  Chancellor  Von  Caprivi  and 
Dr.  Kranel  for  Germany,  and  Sir  E. 
B.  Malet  and  Sir  Percy  Anderson  for 
England. 

July  28.  All  foreigners,  except  Ger- 
mans, welcome  the  establishment  of  a 
British  protectorate  at  Zanzibar. 

Aug.  1.  Slavery  still  exists  on  the  Zan- 
zibar coast  as  before  the  Anglo-German 
agreement. 

Col.  Enan  Smith,  the  Sultan,  Issues 

a  decree  somewhat  ftntislavery  in  its 
character. 

Aug.  4.  A  mass-meeting  of  Arabs  at 
Zanzibar  approves  the  slavery  decree. 

Aug.  6.  The  agreement  between  France 
and  England  in  regard  to  Zanzibar  is 
signed. 

Aug.  26.  The  Mombasa  and  Nyanza 
Equatorial  Kailway  is  inaugurated  in 
the  presence  of  British  and  other  con- 
suls. 

Sept.  13.  Mwanga,  King  of  Uganda,  Is 
stripped  of  his  despotic  power;  the  prin- 
cipal ofiices  are  divided  amongst  Pro- 
testant and  Catholic  missionaries. 

Sept.  17.  An  Arab  is  pubUcly  hanged 
at  Zanzibar  for  slave-dealing. 

Sept.  27.  The  British  admiral  is  or- 
dered to  Witu  to  inquire  into  a  recent 
massacre  of  Germans.  [Oct.  20.  He  Is 
ordered  to  destroy  the  town  of  Witu 
unless  the  murderers  of  the  Germans 
be  delivered  to  German  authorities  for 
punishment.] 

Nov.  *  The  island  of  Pemba  Is  ceded  to 
the  British  East  Africa  Company  by  the 
Sultan. 

*  *  British  influence  is  established  by 
special  treaty  in  Uganda. 

*  *  The  District  of  Witu,  previously 
occupied  by  Germany,  is  ceded  to  the 
British  East  Africa  Company. 

1891  Feb.  10.  The  King  of  Uganda, 
under  French  Influence,  refuses  to  rec- 
ognize the  English  protectorate,  and 
the  East  Africa  Company's  agents  [tem- 
porarily] retire  from  the  neighboring 
country. 

Mar.  18.  The  Sultan  of  the  interior, 
Tippoo  Tib,  is  stricken  with  paralysis 
at  Zanzibar. 

He  Is  also  known  as  Hamidi  bin  Mu- 
hammad ;  he  rendered  valuable  assist- 
ance to  Verney  L.  Cameron's  exploring 
expedition  in  1874.  He  also  became  gov- 
ernor of  the  Stanley  Falls  district  of  the 
Kongo  State. 


564 


1891-1894. 


BRITISH    EAST    AFRICA. 


CHURCH. 

1893  June  17.  Europeans  in  Uganda 
are  in  great  danger  through  a  Moham- 
medan revolt,  favored  by  Selini  Bey. 
The  insurrection  is  suppressed  by  Cap- 
tain Macdonald,  and  Seliiu  is  taken 
prisoner  and  dies. 

STATE  —  MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891  Aug.  31.  Zanzibar  is  declared 
by  its  Sultan  to  be  within  the  zone  of 
the  Brussels  spirit  non-importation 
act. 

Dec.  19.  Zanzibar,  except  tor  alcohol 
and  munitions,  is  to  be  a  free-trade 
port  after  next  February. 

1892  Jan,  24.  A  battle  for  British 
supremacy  is  fought  at  Mengo,  the 
native  capital ;  the  Catholics  side  with 
the  natives  and  the  Protestants  with  the 
British. 

*  *  The  defeated  Catholics  of  Uganda 
8ig;n  a  treaty  to  restrict  their  work  to 
the  district  of  Budu. 

Mar.  4.  £n<;.  The  House  of  Commons 
votes  £20,000  toward  a  railroad  from 
Mombasa  to  Victoria  Nyanza. 

May  28.  Seventeen  Arab  slave-tra- 
ders are  sentenced  to  be  hanged  at 
Zanzibar. 


June  13.  Captain  Lugard  makes 
terms  with  Mwanga  at  Uganda,  and  is 
ordered  to  remove  to  a  point  midway 
between  that  place  and  the  coast. 

July  1.  The  free-trade  zone  of  the 
Kongo  Basin  is  extended  to  the  coast. 

Oct.  1.  Lord  Roseberry  consents  to  the 
evacuation  of  Uganda  if  the  East 
Africa  Company  cannot  make  its  occu- 
pation pay. 

Oct.  30.  Great  Britain  decides  not  to 
retire  from  Uganda. 

*  *  Revenue  duties  for  the  year  are  about 
$100,000. 

1803  Jan.  26.  Commander  d' Han  is 
defeats  Arab  slave-dealers  led  by 
Tippoo  Tib's  son,  taking  500  prisoners 
and  600  rifles. 

Mar.  5.  All  Bin  Said,  Sultan  of  Zanzi- 
bar, dies. 

An  attempt  made  by  the  son  of  the 

dead  Sultan  to  seize  the  throne  is  de- 
feated by  the  British,  who  install  the 
Sultan's  nephew,  the  rightful  heir. 

Hamid-bin-Thwain  becomes  sul- 
tan of  Zanzibar. 

Apr.  *  The  expenses  of  the  East  Africa 
Company  to  date  are  £448,000. 

Apr,  10.  A  dhow  sailing  under  French 
colors,  having  on  board  60  enslaved 


children,  is  captured  by  a  British  crui- 
ser near  Zanzibar. 

Mar.  17.  Sir  Gerald  Portal  arrives  at 
Mengo. 

Apr.  7.  Catholics  in  Uganda  receive 
an  extension  of  mission  territory  and 
important  offices  near  t^he  king. 

July  5.  Somalis  are  routed  by  British 
marines,  and  50  Hottentots  and  their 
chief  killed  by  Portuguese  troops  dur- 
ing a  stubborn  fight. 

July  6.  African  slave-traders  are  de- 
feated iu  two  engagements,  leaving  their 
munitions  of  war  and  over  100  barrels 
of  gunpowder  in  the  hands  of  the  vic- 
tors, 

Aug.  7.  The  Zanzibar  troops  and  Brit- 
ish marines  storm  the  town  of  Witu 
and  capture  it. 

A\ig.  11.  Native  soldiers  revolt,  and 
join  the  tribesmen  at  Kismaya. 

1894  Jan.  14.  The  Protestant  na- 
tives in  Uganda  defeat  the  Mohamme- 
dan natives,  of  whom  30  are  killed  and 
1,500  taken  prisoners. 

Apr.  11.  King  Kabba  Rega,  rnling 
the  country  adjoining  Uganda,  has  been 
defeated  by  a  force  sent  out  under 
Major  Owen,  and  his  kingdom  may  be 
included  in  its  protectorate. 


BRITISH    HONDURAS. 


British  Hondcras  is  a  Crown  Colony  of  Great  Britain,  in  Central  America,  having  an  area  of  7,562  square  miles,  and  j 
population  in  1891  of  31,471.    The  capital  is  Balize. 


1667  *  *  English  settlers  arrive  from 
.Jamaica.  [They  are  often  disturbed, 
and  sometimes  expelled,  by  the  Span- 
iards.] 

1754  Apr.  *  The  Spaniards  send  a 
military  force  against  the  English  set- 
tlement at  Balize  ;  1,500  men  are  routed 
by  250  Englishmen. 

1779  Sept.  15.  A  sudden  attack  is 
made  by  the  Spaniards,  who  defeat  the 
English  settlers,  and  carry  them  away 
as  prisoners. 

1783  *  *  The  settlement  is  reestablished; 
the  British  settlers  cease  to  be  disturbed 
by  the  Spaniards. 


Sept.  3.  A  treaty  is  made  between 
Great  Britain  and  Spain,  providing  for 
peaceful  occupation  of  Honduras  by 
British  settlers. 

1786*  *  A  new  treaty  with  Spain  makes 
a  grant  of  additional  territory  between 
the  rivers  Sibun  and  Balize. 

1798  July  10.  A  Spanish  force  of 
2,000  men  arrives  for  the  purpose  of  de- 
stroying the  settlement  at  Balize  ;  it  is 
successfully  resisted  by  the  settlers. 

1814  *  *  A  new  treaty  with  Spain  re- 
vives the  provisions  of  1786. 

1836  *  *  Claims  of  additional  territory 
are  made  by  Great  Britain. 


1859  May  1.  A  treaty  respecting 
boundaries  is  signed  by  Great  Britain, 
and  Guatemala. 

1861  *  *  The  population  is  given  by  a 
census  at  25,635. 

1867  *  *  James  R.  Longden  is  governor. 
[1870,  William  W.  Cairns ;  1874,  Maj. 
Robert  Miller  Mundy;  1877,  F.  P.  Bar- 
lee  ;  1884,  Roger  Tackfield  Goldsworthy.] 

1881  *  *  Population,  27,452. 

*  *  Revenue  for  the  year,  £41,588. 

1889  *  *  Balize  is  a  mission-station  of 
the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Missionary 
Society,  having  two  missionaries  and  941 
church-members. 


BULGARIA.    120H.C. 


1877  Sept.  28.    565 


Bulgaria  ami  Eastern  Rninelia  form  a  principality  of  soutlieastern  Europe,  having  Sofia  for  its  capital.  Area,  37,860 
square  miles  ;  population,  3,309,816.  The  people  are  chiefly  Bulgarians  and  Turks,  and  commonly  speak  the  Servian  language. 
The  government  is  a  constitutional  principality  administered  by  an  elected  prince,  who  is  tributary  to  Turkey ;  the  legislative 
•chamber  is  called  the  Sobrauje.    The  religion  of  the  Greek  Church  is  approved.    Its  literature  is  meager  and  light. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

687  *  *  Justinian  II.  defeats  the  Bul- 
garians. 

1014  July  29.  The  Emperor  Basil 
defeats  the  Bulgarians  at  the  battle  of 
Zetiuiiiiin. 

He  takes  15,000  prisoners,  and  destroys 
the  eyes  of  all  but  150,  who  are  per- 
mitted to  have  one  eye  that  they  may 
guide  the  blind  Bulgarians  home. 

1018  *  *  After  a  long  struggle  Basil  sub- 
dues the  Bulgarians. 

1396  *  *  The  kingdom  is  conquered  by 
the  Turks  under  Bajazet. 

1444  Nov.  10.  Battle  near  Vema. 
Hungarians  under  King  Ladislaus  and 
John  Hunnlades  are  utterly  defeated 
by  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II. ;  the 
Hungarian  king  is  killed  and  the  brave 
general  is  captured. 

1876  May  1,  2.  The  Bulgarians, 
spurred  by  foreign  agitators,  revolt 
against  Turkish  rule. 

May  7.  Turkish  officials  and  troops  sub- 
due the  revolt  with  great  cruelty. 

Seventy-nine  villages  and  towns  are 
wholly  or  partially  burned,  including 
9,000  houses ;  72,000  persons  are  made 
shelterless,  $50,000,000  of  property  is 
destroyed  or  taken  away,  15,000  persons 
killed,  two-thirds  being  women  and  chil- 
dren,—  and  all  to  revenge  the  seizure  of 
15  villages  and  the  slaying  of  115  Tiu-kish 
officials  in  self-tlefense. 

1877  Apr.  24.    Russia  declares  war 

against  Turkey  for  the  suppression  of 
cruelty  in  Bulgaria  and  elsewhere, 
Apr.  *-78   Mar,*  Turko-Russian 
AVar. 

Bulgaria  is  the  chief  battlefield:  the 
Grand  Duke  Nicholas  is  commander  of 
the  Kussians,  and  Abdul-Kerim  com- 
mands the  Turks.    (See  p.  1158.) 

J'une  22.  Passage  of  the  Danube  on 
208  pontoons  by  a  Uussian  corps  under 
Gen.  Zimmerman.  The  Grand  Duke  oc- 
cupies Drobudsha  after  a  loss  of  289  men. 

June  27.  The  main  army  crosses  the 
Danube  at  Shistova. 

July  5  ± .   Biela  is  taken  by  the  Bnssians . 

July  6.  Plevna  is  occupied  by  the 
Russian  army. 

July  6,  7.  The  Russian  cavalry  general, 
Joseph  V.  Gourko,  captures  TMmova. 

July  12.    The  Turks  reoccupyBayazdd. 

July  13.  Mukhtar  Pasha  drives  the 
Russians  out  of  Kars. 

Gen.  Gourko  crosses  through   the 

Shipka  Pass  Into  RumeUa. 

July  15.  A  division  of  the  Russian  army 
captures  Nicopoli,  with  two  pashas, 
6,000  men,  two  monitors,  and  40  guns. 

July  17-19.  Russians  drive  the  Turks 
from  the  important  Shipka  Pass,  con- 
necting Bulgaria  and  Rumelia. 

•July  1&  Plevna  is  retaken  by  the 
Turks. 


July  19,  20.  Plevna  is  held  by  Osman 
Pasha  after  a  severe  struggle  with 
Schildner-Schuldner. 

July  21±.  Suleiman  Pasha  arrives  at 
the  Shipka  Pass. 

July*  Mehemet  Ala  assumes  su- 
preme command  of  the  Turkish 
troops.    The  Russians  retreat. 

July  26  or  28.  Aziz  Pasha  is  killed  at 
Esinje,  near  Rasgrad. 

July  29,  30.  Severe  fighting  occnrs  at 
Plevna;  Gen.  Krudener  defeats  the 
Russians,  who  lose  2,000  killed  and  4,000 
wounded. 

Aug.  ll±.  Russians  are  driven  out  of 
Rumelia ;  Gen.  Gourko  returns  to  the 
Shipka  Pass. 

Aug.  20-27.  Suleiman  Pasha  makes  a 
desperate  effort,  with  great  losses,'  to 
regain  the  Shipka  Pass,  which  is  held 
by  the  Russians. 

Aug.  21.  Gen.  Radetzky  reeuforces  the 
Russians  in  Shipka  Pass. 

Aug.  30+.  Osman  Pasha  makes  an 
unsuccessful  sortie  at  Plevna. 

Sept.  3.  Gen.  Skobeleff  captures  liOvatz 
from  the  Tiuks. 

Sept.  7±.  The  siege  of  Plevna  by  the 
Russians  under  Gen.  Bduard  Ivano- 
vitch  Todleben  begins  with  a  cannon- 
ade which  lasts  tliree  days. 

Sept.  11,  12.  A  general  assault  is 
made  at  Plevna  by  Russians  and  Ru- 
manians under  Todleben ;  the  strong 
entrenchments  at  Gravitza  are  taken 
and  held  with  a  loss  of  about  20,000 
men. 

Sept.  17.  Suleiman  Pasha  takes  Fort 
St.  Nicholas  in  Shipka  Pass,  but  is  un- 
able to  hold  it. 

Sept.  22+.  Chefket  Pasha  reeuforces 
Osman  Pasha  at  Plevna. 

Sept.  28.  Gen.  Todleben  is  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  Russian  staff. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1847    Jan.  4.     Nicholas    of    Mingrelia, 

prince,  born. 
1857    Apr.  5.    Alexander   I..    Prince  of 

Bulgaria,  born. 
1861     Feb.  26.     Ferdinand    of    Saxe-Oo- 

burg-.  Prince  of  Itulgaria,  born. 

CHURCH. 

862  *  *  Christianity  is  introduced  by 
Boris  or  Bogoris  [864  ?]. 

1118  *  *  Basil}  a  physician,  is  burned 
alive  for  heresy.  He  rejected  the  Penta- 
teuch, the  eucharist,  and  baptism,  and 
taught  communism. 

1833  *  *  The  Bulgarians  ask  for  a  Bul- 
g:arian  bishop,  instead  of  two  Greek 
bishops,  and  are  denied. 

1840*  *A  Bulgarian  is  appointed 
bishop  of  Widdin. 

1857  *  *  A  mission  is  founded  north  of 
the  Balkans  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  U.  S.  A. 


1858  *  *  Rev.  Mr.  Morse  enters  the  Bul- 
garian mission-work  of  the  American 
Board  at  Adriauople. 

1859*  *  Sofia,  Stara-Zagora,  and 
Philippopolis  have  mission-stations 
established  by  the  American  Board. 

1862  *  *  The  American  Board  start  mis- 
sion-work in  Samokov. 

1870  Feb.  28.  The  Bulgarian  Church 
receives  an  independent  exarchate. 

1872  Feb.  *  Be  establishment  of  the 
Bulgarian  Church  under  a  Bulgarian 
exarch,  bishops,  and  clergy. 

1873  *  *  The  American  Board  start  mis- 
sion-work in  Monastir. 

STATE. 

120'^*B.c.  Bulgarians  are  first 
known,  as  a  band  under  the  leadership 
of  Chieftain  Voiuid,  which  takes  refuge 
in  Armenia.  

499*  *-676*  *A.i>.  A  Slavonic  tribe, 
called  Bulgarians,  harasses  the  East- 
ern Empire  and  Italy. 

660  *  *  A  kingdom  is  established  in 
modern  Bulgaria. 

Bulgarians  are  divided  into  several  di- 
visions ;  the  leading  one  imder,  Aspa- 
ruch,  settles  in  Mcesia  [now  Bosnia, 
Servia,  and  Bulgaria^,  and  subjugates 
the  Slavonic  population. 

803  *  *  -927  *  *  Reign  of  Simeon;  the 
most  prosperous  period  of  the  ancient 
kingdom. 

1018*  *  The  Byzantine  Fmperor  Basil 
n.  subdues  the  Bulgarians. 

1186  *  *  Insmrection  under  the  broth- 
ers Peter  and  Asan  or  Yusan ;  the 
Bulgarians  unite  with  the  Wallachs  in 
revolt  against  Byzantine  rule  ;  the  Bul- 
garian kingdom  is  reestablished. 

1396  *  *  After  subduing  the  kingdom, 
Bajazet  annexes  it  to  the  Turkish 
Empire. 

1827  *  *  Uprising  of  Bulgarians 
against  their  masters. 

1829  *  *  Varna  is  restored  by  the  Rus- 
sians, and  the  fortifications  dismantled. 

1848  *  *  The  Bulgarians  again  revolt 
against  the  Turks. 

1858  *  *  A  national  assembly  is  called 
to  consider  reform. 

1862  *  *  Another  uprising  breaks  out. 

1870  *  *  Another  uprising  occurs. 

1875*  *-76*  *  The  Bulgarians  support 
the  revolt  in  Herzegovina,  and  ask 
the  Porte  for  the  redress  of  grievances. 

1876  May  *  Young  Bulgarians  urge  a 
general  uprising. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875*  *Fourteen  newspapers  are 

started  this  year. 
1876*  *  Fifty-one    newspapers    are 

published  in  Bulgaria. 


666     1876,  Oct.  2-1887,  Jan. 


BULGARIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1876  Oct.  2,  3.  Suleiman  Pasha  suc- 
ceeds Meheinet  Ali  to  the  supreme  com- 
maud  of  tlie  Turks,  and  sends  Kaouf 
Fasha  to  Shipka  Pass. 

Oct.  8.  A  Turkish  monitor  in  the 
Danube  is  blown  up  by  torpedoes. 

Oct.  9fc,  Tlie  Turks  succeed  in  getting 
relief  and  suppUes  into  Plevna. 

Oct.  19,  20.  Rumanians  seize  and  soon 
lose  the  Gravltza  entrenchments  at 
Plevna. 

Oct.  24.  An  indecisive  battle  is  fought 
at  Gomij  Dubuik,  near  Plevna  ;  losses 
about  2,500  on  each  side. 

Oct.  28.  Indecisive  battle  of  Sofia 
Road,  near  Plevna  ;  Kussiaus  drive  the 
Turks  out  of  position  at  Telohe. 

Nov.  1±.  Mehemet  Ali  collects  an  army 
for  the  relief  of  Plevna,  where  the  Turks 
need  supplies.  AzU  Fasha  succeeds 
Suleiman  Pasha  to  the  supreme  com- 
mand, and  the  latter  is  given  command 
of  the  army  of  Rumelia. 

Nov.  8±.  A  Russian  army  120,000  strong 
invests  Plevna  for  30  miles  around. 

Nov,  12.  The  Russians  are  repulsed 
in  an  attack  at  Plevna. 

Nov.  15.  The  Turks  make  three  at- 
tacks on  the  Russians,  and  are  repulsed. 

Nov.  16^.  Osman  Fasha  declines  an 
invitation  to  surrender  Plevna. 

Nov.  21.  Rumanians  take  Rahova  on 
the  Danube,  above  Nicopili. 

Dec.  9,  10.  Osman  Fasha  attempts  to 
break  through  the  Russian  lines  at 
night  and  is  totally  defeated  ;  he  im- 
conditionally  sturrenders  Plevna  and 
his  army  of  30,000  men.  Losses  are 
very  heavy, 

Dec.  19.  Gen.  Todleben  assumes  com- 
mand at  Rustchuk. 

Dec.  31  +  .  Gen.  Gourko,  having  re- 
crossed  the  Balkans,  defeats  the  Turks 
at  Sofia. 

1879    Jan.  3.   Sofia  is  taken  by  Gourko. 

Jan.  8-10.  Gens,  Radetzky  and  Sko- 
beleff  defeat  the  Turks  at  Senova, 
near  Shipka  Pass,  and  the  w^ar  ends. 

*  *  The  army  law  compels  every  Bulga- 
rian to  serve  12  years  in  the  army, 
four  of  which  shall  be  in  the  active 
army. 

Jan.  9±.  Russians  under  Gen,  Radetzky, 
having  crossed  the  Balkans,  take  the 
Trojan  Pass. 

July  17  ±.     Russians  vacate  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  3.  The  evacuation  by  Russians  is 
complete. 

1885±  *  *"War  with  Servia  respecting 
rebel  refugees  and  boundaries. 

Nov.  14.  Bulgaria,  being  invaded  by 
Servia  at  four  points,  Prince  Alexander 
solicits  help  from  the  Ttu-ks. 

Nov.  15,  The  Bulgarians  defend  the 
Dragoman  Pass  against  40,000  Servi- 
ans, but  soon  retire. 

Severe    fighting  near    Raptcha ; 

the  Servians  enter  the  city,  and  the  Bul- 
garians retire  to  Slivnitza. 


Nov.  16.  Battle  of  Tm;  the  Servians 
are  repulsed. 

Nov.  17.  The  Bulgarians  are  de- 
feated in  northwestern  Bulgaria,  be- 
tween Kula  and  Widdin. 

The  Servians  renew  the  battle  at  Tm 

and  take  many  prisoners. 

Nov.  17-19.  Alexander  defeats  the 
Servians  under  Iving  Milan  at  Slivnitza. 

Nov,  19,  Alexander  orders  the  evacu- 
ation of  lElastem  Rumelia  on  the 
demand  of  Turkey. 

Nov.  21.  Complete  victory  of  the 
Bulgarians  in  engagements  near  the 
Dragoman  Pass. 

Nov.  23.  The  Servians  are  again  de- 
feated near  Zaribrod,  and  the  city  is 
occupied  by  the  Bulgarians. 

Nov.  24.  Servians  have  left  Bulgaria 
and  retreat  to  Pirot,  Servia. 

Nov.  26,27.  Prince  Alexander,  lighting 
his  way,  finally  occupies  Pirot. 

Nov.  27,  Servians  besiege  Widdin ;  a 
Bulgarian  rally  is  repulsed. 

Nov,  28.  Austria  procures  an  armistice. 

1886  Mar.  3.  Peace  is  signed  by  the 
two  Governments. 

Aug.  *  The  soldiers  revolt  in  favor  of 
the  provisional  Government. 

Sep.  8.  Sofia,  the  capital,  is  in  a  state 
of  siege  on  the  retirement  of  Prince 
Alexander. 

Oct.  28.  Sofia  is  again  in  a  state  of 
siege. 

Nov.  1,  2.  Russian  sailors  land  from 
the  war-ships  at  Yama. 

CHURCH. 

1878*  *The  Bulgarian  missions  of  the 
American  Board  report  recent  rapid 
progress. 

1881  *  *  Ijoftcha  becomes  a  mission  of 
the  American  Methodists. 

1883  A  Methodist  Episcopal  Girls*  High 
School  is  founded  in  Lioftcha. 

*  *  Methodist  Episcopal  Literary  and 
Theological  Institute  is  foimded  in 
Sistof. 

1884  *  *  Varna  becomes  a  mission-sta- 
tion of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
of  America. 

SOCIETY. 

1879  June  5.  Eng.  Prince  Alexan- 
der is  received  by  Queen  Victoria. 

1881  June  21.  Zancoff  and  other 
Liberals  are  arrested  for  insulting 
Alexander  in  their  election  addresses. 

July  23.  Zancoff  and  other  Liberals 
are  again  arrested. 

STATE. 

1876  Oct,  9.  Londcrn.  Zancoff  and  Ba- 
labanow,  Bulgarian  delegates,  are  re- 
ceived with  enthusiasm. 

Dec.  *  A  conference  of  great  powers 
at  Constantinople  vainly  seeks  pledges 
to  prevent  Turkish  atrocities  in  Bul- 
garia. 


1877.  Mar.  31,  London.  Representa- 
tives of  six  great  powers  sign  a  pro- 
tocol making  ineffective  demands  on 
Turkey  to  recede  from  its  cruel  course. 

1878  Mar.  3.  The  peace  of  San  Ste- 
fano,  on  the  Marmora,  near  Constanti- 
nople, is  concluded  between  liussia  and 
Turkey. 

It  provides  that  Bulgaria  shall  re- 
main a  principality  tributary  to  Turkey, 
but  to  have  a  Christian  prince  with  a 
separate  administration  and  militia,  and 
accept  a  Itussian  occupation  by  50,000 
men  for  two  years.  [It  is  much  modified 
by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin.] 

June  13 -July  13.  Congress  of  Berlin. 
The  ^jowers  limit  the  principality  of 
Bulgaria  to  the  country^  between  the 
Danube  river  and  the  Balkan  moun- 
tains, vet  including  Sofia  and  its  terri- 
tory, 'The  southern  portion  of  Bulga- 
ria, with  its  boundaries  reduced,  is  left 
under  the  immediate  rule  of  Turkey, 
with  the  title  Province  of  East  Ru- 
melia, and  is  to  have  a  separate  militia, 
and  adnnnistration  by  a  Christian  gov- 
ernor-general ;  only  in  specified  cases 
are  regular  Turkish  troops  to  enter  it. 
Tlie  Kussian  troops  to  evacuate  East 
Rumelia  and  Bulgaria  inside  of  nine 
months  and  Kumania  inside  of  a  year. 
(Ploetz.) 

Oct,  29.  A  petition  having  50,000  Bul- 
garian signatures  protests  against  the 
division  of  Bulgaria. 

Nov,  11.  A  meeting  of  Bulgarians  is 
held  at  Philippopolis  to  oppose  the  work 
of  the  commission  for  organizing  East- 
ern Kumelia. 

1879  Feb,  22+,  The  first  National 
Assembly,  or  Assembly  of  Notables, 
meets  at  Tirnova  by  adjournment ;  the 
new  Constitution  is  presented.  It  in- 
vests a  single  chamber,  called  the  So- 
branje,  with  tbe  legislative  power. 

Apr,  28.    The  Assembly  closes. 

Apr.  29,  The  Assembly  for  the  election 
of  a  prince  convenes.  Prince  Alexan- 
der of  Battenberg  is  elected  Prince 
of  Bulgaria  as  Alexander  I,  by  the 
Notables. 

July  5.  Alexander  visits  Constantinople, 
and  receives  the  berat  of  investure, 
and  then  saiLs  for  Varna. 

July  6,    Alexander  arrives  at  Varna. 

July  8.    Alexander  arrives  at  Tirnova. 

July  9.  Alexander  I.  takes  the  oath  to 
maintain  the  Constitution,  at  Tirnova. 

Aug.  15£.  The  Ministry  Issues  a 
manifesto,  in  which  it  proposes  to 
prevent  disorders  and  organize  internal 
government. 

Sept.  5±,  A  monster  meeting  at  Tirnova 
votes  a  want  of  confidence  in  the 
Ministers  because  of  their  unconstitu- 
tional acts. 

Nov.  2.  The  Prince  opens  the  As- 
sembly of  Notables. 

Nov,  3.  The  large  majority  of  Liberals 
in  the  Assembly  occasions  the  resig- 
nation of  the  Ministers, 

Dec.  18.  The  National  Assembly  is 
dissolved.  Alexander  appoints  a  Min- 
istry with  M.  Bourmof,  president. 

1880  Apr.  4.  Alexander  opens  the 
Assembly  of  Notables. 

Nov.  1.  The  second  Assembly  of  the 
Notables  opens. 


BULGARIA. 


1876,  Oct.  2-1887,  Jan.  *.   567 


1881     May  9.    Alexander    dissolves 

the  Assembly  of  Notables,  and  declares 
the  Constitution  is  superseded.  It  is 
an  arbitrary  and  irregular  procedure. 

June  27.  Elections  are  held  for  the  Na- 
tional Assembly, 

July  13.  The  National  Assembly 
meets,  and  accepts  the  proposals  of  Alex- 
ander, and  votes  to  give  him  arbitrary 
power  for  seven  years. 

Sept.  28+:.  An  amnesty  for  political 
offenses  is  offered. 

1883  Mar.  15.  Gen.  Skobeleff  and 
M.  Kypriak  organize  a  new  Ministry. 

•  *  Russian  influence  causes  a  lib- 
eral reaction  against  Alexander ;  it  is 
proposed  to  restrain  the  power  of  the 
Prince  by  a  new  Constitution. 

Sept.  16+.  The  National  Assembly  is 
iu  session. 

Sept.  20.  Alexander  issues  a  manifesto 
restoring  the  original  Constitution. 

Oct.  26.    Alexander   dismisses    Col. 
Redigher,  Minister  of  "War,  and  other 
Russian  officers. 
[;Nov.  15  ±.   The  strained  relations  with 
Russia  are  relaxed. 

Dec.  14.  The  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  is  adopted. 

1884  May  *  -June  *  Servia  complains 
against  the  reception  of  rebel  refugees 
by  Bulgaria,  and  disputes  the  national 
bomidary. 

July  13.  The  Zancoff  Ministry  re- 
signs; Karaveleff,  as  his  successor,  or- 
ganizes a  new  Ministry. 

Sept.  11.  Alexander  announces  a  com- 
mission to  elaborate  a  Constitution. 

Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  Bulgaria  protests  against 
the  Servian  raids. 

Sept.  18+.  The  reunion  of  Bulgaria 
with  Eastern  Rumelia  is  announced, 
Bulgarians  forming  the  chief  part  of 
the  population ;  they  rise  up,  and  over- 
throw the  Turkish  government. 

Oct.  27.  The  regular  session  of  the 
Sobranje,  or  popular  Assembly,  opens. 

1885  Sept.  17.  The  governor-general 
of  ^Eastern  Rumelia  is  deposed,  and 
the  union  of  that  province  with  Bulga- 
ria is  proclaimed. 

Oct.  15  ±.  Bulgaria  and  Rumelia  make 
preparations  for  war,  but  cease  their 
activity  by  advice  of  the  Great  Powers. 

Nov.  13.  Servia  issues  a  declaration 
of  war  against  Bulgaria,  alleging  cer- 
tain aggressions.    (See  Array.) 

Nov.  14.  Alexander  denies  the  allega- 
tions of  Servia,  in  a  circular  note  to  the 
powers. 

Nov.  19.  Alexander  yields  to  the  au- 
thority of  the  Sultan,  and  orders  the 
evacuation  of  Sastem  Rumelia  hy 
Bulgarian  troops. 

Nov.  28.  Austria  procures  the  suspen- 
sion of  hostilities. 

Dec.  2^.  Servia  makes  unacceptable 
proposals  of  peace. 

Dec.  21.  An  international  commis- 
aion  signs  a  protocol. 


1886  Jan.  12.  The  Powers  present  a 
collective  note  requiring  Greece,  Bul- 
garia, and  Servia  to  disarm. 

Jan.  16t.  A  collective  note  to  secure 
peace  in  the  Balkans  is  disregarded ; 
Greece  and  Servia  refuse  to  disarm. 

Jan.  *  The  Powers  sanction  a  nominal 
union  of  Eastern  Rumelia  with  Turkey, 
while  it  is  virtually  imited  with  Bul- 
garia;  Prince  Alexander  is  to  govern 
for  five  years  as  the  representative  of 
the  Sultan. 

Feb.  2.  The  decree  of  the  union  of 
Eastern  Rumelia  with  Bulgaria  is  pro- 
mulgated. 

Feb.  4.  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Italy 
approve  the  Tvurco-Bulgarian  agree- 
ment. 

Mar.  3.  A  treaty  of  peace  is  signed 
at  Bucharest  by  Bulgaria  and  Servia, 
yet  the  latter  refuses  to  enter  a  treaty 
of  friendship,  or  to  resume  diplomatic 
intercourse. 

The  Porte  ratifies  the  peace  be- 
tween Bulgaria  and  Servia. 

Mar.  15±.  Alexander  demands  the 
governorship  of  Eastern  Rumelia  for  life. 

Mar.  17.  The  National  Assembly 
ratifies  the  peace. 

Apr.  *  The  "Western  Powers  unite  in 
a  conference  at  Constantinople  for 
a  settlement  of  the  Turco-Bulgarian 
question. 

Apr.  6.  The  Powers  sign  a  protocol  of 
the  modified  agreement  concerning  the 
union  of  Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Kumelia. 
The  Po  wers  agree  to  nominate  Prince 
Alexander  as  governor  of  Eastern  Ku- 
melia for  a  term  of  five  years. 

Apr.  8.  Prince  Alexander  accepts  the 
proposed  governorship  conditionally. 

June  14  f.  The  National  Assembly 
convenes,  with  deputies  present  from 
Eastern  Rumelia. 

Aug.  7.  Alexander  renounces  the 
throne^  as  Kussian  influence  is  against 
him. 

Aug.  20.  The  Revolution.  Soldiers 
and  officers  occupy  the  palace  and  seize 
the  Prince  and  his  Ministers. 

It  is  a  movement  of  the  pro-Russian 
party.  The  chief  conspirators  are  ex- 
Minister  Zancoff,  Mai.  Grueff,  Clement 
the  Metropolitan,  and  Col.  Stojanoff. 

Aug.  21.  The  abdication  of  Alexander 
is  announced. 

Evening.  A  provisional  govern- 
ment is  announced  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Clement. 

Aug.  24.  Alexander  is  taken  out  of 
the  country. 

Aug.  28.  Alexander  starts  to  retiu-n, 
a  counter-revolution  having  opened  the 
way. 

Aug.  25.  The  officers  of  the  rebel  gov- 
ernment are  either  prisoners  or 
fugitives. 

Aug.  29.  Alexander  is  cordially  wel- 
comed on  his  return  to  Rustchuk ;  he 
issues  a  proclamation. 

Aug.  30.  Alexander  makes  his  last 
attempt  to  conciliate  the  Czar. 


Sept.  1.    Alexander  arrives  at  Philip- 

popolis. 
Sept.  3.    Alexander  arrives  at  Sofia. 
Sept.  4.    Ex-Minister    Zancoff     and 

other   conspirators   are    released  from 

prison. 
Alexander  is  forced  to  submit  to 

Russia,  and  announces  his  intention  to 

abdicate. 
Sept.  6.     A   regency    is    nominated, 

consisting    of    Stambuloff,    Mutkurotf, 

and  Karaveloff. 

Sept.  7.  Alexander  formally  re- 
nounces the  throne,  as  Russian  infiu- 
ence  is  against  him,  after  confiding  to 
a  regency  the  executive  power. 

Sept.  8.    Alexander  leaves  Sofia. 

Sept.  25.  Gen.  Kaulbars,  the  agent  of 
Russia,  arrives,  and  introduces  a  policy 
of  intimidation. 

Oct.  4.  The  Radoslavoff  Ministry  op- 
pose Gen.  Kaulbars. 

Oct.  *  Gen.  Kaulbars  fails  to  dominate 
the  Bulgarians. 

Oct.  10.  An  election  of  members  for 
the  National  Assembly  gives  a  majority 
for  the  Regency;  Vote,  400-20;  only  78 
membei's  favor  the  Zancotf  rebellion. 

Oct.  18.  The  unpopular  Russian  policy 
is  abandoned. 

Oct.  20.  The  Regency  resist  the  effort 
of  Gadban  EfFendi,  the  Turkish  envoy, 
to  secure  delay  by  impugning  the  elec- 
tions. 

Nov.  1.  The  National  Assembly 
opens,  and  the  rebel  officers  are  set  free. 

Gen.   Kaulbars   makes   threats ;    a 

small  force  of  Russians  lands  at  Varna. 

Nov.  4.  A  pro-Russian  insurrection 
is  attempted  at  ISourgas,  but  fails. 

Nov.  10.  The  National  Assembly 
elects  Prince  "Waldemar  of  Denmark 
as  Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

Regent    Karaveloff    resigns,    and 

Zifkoff  succeeds  him. 

Nov.  13.    "Waldemar  declines. 

Nov.  20±.  Gen.  Kaulbars,  having  re- 
ceived no  answer  to  his  ultimatum, 
leaves  Bulgaria,  and  the  Russian  con- 
suls also  depart. 

Dec.  23.  Stambuloflf  and  otliers  form 
a  loyal  provisional  government  at 
Tirnova,  and  issue  a  manifesto  in  the 
name  of  the  Prince,  Alexander  I. 

Dec.  *  Three  delegates  are  sent  to  visit 
the  Courts  of  great  Powers.  [They  are 
favorably  received  at  London  and  Paris, 
imofficially  received  at  Vienna  and  Ber- 
lin, but  not  received  at  St.  Petersburg.] 

Dec.  *  Russia  recommends  the  Prince 
Nicholas  of  Mingrelia  to  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  *  The  proclamation  of  the  provis- 
ional government,  under  Zancoff,  is  dis- 
avowed by  the  army  and  people  in 
various  towns. 

Dec.  *  The  rebel  soldiers  protect  the 
rebel  government  from  tbe  enraged 
people. 

1887  Jan.  18.  It.  The  i  nsur gents* 
delegates  are  received  at  Rome. 


668  1887,  Feb.  22-1894,  Jan.  30.  BULGARIA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1887  Mar.  1,  2.  The  military  revolt 
at  Silistria  in  northeast  Bulgaria. 

Mar.  3.  The  military  revolt  at  Rust- 
chuk  on  the  Danube.  Many  persons  are 
killed  in  the  upri.sing. 

Mar.  4.  The  people  assist  the  militia  in 
suppressing  the  revolt  at  Eustchuk. 

Sofia  is  again  in  a  state  of  siege. 

Mar.  6.  .Several  leading  insurrection- 
ists are  executed  at  Rustchuk. 

Mar.  8, 9.  Many  insurrectionists  are 
imprisoned  at  Rustchuk. 

Sep.  •  The  state  of  siege  at  Sofia  is 
closed. 

Nov.  16±.  E.  Rum.  Seventeen  soldiers 
are  killed  in  the  suppression  of  an  in- 
surrection at  Stara-Zagora. 

1880  July  20.  At  Dennrisch,  near 
Adrianople,  the  Russian  agents  are 
coUeoting  deserters  from  the  Bulga- 
rian army. 

Aug.  23.  Bulgaria  purchases  10,000,- 
000  cartridges  and  50,000  rifles. 

1890  Feb.  1.  Army  officers  are  ar- 
rested. 

Nov.  7.  Prince  Alexander,  formerly 
of  Bulgaria,  is  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a 
full  colonel  in  the  Austrian  service. 

1893  Deo.  1.  A  Bulgarian  ex-army 
officer  is  arrested  at  Sofia,  confessing 
that  he  had  been  engaged  by  Panslavists, 
Grujeif  and  Bendereflf,  to  kill  Prince 
Ferdinand. 


Sept.  *  The  Government  causes  a  retrac- 
tion to  be  published,  and  suppresses  the 
paper. 

Oct.  7.  Political  riots  occur  at  Plevna, 
with  10  deaths. 


ohetf,  is  conducted  with  great  pomp  at 
Sofia. 
Mar.  30.    Several  arrests  are  made  of 
suspected  complicity  in  the  killing  of 
the  Minister  of  Finance. 


BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1889  July  O.  Prince  Nicholas,  once  can- 
didate for  the  throne,  A42. 

1893  Nov.  17.  Prince  Alexander,  of 
Battenberg,  ex-Prlnce  of  Bulgaria,  A36. 


CHURCH. 

1880  Jan.  *  The  Government  quar- 
rels with  the  Church. 

Jan.  *  The  Holy  Synod  meets  at  Sofia, 
and  its  members  refuse  to  call  on 
Prince  Ferdinand  or  the  Premier,  Stam- 
buloff. 

Jan.  *  The  Government  is  offended  at  the 
attitude  of  the  prelates,  and  declares 
the  Synod  illegal  because  of  irregular- 
ity in  the  election  of  some  of  its  mem- 
bers, and  orders  it  to  disperse. 

Jan.  11.  The  prelates  are  conducted  to 
their  homes  by  a  miUtary  guard. 

1890.  May  21.  Bishop  Theodosius 
is  expelled  from  Uskuto  for  trying  to 
effect  a  revolt  in  Macedonia. 

Aug.  30.    The  Exarch,  with  Premier 


.Stanibuloif's  approval,  appeals  to  the 

Czar  of  Russia  to  adopt  a  conciliatory    Mar.  27.    M.    Baltcheff,    Minister 


1888    July  8.    Macedonian  brigands    Apr.  4.    Prince  Ferdinand  and  his 
carry  off  two  railroad  officials  to  secure 
ransom  money. 

July  15.  The  Government  takes  pos- 
session x)f  the  Bellova-Vakarel  rail- 
road, for  the  alleged  purpose  of  pro- 
tecting it  from  brigands. 

1880  May  16.  Five  brigands  are 
hanged  at  Sofia. 

July±  *  Mohammedans  raise  disturb- 
ances in  Rasgrad. 

Oct.  21.  Eng.  Prince  Ferdinand 
visits  London. 

Nov.  22+ .  The  marriage  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  to  Princess  d'Alen9on  is 
abandoned. 

1800  Jan.  3.  All  of  the  persons  ac- 
quitted of  complicity  in  a  recent  Pa- 

nitza  conspiracy,  with  one  exception, 

are  expelled  from  Bulgaria. 
Feb.  5.    A  plot  is  discovered  among 

Bulgarian  officers,  inspired  by  Russians 

adverse  to  Prince  Ferdinand. 
Feb.  8.    Five  conspirators  implicated 

in  a  plot  to  kill  Prince  Ferdinand  are 

shot. 

Feb.  0.  A  Russian  is  under  arrest 
at  Rustchuk  for  complicity  in  the  con- 
spiracy. 

Feb.  20.  A  Russian  plotter  is  arrested, 
with  documents  in  his  possession  com- 
promising Gen.  Ignatieff  and  several 
Russian  consuls. 

Feb.  26.  The  birthday  of  Prince 
Ferdinand  is  celebrated  at  Sofia. 

Mar.  20.  Major  Panitza  confesses  to 
conspiracy  against  Prince  Ferdinand 
in  order  to  reconcile  Bulgaria  and 
Russia. 

May  15.  Trial  of  Major  Panitza  begins 
at  Sofia. 

May  21.  Major  Panitza  denies  that 
Russia  w.ls  implicated  In  the  plot  against 
Prince  Ferdinand. 

May  30.  Major  Panitza  is  sentenced 
to  death,  nine  others  to  varying  terms 
of  imprisonment. 

June  20.  The  Court  of  Cassation  con- 
firms the  sentences  passed  upon  Major 
Panitza  and  the  other  conspirators. 

June  28.  Major  Panitza,  the  conspira- 
tor, is  shot  at  Sofia. 

1891  Feb.  11.  Three  men  are  arrested 
at  Sofia  on  suspicion  of  plotting 
treason. 


mother,  Princess  Clementine,  receive 
letters  threatening  their  death  unless 
they  leave  the  country  ;  the  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs  is  threatened  with 
assassination. 

Apr.  7.  M.  Sochovnkopf,  the  Kavass  of 
the  Russian  Agency  at  Sofia,  is  expelled 
from  Bulgaria  for  sending  threaten- 
ing letters  to  Prince  Ferdinand  and 
others. 

Apr.  11.  It  is  reported  that  a  reward 
of  20,000  florins  has  been  paid  to  a 
Hungarian,  whose  name  is  not  revealed, 
for  detecting  the  murderers  of  the  .Min- 
ister of  Finance. 

July  15.  Two  students  are  arrested 
in  Sofia  who  confess  that  they  are  the 
murderers  of  M.  Baltcheff,  Minister  of 
Finance. 

They  accuse  Dr.  Tzatchefif,  Dr.  Moloff, 
and  Col.  KLssoff  of  hiring  them  to  com- 
mit the  deed  ;  these  three  are  also  placed 
under  arrest. 

1892  Jan.  14.  Plots  against  the  life 
of  Prince  Ferdinand  are  discovered. 

Feb.  25.  An  attempt  is  made  to  assas- 
sinate the  Bulgarian  agent  at  Con- 
stantinople. 

Apr.  24.  Fifteen  conspirators  against 
the  Government  are  arrested. 

Apr.  29.  Another  plot  is  discovered 
against  the  lives  of  Prince  Ferdinand 
and  Premier  StambuloflF. 

July  St.  The  trial  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  life  of  Prince  Ferdinand  and 
several  ofiicials  of  high  rank  takes  place  ; 
one  witness  confesses  the  details  of  the 
plot.    [July  27.    Four  are  hanged.] 

1803  Feb.  14.  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Bulgaria  and  Princess  Marie  Louise, 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Parma,  are 
officially  betrothed. 

Apr.  20.  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Bul- 
garia and  Princess  Marie  Xjouise  of 
Parma  are  married. 

June  10.  Prince  Ferdinand  and  his 
bride  enter  Sofia  in  state. 


policy  toward  Bulgaria. 

SOCIETY. 

1887    Mar.  31.    An  assassin  shoots  M. 

Mantoff,  prefect  of  Rustchuk. 
Aug.  *  The  Bulgaria  publishes  a  Ubel 

concerning   the  German  Consul,  Herr 

LBper. 


of 
Finance,  is  shot  at  Sofia  by  an  unknown 
assassin,  while  walking  with  Premier 
Stambuloff. 

Mar.  28.  Thirty  persons  are  arrested 
in  Sofia  on  suspicion  of  complicity  in 
the  assassination  of  the  Minister  of 
Finance. 

Mar.  20.  The  funeral  of  the  assas- 
sinated Minister  of  Finance,  Balt- 


STATE. 

1887  Feb.  22.  The  Porte  accuses 
Zancoff  of  bad  faith,  and  refuses  to 
treat  with  him  ,iny  longer. 

Feb.  26.  The  insurrection  breaks  out 
prem.aturely  in  Silistria. 

Feb.  20.  Capt.  Krivandoff  refuses  to 
join  the  revolting  officers,  and  seizes  the 
fortress  in  Silistria  for  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Mar.  4.  The  Government  places  Sofia 
in  a  state  of  siege,  and  makes  many  ar- 
rests, including  the  ex-Regent  Karavel- 
olT,  and  the  present  Regent,  Nikoforoff. 

Mar.  *  At  Rustchuk  14  rebels  are  exe- 
cuted. 

Apr.  6.  The  regent  and  ex-regent  are 
released. 


BULGARIA.  1887,  Feb.  22-1894,  Jan. 30.   569 


June  12.  Prince  Alexander  positively 
declines  reelection. 

July  4.  The  Sobranje  opens  at  Tir- 
nova. 

July  7.  The  Sobranje  unanimouflly  electa 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg 
and  Gotha  as  Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

July  9.  Ferdinand  conditionally  ac- 
cepts the  office. 

The  Ministry  resign. 

July  12.  The  Stoiloff  Ministry  is 
formed. 

July  14  i.  The  Regency  withdraws  its 
resignation. 

Aug.  11.  Ferdinand  assumes  office  as 
Prince  of  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  14.  Ferdinand  arrives  at  Tir- 
nova,  the  capital,  and  signs  the  Consti- 
tution, and  issues  a  proclamation. 

Aug.  15.  Russia  protests  against  the 
assumption  of  autliority  by  Ferdinand. 

Aug.  21.  Ferdinand  is  welcomed  at 
Philippopolis. 

Aug.  22.  Ferdinand  is  welcomed  at 
Sotia. 

Turkey  asserts  the  authority  of  Fer- 
dinand is  illegal,  being  contrary  to  the 
provisions  of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

Aug.  31.  The  Stambuloff  Cabinet  is 
formed,  representing  both  the  Liberal 
and  Conservative  parties. 

Sept.  *  The  Government  publishes  a  con- 
tradiction to  the  libelous  statement  of 
the  Bulgaria  respecting  the  Gerraaij 
consul,  and  suppresses  the  paper. 

The  state  of  siege  at  Sofia  ends. 

Oct.  9.  The  elections  return  to  the 
Sobranje  a  majority  favorable  to  the 
Ministry  (2G0-32). 

1888  Feb.  \-*  Russia  issues  a  circular 
note  to  the  powers  concerning  the  ille- 
gality of  Ferdinand's  position. 
France  and  Germany  approve  ;  Austria, 
England,  and  Italy  are  non-committal. 

Mar.  6.  The  Porte  informs  the  Stam- 
bulotf  Ministry  that  Ferdinand's  posi- 
tion is  illegal. 

Apr.±*  Major  Popoff,  the  patriot  who 
distinguished  himself  in  opposing  the 
conspiracy,  is  arrested  with  four  other 
officers,  on  the  charge  of  malversation 
of  public  money. 

[^He  is  condemned  to  four  years  im- 
prisonment by  a  court  martial  for  the 
crime  of  his  subordinates.] 

June  12.    The  Liberals  in  the  Ministry 

with  Stambuloff  resign  because  of  the 

injustice  done  to  Popoff. 
June*  24.    Ferdinand  remits  the  pun- 

isbnient  of  Popoff,  and  the  Ministry 

resumes. 
July*  The  boundary  of  the  Servian 

frontier  is  settled. 
Dec.  22.    The  SUmbuloff  Ministry  is 

reconstructed. 

1889  Jan.  4.  The  treaty  with  Ser- 
via,  respecting  the  boundary  lines,  ia 
ratified. 

J"an.  *  The  Government  quarrels  with 
the  Church.    (See  Church.) 


Feb.  5,  6.  The  Premier  arrests  60 
prominent  citizens  for  petitioning  the 
Exarch  at  Constantinople,  as  construc- 
tively favoring  the  rebellion  of  ZancofiF. 

Mar.  12.  Prince  Alexander  of  Batten- 
berg  writes  to  the  Bulgarian  Govern- 
ment, claiming  a  million  francs  as  the 
purchase  price  of  his  estates. 

Apr.  13,  Bulgarian  exiles  are  plotting 
an  invasion  of  Bulgaria  from  liumania 
and  Kussia. 

Sept.  8.  The  Government  orders  33,- 
000  Berdan  rifles  and  2,000,000  car- 
tridges. 

Oct.  16.  The  Government  effects  a  loan 
of  25,000,000  francs. 

Nov.  3.  Rus.  At  St.  Petersburg  the 
Czar,  in  an  interview  with  the  Bulga- 
rian ambassador,  presses  his  right  to 
select  the  head  of  Bxdgarian  Gov- 
ernment. 

Prince  Ferdinand  delivers  a  speech 

at  the  opening  of  the  National 
Assembly. 

Nov.  12.  The  Sobranje,  in  reply  to  the 
speech  from  tlie  throne,  expresses  the 
hope  that  the  Suzerain  power  will 
take  the  initiative  in  recognizing  Prince 
Ferdinand  as  ruler. 

1890  Jan.*  Maj.  Panitza,  one  of 
Alexander's  favorites,  conspires  to  kill 
Prince  Ferdinand,  Stambuloff,  Mut- 
kuroff,  and  Col.  Pelroff,  chief  of  staff. 

Feb.  1.    Major  Panitza  is  arrested. 

Feb.  8.  Ferdinand  offers  to  abdi- 
cate, but  his  Ministers  oppose. 

Feb.  10.  Many  arrests  made  of  plotters 
against  Prince  Ferdinand. 

Feb.  20.  Russia  is  to  be  officially  rep- 
resented at  the  trial  of  Major  Panitza 
for  conspiracy  in  Sofia. 

Feb.*  Russia  demands  3,000,000 
roubles  from  Bulgaria  to  pay  for  the 
Russian  occupation  during  1878  and  1879. 

Apr.  2,  A  new  quarrel  between  Bul- 
garia and  Servia  breaks  out. 

Apr.  5.  Bulgaria  yields  to  Servians  de- 
mands, and  appoints  a  new  diplomatic 
agent  at  Belgrade. 

June  5.  The  charges  implicating  the 
Russian  Government  in  connection 
with  the  Panitza  conspiracy  are  with- 
drawn for  lack  of  proof. 

July  11.  The  Premier  emphatically 
denies  the  rumor  that  Prince  Ferdinand 
intends  to  abdicate. 

July  19.  Russia  is  stirring  up  strife 
in  Bulgaria. 

Aug.  9.  Great  preparations  are  mak- 
ing for  proclaiming  the  independence 
of  Bulgaria  and  electing  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand as  king  on  Aug.  15. 

Aug.  10.  Russia  is  still  opposed  to 
Prince  Ferdinand  as  the  ruler  of  Bul- 
garia. 

Aug.  12.  Bulgaria  refuses  to  pay  the 
total  amount  of  the  Russian  claims  for 
arms  and  ammunition  supplied  during 
the  war   witli  Turkey,  on  the  ground 


that  the  amount  due  is  100,000  rubles 

less  than  tbe  sum  demanded. 
Sept.  7.    The  elections  result  in  a  great 

triumph  for  the  Government. 
Oct.  9.    Russia   refuses  to  recognize 

the  right  of  Prince  Ferdinand  to  rule 

Bulgaria. 

Oct.  27.  Ferdinand  opens  the  So- 
branje in  person. 

He  says  that  the  Government  plans 
to  perfect  the  army,  construct  railways 
between  Sofia  and  Tirnova  and  Knsit- 
chan,  conclude  treaties  of  commerce 
and  fricjidship  with  the  Sultan,  grant 
berats  to  Bulgarian  bishops,  etc. 

1891  Mar.  27.  M.  Baltcheff,  the 
Minister  of  Finance,  is  assassinated  at 
Sofia. 

Mar.  31.  The  Government  offers 
$5,000  for  the  securement  of  the  assas- 
sins of  the  Minister  of  Finance. 

Nov.  21.  Russia  demands  that  Bul- 
garia arrest  13  alleged  Nihilists  now  in 
that  country. 

Dec.  14 .  The  Sobranje  passes  measures 
for  pensioning  of  Prince  Alexander. 

France  breakes  off  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Bulgaria.    (See  France.) 

1892  Jan.  5.  The  Government  re- 
fuses the  demand  of  France  that  it 
sliould  withdraw  the  decree  expelling 
M.  Chadourne. 

Jan.  17.  The  Government  has  agreed  to 
a  note  from  the  Porte  to  France,  closing 
the  Chadourne  affair  witli  France. 

Apr,  17.  The  Government  requests  the 
Porte  to  demand  of  Russia  the  extradi- 
tion of  the  alleged  assassins  of  Dr. 
Valkovitch. 

Apr.  24.  Fifteen  arrests  of  alleged 
conspirators  against  the  Government 
are  made. 

1893  Dec.  1.  The  Ministry  is  to  be 
reorganized. 

1894  Jan.  30.  The  brothers  Ivanoff, 
charged  with  conspiracy  to  murder 
Prince  Ferdinand  and  M.  Stambuloff, 
are  sentenced,  one  to  15  years,  the  other 
to  three  years'  imprisonment. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888    May  18.    The  Salonica  railroad 

is  officially  opened. 
July  5.    The  Bulgarian  railroad  is 

opened  for  internal  trafti<!. 
Aug.  12.    The  Bulgarian  railroad  is 

opened  to  Constantinople,  with  festiv- 
ities. 
Aug.  14.     The    first   anniversary    of 

Prince  Ferdinand  is  celebrated. 
1890    June  1.    The    northern   part   of 

Sofia  is  wrecked  by  a  hurricane; 

many  lives  are  lost. 

Aug.  14.     The   third   anniversary  of 

Prince    Feniinand's    accession    to    the 

throne  is  celebrateti. 
1892    Apr.  21.    Russian    papers   are 

excluded  from  Bulgaria. 
Oct.  14.    Violent  shocks  of  earthquake 

occur  in  the  Balkans. 


570    1894,  Mar,  9-Dec.  21. 


BULGARIA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 
1894    June  1.     Civil  war  breaks  out; 

the  troops  demand  the  reiustatement  of 
Stambuloff  as  premier. 

SOCIETY. 

1894  May  30.  A  riot  occurs  in 
Sofia,  in  consequence  of  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  Stambuloflf  Ministry. 

May  31.  The  rioting  in  Sofia  continues  ; 
the  mob  is  fired  on  l>y  the  militia. 

June  1.  A  bloody  conflict  occurs  in 
Sofia  between  the  police  and  part  of  the 
military  who  declared  for  Stambuloff, 
and  the  troops  that  stand  by  Prince 
Ferdinand, 

Sept.  6.  Ex-Premier  Stambuloff  is 
jostled  and  stoned  by  a  mob  in  Sofia. 


STATE. 

1894  Mar.  9.  M.  Stambuloff,  Prime 
Minister,  resigns. 

May  29.  The  Stambuloff  Ministry 
resigns,  and  M.  Grecoff  is  trying  to  re- 
construct the  Cabinet. 

May  30.  One  person  is  killed  and  over 
50  are  wounded  in  a  riot  in  Sofia,  pre- 
cipitated by  the  resignation  of  the  Stam- 
buloff ministry. 

June  2.  A  conspiracy  is  said  to  exist, 
having  for  its  object  the  deposition  of 
Prince  Ferdinand,  and  to  place  upon  the 
throne  the  four-year-old  son  of  the  late 
Prince  Alexander,  the  former  Prince  of 
Bulgaria. 

June  3.  Soldiers  are  patrolling  the 
streets  in  Sofia,  and  the  general  excite- 


ment is  somewhat  quieted.    The  doors 

of  the  public  offices  are  sealed. 
The  capital  is  peaceful ;  all  public 

meeting:s  are  prohibited. 
July  6.    Ex-Premier  Stambuloff  is  to 

be  indicted  on  the  charge  of  abuse  of 

power  at  Sofia. 

Aug.  27.  Ex-Premier  Stambuloff  in 
an  interview  says  that  he  had  an  offer 
of  half  a  million  rubles  from  St. 
Petersburg,  if  he  would  depose  Prince 
Ferdinand. 

Dec.  21.     The  Cabinet  is  reconstructed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894  July  27.  Earthquakes  are  felt 
in  Bulgaria. 


CANADA. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  conslBts  of  a  confederation  of  the  British  Provinces  of  Quebec,  Ontario,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Manitoba,  British  Columbia,  and  the  Northwest  Territories.  Area,  3,406,542  square  miles ; 
population,  in  1891,  4,829,411.  Ottawa  is  the  capital,  and  the  Government  is  administered  by  a  Governor-General  appointed  by  the 
British  Crown,  aaaisted  by  a  Privy  Council ;  the  Parliament  consists  of  two  houses ;  a  Senate  having  life- members  appointed  by 
the  Governor-General,  and  a  House  of  Commons  having  members  elected  by  the  people.  Each  Province  has  its  own  Ministry  and 
Legislature. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1501*  *  Gasparo  Cortereal  captures  57 
Indians,  and  takes  them  to  Portugal 
to  be  sold  as  slaves. 

15Q8*  *Fr.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche 
obtains  from  the  king  a  commission  to 
conquer  New  France. 

1607  *  *  -10  Spring.  .V.  S.  Port 
Royal  is  deserted. 

1614  *  *  N.  S.  The  English  from  the 
colony  of  Virginia  descend  in  force 
and  expel  the  French,  claimiug  the 
territory  by  right  of  discovery. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1497  *  *  John  Cabot  of  England  dis- 
covers Labrador  and  Newfoundland.  He 
is  the  first  to  land  on  the  mainland  [of 
America]. 

1498  *  *  Sebastian  Cabot  of  England 
sails  up  Davis  Strait,  seeking  a  North- 
west Pfissage  to  China. 

1500  *  *  Gasparo  Cortereal,  a  Portu- 
guese navigator,  visits  Newfoundland 
and  Labrador. 

*  *  Miguel  Cortereal  sails  in  search  of 
his  brother,  who  was  lost,  and  is  himself 
lost. 

1524  *  *  Estevan  Gomez,  a  Spaniard, 
sails  for  a  Northwest  Passage  to  the 
Maluccas. 

*  *  Giovanni  de  Verrazano  sails  along 
the  coast  of  North  America,  from  Caro- 
lina to  the  St.  Lawrence ;  and  visiting 
Newfoundland,  lays  the  basis  of  French 
claims  to  the  island. 

1527  *  *  Robert  Thome  of  Bristol  sails 
in  search  of  the  Northwest  Passsge  and 
is  lost. 

1534  *  *  -35  *  *  Jacques  Cartier  ex- 
plores the  St.  Lawrence  in  an  attempt 
to  reach  the  Pacific, 


1576  June  8.  £ng.  Frobisher's  ex- 
pedition of  discovery  sails  for  the  Arc- 
tic regions  in  the  Northwest. 

1577  *  *  Sir  M.  Frobisher,  seeking  the 
Northwest  Passage,  visits  Meta  Inco- 
gnita, at  the  entrance  of  Hudson  Bay. 

*  *  Sir  Francis  Brake  of  England  visits 

the  west  coast,  seeking  the  Northwest 

Passage  from  the  Pacific. 
1578*  *  Eng.    A  fleet  of    15   vessels 

sails  from  Harwich  for  Frobisher  Strait 

to  find  gold. 

1585  ♦  *  Eng.  John  Davis  sails  from 
Dartmouth  with  two  barks  to  discover 
a  Northwest  Passage. 

1586  *  *  John  Davis  again  explores  the 
Arctic  seas. 

1587  *  *  John  Davis  sails  again,  and 
reaches  N.  Lat.  72"  41'  in  Davis  Strait. 

1602  *  *  George  "Weymouth,  who  is 
sent  out  by  the  Muscovy  Company,  en- 
ters Hudson  Strait,  but  is  stopped  by  a 
mutinous  crew. 

1606  *  *  John  Knight  is  sent  out  by  the 
Muscovy  Company  to  find  the  Northwest 


1610  *  *  -11  *  ♦  Henry  Hudson  passes 
the  winter  in  the  north,  and  is  set  adrift 
by  his  mutinous  crew. 

Aug.  2.  Hudson  enters  the  strait 
which  bears  his  name,  and  thinks  he 
discovers  the  Pacific  [Hudson  Bay]. 

1611*  *  Sir  Thomas  Button  passes 
Hudson  Strait,  and  winters  at  Port 
Nelson. 

1612  *  *  Hull  and  "William  Baffin  en- 
ter Cockin's  Sound. 

1615  *  *  Ont.  Samuel  Champlain  vis- 
its Lake  Huron. 

»  *  Robert  Bylot  and  Baffin  are  sent 
out  to  examine  Hudson  Bay  in  search  of 
the  Northwest  Passage. 


1616  *  *  Bylot  and  Baffin  are  sent  up 
Davis  Strait ;  Wolstenholme's  Sound, 
Lancaster  Sound,  and  Baffin  Bay  are 
discovered. 

1618  *  *  Baffin  reaches  the  78°  of  lati- 
tude in  the  bay  which  bears  his  name. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1567*  *  Champlain.  Samuel  de.  explorer, 

founder,  governor,  born  in  France.    [1635. 
Dec.  25.    Dies.    A68.] 

CHURCH. 

1534  *  *  Jacques  Cartier  consecrates 
New  France  to  Christianity  by  the 
erection  of  a  great  wooden"  cross  on  an 
eminence  near  the  Baie  des  Chaleur,  as 
if  to  signify  a  religious  mission  in  his 
discovery. 

1578  *  *  Baffinland.  Master  Wolfall,  an 
Englishman,  celebrates  a  communion  on 
the  shores  of  Frobisher  Strait,  the  first 
communion  recorded  in  America. 

1605  *  *  It.  Leo  XI.  is  elected  pop© 
[later  Paul  V.]. 

1608  *  *  Recollect  and  Jesuit  mission- 
aries arrive  [and  later  explore  the  wil- 
derness in  all  directions  with  terrible 
hardships,  suflferings,  and  heroism]. 

*  *  2i.  B.  De  Monts  plants  his  first  Jes- 
uit mission  at  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Croix,  on  Bonn  Island. 

1610  *  *  The  Order  of  the  Jesuits  is 
confirmed  in  certain  privileges  by  De 
Biencourt. 

1611  June  12.  N.  S.  Two  Jesuit 
missionaries  arrive  at  Port  Royal,  but 
their  work  among  the  Micmacs  is  frus- 
trated by  the  Government. 

1612  *  *  P.Q.  Franciscan  monks  come 
from  France,  and  preach  to  tlie  Indians. 

*  *  P.  Q.  De  Biencourt  ascends  the 
Kennebec  with  Father  Biart,  and  con- 
verts the  Indians. 


CANADA. 


1007,  **-1627, 


671 


1615  *  *  Out.  Jje  Caron,  a  Franciscan, 
curries  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  to 
the  Indians  of  eastern  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  tlie  Hurous. 

1619  *  *  N.S.  Reformed  Franciscans 
liegin  mission-work  in  Acadia. 

1621  *  *  It.  Gregory  XV.  is  elected 
pope.    [1623.  Urban  VIH.] 

1626  *  *  Ont.  Fathers  Brebeuf  and 
Daniel,  Recollects,  begin  work  among 
the  Hurons. 

LETTERS. 
1603  *  *  Des  sauvageSt  a  work  on  the  In- 

<lian  tribes  of  America,  by  Samuel  de 
Champlain,  appears. 

1613  *  *  -32  *  *  Voyages,  by  Samuel  de 
Champlain,  appears. 

1625  *  *  P.  Q.  The  foundation  of  a  semi- 
nary is  laid  in  Quebec  by  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  Les  muses  de  la  Noavelle  France^  by 
Marc  Lescarbot,  appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1502  *  *  Fr.  Cortereal  sails  again  to 
capture  Indians  and  obtain  a  cargo  of 
slaves. 

1536  May  10.  Jacques  Cartier  de- 
coys nine  Indian  chiefs  on  board  his 
vessel,  and  sails  away  for  France. 

SETTLEMENT  —  STATE. 
1007  *  *  K.  S.    Colonies  are  planted  in 
Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  by  the 
Norwegians,  but  are  soon  abandoned. 

1497  June  24.  N.  S.  Prima  Vista 
(Newfoundland  or  Cape  Breton)  and  the 
coast  of  Canada  are  discovered  by  John 
and  Sebastian  Cabot  in  the  English  ser- 
vice. It  marks  the  first  discovery  of 
the  American  continent. 

1498  *  *  Fr.    Louis  XII.  is  enthroned. 

1500  *  *  Labrador  is  visited  by  Gas- 
pare Cortereal,  a  Portuguese  ;  he  ex- 
plores the  shores  of  Canatla  for  600  or 
700  miles,  and  discovers  and  names  Con- 
ception Bay. 

1504  *  *  N.  F.  The  fisheries  are  much 
visited  by  French  and  Spanish  fisher- 
men. 

*  *  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  fisheries  are 
visited  by  Breton,  Norraau,  and  Basque 
sailors. 

1506  *  *  The  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is 
examined  and  sketched  by  Jean  Denys 
of  Honfleur,  and  Camart  of  Rouen. 

1508*  *  P.  Q.  Thomas  Aubert  touches 
at  Newfoundland,  and  thence  carries 
the  French  flag  up  the  St.  Lawrence 
River.  lie  takes  captured  Indians  with 
him  on  his  return  to  France. 

1515  •  *  Fr.    Francis  I.  is  enthroned. 

1518  *  *  N.  S.  Baron  de  Leri  attempts 
to  plant  a  colony  on  Sable  Island, 
but  only  succeeds  in  introducing  cattle. 

1524  *  *  New  France  has  its  first  (tem- 
porary) settlement,  made  by  the  expedi- 
tion under  the  French  flag  by  Giovanni 
da  Verrazano. 

1525  *  •  iV.  S.  A  [short-lived]  Portu- 
guese colony  is  planted  at  Cape  Breton 
island. 


1534  June  *  -Aug.  *  Jacques  Car- 
tier,  a  French  navigator,  with  two 
vessels  and  61  men,  surveys  the  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  and  enters  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  banks  of 
which  he  plants  across  surmounted  with 
the  lilies  of  France. 

1535  *  *  P.  Q.  Cartier  brings  a  colony, 
and  founds  Montreal.  [It  is  soon 
abandoned.] 

Oct,  2.  P.  Q,  Cartier  arrives  at 
Hochelaga  (Montreal),  having  ex- 
plored the  great  river  to  this  point ;  in- 
formation is  received  of  the  Great  hakes. 

1536  *  *  Ont.  Cartier  again  explores 
the  upper  St.  Lawrence  country,  and 
takes  possession  t>f  it  for  France. 

1540  Jan.  *  P.  Q.  The  French,  hav- 
ing failed  with  two  colonies,  abandon 
the  colonization  of  the  southern 
coast,  and  turn  northward.  The  Mar- 
quis de  la  Iloque  obtains  a  commission  to 
establish  a  colony  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
[A  colony  of  criminals  is  sent  out  and 
fails.] 

1541  *  *  -1627  *  *  New  France  is  a 
vice-royalty. 

May  22.  Fr.  Cartier  sails  from  St. 
Malo  with  five  ships  belonging  to  an 
expedition  of  I>e  la  Roque.  [Revisits 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  foiinds  the 
fortj-ess  at  Charlesbourg.]  The  colonists 
are  chiefly  noblemen  and  amateurs,  and 
many  of  them  are  robbers,  swindlers, 
and  murderers. 

1542  June*  Fr.  Cartier  returns 
with  his  ships. 

1547  *  *  Fr.    Henry  H.  is  enthroned. 
1549  *  *  P.  Q.    Francis   de  la  Boque 

(Hoberval)  again  attempts  to  colonize 

Canada.     [Unsuccessful.] 

1559  *  *  Fr.    Francis  II.  is  enthroned. 

1560  *  *  Fr.  Charles  IX.  is  enthroned. 
1574  *  *  Fr.  Henry  III.  is  enthroned. 
1578    May  *    -Sept.  *    Frobisher 

makes  his  third  voyage,  having  a  fleet 

of  16  sail  and  100  colonists.     [Failure.] 
June  *  Eng.    Sir   Humphrey   Gilbert 

receives  his  charter  to  any  territory  he 

may  discover. 
1583     Aug.  5.     Sir   Humphrey  Gilbert 

takes  possession  of  Newfoundland 

for  Great  Britain. 

1586  *  *  Labrador.  John  Davis,  on 
his  second  voyage,  visits  Labrador. 

1587  *  *  Can.  Davis,  on  his  third  voy- 
age, discovers  the  Cumberland  Is- 
lands, London  coast,  Lumley's  Inlet 
(Frobisher  Strait). 

1589  *  *  Fr.    Henry  IV.  is  enthroned. 

1592  *  *  Spaniards  under  Juna  de 
Fuca  visit  the  northwest  coast  of  the 
American  Continent.  (?) 

1598*  *  Fr.  Henry  IV.  grants  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,  by  which  toleration  is  given 
to  Protestants. 

*  *  K.  S.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche  se- 
cures a  patent  for  a  colony  in  New 
France  (Nova  Scotia)  from  Henry  IV. 

[La  Roche  establishes  a  colony,  chiefly 
taken  from  the  prisons  of  France,  on 
Sable  Island.] 


1600  *  *  Fr.  Chauvin  of  Rouen,  and 
Pontgrave  of  St.  Malo,  undertake  to 
establish  a  colony  of  500  persons  in  New 
France.  [They  are  driven  back  by  the 
severity  of  the  winter.] 

1603  *  *  Fr.  Samuel  Champlain  is 
commissioned  by  a  company  of  French 
merchants  of  Rouen  to  explore  the 
country  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  estab- 
lish a  trading-post. 

1605  Nov.  14.  N.  S,  De  Monts  es- 
tablishes the  first  permanent  French 
settlement  in  the  country  at  Port  Royal 
(Annapolis)  in  Acadia. 

It  is  the  only  active  settlement  except 
those  in  Central  and  South  America, 
after  100  years  of  exploration. 

1608  July  3.  P.  Q.  The  first  per- 
manent settlement  in  Canada  is  made 
at  Quebec,  a  semi-military  and  senii- 
religi«jus  enterprise,  led  by  Samuel 
Champlain. 

H  *  *X.S.  The  De  Monts  and  their 
successors  develop  the  island  and  the 
shore  of  the  mainland. 

1610  *  *  Fr.    Louis  Xm.  is  enthroned. 

1612*  *  Fr.  The  Protestant  Prince 
Cond6  becomes  viceroy  of  the 
French  Empire  in  North  America. 

*  *  P.  Q.  Champlain  visits  the  St.  Law- 
rence as  an  explorer  and  trader. 

1613  *  *  P.  Q.  Champlain  explores  the 
country  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

1614*  *N.S.  Virginia  colonists  break 
up  the  French  settlements.  (See  Amer- 
ica.) 

1615  *  *  Me.  The  French  under  De 
Saussaye  plant  a  mission-station  on 
Mount  Desert  Isle. 

*  *  Champlain  visits  Lake  Huron. 

1616  July*  P.Q.  Champlain  returns 
to  Quebec  from  his  explorations  north 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

1621  *  *  Sir  "William  Alexander  ob- 
tains from  the  crown  of  Scotland  a  pa- 
tent for  all  Acadia,  under  the  title  of 
Nova  Scotia.  [An  unsuccessful  attempt 
is  made  at  colonizing,] 

Only  48  French  settlers  remain  in 
Canada. 

1622  *  *  Samuel  Champlain  is  gov- 
ernor of  Canada. 

1623  *  *  .Y.  S.  Scotch  colonists  sent 
out  by  Sir  William  Alexander  arrive  in 
Nova  Scotia,  but  return  when  they  find 
French  adventurers  already  established 
there. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  French  frustrate  the  at- 
tempt to  plant  an  extensive  English 
colony. 

1627  *  *-e3  *  *  New  France  is  under 
the  rule  of  the  Hundred  Associates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1611  June  21.  Henry  Hudson,  his 
sons,  and  five  others  are  sent  adrift  by 
his  mutinous  crew  [and  perish  in  Hu»I- 
son  Bay]. 

1615  *  *  X.  S.  Capt.  Argall  of  Va. 
bums  the  deserted  hamlet  of  Port 
Royal  in  Acadia;  he  destroys  every 
building  of  a  French  colony  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River. 


•512    1627,*  * -1692,  Feb. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1628  *  *  Sir  David  Kirk,  with  an  Eng- 
lish squadron,  captures  tlie  first  shijis 
sent  with  stores  for   the  subsistence  of 
Champlain  and  the  French  settlers. 

*  *Samuel  de  Champlain  repulses 
David  Kirk  in  his  attempt  tu  capture 
Quebec  ;  Port  Royal  falls  into  the  hands 
of  the  English. 

1629*  *The  English  take  Quebec 
from  the  French.  All  Canada  is  surren- 
dered to  the  Kngiish. 

1632  *  *  Quebec  and  all  Canada  are  re- 
duced by  the  English. 

*  *  Canada,  Acmlia,  and  Cape  Breton  are 
restored  to  France. 

1636  *  *  Ont.  The  less  warlike  Hurona 
are  driven  from  the  peninsula  of  Upper 
Canada  by  the  Iroquois  Indians. 

1649  *  *  The  Huron  Indians  are  mas- 
sacred at  St.  Ignatius  by  the  Iroquois. 

1654 *  *  JV.  .S'.  Oliver  Cromwell 
sends  a  strong  force  against  the 
French. 

1659  July  26.  P.  Q.  Indians  mas- 
sacre more  than  1,000  people  at  Mon- 
treal. 

1666  Jan.  *  P.  Q.  The  French  ex- 
pedition of  Courcelles  and  Tracy  goes 
against  the  Mohawk  Indians. 

1668  *  *  P.  Q.  Peace  is  made  between 
the  French  and  the  Five  Nations. 

1671  *  *  Ont.  The  region  of  Lakes  Huron 
and  Superior  is  taken  for  France. 

1673  July  *  Ont.  Fort  Frontenac  is 
built. 

1681  *  *  ///.  La  Salle  erects  Fort  St. 
Louis,  on  the  Illinois  River. 

1682  *  *  Ont.  The  French  attack  and 
capture  all  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany's trading-posts. 

1684  *  *  A  long  war  begins  between 
the  Five  Nations  and  the  French,  chiefly 
on  the  upper  lakes. 

The  French  Jesuits  repeatedly  fail  to 
persuade  the  Five  Nations  to  break  their 
peace  with  the  Dutch  and  English. 

The  French  erect  a  fort  at  the  Falls  of 
Niagara.  Under  Ue  la  Barre  they  in- 
vade the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  but 
the  mighty  Mohawks  and  the  brave 
Oneidas  drive  them  hack  with  much 
slaughter. 
1687  June  13.  P.  Q.  Denonville 
leaves  Montreal  to  attack  the  Senecas 
in  New  York.     [Driven  back.] 

*  *  The  French  attempt  to  form  an  alli- 
ance with  all  Indians  as  far  as  tlie 
Mississippi. 

1689  *  *  -97  *  *  King  "William's  war 
with  the  French  ;  a  part  of  the  general 
war  against  Louis  XIV. 

.1689*  *  P.  Q.  Gomte  Louis  de  Buade 
Frontenac  assumes  the  offensive, 
and  makes  three  descents  upon  the 
Kngiish  settlements. 

One  party  of  110  under  De  Mantel, 
Sainte  H^Ifene,  and  D'lberville,  burns 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. ;  the  second  party 
of  52  are  under  Hertel  de  Rouville  at 
Salmon  Falls,  N.  H„  while  tlie  third 
devastate  Casco  Bay,  Me.  (See  Amer- 
ica.) 


Aug.  4,  6.  /'.  Q.  The  Iroquois  attack 
Ijachine. 

Aug.  25.  P.  Q,  The  Isle  of  Montreal 
at  Lachine  is  surprised  by  1,500  Iro- 
quois ;  200  inhabitants  are  mjvssacred, 
and  200  more  are  taken  captive. 

*  *  A'.  ¥.  Gov.  Donegan  is  ordered  by 
the  Kngiish  ^Ministry  to  protect  the 
Five  ^Nations  from  the  French. 

1690  Apr.  *A.  .s.  The  English  under 
Adm.  Phips  seize  Port  Royal  [Annapo- 
lisj. 

Oct.  16.  P.  Q.  A  Massachusetts  fleet 
of  34  vessels,  under  the  incompetent 
Phips,  arrives  before  Quebec. 

Oct.  21.  P.  Q.  The  invaders  reembark 
for  Boston  without  making  an  attack. 

Oct.  *  Part  of  the  returning  New  Kngland 
tieet  is  wrecked. 

Nov.  *  U.  S.  The  exhausted  and  debt- 
hurdened  colonies  of  England  content 
themselves  with  the  defense  of  their 
frontiers  against  the  French. 

1691  *  *  /*.  Q.  Maj.  Schuyler  makes  a 
raid  on  the  French  settlements  on 
the  Sorel.    (See  America.) 

1692  Feb.*  P.  Q.  The  French  go 
against  the  Mohawks. 

Frontenac  sends  300  French  with  In- 
dians against  the  hunting  parties  of 
Senecas  in  Upper  Canada,  and  under- 
takes to  subdue  the  Five  Nations. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  -  NATURE. 

163 1  *  *  Capts.  James  and  Fox  are  sent 
to  tlnd  the  Northwest  Passage  ;  Jjuke 
Fox  discovers  Fox  Channel ;  touches 
Cape  Peregrine.  James  discovers 
James's  Bay  and  "New  South  Wales." 

1663  Feb.  5.  A  remarkable  earth- 
quake occurs. 

It  continues  at  intervals  for  more  than 
six  months.  Mountains  and  rivers  di.s- 
appear,  and  new  lakes  are  formed. 

1669*  *  P.  Q.    Robert   de   la   Salle 

leaves  Montreal,  and  begins  his  explo- 
rations. 

*  ♦  Louis  Joliet  explores  the  Great  Lakes. 
1680*  *3Jouis  Hennepin  visits  the 

farthest  sources  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1661*  *  Iberville.  Pierre  le  Moyne  d", 
commander,  born.     [1706.     Dies.     A 15.] 

1688*  *  Vincennes.  de.  Jean  Baptiate 
BlsBOt.  Sieur.  born. 

CHURCH. 
1632*  *  The  conversion  of  the  heathen 

is  committed  solely  to  the  Jesuits. 

1633  P.  Q.  Jesuit  missionaries  resume 
work  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

1634  *  *  Ont.  The  Jesuits,  Brebeuf  and 
Daniel,  join  the  barefoot  Hurons  on 
their  returning  from  Quebec  to  their 
own  country. 

*  *  -47  *  *  The  wilderness  is  visited  by 
42  Jesuit  missionaries  and  IS  assis- 
tants. 

1636  *  *  Fifteen  Jesuit  missionaries 
arc  among  the  Indians. 

1638  *  *  Eminent  French  Catholics  en- 
dow a  public  hospital  for  Indians, 
and  three  nuns  are  sent  to  serve  it. 


1639  *  *  An  Ursurline  convent  for  the 
education  of  girls  is  established  at  Que- 
bec. 

1640  ♦  *  Fr.  llev.  Jean  Jacques  Olier, 
priest  of  St.  Sulpice,  Paris,  forms  a  com- 
pany, with  Sieur  de  Maisonneuve  gov- 
ernor. 

It  purchases  ttfe  island  of  Montreal 
from  Associate  Lauson  for  a  mission- 
site.  [1641.  Forty  men  and  five  nuns 
are  sent  as  far  as  Quebec.  1G42.  May  17. 
Montreal  is  consecrated  by  Father  VI- 
mont  and  Madame  de  la  Peitrie  and 
Mile.  Mance  begin  their  work.] 

Ont.    Charles   Kaymbault   and 

Claude  Picart  labor  in  the  Huron  Mis- 
sions, and  carry  the  gospel  to  the  In- 
dians of  Michigan. 

1641  Oct.  4.  Ont.  Two  French  Jesu- 
its, Father  Charles  Raymbault  with 
Father  Isaac  Jogues,  are  sent  to  con- 
vert the  Chippeways  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

Starting  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  for  sev- 
enteen days  they  sail  westward  ;  and  on 
landing  they  are  met  by  two  thousand 
Chippeways,  who  welcome  them. 

1642  *  *  Father  Jogues,  the  French  Jes- 
uit, is  captured  by  the  Mohawk  Indians, 
and  made  their  slave ;  yet  he  opens  a 
mission,  in  which  he  has  70  converts 
when  rescued. 

1644  Ont.  Father  Francis  Joseph 
Bressani,  a  French  Jesuit,  is  captured 
and  tortured  by  the  Iroquois,  when  en 
route  to  the  Hurons. 

*  *  It.    Innocent  X.  is  elected  pope. 

1648  *  *  Ont.  The  Iroquois  burn  the  Hu- 
ron mission  at  St.  Joseph's,  on  Lake 
Simcoe,  and  kiU  Father  Daniel,  the 
missionary. 

1649  *  *  Ont.  The  Iroquois  sack  the 
mission  at  St.  Ignace,  on  Georgian 
Bay,  and  torture  the  pious  Father  Bre- 
beuf with  distressing  ingenuity ;  his 
companion,  Gabriel  Lallemand,  lingers 
for  17  hours  in  terrible  suiFerings. 

1655  *  *  It.  Alexander  VII.  is  elected 
pope. 

1656  *  *  Ont.  Two  French  mission- 
aries begin  work  among  the  Ottawas 
by  request  of  the  chiefs.  One  is  mor- 
tally wounded  in  an  attack  by  the  Iro- 
quois, and  both  are  captured. 

1658  *  *  P.  Q.  The  vicarate  apostolic 
of  Quebec  is  founded. 

Fran9ois  de  Laval-Montmorency  is 
consecrated  bishop  of  Petra  and  vicar- 
apostolic.   [1G74.   Translated  to  Quebec] 

1660  Aug.*  Ojif.  Father  Ken6  Me- 
nard, an  aged  man,  responds  to  the  re- 
quest of  the  Indians,  and  opens  a  mission 
near  Keweenaw,  where  he  is  neglected, 
persecuted,  and  finally  dies. 

1664  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Island  of  Mon- 
treal is  given  to  the  religious  Order  of 
St.  Sulpice  by  a  royal  grant. 

1665  Sept.*  Out.  Claude  All ouez 
goes  to  Jlontreal,  intending  to  return  to 
the  mission  left  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Mesnard.  [He  opens  a  mission  among 
the  Chippeways  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior.] 

1667+  Aug.*  Father  Lewis  Nich- 
ols goes  to  the  Indians  of  the  northwest. 

*  *  It.    Clement  IX.  is  elected  pope. 


\ 


CANADA. 


1627,  *  *-1692,  Feb. 


573 


1668  *  *  OnL  The  [celebrated]  Father 
Marquette  leaves  Quebec,  in  company 
with  Father  Le  Boesme,  to  join  the 
Ottawa  mission. 

*  *  Ont.  Sault  Ste.  Marie  is  founded  by 
Father  Marquette  at  the  entrance  of 
Lake  Superior. 

1669  *  *  P.  Q.  A  mission  for  the  Iro- 
quois is  begun  opposite  Montreal  by 
French  Jesuits. 

1670*  *  Ont.  Father  Andr6  is  in 
charge  of  the  Ottawa  tribes  on  the  islands 
and  shores  of  Lake  Huron,  and  Father 
DniiUettes  enters  the  work  at  Sault 
Ste.  Marie. 

*  *  It.    Clement  X.  is  elected  pope. 

1671  *  *  07it.  Father  Henry  Nouvel 
enters  the  mission-work  at  the  Falls  of 
Ste.  Marie. 

1672  *  *  Ont.  Many  of  the  Ottawas 
settle  at  Marquette  mission. 

1674  *  *  P.  Q.  The  diocese  of  Que- 
bec is  founded. 

Francois  de  Laval-Montmorency  be- 
comes the  first  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  of  Quebec,  his  see  extending 
from  ilaine  to  Louisiana. 

1675  *  *  Ont.  The  Recollects  are  ac- 
tive, and  liouis  Hennepin  is  among 
them. 

1676  *  *  Rivalry  appears  between  the 
Jesuits  and  other  orders. 

*  *  It.    Innocent  XI.  is  elected  pope. 
1680*  *  Ont.    Father   Hennepin   is 

captured  by  the  Sioux,  and  attempts 

mission-work  among  them,  but  without 

success. 
1683  *  *  P.  Q.    Mission  of  St.  Francis 

de  Sales  is  established  at  the  Falls  of 

the  Chaudifere;   the  work  spreads  into 

Maine. 
1688  *  *  P.  Q.    Bishop   Laval    resigns  ; 

John  Baptist  de  la  Croix  Chevri^res  de 

St.  Vallier  is  consecrated  bishop  for  the 

R.  C.  diocese  of  Quebec. 
1689*  *  It.    AlexanderVm.  is  elected 

pope.    [IG9I,    Innocent    VH;    1700, 

Clement  XI.] 

LETTERS. 
1632  •  *  -72  *  *  Les    Helations    Jisuites 

are  issued. 
1641  *  *  P.  Q.    The  Ursuline  Convent  is 

founded  at  Quebec. 
1663  *  *  P.  Q.    Bishop  Laval  founds  a 

seminary  at  Quebec  for  training  young 

priests. 

SOCIETY. 
1639*  *  P.  Q.    The   Hotel   Dieu  is 

founded  in  Montreal  for  the  cure  of  the 

sick,  by  the  Duchess  of  AiguiUon. 

STATE. 
1627  *  *  Fr.  The  charters  for  planting 
colonies  in  New  France  are  revoked, 
and  the  French  Empire  in  America  is 
committed  to  the  One  Hundred  Associ- 
ates, with  Samuel  Champlain  governor. 
It  obtains  a  perpetual  monopoly  of  the 
fur-trade,  besides  the  commercial  con- 


trol for  16  years.    Cardinal  Richelieu  is 
the  ruling  spirit. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  colony  of  Quebec  is 
transferred  to  the  One  Hundred  Asso- 
ciates under  Cardinal  Richelieu. 

1628  *  *  Fr.  The  Edict  of  Nantes  is 
again  confirmed,  to  the  great  joy  of 
Protestants. 

1629  *  *  P.  Q.  Quebec  falls  into  the 
hands  of  the  English  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

*  *  N.  S.  James  Stewart  settles  a  small 
English  colony  at  Cape  Breton. 

1632  Mar.  29.  Canada,  Acadia,  and 
Cape  Breton  are  restored  to  the 
French  by  the  Treaty  of  St.  Ger- 
main-en-Laye. 

1635  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Island  of  Montreal 
is  given  to  M.  de  Lauson,  an  Associate. 

1637  *  *  M.  de  Montmagny  succeeds 
Champlain  as  governor  of  Canada. 

1643  *  *  Fr.    Louis  XIV.  is  enthroned. 

1647  *  *  M.  de  Ailleboust  is  apjiointed 
governor  of  Canada. 

1648*  *P.Q.  Theentire  Island  of  Mon- 
treal becomes  the  property  of  the  Sul- 
pioians  of  Paris  by  royal  grant. 

1649  *  *  JCnf/.  The  Commonwealth  is 
set  up. 

1651  *  *  M.  de  Lauson  is  appointed 
governor  of  Canada.  [Later,  M.  de 
Argenson  and  M.  de  Avaugour  succeed 
liim,  and  are  the  last  governors  for  the 
Hundred  Associates.] 

1654  *  *  N.  S,  Cromwell  sends  over  a 
a  strong  force  to  protect  the  colonists. 

1656  *  *  Fng.  Cromwell  grants  Aca- 
dia and  Nova  Scotia  to  St.  fetienne  and 
others. 

*  *  Fr.  The  seigniority  of  Montreal  is 
ceded  to  the  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice  in 
Paris.  [1657.  It  takes  possession  ;  a  con- 
flict of  proprietors  ensues.] 

1658  *  *  Eng.    Kichard    Cromwell    is 

Protector. 
1660  *  *  Eng.    Charles  II.  is  enthroned. 

1663  Feb.  14.  Fr.  Tlie  Hundred  As- 
sociates surrender  their  charter,  and 
New  France  becomes  a  royal  prov- 
ince, with  De  Mesy  governor. 

*  * -1763  *  *  Canada  is  under  the  rule 
of  the  French  Crown. 

1664  *  *  CaJi.  Courcelles  becomes  gov- 
ernor of  New  France  ;  much  emigration 
and  rapid  growth  ensue. 

1665  *  *  Father  Claude  Allouez  car- 
ries the  gospel  among  the  Chippeways 
of  the  far  West,  and  claims  the  country 
for  France. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Marquis  de  Tracy  ar- 
rives at  Montreal  with  a  regiment  of 
French  soldiers,  to  protect  the  settlers. 

The  government  of  New  France  is  in 

the  hands  of  three  officers,  a  governor, 

a  bishop,  and  an  intendant. 

1667  July  25.   Holland.  By  the  Treaty 

of  Breda  Nova  Scotia  is  ceded  to  France. 

*  *  Zacharia  Gillam  passes  through  Hud- 
son Strait,  and  builds  a  fort  on  Prince 
Rupert  Kiver. 


1669  *  *  Ont.  Bobert  Cavelier,  Sieur 
de  la  Salle,  leaves  Montreal  and  begins 

his  explorations. 

*  *  Louis  Joliet  explores  the  Great  Lakes. 

1670  May  2.  The  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany is  chartered  ;  its  territory  is  as 
large  as  all  Europe. 

1671  June  *  The  French  hold  a  great 
congress  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  with 
Indian  envoys  from  distant  tribes,  and 
inform  them  that  they  are  under  the 
protection  of  the  French  flag. 

1672  *  *  P.  Q.  Comte  de  Frontenac, 
the  new  governor,  arrives  at  Quebec. 

1673  *  *  P.  Q.  Jacques  Marquette,  ac- 
companied by  a  few  Frenchmen  and  Al- 
gonquins,  sets  out  for  the  discovery  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  of  which  he  has 
received  some  rumors. 

1675  May  13.  Fr.  Louis  IV.  grants 
La  Salle  a  manor  at  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston). 

1676  *  *  Ont.  La  Salle  returns  as  pro- 
prietor of  a  large  tract  near  Fort  Fron- 
tenac. 

1678  *  *  Fr.  Comte  de  Frontenac,. 
is  appointed  governor  of  Canada. 

1681*  *  La  Salle  descends  the  Missis- 
sippi Kiver.  His  companions  are  Tonti,. 
an  Italian  veteran,  and  Louis  Hennepin, 
a  Franciscan. 

Apr.  9.  La  Salle  reaches  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  sets  up 
a  cross  and  the  arms  of  France,  having 
descended  from  the  confluence  of  the 
Illinois  River  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  he 
calls  the  great  valley  Louisiana.  [One 
of  the  most  remarkable  exploits  in  the 
history  of  America.] 

1682*  *Frontenac  is  recalled  to 
France ;  Barre  is  his  successor. 

1683  Nov.  *  La  Salle  returns  from  his 
explorations. 

1684*  *Fr.  The  Mississippi  Company 
is  established  in  favor  of  La  Salle, 

1685  *  *  Denonville  becomes  governor. 

*  *  Eng.    James  II.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  Fr.  The  Edict  of  Nantes  is  revoked, 
and  quickens  the  emigration  of  Protes- 
tants, yet  ruins  the  colonial  policy  of 
France. 

1687  *  *  French  diplomacy  aims  to  per- 
vade the  "West,  and  concerts  an  alli- 
ance with  all  Indians  to  the  Mississippi.. 

1688  *  *  The  French  census  shows  a  pop- 
ulation of  11,249  colonists;  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  have  20  times  as  many. 

1689  *  *  Eng.  "William  III.  and  Mary- 
are  enthroned. 

*  *  Frontenac  again  becomes  governor, 
and  decides  to  make  a  triple  descent 
upon  the  English  colonies. 

1690  *  *  The  English  colonists  meet  in- 
Congress  in  Rhode  Island  to  devise 
retaliation  and  protection  against  the 
French  ;  they  resolve  to  attempt  the 
conquest  of  Canada. 

1692  Jan.  26.  N.  S.  Acadia  (Nova. 
Scotia)  becomes  a  part  of  Massachusetts. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1679  May*  Ont.  The  Griffin  is- 
latmched  on  Lake  Erie,  the  first  vessel 
to  sail  the  Great  Lakes. 


574     1692,  July  2-1766,  Feb.  * 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 
1692    Nov.  26.    .V.   S.    Port    Royal 
[Annapolis]  surrenders  to  a  French 
ship, 

•  •  Maj.  Schuyler  leads  a  successful 
war-party  of  Iroquois  against  the 
French  settlements  beyond  Lake 
Cbamplain. 

1693*  *  P.  Q.  Frontenac  leads  a 
French  expedition  against  the  Mohawks. 

1694  ♦  *  P.  Q.  Frontenac  conducts  his 
last  campaign  against  the  Iroquois. 

1696  July  28.  P.  Q.  The  French 
under  Frontenac  for  the  last  time 
invade  northern  New  York.  [They  are 
defeated  by  the  colonists  and  their  Iro- 
quois allies.] 

1700  Sept.  8.  P.Q.  Atreatyofpe.ice 
is  made  with  the  Iroquois  at  Montreal. 

1701  Aug.  4.  P.  Q.  Tlie  French  make 
a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois. 

1702  »  *  -13  *  *  Queen  Anne's  War, 
between  French  and  English ;  it  is  known 
in  Europe  as  the  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession. 

•  *  ///.  The  French  vacate  their  post 
on  the  Illinois. 

1707*  *X.S.  Massachusetts  attempts 
the  conquest  of  Acadia  by  a  costly 
expedition. 

May  *  Cr.  s.  Two  regiments  leave  Nan- 
tucket, Mass.,  to  attack  the  French  at 
Port  Royal  (Annapolis,  N.  S.  The  at- 
tempt to  bombard  the  fort  fails]. 

1708  *  *  /•.  Q.  A  war-council  at  Mon- 
treal resolves  to  invade  New  Eng- 
land. 

Aug.  30.  A'.  //.  The  French  and  Indi- 
ans surprise  Haverhill  on  the  Meiri- 
niac,  killing  40  and  carrying  away  100 
prisoners. 

1709  *  *  U.S.  The  English  colonies  pre- 
pare to  aid  a  British  fleet  in  the  con- 
quest of  Canada;  the  fleet  fails  to 
arrive. 

1710  Sept.  *  -Oct.  *  N:  S.  The  Con- 
quest of  Acadia  [Nova  Scotia]  by  the 
English.    (See  America.) 

Aug.  *  A  truce  is  effected  between 
England  and   France. 

1713  Mar.  31.  Belgium.  The  Peace 
of  Utrecht  ends  the  hostilities  with 
Canada. 

1719*  *'War  between  France  and 
Spain. 

1720  *  *  X.  S.  The  French  begin  the 
defenses  of  Louisburg. 

1726  •  •  (_hit.  The  French  retake  Fort 
Denonville,  near  Niagara  river. 

•  *  A'.  1'.  The  French  build  Fort  Niag- 
ara [at  Lewiston]. 

1731  *  *  A^  r.  The  French  establish  a 
fortress  at  Crown  Point.  (See  Amer- 
ica.) 

1735  Apr.+  *  .41a.  The  French  send 
one  expedition  from  the  South  and 
another  from  the  North  against  the 
brave  Chickasaws.  [Both  expeditions 
are  defeated.]    (See  America.) 

1744*  *-48*  *King  George's  War 
between  Great  Britain  and  France. 


Mar.  15.    France  declares  war  against 

Great  Britain. 
May  *  Me.    A  French  force  from  Cape 

Breton  surprises  the  garrison  at  Canso, 

and  destroys  the  fort. 

1745  June  17.  A'.  .S.  Louisburg,  the 
chief  stronghold  of  the  French  in  Amer- 
ica, is  taken  by  4,000  colonists  from 
New  England,  led  by  William  Pepperell, 
a  wealthy  merchant  of  Maine. 

Nov.  16.  A^  r.  The  French  and  In- 
dians surprise  the  village  of  Saratoga. 

1746  Aug.  20.  .Unas.  The  French  and 
Indians  take  Fort  Massachusetts;  a 
part  of  the  prisoners  are  massacred. 

*  *  A^.  .9.  A  French  fleet  having  arrived, 
the  English  colonists  abandon  their 
projected  conquest  of  Canada. 

1747  Jan.  31.  A".  S.  The  French  re- 
l)el  the  English  in  the  battle  of  Minas. 

Feb.  4.    A'.  .S.    Col.  Noble  is  surprised 

at  Grand  Pr6. 
June  *   />.  Q.    The  English  make  a  raid 

into  Montreal. 

1748  17.  The  Indians  are  defeated 
by  the  English  at  Marlborough. 

1749  *  •  Ont.  Fort  RouUle  [Toronto] 
is  built. 

1750  Apr.  *  A'.  S.  A  question  of  boun- 
daries excites  hostilities  between  the 
French  and  English  in  Acadia. 

1752  *  *  O.  The  French  destroy  the 
English  trading-post  at  Pickawillany. 

1754  Apr.  18.  Pa.  The  French  cap- 
ture the  Virginians  and  their  stockade 
[at  Pittsburg],  and  proceed  to  erect  Fort 
I>u  Quesne  on  the  same  site. 

May  28.  Pa.  Col.  George  Washing- 
ton with  a  force  of  Virginians  surprises 
a  French  force  under  M.  .Jumonvillo  at 
Great  Meadows ;  the  leader  and  10  of 
his  men  are  killed,  and  22  survivors  are 
capture<l. 

July  4.  Pa.  A  French  force  defeats 
Col.  Washington  at  Fort  Necessity ; 
the  Virginians  capitulate. 

Aug.  27.  A',  r.  The  French  and  In- 
dians break  up  all  the  English  settle- 
ments at  Hoosick  and  Sehaghticoke. 

1755  *  »  -63  *  *  The  French  and  In- 
dian War,  between  England  aiul 
France  —  a  part  of  the  seven  years'  con- 
flict in  Europe.  It  is  a  struggle  to  ac- 
quire supremacy  in  the  New  World. 
(See  America,  p.  (J8.) 

Sept.  5.  A^.  S.  The  exile  of  the  Aca- 
dians  is  announced.    (See  p.  68,  70.) 

1756  May  17.  IJng.  After  fighting  the 
French  for  two  years.  Great  Britain 
makes  an  open  declaration  of  war. 

June  9.  France  formally  declares  war 
against  Great  Britain.    (See  America.) 

*  *  /(/.  The  French  construct  a  system 
of  forts  in  the  interior,  westward,  near 
the  Illinois  River. 

1757  The  French  seem  triumphant 
everywhere. 

The  campaigns  of  the  last  two  years 
have  been  disgraceful  to  the  British 
flag;  imbecility  of  the  management  and 
cowardice  is  the  cause.  France  now  pos- 
sesses 20  times  as  much  American  terri- 
tory as  England. 


1758  Jvdy  26.  X.  .V.  England  takes 
Nova  Scotia. 

After  a  siege  of  a  few  weeks  Louisburg 
capitulates  to  Gens.  Wolfe  and  Amherst; 
Cape  Breton,  Prince  Edward  Island,  and 
nearly  6,000  prisoners  fall  to  the  British. 

Aug.  27.  Onf.  The  British  under  Col. 
•John  Bradstreet  take  Fort  Frontenac 
(Kingston),  also  46  cannon,  S  vessels  of 
war,  and  a  large  military  store. 

*  *  P.  Q.  Montreal  is  surrounded  by 
walls. 

1759  Jvme  21.  P.  Q.  The  English 
fleet  approaches  Quebec. 

June  27.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Wolfe  lands  an 
army  of  about  8.000  a  few  miles  below 
Quebec.  A  French  force  of  13,000  is  in 
the  city. 

June  30.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Wolfe  takes  pos- 
session of  Point  Levi,  where  he  pro- 
ceeds to  erect  batteries. 

July  18.  /'.  Q.  Some  of  Wolfe's  vessels 
pass  above  Quebec. 

July  25.  /'.  Q.  Fort  Niagara  capitu- 
lates to  the  British  under  Sir  William 
Johnson  after  a  bloody  battle. 

French  communication  between  Can- 
ada and  Louisiana  is  forever  broken  off. 
Gen.  Prideaux  is  killed  by  the  bursting 
of  a  gun  during  the  siege. 

July  31.    P.Q.  Gen.  W^olfe  is  checked 

in  an  impetuous  assault  on  the  French 
at  Quebec,  in  which  he  loses  400  men. 

A^.  r.    The   French   abandon   the 

important  fortress  at  Crown  Point,  and 
surrender  the  valley  of  the  Champlain 
without  a  battle. 

Sept.  13.  P.  Q.  l-he  first  battle  on  the 
Plains  of  Abraham. 

After  a  siege  of  69  days  Quebec  is  as- 
saulted and  the  French  defeated ;  Gen. 
Wolfe  falls  with  his  third  wound,  and 
the  equally  brave  French  general,  Mont- 
calm, is  mortally  wounded.  Great  Brit- 
ain wins  a  vast  empire  by  a  single  battle, 
"  one  of  the  most  momentous  victories 
in  the  aiaials  of  mankind."    (Bancroft.) 

Sept.  18.  /'.  Q.  Quebec  capitulates  to 
the  English. 

1760  Apr.  28.  P.  Q.  The  French 
(temporarily)  defeat  the  English  in  a 
second  battle  on  the  Plains  of  Abra- 
ham. 

May  16.  P.  Q.  English  reenforcenients 
arrive,  and  the  French  retire  from 
Quebec. 

Sept.  8.  /'.  Q.  Montreal  faUs  into  the 
hands  of  Gen.  Amherst,  at  the  head  of 
three  powerful  armies. 

Amherst  approached  the  city  from  up 
the  river,  while  Murray  ascended  from 
below,  and  liaviland  marched  from  the 
Lake  Champlain  region. 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  treaty  of  Paris 
closes  the  French  and  Indian  War,  by 
which  France  loses  the  greater  part  of 
the  American  continent. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1694  *  *  /'.  Q.  A  company  of  amateur 
actors  give  a  theatrical  performance  at 
Quebec. 

1719*  *  The  Hudson  Bay  Company  sends 
out  an  exploring  expedition  under 
James  Knight  and   Barlow,   to  dis- 


CANADA. 


1692,  July  2-1766,  Feb. 


575 


\ 


cover  copper-mines ;  it  is  lost  on  Marble 
Island. 
1731    May  19.    Mail.    Verendre   sets 
out  to  explore  the  far  "West,  and  yisits 
Manitoba. 

1741  *  *  Capt.  Christopher  Middleton 
visits  Wagner  Inlet  and  Ilepulse  Bay,  in 
the  Arctic  region. 

1742  *  *  -43  *  *  Verendre  and  his  sons 
discover  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

1746  *  *  Wagner  Bay  is  visited  by  Capts. 
Moore  and  Smith. 

BIRTHS  —  DEATHS. 

1708*  *  Lavftl-Montmorency,  Fran<;oi8  Xa- 
vier  de,  the  first  U.  C.  bp.  of  Quebec,  A86. 
1794  *   *  Carleton,  Sir  Ouy>  governor,  born. 

1736  *  *  Vincennes,  de.  Jean  Baptlste 
Bissot.  Sleur.  founder  of  Vincennes, 
Indiana,  A48. 

1759  Sept.  13.  Wolfe.  James,  general, 
victor  at  Quel>ec,  A32. 

Montcalm.  Gozon  de  Saint- Veran.  de, 

liOuis  Joseph.  Marquis,  general,  the  van- 
quished at  the  battle  of  Quebec,  A47. 

CHURCH. 

1701  June  *  Mich.  De  la  Motte  Car- 
dillac,  with  a  Jesuit  missionary  and  100 
French,  is  sent  from  Canada  to  occupy 
Detroit. 

*  *  Jesuits  try  to  live  with  the  Iroquois 
[remaining  eight  years], 

1710  *  *  The  Jesuits  have  become  tlie 
protectors  of  the  natives  against  the 
colonists. 

1714  *  *  Religious  liberty  is  granted 
to  Koman  Catholics  by  the  British. 

1717*  *  French  priests  have  flanked 
the  English  colonies  with  more  than  60 
missions  lying  between  Montreal  and 
New  Orleans  on  the  great  lakes  and 
rivers. 

1720  *  *  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  Charle- 
voix, the  Jesuit  missionary,  arrives. 

1721  *  *  Mich.  The  Mackinaw  mission 
is  reopened  by  the  Jesuits. 

*  *  It.  Innocent  XIII.  is  elected  po])e. 
[1724.  Benedict  XTTT.  IT.'JO.  Clem- 
ent XII.  1740.  Benedict  xrV.  1758. 
Clement  XIII.] 

1728  *  *  P.  Q.  Louis  Francis  Daplessls 
de  Mornay  is  consecrated  bishop  for 
the  R.  C.  diocese  of  Quebec. 

1734  *  *  P.  Q.  Pierre  Herman  Dosquet 
is  consecrated  bishop  of  the  B.  C.  dio- 
cese of  Quebec.  [1740.  Francis  Louis 
de  Pounoy  de  I'Auberiviere.  1741. 
Henry  Mary  Dnbreuil  de  Pontbriand.] 

1737  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Order  of  Grey  Nuns 
is  founded  at  Montreal. 

1752*  *  Latyrcul&r.  The  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries arrive. 

1755  *  *  X.  S.  About  7,000  Catholic 
Acadians  are  banished  and  scattered 
among  the  English  colonies,  for  refus- 
ing to  take  the  oath  of  supremacy  to 
the  King  of  England,  as  their  spiritual 
head. 

1763*  *  y.  Ji.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  British  America  is  formed 
at  New  Brunswick. 


LETTERS. 
1744  •  *  JRstory    of    New    France,     by 

Pierre  Franjois  Xavier  de  Charlevoix, 

appears. 
1751*  *  K.  S.    The  Halifax   Gazette  is 

issued  at  Halifax. 
1764  *  *  P.  Q.    Th©  Gazette  is  issued  at 

Quebec. 

SOCIETY. 

1693  *  *  P.  Q.    The    general   hospital 

is  established  at  Quebec. 
1776  *  *  Loyalists  from  the  American 
Colonies  begin  to  arrive,  and  are  aided 
by  the  Government. 

STATE. 

1692    Nov.  26.    Nova  Scotia  is  again 

under  the  French  flag. 
1694*  *£wf/.     'William    m.    is    sole 

sovereign. 

1696  July  28.  X.  Y.  The  French 
\inder  Frontenac  for  the  last  time  in- 
vade northern  New  York.  [They  are  de- 
feated by  the  colonists  and  their  Iro- 
quois allies.] 

1697  *  *  Netherlands.  Treaty  of  Rys- 
wick;  France  is  to  retain  all  of  Hud- 
son Bay  and  the  places  held  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war. 

1699  *  *  Callieres  becomes  governor. 

1700  Sept.  8.  A  treaty  is  made  with 
the  Iroquois. 

1701  *  *  IberviUe  makes  his  third  voy- 
age from  France  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Aug.  4.  The  French  make  a  treaty  with 
the  Iroquois. 

1702  *  *  Eng.    Anne  is  enthroned. 

1703  *  *  Vaudreuil  becomes  governor. 

1708  *  *  A  war-council  at  Montreal  re- 
solves to  invade  New  England  with 
an  expedition  of  Indians  and  100  picked 
Canadians  led  by  French  oflicers. 

*  *  The  French  press  forward  their  great 
design  of  uniting  the  region  of  the  Great 
Lakes  with  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
by  means  o(  trading-posts  and  mis- 
sions. 

1712  *  *  Anthony  Crozart  secures  a 
monopoly  of  the  Mississippi  Company's 
business  for  five  years. 

1713  Apr.  11.  Netherlands.  ThePeace 
of  Utrecht  ends  hostilities  with  Canada. 

Hudson  Bay,  Newfoundland,  and  Nova 
Scotia  are  surrendered  to  the  English, 
the  French  retaining  only  the  valleys  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Mississippi. 
The  disputes  between  the  French  and 
English  colonies  continue. 

1714  *  *  Eng.    George  I.  is  enthroned. 

*  *  N.  S.    Gen.  Nicholson  is  governor. 

[1717,  Gen.  Philips  ;  1724,  Col.  Lau- 
rence Armstrong  ;  1740,  Capt.  Paul  Mas- 
carene ;  1749,  Lord  Cornwallis ;  1752, 
Peregrine  Thomas  Hopson;  1753,  Maj. 
Lawrence.] 

1715*  *  Fr.    Louis  XV.  is  enthroned. 
1721*  *  Pierre  Charlevoix  descends  the 
Mississippi. 

1726  ♦  *  Beauhamoia  is  appointed  gov- 
ernor. 

1727  *  *  Eng.    George  II.  is  enthroned. 


1742  *  *  Christopher  Middleton  and 
Moore  make  their  discoveries  in  Hud- 
son Bay. 

1746  *  *  Marquis  de  la  GaUissonnifere 
becomes  governor. 

1748  *  *  Ger.  By  the  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
ChapeUe,  Cape  Breton  is  restored  to 
the  French  in  exchange  for  Madras. 

1749  *  *  -52  *  *  Marquis  de  la  Jon- 
quiere  is  governor.  [1752,  Quesne ; 
1755,  Vaudreuil  again.] 

*  *  N.  S.  Great  Britain  seriously  at- 
tempts to  colonize  tliis  Province  in  or- 
der to  checkmate  the  French ;  more 
than  4,000  emigrants  with  their  families 
arrive.  Halifax  is  founded  by  Gov.  Corn- 
wallis. 

1753*  *  N.  S.  Lunenberg,  near  Hali- 
fax, is  settled  by  2,000  Germans. 

1756  May*  P.  Q.  Marquis  de  Mont- 
calm arrives  in  Quebec,  and  assumes 
command  of  the  French  forces.  [He  be- 
comes the  greatest  of  the  governors.] 

1758  *  *  N.  S.  Great  Britain  grants  a 
Constitution. 

1759  Sept.  18.  P.Q.  Bamezay  is  gov- 
ernor at  Quebec. 

1760*  *  Eng.    George  III.  is  enthroned. 
Sept.  8.  -74*  *  The  British  hold  all  Can- 
ada under  military  rule. 

*  *  N.  S.    Jonathan  Belcher,  governor. 

1762  ♦  *  N,  B.  The  French  gain  [tempo- 
rary] possession  of  St.  John, 

1763  Feb.  10.  The  Treaty  of  Paris 
closes  the  French  and  Indian  War  [one 
of  the  most  important  and  far-reaching 
in  its  results]. 

France  cedes  to  Great  Britain  all  of 
Canada,  Cape  Breton,  St.  John's  Island, 
and  all  the  islands  fringing  the  cuast 
except  Miquekm  and  St.  Pierre,  which 
the  French  are  to  hold  as  fishing-stations. 
The  65,000  French  Canadians  become 
British  subjects. 
Oct.  7.  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  is  annexed 
to  Nova  Scotia. 

*  ♦  Gen.  Murray  is  ai)pointed  governor- 
general. 

*  *  N.  S.    Col.  Wilmot  becomes  governor, 

[1766,  Lord  William  Campbell  ;  1773, 
Francis  I.<egge ;  1782,  John  Parr ;  1792, 
John  Weiitworth.] 

1764  *  *  N.  B.  A  body  of  Scotch  labor- 
ers and  farmers  arrive,  and  settle  in 
the  Miramichi  and  other  districts. 

1765  *  *  Labrador.  The  coasts  are  at- 
taclied  to  Newfoundland. 

Feb,  27,  Mar.  8.  Eng.  Passage  of  the 
Stamp  Act  by  Parliament,  by  which 
Americans  are  alienated.  [Mar.  22.  It 
becomes  a  law.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1734*  *  P.  Q.  The  population  of 
Quebec  and  its  suburbs  amounts  to 
4,G0;J. 

1749  *  *  Eng.  Emigrants  are  sent  to 
Nova  Scotia  at  the  expense  of  the  British 
government,  and  Halifax  is  founded. 

1763*  *  The  French  population  is 
about  65,000. 

1765  May  18.  P.Q.  A  fire  in  Montreal 
consumes  108  houses  ;  loss,  $464,000. 


576    1766,**-1818,* 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — STATE. 

1768  ♦  *  TV.  S.  Iiouisburg,  Cape  Bre- 
ton, is  evacuated  by  the  British 
troops. 

1775  Apr.  19-83  Nov.  30.  "War  of 
the  American  Revolution. 

Apr.  19.  Mass.  The  Battle  of  Ijexing- 
ton  begius  the  war;  13  colonies  rebel 
against  Great  Britain,  but  Canada  re- 
mains loyal. 

Sept.  24.  P.  Q.  Col.  Ethan  Allen, 
with  83  men,  attempts  to  take  Mon- 
treal; all  are  made  prisoners. 

Nov.  9.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Benedict  Ar- 
nold, with  1,000  men,  arrives  before 
Quebec  ;  they  are  deterred  from  taking 
the  city  by  the  want  of  boats. 

Nov.  12.  P.  Q.  The  Americans  under 
Gen.  James  Montgomery,  having  in- 
vaded Canada,  attempt  to  surprise  the 
British  and  take  Montreal. 

Dec.  1.    P.  Q.    Gens.  Arnold   and 

Montgomery  unite  their  forces  on  the 

St.  Lawrence. 
Dec.  8.    P.  Q.    The  siege  of  Quebec 

begins. 
Dec.  30.    P.  Q.    Gen.  Montgomery  is 

defeated  and  killed  before  Quebec  ; 

Gen.    Arnold    continues    the    fruitless 

siege. 

1776  Mar.  *  P.  Q.  The  Americans 
are  expelled  from  Canada  by  Sir  Guy 
Carleton. 

May  19.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Arnold,  with  900 
Americans,  captures  the  British  post  at 
the  Cedars,  releasing  500  American 
prisoners. 

May  *  P.  Q.  The  Americans  are  de- 
feated at  Three  Rivers. 

Gen.  Thomas  retreats  from  Quebec 
in  command  of  the  northern  army. 

June  2.  P.  Q.  Gen.  Thomas  dies  of 
smallpox. 

June  15.  /'.  Q.  The  British  retake 
Montreal  from  the  Americans. 

±*  *  N.  S.  Gen.  William  Howe  leaves 
Halifax,  and  sails  with  his  army  for 
New  York  Bay. 

June  18.  Canada  is  entirely  evacu- 
ated by  the  Americans,  **  defeated,  dis- 
contented, dispirited,  diseased." 

Oct.  11-13.  U.  S.  A.  Sir  Guy  Carleton 
defeats  Gen.  Benedict  Arnold  in  a  naval 
battle  on  Lake  Champlain.  (See 
America.) 

*  *  N.  S.  Col.  Graham  defends  Fort 
Cumberland. 

1777  Mar.  *  P.  Q.  Lieut.-Gen.  John 
Burgoyne,  the  successor  of  Sir  Guy 
Carleton,  arrives  at  Quebec  to  take  com- 
mand of  the  British  forces  in  Canada. 

He  proposes  to  cut  the  colonies  into 
two  sections,  by  an  expedition  moving 
through  Lake  Champlam  and  down  the 
Hudson  River. 

June  1.  aV.  r.  Gen.  Burgoyne,  with 
a  British  force,  enters  New  York  via 
Lake  Champlain.  [.Tune*  He  advances 
to  Crown  ''oint.  Oct.  17.  He  surren- 
ders his  army  to  the  Americans.]  (See 
America.) 


1812  June  18 -15  Feb.  15.   The  "War 

of  1812,  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States.    (See  America,  p.  118^-.) 
1814    Dec.  14.     Belgium.     The   war 
ends  —  on  paper,  by  the  signing  of  the 
treaty  of  Peace  at  Ghent. 

ART  —  SCIEWCE  —  NATURE. 

1769  *  • -72  *  *  A'.  W.  T.  Samuel 
Heame  visits  the  Arctic  Region;  ho 
catches  a  view  of  the  Polar  Sea,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Coppermine  River. 

1771  *  ♦  A^  W.  T.  Hearne  follows  the 
Coppermine  River  down  to  the  Polar 
Sea. 

1776  *  *  Lieut.  Pickeragill  visits  the 
Polar  Sea,  to  cooperate  with  Capt.  Cook's 
Pacific  Expedition. 

*  *  -80  *  *  Capts.  Cook  and  Clark  ex- 
plore the  coast  of  Bering  Strait. 

1778*  *-79*  *  Capt.  James  Cook 
seeks  the  Northwest  Passage  by  way  of 
Bering  Strait. 

1783  Oct.  16.  A  strange  darkness 
occurs  about  two  o'clock  p.m.,  continu- 
ing about  40  minutes,  and  afterward  is 
repeated,  but  of  less  duration. 

1789  June  3.  N.W.T.  Sir  Alexander 
Mackenzie  leaves  Fort  Chippewyan  in  a 
birch  bark  canoe,  going  northward  to  the 
Polar  Sea. 

June  29.  N.  W.  T.  Mackenzie  discov- 
ers Mackenzie  River. 

Sept.  12.  A\  jr.  T.  Mackenzie  returns 
from  exploring  Mackenzie  River  to  Fort 
Chippewyan. 

1790*  ♦Capt.  George  Vancouver 
makes  explorations  along  the  Pacific 
coast. 

1792  Oct.  10.  Mackenzie  leaves  Fort 
Chippewyan  on  an  expedition  [during 
which  he  ascends  the  Peace  River, 
crosses  the  Rockies,  and  reaches  the 
Pacific]. 

*  ♦  Ore.  A  Boston  ship  enters  the  mouth 
of  the  Oregon  Biver,  and  the  captain 
names  It  the  Columbia. 

1793  July  22.  Mackenzie  arrives  at 
the  Pacific. 

Aug.  24.  Mackenzie  arrives  at  Fort 
Chippewyan. 

1818  *  *  Capt.  John  Boss,  in  the  Isa- 
bella, visits  Lancaster  Sound. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1780  *  *  Feller,  Henrietta,  philanthropist,  b. 
1787  *  *  Baptist,  John,  R.  C.  bishop  of  Que- 
bec, dies. 
Papineau,  Louis  Joseph,  politician  and  pa- 
triot, born. 
1791  *  *  Uobinson.  Sir  Jolm  li.,  jurist,  born. 
1793  *  *  Nelson,  Wolfred,  physician,  born. 
I>urhani,  J.  G.  Lanibtoii,  lord,  gov.-gen.,  b. 
1793*  *  Head,   Sir   Francis   llond,  traveler, 
lieut.-gov.  Upi>er  Canada,  born. 

1795  *  *  Mackenzie,  William  L.,in8urKent,  b. 

1796  *  *  Hallburton.   Thomas    Chandler. 
(Sam  Slick),  writer,  born. 

1798*  •  :\IacXab,  Sir  Allan  Napier,  Btates- 
inan,  born. 
Logan,  Sir  Wni.  Edmond,  geologist,  born. 

1799*  *  Faillon,  Michel  l^tienne,  Sulpician 
monk,  publisher,  born. 

1800*  *  Caron,  Uen6  Edouard,  statesman, 
born. 

1803*  *  Ryerson,  Adolphus   Egerton,   edu- 
cator, born. 

1804  *  *  Medley,  John  D.,  bp.  of  N.  B.,  b. 


1806  •  *  Head,  Sir  Edmnnd  Walker,  gov- 
ernor-general, born. 

Eerland,  Jean  Baptigte  Antoine,  historian, 
born, 

1807  •  *  Hincks,  £>ir  Francis,  statesman,  b. 

1808  *  *  Carleton,  Sir  Guy.  Lord  Dorches- 
ter, governor  of  Quebec,  A84. 

1809*  *  (iarneau,  Francois  Xavier,  histo- 
rian, born. 

1811  *  •  Elgin,  Earl  of,  James  Bruce,  gov- 
ernor-general, born. 

1813  Oct.  13.  Brock,  Sir  Isaac,  major-gen- 
eral, A  43. 

1814  *  *  Cartier,  Sir  George  Etienne,  states- 
man, born. 

1816  *  *  Heavysege,  ('harles,  poet,  born. 
1817*   *  Gait.  Sir  Alexander  TUioch. 
statesman,  born. 


CHURCH. 

1766  *  *  P.  Q,  John  Olivier  Briand  is 
consecrated  bishop. 

1769  *  *  N.  S.  The  Burgher  Presby- 
tery of  Truro  is  formed. 

*  *  It.    Clement  XIV.  is  elected  pope. 
1771*  *  Labrador.     Nain    becomes   a 

mission-station  of  the  Moravian  Breth- 
ren. 

1774  *  *  Religious  liberty  is  confirmed 
by  the  English  to  Roman  Catholics. 

1775  *  *  It.    Pius  VI.  is  elected  pope. 
1778    Oct.  29.    N.  S.    The  first  Bap- 
tist church  is  formed  at  Morton. 

1780  *  *  Methodism  is  introduced  by 
a  local  preacher. 

1781  *  *  Out.  .  On  the  death  of  the  two 
missionaries  at  Mackinaw  the  Jesuit 
missions  in  the  Northwest  come  to  a 
close. 

1782  *  *  Labrador.  Hopedale  becomes 
a  Moravian  mission-station, 

1784*  *  P.  Q.  Louis  Philip  Mariau- 
cheau  d'Ssglis  is  consecrated  bishop 
for  the  R.  C.  diocese  of  Quebec. 

1787  *  *  Nova  Scotia  is  erected  into  a 
bishopric  of  the  Church  of  England. 

*  * /*.  Q.  The  first  congregation  of  Pres- 
byterians is  formed  in  Quebec. 

1788  *  *  P.  Q.  John  Francis  Hubert 
is  consecrated  bishop  for  the  R.  C.  dio- 
cese of  Quebec. 

1790*  *  P.  Q.  A  Presbyterian  congre- 
gation is  formed  in  Montreal. 

1791*  *  Enff.  The  "Clergy  Ke- 
serves"  are  established  by  Parliament. 
(See  State.) 

1792*  *  P.Q.  St.  Gabriel  Street 
Presbyterian  church  is  erected  in 
Montreal,  [probably  the  oldest  Presby- 
terian church  in  America]. 

1793  *  *  P.  Q.  The  first  presbytery  is 
formed  in  Montreal. 

*  *  The  Protestant  Episcopal  bishop- 
ric of  Canada  is  established.        • 

*  *  P.  Q.  A  Protestant  bishop  of  Que- 
bec is  appointed  by  the  home  Govern- 
ment. 

1794*  *  P.  Q.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  the  province  is  formed  at 
Cadwell's  Manor,  near  Vermont. 

1797  *  *  P-  Q-  Pierre  Denaut  is  conse- 
crated bishop  for  the  R.  C.  diocese  of 
Quebec. 

1798*  *  — 1841  *  *  (hit.  Robert  Mc- 
Dowell, a  Presbyterian  minister,  or- 
ganizes a  congregation  in  this  Province. 


CANADA. 


1766,  **-1818,* 


577 


1800  *  •  It.    Pius  VU.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  A'.  S.  Organization  of  the  first  Bap- 
tist Association  in  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick,  at  Granville. 

1803  *  *  P.  Q.  The  first  Baptist  Asso- 
ciation is  formed  in  this  province. 

1804  *  *  P.  Q.  A  Protestant  cathedral 
is  erected  at  Quebec. 

1806  *  *  P.  Q.  Joseph  Octave  Plessis  is 
consecrated  bishop  of  the  II.  C.  diocese 
of  Quebec. 

1817*  *  y.  S.  The  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Nova  Scotia  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Burgher  and  Anti- 
Burgher  presbyteries. 

1818  *  •  An  attempt  to  unite  all  the 
Presbyterian  churches  into  one  body 
fails  of  success. 

*  *jr.  S.  The  Boman  Catholic  dio- 
cese of  Halifax  is  established. 

LETTERS. 

1778  *  *  P.    Q.    The    Weekly    Gazette    is 

issued  at  Montreal. 
1783  .*  *  X.   S.     The    Royal    Gazette    is 

issued  at  Halifax. 
1788  *  *  y.  S.    King's  College  is  founded 

at  Windsor. 
1797  •  *  Out.    A  grant  of  500,000  acres 

of  unoccupied  land  is  set  apart  for  the 

purpose  of  establishing  and  endowing  a 

imiversity  and  four    royal    foundation 

grammar  schools. 

1805  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Mercury  is  issued  at 
Quebec. 

1807  •  *  Jf.F.  The  Royal  Gazette  is  is- 
sued at  St.  Johns. 

1808  *  *  P.  Q.  Le  Canadien  is  issued  at 
Montreal. 

*  •  The  Weekly  Herald  is  issued  at  Mon- 
treal. 

1810  •  *  Out.  The  Weekly  Newt  is  is- 
sued at  Kingston. 

1813  *  *  -V.  S.  The  Acadian  Recorder  is 
issued  at  Halifax. 

*  *  P.  Q.  James  M'Gill  of  Montreal  dies, 
and  bequeaths  his  property  to  the  found- 
ing of  a  college. 

STATE. 

1763    Mar.  18.    £ng.    The  Stamp  Act 

is  repealed. 

*  •  Sir  Guy  Carleton  becomes  governor- 
general. 

1770  *  *  Tlie  government  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward  Island  is  separated  from  that  of 
Nova  Scotia.  Capt.  Walter  Patterson 
becomes  the  first  governor. 

[1775-80,  Calbeck  de  Brisay,  adminis- 
trator ;  1780,  Capt.  Patterson ;  1786,  Geo. 
E.  Fanning;  1805+ ,  Col.  J.  F.  W.  De 
Brisay;  1813,  C.  D.  Smith;  1824,  Col. 
Beady.  J 

1773  *  *  -V.  S.  A  legislative  assembly  is 
constituted. 

*  *  -V.  S.    Celtic  settlers  arrive. 

1774  »  •  -91  *  *  Canada  is  governed 
under  the  Quebec  Act. 

*  *  Eng.  The  Quebec  Bill  passes  Parli- 
ament ;  it  grants  unustial  concessions 
to  the  Catholics  of  Canada,  to  secure 


their  fidelity  during  the  revolt  of  the 

English  colonists. 

The  old  French  laws  are  declared  bind- 
ing in  respect  to  civil  rights  and  prop- 
erty, while  the  English  criminal  laws 
are  to  be  enforced,  and  the  Catholics 
are  secured  in  their  religion. 

1776  July*  Col.  Guy  Johnson  holds  a 
conference  with  the  Indians  at  Mon- 
treal ;  many  chiefs  agree  to  support  the 
king's  cause  against  the  colonists  [but 
accomplish  very  little]. 

1778  *  •  Br.  Col.  Nootka  Sound  (Van- 
couver Island)  is  discovered  by  Capt. 
James  Cook. 

*  *  Gen.  Frederick  Haldimand  be- 
comes governor-general. 

1781  *  *  Br.  Col.  Vancouver  Island, 
near  the  Pacific  coast,  is  first  settled. 

1783  May  18.  N.  B.  A  large  body  of 
liOyalist  settlers  from  the  United  States 
arrive.    [Total,  nearly  50,000.] 

Sept.  3.  Eng.  Great  Britain  acknowl- 
edges the  independence  of  the  United 
States. 

1784  *  •  Nova  Scotia  is  divided  into 
two  Provinces  by  the  erection  of  the 
Province  of  New  Brunswick,  with  Col. 
Thomas  Carleton  governor.  Cape  Bre- 
ton is  also  separated,  and  Sydney  be- 
comes its  capital. 

*  •  /'.  Q.  Gov.  Haldimand  sends  sur- 
veyors to  lay  out  in  great  lots  the  coun- 
try along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  bay  of 
Quints  and  near  Niagara  and  Amherst- 
burg,  for  the  occupation  of  Loyalist 
refugees  from  the  United  States. 

1786  *  *  Br.  Col.  A  British  settlement  is 
made  on  Vancouver  Island. 

*  *  Lord  Dorchester  becomes  governor- 
general  ;  later.  Gen.  Prescott. 

1788  •  *  A'.  B.  Fredericton  is  made  the 
capital  of  New  Brunswick. 

1789*  *  Br.  Col.  The  settlement  at  Van- 
couver is  seized  by  Spaniards. 

1791  *  •  -1840  *  *  Canada  is  governed 
under  the  Constitution. 

*  •  Canada  is  divided  into  two  govern- 
ments. Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  and 
a  Constitution  granted  providing  for  an 
elective  legislature.  Total  population, 
150,000  ;  only  20,000  in  Upper  Canada. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  wild  lands  called  "  Clergy 
Beserves  "  are  set  apart  by  Parliament 
as  an  endowment  for  the  support  of  the 
Protestant  clergy.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic clergy  are  already  endowed.  The 
lands  con8tit\ite  one-seventh  of  all. 
[Great  irritation  follows.] 

1792  lir.  Cot.  George  V.ancouver  goes 
to  British  Columbia  to  receive  the 
Spanish  possessions  at  Nootka  Sound. 

Dec.  17.  /'.  Q.  The  Parliament  of 
Lower  Canada  firsts  meets,  in  Quebec. 

*  *  Out.    York  [Toronto]  is  founded. 

*  ♦  John  Graves  Simcoe  becomes  the 
first  governor  of  Upper  Canada. 

[1796,  Peter  Russell  (administrator) ; 
1799,  Gen.  Peter  Hunter;  1806.  Francis 
Gore  :  1812.  Gen  Brock  ;  later  Gen. 
Shealfe,  Gen.  Murray,  and  Gen.  Robin- 
son, administrators.] 


1793  May  *  Ont.  The  second  session 
of  the  Parliament  of  Upper  Canada 
is  held  at  Newark. 

Aug.  *  Out.  The  seat  of  government 
is  transferred  from  Newark  to  York. 

1799  *  *  lower  Can.  Sir  R.  S.  Miles  be- 
comes governor.  [1808,  Absentee  gov- 
ernor;  1824,  Sir  F.  N.  Burton.] 

1800  *  *  A  great  company  of  Highland- 
ers arrives  at  Cape  Breton. 

1807  *  *  Sir  James  H.  Craig  becomes 
governor-general. 

1808  *  *  A'.  S.  Sir  George  Provost  be- 
comes governor. 

[1811,  Sir  John  Coape  Sherbrooke  (ad- 
ministrator) ;  1816,  Earl  of  Dalhousie ; 
1820,  Gen.  Sir  James  Kempt;  1828,  Sir 
Peregrine  Maitlaud.] 

1809  A^.  B.  Gen.  W.  Huntley,  adminis- 
trator. 

[1817,  Gen.  G.  S.  Smyth  :  1824,  Gen.  Sir 
Howard  Douglas  ;  1832,  (jeu.  Sir  Archi- 
bald Campbell.] 

1811  *  *  Scot.  Highlanders  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Selkirk  set  out 
for  the  Northwest  [Manitoba]. 

*  *  Gen.  Sir  George  Provost  becomes 
governor-general. 

1812  June  18.  The  United  States 
declares  war  against  Great  Britain. 

*  *  Man.  The  Highlanders  found  the 
Selkirk  settlement. 

*  *  Red  River  Settlement.  Capt.  Miles 
Macdonell  becomes  governor. 

[1815,  Alex.  Macdonell;  1822,  Capt.  A. 
Bulger ;  1823,  Robert  Pelley  ;  1825,  Don- 
ald McKenzie;  1833,  Alex.  Christie; 
18:J9,  Duncan  Finlayson  ;  ISM,  Alex. 
Christie ;  1846,  Col.  Crofton  ;  1847,  Maj. 
Griffiths  ;  1848,  Maj.  Caldwell ;  1855, 
Judge  Johnson ;  1858,  Wm.  McTavish.] 

1814  Dec.  24.  Belgium.  A  treaty  of 
peace  is  signed  at  Ghent. 

1815  *  *  Sir  Gordon  Drummond  is  ad- 
ministrator. 

*  *  Upper  Can.     Francis  Gore  becomes 

governor. 

[1818,  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland  ;  1828,  Sir 
John  Colborne;  1836,  Sir  Francis  Bond 
Head  ;  1838,  Sir  George  Arthur.] 

1816  •  *  Man.  Lord  Selkirk  arrives  with 
more  Highlanders. 

*  *  Sir  John  Coape  Sherbrooke  be- 
comes governor-general. 

1817  *  *  P.  Q.  Public  agitation  against 
the  "  Clergy  Reserves "  increases. 
(See  1791.) 

*  *  A^.  S.    TTfl.1ifn.-r  ig  declared  a  free  port. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791*  *The  population  of  Lower 
Canada  is  about  130,000 ;  that  of  Upper 
Canada  about  60,000. 

1803  June  6.  P.  Q.  The  church,  Jes- 
uit college,  prison,  and  many  other 
buildings  at  Montreal  are  burned. 

1811**  Ont.  The  first  reliable  census 
is  taken ;  population,  77,000. 

1815  Sept.  P.  Q.  A  fire  in  Quebec 
destroys  imhlic  and  private  property  to 
the  value  of  81,300,000. 

1817  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Bank  of  Montreal 
and  the  Bank  of  Quebec  are  estab- 
lished, the  first  in  Canada. 


678     1819,  *  *-1846,  Mar. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  — NAVY. 

1837  Nov.  6.  P.  Q.  The  Papineau 
anti-English  rebellion  breaks  out  at 
Montreal;  Louis  J.  Papineau  is  leader 
in  Lower  Canada,  and  William  L.  Mac- 
kenzie in  Upper  Canada ;  the  revolters 
call  themselves  Fils  de  la  LiberU. 

Dec.  *  Chit.  A  party  of  400  rebels  at- 
tempt to  surprise  Toronto  to  gain 
possession  of  arms,  but  are  thwarted. 

Dec.  14.  Ont.  The  insurgents  are 
defeated  at  St.  Eustace  by  the  loyal 
militia  under  Sir  Allan  McNab. 

1838  June  5.  Ont.  Sir  F,  B.  Head 
defeats  the  insurgents  near  Toronto. 

Nov.  3.  P.  Q.  The  rebellion  again 
breaks  out  at  Beauharnois. 

Nov.  6.  Oiit.  The  insurgent  Br.  Wol- 
fred  Nelson  and  his  followers  at  Na- 
pierville  are  routed,  and  many  killed. 

Nov.  17.  Ont.  The  insurgents  are  again 
defeated  at  Prescott,  and  the  insur- 
rection is  suppressed. 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1819  *  *  Lieut.  Wm.  E.  Parry  enters 
Lancaster  Sound. 

1820  *  ♦  Capts.  John  Franklin,  Hood, 
Kichardson,  and  Sir  George  Back  de- 
scend the  Coppermine  River  to  Corona- 
tion Gulf,  and  explore  eastward. 

1821  *  *  -23  *  •  Parry  coasts  along  the 
eastern  shores  of  Melville  Peninsula. 

1824  *  *  -25  *  *  Parry  explores  Prince 
Regent's  Inlet. 

1825  *  *  -27  *  *  Sir  John  Franklin 
and  Sir  John  Kichardson  make  a  sec- 
ond journey  northward  from  Canada  to 
the  Polar  seas. 

1833*  *-34*  *Back  descends  the 
Great  Fish  or  Black  River,  from  Fort 
Reliance  to  its  mouth. 

1837*  *-39*  *Dease  and  Thomas 
Simpson,  officers  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  explore  the  northern  coast 
westward  from  Return  Reef  to  Gape 
Barrow,  and  eastward  from  Point  Turn- 
again,  north  of  Bathurst  Inlet,  to  the 
Castor  and  Pollux  River. 

1845  May  19.  Eng,  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin sails  with  the  Erebus  and  Terror  in 
search  of  the  Northwest  Passage  [he  is 
known  to  have  entered  Lancaster  Sound, 
but  never  returned]. 

[Thirty  vessels  have  searched  for  the 
discovery  of  Franklin,  or  traces  of  his 
presence.] 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1819*  *  Binney,    Herbert,    lord    bishop    of 

Nova  Scotia,  born. 
1620  *  *  Dawson,  John  WUliam,  geologist 
and  naturalist,  born. 
Canveau,  Pierre  J.  O.,  statesman,  born. 
Taschereau,  Elzear- Alexandre,  cardinal, 
archbishop  of  Quebec,  born. 
1824  *  *  Kirk,  John  Foster,  historian,  editor, 

born. 
1836  •  *  Lewis,  John  T.,  bishop  of  Ontario, 
born  in  Ire. 
Plessis,  Joseph  Octave,  R.  C.  archbishop  of 
Quebec,  dies. 

1826  ♦  •  Langevin,  Sir  Hector  Louis,  states- 
man, born. 

Duiferin,  Earl  of,  F.  T.  H.  B..  governor- 
general,  born. 
Douglas,  Geo.,  Metb.  el.,  Tonf.  pres.,  born. 
1882  *  ♦  Ross,  Alex.  Milton,  naturalist,  b. 


1833  •  *  Panet,  Bernard  Claude,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop of  Quebec,  dies. 

1834  *  •  Cornish,  (Jeo.  H.,  Methodist  cl.,  b. 
Coughlan,  Lawrencie,  Meth.  pioneer  clergy- 
man in  Nova  Scotia,  A74. 

1836  *  *  Briggs,  Wni.,  M.  E.  clergyman,  b. 
1837*  ♦  De  Mille,  James,  novelist,  born. 

1839  *  *  Fr6clielte,  Louis  Honors,  poet,  born. 

1840  *  »  Durham,  Karl  of,  John  G.  Lambton, 
governor-general,  A 48. 

Vernor,  Henry  G.,  meteorologist,  born. 

1841  *  *  Dent,  Charles,  journalist,  historian, 
born. 

1844*  *  Rankin,  Arthur  McKee,  actor.  Sand- 
wich, born. 
Kiel,  Louis,  insurgent,  born. 

1846  *  ♦  Lorne.  Marquis  of.  John  Qeorge 
Edward  Henry  Douglae  Sutherland 
Campbell,  governor-general,  lK>rn. 

CHURCH. 
1819  *  *  P.  Q.    Joseph  Octave  Plessis 

is  elevated  to  the  archbishopric. 

*  *  Ont.  The  upper  Canada  Baptist  As- 
sociation holds  its  first  meeting. 

1821  *  *  The  Baptist  Association  di- 
vides into  the  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick  Associations. 

1823  *  *  It.    Leo  XII.  is  elected  pope. 

1824  *  *  Ont.  The  Methodist  Confer- 
ence of  Upper  Canada  is  formed. 

*  *  The  Missionary  Society  of  the  Meth- 
oilist  Church  in  Canada  is  organized. 

1825  *  *  P.  Q.  Bernard  Claude  Panet  is 
consecrated  bishop  for  the  R.  C.  diocese 
of  Quebec. 

1826*  •3/an.  The  mission  of  the 
Church  (of  England)  Missionary  So- 
ciety is  started  on  the  Red  River. 

Jan.  27.  Ont.  The  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  King:ston  is  established. 

1827  *  *  The  Canada  Education  and 
Home  Mission  Society  is  organized. 

1828*  *The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  of  Canada  is  organized. 

1829  *  *  It.    Pius  Vm.  is  elected  pope. 

*  *  P.E.  I.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese 
of  Charlottetown  is  established. 

1830  *  ♦  Labradiyr.  Hebron  becomes  a 
Moravian  mission-station, 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  first  Baptist  Church  of 
Montreal  is  organized. 

*  *The  Synod  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Canada  is  formed,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Church  of  Scotland. 

1831  *  *  Two  missionaries  are  sent  from 
England  by  the  Bible  Christian  For- 
eigni  Missionary  Society. 

1833  *  *  P.  Q.  Joseph  Signay  is  con- 
secrated bishop  for  the  R.  C.  diocese  of 
Quebec. 

Oct.  2.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
resolves  to  unite  with  the  "Wesley- 
ans. 

*  *  The  Ojibway  Methodist  missions 
are  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Wes- 
leyan  Missionary  Society. 

1834  *  *  The  Missionary  Presbytery 
of  the  Canadas  is  formed. 

*  *  -35  *  *  Revivals  prevail  in  Baptist 
chdrches  in  eastern  Canada. 

1836  May  13.  P.Q.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic diocese  of  Montreal  is  estab- 
lished. 

*  *  Mr.  "Wilkes,  missionary  of  the  Colo- 
nial Missionary  Society  of  England,  com- 
mences work. 


*  *  Ont.  The  iirst  meeting  of  the  Ottawa 
Association  of  Baptist  churches. 

1837  *  *  Canada  becomes  a  mission-tleld 
of  the  New  Connection  Methodists. 

*  *  Joyful  Te  Deums  are  sung  in  the 
churches  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Victoria.  But  in  Lower  Canada  the 
French  Canadians  walk  out  of  church 
during  the  singing. 

1838  *  *  K.  S.  A  Baptist  society  for 
the  maintenance  of  foreign  missions 
is  organized  at  Chester. 

1839  *  *  Rev.  John  Addyman  of  Eng- 
land begins  organizing  church-exten- 
sion work. 

It  results  in  the  establishment  of  177 
churches,  having  more  than  4,000  mem- 
bers. [Tliey  become  connected  with  the 
Methodist  Church.] 

*  *  N.  F.  The  Roman  Catholic  diocese  of 
Newfoundland  is  established. 

1840  *  *  Ont.  The  United  Synod  of 
Upper  Canada  unites  with  the  Synod 
in  connection  with  the  Church  of 
Scotland. 

*  *  The  union  of  Methodist  bodies  with 
the  Wesley  ana  of  England  is  severed, 
forming  the  Wesleyan  Methodists  and 
British  Wesleyaus  [for  7  years]. 

1841  Dec.  17.  Ont.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic diocese  of  Toronto  is  established. 

1842*  *2^.Ii.  The  Roman  Catholic  dio- 
cese of  St.  John  is  established. 

1843  *  *  The  Canada  Baptist  Union 
is  formed. 

1844  *  *  P.  Q.  The  Roman  Catholic 
archdiocese  of  Quebec  is  created; 
Joseph  Signay,  acting  archbishop. 

Sept.  21.  N.  S.  The  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  Arichat  is  established. 

*  *  Scotch  Presbyterians  are  divided, 
following  the  action  of  the  parent 
church. 

*  *  Ont.  llie  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  is  organized  in  London  by 
George  Williams,  a  junior  clerk  in  a  dry- 
goods  house. 

LETTERS. 

1820  *  *  JV.  S.  The  A^ova  Scotian  is  is- 
sued at  Halifax. 

1821  *  *  P.  Q.  M'Gill  College  (Prot.)  is 
founded  at  Montreal. 

*  *  N.  S.  The  corner-stone  of  Dalhousie 
College  (Prot.)  is  laid  in  Halifax. 

*  *  P.  Q.  The  Protestant  University  of 
Montreal  is  founded. 

1825*  *P.Q.  The  M*GiU  College  (Prot.) 
is  made  a  university. 

1826  *  *  Ont.  The  Journal  is  issued  at 
St.  Catharines. 

*  *  P.  Q.  La  Minen^e  is  issued  weekly  at 
Montreal. 

1827  *  *  Ont.  The  University  of  To- 
ronto (King's  College)  is  founded. 

*  *  A  movement  is  started  which  results 
in  the  issue  of  the  Baptist  Missionary 
Magazine. 

1828*  *N.n.  Klngr's  College  is 
founded  at  Fredericton. 

*  ♦  Ont.  The  Sentinel  Star  is  issued  at 
Cobourg. 


CANADA. 


1819,**-1846,  Mar.  *     579 


1820  *  *  Qnt.  The  Christian  Guardian 
(Meth.)  i»  issued  at  Toronto. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Upper  Canada  College 
is  founded  at  Toronto. 

1831  *  •  (hit.  The  Guide  is  issued  at 
Port  Hope. 

1832  »  *  N.  F.  The  Times  and  General 
Commercial  Advertiser  is  issued  at  St. 
Jolins. 

1833  *  *  P.Q.  The  Gazette  anil  Eastern 
Townships  Advertiser  is  issued  at  Quebec. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Intelligencer  and  The  Onta- 
rio are  issued  at  BelleTille. 

1834  •  *  Ont.  The  Weekly  British  Whig 
is  issued  at  Kingston. 

•  •  Ont.  The  Courier  Is  issued  at  Perth. 
1836*»0;i<.    The  Victoria  University 

is  founded  atCobourg,  and  supported  by 
Metliodists. 

•  *  Ont.  The  Upper  Canada  Academy 
(Metb.),  Toronto,  is  opened. 

1837  *  •  N.  B.  The  Carleton  Sentinel  is 
issued  at  Woodstoclt. 

•  *  The  Christian  Messenger  is  issued. 

•  *  Clockmaker,  or  the  Sayings  and  Doings 
of  Sam  Slick  of  Slickmlle,  first  series,  by 
Thomas  Chandler  Haliburton,  ap- 
pears. [1838.  Second  series.  1840.  Third 
series.  1839.  The  Bubbles  of  Canada. 
1843.  Sam  Slick  in  England,-  also  The 
Old  Judge,  or  Life  in  a  Colony.] 

1838+  *  *P.  Q.  The  Canada  Baptist 
College  is  founded  at  Montreal. 

•  »  Ont.  The  Albert  CoUege  (Meth.)  is 
founded  at  Belleville. 

1839*  *  P.  Q.  The  Congregational 
Theological  College  of  Canada  is 
foimded  at  Montreal. 

1841  *  •  Otil.  The  Queen's  Univer- 
sity of  Kingston  is  founded  and  sup- 
ported by  Presbyterians. 

1842  •  *N.B.  The  Royal  Gazette  is  is- 
sued at  Fredericton. 

1843  ♦  *  N.S.  The  Eastern  Chronicle  is 
issued  at  New  Glasgow. 

•  *  P.  Q.  Bishop's  College  (Prot.)  is 
founded  at  Lennoxville. 

1844  •  'A^.  .8.  The  Reporter  and  Freder- 
Kton  Advertiser  is  issued  at  Fredericton. 

•  *  Ont.    The  Globe  is  issued  at  Toronto. 

1845  '  *  P.Q.  The  Weekly  Witness  is  is- 
sued at  Montreal. 

•  *  -46  *  *  Bistoire  du  Canada,  by  Fran- 
90i8  Xavier  Garneau,  appears. 


islaiuls,  but  are  prohibited  the  liberty 
to  take,  cure,  or  dry  (ish  within  three 
marine  miles  of  coasts  not  thus  specified. 

*  *  The  Duke  of  Richmond  becomes 
governor-general. 

1810  *  »  Ont.  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland 
is  lieutenant-governor  of  Upper  Canada. 

1820  *  *  N.  S.  Cape  Breton  is  rean- 
nexed. 

*  *  Eng.    George  IV.  is  enthroned. 

*  •  The  Earl  of  Dalhousie  becomes  gov- 
ernor-general. 

1822  •  *  A  legislative  union  is  pro- 
posed for  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

1828  *  *  tf.  S.  Highlanders  arrive  at 
Cape  Breton. 

*  *  Sir  James  Kempt  becomes  adminis- 
trator. 

1829*  *Sir  John  Colborne  (Baron 
Seaton)  is  governor  of  Canada. 

1830 »  *  Eng.  William  IV.  is  en- 
throned. 


•  *  Gov.  Sir  John  Colbome  leaves  Can- 
ada in  haste,  resembling  a  flight. 

*  *  The  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company 
monopolizes  the  government  of  a  vast 
territory. 

1830  Sept.  *  Chas.  Powlett  Thomp- 
son (Lord  Sydenham)  becomes  governor- 
general. 

He  is  commissioned  to  carry  out  the 
union  scheme  of  Lord  Durham. 

Nov.  4.  P.  Q.  Martial  law  is  pro- 
claimed at  Montreal  to  suppress  rebel- 
lion, etc. 


1840  *  *  -67  *  *  Canada  is  governed 
under  the  Union  Bill. 

Feb.  10.  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  are 
reunited  in  legislative  union,  after  a 
separation  of  49  years.  The  country  is 
called  the  Province  of  Canada. 

1841  June  13.  Ottawa.  The  first 
Parliament  of  Canada  opens  with  great 
ceremony. 

••  *  Lord  Aylmer  becomes  governor-gen-    Oct.  *  Sir  Charles  Bagot  becomes  gov- 
ernor-general. 


eral 

1831  •  *  P.E.  I.    Col.  A.  W.  Young  be- 
comes governor. 

[1836,  Col.  Sir  J.  Harvey:  1837,  Sir  C. 
A.  Fitzroy;  1841,  Sir  H.  V.  Huntley; 
1847,  Sir  Donald  Campbell ;  1851,  Sir  A. 
Bannerman  ;  1854,  Dominick  Daly  ;  1859, 
George  Dundas ;  1870,  W.  C.  F.  Kobin- 
son.] 

1834  *  *  N.  S.    Sir  Colin  Campbell  be- 
comes governor. 

[1840,  Viscount  Falkland;  1848,  Sir 
.lohn  Harvey  (administrator);  1852,  Sir 
J.  G.  Le  Marchant;  1858,  The  Earl  of 
Mulerave  (administrator) ;  1864,  Sir  R. 
G.  Macdonnell ;  1865,  Sir  Fenwick  Wil- 
liams.] 

1835  *  *  The  Earl  of  Gosford  becomes 
governor-general. 

1837    June  20.    Eng.     Victoria  suc- 
ceeds to  the  throne. 
•  *  N.B. 


SOCIETY. 

1822  •  *  P.  <?.  A  general  hospital  is 
founded  at  Montreal. 

1837  Nov.  6.  P.  Q.  Riots  oociir  in 
opijosition  to  the  Government,  at  Mon- 
treal. 

1841  Oct.  12.  M'Leod,  charged  with 
the  destruction  of  the  Caroline,  is  ac- 
quitted at  Utioa,  N.  Y.    (See  p.  148.) 

STATE. 

1818  *  *  A  convention  with  the  United 
States  is  made. 

It  provides  that  Americans  may  fish 
on  certain  coasts  of  Newfoundland,  of 
Labrador,  and  of  some  expressly  defined 


Gen.  Sir  John  Harvey  becomes 
governor. 

[1841,  Sir  William  Colebrook  ;  1848,  Sir 
E.  W.  Head;  1854,  J.  H.  Sutton;  1862, 
A.  Gordon  ;  1866,  Gen.  Doyle.] 

Nov.  6.  An  anti-English  rebellion 
breaks  out  under  liouis  J.  Papineau  in 
Lower  Canada  and  Dr.  William  L.  Mac- 
kenzie in  Upper  Canada.    (See  Army.) 

1838  Jan.  16.  Ijord  Durham  is  ar>- 
pointed  governor-general. 

*  *  Lord  Durham  makes  his  important 
report  on  the  state  of  Canada. 

He  recommends,  (1)  a  federal  union 
of  the  Provinces,  (2)  the  construction  of 
an  intercolonial  railroad,  (3)  the  organi- 
zation of  an  P'xecutive  Council  wliicli 
shall  be  responsible  to  the  Assembly. 

Apr.  12.  The  insurrectionists  Ijount 
and  Matthews  are  hanged. 

•  *  Ont.  Insurgent  Mackenzie  issues 
a  proclamation  declaring  Canada  a 
republic,  and  raises  a  flag  having  two 
stars,  one  for  each  Canada. 

Oct.  0.  Lord  Durham  resigns  the  ofiice 
of  governor-general. 

Deo.  *  Sir  John  Colbome  becomes  gov- 
ernor-general. 

Dec.  5.  P.  Q.  Lord  Gosford,  governor 
of  Lower  Canada,  offers  a  reward  of 
£1,000  for  the  apprehension  of  Papi- 
neau. 


1842  Aug.  0.  U.  S.  A.  The  Ash- 
burton  Treaty  is  signed  at  Washing- 
ton by  Lord  Ashburton  and  Daniel  Web- 
ster. 

It  settles  a  vexing  boundary  question 
respecting  12,000  square  miles  of  terri- 
tory between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick, 
and  allots  7,000  to  tlie  United  States  and 
5,000  to  Great  Britain. 

1843  Feb.  *  Sir  Charles  T.  Metcalfe 
(Lord  Metcalfe)  becomes  governor-gen- 
eral. 

1846  •  *  Br.  Col.  The  Hudson  Bay 
Company  select  Victoria,  on  Vancou- 
ver Island,  as  their  port  and  capital. 

Mar.  •  The  Earl  of  Cathcart  becomes 
governor-general. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1821  *  -  P.  <i.    The  Lachine  Canal  is 
commenced,  for  passing  the  rapids  of 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

*  *  Ont.  The  "WeUsnd  Canal  is  com- 
menced. 

1825  Oct.  7+.  JV.  B.  The  Miramichi 
fire  is  a  great  calamity.  Many  lives  and 
dwellings  are  lost.  [Aid  is  sent  to  the 
suflferers  from  the  United  States.] 

•  *  The  population  of  Canada  is  681,920. 
[1831.    Population  is  1,069,000.) 

1832  June  8.  P.  Q.  The  first  case 
of  cholera  in  America  occurs  at  Quebec. 
(It  sweeps  through  all  the  large  towns 
and  Tillages.] 

1834  »  •  Ont.  Name  of  the  city  of  York 
is  changed  to  Toronto. 

1836  July*  The  first  railroad  is 
opened. 

1837  *  *  The  commercial  crisis  in  the 
United  States  causes  a  crisis  in  Canada, 
especially  in  Lower  Canada. 

1844  *  •  There  are  only  14  miles  of 
railroad  in  the  country. 

1845  May  28.  P.Q.  A  fire  in  Quebec 
destroys  1,650  houses,  the  homes  of  12,000 
persons. 

June  20.  P.  Q.  A  second  fire  in 
Quebec  destroys  1,365  houses;  two- 
thirds  of  the  town  having  been  consumed 
by  the  two  fires. 

1846  Jan.  12.  P.  Q.  Fifty  lives  are 
lost  in  the  burning  of  a  theater  at 
Quebec. 


580    1846,  *  *-1864,  Oct.  19. 


CANADA. 


ARMY  —  NAVY. 

1858  *  *  A  regiment  is  raised  for  the 
British  Army,  and  called  the  100th  of 
the  line. 

1859  Jan.  10.  Eng.  The  Prince  of 
Wales  presents  the  colors  to  the  100th 
of  the  line  at  Shornclilfe  Ciirap. 

1861  Dec.  *  Eng.  The  British  govern- 
ment sends  3,000  soldiers  to  Canada, 
and  makes  other  warlike  preparations, 
because  of  the  seizing  of  Mason  and 
Slidell  on  the  Trent.  (See  U.  S.  p.  200.) 

1864  Oct.  19.  P.  Q.  A  force  of  Con- 
federate raiders  leave  Canada  and  at- 
tack St.  Albans,  Vermont.  They  rob 
the  bank,  steal  horses,  kill  one  man,  and 
wound  others.    [Oct.  21.    Arrested.) 

ART  —  SCIENCE  —  NATURE. 

1846*  ♦-47*  *Dr.   John   Kae,   by 

sledge  journeys  of  more  than  1,200  miles, 
explores  Boothia. 
1848  *  *  N.  W.  T.    Dr.  John  Rae  makes 
a  journey  in  search  of  Franklin  from 
the  Mackenzie  to  the  Coppermine  River. 

1850  •  *  Br.  Col.  Gold  is  discovered 
near  Fraser  River,  and  coal  on  Vancou- 
ver Island. 

185 1  *  *  Rae  explores  the  southern  shores 
of  WoUaston  and  Victoria  Lands,  tra- 
cing 700  miles  of  coast. 

*  •  Sir  Robert  McClure  enters  Bering 
Strait,  and  crosses  to  Lancaster  Sound, 
thus  accomplishing  the  Northwest  Pas- 
sage, but  he  is  compelled  to  abandon  his 
ship. 

1853  •  •  Rae  explores  the  Quoich  River 
for  200  miles. 

1854  *  *  Rae  proves  by  exploration  that 
King  William's  Land  is  an  island. 

BIRTHS  — DEATHS. 

1848  •  *  Allen,  Grant,  author,  born. 
1881  •  'Mackenzie,  ■William  Lyon, 
leader  of  insurgents,  A66. 

1862  '  '  .MacNab,  Sir  Allan  Napier,  states- 
man, A  64. 

1863  *  ■  Elgin,    Earl   of.    James    Bruce, 
statesman,  governor-general,  A52, 

Kobinson,  Sir  John  B.,  jurist,  A72. 

CHURCH. 

1846  *  •  Ore.  A  Roman